metadata matters | it's all about the services 	 		pagetitle: metadata matters 		it's all about the services 		 				blog 	about 	archives 	log in 		 	 	 	schnellnavigation: jump to start of page | jump to posts | jump to navigation 	 			 		 			 				 					it’s not just me that’s getting old 				 							 			 			 				having just celebrated (?) another birthday at the tail end of , the topics of age and change have been even more on my mind than usual. and then two events converged. first i had a chat with ted fons in a hallway at midwinter, and he asked about using an older article i’d published with karen coyle way back in early (“resource description and access (rda): cataloging rules for the th century”). the second thing was a message from research gate that reported that the article in question was easily the most popular thing i’d ever published. my big worry in terms of having ted use that article was that rda had experienced several sea changes in the nine (!) years since the article was published (jan./feb. ), so i cautioned ted about using it. then i decided i needed to reread the article and see whether i had spoken too soon. the historic rationale holds up very well, but it’s important to note that at the time that article was written, the jsc (now the rsc) was foundering, reluctant to make the needed changes to cut ties to aacr . the quotes from the cc:da illustrate how deep the frustration was at that time. there was a real turning point looming for rda, and i’d like to believe that the article pushed a lot of people to be less conservative and more emboldened to look beyond the cataloger tradition. in april of , a mere few months from when this article came out, ala publishing arranged for the famous “london meeting” that changed the course of rda. gordon dunsire and i were at that meeting–in fact it was the first time we met. i didn’t even know much about him aside from his article in the same dlib issue. as it turns out, the rda article was elevated to the top spot, thus stealing some of his thunder, so he wasn’t very happy with me. the decision made in london to allow dcmi to participate by building the vocabularies was a game changer, and gordon and i were named co-chairs of a task group to manage that process. so as i re-read the article, i realized that the most important bits at the time are probably mostly of historical interest at this point. i think the most important takeaway is that rda has come a very long way since , and in some significant ways is now leading the pack in terms of its model and vocabulary management policies (more about that to come). and i still like the title! …even though it’s no longer a true description of the st century rda. 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, february , , : am (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									rda, uncategorized 													 						post a comment											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					denying the non-english speaking world 				 							 			 			 				not long ago i encountered the analysis of bibframe published by rob sanderson with contributions by a group of well-known librarians. it’s a pretty impressive document–well organized and clearly referenced. but in fact there’s also a significant amount of personal opinion in it, the nature of which is somewhat masked by the references to others holding the same opinion. i have a real concern about some of those points where an assertion of ‘best practices’ are particularly arguable. the one that sticks in my craw particularly shows up in section . . : . . use natural keys in uris references: [manning], [ldbook], [gld-bp], [cooluris] although the client must treat uris as opaque strings, it is good practice to construct uris in a systematic and human readable fashion for both instances and ontology terms. a natural key is one that appears in the information about the resource, such as some unique identifier for the resource, or the label of the property for ontology terms. while the machine does not care about structure, memorability or readability of uris, the developers that write the code do. completely random uris introduce difficult to detect semantic and algorithmic errors in both publication and consumption of the data. analysis: the use of natural keys is a strength of bibframe, compared to similarly scoped efforts in similar communities such as the rda and cidoc-crm vocabularies which use completely opaque numbers such as p (hasrespondent) or e (linguistic entity). rda further misses the target in this area by going on to define multiple uris for each term with language tagged labels in the uri, such as rda:hasrespondent.en mapping to p . this is a different predicate from the numerical version, and using owl:sameas to connect the two just makes everyone’s lives more difficult unnecessarily. in general, labels for the predicates and classes should be provided in the ontology document, along with thorough and understandable descriptions in multiple languages, not in the uri structure. this sounds fine so long as you accept the idea that ‘natural’ means english, because, of course, all developers, no matter their first language, must be fluent enough in english to work with english-only standards and applications. this mis-use of ‘natural’ reminds me of other problematic usages, such as the former practice in the adoption community (of which i have been a part for years) where ‘natural’ was routinely used to refer to birth parents, thus relegating adoptive parents to the ‘un-natural’ realm. so in this case, if ‘natural’ means english, are all other languages inherently un-natural in the world of development? the library world has been dominated by the ‘anglo-american’ notions of standard practice for a very long time, and happily, rda is leading away from that, both in governance and in development of vocabularies and tools. the multilingual strategy adopted by rda is based on the following points: 	more than a decade of managing vocabularies has convinced us that opaque identifiers are extremely valuable for managing uris, because they need not be changed as labels change (only as definitions change). the kinds of ‘churn’ we saw in the original version of rda ( - ) convinced us that label-based uris were a significant problem (and cost) that became worse as the vocabularies grew over time. 	we get the argument that opaque uris are often difficult for humans to use–but the tools we’re building (the rda registry as case in point) are intended to give human developers what they want for their tasks (human readable uris, in a variety of languages) but ensure that the uris for properties and values are set up based on what machines need. in this way, changes in the lexical uris (human-readable) can be maintained properly without costly change in the canonical uris that travel with the data content itself. 	the multiple language translations (and distributed translation management by language communities) also enable humans to build discovery and display mechanisms for users that are speakers of a variety of languages. this has been a particularly important value for national libraries outside the us, but also potentially for libraries in the us meeting the needs of non-english language communities closer to home. it’s too easy for the english-first library development community to insist that uris be readable in english and to turn a blind eye to the degree that this imposes understanding of the english language and anglo-american library culture on the rest of the world. this is not automatically the intellectual gift that the distributors of that culture assume it to be. it shouldn’t be necessary for non-anglo-american catalogers to learn and understand anglo-american language and culture in order to express metadata for a non-anglo audience. this is the rough equivalent of the philadelphia cheese steak vendor who put up a sign reading “this is america. when ordering speak in english”. we understand that for english-speaking developers bibframe.org/vocab/title is initially easier to use than rdaregistry.info/elements/w/p or even (heaven forefend!) “ _ #$a” (in rdf: marc rdf.info/elements/ xx/m _a). that’s why rda provides rdaregistry.info/elements/w/titleofthework.en but also, eventually, rdaregistry.info/elements/w/拥有该作品的标题.ch and rdaregistry.info/elements/w/tienetítulodelaobra.es, et al (you do understand latin of course). these ‘unnatural’ lexical aliases will be provided by the ‘native’ language speakers of their respective national library communities. as one of the many thousands of librarians who ‘speak’ marc to one another–despite our language differences–i am loathe to give up that international language to an english-only world. that seems like a step backwards. 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, january , , : pm (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									bibframe, linked data, rda, vocabularies 													 						 comment												(show inline) 											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					review of: draft principles for evaluating metadata standards 				 							 			 			 				metadata standards is a huge topic and evaluation a difficult task, one i’ve been involved in for quite a while. so i was pretty excited when i saw the link for “draft principles for evaluating metadata standards”, but after reading it? not so much. if we’re talking about “principles” in the sense of ‘stating-the-obvious-as-a-first-step’, well, okay—but i’m still not very excited. i do note that the earlier version link uses the title ‘draft checklist’, and i certainly think that’s a bit more real than ‘draft principles’ for this effort. but even taken as a draft, the text manages to use lots of terms without defining them—not a good thing in an environment where semantics is so important. let’s start with a review of the document itself, then maybe i can suggest some alternative paths forward. first off, i have a problem with the preamble: “these principles are intended for use by libraries, archives and museum (lam) communities for the development, maintenance, governance, selection, use and assessment of metadata standards. they apply to metadata structures (field lists, property definitions, etc.), but can also be used with content standards and value vocabularies”. those tasks (“development, maintenance, governance, selection, use and assessment” are pretty all encompassing, but yet the connection between those tasks and the overall “evaluation” is unclear. and, of course, without definitions, it’s difficult to understand how ‘evaluation’ relates to ‘assessment’ in this context—are they they same thing? moving on to the second part about what kind of metadata standards that might be evaluated, we have a very general term, ‘metadata structures’, with what look to be examples of such structures (field lists, property definitions, etc.). some would argue (including me) that a field list is not a structure without a notion of connections between the fields; and although property definitions may be part of a ‘structure’ (as i understand it, at least), they are not a structure, per se. and what is meant by the term ‘content standards’, and how is that different from ‘metadata structures’? the term ’value vocabularies’ goes by many names, and is not something that can go without a definition. i say this as an author/co-author of a lot of papers that use this term, and we always define it within the context of the paper for just that reason. there are many more places in the text where fuzziness in terminology is a problem (maybe not a problem for a checklist, but certainly for principles). some examples: . what is meant by ’network’? there are many different kinds, and if you mean to refer to the internet, for goodness sakes say so. ‘things’ rather than ‘strings’ is good, but it will take a while to make it happen in legacy data, which we’ll be dealing with for some time, most likely forever. prospectively created data is a bit easier, but still not a cakewalk — if the ‘network’ is the global internet, then “leveraging ‘by-reference’ models” present yet-to-be-solved problems of network latency, caching, provenance, security, persistence, and most importantly: stability. metadata models for both properties and controlled values are an essential part of lam systems and simply saying that metadata is “most efficient when connected with the broader network” doesn’t necessarily make it so. . ‘open’ can mean many things. are we talking specific kinds of licenses, or the lack of a license? what kind of re-use are you talking about? extension? wholesale adoption with namespace substitution? how does semantic mapping fit into this? (in lieu of a definition, see the paper at ( ) below) . this principle seems to imply that “metadata creation” is the sole province of human practitioners and seriously muddies the meaning of the word creation by drawing a distinction between passive system-created metadata and human-created metadata. metadata is metadata and standards apply regardless. what do you mean by ‘benefit user communities’? whose communities? please define what is meant by ‘value’ in this context? how would metadata practitioners ‘dictate the level of description provided based on the situation at hand’? . as an evaluative ‘principle’ this seems overly vague. how would you evaluate a metadata standard’s ability to ‘easily’ support ‘emerging’ research? what is meant by ‘exchange/access methods’ and what do they have to do with metadata standards for new kinds of research? . i agree totally with the sentence “metadata standards are only as valuable and current as their communities of practice,” but the one following makes little sense to me. “ … metadata in lam institutions have been very stable over the last years …” really? it could easily be argued that the reason for that perceived stability is the continual inability of implementers to “be a driving force for change” within a governance model that has at the same time been resistant to change. the existence of the dcmi usage board, marbi, the various boards advising the rda steering committee, all speak to the involvement of ‘implementers’. yet there’s an implication in this ‘principle’ that stability is liable to no longer be the case and that implementers ‘driving’ will somehow make that inevitable lack of stability palatable. i would submit that stability of the standard should be the guiding principle rather than the democracy of its governance. . “extensible, embeddable, and interoperable” sounds good, but each is more complex than this triumvirate seems. interoperability in particular is something that we should all keep in mind, but although admirable, interoperability rarely succeeds in practice because of the practical incompatibility of different models. dc, marc , bibframe, rda, and schema.org are examples of this — despite their ‘modularity’ they generally can’t simply be used as ‘modules’ because of differences in the thinking behind the model and their respective audiences. i would also argue that ‘lite style implementations’ make sense only if ‘lite’ means a dumbed-down core that can be mapped to by more detailed metadata. but stressing the ‘lite implementations’ as a specified part of an overall standard gives too much power to the creator of the standard, rather than the creator of the data. instead we should encourage the use of application profiles, so that the particular choices and usages of the creating entity are well documented, and others can use the data in full or in part according to their needs. i predict that lossy data transfer will be less acceptable in the reality than it is in the abstract, and would suggest that dumb data is more expensive over the longer term (and certainly doesn’t support ‘new research methods’ at all). “incorporation into local systems” really can only be accomplished by building local systems that adhere to their own local metadata model and are able to map that model in/out to more global models. extensible and embeddable are very different from interoperable in that context. . the last section, after the inarguable first sentence, describes what the dcmi ‘dumb-down’ principle defined nearly twenty years ago, and that strategy still makes sense in a lot of situations. but ‘graceful degradation’ and ‘supporting new and unexpected uses’ requires smart data to start with. ‘lite’ implementation choices (as in # above) preclude either of those options, imo, and ‘adding value’ of any kind (much less by using ‘ontological inferencing’) is in no way easily achievable. i intend to be present at the session in boston [ : - : boston conference and exhibition center, ab] and since i’ve asked most of my questions here i intend not to talk much. let’s see how successful i can be at that! it may well be that a document this short and generalized isn’t yet ready to be a useful tool for metadata practitioners (especially without definitions!). that doesn’t mean that the topics that it’s trying to address aren’t important, just that the comprehensive goals in the preamble are not yet being met in this document. there are efforts going on in other arenas–the niso bibliography roadmap work, for instance, that should have an important impact on many of these issues, which suggests that it might be wise for the committee to pause and take another look around. maybe a good glossary would be a important step? dunsire, gordon, et al. “a reconsideration of mapping in a semantic world”, paper presented at international conference on dublin core and metadata applications, the hague, . available at: dcpapers.dublincore.org/pubs/article/view/ / 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, december , , : pm (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									ala conferences, systems, vocabularies 													 						 comment												(show inline) 											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					the jane-athons continue! 				 							 			 			 				the jane-athon series is alive, well, and expanding its original vision. i wrote about the first ‘official’ jane-athon earlier this year, after the first event at midwinter . since then the excitement generated at the first one has spawned others: 	the ag-athon in the uk in may , sponsored by cilip 	the maurice dance in new zealand (october , at the national library of new zealand in wellington, focused on maurice gee) 	the jane-in (at ala san francisco at annual ) 	the rls-athon (november , , edinburgh, scotland), following the jsc meeting there and focused on robert louis stevenson like good librarians we have an archive of the jane-athon materials, for use by anyone who wants to look at or use the presentations or the data created at the jane-athons we’re still at it: the next jane-athon in the series will be the boston thing-athon at harvard university on january , . looking at the list of topics gives a good idea about how the jane-athons are morphing to a broader focus than that of a creator, while training folks to create data with rimmf. the first three topics (which may change–watch this space) focus not on specific creators, but on moving forward on topics identified of interest to a broader community. * strings vs things. a focus on replacing strings in metadata with uris for things. * institutional repositories, archives and scholarly communication. a focus on issues in relating and linking data in institutional repositories and archives with library catalogs. * rare materials and rda. a continuing discussion on the development of rda and dcrm begun at the jsc meeting and the international seminar on rda and rare materials held in november . for beginners new to rda and rimmf but with an interest in creating data, we offer: * digitization. a focus on how rda relates metadata for digitized resources to the metadata for original resources, and how rimmf can be used to improve the quality of marc records during digitization projects. * undergraduate editions. a focus on issues of multiple editions that have little or no change in content vs. significant changes in content, and how rda accommodates the different scenarios. further on the horizon is a recently approved jane-athon for the aall conference in july , focusing on hugo grotius (inevitably, a hugo-athon, but there’s no link yet). note: the thing-a-thon coming up at ala midwinter is being held on thursday rather than the traditional friday to open the attendance to those who have other commitments on friday. another new wrinkle is the venue–an actual library away from the conference center! whether you’re a cataloger or not-a-cataloger, there will be plenty of activities and discussions that should pique your interest. do yourself a favor and register for a fun and informative day at the thing-athon to begin your midwinter experience! instructions for registering (whether or not you plan to register for mw) can be found on the toolkit blog. 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, december , , : am (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									uncategorized 													 						post a comment											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					separating ideology, politics and utility 				 							 			 			 				those of you who pay attention to politics (no matter where you are) are very likely to be shaking your head over candidates, results or policy. it’s a never ending source of frustration and/or entertainment here in the u.s., and i’ve noticed that the commentators seem to be focusing in on issues of ideology and faith, particularly where it bumps up against politics. the visit of pope francis seemed to be taking everyone’s attention while he was here, but though this event has added some ‘green’ to the discussion, it hasn’t pushed much off the political plate. politics and faith bump up against each other in the metadata world, too. what with traditionalists still thinking in marc tags and aacr , to the technical types rolling their eyes at any mention of marc and trying to push the conversation towards rda, rdf, bibframe, schema.org, etc., there are plenty of metadata politics available to flavor the discussion. the good news for us is that the conflicts and differences we confront in the metadata world are much more amenable to useful solution than the politics crowding our news feeds. i remember well the days when the choice of metadata schema was critical to projects and libraries. unfortunately, we’re all still behaving as if the proliferation of ‘new’ schemas makes the whole business more complicated–that’s because we’re still thinking we need to choose one or another, ignoring the commonality at the core of the new metadata effort. but times have changed, and we don’t all need to use the same schema to be interoperable (just like we don’t all need to speak english or esperanto to communicate). but what we do need to think about is what the needs of our organization are at all stages of the workflow: from creating, publishing, consuming, through integrating our metadata to make it useful in the various efforts in which we engage. one thing we do need to consider as we talk about creating new metadata is whether it will need to work with other data that already exists in our institution. if marc is what we have, then one requirement may be to be able to maintain the level of richness we’ve built up in the past and still move that rich data forward with us. this suggests to me that rda, which rimmf has demonstrated can be losslessly mapped to and from marc, might be the best choice for the creation of new metadata. back in the day, when dublin core was the shiny new thing, the notion of ‘dumb-down’ was hatched, and though not an elegantly named principle, it still works. it says that rich metadata can be mapped fairly easily into a less-rich schema (‘dumbed down’), but once transformed in a lossy way, it can’t easily be ‘smartened up’. but in a world of many publishers of linked data, and many consumers of that data, the notion of transforming rich metadata into any number of other schemas and letting the consumer chose what they want, is fairly straightforward, and does not require firm knowledge (or correct assumptions) of what the consumers actually need. this is a strategy well-tested with oai-pmh which established a floor of simple dublin core but encouraged the provision of any number of other formats as well, including marc. as consumers, libraries and other cultural institutions are also better served by choices. depending on the services they’re trying to support, they can choose what flavor of data meets their needs best, instead of being offered only what the provider assumes they want. this strategy leaves open the possibility of serving marc as one of the choices, allowing those institutions still nursing an aged ils to continue to participate. of course, the consumers of data need to think about how they aggregate and integrate the data they consume, how to improve that data, and how to make their data services coherent. that’s the part of the new create, publish, consume, integrate cycle that scares many librarians, but it shouldn’t–really! so, it’s not about choosing the ‘right’ metadata format, it’s about having a fuller and more expansive notion about sharing data and learning some new skills. let’s kiss the politics goodbye, and get on with it. 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, october , , : am (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									linked data, rda, vocabularies 													 						 comment												(show inline) 											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					semantic versioning and vocabularies 				 							 			 			 				a decade ago, when the open metadata registry (omr) was just being developed as the nsdl registry, the vocabulary world was a very different place than it is today. at that point we were tightly focussed on skos (not fully cooked at that point, but jon was on the wg that was developing it, so we felt pretty secure diving in). but we were thinking about versioning in the open world of rdf even then. the nsdl registry kept careful track of all changes to a vocabulary (who, what, when) and the only way to get data in was through the user interface. we ran an early experiment in making versions based on dynamic, timestamp-based snapshots (we called them ‘time slices’, git calls them ‘commit snapshots’) available for value vocabularies, but this failed to gain any traction. this seemed to be partly because, well, it was a decade ago for one, and while it attempted to solve an open world problem with versioned uris, it created a new set of problems for closed world experimenters. ultimately, we left the versions issue to sit and stew for a bit ( years!). all that started to change in as we started working with rda, and needed to move past value vocabularies into properties and classes, and beyond that into issues around uploading data into the omr. lately, git and github have started taking off and provide a way for us to make some important jumps in functionality that have culminated in the omr/github-based rda registry. sounds easy and intuitive now, but it sure wasn’t at the time, and what most people don’t know is that the omr is still where rda/rdf data originates — it wasn’t supplanted by git/github, but is chugging along in the background. the omr’s rdf cms is still visible and usable by all, but folks managing larger vocabularies now have more options. one important aspect of the use of git and github was the ability to rethink versioning. just about a year ago our paper on this topic (versioning vocabularies in a linked data world, by diane hillmann, gordon dunsire and jon phipps) was presented to the ifla satellite meeting in paris. we used as our model the way software on our various devices and systems is updated–more and more these changes happen without much (if any) interaction with us. in the world of vocabularies defining the properties and values in linked data, most updating is still very manual (if done at all), and the important information about what has changed and when is often hidden behind web pages or downloadable files that provide no machine-understandable connections identifying changes. and just solving the change management issue does little to solve the inevitable ‘vocabulary rot’ that can make published ‘linked data’ less and less meaningful, accurate, and useful over time. building stable change management practices is a very critical missing piece of the linked data publishing puzzle. the problem will grow exponentially as language versions and inter-vocabulary mappings start to show up as well — and it won’t be too long before that happens. please take a look at the paper and join in the conversation! 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, september , , : pm (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									rda, tools, vocabularies 													 						post a comment											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					five star vocabulary use 				 							 			 			 				most of us in the library and cultural heritage communities interested in metadata are well aware of tim berners-lee’s five star ratings for linked open data (in fact, some of us actually have the mug). the five star rating for lod, intended to encourage us to follow five basic rules for linked data is useful, but, as we’ve discussed it over the years, a basic question rises up: what good is linked data without (property) vocabularies? vocabulary manager types like me and my peeps are always thinking like this, and recently we came across solid evidence that we are not alone in the universe. check out: “five stars of linked data vocabulary use”, published last year as part of the semantic web journal. the five authors posit that tbl’s five star linked data is just the precondition to what we really need: vocabularies. they point out that the original star rating says nothing about vocabularies, but that linked data without vocabularies is not useful at all: “just converting a csv file to a set of rdf triples and linking them to another set of triples does not necessarily make the data more (re)usable to humans or machines.” needless to say, we share this viewpoint! i’m not going to steal their thunder and list here all five star categories–you really should read the article (it’s short), but only note that the lowest level is a zero star rating that covers ld with no vocabularies. the five star rating is reserved for vocabularies that are linked to other vocabularies, which is pretty cool, and not easy to accomplish by the original publisher as a soloist. these five star ratings are a terrific start to good practices documentation for vocabularies used in lod, which we’ve had in our minds for some time. stay tuned. 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, august , , : pm (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									linked data, vocabularies 													 						post a comment											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					what do we mean when we talk about ‘meaning’? 				 							 			 			 				over the past weekend i participated in a twitter conversation on the topic of meaning, data, transformation and packaging. the conversation is too long to repost here, but looking from july - for @metadata_maven should pick most of it up. aside from my usual frustration at the message limitations in twitter, there seemed to be a lot of confusion about what exactly we mean about ‘meaning’ and how it gets expressed in data. i had a skype conversation with @jonphipps about it, and thought i could reproduce that here, in a way that could add to the original conversation, perhaps clarifying a few things. [probably good to read the twitter conversation ahead of reading the rest of this.] jon phipps: i think the problem that the people in that conversation are trying to address is that marc has done triple duty as a local and global serialization (format) for storage, supporting indexing and display; a global data interchange format; and a focal point for creating agreement about the rules everyone is expected to follow to populate the data (aacr , rda). if you walk away from that, even if you don’t kill it, nothing else is going to be able to serve that particular set of functions. but that’s the way everyone chooses to discuss bibframe, or schema.org, or any other ‘marc replacement’. diane hillmann: yeah, but how does ‘meaning’ merely expressed on a wiki page help in any way? isn’t the idea to have meaning expressed with the data itself? jon phipps: it depends on whether you see rdf as a meaning transport mechanism or a data transport mechanism. that’s the difference between semantic data and linked data. diane hillmann: it’s both, don’t you think? jon phipps: semantic data is the smart subset of linked data. diane hillmann: nice tagline jon phipps: zepheira, and now dc, seem to be increasingly looking at rdf as merely linked data. i should say a transport mechanism for ‘linked’ data. diane hillmann: it’s easier that way. jon phipps: exactly. basically what they’re saying is that meaning is up to the receiver’s system to determine. dc:title of ‘mr.’ is fine in that world–it even validates according to the ‘new’ ap thinking. it’s all easier for the data producers if they don’t have to care about vocabularies. but the value of rdf is that it’s brilliantly designed to transport knowledge, not just data. rdf data is intended to live in a world where any thing can be described by any thing, and all of those descriptions can be aggregated over time to form a more complete description of the thing being described. knowledge transfer really benefits from semantic web concepts like inferences and entailments and even truthiness (in addition to just validation). if you discount and even reject those concepts in a linked data world than you might as well ship your data around as csv or even sql files and be done with it. one of the things about marc is that it’s incredibly semantically rich (marc rdf.info) and has also been brilliantly designed by a lot of people over a lot of years to convey an equally rich body of bibliographic knowledge. but throwing away even a small portion of that knowledge in pursuit of a far dumber linked data holy grail is a lot like saying that since most people only use a relatively limited number of words (especially when they’re texting) we have no need for a , word, or even a , word, dictionary. marc makes knowledge transfer look relatively easy because the knowledge is embedded in a vocabulary every cataloger learns and speaks fairly fluently. it looks like it’s just a (truly limiting) data format so it’s easy to think that replacing it is just a matter of coming up with a fresh new format, like rdf. but it’s going to be a lot harder than that, which is tacitly acknowledged by the many-faceted effort to permanently dumb-down bibliographic metadata, and it’s one of the reasons why i think bibframe.org, bibfra.me, and schema.org might end up being very destructive, given the way they’re being promoted (be sure to park your marc somewhere). [that’s why we’re so focused on the rda data model (which can actually be semantically richer than marc), why we helped create marc rdf.info, and why we’re working at building out our rdf vocabulary management services.] diane hillmann: this would be a great conversation to record for a podcast 😉 jon phipps: i’m not saying proper vocabulary management is easy. look at us for instance, we haven’t bothered to publish the omr vocabs and only one person has noticed (so far). but they’re in active use in every omr-generated vocab. the point i was making was that we we’re no better, as publishers of theoretically semantic metadata, at making sure the data was ‘meaningful’ by making sure that the vocabs resolved, had definitions, etc. [p.s. we’re now working on publishing our registry vocabularies.] 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, july , , : pm (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									linked data, rda, vocabularies 													 						 comment												(show inline) 											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					fresh from ala, what’s new? 				 							 			 			 				in the old days, when i was on marbi as liaison for aall, i used to write a fairly detailed report, and after that wrote it up for my cornell colleagues. the gist of those reports was to describe what happened, and if there might be implications to consider from the decisions. i don’t propose to do that here, but it does feel as if i’m acting in a familiar ‘reporting’ mode. in an early saturday presentation sponsored by the linked library data ig, we heard about bibframe and vivo. i was very interested to see how vivo has grown (having seen it as an infant), but was puzzled by the suggestion that it or foaf could substitute for the functionality embedded in authority records. for one thing, auth records are about disambiguating names, and not describing people–much as some believe that’s where authority control should be going. even when we stop using text strings as identifiers, we’ll still need that function and should be thinking carefully whether adding other functions makes good sense. later on saturday, at the cataloging norms ig meeting, nancy fallgren spoke on the nlm collaboration with zepheira, gw, (and others) on bibframe lite. they’re now testing the kuali ole cataloging module for use with bf lite, which will include a triple store. an important quote from nancy: “legacy data should not drive development.” so true, but neither should we be starting over, or discarding data, just to simplify data creation, thus losing the ability to respond to the more complex needs in cataloging, which aren’t going away, (a point demonstrated usefully in the recent jane-athons). i was the last speaker on that program, and spoke on the topic of “what can we do about our legacy data?” i was primarily asking questions and discussing options, not providing answers. the one thing i am adamant about is that nobody should be throwing away their marc records. i even came up with a simple rule: “park the marc”. after all, storage is cheap, and nobody really knows how the current situation will settle out. data is easy to dumb down, but not so easy to smarten up, and there may be do-overs in store for some down the road, after the experimentation is done and the tradeoffs clearer. i also attended the bibframe update, and noted that there’s still no open discussion about the ‘classic’ (as in ‘classic coke’) bibframe version used by lc, and the ‘new’ (as in ‘new coke’) bibframe lite version being developed by zepheira, which is apparently the vocabulary they’re using in their projects and training. it seems like it could be a useful discussion, but somebody’s got to start it. it’s not gonna be me. the most interesting part of that update from my point of view was hearing sally mccallum talk about the testing of bibframe by lc’s catalogers. the tool they’re planning on using (in development, i believe) will use rda labels and include rule numbers from the rda toolkit. now, there’s a test i really want to hear about at midwinter! but of course all of that rda ‘testing’ they insisted on several years ago to determine if the rda rules could be applied to marc doesn’t (can’t) apply to bibframe classic so … will there be a new round of much publicized and eagerly anticipated shared institutional testing of this new tool and its assumptions? just askin’. 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, july , , : am (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									ala conferences, bibframe, rda, vocabularies 													 						post a comment											 							 			 												 									 		 			 			 				 					what’s up with this jane-athon stuff? 				 							 			 			 				the rda development team started talking about developing training for the ‘new’ rda, with a focus on the vocabularies, in the fall of . we had some notion of what we didn’t want to do: we didn’t want yet another ‘sage on the stage’ event, we wanted to re-purpose the ‘hackathon’ model from a software focus to data creation (including a major hands-on aspect), and we wanted to demonstrate what rda looked like (and could do) in a native rda environment, without reference to marc. this was a tall order. using rimmf for the data creation was a no-brainer: the developers had been using the rda registry to feed new vocabulary elements into their their software (effectively becoming the rda registry’s first client), and were fully committed to frbr. deborah fritz had been training librarians and other on rimmf for years, gathering feedback and building enthusiasm. it was deborah who came up with the jane-athon idea, and the rda development group took it and ran with it. using the jane austen theme was a brilliant part of deborah’s idea. everybody knows about ja, and the number of spin offs, rip-offs and re-tellings of the novels (in many media formats) made her work a natural for examining why rda and frbr make sense. one goal stated everywhere in the marketing materials for our first jane outing was that we wanted people to have fun. all of us have been part of the audience and on the dais for many information sessions, for rda and other issues, and neither position has ever been much fun, useful as the sessions might have been. the same goes for webinars, which, as they’ve developed in library-land tend to be dry, boring, and completely bereft of human interaction. and there was a lot of fun at that first jane-athon–i venture to say that % of the folks in the room left with smiles and thanks. we got an amazing response to our evaluation survey, and the preponderance of responses were expansive, positive, and clearly designed to help the organizers to do better the next time. the various folks from ala publishing who stood at the back and watched the fun were absolutely amazed at the noise, the laughter, and the collaboration in evidence. no small part of the success of jane-athon rested with the team leaders at each table, and the coaches going from table to table helping out with puzzling issues, ensuring that participants were able to create data using rimmf that could be aggregated for examination later in the day. from the beginning we thought of jane as the first of many. in the first flush of success as participants signed up and enthusiasm built, we talked publicly about making it possible to do local jane-athons, but we realized that our small group would have difficulty doing smaller events with less expertise on site to the same standard we set at jane-athon . we had to do a better job in thinking through the local expansion and how to ensure that local participants get the same (or similar) value from the experience before responding to requests. as a step in that direction cilip in the uk is planning an ag-athon on may , which will add much to the collective experience as well as to the data store that began with the first jane-athon and will be an increasingly important factor as we work through the issues of sharing data. the collection and storage of the jane-athon data was envisioned prior to the first event, and the r-balls site was designed as a place to store and share rimmf-based information. though a valuable step towards shareable rda data, rballs have their limits. the data itself can be curated by human experts or available with warts, depending on the needs of the user of the data. for the longer term, rimmf can output rdf statements based on the rball info, and a triple store is in development for experimentation and exploration. there are plans to improve the visualization of this data and demonstrate its use at jane-athon in san francisco, which will include more about rda and linked data, as well as what the created data can be used for, in particular, for new and improved services. so, what are the implications of the first jane-athon’s success for libraries interested in linked data? one of the biggest misunderstandings floating around libraryland in linked data conversations is that it’s necessary to make one and only one choice of format, and eschew all others (kind of like saying that everyone has to speak english to participate in lod). this is not just incorrect, it’s also dangerous. in the marc era, there was truly no choice for libraries–to participate in record sharing they had to use marc. but the technology has changed, and rapidly evolving semantic mapping strategies [see: dcpapers.dublincore.org/pubs/article/view/ ] will enable libraries to use the most appropriate schemas and tools for creating data to be used in their local context, and others for distributing that data to partners, collaborators, or the larger world. another widely circulated meme is that rda/frbr is ‘too complicated’ for what libraries need; we’re encouraged to ‘simplify, simplify’ and assured that we’ll still be able to do what we need. hmm, well, simplification is an attractive idea, until one remembers that the environment we work in, with evolving carriers, versions, and creative ideas for marketing materials to libraries is getting more complex than ever. without the specificity to describe what we have (or have access to), we push the problem out to our users to figure out on their own. libraries have always tried to be smarter than that, and that requires “smart” , not “dumb”, metadata. of course the corollary to the ‘too complicated’ argument lies the notion that a) we’re not smart enough to figure out how to do rda and frbr right, and b) complex means more expensive. i refuse to give space to a), but b) is an important consideration. i urge you to take a look at the jane-athon data and consider the fact that jane austen wrote very few novels, but they’ve been re-published with various editions, versions and commentaries for almost two centuries. once you add the ‘based on’, ‘inspired by’ and the enormous trail created by those trying to use jane’s popularity to sell stuff (“sense and sensibility and sea monsters” is a favorite of mine), you can see the problem. think of a pyramid with a very expansive base, and a very sharp point, and consider that the works that everything at the bottom wants to link to don’t require repeating the description of each novel every time in rda. and we’re not adding notes to descriptions that are based on the outdated notion that the only use for information about the relationship between “sense and sensibility and sea monsters” and jane’s “sense and sensibility” is a human being who looks far enough into the description to read the note. one of the big revelations for most jane-athon participants was to see how well rimmf translated legacy marc records into rda, with links between the wem levels and others to the named agents in the record. it’s very slick, and most importantly, not lossy. consider that rimmf also outputs in both marc and rdf–and you see something of a missing link (if not the golden gate bridge :-). not to say there aren’t issues to be considered with rda as with other options. there are certainly those, and they’ll be discussed at the jane-in in san francisco as well as at the rda forum on the following day, which will focus on current rda upgrades and the future of rda and cataloging. (more detailed information on the forum will be available shortly). don’t miss the fun, take a look at the details and then go ahead and register. and catalogers, try your best to entice your developers to come too. we’ll set up a table for them, and you’ll improve the conversation level at home considerably! 			 			 							 by diane hillmann, may , , : am (utc- ) 						 										 			 						 									linked data, rda, uncategorized 													 						 comment												(show inline) 											 							 			 												 									 		 		 	 		 		older articles » 		 	 			 	 	schnellnavigation: jump to start of page | jump to posts | jump to navigation 	 	 		 	syndication 		rdf articles 	rss articles 	atom articles 	 			archives 				february 	january 	december 	october 	september 	august 	july 	may 	february 	december 	november 	october 	september 	february 	december 	july 	may 	october 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	december 	september 	april 	march 	february 	january 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	november 	august 	july 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 		 	 			categories 		 	ala conferences ( ) 	bibframe ( ) 	dublin core ( ) 	futures ( ) 	legislative data project ( ) 	linked data ( ) 	marc in rdf ( ) 	meeting reports ( ) 	presentations ( ) 	rda ( ) 	tools ( ) 	systems ( ) 	teaching ( ) 	uncategorized ( ) 	vocabularies ( ) 		 	 	 april	s	m	t	w	t	f	s 	 		 		 « feb 		 	«-»	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 	 	search 	 		 			search the archive 			 				 				 			 			 			 		 	 	 			latest comments 	denying the non-english speaking world   karen coyle 	what do we mean when we talk about ‘meaning’?   owen stephens 	why are we waiting for the ils to change?   diane hillmann, dan scott 	mapping without taggregations   gordon dunsire, kathleen lamantia 	if we were asked   eddie f. fitzgerald, chuck 	getting to higher marc branches   gordon dunsire, karen coyle 	 			blogroll 			 bibliographic wilderness catalogablog cataloging futures celeripedean coyle’s information go to hellman inkdroid litablog lorcan dempsey’s weblog metadata blog metalogue the frbr blog the registry blog thingology virtual dave … real blog weibel lines 							 		 						 			linkroll 			 		 	 	buttons 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 					 						schnellnavigation: jump to start of page | jump to posts | jump to navigation 					 metadata matters is powered by wordpress v . . and binary blue v . . 						 hanging together hanging together the oclc research blog 	a research roadmap for building a national finding aid network (nafan) i had the opportunity to develop and lead the oclc project team in the user research design phase for the imls-funded project (grant number lg- -ols- ), building a national finding aid &# ; the post a research roadmap for building a national finding aid network (nafan) appeared first on hanging together. 	how well does ead tag usage support finding aid discovery? in november, we shared information with you about the building a&# ;national finding aid network&# ;project (nafan). this is a&# ;two-year research and demonstration project to build the foundation for a (us) national &# ; the post how well does ead tag usage support finding aid discovery? appeared first on hanging together. 	social interoperability: getting to know all about you building and sustaining productive cross-campus partnerships in support of the university research enterprise is both necessary and fraught with challenges. social interoperability – the creation and maintenance of working relationships &# ; the post social interoperability: getting to know all about you appeared first on hanging together. 	reimagine descriptive workflows: meeting the challenges of inclusive description in shared infrastructure in a previous blog post, i told you about our reimagine descriptive workflows project, and the path we took to get there. in that post, i shared the three objectives &# ; the post reimagine descriptive workflows: meeting the challenges of inclusive description in shared infrastructure appeared first on hanging together. 	fill your social interoperability toolbox social interoperability – the creation and maintenance of working relationships across individuals and organizational units that promote collaboration, communication, and mutual understanding – is important. but it can be hard &# ; the post fill your social interoperability toolbox appeared first on hanging together. 	filling our cups at the home office water cooler a few weeks ago i learned that crystal, an oclc colleague i barely knew, loves to play board games, that she and her husband&# ; just became empty nesters (like my &# ; the post filling our cups at the home office water cooler appeared first on hanging together. 	working across campus is like herding flaming cats do you work at a university? if so, did you know that you work in a complex, adaptive system? and did you know that that makes it hard to build &# ; the post working across campus is like herding flaming cats appeared first on hanging together. 	the realm project: what we’ve learned and what’s next when the realm project began in april , little was known about the covid- virus. now, more than a year later, realm has completed eight laboratory tests, synthesized emerging research &# ; the post the realm project: what we&# ;ve learned and what&# ;s next appeared first on hanging together. 	‘reimagine descriptive workflows’ in libraries and archives in the oclc research library partnership, we have a practice of “learning together” – we listen for issues that form a shared challenge space within our global partnership, then we &# ; the post ‘reimagine descriptive workflows’ in libraries and archives appeared first on hanging together. 	join us for the total cost of stewardship / #oclc_tcos twitter chat! on may th from noon- pm pdt / - pm edt / - pm bst, we are hosting a twitter chat inspired by our recent report total cost of stewardship: responsible collection building &# ; the post join us for the total cost of stewardship / #oclc_tcos twitter chat! appeared first on hanging together. the code lib journal the code lib journal 	editorial: closer to than to with the publication of issue , the code lib journal is now closer to issue than we are to issue . also, we are developing a name change policy. 	adaptive digital library services: emergency access digitization at the university of illinois at urbana-champaign during the covid- pandemic this paper describes how the university of illinois at urbana-champaign library provided access to circulating library materials during the covid- pandemic. specifically, it details how the library adapted existing staff roles and digital library infrastructure to offer on-demand digitization of and limited online access to library collection items requested by patrons working in a remote teaching and learning environment. the paper also provides an overview of the technology used, details how dedicated staff with strong local control of technology were able to scale up a university-wide solution, reflects on lessons learned, and analyzes nine months of usage data to shed light on library patrons’ changing needs during the pandemic. 	assessing high-volume transfers from optical media at nypl nypl’s workflow for transferring optical media to long-term storage was met with a challenge: an acquisition of a collection containing thousands of recordable cds and dvds. many programs take a disk-by-disk approach to imaging or transferring optical media, but to deal with a collection of this size, nypl developed a workflow using a nimbie autoloader and a customized version of kbnl’s open-source iromlab software to batch disks for transfer. this workflow prioritized quantity, but, at the outset, it was difficult to tell if every transfer was as accurate as it could be. we discuss the process of evaluating the success of the mass transfer workflow, and the improvements we made to identify and troubleshoot errors that could occur during the transfer. a background of the institution and other institutions’ approaches to similar projects is given, then an in-depth discussion of the process of gathering and analyzing data. we finish with a discussion of our takeaways from the project. 	better together: improving the lives of metadata creators with natural language processing dc public library has long held digital copies of the full run of local alternative weekly, washington city paper, but had no official status as a rights grantor to enable use. that recently changed due to a full agreement being reached with the publisher. one condition of that agreement, however, was that issues become available with usable descriptive metadata and subject access in time to celebrate the upcoming th anniversary of the publication, which at that time was in six months. one of the most time intensive tasks our metadata specialists work on is assigning description to digital objects. this paper details how we applied python’s natural language toolkit and openrefine’s reconciliation functions to the collection’s ocr text to simplify subject selection for staff with no background in programming. 	choose your own educational resource: developing an interactive oer using the ink scripting language learning games are games created with the purpose of educating, as well as entertaining, players. this article describes the potential of interactive fiction (if), a type of text-based game, to serve as learning games. after summarizing the basic concepts of interactive fiction and learning games, the article describes common interactive fiction programming languages and tools, including ink, a simple markup language that can be used to create choice based text games that play in a web browser. the final section of the article includes code putting the concepts of ink, interactive fiction, and learning games into action using part of an interactive oer created by the author in december of . 	enhancing print journal analysis for shared print collections the western regional storage trust (west), is a distributed shared print journal repository program serving research libraries, college and university libraries, and library consortia in the western region of the united states. west solicits serial bibliographic records and related holdings biennially, which are evaluated and identified as candidates for shared print archiving using a complex collection analysis process. california digital library’s discovery &# ; delivery west operations team (west-ops) supports the functionality behind this collection analysis process used by west program staff (west-staff) and members. for west, proposals for shared print archiving have been historically predicated on what is known as an ulrich’s journal family, which pulls together related serial titles, for example, succeeding and preceding serial titles, their supplements, and foreign language parallel titles. ulrich’s, while it has been invaluable, proves problematic in several ways, resulting in the approximate omission of half of the journal titles submitted for collection analysis. part of west’s effectiveness in archiving hinges upon its ability to analyze local serials data across its membership as holistically as possible. the process that enables this analysis, and subsequent archiving proposals, is dependent on ulrich’s journal family, for which issn has been traditionally used to match and cluster all related titles within a particular family. as such, the process is limited in that many journals have never been assigned issns, especially older publications, or member bibliographic records may lack an issn(s), though the issn may exist in an oclc primary record. building a mechanism for matching on issns that goes beyond the base set of primary, former, and succeeding titles, expands the number of eligible issns that facilitate ulrich’s journal family matching. furthermore, when no matches in ulrich’s can be made based on issn, other types of control numbers within a bibliographic record may be used to match with records that have been previously matched with an ulrich’s journal family via issn, resulting in a significant increase in the number of titles eligible for collection analysis. this paper will discuss problems in ulrich’s journal family matching, improved functional methodologies developed to address those problems, and potential strategies to improve in serial title clustering in the future. 	how we built a spatial subject classification based on wikidata from the fall of to the beginning of a project had been carried out to upgrade spatial subject indexing in north rhine-westphalian bibliography (nwbib) from uncontrolled strings to controlled values. for this purpose, a spatial classification with around , entries was created from wikidata and published as skos (simple knowledge organization system) vocabulary. the article gives an overview over the initial problem and outlines the different implementation steps. 	institutional data repository development, a moving target at the end of , the research data service (rds) at the university of illinois at urbana-champaign (uiuc) completed its fifth year as a campus-wide service. in order to gauge the effectiveness of the rds in meeting the needs of illinois researchers, rds staff developed a five-year review consisting of a survey and a series of in-depth focus group interviews. as a result, our institutional data repository developed in-house by university library it staff, illinois data bank, was recognized as the most useful service offering by our unit. when launched in , storage resources and web servers for illinois data bank and supporting systems were hosted on-premises at uiuc. as anticipated, researchers increasingly need to share large, and complex datasets. in a responsive effort to leverage the potentially more reliable, highly available, cost-effective, and scalable storage accessible to computation resources, we migrated our item bitstreams and web services to the cloud. our efforts have met with success, but also with painful bumps along the way. this article describes how we supported data curation workflows through transitioning from on-premises to cloud resource hosting. it details our approaches to ingesting, curating, and offering access to dataset files up to tb in size--which may be archive type files (e.g., .zip or .tar) containing complex directory structures. 	on the nature of extreme close-range photogrammetry: visualization and measurement of north african stone points image acquisition, visualization, and measurement are examined in the context of extreme close-range photogrammetric data analysis. manual measurements commonly used in traditional stone artifact investigation are used as a starting point to better gauge the usefulness of high-resolution d surrogates and the flexible digital tool sets that can work with them. the potential of various visualization techniques are also explored in the context of future teaching, learning, and research in virtual environments. 	optimizing elasticsearch search experience using a thesaurus the belgian art links and tools (balat) (http://balat.kikirpa.be/) is the continuously expanding online documentary platform of the royal institute for cultural heritage (kik-irpa), brussels (belgium). balat contains over , images of kik-irpa’s unique collection of photo negatives on the cultural heritage of belgium, but also the library catalogue, pdfs of articles from kik-irpa’s bulletin and other publications, an extensive persons and institutions authority list, and several specialized thematic websites, each of those collections being multilingual as belgium has three official languages. all these are interlinked to give the user easy access to freely available information on the belgian cultural heritage. during the last years, kik-irpa has been working on a detailed and inclusive data management plan. through this data management plan, a new project hescida (heritage science data archive) will upgrade balat to balat+, enabling access to searchable registries of kik-irpa datasets and data interoperability. balat+ will be a building block of digilab, one of the future pillars of the european research infrastructure for heritage science (e-rihs), which will provide online access to scientific data concerning tangible heritage, following the fair-principles (findable-accessible-interoperable-reusable). it will include and enable access to searchable registries of specialized digital resources (datasets, reference collections, thesauri, ontologies, etc.). in the context of this project, elasticsearch has been chosen as the technology empowering the search component of balat+. an essential feature of this search functionality of balat+ is the need for linguistic equivalencies, meaning a term query in french should also return the matching results containing the equivalent term in dutch. another important feature is to offer a mechanism to broaden the search with elements of more precise terminology: a term like "furniture" could also match records containing chairs, tables, etc. this article will explain how a thesaurus developed in-house at kik-irpa was used to obtain these functionalities, from the processing of that thesaurus to the production of the configuration needed by elasticsearch. 	pythagoras: discovering and visualizing musical relationships using computer analysis this paper presents an introduction to pythagoras, an in-progress digital humanities project using python to parse and analyze xml-encoded music scores. the goal of the project is to use recurring patterns of notes to explore existing relationships among musical works and composers. an intended outcome of this project is to give music performers, scholars, librarians, and anyone else interested in digital humanities new insights into musical relationships as well as new methods of data analysis in the arts. 	editorial resuming our publication schedule 	managing an institutional repository workflow with gitlab and a folder-based deposit system institutional repositories (ir) exist in a variety of configurations and in various states of development across the country. each organization with an ir has a workflow that can range from explicitly documented and codified sets of software and human workflows, to ad hoc assortments of methods for working with faculty to acquire, process and load items into a repository. the university of north texas (unt) libraries has managed an ir called unt scholarly works for the past decade but has until recently relied on ad hoc workflows. over the past six months, we have worked to improve our processes in a way that is extensible and flexible while also providing a clear workflow for our staff to process submitted and harvested content. our approach makes use of gitlab and its associated tools to track and communicate priorities for a multi-user team processing resources. we paired this web-based management with a folder-based system for moving the deposited resources through a sequential set of processes that are necessary to describe, upload, and preserve the resource. this strategy can be used in a number of different applications and can serve as a set of building blocks that can be configured in different ways. this article will discuss which components of gitlab are used together as tools for tracking deposits from faculty as they move through different steps in the workflow. likewise, the folder-based workflow queue will be presented and described as implemented at unt, and examples for how we have used it in different situations will be presented. 	customizing alma and primo for home & locker delivery like many ex libris libraries in fall , our library at california state university, northridge (csun) was not physically open to the public during the - academic year, but we wanted to continue to support the research and study needs of our over , university students and , faculty and staff. this article will explain our alma and primo implementation to allow for home mail delivery of physical items, including policy decisions, workflow changes, customization of request forms through labels and delivery skins, customization of alma letters, a python solution to add the “home” address type to patron addresses to make it all work, and will include relevant code samples in python, xsl, css, xml, and json. in spring , we will add the on-site locker delivery option in addition to home delivery, and this article will include new system changes made for that option. 	ganch: using linked open data for georgia’s natural, cultural and historic organizations’ disaster response in june , the atlanta university center robert w. woodruff library received a lyrasis catalyst fund grant to support the creation of a publicly editable directory of georgia’s natural, cultural and historical organizations (nchs), allowing for quick retrieval of location and contact information for disaster response. by the end of the project, over , entries for nch organizations in georgia were compiled, updated, and uploaded to wikidata, the linked open data database from the wikimedia foundation. these entries included directory contact information and gis coordinates that appear on a map presented on the ganch project website (https://ganch.auctr.edu/), allowing emergency responders to quickly search for nchs by region and county in the event of a disaster. in this article we discuss the design principles, methods, and challenges encountered in building and implementing this tool, including the impact the tool has had on statewide disaster response after implementation. 	archive this moment d.c.: a case study of participatory collecting during covid- when the covid- pandemic brought life in washington, d.c. to a standstill in march , staff at dc public library began looking for ways to document how this historic event was affecting everyday life. recognizing the value of first-person accounts for historical research, staff launched archive this moment d.c. to preserve the story of daily life in the district during the stay-at-home order. materials were collected from public instagram and twitter posts submitted through the hashtag #archivethismomentdc. in addition to social media, creators also submitted materials using an airtable webform set up for the project and through email. over , digital files were collected. this article will discuss the planning, professional collaboration, promotion, selection, access, and lessons learned from the project; as well as the technical setup, collection strategies, and metadata requirements. in particular, this article will include a discussion of the evolving collection scope of the project and the need for clear ethical guidelines surrounding privacy when collecting materials in real-time. 	advancing arks in the historical ontology space this paper presents the application of archival resource keys (arks) for persistent identification and resolution of concepts in historical ontologies. our use case is the library of congress subject headings (lcsh), which we have converted to the simple knowledge organization system (skos) format and will use for representing a corpus of historical encyclopedia britannica articles. we report on the steps taken to assign arks in support of the nineteenth-century knowledge project, where we are using the hive vocabulary tool to automatically assign subject metadata from both the lcsh and the contemporary lcsh faceted, topical vocabulary to enable the study of the evolution of knowledge. 	considered content: a design system for equity, accessibility, and sustainability the university of minnesota libraries developed and applied a principles-based design system to their health sciences library website. with the design system at its center, the revised site was able to achieve accessible, ethical, inclusive, sustainable, responsible, and universal design. the final site was built with elegantly accessible semantic html-focused code on drupal with highly curated and considered content, meeting and exceeding wcag . aa guidance and addressing cognitive and learning considerations through the use of plain language, templated pages for consistent page-level organization, and no hidden content. as a result, the site better supports all users regardless of their abilities, attention level, mental status, reading level, and reliability of their internet connection, all of which are especially critical now as an elevated number of people experience crises, anxieties, and depression. 	robustifying links to combat reference rot links to web resources frequently break, and linked content can change at unpredictable rates. these dynamics of the web are detrimental when references to web resources provide evidence or supporting information. in this paper, we highlight the significance of reference rot, provide an overview of existing techniques and their characteristics to address it, and introduce our robust links approach, including its web service and underlying api. robustifying links offers a proactive, uniform, and machine-actionable way to combat reference rot. in addition, we discuss our reasoning and approach aimed at keeping the approach functional for the long term. to showcase our approach, we have robustified all links in this article. 	machine learning based chat analysis the byu library implemented a machine learning-based tool to perform various text analysis tasks on transcripts of chat-based interactions between patrons and librarians. these text analysis tasks included estimating patron satisfaction and classifying queries into various categories such as research/reference, directional, tech/troubleshooting, policy/procedure, and others. an accuracy of % or better was achieved for each category. this paper details the implementation details and explores potential applications for the text analysis tool. 	always be migrating at the university of california, los angeles, the digital library program is in the midst of a large, multi-faceted migration project. this article presents a narrative of migration and a new mindset for technology and library staff in their ever-changing infrastructure and systems. this article posits that migration from system to system should be integrated into normal activities so that it is not a singular event or major project, but so that it is a process built into the core activities of a unit. 	editorial: for pandemic times such as this a pandemic changes the world and changes libraries. 	open source tools for scaling data curation at qdr this paper describes the development of services and tools for scaling data curation services at the qualitative data repository (qdr). through a set of open-source tools, semi-automated workflows, and extensions to the dataverse platform, our team has built services for curators to efficiently and effectively publish collections of qualitatively derived data. the contributions we seek to make in this paper are as follows: . we describe ‘human-in-the-loop’ curation and the tools that facilitate this model at qdr; . we provide an in-depth discussion of the design and implementation of these tools, including applications specific to the dataverse software repository, as well as standalone archiving tools written in r; and . we highlight the role of providing a service layer for data discovery and accessibility of qualitative data. keywords: data curation; open-source; qualitative data 	from text to map: combing named entity recognition and geographic information systems this tutorial shows readers how to leverage the power of named entity recognition (ner) and geographic information systems (gis) to extract place names from text, geocode them, and create a public-facing map. this process is highly useful across disciplines. for example, it can be used to generate maps from historical primary sources, works of literature set in the real world, and corpora of academic scholarship. in order to lead the reader through this process, the authors work with a article sample of the covid- open research dataset challenge (cord- ) dataset. as of the date of writing, cord- includes , full-text articles with metadata. using this sample, the authors demonstrate how to extract locations from the full-text with the spacy library in python, highlight methods to clean up the extracted data with the pandas library, and finally teach the reader how to create an interactive map of the places using arcgis online. the processes and code are described in a manner that is reusable for any corpus of text 	using integrated library systems and open data to analyze library cardholders the harrison public library in westchester county, new york operates two library buildings in harrison: the richard e. halperin memorial library building (the library’s main building, located in downtown harrison) and a west harrison branch location. as part of its latest three-year strategic plan, the library sought to use existing resources to improve understanding of its cardholders at both locations. to do so, we needed to link the circulation data in our integrated library system, evergreen, to geographic data and demographic data. we decided to build a geodemographic heatmap that incorporated all three aforementioned types of data. using evergreen, american community survey (acs) data, and google maps, we plotted each cardholder’s residence on a map, added census boundaries (called tracts) and our town’s borders to the map, and produced summary statistics for each tract detailing its demographics and the library card usage of its residents. in this article, we describe how we acquired the necessary data and built the heatmap. we also touch on how we safeguarded the data while building the heatmap, which is an internal tool available only to select authorized staff members. finally, we discuss what we learned from the heatmap and how libraries can use open data to benefit their communities. 	update oclc holdings without paying additional fees: a patchwork approach accurate oclc holdings are vital for interlibrary loan transactions. however, over time weeding projects, replacing lost or damaged materials, and human error can leave a library with a catalog that is no longer reflected through oclc. while oclc offers reclamation services to bring poorly maintained collections up-to-date, the associated fee may be cost prohibitive for libraries with limited budgets. this article will describe the process used at austin peay state university to identify, isolate, and update holdings using oclc collection manager queries, marcedit, excel, and python. some portions of this process are completed using basic coding; however, troubleshooting techniques will be included for those with limited previous experience. 	data reuse in linked data projects: a comparison of alma and share-vde bibframe networks this article presents an analysis of the enrichment, transformation, and clustering used by vendors casalini libri/@cult and ex libris for their respective conversions of marc data to bibframe. the analysis considers the source marc data used by alma then the enrichment and transformation of marc data from share-vde partner libraries. the clustering of linked data into a bibframe network is a key outcome of data reuse in linked data projects and fundamental to the improvement of the discovery of library collections on the web and within search systems. 	collectionbuilder-contentdm: developing a static web ‘skin’ for contentdm-based digital collections unsatisfied with customization options for contentdm, librarians at university of idaho library have been using a modern static web approach to creating digital exhibit websites that sit in front of the digital repository. this "skin" is designed to provide users with new pathways to discover and explore collection content and context. this article describes the concepts behind the approach and how it has developed into an open source, data-driven tool called collectionbuilider-contentdm. the authors outline the design decisions and principles guiding the development of collectionbuilder, and detail how a version is used at the university of idaho library to collaboratively build digital collections and digital scholarship projects. 	automated collections workflows in gobi: using python to scrape for purchase options the nc state university libraries has developed a tool for querying gobi, our print and ebook ordering vendor platform, to automate monthly collections reports. these reports detail purchase options for missing or long-overdue items, as well as popular items with multiple holds. gobi does not offer an api, forcing staff to conduct manual title-by-title searches that previously took up to hours per month. to make this process more efficient, we wrote a python script that automates title searches and the extraction of key data (price, date of publication, binding type) from gobi. this tool can gather data for hundreds of titles in half an hour or less, freeing up time for other projects. this article will describe the process of creating this script, as well as how it finds and selects data in gobi. it will also discuss how these results are paired with nc state’s holdings data to create reports for collection managers. lastly, the article will examine obstacles that were experienced in the creation of the tool and offer recommendations for other organizations seeking to automate collections workflows. 	testing remote access to e-resource with codeceptjs at the badische landesbibliothek karlsruhe (blb) we offer a variety of e-resources with different access requirements. on the one hand, there is free access to open access material, no matter where you are. on the other hand, there are e-resources that you can only access when you are in the rooms of the blb. we also offer e-resources that you can access from anywhere, but you must have a library account for authentication to gain access. to test the functionality of these access methods, we have created a project to automatically test the entire process from searching our catalogue, selecting a hit, logging in to the provider's site and checking the results. for this we use the end end testing framework codeceptjs. none none events – data science by design 	 home 	 events 	 blog 	 grants & anthology 	 code of conduct 	 about events overview of dsxd events dsxd creator conference may & , - pacific, - eastern apply to attend: here. applications now closed. about do you have a data story to tell but need help broadening your audience? do you wish you had some time and support to exercise the creative side of your data-loving brain? on may and th, we are hosting a a conference spread over two half days ( hours each day), where we will come together to get over that activation energy to start (or finish) creative data-related projects. we’ll learn about others’ creative processes and storytelling techniques and work through design exercises that will push us to get creating. we’ll hear from expert storytellers, creators, and designers about how they: 	brainstorm and find inspiration, 	get started bringing an idea to life, 	continue to make progress and refine an idea, 	pitch ideas to get buy-in from others, and 	share their final products with a broad audience. as we learn, we’ll be coming up with our own ideas and thinking about what resources and support we need from this creator community to bring them to fruition. and we’ll be doodling all the while. this conference is part of our data science by design (dsxd) initiative aimed to bring together data enthusiasts of all kinds to use creative mediums to communicate data-related work and establish new collaborations across domains. the creator conference’s role is to kick off the eventual creation of personal essays, drawings, explainers, or how-to guides on research best practices, findings, methodology, or even work culture. featuring joining us in the sessions will be researchers, educators, artists, computer scientists, and more! below is a sneak peek into the amazing crew of organizers, panelists, session leads, and speakers who will be joining us this year. full schedule here. ijeamaka anyene she/her data analyst and data viz rebecca barter she/her researcher, data scientist, and data viz anna e. cook she/her accessibility designer erin davis she/her data visualization and analysis frank elavsky he/him accessibility and data experience engineer julia evans she/her programmer and maker sharla gelfand they/them data wrangler, developer, and data viz allison horst she/her professor, artist, and researcher patricia kambitsch she/her visual storyteller and artist kevin koy he/him human-centered design x data science at ideo sean kross he/him researcher, educator, and developer giorgia lupi she/her information designer and partner at pentagram ciera martinez she/her researcher, biologist, and data scientist sarah mirk she/her writer, editor, and good ideas grishma rao she/her artist, writer, emerging technology designer tara robertson she/her equity and inclusion advocate and rogue librarian sara stoudt she/her professor, stats communicator chris walker he/him data x design valeri vasquez she/her researcher and data scientist peter winter he/him data as a creative medium for design shirley wu she/her data visualization designer, developer, and author we want you to attend! maybe you identify as a student, an educator, a researcher, a designer, an artist, an analyst, an engineer, or as something else entirely. all career stages - everyone is welcome! as organizers of data science by design, we are committed to fostering a supportive community among participants. one of our priorities for this event is to increase the amount of people who see themselves in data-related fields. therefore, we strongly encourage applications from women and other underrepresented genders, people of color, people who are lgbtq, people with disabilities or any other underrepresented minorities in data-related fields. to ensure an inclusive experience for everyone who participates, we will follow a code of conduct. apply to attend apply here: https://forms.gle/keclxc zaclyt js apply by may to ensure your application is reviewed. we want attendees to come with ideas. each applicant is asked to submit a short application that responds to at least two of the following. the application can feature creative mediums (e.g., a page of illustrations) but we ask that you do write out in english ( ) your full name ( ) your email address and ( ) what items below you are focusing on: 	pitch us. what project are you already working on or would you love to work on, given the time and resources, at the intersection of data science and the creative arts? see examples below! 	share with us. are there two examples of work at the intersection of data science and the creative arts that inspire/motivate/excite you? please include links or references, where applicable. 	think with us. what would your goals be coming out of this experience? what are the contributions you feel you’re best placed to make to enrich the experience of other participants? application help: project examples and scope the scope for the creator conf application includes anything relevant to communicating about data or working with data (e.g., best practices) using creative mediums. we are looking for people who want to work on projects that they are passionate about, including (but definitely not limited to!) data visualizations. below are some examples of project ideas that are within scope: format examples 	short essays or stories 	interviews 	websites 	tutorials 	data story/presentations (data viz, sonification, sculpture, etc.) 	zine 	software library or package 	or something else! topic examples 	exploration of a dataset 	how to create community in data, computer science or related fields 	personal narratives about working in or wanting to work in data, computer science or related fields 	data science workflows 	concepts explained/taught 	diversity and inclusion 	computing challenges 	algorithmic bias 	accessibility 	burn out 	best practices 	or something else! questions? contact us at datasciencebydesign@gmail.com schedule   	thursday, may 	friday, may 	time (pacific)	title and brief description	speakers / leads	time (pacific)	title and brief description	speakers / leads 	 : am [all zones]	welcome to dsxd creator conf!	dsxd team	 : am [all zones]	day opener	dsxd team 	 : am [all zones]	future of data science discussion with live sketching how do we envision the field of data science moving forward? in this conversation we invite everyone to share what we want more of (or less of!) in the field of data and computational sciences. featuring live sketching from artist patricia kambitsch, with advice on how she approaches effective and creative notetaking.	ciera martinez and patricia kambitsch	 : am [all zones]	coffee and collabs grab a coffee and . introduce yourself . talk about your dream project and . get help and maybe even find some summer collaborators! if you don't want to chat on camera go to #projects slack channel and post / react to others projects.	dsxd team 	 : am [all zones]	break	 	 : am [all zones]	break	  	 : am [all zones]	visual storytellers panel conversation on the practice and process of communicating complex information visually.	moderator: sharla gelfand panelists: julia evans, giorgia lupi, and shirley wu	 : am [all zones]	the pitching process (w/ activity) going from “thinking about thinking about it” to “thinking about it” to actually “doing it”	speakers: erin davis lead: sara stoudt 	 : am [all zones]	break	 	 : pm [all zones]	break	  	 : pm [all zones]	creativity to learn, creativity to teach (w/ activity) how can we engage students (and ourselves) to get a broader audience excited about data tools and techniques?	leads: sean kross, allison horst, and sara stoudt	 : : pm [all zones]	self publishing and the power of zines (w/ activity) you don't need permission to publish. learn about an old-school approach to open source information sharing: zines! we'll learn how to make a one-page zine, admire zines from around the world, and do a short creative exercise to each create a data-driven zine.	lead: sara mirk 	 : pm [all zones]	break	 	 : pm [all zones]	break	  	 : pm [all zones]	designing for accessibility and inclusivity short talks and discussion on how to instill inclusion and accessibility practices into how we work.	lead: valeri vasquez speakers: anna cook, frank elavsky, and tara robertson	 : pm [all zones]	dsxd summer to create next steps, future projects, and funding opportunities with dsxd	dsxd team 	 : pm [all zones]	day closing	dsxd team	 	 	. © argon design system by creative tim & jekyll themes 	 home 	 events 	 blog 	 grants & anthology 	 code of conduct 	 about none none free range librarian free range librarian k.g. schneider's blog on librarianship, writing, and everything else 	(dis)association i have been reflecting on the future of a national association i belong to that has struggled with relevancy and with closing the distance between itself and its members, has distinct factions that differ on fundamental matters of values, faces declining national and chapter membership, needs to catch up on the technology curve, has sometimes [&# ;] 	i have measured out my life in doodle polls you know that song? the one you really liked the first time you heard it? and even the fifth or fifteenth? but now your skin crawls when you hear it? that&# ;s me and doodle. in the last three months i have filled out at least a dozen doodle polls for various meetings outside my organization. [&# ;] 	memento dmv this morning i spent minutes in the appointment line at the santa rosa dmv to get my license renewed and converted to real id, but was told i was “too early” to renew my license, which expires in september, so i have to return after i receive my renewal notice. i could have converted [&# ;] 	an old-skool blog post i get up early these days and get stuff done &# ; banking and other elder-care tasks for my mother, leftover work from the previous day, association or service work. a lot of this is writing, but it&# ;s not writing. i have a half-dozen unfinished blog posts in wordpress, and even more in my mind. i [&# ;] 	keeping council editorial note: over half of this post was composed in july . at the time, this post could have been seen as politically neutral (where ala is the political landscape i&# ;m referring to) but tilted toward change and reform. since then, events have transpired. i revised this post in november, but at the time hesitated [&# ;] 	what burns away we are among the lucky ones. we did not lose our home. we did not spend day after day evacuated, waiting to learn the fate of where we live. we never lost power or internet. we had three or four days where we were mildly inconvenienced because pg&# ;e wisely turned off gas to many neighborhoods, [&# ;] 	neutrality is anything but &# ;we watch people dragged away and sucker-punched at rallies as they clumsily try to be an early-warning system for what they fear lies ahead.&# ; &# ; unwittingly prophetic me, march, . sometime after last november, i realized something very strange was happening with my clothes. my slacks had suddenly shrunk, even if i hadn&# ;t washed them. after [&# ;] 	mpow in the here and now i have coined a few biblioneologisms in my day, but the one that has had the longest legs is mpow (my place of work), a convenient, mildly-masking shorthand for one&# ;s institution. for the last four years i haven&# ;t had the bandwidth to coin neologisms, let alone write about mpow*. this silence could be misconstrued. i [&# ;] 	questions i have been asked about doctoral programs about six months ago i was visiting another institution when someone said to me, &# ;oh, i used to read your blog, back in the day.&# ; ah yes, back in the day, that pleistocene era when i wasn&# ;t working on a phd while holding down a big job and dealing with the rest of life&# ;s shenanigans. [&# ;] 	a scholar’s pool of tears, part : the pre in preprint means not done yet note, for two more days, january and , you (as in all of you) have free access to my article, to be real: antecedents and consequences of sexual identity disclosure by academic library directors. then it drops behind a paywall and sits there for a year. when i wrote part of this blog [&# ;] theodore dreiser papers, circa - (bulk dates - ) university of pennsylvania finding aids navigation aids 	skip to main content 	skip to main search 	skip to information about this record 	skip to select related items. use checkboxes to select any of the filters that apply to this item. penn libraries  •  repositories  •  penn back to full page university of pennsylvania finding aids 	 search finding aids 	 	   sidebar select materials to view in reading room finding aids home information and contacts contact us contents for this finding aid summary information biography/history scope and contents administrative information collection inventory correspondence miscellaneous correspondence legal matters td writings: books td writings: essays td writings: short stories td writings: poems td writings: plays td writings: screenplays and radio scripts td writings: addresses, lectures, interviews td writings: introductions, prefaces journals edited by td notes written and compiled by td td diaries biographical material family members memorabilia financial records clippings works by others oversize clippings (originals for microfilm) appendices expand all collapse all powered by the dla 	view finding aidfind related items main content theodore dreiser papers ms. coll. this is a finding aid. it is a description of archival material held at the university of pennsylvania. unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in our reading room, and not digitally available through the web. summary information 	repository: 	university of pennsylvania: kislak center for special collections, rare books and manuscripts 	creator: 	 dreiser, theodore, - 	title: 	theodore dreiser papers 	date: 	circa - (bulk dates - ) 	call number: 	ms. coll. 	extent: 	 linear feet ( boxes) 	language: 	english 	abstract: 	contains series, including correspondence ( boxes); legal matters ( boxes); writings ( boxes), comprising books, essays, short stories, poems, plays, screenplays, radio scripts, addresses, lectures, interviews, introductions, and prefaces; journals edited by dreiser ( boxes); notes ( boxes); diaries ( boxes); biographical material ( box); memorabilia ( boxes), comprising scrapbooks, photographs (many of which are available online), art work, promotional material, postcards, and miscellanea; financial records ( boxes); clippings ( boxes); works by others ( boxes); and oversize materials ( boxes). also includes materials regarding various family members: brother paul dresser ( boxes of correspondence, sheet music and lyric sheets, clippings and memorabilia, and two plays written by dresser); second wife helen dreiser ( boxes of diaries and other writings); and niece vera dreiser ( boxes of correspondence). cite as: theodore dreiser papers, kislak center for special collections, rare books and manuscripts, university of pennsylvania 	finding aid's permanent url: 	http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/ /d/ead/upenn_rbml_mscoll 	pdf version: 	 return to top » biography/history during the congress on literature at the chicago world's fair of , hamlin garland expressed america's need for a new kind of literature. garland called this new literature "veritism" and "local color"—something authentically american rather than derivative of europe. at the same time, twenty-two-year-old theodore dreiser was in chicago covering the world's fair as a reporter for the st. louis republic. although dreiser did not attend the congress on literature, he was to play a principal role in the fulfillment of garland's dream for american literature in the decades that followed. (herman) theodore dreiser ( - ) was born in terre haute, indiana on august . he was a sickly child, the ninth in a family of ten surviving children (three older boys had died in infancy). theodore's mother, sarah maria schänäb, of czech ancestry, was reared in the mennonite faith on a farm near dayton, ohio. his father, john paul dreiser, was a german immigrant, who left mayen in at the age of twenty-three to avoid conscription. he eventually traveled to america to follow his trade as a weaver, ending up at a mill in dayton, ohio, where he met the then seventeen-year-old sarah. john paul dreiser was a devout catholic, sarah schänäb, somewhat protestant and decidedly pagan in her approach to the world—she was extremely superstitious and romantic. the couple ran off together and married in , sarah not quite eighteen, john paul then twenty-nine. sarah was immediately disowned by her family, militant anti-catholics. the couple settled first in fort wayne, indiana and then in terre haute, where john paul became quite successful in the woolen business. there were six children in the family in when the dreisers moved to sullivan, indiana and john paul borrowed significantly in the hopes of becoming an independent wool manufacturer. these hopes were destroyed in when his factory burned to the ground. john paul was injured severely by falling timber as he tried to save his dream. by the time he recovered and moved his family back to terre haute, the dreisers were deep in debt, for john paul insisted on paying back every dollar that he owed. discouraged to the point of despair, he abandoned his career and became obsessed with religion and the salvation of his family. when theodore dreiser was born in , his family was settled firmly in the depths of poverty. there were eight older siblings: paul, marcus romanus (known as rome), mary frances (mame), emma, theresa, sylvia, al, and claire. younger brother ed would follow two years later. dreiser's father was only sporadically employed. the older children were out of the home, picking up what work they could, mostly getting into trouble. the family had a reputation in terre haute for being behind in their bills with wild sons and flirty daughters. each morning they knelt around the father as he asked for a blessing for the day, and there was a similar blessing each night. despite these prayers and stern punishments at the hand of john paul, it was too late. the older boys ran away from home; the older girls were involved in affairs. the dreiser family was out of control, abetted by sarah's leniency toward her children. young theodore dreiser grew up in this environment of uncertainty. he often went to bed hungry. there was no money for coal, and theodore would go with his older brother al to pick some up along the tracks of the railroad. his mother took in washing and worked at scrubbing and cleaning. always sensitive, theodore was humiliated to wear ragged clothing and to sneak coal from the tracks. he stuttered; he cried easily; he was a homely child, with protruding teeth and a cast in one eye. thin, pale, bullied by other boys, he spent his days alone for the most part. yet dreiser was also intensely curious about life, watching sunrises, observing birds in flight, exploring the indiana countryside. he hated his father's world of censored joy and authority and loved his mother's romantic dreams. dreiser realized that his family was poor and that they were looked down upon; he dreamed of having a home like those of the wealthy on wabash avenue, of having money and fine clothing. within theodore dreiser's harsh world of poverty there was always a contrasting element of the fantastic. first it was his mother's world of fancy—the family constantly moved at her whim, for she was always certain that something better was just over the horizon. as he grew older, the world of the wealthy town became his fantasy. then there was the fantastic success of his oldest brother, paul dreiser. paul had left home, joined a minstrel troupe, and achieved much success with his musical talents. writing, singing, and performing in minstrel shows, he even changed his name to paul dresser, which he felt would be more memorable to his public. when theodore was twelve he moved with his mother to chicago where his older sisters had secured an apartment. again there was the fantastic contrast of his old life in a small indiana town to the city, with its size, its activity, and its color. the ways of the city would continue to fascinate dreiser throughout his life. when the venture in chicago failed, theodore's mother moved him to warsaw, indiana, near where she had some land that had been left to her by her father. it was in warsaw that theodore first attended a non-catholic school. instead of the fear and trepidation of his earlier education, he found encouragement, first in the person of twenty-one-year old may calvert, his seventh grade teacher. miss calvert took an interest in theodore, encouraging him to use the local library and his imagination. she remained his life-long friend and confidant. at the age of seventeen, in a hardware store in chicago where theodore had found work, he met up with a former teacher, mildred fielding, now principal of a chicago high school. miss fielding had seen promise in him as well, thought him deserving, and wanted to send him to indiana university at her own expense. in the fall of dreiser arrived at the bloomington campus. dreiser spent only a year at indiana university. the experience showed him a world of possibilities, but he felt socially outcast and unsuccessful and was not really stimulated by any of his courses. theodore returned home, now almost nineteen years old, and found a job in a real estate office. he enjoyed some success in this field and gained a bit of confidence. that fall, however, his mother became ill. on november , theodore came home for lunch to find her in bed. as he helped her sit up, she went limp: sarah dreiser died in her son's arms at the age of fifty-seven. theodore, always his mother's favorite because he was so slight and sensitive, felt alone in the world. the dreiser family, only held together at this point by sarah's love for all, fell irreparably apart. theodore drifted into one job after another: driver for a laundry; collector for a furniture store. while these jobs provided him with an income, none allowed for the expression of ambition and artistic ability that he felt within. in his memoirs dreiser stated that it occurred to him at that time that newspaper reporters were men of importance and dignity, who by dint of interviewing the great were perceived their equal. it was now and theodore had returned to chicago, which was preparing for the upcoming world's fair and the democratic national convention. dreiser was curious enough about these events to write his own news stories about them, finding his to be as good as those published in the papers. in june of —after much determined footwork on his part—theodore dreiser landed a job on the chicago globe. dreiser's intense curiosity about life was well-suited to work as an investigative journalist. in chicago and later, in when he went to st. louis to work for the globe-democrat and the  republic, dreiser became known for his human interest pieces and "on-the-scene" reporting style: his articles were written in a manner that put the reader at the tragedy of a local fire or the action of a public debate. it was at the republic in that dreiser was given the job of escorting twenty female st. louis school teachers to the chicago world's fair and to write about their activities on the journey. one of these was sara osborne white, twenty-four and two years older than dreiser. she came from montgomery city, seventy-five miles west of st. louis. dreiser fell in love with her figure, dark eyes, and thick red hair (it was this last feature which led her friends and family to call her by the nickname "jug," for her hair was so thick around her face that it was said to resemble a red jug). dreiser, desiring her and aching for a chance to fulfill his always pressing sexual needs, took little time to propose. dreiser, however, was also driven by a desire for fame. his brother paul showed up in st. louis, and his talk of new york was alluring. theodore was ready for a change. a young reporter friend on the republic told him of a country weekly in his home town of grand rapids, ohio, which could be purchased for very little. dreiser thought that he could have great success on his own. in , with promises to send for jug soon, dreiser boarded a train for ohio. he arrived to find that the paper was small, with a subscribership of less than five hundred. the office was a shambles. there wasn't enough to it to even attempt to make a go, dreiser thought. he moved on to toledo, where he asked for a job from the city editor of the toledo blade, twenty-six year old arthur henry. the two men got along quite well, and henry found a few reporting assignments for dreiser. henry was an aspiring poet and novelist; dreiser was aspiring to be a playwright. the men spent hours in talk about their literary dreams. unfortunately, no permanent opening materialized at the  blade, and dreiser moved on to cleveland to look for work. after doing some feature work for the  leader, he moved to pittsburgh in the same year, where he immersed himself in research and articles concerning labor disputes that had culminated in the great strike of at homestead. from there he went to new york and received a job at pulitzer's paper,  the world, which was leading the fight in the yellow journalism war against hearst's  journal. he covered a streetcar strike in brooklyn by actually going out and riding the rails during the strike to see angry workers confronting scab drivers. he later incorporated these impressions into his first novel,  sister carrie. dreiser was drawn to the contrasts between the wealthy and the poverty stricken in new york. he quit his job at the world after only a few months, because he wasn't being allowed to produce the type of human interest stories that he thought should be told. he then lived, partly by choice and partly by necessity, on the streets of new york, where he took in the life of the downcast. at last he turned up at the new york offices of howley, haviland & company, the music publishing firm run by his brother paul and associates. he proposed to the men the idea of selling a magazine of popular songs, stories, and pictures. he would edit the magazine and it would help sell the company's songs. thus, in dreiser became "editor-arranger" for  ev'ry month, "the woman's magazine of literature and music." in addition to writing his own "reflections" column for each issue—in which he set forth his philosophies on such varied topics as the possibility of life on mars, working conditions in the sweat shops, yellow journalism, and the plight of new york's poor—dreiser also solicited syndicated stories by the better known american writers of his day, such as stephen crane and bret harte. after ev'ry month turned into a losing venture in , dreiser freelanced articles for various magazines. he was one of the original contributors to  success magazine, for which he interviewed the successful men of his time: andrew carnegie, marshall field, philip d. armour, thomas edison, and robert todd lincoln. as the twentieth century approached, dreiser wrote articles on the advances of technology, with titles like "the horseless age" and "the harlem river speedway" for some of the most popular magazines of the day, such as  leslie's,  munsey's,  ainslee's,  metropolitan,  cosmopolitan, and  demorest's. he compiled the first article ever written about alfred stieglitz, who seemed to combine in one dreiser's interest in art and technology. this writing set him in good straits financially. he now could afford to marry jug, a marriage that, in spite of second thoughts on his part, he undertook in a very small ceremony in washington, d.c., on december . the dreisers took up residence in new york, but in the summer of , at the request of arthur henry, made an extended visit to ohio. henry thought that it was time for dreiser to work on his fiction. together the two men spent the summer churning out articles and splitting the money that they earned fifty-fifty, thus giving each the time to work on his literary endeavors. it was here that dreiser began sister carrie. at the same time he became interested in the plight of workers in the south. he did a series of special articles for  pearson's magazine, which included investigations of a "model farm" in south carolina, delaware's "blue laws," and georgia's "chain gangs." all three dealt with society's punishment of those who transgressed, a theme that dreiser would investigate thoroughly in his novels. in addition, dreiser wrote six special articles on the inventor elmer gates, who had invested the money gained from his inventions on a facility for psychological research: it was called the elmer gates laboratory of psychology and psychurgy. gate's studies of learning, perception, the physiological effects of the emotions, and the will underlay the ways in which dreiser shaped hurstwood's actions in  sister carrie. journalism remained a steady source of income for dreiser throughout his life and supported his literary endeavors—he became a top editor for butterick's delineator in , a silent publisher of the  bohemian in , and in the s an editor of  the american spectator. the events that led up to the publication of  sister carrie in , however, began a new phase in dreiser's career—that of the heavily-edited novelist. before the book was published, dreiser was forced to change all names that could be attached to any existing firms or corporations. all "swearing" was to be removed. frank doubleday demanded that the novel have a more romantic title, and on the original contract the work bears the name "the flesh and the spirit," with dreiser's "sister carrie" penciled in beside it. editing was performed even after dreiser returned the author's proofs to doubleday, page & co. when frank doubleday read the final draft (after, by the way, page had already signed the contract with dreiser), he pronounced the book "immoral" and "badly written" and wanted to back out of its publication. dreiser held doubleday, page to its word, however, and  sister carrie was printed; but only , copies rolled off the presses, and of these remained unbound. it was not listed in the doubleday, page catalogue. the firm refused to advertise the work in any way. a london edition of  sister carrie (published in ), however, did well and was favorably reviewed. the  london daily mail said: "at last a really strong novel has come from america." dreiser would spend his entire literary career struggling with editors, publishers, and various political agencies, all of whom desired to make his works "suitable for the public." although dreiser began his second novel, jennie gerhardt ( ), upon completion of  sister carrie, his intense dissatisfaction with the changes and complaints that the publishers had made, combined with the treatment that  sister carrie was receiving, caused him to lose his health and delayed completion of  jennie gerhardt for nearly ten years. in dreiser, along with h. l. mencken, fought against the new york society for the suppression of vice when its president, john sumner, forced withdrawal of  the "genius" (published in ) from bookstore shelves. the fight dragged on through , and  the "genius" remained in storerooms until , when it was re-issued by horace liveright. in liveright was to become involved in dreiser's biggest battle for freedom of literary expression, when dreiser's an american tragedy ( ), the story of the chester gillette-grace brown murder case, was banned in boston. clarence darrow was a witness for the defense. the case lingered in the courts, at great expense to both dreiser and the liveright firm. between beginning the writing of the "genius" and publishing  an american tragedy, dreiser was prolific. he published the first two novels in his cowperwood trilogy,  the financier ( ) and  the titan ( ); a book of travel articles entitled  a traveler at forty ( ); a collection of plays,  plays of the natural and supernatu ral ( ); and a travelogue of his experiences on a car trip through his home state of indiana,  a hoosier holiday ( ). these were followed with  free and other stories in ;  twelve men in ;  the hand of the potter (a tragedy in four acts) also in ;  hey rub-a-dub-dub in ;  a book about myself, ; and  the color of a great city in . in the meantime, dreiser was beginning a third phase in his career, champion of freedom in all aspects of life. he made his first trip to europe in , and in london he picked up a prostitute and cross-examined her about life. he visited the house of commons and was sickened by the slums of the east end. this experience, combined with a seeming inferiority complex on his part at the self-assurance apparently inborn in the british caused dreiser to developed a life-long hatred of the british and may have had something to do with his sympathy for germany during world war i. back home in the united states he tried to organize a society to subsidize art and championed the causes of oppressed artists like himself. after the publication of an american tragedy, dreiser was more highly sought after by political organizations than before. in , while visiting europe, he commented on the events occurring in germany: "can one indict an entire people?" the answer, he felt, was yes. in dreiser was invited to the u.s.s.r. by the soviet government. the soviets thought that dreiser's opinion of their nation would have weight in america and that he would be favorable to their system of government (dreiser's books sold well in the soviet union). during the visit dreiser met with soviet heads of state, russian literary critics, movie directors, and even bill haywood, former american labor leader. dreiser kept extensive journals of the trip. he approved of the divorce of religion from the state, praised new schools and hospitals, but was repelled by the condition of hundreds of stray children scattered about the country. in dreiser visited london, where he met with winston churchill, with whom he discussed russia's social and military importance. he also took time to criticize the working conditions of mill workers in england. dreiser escalated these political involvements throughout his life. he helped bring former hungarian premier count michael károly to the united states after the communist takeover in . during the s he addressed protest rallies on behalf of tom mooney, whom he visited in san quentin, where mooney was serving a term for his alleged participation in a bombing incident in san francisco. dreiser met with sir rabindranath tagore in to discuss the success of the soviet government and the hopes of india. in dreiser cooperated with the international labor defense organization and took an active part in the social reform program of the american writers' league, of which he would later become president. in , as chairman of the national committee for the defense of political prisoners, dreiser organized a special committee to infiltrate kentucky's harlan coal mines to investigate allegations of crimes and abuses against striking miners. dreiser's life was threatened for calling attention to the matter. dreiser, john dos passos, and others on the "dreiser committee," as it was called, were indicted by the bell county grand jury for criminal syndicalism, and a warrant was issued for dreiser's arres t. franklin d. roosevelt, governor of new york at the time, said he would grant dreiser an open hearing, and john w. davis agreed to defend the committee. due to widespread publicity and public sentiment, however, all formal charges against dreiser and the committee were dropped. dreiser became even more involved with social reform after this incident. in he met with members of the communist party in the united states. dreiser criticized the u. s. communist party for being too disorganized. that year he was invited to write for a new literary magazine that would be free of advertising, the american spectator. dreiser became and remained associate editor of the paper until other editors agreed to accept advertising, at which point he resig ned. in dreiser attended an international peace conference in paris, because he was interested in the outcome of the spanish civil war. when he returned from europe, he visited with president roosevelt to discuss the problem and to try to influence him to send aid to spain. in dreiser again traveled to washington, d.c. and to new york to lecture for the committee for soviet friendship and american peace mobilization. he published pamphlets at his own expense and radio addresses. he publishe d  america is worth saving, a work concerning economics and intended to convince americans to avoid involvement in world war ii. in , just before his death, dreiser joined the communist party to signify his protest again st america's involvement in the war. during these years, dreiser was still publishing—articles, poems, pamphlets, leaflets, and novels. in he brought out an edition of poetry, moods: cadenced and declaimed.  chains followed in , a book of short stories and "lesser novels." other works include:  dreiser looks at russia ( );  the carnegie works at pittsburgh ( );  a gallery of women ( );  my city ( );  fine furniture ( );  dawn ( );  tragic america ( ); and  america is worth saving ( ). in addition, dreiser was working on several things at the time of his death, some of which were published posthumously:  the bulwark ( );  the stoic ( ); and a philosophical and scie ntific treatise that would later be edited and published by marguerite tjader and john j. mcaleer and titled  notes on life ( ). there were many sides to theodore dreiser, beyond his literary and political efforts. he was greatly interested in scientific research and development; he collected a great many books and much information on the latest scientific concerns. in he met jacques loeb of the rockefeller institute and visited the marine biological laboratory in woods hole, massachusetts. later visits to the mt. wilson observatory in california and the california institute of technology would impress him greatly. he had a longstanding correspondence with dr. a. a. brill, psychologist, who was largely responsible for introducing jungian and freudian analysis to new york. he also championed the works of charles fort, a "free-thinker" who was determined to establish that science was "unscientific" and that his own vision of the universe as a place where "anything could happen and did" (swanberg, ) was the correct one. dreiser was particularly fascinated with genetics, which he felt explored the true "mysteries of life." in , he attended the century of progress exposition in chicago, specifically with the intent of working on a number of scientific essays, which he continued to compile over his lifetime (and which would later find their way into notes on life). another area of special interest for dreiser was philosophy, a subject that he explored in great detail and about which he collected and wrote extensively. his tastes ranged from spencer to loeb and from social darwinism to marxism. his published and unpublished writings indicate that dreiser drew heavily on such philosophers and philosophies to confirm his own views of the nature of man and life. no biography of theodore dreiser would be complete, however, if it did not touch upon his personal life: as one friend put it, it is hard to understand how dreiser could be so concerned about humanity and at the same time so utterly cruel to an individual human being. his marriage to sara osborne white was on shaky ground from the start: he never seemed able to devote himself to one woman. as sara herself put it: "all his life [theo] has had an uncontrollable urge when near a woman to lay his hand upon her and stroke her or otherwise come into contact with her" (swanberg, ). the two separated in , with sara returning to missouri for a time (she would later move to new york on her own) and dreiser moving on to other women. in , helen patges richardson, a second cousin to dreiser (her grandmother and dreiser's mother were sisters), showed up at his doorstep, making the long journey from her home state of oregon to meet her new york cousins. she would become dreiser's companion for the rest of his life; they eventually married in . their relationship was stormy at best: dreiser never changing his ways with regard to other women, helen persisting—perhaps beyond all reason—in her devotion to his genius. as she phrased it: "he expected his complete freedom, in which he could indulge to the fullest, at the same time expecting my undivided devotion to him" (swanberg, ). in november helen had the first of several strokes that would eventually incapacitate her; she moved to oregon to live with her sister, myrtle butcher, and died in . in addition to his infidelities with regard to women, dreiser's professional relationships were periodically marred by scandal. he was in the habit of lifting material directly from sources and including it, for the most part, unchanged in his works. many readers of an american tragedy, for example, who lived in the herkimer county area (where the chester gillete-grace brown incident had occurred), wrote to dreiser concerned that his book contained sentences lifted directly from court documents or local newspapers. in it was announced by a knowing reader that dreiser's poem "the beautiful," published in the october issue of  vanity fair, was a plagiarism of sherwood anderson's poem "tandy." since dreiser and anderson were friends, the incident blew over rather quickly. such was not the case, however, in , when dorothy thompson accused dreiser of plagiarizing her serialized newspaper articles regarding her trip to russia (she and dreiser had been there together) in his book dreiser looks at russia (ms. thompson had published these articles in her own collected work,  the new russia, two months prior to dreiser's publication). ms. thompson filed suit against dreiser, and the press took dreiser to task on this and earlier cribs. although dorothy thompson eventually dropped her suit, it colored the opinion of some of dreiser's colleagues towards his works. it also led to another ugly incident in , when at a dinner at the metropolitan club honoring visiting russian novelist, boris pilnyak, sinclair lewis (dorothy thompson's husband and at that year's winner of the nobel prize in literature) stood up to speak to the gathered literary notables and, after stating his pleasure at meeting mr. pilnyak, added: "but i do not care to speak in the presence of one man who has plagiarized , words from my wife's book on russia" (swanberg, ). at the end of the reception that followed, dreiser walked over to lewis and demanded explanation. lewis repeated his accusation, at which point, dreiser slapped his face. lewis, undaunted, repeated the accusation a third time and received a second slap. again, the incident was widely publicized in the papers and fueled an aversion on the part of many for dreiser's private self. yet despite his personal and public scandals, dreiser's achievements in establishing a truly american literature and his one-man crusade for social justice set standards for those of his time and those who would follow. sherwood anderson, john dos pas sos, james t. farrell, edgar lee masters, h. l. mencken, upton sinclair—these and many others— acknowledged publicly or privately a debt owed to the example of dreiser. in a final tribute to dreiser, upon his death in , h. l. mencken wrote: ‥ no other american of his generation left so wide and handsome a mark upon the national letters. american writing, before and after his time, differed almost as much as biology before and after darwin. he was a man of large origi nality, of profound feeling, and of unshakeable courage. all of us who write are better off because he lived, worked and hoped. (swanberg, ) return to top » scope and contents the theodore dreiser collection at the university of pennsylvania library is the principal repository for books and documents concerning dreiser's personal and literary life. the collection at large includes dreiser's own library and comprehensive holdings in both american and foreign editions of his writings, as well as secondary works. at the heart of the collection, however, are the theodore dreiser papers. they comprise boxes and include correspondence; manuscripts of published and unpublished writings; notes; diaries; journals edited by dreiser; biographical material; memorabilia, including scrapbooks, photographs, postcards, promotional material, art, and personal possessions; financial and legal records; clippings covering dreiser's literary life, beginning with his career as a newspaper reporter in the s; and microfilms of material housed in this and other collections. also contained in the papers are correspondence, works, and memorabilia of dreiser's brother, paul dresser; his second wife, helen patges (richardson) dreiser; and his niece, vera dreiser scott. finally, the papers include works of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry that were sent to dreiser, as well as works that were written about him. although the papers contain documents dated as early as and as late as , the bulk of the materials falls between the years and . dreiser's initial bequest of materials to the university of pennsylvania occurred in ; shipments continued until , the last following helen dreiser's death. gifts and purchases have enriched penn's dreiser collection, including the papers, to such an extent that little of significance regarding dreiser's life and work is unavailable to the researcher working at penn. it is no accident that the university of pennsylvania became the home for theodore dreiser's papers. historically, the study of american literature was undervalued by english literature departments, which often exhibited a provincial subservience to english letters.[ ] at the university of pennsylvania, however, pioneers like arthur hobson quinn began teaching courses in the american novel in and in american drama in . dr. quinn believed that one reason for the neglect of american writing in colleges was that "the literature had been approached as though it were in a vacuum, divorced from unique historical and economic conditions which had produced it." [ ] emphasizing the necessity for an historical approach to the subject, he was instrumental in the adoption in of a curriculum in american studies by the graduate school of the university of pennsylvania and in by the undergraduate school. other penn faculty, such as e. sculley bradley and robert spiller, shared dr. quinn's devotion to and assessment of american studies. they actively sought to acquire the research materials that they deemed essential to an historical approach. in the late s, robert elias, a graduate student in the english department at penn, sought out dreiser in order to use dreiser's papers for his doctoral dissertation. penn faculty then approached dreiser about depositing his collection with the university. dreiser was aware of his place in the evolution of american literature and of the value of his papers to scholars and collectors. his first literary bequest was the manuscript of sister carrie, which was a gift to his frien d h. l. mencken. dreiser and mencken often discussed the final disposition of their papers and agreed that settling on one institution for an entire collection was better than dividing it among several. unfortunately, during periods of financial insecurity throughout his lifetime, dreiser offered various pieces of his literary legacy to collectors or auctioneers in return for ready cash. some of the manuscripts that were sold have found their way back to his own collection at penn through donations or purchases, but writings not accounted for here or in other collections are presumed to be in private hands or lost. it is unlikely that dreiser himself destroyed them, although others close to him may have done so to protect their privacy. he blamed his first wife, sara white dreiser, for the destruction of the first manuscript of the "genius" and it is known that she and her relatives destroyed some of his letters to her and bowdlerized others that are held by the university of indiana. although the university of pennsylvania has the largest and most comprehensive collection of dreiser's papers, there are some gaps in its coverage. over the years, penn has acquired photocopies and microfilms of some holdings from other collections, w hich are mentioned either in the container list or in an appendix. a study of the series description and the container list confirms that, with few exceptions, even those writing projects for which gaps exist are represented by enough material to give the researcher a sense of dreiser's plan for the work and its evolution as he worked it out from manuscript to publication. an annotated list of institutions with significant holdings on dreiser can be found in theodore dreiser: a primary bibliography and reference guide ( nd ed.), by donald pizer, richard w. dowell, and frederic e. rusch (boston: g. k. hall & co., ). dreiser was a prolific writer and correspondent and one who saved almost everything he wrote, from the initial notes for a piece of writing to the discarded pages from revised manuscripts. in addition to preserving his manuscripts, dreiser saved incom ing personal and business correspondence and made carbons of outgoing correspondence, especially after he began to have regular secretarial help in the s. he was a compulsive rewriter of his own work and enlisted the aid of friends, associates, and p rofessional editors in the work of revision. after a manuscript was transformed into a typescript, carbons of it were often circulated among his associates for their editorial suggestions. many of these copies, in addition to the drafts dreiser revised himself, are housed in this collection, so it is possible to determine some of the influences on dreiser's work and to better understand the way dreiser carried out the process of writing. correspondence is arranged alphabetically by correspondent and then chronologically within each correspondent's file. items of incoming and outgoing correspondence are interfiled. care should be taken by researchers not to remove or misplace the white interleaving sheets found in many folders; this paper is acting as a barrier to keep carbons of outgoing correspondence from acid-staining original letters housed next to them. unidentified correspondence is housed immediately after the alphabetical correspondence files. following the "unidentified correspondence" are two additional series of correspondence, one entitled  "miscellaneous correspondence," the other  "legal matters."  "miscellaneous correspondence" comprises two case files, one of materials relating to or collected by estelle kubitz williams, the other of correspondence relating to exhibitions or the collecting of dreiser's works by the los angeles public library .  "legal matters" consists of six distinct files pertaining to various legal matters involving dreiser. the governing criteria for separating correspondence from the alphabetical correspondence file was whether the material in a file was collected primarily by theodore or helen dreiser or by someone else. this rule explains why two other series, entitled  "paul dresser materials" and  "vera dreiser correspondence" have been separated from the alphabetical correspondence files and housed later in the coll ection under the general title  "family members." (it should be noted that, while  "paul dresser materials" contains a large addition of materials from outside sources, many items in it were indeed collected by theodore and helen dreiser; this file became so large, however, and contained so much material that was not correspondence that the decision was made to separate it from the main body of correspondence.) in organizing the manuscripts in this collection, consideration was given to dreiser's habits of writing, his own presumed plan or arrangement of his papers, the scope of penn's actual holdings, and the needs of researchers. the fact that the bulk of this collection has been at the university of pennsylvania since the late s and was opened to scholars before being completely processed makes dreiser's own organizational schema difficult to determine in . it is known that even before his papers were shipped to the university of pennsylvania they were reordered several times by his wife or assistants. it is also known that during the preliminary sorting at penn related items that had arrived clipped together were separated, and no record was ke pt of their original arrangement. over the years users of the collection have rearranged files and papers to suit the purposes of their own research and have neglected to restore what they moved to its original order. most unfortunately, some papers that arrived with the collection in the s have disappeared. how did dreiser's habits of research and writing influence the final arrangement of the papers? it is important to remember that he was an extremely productive writer in many genres: novels, essays, short stories, poetry, play scripts, and screenplay s. because his funds were often low, he wanted to recycle his publications so that they generated more than one income. for example, he wrote novel-length works but hoped to sell to the periodicals short pieces adapted from these longer works and thus t o collect a book royalty as well as a payment for the extracted piece. he followed this process in reverse: manuscripts originally sold and published as essays, poems, or short stories were often combined later and sold as book-length units. some books , such as an american tragedy, were adapted into play scripts and motion picture screenplays and thus could be marketed again. how to order these related writings both to preserve their integrity as particular genres and to show their relationship to one another was an important consideration in processing dreiser's papers. because many of dreiser's essays, short stories, poems, and play scripts were published both individually in periodicals and later as parts of collections of similar works, they could have been filed with others of the same genre or collected under the book title dreiser eventually chose for them. researchers should check the container list under td writings: books and the appendices for other relevant genres because sometimes a piece of writing, or versions of it, will be found in both locations. for example, the stories that comprise free and other stories and  chains are filed alphabetically in td writings: short stories because the university of pennsylvania dreiser papers lacks the "book manuscript" for these stories that is known to have existed at one time. by contrast, penn does have manuscripts, typescripts, and typesetting copy for the studies that were published in  a gallery of women, and dreiser's lists and correspondence indicate that he wanted these studies to be published as a unit even though he published some of them first in periodicals. thus, the researcher will find some of these essays in two places: tearsheets from the periodical publication of the essay filed alphabetically in td writings: essays and manuscripts and typescript s of the essays labeled by dreiser  a gallery of women housed under that title in td writings: books. in addition to recycling published works into other publications, dreiser sometimes used the same title for writings in two different genres. for example, an essay and a short story are both entitled "kismet"; "the factory" is the title for both an es say and a poem; "credo" is an essay but "the credo" is a short story; three poems bear the title "love" and two "life." using the same story line, dreiser wrote a playscript and a screenplay called "the choice." he wrote a playscript "solution" based on his short story of the same title. the appendices for all the genres should be consulted for titles so that the researcher does not overlook any relevant adaptations. the autobiographical character of much of dreiser's writing occasionally makes the distinction between an essay and a short story a problematic one. unless dreiser specified directly, his intent is impossible to recover at this point because the polic y followed for distinguishing between the two when the collection underwent its preliminary sorting in the s is unknown. with the exception of a few obvious misfilings, the stories and essays have been left in their pre- processing genre. resear chers should check both td writings: essays and td writings: short stories for titles. dreiser's work habits and filing practices also meant that some flexibility was required in defining authorship of the papers in this collection. sometimes dreiser developed an idea or a theme for a series of articles, whereupon he would contact lesser-known writers and ask them to compose essays on this theme, with the understanding that he would edit and perhaps rewrite the essays and have the series published under his name. occasionally the original writer of these pieces cannot be determined bec ause dreiser had the essay retyped under his name before submitting it to a publisher. because dreiser was the author of the idea for the series, as well as the author of one or more of the essays, all manuscripts in the series are housed in td writings: essays under the name of the series, with the name of the actual author of the essay (if known) noted on the folder. the same policy was followed for other works inspired by dreiser's ideas or writing s. dreiser's own identifying terminology is used to describe the contents of a folder unless it is clearly incorrect. most of the manuscript material from the dreisers was wrapped in brown paper or manila envelopes with a notation by dreiser or helen dre iser describing the contents. unfortunately, when the papers arrived at penn and were rehoused in the preliminary sort, some sources of identification were not documented on the folders. sources of identification that are questionable for any reason are so indicated on the folders. if the item was not identified originally or was identified incorrectly, a descriptive term has been supplied. in processing the theodore dreiser papers, extensive use was made of the biographies dreiser ( ), by w. a. swanberg, and the two-volume study  theodore dreiser: at the gates of the city, - ( ) and  theodore dreiser: an american journey, - ( ), by richard lingeman; the biographical study  forgotten frontiers: dreiser and the land of the free ( ), by dorothy dudley; the memoirs  my life with dreiser, by helen dreiser ( ),  theodore dreiser: a new dimension, by marguerite tjader ( ), and  my uncle theodore, by vera dreiser with brett howard ( ); the collections  letters of theodore dreiser: a selection ( vols.), edited by robert h. elias ( ),  dreiser-mencken letters: the correspondence of theodore dreiser & h. l. mencken - ( vols.), edited by thomas p. riggio ( ), and  theodore dreiser: american diaries - , edited by thomas p. riggio ( ); and the reference work  theodore dreiser: a primary bibliography and reference guide ( nd ed.), by donald pizer, richard w. dowell, and frederic e. rusch ( ). the last-mentioned work comprises not only a primary bibliography of the works of theodore dreiser, but also an annotated bibliography of writings about dreiser from to . endnotes [ ] in american literature and the academy kermit vanderbilt reviews in depth  "the embattled campaign to build respect for america's authors and create standards of excellence in the study and teaching of our own literature." his book was published in by the university of pennsylvania press. [ ] neda m. westlake, "arthur hobson quinn, son of pennsylvania,"  the university of mississippi studies in english, volume , , p. . return to top » administrative information publication information university of pennsylvania: kislak center for special collections, rare books and manuscripts,   finding aid author finding aid prepared by julie a. reahard and lee ann draud sponsor the processing of the theodore dreiser papers and the preparation of this register were made possible in part by a grant from the national endowment for the humanities and by the financial support of the walter j. miller trust use restrictions copyright restrictions may exist. for most library holdings, the trustees of the university of pennsylvania do not hold copyright. it is the responsibility of the requester to seek permission from the holder of the copyright to reproduce material from the kislak center for special collections, rare books and manuscripts. source of acquisition gift of theodore and helen dreiser with additional donations from myrtle butcher; louise campbell; harold j. dies; ralph fabri; mrs. william white gleason [dreiser-e. h. smith correspondence]; hazel mack godwin; paul d. gormley; marguerite tjader harris; r. sturgis ingersoll [manuscript for jennie gerhardt]; los angeles public library; f. o. matthiessen; vera dreiser scott; lorna d. smith; robert spiller [galleys for  the bulwark]; and estelle kubitz williams plus purchased additions, - . return to top » controlled access headings form/genre(s) 	clippings (information artifacts) 	contracts 	correspondence 	diaries 	essays 	financial records 	manuscripts, american-- th century 	memorabilia 	plays (performed works) 	poems 	short stories, american-- th century 	speeches 	writings (documents) personal name(s) 	dreiser, helen patges, - 	dresser, paul, - subject(s) 	authors 	authors, american 	authors, american-- th century 	families 	literature return to top » other finding aids for a complete listing of correspondents, do the following title search in franklin: theodore dreiser papers return to top » collection inventory 	 i.  correspondence. series description this first extensive series contains letters written to and from theodore and helen dreiser, arranged alphabetically by correspondent, of which there are approximately , . within each correspondence file, letters are arranged chronologically. inco ming and outgoing correspondence has been interfiled. the researcher should keep in mind that letters may have crossed in the mail, especially in the case of foreign correspondence; a given letter may not have been received by dreiser or his correspondent when one of a later date was sent. at the end of the alphabetical correspondence files is the unidentified correspondence, arranged in chronological order where possible. the majority of dreiser's correspondence is work-related, pertaining to the various projects that he was working on at any given time. still, the list of names of those having significant personal correspondence with dreiser reads like a who's who among writers, artists, publishers, social critics, and notables of his time, for example, sherwood anderson, harry elmer barnes, jerome blum, franklin booth, a. a. brill, pearl buck, bruce crawford, floyd dell, ben dodge, john dos passos, angna enters, whar ton esherick, ralph fabri, james t. farrell, ford madox ford, charles fort, waldo frank, hutchins hapgood, dorothy dudley harvey, ripley hitchcock, b. w. huebsch, otto kyllmann, william c. lengel, horace liveright, edgar lee masters, h. l. mencken, frank norris, john cowper and llewelyn powys, grant richards, kathryn d. sayre, hans stengel, george sterling, dorothy thompson, carl van vechten, and charles yost. helen dreiser's correspondence appears in the files with theodore dreiser's, because she often served as principal contact for dreiser's friends and business associates: dreiser was often either ill or busy attempting to complete book projects (especially in the later years of his life, to ). while the larger correspondence files relating to dreiser's brother, paul dresser, and his niece, vera dreiser, have been moved to another section of the papers, the alphabetical correspondence series does contain family correspondence and some significant correspondence with personal friends of dreiser, such as that with his teacher, may calvert baker, and friends lillian rosedale goodman and kirah markham. the department of special collections has obtained some photocopies of dreiser letters housed in other repositories: these are filed just as if they were original documents. all such photocopies are so marked. receipts, canceled checks, and income tax returns are housed as series filed later in the papers. while some royalty statements do reside in the alphabetical correspondence section (when they came enclosed in letters from various publishing firms), the bulk is housed in the series titled "financial records." 		box	folder 	 a & c black, ltd. - alleman, marta. 	 	 - 	 	 allen, ben - american federation of labor ( - july ). 	 	 - 	 	 american federation of labor ( july - ) - american society of composers, authors and publishers. 	 	 - 	 	 american spectator - anderson, sherwood. 	 	 - 	 	 andrea, leonardo - austrian, delia. 	 	 - 	 	 author's and writer's who's who - baker & taylor co. 	 	 - 	 	 balch, jean allen - beard, lina. 	 	 - 	 	 beck, clyde - bicknell, george. 	 	 - 	 	 big brothers of america - bland, h. raymond. 	 	 - 	 	 blau, perlman & polakoff - boni & liveright ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 boni & liveright, - . 	 	 - 	 	 boni & liveright ( - ) - bowdoin college. 	 	 - 	 	 bowen, croswell - brandt & brandt. 	 	 - 	 	 brandt theatres - brodsky, nauda auslien. 	 	 - 	 	 brody, paul a. - burns, lee. 	 	 - 	 	 burnside, l. brooks - campbell, louise ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 campbell, louise, - , undated. 	 	 - 	 	 campbell, mary - chadwick productions. 	 	 - 	 	 chalian, edward - church management: journal of parish administration. 	 	 - 	 	 churchill, judith chase - cluett, peabody & co. 	 	 - 	 	 coakley, elizabeth - commonwealth college (mena, ark.). 	 	 - 	 	 communist party of the united states of america - constable & company ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 constable & company ( - ) - cotton, mother emma. 	 	 - 	 	 coulter, ernest kent - the crusaders. 	 	 - 	 	 crutcher, ernest - curtis brown, ltd. ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 curtis brown, ltd. ( - ) - davidson, jo. 	 	 - 	 	 davies, marion - delteil, caroline dudley. 	 	 - 	 	 demille, cecil b. - dimock & fink company. 	 	 - 	 	 dinamov, sergei - doty, douglas zabriskie. 	 	 - 	 	 doubleday, doran & company - dreier, thomas. 	 	 - 	 	 dreiser, albert j. - dreiser, helen patges. 	 	 - 	 	 dreiser, henry - dyer, francis john. 	 	 - 	 	 e. p. dutton - emeline fairbanks memorial library, terre haute, ind. 	 	 - 	 	 emergency committee for southern political prisoners - ettelson, samuel a. 	 	 - 	 	 ettinge, james a. - fabri, ralph ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 fabri, ralph, - . 	 	 - 	 	 fabri, ralph ( - ) - fasola, f. b. 	 	 - 	 	 fassett, lillian - fischl, george. 	 	 - 	 	 fischler, joseph - ford hall forum (boston, mass.). 	 	 - 	 	 foreign policy association - freedman, may brandstone. 	 	 - 	 	 freeman, helen - geisel, k. 	 	 - 	 	 gelfand, hyman a. - goldberg, isaac. 	 	 - 	 	 golden, john - graham, marcus. 	 	 - 	 	 grand army of the republic - gunther, ferdinand. 	 	 - 	 	 guthrie, william norman - hampshire county progressive club. 	 	 - 	 	 hampton, david b. - harper & brothers ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 harper & brothers ( - ) - hartwell stafford, publisher. 	 	 - 	 	 hartwick, harry - hedrick, t. k. (tubman k.). 	 	 - 	 	 heilbrunn, l. v. (lewis victor) - herdan, gerald s. 	 	 - 	 	 hergesheimer, joseph - hoffmann, w. 	 	 - 	 	 hofschulte, frank - howe, l. v. 	 	 - 	 	 howell, e. l. - hume, cameron & paseltiner ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 hume, cameron & pasteltiner ( - ) - ilhardt, emil, mrs. 	 	 - 	 	 illes, bela - international league of leavers of footprints in the sands of time. 	 	 - 	 	 international literary bureau - isbey, h. e. f. 	 	 - 	 	 isham, frederic stewart - jenkins, william w. 	 	 - 	 	 jenks, george c. - johns hopkins university. 	 	 - 	 	 johnson, a. d. - juggler(notre dame, ind.). 	 	 - 	 	 jules c. goldstone agency - kelley, f. f. 	 	 - 	 	 kelly, fred c. (fred charters) - kerpel, eugen ( ). 	 	 - 	 	 kerpel, eugen ( - ) - the knoxville news-sentinel. 	 	 - 	 	 knudsen, paol - labor research association (u.s.). 	 	 - 	 	 labor temple school (new york, n.y.) - larrimer, mary. 	 	 - 	 	 larsh, theodora - lemon, willis s. 	 	 - 	 	 lengel, william c., - . 	 	 - 	 	 lenitz, josephine h. - liesee, edith m. 	 	 - 	 	 life(new york, n.y.) - livraria garnier. 	 	 - 	 	 llona, victor - lyons & carnahan. 	 	 - 	 	 m. witmark & sons - mccoy, esther ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 mccoy, esther ( - ) - mack, hazel ( - , april). 	 	 - 	 	 mack, hazel ( may- ) - malmin, lucius j. m. 	 	 - 	 	 management ernest briggs (firm) - mason, walt. 	 	 - 	 	 masseck, c. j. - masters, edgar lee. 	 	 - 	 	 masters, marcia lee - meltzer, e., mrs. 	 	 - 	 	 mencken, h. l. (henry louis), - . 	 	 - 	 	 mencken, h. l. (henry louis), - . 	 	 - 	 	 mencken, h. l. (henry louis), - , undated. 	 	 - 	 	 mendelson, edna g. - milwaukee writers union. 	 	 - 	 	 mind, inc. - monahan, yvette. 	 	 - 	 	 monatshefte für deutschen unterricht - motuby, betty. 	 	 - 	 	 mount, richard - national committee for the defense of political prisoners ( ). 	 	 - 	 	 national committee for the defense of political prisoners ( - ) - nervous and mental disease publishing co. 	 	 - 	 	 nesbit, wilbur d. - new york library association. 	 	 - 	 	 new york mirror(new york, n.y.) - norstedts tryckeri. 	 	 - 	 	 the north american - washington place west holding corp. 	 	 - 	 	 o'neil, james - oxford university press. 	 	 - 	 	 p.e.n. czechoslovakia - patterson, william morrison. 	 	 - 	 	 pauker, edmond - pennsylvania railroad. 	 	 - 	 	 people's forum of philadelphia - piwonka, hubert. 	 	 - 	 	 plantin press - powys, john cowper. 	 	 - 	 	 powys, llewelyn - quintanilla, luis. 	 	 - 	 	 r - revue internationale des questions politiques diplomatiques et economiques. 	 	 - 	 	 rey, john b. - roberts, william. 	 	 - 	 	 robertson, john wooster - rossman, carl. 	 	 - 	 	 the rotarian - salzman, maurice. 	 	 - 	 	 sampson, emma - schilling, theodore. 	 	 - 	 	 schindler, h. - seldes, george. 	 	 - 	 	 seldon, lynde - simon, nelly. 	 	 - 	 	 simon and schuster, inc. - sinclair, elsie. 	 	 - 	 	 sinclair, upton - smith, edward h. ( - ). 	 	 - 	 	 smith, edward h. ( - ) - smith book company. 	 	 - 	 	 smyser, william leon - stalin, joseph. 	 	 - 	 	 stanchfield & levy - stoddart, dayton. 	 	 - 	 	 stokely, james - swarthmore college. 	 	 - 	 	 sweeney, ben - telephone subscribers protective league. 	 	 - 	 	 temple university woman's club - tomas, d. 	 	 - 	 	 toner, williams mcculloch - united press international. 	 	 - 	 	 united states. assistant secretary of state - university of iowa. 	 	 - 	 	 university of michigan - veritas press. 	 	 - 	 	 verlag j. engelhorns nachf. stuttgart - wake, b. h. 	 	 - 	 	 walburn, nancy - weiss, rudolph. 	 	 - 	 	 weissenberger, m. c. - whitlock, douglas. 	 	 - 	 	 whitman, charles sidney - willson, bob william. 	 	 - 	 	 wilson, charles morrow - wood, robert scofield. 	 	 - 	 	 woodbourne correctional facility - woythaler, erich. 	 	 - 	 	 wrenn, charles i. - youngblood, jean. 	 	 - 	 	 your lifezweiger, william l. & unidentified. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 ii.  miscellaneous correspondence. series description this series is divided into two sections: estelle kubitz williams materials and materials relating to the los angeles public library's exhibitions and acquisitions of dreiser materials. estelle kubitz williams materials include correspondence between ms. williams and her sister marion; her husband arthur p. williams; and harold hersey. each of these is housed in a separate folder, organized chronologically. other titles in this series (all collected by ms. williams) are: recipes; jokes; typed fact s about european history; excerpts from books; poetry; lists of names; travel notes on jews and jerusalem; proverbs from different countries; and miscellaneous materials. the los angeles public library correspondence is housed in two folders arranged chronologically. one folder contains correspondence between the library and helen dreiser, the other between the library and lorna d. smith. 		box	folder 	 materials collected by or related to estelle kubitz williams. 	 	 - 	 	 files relating to the los angeles public library concerning dreiser exhibition and acquisitions, - . 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 iii.  legal matters. series description this series divides as follows: theodore dreiser's will, / box; publishers contracts, arranged alphabetically by publisher name, and copyrights arranged by book title, / boxes; foreign language contracts, box; dreiser's legal dealings with hor ace liveright theatrical productions, box; dreiser's legal battles with erwin piscator, box; dreiser's lawyers' files concerning various cases (including: dreiser v. dreiser; the "genius"; the paramount cases regarding  an american tragedy; and south american lawsuits pertaining to the publishing of  america is worth saving and  jennie gerhardt), box. finally, legal papers in volving the trial of the book  an american tragedy in boston and  the "genius" protest, box. 		box	folder 	 theodore dreiser's last will and testament. 	 	 	 	 contracts: horace liveright, inc., - . 	 	 	 	 contracts: g. p. putnam's sons, - . 	 	 	 	 contracts: simon & schuster, inc., - . 	 	 - 	 	 contracts: world publishing company, - . 	 	 	 	 contracts: university of pennsylvania, - . 	 	 	 	 copyrights: "an address to caliban" -  "epitaph" . 	 	 - 	 	 copyrights: the financier -  "you, the phantom" . 	 	 - 	 	 contracts: argentina. 	 	 	 	 contracts: austria. 	 	 	 	 contracts: canada. 	 	 	 	 contracts: czechoslovakia. 	 	 	 	 contracts: denmark. 	 	 	 	 contracts: england. 	 	 	 	 contracts: finland. 	 	 	 	 contracts: france. 	 	 	 	 contracts: germany. 	 	 	 	 contracts: holland. 	 	 	 	 contracts: hungary. 	 	 	 	 contracts: italy. 	 	 	 	 contracts: japan. 	 	 	 	 contracts: norway. 	 	 	 	 contracts: poland. 	 	 	 	 contracts: portugal. 	 	 	 	 contracts: russia. 	 	 	 	 contracts: south america. 	 	 	 	 contracts: sweden. 	 	 	 	 contracts: switzerland. 	 	 	 	 contracts & correspondence: horace liveright theatrical productions, - . 	 	 - 	 	 correspondence & accounts: piscator-bühne (dramaturgie), - . 	 	 - 	 	 lawyers' files: dreiser v. dreiser, . 	 	 	 	 lawyers' files: "the genius" , . 	 	 	 	 lawyers' files: paramount publix corp. cases, - . 	 	 - 	 	 notes & clippings: paramount publix corp./ an american tragedycase, - . 	 	 - 	 	 south american lawsuits: america is worth saving & jennie gerhardt, - . 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: trial of the book in boston, commonwealth of mass. v. donald s. friede, . 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius" : protest, . 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius" : lawsuit, theodore dreiser v. john lane co., . 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius" : memorandum of law re proposed moving picture production, . 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 iv.  td writings: books. series description this series includes everything dreiser himself labeled a book manuscript, all works that were adapted by dreiser or someone else from one of his books, and secondary material used to promote his books or related works. the order of arrangement for each title is chronological, following the process of writing from initial planning to publication: notes and outlines, pamphlets, and other research materials; manuscripts; typescripts; printers' proofs; book jackets, dummies, and advertising copy; discarded manuscript fragments; and adaptations from the book. thus, under an american tragedy, researchers will find not only all manuscripts, typescripts, proofs, and dust jackets for the book, but also a tabloid and a condensed version of the novel; all the playscripts in english and other languages, plus playbills and programs from any of these versions that were actually produced; a scenario for an opera; and movie scripts from the  an american tragedy and the  a place in the sun. this series also includes all the material that dreiser filed under "philosophical notes." he intended to publish a book that clarified his philosophy of the meaning of life and the workings of the universe: these notes represent his research and efforts thereon. dreiser, however, died before finishing all the manuscripts for the project. because these materials ultimately did form the basis of a published book, notes on life ( ), they are located in this series.  notes on life represents a selection of the material found here and was edited by marguerite tjader. her papers for this work follow dreiser's notes. not included in this series, however, are a few "false starts" or beginnings of fictional works that dreiser may have intended to expand into novels but that remained unfinished, e.g., "mea culpa," "our neighborhood," and "the rake." these titles are located in the series notes written and compiled by td in boxes and under the heading "novels, unfinished." also not included in this series are published reviews of dreiser's books. reviews can be found in several locations. box contains miscellaneous clippings of reviews organized chronologically by title, but researchers should note the location of other reviews in the container list under the respective book titles. the amount of material listed for each title varies. penn's dreiser papers does not contain all of dreiser's book manuscripts in their original form, but the collection does include photocopies of some manuscript materials held by other institutions or individuals. such material is noted on the container list. as mentioned in the scope and content note, some books that contain previously published essays or stories (e.g., free and other stories) are not included in td writings: books, because penn's collection does not have an actual book manuscript as identified by dreiser. manuscripts for these shorter pieces are housed under their respective genre titles (e.g., short stories, plays). when dreiser's manuscripts were typed, he usually asked for an original and several carbons, which he then distributed to his friends for their comments and editorial suggestions. thus, some typescripts in the dreiser papers may contain revisions in a hand other than dreiser's; when this handwriting could be identified, the information was noted on the folder. the manuscripts, typescripts, and proofs are given dreiser's term of identification unless it is obviously incorrect. if no identifying term was assigned by dreiser, an arbitrary term has been supplied, based on the item's chronological position within penn's holdings for that book. therefore, if several typescripts of a book were unidentified or were all identified as "revised typescripts," they have been arranged chronologically and given designations such as "typescript a, b, c‥" if they are different typescripts or "typescript a," "typescript a, revised," and so forth, if they are revised versions of the same typescript. 	 a.  sister carrie. note for reviews of sister carrie, see box 		box	folder 	 sister carrie: st typescript (chaps. i-xlvii). chaps. i-xlvii. 	 	 - 	 	 sister carrie: book jackets. 	 	 	 	 sister carrie (pa. ed.): emendations in the copy-text by james l. w. west iii (chaps. i-xxix). description letter from west to neda westlake; note on comparison of handwriting of arthur henry and sara white dreiser on the typescript. 	 	 	 	 sister carrie (pa. ed.): emendations in the copy-text by west (chaps. xxx-l). 	 	 	 	 sister carrie (pa. ed.): rejected proof alterations and sample historical collation. 	 	 	 	 sister carrie: two outlines by?. 	 	 	 	 sister carrie: dramatization by h. s. kraft (dramatic outline; acts i, ii, iii). 	 	 - 	 	 sister carrie: dramatization by h. s. kraft (?) (acts i, ii, iii). 	 	 - 	 	 sister carrie: dramatization by john howard. 	 	 	 	 sister carrie: dramatization by kathryn sayre (synopsis of scenes; prologue, acts, i, , ). 	 	 - 	 	 sister carrie: dramatization by kathryn sayre (prologue, acts , , ). 	 	 - 	 	 sister carrie: synopsis by elizabeth kearney. 	 	 	 	 sister carrie: screen adaptation by helen richardson. 	 	 	 	 b.  jennie gerhardt. 		box	folder 	 jennie gerhardt ("the transgressor"). description sample front cover and title page; typeset pages; ms from which typeset pages were made; note from james l. w. west iii; note about sale of ms. 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (chaps. i-x). 	 	 - 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (chap. x-xii). 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (chap. xii (conc.); chap. xiii; earlier version of chap. xii; fragment of early version of chap. xii). 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (chaps. xiv-xxv)). 	 	 - 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (chaps. xxvi; xviii; another version of xxvi?). 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (unnumbered chap. that follows chap. xxvi). 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (chaps.xxvii-xxix). 	 	 - 	 	 jennie gerhardt: early ms (chap. xxx; also other chaps.?). 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: ms (chaps. xiv-xxxvi). 	 	 - 	 	 jennie gerhardt: ms (chaps. xxxvii-lx). 	 	 - 	 	 jennie gerhardt: annotated typescript (chaps. i-xiii). 	 	 - 	 	 jennie gerhardt: typescript (chaps. i-xxx). 	 	 - 	 	 jennie gerhardt: book jackets. 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: lists of people to receive complimentary copies. 	 	 	 	 jennie gerhardt: outline for a play?. 	 	 	 	 "the story of jennie," playscript by? (acts i,ii). 	 	 - 	 	 c.  the financier, the titan, and  the stoic. 		box	folder 	 dates td worked on the financier, the titan, and  the stoic. 	 	 	 	 notes on characters in the financier. 	 	 	 	 notes on characters in the titan. 	 	 	 	 notes for the financier and  the titan. 	 	 - 	 	 notes for the financier and  the titan. 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: original ms. (chaps. i-xliii), . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: original mas. (chaps. xliv-li), . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: original ms. (chaps. - ), . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: original ms. (chaps. - ), . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: original ms. (chaps. lxxi- ), . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: typescript carbon (chaps. i-xxxviii), . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: page proofs, . 	 	 	 	 the financier: typescript carbon (chaps. i-lxx), . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: st galleys, . 	 	 	 	 the financier: revised galleys, . 	 	 	 	 "the cowperwood story," a streamlined plot synopsis of  the financier, the titan, and  the stoic, version . 	 	 	 	 "the cowperwood story," version . 	 	 - 	 	 the financier and  the titan: synopses by?. 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: synopsis by alvin g. manuel, annotated by td. 	 	 	 	 the financier: synopsis by lorna d. smith. 	 	 	 	 the financier and  the titan: synopses by elizabeth kearney. 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: book jackets. 	 	 	 	 the financier: advertising copy, with additions by anna tatum. 	 	 	 	 the financier: dramatization by rella abell armstrong of  the financier & the titan,annotated by td. 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: dramatization by rella abell armstrong of  the financier and  the titan. 	 	 - 	 	 the financier: scenario by rella abell armstrong. 	 	 	 	 d.  a traveler at forty. note for reviews of a traveler at forty, see box . 		box	folder 	 a traveler at forty: diary notes, nov. - jan. . 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: diary notes, jan. -march . 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: drawings made for td by other travelers. 	 	 	 	 a traveler at forty: diary notes, march - april . 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: newspaper clippings re the sinking of  the titanic, april - . 	 	 	 	 a traveler at forty: typescript (chaps. i-xlvi). 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: typescript (chaps. xlvii- ). 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: revised typescript (chaps. -xi). 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: revised typescript (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: revised typescript,  "the quest for my ancestral home" . 	 	 	 	 a traveler at forty: revised typescript,  "the berlin public service" . 	 	 	 	 a traveler at forty: revised typescript,  "night-life in berlin" . 	 	 	 	 a traveler at forty: revised typescript. 	 	 - 	 	 a traveler at forty: excerpts for advertising purposes?. 	 	 	 	 a traveler at forty: advertising or review copy?. 	 	 	 	 e.  the titan. 		box	folder 	 the titan: ms (chaps. i- ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: ms (chaps. xxvii-l). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: ms (chaps. li-lxxiv). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: ms (chaps. lxxv-xc). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: ms (chaps. xci-xcii). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: ms (chaps. cii-ciii). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: typescript carbon (chaps. i- ); with editing by anna tatum (typed from ms in boxes and ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chap. ; revised typescript and retyped version, with editing by anna tatum. 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chap. (ms); chap. (typescript typed from ms chap. ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chap. (ms); chap. (typescript typed from ms chap. , pages missing). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chap. (ms); chap. (typescript typed from ms chap. ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chap. (ms); chap. (typescript typed from ms chap. ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chap. (ms); chap. (typescript typed from ms chap. ). 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chap. . 	 	 	 	 the titan: chaps. - . 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: chaps. cii, ciii. 	 	 	 	 the titan: st revised galleys. 	 	 	 	 the titan: nd revised galleys. 	 	 	 	 the titan: ms and typescript fragments from various versions. 	 	 - 	 	 the titan: book jacket. 	 	 	 	 "law and lawyers," written for  the titan?. 	 	 	 	 the titan: scenes to make a play. 	 	 	 	 f.  the "genius" . note for reviews of the "genius", see box . 		box	folder 	 the "genius": ms (chaps. i-xxx). 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": ms (chaps. xxxi-lx). 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": ms (chaps. lxi-xc). 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": ms (chaps. xci-cv). 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": lst typescript a (chaps. i-lxxix [ st typescripts a and b begin to diverge at chap. lxxviii]). description st typescripts a and b begin to diverge at chap. lxxviii. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": st typescript a (chaps. lxxx-ciii). 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": revised typescript (chap. civ). 	 	 	 	 the "genius": st typescript a (chap. cv). 	 	 	 	 the "genius": st typescript b (chaps. i-xlvi). 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": st typescript b (chaps. xlxii-civ). 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": revised typescript. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": book jackets. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": st german printing. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": galley proofs. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": long and short résumés of the book by lorna d. smith; synopsis of a screen adaptation by?. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": ideas for dramatization. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": letter to louise campbell with versions of dramatizations. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": proposals by td for a play or movie version; newspaper clipping. 	 	 	 	 "the stuff of dreams" ( the "genius") play: st draft. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": summary of a play version by td. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": proposal for a play version by td; prologue. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": play version by td. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": dramatic adaptation by?. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": dramatization by?. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": a play based on td's novel by odin gregory. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": discarded fragments and versions from acts i and ii of typescripts in boxes and . 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": discarded fragments and versions from acts iii and iv and final scene. 	 	 - 	 	 the "genius": criticism and comments on the novel. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": pages from a scrapbook with clippings of reviews. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": documents pertaining to the book's suppression. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": miscellaneous. 	 	 	 	 the "genius": magazine version, published in  metropolitan magazine, . 	 	 - 	 	 g.  a hoosier holiday. note see box for the postcards that td collected on his trip to indiana, which was the basis of a hoosier holiday. 		box	folder 	 a hoosier holiday: diary notes. 	 	 - 	 	 a hoosier holiday: maps and schedules re trip to indiana. note see box , folder for oversize map. 	 	 	 	 a hoosier holiday: ms. 	 	 - 	 	 a hoosier holiday: ms. 	 	 - 	 	 a hoosier holiday: typescript with additions by td and?. 	 	 - 	 	 a hoosier holiday: sample copy of jacket; corrections for galleys. 	 	 	 	 a hoosier holiday: book jacket. 	 	 	 	 a hoosier holiday: miscellaneous. 	 	 	 	 "from , by theodore dreiser," printed version of article in  the hoosier, . 	 	 	 	 a hoosier holiday: st galleys (?). 	 	 	 	 a hoosier holiday: revised galleys (?). 	 	 	 	 h.  twelve men. note for reviews of twelve men, see box . 		box	folder 	 twelve men:  "my brother paul," printed version. 	 	 	 	 twelve men: notes and essays relating to  "the country doctor" . 	 	 - 	 	 twelve men:  "heart bowed down" (  "the village feudists" ). 	 	 	 	 twelve men:  "the village feudists,"  reprint published in famous story magazine. 	 	 	 	 twelve men:  "sonntag-a record" (  "w.l.s." ). 	 	 	 	 twelve men:  "w.l.s.," printed version. 	 	 	 	 twelve men: notes and clippings on the robin case used for  "vanity, vanity saith the preacher" . 	 	 - 	 	 twelve men: book jackets. 	 	 	 	 twelve men: corrected page proofs. 	 	 	 	 i.  hey rub-a-dub-dub. 		box	folder 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub: notes. 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "hey rub-a-dub-dub" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "change," version published in  new york call ( ). 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "change" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "some aspects of our national character" . 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "the dream" . 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "the american financier" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub: (  "the toil of the laboring man" ). 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "the toil of the laborer" (  "the toil of the laboring man" ). 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "personality" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "secrecy" . 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "neurotic america and the sex impulse" . 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "ideals, morals, and the daily newspaper" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "equation inevitable" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "ashtoreth" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "the reformer" . 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "marriage and divorce: an interview" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub: (  "more democracy or less? an inquiry" ). 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "more democracy or less? an inquiry" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "the essential tragedy of life" . 	 	 - 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "life, art, and america" . 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "the court of progress" . 	 	 	 	 hey rub-a-dub-dub:  "neurotic america and the sex impulse" and  "some aspects of our national character," printed versions. 	 	 	 	 j.  newspaper days. note for reviews of newspaper days, see box . 		box	folder 	 newspaper days: topics to be covered; notes for catalog copy. 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: miscellaneous. 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: ms. 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: ms. 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: st typescript. 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: typescript a with td's corrections. 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: "yellow manuscript". 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: nd typescript. 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: unrevised nd typescript. 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: copy of typesetting copy (chaps. i-xlv). 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: copy of typesetting copy (chaps. xlvi-lxxx). 	 	 - 	 	 newspaper days: index to st edition of  a book about myself (  newspaper days) edited by t. d. nostwichitle, . 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: book jackets for  a book about myself (  newspaper days). 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: foreword and author's note to edition, . 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: corrected galley proofs and note. 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: uncorrected galley proofs, with missing pages from chap. xxxvi included. 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: bound vol. of corrected page proofs. 	 	 	 	 newspaper days: bound vol. of corrected page proofs. 	 	 	 	 k.  the color of a great city. note for reviews of the color of a great city, see box . 		box	folder 	 the color of a great city: proposed chapter order. 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: foreword by td. 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "a week with ocean pilots" (version of "log of a harbor pilot"). 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "bums". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the car yard". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the flight of pidgeons". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "on being poor". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "six o'clock". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the toilers of the tenements" ("the inspector"). 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the inspector". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: ("the end of a vacation"). 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the track walker". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the realization of an ideal". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the pushcart man". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the bread line". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "our red slayer". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "whence the song". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "characters". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the beauty of life". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the way place of the fallen". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "a way place of the fallen". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "bayonne" (a version of "a certain oil refinery"). 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the bowery mission". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the wonder of the water". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the man on the bench". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the men in the dark". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the men in the snow". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the freshness of the universe". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the freshness of the universe". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the cradle of tears". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the sandwich man". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the sandwich man". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the love affairs of little italy". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "christmas in the tenements". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "christmas in the tenements". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the rivers of the nameless dead". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the rivers of the nameless dead". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: foreword by td. 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the city of my dreams". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the city awakes". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the waterfront". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the log of a harbor pilot". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "bums". 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: "the michael j. powers association". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the fire". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the flight of pigeons". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "on being poor". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "six o'clock". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the toilers of the tenements". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the end of a vacation". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the track walker". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the realization of an ideal". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the pushcart man". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "manhattan beach" ("a vanished seaside resort"). 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the bread line". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "our red slayer". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "when the sails are furled". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "characters". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the beauty of life". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the way place of the fallen". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "hell's kitchen". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "a certain oil works refinery". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the bowery mission". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the wonder of the water". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the man on the bench". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the men in the dark". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the men in the storm". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the men in the snow". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the freshness of the universe". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the cradle of tears". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the sandwich man". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the love affairs of little italy". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "christmas in the tenements". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: "the rivers of the nameless dead". 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: typesetting version; note from td. 	 	 - 	 	 the color of a great city: book jacket. 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: early galleys, with illustrations attached by td, oct. 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: early galleys, proofreader's copy(?). 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: early galleys, with td's corrections. 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: rd revised galleys, with original and substituted preface, oct. 	 	 	 	 the color of a great city: rd revised galleys, unmarked, missing p. of foreword and some pages from last essay. 	 	 	 	 l.  an american tragedy. 		box	folder 	 an american tragedy: original ms (chaps. iv-xx), - . 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: typescript of ms (chaps. i-xx), - . 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book i, ms (chaps. i- ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, ms (chaps. i- ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, ms (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, typescript b (chaps. xxx-liv). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, typescript b (fragments). description although chapter numbering is not continuous, events discussed in typescript b follow immediately the events discussed in typescript a in box ; some editing of typescript b by sally kussell. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, revised typescript a (chaps. i-xxi) revised by louise campbell; few additions by td. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, typescript c (chaps. i-ii). description some revisions of chaps. in this box by louise campbell and ?. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, revised typescript c (chap. ii). 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, revised typescript c, with corrections (chap. ii and a fragment). 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, typescript c (chaps. -xxi). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, typescript c (chaps. xxii-xxxv). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book i, st typescript (chaps. i, ii). 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book i, final revised typescript? (chaps. i-xxix). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, final revised typescript? (chaps. i-xxxxix) revisions by td, louise campbell, helen dreiser, t. r. smith, and?. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, revised typescript c (chaps. i-xxxiv). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: front matter pages for typesetting. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book i, typesetting copy (chaps. i-xix). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, typesetting copy (chaps. i-xxxiv). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, typesetting copy (chaps. xxxv-xlviii). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, typesetting copy (chaps. i-xxxv). description gap in chapter numbering, but nothing missing. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book jackets and hard cover. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: condensed version, published in  bestsellers, oct. . 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, revised typesetting carbon (chaps. i-xi, xiii-xlv, xlvii-xlix). 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: book i, author's galleys. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, author's galleys. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, author's galleys. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book i, revised pages. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, st pages. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book ii, revised pages. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: book iii, st pages. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: dramatization by frederick thon. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: dramatization by patrick kearney. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: dramatization by georges jamin and jean servais. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: tabloid version. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: dezso d'antalffy scenario for an opera. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: dramatization by erwin piscator. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: dramatization by erwin piscator and lina goldschmidt. 	 	 - 	 	 case of clyde griffiths [  an american tragedy]: dramatization by piscator and goldschmidt. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: dramatization by erwin piscator and lina goldschmidt. 	 	 	 	 eine amerikanische tragödie: dramatization by erwin piscator. 	 	 - 	 	 the law of lycurgus (  an american tradegy): dramatization by h. basilewsky. 	 	 - 	 	 de tragedie van clyde griffiths (  an american tragedy): dutch-language dramatization. 	 	 	 	 an american tragedy: film scenario by s. m. eisenstein, g. v. alexandrov, and ivor montagu. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: josef von sternberg-samuel h. hoffenstein film. description st yellow script, annotated by ?, jan. ; synopsis by eleanor mcgeary; sequences a-z, aa-hh. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: sternberg-hoffenstein film. description white script, feb. , sequences a-z, aa-ii. 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: sternberg-hoffenstein film. description form # , release dialogue script, july , reels - . 	 	 - 	 	 a place in the sun (  an american tragedy): harry brown and michael wilson film final white film script with changes, sept. . 	 	 - 	 	 an american tragedy: miscellaneous notes. 	 	 	 	 m.  moods. 		box	folder 	 moods: typesetting copy for and editions. 	 	 - 	 	 moods ( ed.): typesetting copy for poems added to this ed. 	 	 - 	 	 moods ( ed.): galley proofs, with revisions, of poems added to this ed. 	 	 	 	 moods ( ed.): page proofs, with revisions, of poems added to this ed. 	 	 	 	 moods ( ed.): typesetting copy, introduction by sulamith ish-kishor; contents pages. 	 	 	 	 moods ( ed.): contents page. 	 	 	 	 moods ( ed.): typesetting copy for poems. 	 	 - 	 	 moods ( ed.): poems rejected for this ed. (never published). 	 	 	 	 n.  dreiser looks at russia. 		box	folder 	 dreiser looks at russia: diary kept by td in russia, and used in writing this work, - . 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: contents page; "russia ", . 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "russia ", . 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "the tyranny of communism". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "the capital of communism". 	 	 - 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "moscow". 	 	 - 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"communism theory and practice". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "the tyranny of communism". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "a former capital of tyranny". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "some russian factories and industries". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "religion in russia". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "present day art in russia". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "bolshevik art literature music (a)". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"bolshevik art, literature, music (b)". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"three russian restaurants". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"russian restaurants—three". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "propaganda plus". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: fragment of chap. on propaganda. 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: fragment of chap. on peasant problem. 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: "russian vignettes". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"the russian versus the american spirit". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"the russian versus the american temperament". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"random reflections". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia:"the current soviet economic plan". 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: typesetting copy (chaps. i-xviii). 	 	 - 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: book jacket and hard cover. 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: revised galley proofs. 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: nd revised galley proofs. 	 	 	 	 dreiser looks at russia: page proofs. 	 	 	 	 o.  a gallery of women. 		box	folder 	 a gallery of women: proposed chapters. 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "mary pyne" ("esther norn"). 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "m.t." ("regina c—"). 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "yvonne (ellen) adams wrynn". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "ida hauchawout". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "gloom". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "lucia". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "ernita". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "albertine". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "dinan". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "m.j.c." ("emanuela"). 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "mrs. hevessy" ("bridget mullanphy"). 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "a daughter of the puritans". note not used in book; see also "this madness: the story of elizabeth," in td writings: essays. 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "ernestine". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "mary pyne" ("esther norn"). 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "esther norn". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "rella". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "reina". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "regina c—". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "yvonne (ellen) adams wrynn". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "ellen adams wrynn". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "a daughter of the puritans". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "spaff" ("giff"). 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "giff". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "out of the city of the prophet" ("olive brand"). 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "olive brand". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "lolita". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "ida hauchawout". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "gloom". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "loretta". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: notes on psychology of women, parts of which were used in "loretta". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "lucia". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "ernita". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "albertine". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "emanuela". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: "mrs. mullanphy" ("bridget mullanphy"). 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "bridget mullanphy". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "bridget mullanphy". 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: "rona murtha". 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: st galley proofs with author's corrections. 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: nd galley proofs. 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: vol. i. 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: vol. ii. 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: book jackets. 	 	 	 	 a gallery of women: hard covers for book. 	 	 - 	 	 a gallery of women: preface to the russian edition by sergey dinamov. 	 	 	 	 "a gallery of women:" radio adaptation by william watters. 	 	 	 	 "a gallery of women:" screen adapt. by helen mitchell, . 	 	 	 	 p.  my city. 		box	folder 	 my city: clipping and xerox. 	 	 	 	 my city: color proofs of etchings by max pollak used in book. 	 	 	 	 q.  dawn. 		box	folder 	 dawn: xerox of ms at lilly library (chaps. i-xx), editing on ms by td and anna tatum. 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: xerox of ms at lilly library (chaps. xxi-xl). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: xerox of ms at lilly library (chaps. xli-lx). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: xerox of ms at lilly library (chaps. lxi-lxxvii). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: xerox of ms at lilly library (chaps. lxxix-lxxx) and note from helen dreiser re chap. lxxviii. 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: xerox of ms at lilly library (chaps. lxxxi-xcvii). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: xerox of ms at lilly library (chaps. xcviii-cvi). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: xerox of st rough emended typescript at lilly library (chaps. i-iii). 	 	 	 	 dawn: xerox of st rough emended typescript at lilly library (chap. iv). 	 	 	 	 dawn: xerox of st rough emended typescript at lilly library (chap. v). 	 	 	 	 dawn: xerox of st rough emended typescript at lilly library (chaps. vi-xxxii). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: st typescript (chaps. xxx-[xciii]). arrangement the chapters in this box follow consecutively those in box even though the numbering system does not. 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: nd(?) typescript (chaps. i-xxxiv). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: note from kathryn sayre, circa . 	 	 	 	 dawn: sample pages, typeset. 	 	 	 	 dawn: book jacket and book dummies. 	 	 	 	 dawn: st bound copy. 	 	 	 	 dawn: french translation (chaps. - and unnumbered). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: french translation (unnumbered chaps.). 	 	 - 	 	 dawn: new french translation (chaps. i-xxix), . 	 	 - 	 	 r.  tragic america. 		box	folder 	 tragic america: plan(s) of book and partial outline of topics to be covered. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "preface". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "as america looks now" ("the american scene"). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "i visit an actual mill town" [part of "present day living conditions for many"]. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "exploitation—rule by force" ("exploitation—the american rule by force"). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "our banks and corporations as government (a)" (version ). 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: "our banks and corporations as government (a)" (versions and ). 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: "our banks and corporations as government (b)". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "the profits of our american railways from their inertia (a)" ("our american railways--their profits and greed"). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "the profits of our american railway from their inertia (b)" ("our american railways—their profits and greed"). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "government operation of the express companies for private profit". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "the supreme court as a corporation service station" ("the supreme court as a corporation-minded institution"). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "the constitution as a scrap of paper". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "the position of labor". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "the growth of police power". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "abuse to the individual" ("the abuse of the individual") (version ). 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: "abuse to the individual" "the abuse of the individual") (version ). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "charity and wealth in america" (version ). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "charity and wealth in america" (version ). 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: "crime and why". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "why the ballot?". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "why government ownership?". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "analysis of statecraft for the future" ("suggestions toward a new statecraft"). 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: "what the meaning of education should be". 	 	 	 	 tragic america: correspondence re "a sample trust". description extra chap. meant for nd edition of tragic america. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "a sample trust". description chapter not used in book, written by kathryn sayre. 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: "a sample trust". description by kathryn sayre, edited by anna tatum (typescript); xerox of tatum letter. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: "a sample trust". description by kathryn sayre, jan. , with comments by evelyn light (typescript). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: typesetting copy. 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: translator's note comparing american wages with american living costs. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: corrections to be made in future printings. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: corrections sent to td by kathryn sayre. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: book jackets. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: miscellaneous. note see also box , folder , for excerpts of tragic america in italian in  ottobre. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: translation into french of chap. ("who owns america?") and chap. ("is america dominant?"). 	 	 	 	 tragic america: carbon of typesetting copy. 	 	 - 	 	 tragic america: st galley proofs, revised. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: st galley proofs with corrections. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: nd galley proofs. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: nd galley proofs with corrections. 	 	 	 	 tragic america: page proofs. 	 	 	 	 s.  america is worth saving. 		box	folder 	 america is worth saving: letter and notes from oskar piest; plan of book and copies of piest's notes as revised by td. 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: "are the masses worth while". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "will american democracy endure?". 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "what should be the objectives of the american people?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "has america a `save the world' complex?". 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "what are the defects of american democracy?". 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "what is democracy?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "scarcity and plenty". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "europe and its entanglements". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes for "english critics of english imperialism". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes for "can the british endure?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "has england democratized the peoples of its empire?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: "have english and american finance cooperated with hitler to destroy democracy?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "does england love us as we love england?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes for "how democratic is england?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for chapters on england. 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for russia. 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "the lesson of france". 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "practical reasons for keeping out of war". 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for "a few kind words for your uncle samuel". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: notes and clippings for chaps. on america. 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: clippings on tom mooney case. 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: foreword. 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: contents and chap. , "does the world move?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "scarcity and plenty". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "europe and its entanglements". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "has america a 'save the world' complex?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "practical reasons for keeping out of war". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "does england love us as we love england?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "how democratic is england?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "has england democratized the peoples of its empire?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "english critics on [of] english imperialism". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "has england done more for its people than nazism [fascism] or communism [socialism]?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "what is democracy?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "what are the defects of american democracy?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "what are the objectives of american finance?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "have english and american finance cooperated with hitler to destroy democracy?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "can the british empire endure?" ("can the british endure?"). 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "will american democracy endure?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. , "the lesson of france". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. [ ], "what should be the objectives of the american people?". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. [ ], "a few kind words for your uncle samuel". 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: chap. [ ], "a few kind words for your uncle samuel. 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: typesetting copy of book revisions by td, helen dreiser, william lengel, and?. 	 	 - 	 	 america is worth saving: discarded typescript fragments. 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: lawyer's list of potentially libelous statements and td's responses. 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: st unrevised galley proofs containing material later omitted. 	 	 	 	 america is worth saving: st page proofs. 	 	 	 	 t.  the bulwark. 		box	folder 	 the bulwark: xerox of letter from louise campbell re origin of early ms; synopsis of characters. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chaps. i, ii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. iii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. iv). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. v). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. vi). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. vii). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. viii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. x). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. xi). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. xii). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. xiii). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. xiv). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. xv). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. xvi). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early ms (chap. xvii). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early ms. 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: copy meant for publicity for publication. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: financial version (?) (chaps. i-iv); notes by td and marguerite tjader harris. description some chaps. incomplete; numbers at bottom of pages should be disregarded. 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: financial version(?) (chap. v). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: financial version(?) (chap. vi?). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: financial version(?) (chaps. xi-xxiv). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: financial version(?) (chaps. xxvi-xxvii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: financial version(?) (ms fragments [some written by estelle kubitz). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: financial version(?) (chaps. i-xxvii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: green hard cover and pages found inside. 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: red hard cover; early typeset version of chap. i. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: papers found inside red hard cover. 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: notes and fragments on quakerism; some copied by helen dreiser. 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: ms (chaps. ii-xxxvii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: order and contents for chaps. for part ii; typed summary of end of part i. description includes chaps. that were originally marked for part ii. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: ms (part ii). description some chaps. incomplete; notes on ms by marguerite tjader harris; numbers on bottom of pages should be disregarded. 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: ms (part ii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: ms (part iii). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: discarded ms fragments (part i). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: discarded ms fragments (part ii). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: discarded ms fragments (part iii), some dictated by td to marguerite tjader harris. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early typescript (part i). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early typescript (part ii, chaps. - ). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: early typescript (part ii, chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: early typescript (part iii, chaps. - , finis). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: typescript, - . description dates td worked on this version after beginning again in the s [the - typescript extends into ; parts i and ii are divided differently in the final version; numbers on the bottom of pages should be disregarded.]. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: typescript, - . description sample chaps. i-iv sent to balch of g. p. putnam's sons, . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: typescript (part i, chaps. i-xxxv), - . general note (multiple versions of some chaps.) [handwritten corrections on these chaps. by td, helen dreiser, marguerite tjader harris] 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: typescript (part ii, chaps. a (xxxvi)-e), - . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: revised typescript (part i: chaps. i- ); corrections by td, helen dreiser, marguerite tjader harris, - . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: outline of plots and chapters as planned with note about completion of  the bulwark, oct. . 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: unedited typescript. description folder and note by marguerite tjader harris [part i typed by helen dreiser; parts ii and iii typed by marguerite tjader harris]. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: unedited typescript (part i: introduction, chaps. i-xxiv), . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: unedited typescript (part ii: chaps. xxv-li), . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: unedited typescript (part ii: chap. lii; part iii: chaps. liii-lvi), . 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: unedited typescript (part iii: chaps. lvii-lxx, finis), . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: edited typescript (part i: introduction, chaps. i-ii), . description note from marguerite tjader harris [corrections in edited typescript by helen dreiser, marguerite tjader harris, louise campbell; part i typed by helen dreiser; parts ii and iii typed by marguerite tjader harris]. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: edited typescript (part i: chaps. iv [iii]-xxi), . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: edited typescript (part ii: chaps. xxii-xliv), . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: edited typescript (part ii: chaps. xlv-lii(xlvii); part iii: liii(?)), . 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: edited typescript (part iii: chaps. xlviii-lxiv, finis), . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: typesetting version (front matter; reviewer's proof; note by marguerite tjader harris). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: typesetting version (introduction, part i: chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: typesetting version (part ii: chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: typesetting version (part iii: chaps. - , finis). 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: book jackets. 	 	 	 	 "the bulwark": u.s. state department radio script, presented , as a book review, sept. . 	 	 - 	 	 the bulwark: condensed version, published in  omnibook, july. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: condensed version in french ("le rempart') in  omnibook (paris: edition française, mars ). 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: st galley proofs. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: st galley proofs, uncorrected. 	 	 	 	 the bulwark: discarded typescript fragments from all versions; corrections by td, louise campbell, marguerite tjader harris. 	 	 - 	 	 u.  the stoic. 		box	folder 	 the stoic: publisher's summary of  the stoic and "the trilogy of desire"; list of persons, businesses, and places mentioned, . 	 	 	 	 the stoic: notes on cowperwood and london subway system. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: summary of cowperwood. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: summary of berenice and aileen. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: summary of ethel yerkes and gladys unger. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: summary of all characters. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: summary of settlement of cowperwood's property and affairs. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: queries, m.e.l. on typescript, june ; note. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: notes and clippings on book's characters and events. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: notes and clippings on book's characters and events. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: notes and clippings on book's characters and events. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: typed versions of some original notes in other folders. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: court records relating to the will of charles yerkes. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: notes on architecture, furniture, art, musicians, books, writers, actors (for  the stoic ?). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: miscellaneous. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic:  national geographic with article on norway marked by td, july. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: notes on characters and surviving manuscripts and typescripts by evelyn light. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: auction catalogue of the charles t. yerkes art collection, . 	 	 	 	 the stoic: supreme court brief on behalf of louis owsley, executor of charles yerkes; note. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: housman et al. v. owsley, brief for plaintiffs, . 	 	 	 	 the stoic: housman et al. v. owsley, referee's opinion, . 	 	 	 	 the stoic: early ms (chaps. i-x, versions each of chaps. , , ); some dictated by td to clara clark(?); see chaps. xvi (third version), xvii, xviii. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: st, nd, and rd early typescripts, revised (chap. x). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xi). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: st and nd early typescripts, revised (chaps. xi, xii). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xiv). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: early typescript (chap. xv[xiv?]). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xv). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: st and nd(?) early typescript (chap. xv). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xvi). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chaps. xvii-xxv). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: early revised typescript (chap. xxxvi). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xxxvi). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xxxvii). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xxxviii). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xxix). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: ms (chap. xl); note from td. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: ms (chaps. xli, ). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: early revised typescript (chap. xliii). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: ms (chaps. xliiii-xlviiii). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: ms (chaps. li-liv). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: typescript a (chaps. i- , no chap. ) with corrections by td, helen dreiser, and louise campbell. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: typescript a carbon, with corrections (chaps. i- , no chap. ). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: typescript b (chaps. i- ) with corrections by td and helen dreiser. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: corrected typescript b (chaps. - ) p.s. concerning good and evil, with corrections by td and helen dreiser. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: typescript edited by anna tatum (chaps. i- , no chaps. , ). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: louise campbell typescript (chaps. - , no chap. ) p.s. concerning good and evil, with revisions by lc, helen dreiser, and?. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: (chap. ) prepared by helen dreiser from notes by td(?); chap. fragments. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: revised louise campbell typescript, typed by her (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: revised louise campbell typescript, typed by her (chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: typesetting copy (chaps. - , appendix). 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: synopsis. 	 	 	 	 the stoic: literary criticism written for publicity? (ms in helen dreiser's handwriting). 	 	 	 	 the stoic: galley proofs, with corrections by helen dreiser, . 	 	 	 	 the stoic: front matter and page proofs, with corrections by helen dreiser, . 	 	 	 	 the stoic: discarded fragments and chaps. from various versions. 	 	 - 	 	 the stoic: early chaps. edited by louise campbell. 	 	 - 	 	 v.  philosophical notes. arrangement td's outline of categories for this material has been followed, but his original order of papers within the categories cannot be reconstructed, because the papers have been reorganized by at least two people since his death: sydney horovitz and marguerite tjader harris. some of the material in these folders has been typed and annotated by harris. the early folders within each category contain the material that she selected for use in her book notes on life (see boxes - ). td's long manuscripts in each category have been placed at the beginning of their respective categories, preceding the notes and clippings. 		box	folder 	 philosophical notes: notes and outlines by sydney horovitz, . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: td's outlines. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: introduction by john cowper powys. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: early articles expressing td's philosophy: "the force of a great religion" and "what i believe," note by marguerite tjader harris. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called the universe, "mechanism called the universe". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called the universe, "the mighty atom". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called the universe, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called the universe, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called the universe, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called life, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called life, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called life, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . necessity for repetition, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . material base of form—"the problem of form". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . material base of form, outline and notes for an essay on form; note from marguerite tjader harris. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . material base of form, notes, clippings. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . material base of form, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the factor called time, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the factor called chance, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the factor called chance, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . weights and measures, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called man, "you, the phantom," typescript, note, and printed version. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called man, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called man, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called man, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . physical and chemical character of his actions, "us". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . physical and chemical character of his actions, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called mind, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called mind, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called mind, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the emotions, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the emotions, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the so-called progress of mind, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . mechanism called memory, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individuality—"the myth of individuality". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individuality, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual thinking, "it". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual thinking, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual thinking, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of free will"—suggesting the possible substructure of ethics," "old" typescript and "new" typescript. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of free will, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual creative power—"myth of the creative mind". 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual creative power, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual creative power, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual possession. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual possession, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual responsibility,"if man is free, so is all matter". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual responsibility, "kismet". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual responsibility, "responsibility". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual responsibility, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . myth of individual and race memory, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the force called illusion, "concerning mycteroperca bonaci". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the force called illusion, "man and romance". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the force called illusion—"the myth of reality". 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the force called illusion, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the force called illusion, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . varieties of force, "the force of a great religion". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . varieties of force, "on the dreams of our childhood". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . varieties of force, "some additional comments on the life force, or god". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: i . varieties of force, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . varieties of force, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . transmutation of personality—"transmutation of personality". 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . transmutation of personality, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: i . the problem of genius, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the theory that life is a game, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . special and favoring phases of the solar system, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . necessity for contrast, "peace and war". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . necessity for contrast, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for limitation—"concerning the multiplicity of things". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for limitation, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for change, "change". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for change, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for interest and reward, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for ignorance, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for secrecy, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the necessity for youth and age, old and new, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . scarcity and plenty, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . strength and weakness—"the strong and the weak". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . strength and weakness, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . courage and fear, "courage and fear". 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . courage and fear, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . mercy and cruelty, "the right to kill". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . mercy and cruelty, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . beauty and ugliness, general plan, outline, notes, and partial early typescript for an essay on beauty. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . beauty and ugliness, "the problem of beauty". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . beauty and ugliness, "the problem of beauty". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . beauty and ugliness, "the value of beauty". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . beauty and ugliness, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . order and disorder, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, "can there be good in evil". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil,"concerning good and evil". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil,"concerning good and evil," note from helen dreiser. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, "good and evil". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, "good and evil," typescript a. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, "good and evil," typescript b. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil,"good and evil," typescipt b revised [by william lengel?]. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, "good and evil," typescripts c and d. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, "good and evil," typescript e. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . good and evil, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . problem of knowledge—"education". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . problem of knowledge, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . problem of knowledge, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . problem of knowledge, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the equation called morality, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the equation called morality, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the compromise called justice—"the ultimate justice of life". 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the compromise called justice, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the salve called religion—"religion—theory—dogma". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the slave called religion—"saving the world". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the salve called religion, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the salve called religion, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the problem of progress and purpose, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the problem of progress and purpose, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the problem of progress and purpose, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the myth of the perfect social order, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the myth of the perfect social order, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the essential tragedy of life—"a counsel to perfection". 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the essential tragedy of life—"the essential tragedy of life". 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the essential tragedy of life, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the problem of death—"life after death". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . the problem of death, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . equation inevitable—"equation inevitable" (parts , , v). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . equation inevitable—"equation inevitable: a variant in philosophic viewpoint" (typescript a, typescript b, revised typescript b). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . equation inevitable, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . laughter, "an address all to electrons, protons, neutrons, deutrons, quantums". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . laughter, "an address all to electrons, protons, neutrons, deutrons, quantums". 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . laughter, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: ii . music, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: "my creator", nov. . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: "my creator", oct. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: "my creator" inscribed by myrtle butcher, nov. ; corrections on typescript by helen dreiser. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: td's notebook containing handwritten selections from many categories. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: art and science, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: medicine, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: the myth of complete understanding, notes. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: the myth of pure reason, notes. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: necessity for union, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: on friendship, notes. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: on the credibility of the senses, notes. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: pleasure and pain, notes, clippings, mss. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: the wisdom of the unconscious, notes, clippings. 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: notes from the vedas and the upanishads. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (menninger). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (dr. wm. j. robinson). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (wm. moulton marston, "monkey thinking"). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (henry thomas,  the story of the human race). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (robert chambers,  the life of the cell). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (  riddle of the universe). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (remy de gourmant). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (  green laurels). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (loeb). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes ("lesson no. : the nature of the human animal"). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (  data of ethics). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (henry adams, "the rule of phase applied to history"). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (crile). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (carrel). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (william james,  a pluralistic universe). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (townsend). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (jules de gaultier,  bovarism). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (thomas henry huxley,  essays selected from lay sermons). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (august strindberg,  zones of the spirit). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (gustave le bon,  the crowd). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (oliver lodge,  ether and reality). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (  man, the unknown). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (  outposts of science). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (  march of science). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (schrodinger). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (clendening). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (sigmund freud,  the future of an illusion). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (robert a. millikan,  time, matter, and values). 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (lemon,  from galileo to cosmic rays). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes (p. w. bridgman,  the logic of modern physics). 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: unclassified notes. 	 	 - 	 	 philosophical notes: reprints by dr. albert f. blakeslee: "demonstration of differences between people in the sense of smell" and "a dinner demonstration of threshold differences in taste and smell", . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: a. a. brill, "the psychopathology of noise," ; "the psychopathology of selections of vocations," . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: c. l. christensen, "man and woman in prehistory," edwin g. conklin, "a generation's progress in the study of evolution," . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: sigmund freud, "three contributions to the theory of sex", . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: basil c. h. harvey, "the nature of vital processes according to rignano", . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: purl holzer,  mind and consciousness, v. , . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: jacques loeb, "the mechanistic conception of life", . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: j. w. miller, "accidents will happen," and "the paradox of cause," thomas hunt morgan, "the relation of genetics to physiology and medicine," . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: oscar riddle, "the confusion of tongues," and "the relative claims of natural science and of social studies to a core place in the secondary school c urriculum: a.—for natural science," . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: wm. seifriz, "the structure of protoplasm," h. riley spitler, "some circulatory changes caused by ocular fixation of selected light frequencies in t he visible range," . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: leonard thompson troland, "the chemical origin and regulation of life", . 	 	 	 	 philosophical notes: arthur waley, "zen buddhism and its relation to art", . 	 	 	 	 w.  notes on life. 		box	folder 	 notes on life: "memo on a project for editing dreiser's  notes on life, " by marguerite tjader harris, submitted to the university of pennsylvania dreiser committee,, march . 	 	 	 	 notes on life: report of the material taken from the university of pennsylvania library in by m. t. harris, aug. . 	 	 	 	 notes on life: readers' reports. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: td's outline, annotated by m. t. harris. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: miscellaneous notes re contents of book and introductory statements by m. t. harris. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: "editorial report," by m. tjader. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: "editorial report," by m. tjader and john mcaleer. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: notes by dr. frank muhlfeld; note to muhlfeld from m. t. harris. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: editor's foreword by m. tjader,, april. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: end notes and letter to m. t. harris, dec. . 	 	 	 	 notes on life: tentative rough draft and outline (part i); introductory material, mechanism called the universe, mechanism called life, summer-autumn. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: necessity for repetition, material base of form, factor called time. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: factor called chance, weights and measures, mechanism called man. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: physical and chemical character of his actions, mechanism called mind. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: the emotions, the so-called progress of mind, mechanism called memory. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: myth of individuality, myth of individual thinking, myth of free will. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: myth of individual creative power, myth of individual possession, myth of individual responsibility. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: myth of individual and race memory, the force called illusion. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: varieties of force. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: transmutation of personality, the problem of genius. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: part ii: theory that life is a game, special and favoring phases of the solar system. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: necessity for contrast, necessity for limitation, necessity for change. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: necessity for interest and reward; necessity for ignorance; necessity for secrecy; necessity for youth and age, old and new. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: scarcity and plenty, strength and weakness, courage and fear, mercy and cruelty. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: beauty and ugliness, order and disorder, good and evil. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: problem of knowledge, equation called morality, compromise called justice. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: salve called religion, problem of progress and purpose, myth of a perfect social order. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: essential tragedy of life, problem of death. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: equation inevitable. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: laughter, music. 	 	 	 	 notes on life: typescript sent to m. t. harris's agent. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on life: edited by marguerite tjader harris and john mcaleer. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on life, edited by marguerite tjader and john mcaleer. 	 	 - 	 	 x.  an amateur laborer. 		box	folder 	 an amateur laborer: note from td; fragment from chap. i. 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer: "the cruise of the idlewild". 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer: "the mighty burke". 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer: "the toil of the laborer". 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer (chaps. i-xxiii). 	 	 - 	 	 an amateur laborer: (chaps. xxiii-xxv). 	 	 - 	 	 an amateur laborer: ms fragments. 	 	 - 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): the pennsylvania edition, contents, acknowledgments, preface. 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): introduction by richard w. dowell. 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): editorial principles by james l. w. west iii. 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): textual apparatus. 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.) (chaps. i-xxv). 	 	 - 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): fragments. 	 	 - 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): explanatory notes. 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): illustration page, word division, design specifications. 	 	 	 	 an amateur laborer (pa. ed.): fragments not used in book. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 v.  td writings: essays. series description this series includes dreiser's published and unpublished essays, reviews, and letters to the editor. some photostats of articles that dreiser wrote as a newspaper reporter are filed here as well; printed versions of other dreiser newspaper articles are located in the clippings file or on microfilm. in addition, essays for series developed by dreiser, whether written by him or by someone else, are housed here. they are collected together under the series title (e.g., "baa! baa! black sheep," "i remember, i remember"). the essay title and author are listed on the folder. the order of filing the holdings for each essay is the same as that followed in td writings: books: notes, manuscripts, typescripts, proofs, and printed versions. for published essays, the journal and year of first publication are noted on the folder. the essays are filed alphabetically by the title on the first page of the essay; the title used for publication is also noted on the folder with the other publication information when it differs from the first-page title. if the publication title is radically different from the original title, researchers can find in appendix a a cross-reference under the publication title to the essay's title in the collection. some of dreiser's published essays were later included in his nonfiction book publications: a traveler at forty,  twelve men,  hey rub-a-dub-dub,  newspaper days (a book about myself),  the color of a great city,  dreiser looks at russia,  a gallery of women,  my citye&gt;, and america is worth saving. researchers interested in some of these essays should check for holdings in both td writings: books and td writings: essays, because versions of the essay may be found in both locations. 		box	folder 	 a. 	 	 - 	 	 "baa! baa! black sheep" series for esquire. 	 	 - 	 	 bal - com. 	 	 - 	 	 con - el. 	 	 - 	 	 em - go. 	 	 - 	 	 gr - h. 	 	 - 	 	 i - "i find...". 	 	 - 	 	 "i remember! i remember!" series - is. 	 	 - 	 	 it - l. 	 	 - 	 	 ma. 	 	 - 	 	 me - on. 	 	 - 	 	 ou - p. 	 	 - 	 	 r. 	 	 - 	 	 s - "this florida...". 	 	 - 	 	 "this madness:" "aglaia"; "elizabeth". 	 	 - 	 	 "this madness:" "sidonie". 	 	 - 	 	 "this madness:" "camilla". 	 	 - 	 	 "this madness:" "aglaia," "elizabeth," "sidonie". 	 	 - 	 	 tho - "why help...". 	 	 - 	 	 "why i..." - z and untitled. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 vi.  td writings: short stories. series description dreiser wrote many more short stories than were ever published and started many stories that he never completed. he often recorded and filed ideas for them: sometimes a title with a plot summary, sometimes only a title. friends and researchers that he employed would also send him newspaper clippings describing crimes with an unusual psychological twist and inexplicable events involving humans or phenomena in the natural world: he collected and filed such information under "ideas for stories." also included are clippings that describe crimes that dreiser considered using as the basis for what would later become an american tragedy. the first boxes contain all completed and unfinished short stories (arranged alphabetically), including those consisting only of a title and plot summary. [ appendix b comprises an alphabetical li st of the short stories.] filed next are two boxes of ideas for short stories; they contain lists of titles only or clippings that he collected or were sent to him. as in the previous series, the order of arrangement for the manuscripts for each title is chronological: notes, manuscripts, typescripts, proofs, and printed version. first publication data are noted on the folder of published stories. 		box	folder 	 a - d. 	 	 - 	 	 e - hei. 	 	 - 	 	 her - lo. 	 	 - 	 	 ly - p. 	 	 - 	 	 r - s. 	 	 - 	 	 t - z and untitled. 	 	 - 	 	 ideas for short stories. 	 	 - 	 	 ideas for short stories (wynkoop murder case). 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 vii.  td writings: poems. series description because poems are filed in two locations in the dreiser papers, researchers should check both in this series and in td writings: books under " moods" ( boxes - ). copies or versions of some poems are found in both locations. dreiser began writing poetry in the s and continued throughout his lifetime; the collection contains poems from the entire period. i n boxes through the poems are arranged alphabetically by title. this grouping includes poems written by dreiser but scored for music by someone else: they are filed under the title of the poem, with the name of the composer of the music listed on the folder. boxes and contain selections of dreiser's poems, chosen by dreiser and others, on particular themes or for specific purposes. [appendix ccomprises an alphabetical list of the poems.] 		box	folder 	 a - for. 	 	 - 	 	 fou - l. 	 	 - 	 	 m - q. 	 	 - 	 	 r - y. 	 	 - 	 	 selected poems for a small book of poetry. 	 	 - 	 	 rhymed verse. 	 	 - 	 	 selection of poems by td for?. 	 	 - 	 	 "sonnets in recollection". 	 	 	 	 verses, . 	 	 	 	 selection of poems typed by?. description for inclusion in robert palmer saalbach, selected poems from moods  by theodore dreiser, ? 	 	 	 	 poems by td translated into german by f. c. steinermayr and lind goldschmidt. 	 	 - 	 	 poems by td typed by estelle kubitz. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 viii.  td writings: plays. series description one of dreiser's first pieces of creative writing was a playscript, jeremiah i, which is in this collection. dreiser enjoyed writing plays and often had ideas for playscripts, which he would briefly summarize with the i ntent of developing them later. sometimes he collaborated with another person in translating his idea into a playscript. this series contains both fully developed playscripts and dreiser's ideas for plays, arranged alphabetically. some of dreiser's pla ys were scored for music, in which case the play is filed under its title and the name of the composer is listed on the folder. in addition to the plays in this series, the researcher should see boxes - , which contain playscripts of  the "genius," some of which were written by dreiser. [appendix d comprises an alphabetical list of the plays.] 		box	folder 	 a - c. 	 	 - 	 	 d - j. 	 	 - 	 	 l - z and untitled fragments. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 ix.  td writings: screenplays and radio scripts. series description even before his arrival in california in , dreiser had been impressed by the popularity of motion pictures and by the size of the potential audience for movies compared with that for books. he believed that screenwriting could boost his income dra matically. in addition to creating new screenplays, dreiser also saw possibilities for screen adaptations of his novels and short stories. during his lifetime, motion pictures versions of an american tragedy, jennie gerhardte&gt;, and my gal sal were produced, although dreiser himself did not write any of these screenplays. dreiser encouraged other writers who wanted to adapt his novels and short stories. in fact, he often worked with other wri ters on screenplays: he presented an idea or a plot and his collaborator translated it into an actual screenplay. he followed a similar pattern with radio scripts. no screenplays written by dreiser were ever produced. this series includes ( ) screenplays and radio scripts written by dreiser, ( ) those written by a collaborator based on an idea by dreiser, and ( ) dreiser's ideas for screenplays that were never developed. the file on "revolt or tobacco" also include s notes and clippings on the tobacco industry and photographs from a field trip to tennessee that were used as background material in writing the script, as well as incorporation papers and bylaws for super pictures, inc., the company created to produce t he movie. [ appendix e comprises an alphabetical list of the screenplays and radio scripts.] 		box	folder 	 a - k. 	 	 - 	 	 l - p. 	 	 - 	 	 "revolt or tobacco". 	 	 - 	 	 "revolt or tobacco". 	 	 - 	 	 "revolt or tobacco". note see also box , folder for reviews of borden deal's book, the tobacco men, which was based on td's notes for this screenplay. 	 	 - 	 	 s - z and untitled. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 x.  td writings: addresses, lectures, interviews. series description the writings in this series are filed chronologically. some addresses and interviews were published; thus, the holdings in this series range from notes to printed versions. dreiser received many requests for interviews and for answers to specific que stions. after replying, he often filed these requests under "questions and answers" without indicating the source or the date. if the year can be determined or estimated approximately, the material is filed using that year; if not, the material is filed at the end of the chronologically arranged folders. 		box	folder 	 - . 	 	 - 	 	 miscellaneous questions and answers, - . 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 xi.  td writings: introductions, prefaces. series description writings in this series include everything from research notes to printed versions and range in length from a few paragraphs to a long essay. in addition to traditional introductions to books, dreiser wrote introductory material for catalogs of painti ngs, new literary journals, labor pamphlets, and film series. notes for the introductions of harlan miners speak and  the living thoughts of thoreau are extensive and varied in character; some of them were collected by others but annotated by dreiser. 		box	folder 	 - . 	 	 - 	 	 td's introduction to harlan miners speak, . 	 	 	 	 - may . 	 	 - 	 	 nov.- . 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 xii.  journals edited by td. series description before his novel-writing career really took hold, dreiser was editor of ev'ry month,   smith's magazine,   broadway magazine,   the delineator , and  bohemian magazine. in the s, when he became more involved in political issues, he agreed to be an editor of  american spectator. holdings in this series include some notes, financial data, production material, and proposed articles for broadway magazine, bohemian magazine, and  american spectator; they also include som e issues of  ev'ry month, broadway magazine, bohemian magazine, and  american spectator. researchers interested in dreiser's career at  the delineator should also se e folder (box ) and box , which contains a scrapbook of clippings documenting dreiser's editorship of this journal. 		box	folder 	 notes: contents and cost sheets for the issues of broadway magazine, july and august. 	 	 	 	 notes: production material and proposed articles for bohemian magazine. 	 	 - 	 	 notes: american spectator: new york times editorial, ; policy statements; potential contributors, oct. . 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: ideas for articles. 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: suggestions for articles. 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: articles written and expected. 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: comments re contributors or articles from evelyn light to td. 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: "the editors believe" material. 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: material submitted for publication. 	 	 - 	 	 notes: american spectator: information on distribution, advertising, printing, and financial matters supplied to td by evelyn light. 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: radio broadcast, . 	 	 	 	 notes: american spectator: miscellaneous. 	 	 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, october. 	 	 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, nov-dec. 	 	 - 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, jan. 	 	 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, march-may . 	 	 - 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, nov-dec. 	 	 - 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, march . 	 	 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, april- may. 	 	 	 	 copies: ev'ry month, june- may. 	 	 	 	 copies: broadway magazine, . 	 	 	 	 copies: bohemian magazine, . 	 	 	 	 copies: american spectator, nov.- oct. note these copies are very fragile. 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 xiii.  notes written and compiled by td. series description dreiser's note-taking habits probably began during his days as a newspaper reporter. he took notes (or hired others to do so), kept diaries, and collected clippings as an aide-mémoire for his writing projects. dreiser's habit was to file the notes wit h the relevant manuscripts and typescripts for a piece of writing, and his practice has been followed in organizing this collection. notes on the life and career of charles yerkes, for example, are housed with the manuscripts for t he financier, the titan, and  the stoic, because they were an integral source of information for the writing of those works. the material filed in this series indicates the breadth of dreiser's interests and concerns and the kinds of sources that he consulted when doing research. the notes in this series may have been collected with particular projects in mind that were nev er written or published; they may represent information dreiser wanted for general purposes; they may have been kept by chance or for idiosyncratic reasons. they probably had multiple uses: what dreiser labeled "notes on the american scene" and "capital and labor" might have been used in any number of his political writings in the s and s, including his book tragic america. notes are filed alphabetically by subject, so researchers should check the container list fo r topics of interest. the quantity of notes on any subject varies from a paragraph to more than a box. because of the fragmentary nature of the holdings, the categories "novels, proposed" and "novels, unfinished" are housed in this series rather than in td writings: books. one of the unfinished novels, "the rake," was dreiser's early attempt to write what eventually became an american tragedy. dreiser collected clippings and notes and wrote a prologue and several chapters for this work but decided at some point that this was not the story that he wanted to write. 	 a.  notes: a - cap. 		box	folder 	 notes on the american scene: includes notes on political parties, corporations, charity, banks, revision of the new york constitution [many of these notes probably were collected for the writing of tragic america ]. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on amnesia; idea for a story about an amnesia victim. 	 	 	 	 notes on td's books. 	 	 	 	 notes on capital and labor (many of these notes were probably collected for the writing of tragic america). 	 	 - 	 	 b.  notes: cap. 		box	folder 	 notes on capital and labor. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on capital and labor: united states v. haywood et al., aug. - . 	 	 - 	 	 c.  notes on the catholic church. 		box	folder 	 "sex". 	 	 	 	 "adultery, the church and law", after . 	 	 	 	 "the catholic church and the labor movement," by david j. saposs. 	 	 	 	 "catholics in education": outline and division into chapters by esther mccoy(?). 	 	 	 	 "catholic's progress," by ?. 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous notes on the catholic church. 	 	 - 	 	 "the church and double-quick time". 	 	 	 	 version of "the church and wealth in america" in tragic america. 	 	 	 	 "church support in the u.s.," from a thesis by michael n. kremer. 	 	 	 	 "church support in the united states". 	 	 	 	 "church support in the united states," by michael n. kremer. 	 	 	 	 "concerning mr. guthrie's opinion on church and state in mexico," by charles c. marshall. 	 	 	 	 "the holy roman church". 	 	 	 	 letters re the catholic church. 	 	 	 	 "my quarrel with the catholic church". 	 	 	 	 "a roman catholic and the presidency," by charles c. marshall. 	 	 	 	 "the roman catholic church as a business and political organization," by ?. 	 	 	 	 "simony: an historical synopsis and commentary," by rev. raymond a. ryder. 	 	 	 	 "the support of the catholic church" restatement of data from "church support in the united states," by michael n. kremer. 	 	 	 	 d.  notes: ce - l. 	 box 		box	folder 	 notes on censorship. 	 	 	 	 notes on dictatorship: european, central and south american countries, and u.s. 	 	 	 	 notes on dreams: accounts of td's dreams. 	 	 - 	 	 notes and articles re the federal arts program. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on and by charles fort; autobiographical statement; list of his writings; reviews of his works; fort memorabilia. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on germany. 	 	 	 	 notes on emma goldman. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on alexander hamilton, grover cleveland, and james g. blaine. 	 	 	 	 notes on insurance by ?. 	 	 	 	 notes on interdependence. 	 	 	 	 notes on japan, - . 	 	 	 	 notes on the jewish question. 	 	 	 	 notes for an article on los angeles. 	 	 - 	 	 e.  notes: m - n. 		box	folder 	 notes on the mechanics & traders-union bank scandal, brooklyn,, - . 	 	 - 	 	 notes on music. 	 	 	 	 lists of names and word substitutions. 	 	 	 	 novels, proposed: outlines. 	 	 	 	 novels, unfinished: "mea culpa". 	 	 - 	 	 novels, unfinished: "our neighborhood: a book of present day life," by c. t. allison (written in td's hand: foreword; chaps. i, ii, iii). note see also "hollywood now," box . 	 	 - 	 	 f.  notes: n. 		box	folder 	 novels, unfinished: "the rake": list of incidents; prologue; chaps. (some incomplete); notes; related clippings. 	 	 - 	 	 g.  notes: o - p. 		box	folder 	 ouija board notes. 	 	 	 	 notes on philosophers. 	 	 	 	 notes on philosophy and science typed by estelle kubitz. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on production and machinery taken from howard scott of technocracy. 	 	 	 	 h.  notes: r - z. 		box	folder 	 td's notes on reading. 	 	 - 	 	 notes on realism and other literature. 	 	 	 	 notes on russia, - . 	 	 - 	 	 notes on russian writers. 	 	 	 	 notes on relief for spain; copies of the war in spain, ; copies of  voice of spain, . 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous notes. 	 	 	 	 philadelphia diary: prescriptions, - . description xerox of originals at lilly library, univ. of indiana. 	 	 	 	 philadelphia diary, oct. - feb. . 	 	 - 	 	 philadelphia diary: explanatory letters and transcription by neda westlake for entries for, oct. - feb. . 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 xiv.  td diaries. series description dreiser kept two types of diaries at irregular intervals throughout his lifetime: the kind that noted his daily activities, thoughts, and contacts and the kind that recorded events, people, places, and reflections that he intended to use in a piece of writing. this series contains the former type of diary; examples of the latter are housed with the published work that they helped to generate. for example, the diaries from dreiser's european tour in - , used while to write a traveler at forty, are stored with the typescripts for that book; likewise, the diary that dreiser kept on his trip to russia in - is located with the typescripts for  dreiser looks at russia. dreiser's private diaries contain more than pages of notes; he often pasted in postcards, prescriptions for medicine, letters, menus, and souvenirs. sometimes he made drawings of certain architectural details or designs that he liked. at the end of t he container list for this series is a note regarding the location of other diaries in the collection. 		box	folder 	 diary fragments, - . 	 	 	 	 savannah diary, jan.- feb. 	 	 - 	 	 savannah diary: transcription by neda westlake for entries for, jan.- feb. 	 	 	 	 greenwich village diary: xerox of letters establishing provenance of diary; entries for, may - march . 	 	 - 	 	 indiana diary, june -july . 	 	 - 	 	 diary of trip to grove and asbury park, new jersey:, july - . 	 	 	 	 helen diary, july - july . 	 	 - 	 	 florida diary, maps, bills, guides, telegrams, miscellaneous, - . 	 	 	 	 florida diary, dec. - jan. . 	 	 - 	 	 florida diary: copy of sunland magazine, jan. 	 	 	 	 florida diary: newspaper clippings re real estate development in florida, dec. , , ; jan. . 	 	 - 	 	 european diary, june -oct. . 	 	 	 	 theodore dreiser: american diaries, (thomas p. riggio, editor; james l. w. west iii, textual editor) (philadelphia: university of pennsylvania press, ): suggested illustrations, - , . 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): copies of correspondence re publication. 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): front matter. 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): introduction by riggio. 	 	 - 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): editorial principles by west. 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): philadelphia diary; notes, oct. - feb. . 	 	 - 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): savannah diary; notes, . 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): greenwich village diary; notes, may - march . 	 	 - 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): home to indiana; notes, . 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): a trip to the jersey shore; notes, . 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): helen, hollywood, and the  tragedy; notes, july - july . 	 	 - 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): motoring to florid; notes, dec. - jan. . 	 	 - 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): appendix—diary fragments, - . 	 	 	 	 american diaries (pa. ed.): textual apparatus. note for other td diaries, see boxes , , (european diary, - , used in writing a traveler at forty); box (diary notes for  a hoosier holiday); and box (russian diary, - , used in writing  dreiser looks at russia). 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 xv.  biographical material. series description this material is difficult to categorize, as it ranges from pages from the dreiser family bible to a copy of dreiser's memorial service on january . housed here, for example, are some short autobiographical works; biographical summaries by other s; lists of dreiser's writings, addresses, and places of employment; addresses of associates; papers and books stored in warehouses; personal manuscripts for sale; invitees to a simon & schuster reception at mt. kisco; and awards. the container list provides more details. 		box	folder 	 pages from dreiser family bible; title page from dawn. 	 	 	 	 list of td domiciles and places of employment. 	 	 	 	 "a dreiser chronology," by john g. moore, feb. . 	 	 	 	 autobiographical sketch by td for household magazine, nov. 	 	 	 	 td's account of his life for eric possell, march . 	 	 	 	 list of td's writings in various forms and their owners as of (?); later lists of td manuscripts for auction, . 	 	 	 	 list of td's magazine articles and other writings. 	 	 	 	 writings by or about td in the state library, salem, oregon, after . 	 	 	 	 accident reports: td hit by auto and auto accident involving td, helen richardson, and clara clark, , . 	 	 	 	 list of invitees for simon & schuster reception for td at iroki, mt. kisco, n.y., oct. 	 	 	 	 td address list. 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous addresses of td associates. 	 	 	 	 biographies of td in reference books. 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous biographical data. 	 	 	 	 press release announcing td's appointment as editor of the delineator. 	 	 	 	 td's plan for making money after being fired from the delineator(?). 	 	 	 	 td horoscopes. 	 	 	 	 td's proposal for a society to help young authors, (?), jan. . 	 	 	 	 "a literary apprenticeship," autobiographical ms (incomplete) and notes; notes for an autobiographical work, "literary experience". 	 	 	 	 architect's sketches of iroki [td's mt. kisco home], ; advertisement for sale of iroki; directions to iroki; furniture advertisement with note from evelyn light, march . note see box , folder , for map of mt. kisco. 	 	 	 	 inventory of td's papers at mt. kisco and manhattan storage, . 	 	 	 	 inventory of td's papers at mt. kisco and manhattan storage, revised later by td and helen dreiser, . 	 	 	 	 inventory of td material at manhattan storage, annotated by helen dreiser and harriet bissell, . 	 	 	 	 lists and receipts of transfers of material in storage at mt. kisco and manhattan storage, and other inventoried papers, - . 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous lists. 	 	 	 	 td awards; obituaries. 	 	 	 	 memorial service for td, jan. . 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous items re dreiser family members: edward dreiser, mary frances dreiser brennan, john paul dreiser. 	 	 	 	 td notes and souvenirs from trips. note see box , folder , for souvenir map of big moose lake, new york. 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 xvi.  family members. 	 a.  paul dresser materials. description & arrangement this subseries begins with two boxes of theodore dreiser correspondence, which deals exclusively with business concerns related to the music of his brother, paul dresser. the first is correspondence between dreiser and several music publishing firms (i.e., paul dresser music, richmond music, edward b. marks, and paull-pioneer). the second houses correspondence with theodore and helen dreiser from many private and corporate correspondents concerning the making of the movie about paul dresser's life, my gal sal (this box is arranged chronologically). the remainder of the material comprises: paul dresser sheet music, filed alphabetically by title, with miscellaneous sheet music and lyric sheets following ( boxes, a list of titles of these works may be found in appendix f); a scrapbook of articles related to paul dresser ( box); paul dresser memorabilia and clippings ( box); two plays written by paul dresser,  after many years and  timothy and clover ( / box); and dresser memorabilia collected by paul gormley, including photos, clippings and cards ( / box). 		box	folder 	 biographical information on paul dresser, written by td. 	 	 	 	 td correspondence pertaining to paul dresser music. 	 	 - 	 	 td correspondence pertaining to my gal sal. 	 	 - 	 	 paul dresser sheet music: original board; "after the battle," "her tears drifted out with the tide". 	 	 - 	 	 paul dresser sheet music: "i long to hear from home," "the old flame flickers and i wonder why". 	 	 - 	 	 paul dresser sheet music: "on the banks of the wabash far away," "you're just a little nigger..." miscellaneous sheet music, lyric sheets. 	 	 - 	 	 paul dresser scrapbook. 	 	 - 	 	 paul dresser memorabilia and clippings. 	 - 	 - 	 	 paul dresser material: paul gormley's collected memorabilia; plays: "after many years," "timothy and clover". 	 - 	 - 	 	 b.  helen dreiser diaries and other writings. description & arrangement because the theodore dreiser papers contains so much material by and about helen, and because she and dreiser were associated for so many years in a business as well as a personal relationship, her writings have been gathered in a separate series. in addition to helen dreiser's daybooks, kept between and , this series contains typescripts and notes from her my life with dreiser ( ) and a movie script for a sequel to  my gal sal--"sal o' my heart." helen sometimes worked with dreiser on screenplays; her work is housed with dreiser's writings when she adapts one of his works. see, for example, her screen adaptation of  sister carrie in box , folder and her work on  my gal sal in box . 		box	folder 	 helen dreiser's daybooks, - , - . 	 - 	 	 	 helen dreiser's daybooks, - . 	 - 	 	 	 helen dreiser's daybooks, - . 	 - 	 	 	 genealogical chart of patges lineage. 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous notes and clippings. 	 	 	 	 "journey eternelle". 	 	 	 	 my life with dreiser (chaps. i-li, epilogue). 	 	 - 	 	 my life with dreiser (fragments from chaps. - ). 	 	 - 	 	 my life with dreiser, miscellaneous notes and corrections. 	 	 - 	 	 my life with dreiser, promotional material. 	 	 	 	 helen richardson [dreiser] and lucile nelson, "the blessed damozel," synopsis for a movie, . 	 	 - 	 	 "a few notes on the dream, manuscript which was inspired by charles fort's first full length manuscript 'x'". 	 	 	 	 "sal o' my heart," movie script, . 	 	 	 	 "sal o' my heart," movie script with songs by clare kummer, . 	 	 	 	 c.  vera dreiser correspondence. description & arrangement this material includes personal correspondence between vera dreiser and others, mainly concerning her two famous uncles, theodore dreiser and paul dresser. files are ordered alphabetically by correspondent and chronologically within each folder; incom ing and outgoing letters are interfiled. following the correspondence are a few subject folders; they comprise: articles and information about dreiser; vera's diary concerning theodore; dreiser family history; notes concerning paul dresser; and memorabilia. 		box	folder 	 correspondents a - p. 	 	 - 	 	 correspondents r - z; miscellaneous notes; memorabilia. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 xvii.  memorabilia. 	 a.  scrapbooks. description & arrangement these scrapbooks were not all compiled by dreiser, but they all focus on his activities and interests. they are arranged chronologically, with the earliest scrapbook presenting reviews of sister carrie and the last one dash;kept by lorna smith between and —containing clippings and souvenirs of dreiser and helen. six scrapbooks hold reviews of dreiser's books. in addition to the one for sister carrie, there are scrapbooks for  a traveler at forty, the "genius", "twelve men,"  newspaper days (a book about myself), and  the color of a great city. the last four are book dummies filled with blank pages, onto which clippings of book reviews are pasted. hazel godwin kept a scrapbook of clippings regarding dreiser's visit to toronto in . helen dreiser compiled six scrapbooks between and that contained christmas and other holiday cards sent to dreiser and herself; clippings about dreiser's activities and speeches and world events; programs and other souvenirs; reviews of and music from  my gal sal; telegrams, cards, and letters that she received after dreiser's death; reviews of  the bulwark and  the stoic; and accounts of h er speeches and activities. scrapbooks covering dreiser's career with  the delineator, his activities between and and miscellaneous literary selections, and the all russian ballet project are also housed here. 		box	folder 	 sister carrie: scrapbook of reviews, - . 	 	 	 	 sister carrie: folder of loose reviews found in scrapbook but not pasted in first page of scrapbook of letters, - . 	 	 	 	 miscellaneous clippings re td at the delineator. 	 	 	 	 a traveler at forty: clippings of reviews, - . 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by kirah markham of writings, some by or about td, circa - . 	 	 	 	 loose items found in scrapbook. 	 	 	 	 book dummies of the "genius",  twelve men,  newspaper days (a book about my self), and  the color of a great city, each containing pasted-in reviews of the respective books, - . 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by helen dreiser of clippings re td and current events, christmas cards, and souvenirs, - . 	 	 	 	 all russian ballet, inc.: scrapbook empty except for letter to arthur carter hume , copy of woodcut of td, and few items relating its incorporation, nov. . 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by helen dreiser of clippings re td and current events, reviews of my gal sal, souvenirs, and programs, - . 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by hazel godwin re td's trip to toronto, canada,, october . 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by helen dreiser of clippings re td and current events, music from and reviews of my gal sal, christmas and other holiday cards, programs, and souvenirs, - . 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by helen dreiser of clippings re td and current events, programs, holiday cards, souvenirs, copies of her speeches about td, a few clippings re td's death, - . 	 	 	 	 "the passing of theodore dreiser": scrapbook kept by helen dreiser, containing letters, telegrams, and cards from friends; clippings; and other memorabilia re the death of td. 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by helen dreiser of clippings re td and his writings; some reviews of the bulwark and  the stoic and of books written about td, - . 	 	 	 	 scrapbook kept by lorna smith with clippings and souvenirs re td and helen dreiser, - . 	 	 	 	 b.  photographs. description the photographs (many of which may be viewed online) in this series range from informal snapshots to formal portraits and provide extensive documentation of the personal lives and careers of theodore and helen dreiser and vera dreiser scott (dreiser's niece). in addition to collecting in dividual photographs, helen compiled photograph albums that pictured her friends and relatives as well as her activities and travels with dreiser. all photographs in the collection are housed in this series with two exceptions: ( ) photographs that were enclosed with correspondence originally and that were still housed with that correspondence in and ( ) photographs that dreiser filed with research notes (these photographs have been left in place). theodore and helen dreiser, myrtle butcher (helen 's sister), vera dreiser scott, and ralph fabri are the major donors of photographs to the dreiser papers. this series comprises photographs of dreiser alone and with others; persons associated with dreiser; dreiser's parents and siblings; helen patges richardson dreiser, alone and with others; helen richardson's family album; photograph albums compiled by helen; dreiser residences; artistic representations of dreiser; edward dreiser, mai skelly dreiser, vera dreiser, and their friends and relatives; identifiable friends or associates of vera dreiser; and publicity photographs of associates of vera dreiser who were involved in musical or theatrical productions. in addition, there are photographs that have been used in publications about dreiser and to promote motion pictures based on his works. 		box	folder 	 photographs of td, - . 	 	 	 	 photographs of td with others, - . 	 	 	 	 photographs of persons associated with td. description does not including photographs of helen dreiser or of td's parents and siblings. 	 	 	 	 photographs of td's parents and siblings. 	 	 	 	 photographs of helen patges richardson dreiser, alone and with others, circa - . note photographs of helen with td can be found in boxes , , and . 	 	 	 	 helen richardson family album, - . 	 	 	 	 photo album compiled by helen richardson, , containing photographs of herself, td, friends, family, residences, and places visited, - . 	 	 	 	 photograph albums compiled by helen richardson, , containing photos of herself, td, friends, family, residences, and places visited, - . 	 	 	 	 photographs of dreiser residences, - . 	 	 	 	 photographs of artistic representations of td. 	 	 	 	 photographs that have been used in publications about td and to promote motion pictures based on his works. description illustrations from pennsylvania dreiser edition of sister carrie, an amateur laborer, theodore dreiser: american diaries, - , dreiser-mencken letters; motion picture stills from  jennie gerh ardt and  my gal sal. 	 	 	 	 photographs that have been used in periodical publications re td or his writings. 	 	 - 	 	 photographs of edward dreiser, mai skelly dreiser, vera dreiser, and their friends and relatives, late s- . 	 	 	 	 photographs of edward dreiser, mai skelly dreiser, vera dreiser, and their friends and relatives, - s. 	 	 	 	 identifiable friends or associates of vera dreiser. 	 	 	 	 publicity photographs of associates of vera dreiser who were involved in musical or theatrical productions, a - k. 	 	 	 	 publicity photographs of associates of vera dreiser who were involved in musical or theatrical productions, l - z and unidentified. 	 	 	 	 oversize photographs of td and his friends, relatives, and associates. arrangement arranged chronologically. 	 	 - 	 	 oversize photographs of vera dreiser and her family. arrangement arranged chronologically. 	 	 - 	 	 c.  art work. description these boxes contain prints, drawings, and caricatures, some of which are originals, some copies. original prints by wharton esherick, some inscribed to dreiser, are housed here, as is the original of the bookplate made for dreiser by franklin booth. the container list outlines specific holdings. 		box	folder 	 adams, wayman: reproductions of second painting of td, . 	 	 	 	 amick, robert: sketches of td. 	 	 	 	 aug. . 	 	 	 	 davis, hubert: "the essence of irony" and "the griffith family in kansas city". 	 	 	 	 dürer, albrecht: "the arraignment of jesus before pilot" and "the resurrection". 	 	 	 	 esherick, wharton, - . contents * "map showing good old barnegat bay and the happy ports for great sloop `kitnkat'" (annotated by esherick re td's visit june ) * "free" ( ) * "the lee rail" ( ) * "of a great city" ( )(multiple copies, including ones ins cribed to td, louise campbell, and burton rascoe and metal plate used in printing) * "chick's ship" ( ) * illustration for  tristram and iseult ( ) * august ( ) * "the bid" ( ) (lithographs) * "as i watched the ploughman ploughing" by walt whitman ( ) (woodcuts by esherick) 	 	 	 	 king, alexander: caricature of td and sherwood anderson, circa . description inscribed "theodore dreiser and sherwood anderson peeping at misery." 	 	 	 	 kelly, james e. and john w. evans: drawings of thomas edison and oscar wilde by kelly, from engravings made by evans; letter from evans to td re wilde drawing. 	 	 	 	 kolski, gan, - , undated. contents * "sunrise at provincetown" ( ) * "steam under bridge" ( ) * "after the storm" (undated)(lithographs) 	 	 	 	 kubitz, estelle: cartoon drawing of td and estelle kubitz. 	 	 	 	 lubbers, adrian: drawings, . contents * "brooklyn bridge" ( ) * "south ferry" ( ) * "times square from times building" ( ) 	 	 	 	 miller, d.: marguerite tjader harris. 	 	 	 	 reich, a.: prints,, , undated. contents * "amberg, martinskirche u. schiffersteg" ( ) * "auf der landstrasse" (n.d.) * "aus dem oberpfälzer jura" ( ) * "aus neustadt a./waldnaab" ( ) * "die ruine" ( ) * "schloss prunn im altmühltal" ( ) 	 	 	 	 rivera, diego: details of murals, . 	 	 	 	 rivera, diego: mural and detail from mural, . 	 	 	 	 siporin: illustration for "kismet". 	 	 	 	 stengel, hans: caricature of td with women, . 	 	 	 	 duddy, lynn: vera dreiser. 	 	 	 	 ?, elaine: vera dreiser. 	 	 	 	 drawing of a house by?, spring . 	 	 	 	 d.  promotional material. description & arrangement dreiser saved advertisements, programs, and other types of promotional material for his books, political causes, activities of his friends, and items that he wanted to buy. the promotional material for dreiser's books has been filed alphabetically by publisher; other promotional material has been ordered chronologically. 		box	folder 	 promotional material for td's books by b. w. dodge & co., boni & liveright (later horace liveright), and cin (czechoslovakian publisher). 	 	 	 	 promotional material for td's books by constable & co. 	 	 	 	 promotional material for td's books by doubleday & co., ediciones hoy (spanish publisher), golden book news, g. p. putnam's, heron press. 	 	 	 	 promotional material for td's books by john lane co. 	 	 	 	 promotional material for td's books by limited editions club, longman's modern age, népszava könyvkereskedés (hungarian publisher). 	 	 	 	 promotional material for td's books by paul zsolnay verlag (german publisher), samuel french, world publishing co. 	 	 	 	 promotional material for books of interest to or about td,, - . 	 	 	 	 promotional material for various products and causes of interest to td. 	 	 	 	 promotional material: programs, - . 	 	 	 	 promotional material: programs, - . 	 	 	 	 promotional material: programs, - and undated. 	 	 	 	 e.  postcards. description & arrangement dreiser collected postcards during his travels in the united states, cuba, europe, turkey, and russia. most of them are unmarked, but some have annotations on the back by either theodore or helen dreiser. postcards of the united states are filed by s tate, and the others are filed by country of origin, with one exception. box contains the postcards that dreiser collected on his round trip from new york to indiana, the experiences from which were the basis of his book a hoosier holiday. he stored these postcards together as a group, as they remain in this collection. 		box	folder 	 postcards from "hoosier holiday" trip, arizona, new mexico, texas, georgia, florida. 	 	 	 	 postcards from california, oregon, washington, yellowstone national park, montana, new jersey, pennsylvania, kentucky, maryland, virginia, west virginia, illinois, minnesota, north dakota, new york, miscellaneous united states, france, england. 	 	 	 	 postcards from austria, czechoslovakia, denmark, scandinavia, germany, monaco, monte carlo, russia, switzerland. 	 	 	 	 postcards from belgium, cuba, italy, the netherlands, turkey. 	 	 	 	 f.  miscellaneous. description various small personal items belonging to theodore and helen dreiser are stored here, including their passports, flowers from dreiser's memorial service, and the newspaper clipping announcing helen's first marriage to frank richardson. the memorabilia are arranged chronologically, with theodore's first, followed by helen's. in addition, there is a - / lp recording of a interview with dreiser. 		box	folder 	 td memorabilia: td's passport, may . 	 	 	 	 td memorabilia: souvenirs from trip to russia, - . 	 	 	 	 td memorabilia: framed photograph of charles fort. 	 	 	 	 td memorabilia: desk diary sent to td by john h. mackey, . 	 	 	 	 td memorabilia: miscellaneous papers. 	 	 	 	 td memorabilia: miscellaneous cards, including td-kirah markham "at home" card. 	 	 	 	 td memorabilia: td signatures. 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: newspaper account of double wedding of hazel patges (helen's sister) to david pettie and of helen patges to francis richardson; memorial booklet from funeral of hazel pettie, ?, . 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: proposal to paint ida patges's (helen's mother's) house. 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: promotional literature ("theodore dreiser: america's foremost novelist") given to helen by td on the day they met, sept. 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: helen richardson's passport, june . 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: bird feather from "hopsie," a one-legged bird. 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: roses from the scarf covering td's casket, roses sent to helen on another occasion, jan. . 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: helen's metropolitan museum of art (new york) lifetime membership certificate and card. 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: program and tickets for premiàre of a place in the sun, aug. . 	 	 	 	 helen dreiser memorabilia: cards re flowers sent to memorial service for helen dreiser, september. 	 	 	 	 interview with td, feb. . 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 xviii.  financial records. 	 a.  authors royalties/ authors holding company. description this box contains statements of expenses for this company from october through october . there is also an account book covering the period june -december . 		box	folder 	 authors royalties/authors holding company statements, oct. - oct. . 	 	 - 	 	 authors royalties co., inc.: account book, june - dec. 	 	 	 	 b.  book sales statistics and reprint rights. description housed here are sales statistics for all of dreiser's books from to and sales statistics for his books in the united states from to . also filed here are miscellaneous notes about reprint rights. 		box	folder 	 sales statistics on td's books, - . 	 	 - 	 	 sales statistics on td's books in the united states, - june. note see box , folder , for sales statistics for / / . 	 	 	 	 reprint rights for td's writings, and undated. 	 	 	 	 c.  receipts. description & arrangement bills sent to and receipts received by dreiser are filed alphabetically in this box. 		box	folder 	 receipts. 	 	 - 	 	 d.  taxes. description this box contains various state and federal tax forms for theodore dreiser for through , as well as , and for helen dreiser for through . bills, receipts, and lists of expenses and income accompany the forms for through . 		box	folder 	 td: u.s. individual income tax returns, - , . 	 	 	 	 td: new york state income tax returns, - . 	 	 	 	 authors royalties co., inc.: corporation income tax returns, - . 	 	 	 	 brief for appellant: people of the state of new york, on relation of elmer l. rice v. mark graves et al. as tax commissioners (new york), court of appeals, . 	 	 	 	 td and helen dreiser: u.s. and california individual income tax returns for ; u.s. estimated tax return for; statement of income and expenses, - . 	 	 	 	 receipts, bills, and royalty statements used in preparing tax returns, . 	 	 	 	 td (estate) and helen dreiser: u.s. and california individual income tax returns for ; u.s. partnership return; california fiduciary return; estimated income tax forms; statements of income, . 	 	 	 	 receipts, bills, and royalty statements used in preparing tax returns, . 	 	 - 	 	 td (estate) and helen dreiser: u.s. and california individual, partnership, and fiduciary income tax returns; statements of income, . 	 	 	 	 receipts, bills, and royalty statements used in preparing tax returns, . 	 	 - 	 	 td (estate) and helen dreiser: income and expenses, . 	 	 	 	 e.  canceled checks. description the checks in this box were written by dreiser during - and - . 		box	folder 	 td canceled checks, . 	 	 	 	 td canceled checks, . 	 	 - 	 	 td canceled checks, . 	 	 	 	 td canceled checks, . 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 xix.  clippings. description & arrangement dreiser and helen saved clippings themselves but also subscribed to clipping services and received clippings from friends and associates. the largest group of these in the dreiser papers has been organized into categories and microfilmed. the clippings in the four boxes in this series duplicate some of those in the larger microfilmed collection. two of the boxes contain miscellaneous clippings from to that mention some aspect of dreiser's life or work. another box contains clippings of reviews of dreiser's books or books about dreiser, arranged chronologically. included in this box are reviews of borden deal's book the tobacco men, which was based on dreiser's notes for his screenplay, "revolt or tobac co." the final box contains clippings of reviews of motion pictures based on dreiser's works:  the prince who was a thief, a place in the sun, and  carrie. 		box	folder 	 clippings about td, - . 	 	 - 	 	 clippings about td, - . 	 	 - 	 	 clippings: reviews of sister carrie, jennie gerhardt, the financier, a traveler at forty, the titan, the "genius," the hand of the potter. 	 - 	 	 	 clippings: reviews of the color of a great city, newspaper days (a book about myself), an american tragedy, moods. 	 - 	 	 	 clippings: reviews of a gallery of women, tragic america, dawn, america is worth saving, best short stories of theodore dreiser. 	 - 	 	 	 clippings: reviews of the bulwark. 	 - 	 	 	 clippings: reviews of theodore dreiser: apostle of nature, by robert h. elias, and  the letters of theodore dreiser, edited by robert h. elias. 	 - 	 	 	 clippings: reviews of theodore dreiser by f. o. matthiessen, and  my life with dreiser by helen dreiser. 	 - 	 	 	 clippings: reviews of dreiser by w. a. swanberg, and  letters to louise by louise campbell. 	 - 	 	 	 reviews of the tobacco men by borden deal , which was based on td's notes for his screenplay "revolt or tobacco", . 	 - 	 	 	 reviews or articles on the prince who was a thief, . 	 - 	 	 	 reviews or articles on carrie, . 	 - 	 	 	 reviews or articles on a place in the sun, . 	 - 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 xx.  works by others. series description beginning during his career as a magazine editor and continuing throughout his lifetime, dreiser was a willing and helpful critic to writers who asked his advice about their work. this series consists of ( ) manuscripts, typescripts, printer's proofs, and printed versions of writings that these aspiring writers, as well as dreiser's friends and associates, sent him during his lifetime and ( ) writings about dreiser that the dreiser collection has received since his papers were deposited here. these w ritings are filed alphabetically, and researchers should check appendix g for specific authors and titles. 		box	folder 	 a - b. 	 	 - 	 	 c - d. 	 	 - 	 	 e - go. 	 	 - 	 	 gr - har. 	 	 - 	 	 harvey dudley, dorothy: galleys and book jacket for forgotten frontiers: dreiser and the land of the free, . 	 	 	 	 haz - hu. 	 	 - 	 	 i - mcd. 	 	 - 	 	 mar - mo. 	 	 - 	 	 n - p. 	 	 - 	 	 powys, john cowper: bound page proofs for wolf solent, . 	 	 	 	 r - s. 	 	 - 	 	 t - z and untitled. 	 	 - 	 	 cassette tape of lecture on td by fred c. harrison, and letter re lecture from harrison to myrtle butcher, nov. . 	 	 	 	 videotape of "murder on big moose?" and note from trina carman, sept. . 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 xxi.  oversize. description & arrangement the first box in this series contains oversize periodical publications, arranged chronologically. some were owned by dreiser; some contain works by him. the second box includes oversize items from several different series in the theodore dreiser papers and is arranged in series order. researchers should consult the container list for specific holdings. 		box	folder 	 russian magazine on the building of the moscow metro, . 	 	 	 	 ussr in construction, nos. - , . 	 	 	 	 l'illustration, dec. . 	 	 	 	 "the tithe of the lord" : printed version in esquire, july. 	 	 	 	 "the story of harry bridges" : printed version in friday, oct. . 	 	 	 	 brandt & brandt correspondence, ? dec. 	 	 	 	 butcher, myrtle patges correspondence: christmas card from td, helen richardson, and ida patges, . 	 	 	 	 gredler correspondence: christmas card to td, undated. 	 	 	 	 heinl, robert d. correspondence, : galleys for "bill," by paul dresser, . 	 	 	 	 masters, edgar lee correspondence: galleys for "masters—on the mason county hills: butterfly hid in the room". 	 	 	 	 paul zsolnay correspondence: foreign accounts, dec. 	 	 	 	 map of automobile routes used by td on "hoosier holiday" trip to indiana, . 	 	 	 	 issues of ottobre containing excerpts from  tragic america, . 	 	 	 	 "concerning dives and lazarus": broadside, . 	 	 	 	 "editor and publisher": broadside, . 	 	 	 	 "humanitarianism in the scottsboro case": printed version in contempo, . 	 	 	 	 "the pushcart man": printed version in new york call magazine, march . 	 	 	 	 "the standard oil works at bayonne": printed version in new york call magazine, march . 	 	 	 	 "toilers of the tenements": printed version in new york call magazine, aug. . 	 	 	 	 "women can take it": reprint of "women are the realists" in new york journal-american, saturday home magazine, . 	 	 	 	 "butcher rogaum's door" : printed version in reedy's mirror, dec. . 	 	 	 	 "solution" : printed version in women's home companion, nov. 	 	 	 	 map of td's property, mt. kisco, n.y. 	 	 	 	 souvenir map of big moose lake, n.y. 	 	 	 	 randolph bourne award, presented to td by american writers congress, june . 	 	 	 	 sales statistics on td's books, march . 	 	 	 	 lyon, harris merton: "the chorus girl". 	 	 	 	 return to top » 	 xxii.  clippings (originals for microfilm). description this series comprises clippings that theodore and helen dreiser collected, as well as those sent to them by their friends and by various clipping services that the dreisers used. these clippings are very fragile; some folders of clippings have disappeared, and many clippings are unreadable in their current condition. the entire clipping collection was microfilmed, and the microfilm is available to readers. 		box	folder 	 biographical: miscellaneous personal items. 	 	 - 	 	 biographical: newspaper photographs; caricatures; td trip to europe, - ; td trip to europe, - ; td trip to russia, - ; td tour of u.s., ; coal mine strikes, - , . 	 	 - 	 	 biographical: death notices, ; helen dreiser activities, - ; early periodical stories; interviews with td. 	 	 - 	 	 biographical: miscellaneous opinions; forewords, introductions; poems. literary criticism: in newspapers and periodicals; reviews and notices of books on td by burton rascoe, vrest orton, dorothy dudley, robert elias, f. o. matthiessen, helen dreiser. 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: general literary comment. 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: general literary comment (cont.). 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: poems; sister carrie; "the mighty burke;"  jennie gerhardt; "the men in the dark". 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: the financier; a traveler at forty; "an episode;" "the first voyage over;" "an uncommercial traveler in london;"  the girl in the coffin; "paris;" "impressions of the old world". 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: the titan; the "genius". 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: the "genius" (cont.);  the blue sphere; in the dark; laughing gas; plays of the natural and the supernatural; the rag pickers; "epic of desire;"  the light in the window; "the lost phoebe;"  the bulwark. 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: the bulwark (cont.);  a hoosier holiday. 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: "life, art and america;" "married;" "change;" free and other stories; "the right to kill;" "the country doctor;"  the hand of the potter; twelve men; "the pushcar t man;" "love;" "ashtoreth;"  hey rub-a-dub-dub; "more democracy or less;"  a book about myself; "indiana;"  the color of a great city. 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: an american tragedy. 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: an american tragedy (cont.);  chains; "mildred my mildred;"  moods; a gallery of women; dreiser looks at russia; "this madness;" "epitaph;"  dawn; newspaper days; tragic america. 	 	 - 	 	 literary criticism: the stoic; "winterton;"  moods; the edwards case;  the living thoughts of thoreau; america is worth saving; world publishing co. reprints;  best short stories of theodore dreiser; "st. columba and the river;" "the prince of thieves." items of special interest to td: source material. 	 	 - 	 	 items of special interest to td: source material (cont.). 	 	 - 	 	 items of special interest to td: "on the banks of the wabash;" john cowper powys lecture on td; h. l. mencken; edgar lee masters; windy mcpherson's son, by sherwood anderson;  contemporary portraits by frank harris;  american literature of the present by herman g. scheffauer;  my gal sal. foreign language and influence: foreign influence; british. 	 	 - 	 	 foreign language and influence: british (cont.); czechoslovakian; danish; dutch; french; german. 	 	 - 	 	 foreign language and influence: philippine; italian; mexican; russian; spanish; swedish; yiddish. sheri scott folder. 	 	 - 	 	 return to top » 	 appendices. appendix a: location list of essays by theodore dreiser title (folders) 	"an address to caliban" ( - ) 	"ah! robert taylor" ( ) 	"all life is sacred. oh yes" ( ) 	"america" ( - ) 	"america: a chain of phylacteries" ( ) 	"america and the artist" ( ) 	"america—and war" ( ) 	"american democracy against fascism" ( ) 	"american restlessness" ( ) 	"american tragedies" ( ) 	"american tragedies" [book review] ( ) 	"america's foremost author protests against suppression of great books and art by self-constituted moral censors" ( ) 	"america's only genius—boosting" ( ) 	"and the greatest of these" ( ) 	"appearance and reality" ( ) 	"arbeitslose in new york" ( ) 	"are the masses worth saving" ( ) 	"armenia today" ( ) 	"the artistic temperament" ( ) 	"as if in old toledo" ( ) 	"ashtoreth" (see box , folders - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "johnny" ( - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "otie" ( - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "bill brown" [by hazel godwin] ( - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "ethelda" ( - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "clarence" ( - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "harrison barr" ( - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "arthur baker" [not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "artie and jean" [not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "christine marsten" [not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "george" [not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "jimmy and the pituitary gland" [by marcia lee masters?; not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "louisa" [not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "the meanest man" [by marcia lee masters; not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "orville signs the checks" [not used] ( - ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "our way of life" [not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "this is ida" [not used] ( ) 	"baa! baa! black sheep" series: "uncle jeffry" [not used] ( ) 	"the balance for right" ( ) 	"the beauty of the tree" ( ) 	"berlin" ( ) 	"the best motion picture interview ever written" (see "mack sennett") 	[comment on] books in brief ( ) 	"the bread line" (see box , folders - ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"brown fell dead" ( ) 	"california committee against initiative proposition no. " ( ) 	"a call for a true relationship" ( ) 	"challenge to the creative man" ( - ) 	"change" (see box , folders - ) 	"chaos" ( - ) 	"charles fort" ( ) 	"chauncey m. depew" ( - ) 	"a certain oil refinery" (see "the standard oil works at bayonne") 	[chicago] ( ) 	"chile as a prey to american imperialism" ( ) 	[china] ( ) 	"christmas in the tenements" (see box , folders - ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	[the church and wealth in america] ( ) 	"citizens of moscow" ( ) [see also box , folders - , ] 	"civilization where? what?" ( - ) 	"the cliff dwellers" ( - ) 	"cold spring harbor" ( ) 	"the color of to-day" ( ) [see also "sonntag—a record," box , folders - ] 	"come all ye who are weary and heavy laden" ( ) 	"comment on experimental cinema" ( ) 	"commercial exploitation in america" ( - ) 	[communist party] ( ) 	"concerning dives and lazarus" (see box , folder ) 	"concerning our helping england again" ( ) 	"concerning the elemental" ( ) 	"concerning the joy of living and doing" ( ) 	"concerning religious charities" ( ) 	"a confession of faith" ( ) 	"the control of sex" ( ) 	"a conversation" [between td and john dos passos] ( ) 	[comment on] "co-op," by upton sinclair ( ) 	"the country doctor" ( ) [see also box , folders - ] 	"the cradle of tears" (see box , folder ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"credo" ( ) 	[review of] crime and punishment, by f. dostoievsky ( ) 	"crime and punishment here" ( ) 	"a cripple whose energy gives inspiration" (see "the noank boy") 	"the crowding of the cities" ( - ) 	"curious shifts of the poor" (see "the old captain") 	"daily news ears batted down by dreiser" ( ) 	"the dawn is in the east" ( - ) 	"the day of surfeit" ( ) 	"the democracy of the funny bone" ( ) 	"the descent of the horse" ( ) 	"a doer of the word" ( ) 	"down hill and up: part i—down" ( - ) 	"down hill and up: part ii—up" ( - ) 	"the dream" (see box , folder ) 	"dreiser defends norris on power" (see "reply to mr. paul s. clapp") 	"dreiser describes spain's tense air" ( ) 	"dreiser discusses dewey plan" ( ) 	"dreiser finds morale of barcelonians high" ( ) 	"dreiser on scottsboro" (see "public opinion and the negro") 	"dreiser sees no progress" ( ) 	"earl browder—july , " ( ) 	"earl browder—terre haute" ( ) 	[the early adventures of "sister carrie"] ( ) 	"editor and publisher" (see box , folder ) 	"editorial conference" ( ) 	"edmund clarence stedman at home" ( ) 	"education and civilization" ( ) 	"electricity in the household" ( ) 	[emergency unemployment relief committee] ( ) 	"the epic sinclair" ( - ) 	"epic technologists must plan" ( ) 	"the factory ( - ) 	"fall river" ( ) 	"fifty million frenchmen" ( ) 	"flies and locusts" ( ) 	"the flight of pigeons" (see box , folder ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"fools of love" ( ) 	"the fools of love and the fools of success" ( - ) 	"'free the class war prisoners in boss jails'—dreiser" ( ) 	"freedom for the honest writer" ( - ) 	"fruit growing in america" ( - ) 	[review of] gandbi: the magic man ( ) 	"a garbled report" ( ) 	[the genesis of the peach crop] ( ) 	[george ade] ( ) 	[german temperament] ( ) 	"the god forgotten" ( - ) 	"good and evil" ( ) 	"the gordian knot" ( - ) 	"the great american novel" ( ) 	[comment on] the great hunger, by johan bojer ( ) 	"great problems of organization. iii. the chicago packing industry" ( ) 	"greenwich village" ( ) 	"greetings to the canadian workers in their struggle for freedom" ( ) 	"the harp" ( ) 	"the haunts of bayard taylor" ( ) 	"helen" ( ) 	"henry l. mencken and myself" ( ) 	"hey, rub-a-dub-dub" ( ) [see also box , folders - ] 	"heywood broun" ( ) 	"the hidden god" ( ) 	"hitler, fascism and the jews" ( ) 	[hitler's invasion of russia, ] ( ) 	"hollywood: its morals and manners" [parts - ] ( - ) 	"hollywood now" ( - ) 	"the holy roman church" ( ) 	"hoover and the red cross: russia - " ( ) 	"how russia handles the sex question" ( ) 	"how the great corporations rule the united states" ( ) 	"humanitarianism in the scottsboro case" (see box , folder ) 	"hungary and the hungarians" ( ) 	"i am grateful to soviet russia" ( ) 	"i find the real american tragedy" ( - ) 	[i find the real american tragedy] [testimony of robert allan edwards on cross-examination from trial] ( - ) 	"i hope the war will blow our minds clear of the miasma of puritanism" (see "what the war should do for american literature") 	"i remember! i remember!" series: contributions by td, louise campbell, marcia masters, mary donovan, dagmar deering, lulla adler, and yvette szekely ( - ) 	"ida hauchawout" ( - ) [see also box , folders - ; box , folders - ] 	"if man is free, so is all matter" ( ) 	"illinois" ( - ) 	"in mizzouri" ( ) 	"incentive—a problem essay" ( ) 	"indiana" ( - ) 	"intellectual unemployment" ( ) 	"interdependence" ( ) 	"interview between theodore dreiser and harry bridges" ( - ) [see also box , folder ] 	"an interview with ty cobb" ( - ) 	"the irish section foreman who taught me how to live" ( ) 	"is american freedom of the press to end?" ( ) 	"is fascism coming to america?" ( ) 	"is there a future for american letters?" ( - ) 	"it is official lawlessness in america that makes government regulation or aid in any quarter wholly futile" ( ) 	"it is parallels that are deadly" ( - ) [see also "the coward" in td writings: short stories] 	"j. q. a. ward" ( - ) 	"john reed club answer" ( ) 	"judge jones, the harlan miners and myself" ( ) 	[comment on] judgment day, by elmer rice ( ) 	"just how our corporations work and rule" ( ) 	"keep moving [or starve]" ( - ) 	[kentucky coal miners and situation in harlan county] ( ) 	"kismet" ( - ) 	"the laziest man. a case of real idleness" ( ) 	"a lesson from the aquarium" ( - ) 	"lessons i learned from an old man" ( ) 	"let the dead bury the dead" ( ) 	"let us look honestly at the cause of sex crimes" ( ) 	"a letter about stephen crane" ( ) 	"a letter from rex beach & the authors' league of america to t. dreiser and an answer" ( ) 	[letter to editor re td's reply of sept. to writers war board, oct. ] ( ) 	"letter to governor young" [re tom mooney] ( ) 	[letter to new york world telegram in reply to td re american federation of labor] ( ) 	[letter to the president and congress of the united states states re the communist party] ( ) 	"letters and opinions on the land of the soviets" ( ) 	"libel à la mode" ( ) 	"'liberty': what price?" ( ) 	"life after death" ( ) 	"life, art and america" (see box , folder ) 	"life at sixty-seven" ( - ) 	"literary immorality" ( ) 	"literature and journalism" ( ) 	"the log of an ocean pilot" ( ) [see also box , folder ; box , folder ; box , folder ] 	"the loneliness of the city" ( ) 	"the love affairs of little italy" (see box , folder ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"loyalists tell dreiser they will not surrender" ( ) 	"mack sennett" ( - ) 	"the making of small arms" ( ) 	"the making of stained-glass windows" ( ) 	"man and romance" ( ) 	"the man on the bench" (see box , f. - ; box , f. ; box , f. ) 	"the man on the sidewalk" ( - ) 	"the man who bakes your bread" ( - ) 	"the man who wanted to be a poet" ( ) 	"manhattan beach" ( ) 	"the mansions of the father" ( - ) 	[marden, orison swett, and success magazine] ( ) 	"mark the double twain" ( - ) 	"mark twain—three contacts" ( - ) 	[massie crime in hawaii] ( ) 	"mathewson" ( - ) 	"the matter of labor's share" ( ) 	"meaning of the ussr in the world today" ( - ) 	"the men in the dark" ( ) [see also box , folders - ; box , folder ; box , folder ] 	"the men in the snow" (see box , folder ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"the men in the storm" (see box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"the mighty burke" ( ) 	"miss fielding" ( ) 	"a modern advance in the novel" ( ) 	"mooney and america" ( ) 	[essay on tom mooney] ( ) 	"more democracy or less? an inquiry" (see box , folders - ) 	"the most successful ballplayer of them all" (see "an interview with ty cobb") 	"my city" ( - ) [see also box ] 	"my creator" ( - ) 	"my favorite fiction character" ( ) 	"myself and the movies" ( - 	"the myth of individuality" ( ) 	"the new and the old" ( ) 	"the new day" ( ) 	"the new humanism" ( ) 	[ new masses ] ( ) 	[new york] ( ) 	"new york" ( ) 	"nigger jeff" ( ) 	"nikolai lenin" ( ) 	"no advice to young writers" ( ) 	"no cars running" ( ) 	[review of] no for an answer, by marc blitzstein ( ) 	"the noank boy" ( ) 	"the noise of the strenuous" ( ) 	[review of] of human bondage ( ) 	"the old captain" ( ) 	"an old spanish custom" ( ) 	"olive brand" ( ) [see also box , folders - ] 	"on doctors" and "on physicians" ( ) 	"on—myself" ( ) 	"one day" ( ) 	[review of] one man, by robert steele ( ) 	"our amazing illusioned press" (see "what is the matter with the american newspaper") 	"our american press and our political prisoners" ( ) 	"our creator" ( ) 	"our democracy: will it endure?" (see box , folders , ) 	"our greatest writer tells what's wrong with our newspapers" ( ) 	"our red slayer" (see box , folders - ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"out of my newspaper days. i. chicago" ( ) [see also box , folder ] 	"out of my newspaper days. ii. st. louis" ( ) [see also box , folders - ] 	"out of my newspaper days. iii. 'red' galvin" ( ) [see also box , folders - ] 	"out of my newspaper days. iv. the bandit" ( ) [see also box , folder ] 	"out of my newspaper days. v. i quit the game" ( ) [see also box , folders - ] 	"an overcrowded entryway" (see "hollywood: its morals and manners," box , folder ) 	"overland [journey]" ( - ) 	"paris— " ( ) 	"policy of national committee for defense of political prisoners" ( ) 	"portrait of a woman" ( ) [see also "ernestine" in box , folders - ] 	"portrait of an artist" ( ) 	"the position of labor" ( ) 	[present revolt of the arts in america] ( ) 	"the problem of distribution" ( ) 	"the professional intellectual and his present place" ( ) 	"the profit-makers are thieves" ( ) 	"prosperity for only one percent of the people" ( ) 	"public opinion and the negro" ( ) 	"the pushcart man" (see box , folder ) [see also box , folders - ; box , folder ; box , folder ] 	"pushkin" ( ) 	"rally round the flag" ( - ) 	"the real sins of hollywood" ( ) 	"the realistic parade" ( ) 	"rebellious women and marriage" ( - ) 	"the red cross brings poverty and misery" ( ) 	"regina c—" ( ) [see also box , folder ; box , folders - 	"reina." see also box , folders - ( ) 	"rella." see also box , folders - ( ) 	"reply to mr. paul s. clapp" ( ) 	"the right to revolution" ( ) 	"the rivers of the nameless dead" (see box , folders - ; box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"robison cars running" ( ) 	"the romance of power" ( - ) 	"running the railroads" ( - ) [see also "a splash of cold water on the railroads"] 	"rural america in wartime" ( - ) 	"russia: the great experiment" (see box , folder ) 	"the russian advance" ( ) 	"russian vignettes" ( ) [see also box , folders , ] 	"the saddest story" [review of the good soldier, by ford madox hueffner (ford)] ( ) 	"samuel butler" ( ) 	"sarah schanab" ( ) 	"scenes in a cartridge factory" ( ) 	"the scope of fiction" ( ) 	"a sea marsh" ( ) 	"the seventh commandment" ( - ) 	"sex crimes and morals" ( - ) 	"sherwood anderson" ( - ) 	"should capitalistic united states treat latin america imperialistically?" ( - ) 	"should communism be outlawed in america" ( ) 	"should the government compete in business with private individuals?" ( ) 	"should hungary have been crunched under heel?" ( - ) 	"the silent worker" ( ) 	"six o'clock" ( ) [see also box , folder ; box , folder ; box , folder ] 	"the six worst pictures of the year" ( ) 	[sombre annals], review of undertow, by henry k. marks ( ) 	[soviet union] ( ) 	"speaking of censorship" ( ) 	"the spider and the fly" ( ) 	"a splash of cold water on the railroads" ( ) [see also "running the railroads"] 	"stamp out want" ( ) 	"a stand in life" ( ) 	"the standard oil works at bayonne" (see box , folder ) [see also box , folder ; box , folder ; (box , folder &gt;] 	[a start in life] ( - ) 	"a statement by theodore dreiser" (see "comment on experimental cinema") 	[sterling, george] ( ) 	"the story of harry bridges" (see "interview between theodore dreiser and harry bridges") [see also box , folder ] 	"the story of the states: no. iii—illinois" (see "illinois") 	"the strike to-day" ( ) 	"strikers arrested" ( ) 	"a suggestion for the communist party" ( ) 	"the superstition of my birth" ( ) 	"symposium on the medical profession" (see "on doctors") 	"take a look at our railroads" (see "running the railroads" and "a splash of cold water on the railroads") 	"temperaments—artistic and otherwise" ( ) 	"theodore dreiser and the free press" ( ) 	"theodore dreiser condemns war" (see "war") 	"theodore dreiser's interview of anna fort" ( - ) 	"theodore dreiser picks the six worst pictures of the year" (see "the six worst pictures ‥" 	"they shall not die" ( ) 	"this florida scene" ( ) 	"this madness" series: "introduction" ( - ) 	"this madness" series: "aglaia" ( - ) 	"this madness" series: "elizabeth" ( - ) [see also "a daughter of the puritans," box ; box , folders - ] 	"this madness" series: "sidonie" ( - ) 	"this madness" series: "camilla" [not used] ( - ) 	"this madness" series: "aglaia" [printed version] ( - ) 	"this madness" series: "the story of elizabeth" [printed version] ( - ) 	"this madness" series: "the book of sidonie" [printed version] ( - ) 	[thompson family] ( ) 	"the threat of war and the youth" ( ) 	[time capsule, td's message for] ( ) 	"the tippicanoe" ( ) 	"the titan in england" ( ) 	"to be or not to be" ( ) 	"to those whom it should concern" ( ) 	"the toil of the laborer: a trilogy" [see also box , folder - ] ( ) 	"toilers of the tenement" (see box , folder ) [see also box , folders - ; box , folder ; box , folder ] [toilers of the tenement: untitled article similar to the one with this title] ( ) 	"the training of the senses" ( ) 	"the treasure house of natural history" ( ) 	"the trial of the negro communists" ( ) 	[tribute to gorky] ( ) 	[unemployment and the wpa] ( ) 	"unemployment in america" ( - ) 	"unemployment in new york" ( - ) 	"u[nited].s[tates]. must not be bled for imperial britain"( ) 	"upton sinclair" ( ) 	"war" ( - ) 	[war: td's denunciation of, s] ( ) 	"war is a racket" ( ) 	"war is a racket" ( ) 	"war or no war" ( ) 	"the waterfront" (see box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"we hold these truths...," ( ) 	"what are america's powerful motion picture companies doing?" ( ) 	"what has the great war taught me?" ( ) 	"what i believe: living philosophies--iii" ( ) [see also "credo"] 	"what is americanism?" ( ) 	"what is democracy?" ( ) [see also box , folder ; box , folders , ] 	"what is the matter with the american newspaper" ( - ) [see also "our greatest writer tells what's wrong with our newspapers"] 	"what my mother meant to me" ( ) 	"what the war should do for american literature" ( ) 	"what to do" ( ) 	"when the sails are furled: sailor's snug harbor" ( ) [see also box , folder ; box , folder ] 	"when will the next war start?" ( ) 	"whence the song" (see box , folder ; box , folder ) 	"where is labor's share?" ( ) 	"where is leadership for the workingman?" ( ) 	"white magic" ( - ) 	"whom god hath joined together" ( - ) 	"why help russia?" ( ) 	"why i believe the daily worker should live?" ( ) 	"why i like the russian people" ( ) 	"why i propose to vote for the communist ticket" ( ) 	"why physical morality?" ( ) 	"will fascism come to america?" (see "is fascism coming to america?") 	"winterton" ( ) 	"women are the realists" ( - ) [see box , folder for reprint] 	"woods hole and the marine biological laboratory" ( ) 	"a word concerning birth control" ( ) 	"work of mrs. kenyon cox" ( ) 	"work of vengeance" ( ) 	"writers declare: 'we have a war to win'" ( ) 	"writers take sides" ( ) 	"the yield of the rivers" ( ) 	"you, the phantom" ( - ) 	 untitled essays ( - ) appendix b: location list of short stories by theodore dreiser title (folders) 	"ambling sam" ( ) 	"art for art's sake" ( ) 	"as the hart panteth after the roe" ( ) 	"the bargainers—mrs. p.a.s romance" ( ) 	"beauty" ( ) 	"bleeding hearts" ( ) 	"the building of new york's first apartment hotel" ( ) 	["the door of the] butcher rogaum" ( ) [see also box , folder ] 	"chains" [story plus proposed table of contents for book of short stories using this title] ( ) 	"choosing" ( ) [see also newspaper days : ms, chaps. xxv-xxx] 	["the power of] convention" ( - ) 	"the coward" ( ) [see also "it is parallels that are deadly" in td writings: essays] 	"the credo (i believe)" ( ) 	"the crime" ( ) 	"the cruise of the idlewild" ( - ) 	"cut out" ( ) 	"de lusco" ( - ) 	"the empty nest" ( ) 	"enchantment" ( ) 	"the end of the day" ( ) 	"the ex governor" ( ) 	"the failure" ( ) 	"the failure—the other one" ( ) 	"the fairy" ( ) 	"father" ( ) 	"the father" ( ) 	"the favor" ( ) 	"fine feathers" ( ) 	"fine feathers" ( ) 	"fine furniture" ( - ) 	"fulfillment" ( - ) 	"the fur merchant" ( ) 	"the gentler sex" ( ) 	"a girl" ( ) 	"gold teeth" ( - ) 	"the gulls" ( ) 	"the hand" ( - ) 	"the happy marriage" ( ) 	"the hedonist" ( ) 	"the heir" ( ) 	"her boy" ( - ) 	"her problem" ( ) 	"the hermit" ( ) 	"his sister" ( ) 	"the homely woman" ( ) 	"how she won—the girl who woke up" ( ) 	"in memory" ( ) 	"irrepressible edward" ( ) 	"is life worth living" ( ) 	"it shall not be" ( ) 	"jealousy" ( ) [see also "the shadow"] 	"khat" ( ) 	"the king of shadows" ( ) 	"kismet" ( ) 	"the last sip" ( ) 	"let the dead bury the dead" ( ) 	"the lost father" ( ) 	"the lost phoebe" ( - ) 	"the man who wanted to be a poet" ( ) 	"marriage—for one" ( ) 	"the mercy of god" ( - ) 	"mrs. george sweeny" ( ) 	"mr. grillsnider" ( - ) 	"mobgallia" ( ) 	"nemesis" ( ) 	["the lynching of] nigger jeff" ( - ) 	"no sale" ( ) 	"the old neighborhood" ( - ) 	"old rogaum and his theresa" (see ["the door of the] butcher rogaum") 	[olga and her "true" love] ( ) 	"oolah, boolah, boolah!" ( ) 	"paternity" ( ) 	"phantom gold" ( ) 	"the prince who was a thief" ( - ) 	"pure chemistry" ( ) 	"the reigning success" ( ) 	"revenge" ( - ) 	"the reward" ( ) 	"the rivals" ( ) 	"the road to happiness" ( ) 	"the sailor who would not sail" ( - ) 	"sanctuary" ( ) 	"the second choice" ( - ) 	"the second motive" ( ) 	"a sentimental journey" ( ) 	"the shadow" ( ) [see also "jealousy"] 	"shadows" ( ) 	"so nice of you" ( ) 	"solution" ( - ) [see also box , folder , and "solution" in td writings: screenplays and radio scripts ] 	"a story of stories" ( - ) 	"the strangers" ( ) 	"surcease" ( ) 	"sympathy in grey" ( ) 	"tabloid tragedy" ( ) 	"that which i feared" ( ) 	"three hundred dollars" ( ) 	"the tithe of the lord" ( - [see also box , folder ] 	"the total stranger" ( - ) 	"transubstantiation" ( ) 	"two hundred dollars" ( ) 	"typhoon" ( - ) 	"the virtues of abner nail" ( ) 	"the voice from heaven" ( ) 	"the wages of sin" (see "typhoon") 	"what's right" ( ) 	"when the old century was new" ( - ) 	"willard and claire" ( ) 	"the writer" ( ) 	untitled story manuscripts ( - ) 	untitled story of an unfaithful wife ( ) 	untitled story outline ( ) 	untitled story outline [related to "revenge"?] ( ) 	untitled story typescript ( ) appendix c: location list of poems by theodore dreiser title (folders) 	"an address to the sun" ( ) 	"all" ( ) 	"all in all" ( ) 	"all thought—all sorrow" ( ) 	"allegory" ( ) 	"ambition" ( ) 	"amid the ruins of my dreams" ( ) 	"and continueth not" ( ) 	"arizona" ( ) 	"as a lone horseman, waiting" ( ) 	"as with a finger in water" ( ) 	"the ascent" ( ) 	"asia" ( ) 	"the aspirant" ( ) 	"avatar" ( ) 	"the `bad' house" ( ) 	"the balance" ( ) 	"bayonne" ( ) 	"the beauty" ( ) 	"before the accusing faces of billions" ( ) 	"bells" ( ) 	"beyond the tracks" ( ) 	"the blurred of vision" ( ) 	"boom—boom—boom" ( ) 	"borealis" ( ) 	"brahma" ( ) 	"the brief moment" ( ) 	"the broken ship" ( ) 	"the brook" ( ) 	"brooklyn bridge" ( ) 	"by the waterside" ( ) 	"cattails—november" ( ) 	"the cattle train" ( ) 	"chief strong bow speaks" ( ) 	"the city" ( ) 	"city's accidents" ( ) 	"the city's night" ( ) 	"the coal shute" ( ) 	"commune" ( ) 	"conclusion" ( ) 	"confession" ["i!"] ( ) 	"confession" ["love has done this for me:"] ( ) 	"contest" ( ) 	"crowds" ( ) 	"crows" ( ) 	"the dancers" ( ) 	"the dark hazard" ( ) 	"darkling desires" ( 	"dawn" ( ) 	"the deathless princess" (see "i am repaid") 	"decadence" ( ) 	"defeat" ( ) 	"demogorgon" ( ) 	"demons" ( ) 	"desire—ecstasy" ( ) 	"die sensucht" ( ) 	"dives advises" ( ) 	"divine fire" ( ) 	"dreams" ["always within the heart,"] ( ) 	"dreams" ["transitory dreams"] ( ) 	"driven" ( ) 	"elegy" ( ) 	"epitaph" ( ) 	"epitaph" [scored for music by walter grondstay] ( ) 	"equation" (see "exchange") 	"escape" ( ) 	"etching" (see "pastel" ["the hills flow like waves"]) 	"eunuch" ( ) 	"the evanescent moment" (see "the brief moment") 	"evening—mountains" ( ) 	"evensong" ( ) 	"everything" ( ) 	"the evil treasure" ( ) 	"exchange" ( ) 	"the excuse" ["it has been my lacks"] ( ) 	"the excuse" ["those things"] ( ) 	"eyes" ( ) 	"the factory" ( ) 	"factory walls" ( ) 	"the failure" ["always a man will take color from his work"] ( ) 	"the failure" ["the unconscious that drove me"] ( ) 	"fata morgana" ( ) 	"the favorite" ( ) 	"the fire of hell" ( ) 	"five moods in minor key" [includes "tribute," "the loafer," "improvisation," "machine," and "escape"] ( ) 	"five poems by theodore dreiser" [includes "tall towers," "the poet," "in a country graveyard," "the hidden god," and "the new day"] ( ) 	"flower and rain" ( ) 	"the fomentor" ( ) 	"the fool" ( ) 	"for a moment the wind died" ( ) 	"for a moment the wind died" [scored for music by lillian rosedale goodman] ( 	"for i have made me a garden" ( ) 	"the forest" ( ) 	"foreword" ( ) 	"four poems" [includes "wood note, "for a moment the wind died," "they shall fall as stripped garments," and "ye ages, ye tribes!"] ( ) 	" th street" ( ) 	"freedom" ( ) 	"frustrated desire" ( ) 	"fugue" ( ) 	"the funeral" ( ) 	"the furred and feathery" ( ) 	"the galley slave" ( ) 	"the garden" ( ) 	"geddo street" ( ) 	"the ghetto" ( ) 	"the gift" ( ) 	"the gifted company" ( ) 	"the gladiator" ( ) 	"gold" ( ) 	"good fortune" ( ) 	"the granted dream" ( ) 	"grant's tomb" ( ) 	"the great face" ( ) 	"the great lack" ( ) 	"the great silence" ( ) 	"the great voice" ( ) 	"the greater need" ( ) 	"harbor—evening" ( ) 	"heaven" ( ) 	"heights" ( ) 	"hell gate" ( ) 	"hey rube!" ( ) 	"the hidden poet" ( ) 	"his mother" ( ) 	"home" ( ) 	"the home maker" ( ) 	"honest katie" ( ) 	"the house of dreams" ( ) 	"the hudson" ( ) 	"the hudson—morning" ( ) 	"the hudson—west shore—evening" ( ) 	"the husbandman" ( ) 	"i am repaid" ( ) 	"if beauty would but dwell with me" ( ) 	"the image of our dreams" ( ) 	"improvisation" ( ) 	"in a negro graveyard" ( ) 	"in rebuttal" ( ) 	[in the park] ( ) 	"in this park" ( ) 	"in the seaside auditorium" ( ) 	"individuality" ( ) 	"innocence" ( ) 	"inquiry" ( ) 	"interrogation" ( ) 	"intruders" ( ) 	"it" ( ) 	["it is with these living"] ( ) 	"ita est" ( ) 	"job and you" ( ) 	"kansas and nebraska" ( ) 	"karma" ( ) 	"the kiln" ( ) 	"laborer—mexico" ( ) 	"the lack" ( ) 	"the last voice" ( ) 	"let me know more of thee" ( ) 	"liberty" ( ) 	"life"— versions: ( ) ["ever a greater illusion"] and ( ) ["it is so beautiful"], scored for music by lillian rosedale goodman ( ) 	"light and shadow" ( ) 	"lillies and roses" ( ) 	"links" ( ) 	"little dreams, little wishes" ( ) 	"the little flower of love and wonder" ( ) 	"the little home" ( ) 	"little keys" ( ) 	"little moonlight things of song" ( ) 	"the little shops" ( ) 	"the loafers" ( ) 	"love" ["i am but a spoonful of honey"] ( ) 	"love" ["i stood in the rain"] ( ) 	"love" ["like a cactus in a desert"] ( ) 	"the love-death" ( ) 	"love song" ["to me"] ( ) 	"love song" ["to me"] [scored for music by hermann erdlen; german libretto for baritone and string quartet by lina goldschmidt] ( ) 	"love song" ["you have entered my dreams!"] ( ) 	"the lovers" ["today!"] ( ) 	"the lovers" ["two resplendent flames"] ( ) 	"machine" ( ) 	"machines" (see "summer") 	"man" ( ) 	"the march" ( ) 	"marriage" ( ) 	"marsh bubbles" ( ) 	"the martyr" ( - ) 	"the masque" ( ) 	"material' possessions" ( ) 	"the meadows" ( ) 	"a mean street" ( ) 	"melody" ( ) 	"the merging" ( ) 	"messenger" ( ) 	"the miracle" ( ) 	"mirage" ( ) 	"miserere" ( ) 	"mood music" ( ) 	"moon moth" ( ) 	"morning—east river" ( ) 	"morning in the woods" ( ) 	"morning—north river ." ( ) 	"morning—north river ." ( ) 	"morning—the whistle" ( ) 	"mortuarium" ( ) 	"mothers" ( ) 	"the mourner" ( ) 	"the muffled oar" ( - ) 	"the multitude" ( ) 	"the mysterious master" ( ) 	"mystery" ( ) 	"the myth of possessions" ( - ) 	"nature" ( ) 	"the nestlings" ( ) 	"the new day" ( ) 	"new faces for old" ( ) 	"the new world" ( ) 	"newark bay" ( ) 	"nocturne—north river" ( ) 	"not forgotten" ( ) 	"nothing" ( ) 	"obliteration" ( ) 	"october" ( ) 	"oh urgent seeking soul" ( ) 	"the old south" ( ) 	"the one and only" (see "die sensucht") 	"orchestra" ( ) 	"the orient" ( ) 	"out of? in?" ( ) 	"outcast" ( ) 	"passion" ( ) 	"pastel" ["a grey day—"] ( ) 	"pastel" ["the hills flow like waves"] ( ) 	"pastel: twilight" ( ) 	"the perfect room" ( ) 	"the pervert" ( ) 	"phantasm" ( ) 	"phantasmagoria" ( ) 	"pierrot" ( ) 	"pigeons" ( ) 	"polarity" ( ) 	"the possible" ( ) 	"the prisoner" ( ) 	"the process" ( ) 	"proclamation" ( ) 	"the prophet" ( ) 	"proteus" ( ) [see also "the fomentor"] 	"the psychic wound" ( ) 	"question" ( ) 	"the question" ["more life for more people—"] ( ) 	"the question" ["no gratitude?"] ( ) 	"the questioner" ( ) 	"rain" ( ) 	"rain—november" ( ) 	"' reality, '" ( ) 	"recent poems of life and labour" [includes "the factory," "the stream," and "geddo street"] ( ) 	"the reformer speaks" ( ) 	"regret" ( ) 	"religion" ( ) 	"requiem" ( ) 	"requiem" [scored for music by vera dreiser] ( ) 	"resignation" ( ) 	"revenge" ( ) 	"revery" ( ) 	"revolt" ( ) 	"reward" ( ) 	"the riddle" ( ) 	"the river dirge" ( ) 	"river scene" ( ) 	"the sailor" ( ) 	"st. francis to his god" ( ) 	"st. george's ferry" ( ) 	"st. john" ( ) 	"st. lukes" ( ) 	"sanctuary" ( ) 	"the savage" ( ) 	"schimpfen sie" ( ) 	"search song" ( ) 	"selah" ( ) 	"the self-liberator" ( ) 	"seraphim" ( ) 	"shadow" ( ) 	"the shadow" ( ) 	"shimtu" ( ) 	"siderial" ( ) 	"the singer" ( ) 	"something is thinking" ( ) 	"song" ["blow winds of summer, blow"] ( ) 	"song" ["old woman"] ( ) 	"song—rain" ( ) 	"the sons of prometheus" ( ) 	"soo-ey" ( ) 	"the sower" ( ) 	"the sowing" ( ) 	"static" ( ) 	"the storm" ( ) 	"the stranger" ( ) 	"the stylist" ( ) 	"summer" ( ) 	"a summer evening" ( ) 	"sun and flowers and rats" ( ) 	["sunday again the city will sleep late"] ( ) 	"sunset" ( ) 	"sunset and dawn" ( ) 	"supplication" ( ) 	"sutra" ( ) 	"take hands" [scored for music by carl e. gehring] ( ) 	"tenantless" ( ) 	"that accursed symbol" ( ) 	"they have conferred with me in solemn counsel" ( ) 	["the things of death are bitter and complete"] ( ) 	"the thinker" ["majestic"] ( ) 	"the thinker" ["out of boost pegram's poolroom"] ( ) 	"thought" ( ) 	"thoughts" ( ) 	"through all adversity" ( ) 	"tigress and zebra" ( ) 	"time" ( ) [see also "the new world"] 	"the time-keeper" ( ) 	"times square (midnight)" ( ) 	"tis thus you torture me" ( ) 	"to a windflower" ( ) 	"to a wood dove" [scored for music by lillian rosedale goodman] ( ) 	"to make him know" ( ) 	"to oscar wilde" ( ) 	"to you" ( ) 	"the torrent" ( ) 	"the tower" ( ) 	"the toymaker" ( ) 	"the traveler" ( ) 	"trees" ( ) 	"tribute" ( ) 	"the triumph" ( ) 	"the troubadour" ( ) 	"tryst" ( ) 	"two by two ( ) 	"the ultimate" ( ) 	"the ultimate necessity" ( ) 	"the unterrified" (see "love" ["like a cactus in a desert"]) 	"us" ( ) 	"the victor" ( ) 	"the vigil" ( ) 	"the voyage" ( ) 	"walls" ( ) 	"the wanderer" ( ) 	"the watch" ( ) 	"the waterside" ( ) 	"what" ( ) 	"what to do" ( ) 	"who lurks in the shadow?" ( ) 	"winter" ( ) 	"with whom is shadow of turning" ( ) 	"wood tryst" ( ) 	"words" ( ) 	"wounded by beauty" ( ) 	"the wraith" ( ) 	"you are the silence" ( ) 	"the young girl" ( ) 	"young love" ( ) 	"youth" ( ) appendix d: location list of plays by theodore dreiser title (folders) 	"the bargainers—a modern drama" ( - ) 	"the bell" ( ) 	"the best people" ( ) 	"the blue sphere" ( - ) 	["the blue sphere"] "die blaue kugel" [scored for music by hermann erdlen; translation by lina goldschmidt and hans bodenstedt] ( - ) 	"the choice" ( - ) [see also "the choice" in td writings: screenplays and radio scripts.] 	"the dream" ( - ) 	"the end: a reading play in scenes" ( ) 	"fidelity" ( ) 	"the fool: a tragedy" ( ) 	"the girl in the coffin" ( - ) 	"gorm: a tragedy" ( ) 	"the hand of the potter" ( - ) 	"the herald" ( ) 	"in the dark" ( - ) 	"jeremiah i" ( ) 	"laughing gas" ( - ) 	"laughing gas" [scored for music by ivan boutnikoff] ( ) 	"the legacy" ( ) 	"the light in the window" ( - ) 	["the light in the window"] "das licht im fenster" [german translation by lina goldschmidt] ( ) 	mildred—my mildred" ( - ) 	"the neer-do-well" ( ) 	"old rag picker" ( ) 	"phantasmagoria" ( ) 	"the spring recital" ( ) 	"the spring recital" (ballet-pantomime) [music by ivan boutnikoff] ( ) 	"town and country" ( ) 	"the voice" ( ) 	fragments and outlines ( - ) appendix e: location list of screenplays and radio scripts by theodore dreiser title (folders) 	memorandum re possible movie material in td's work ( ) 	list of movie scenarios by td or of td's works ( ) 	"arda cavanaugh" [screen adaptation by elizabeth coakley] ( ) [see also "cinderella the second" 	"big town: death weather" [radio adaptation by marian spitzer and milton merlin] ( - ) 	"box office" [screen adaptation by elizabeth coakley] ( - ) 	"chaduji" ( - ) 	"the choice" ( - ) [see also "the choice" in td writings: plays ] 	"cinderella the second" [screen adaptation by elizabeth coakley] ( - ) [see also "arda cavanaugh"] 	"the clod" ( ) 	"culhane, the solid man" ( - ) 	"the door of the trap" ( - ) 	"hadassah or ishtar or esther" ( ) 	"the hand" ( - ) 	"helen of troy" ( ) 	"home is the sailor" [outline for movie script by esther mccoy] ( - ) 	"lady bountiful, jr." ( - ) 	"the long long trail" ( - ) 	"the lorlei" ( ) 	"my gal sal" ( - ) 	"my gal sal" [outline for a movie script by helen dreiser] ( - ) 	"my gal sal" [by?] ( - ) 	"my gal sal" [a review by c. j. dyer] ( ) 	"our america" [proposal for radio series] ( - ) 	"the prince who was a thief" ( - ) 	"revolt or tobacco" [source material] ( - ) 	"revolt or tobacco" [synopses, outline, and summary] ( - ) 	"revolt or tobacco" [photographs from trip] ( ) 	"revolt or tobacco" [notes from trip] ( ) 	"revolt or tobacco" [material on super pictures, inc.] ( - ) 	"revolt or tobacco" ( - ) 	"sanctuary" [screen adaptation by helen dreiser] ( ) 	"solution" [outline, synopsis by elizabeth kearney, screen adaptation] ( - ) [see also "solution" in td writings: short stories ] 	"storm tossed" ( ) 	"stuck with the glue: a detective drama" ( ) 	"suggested script for anna sten" ( ) 	"suicide clinic" [screen adaptation by esther mccoy] ( - ) 	"the tables turned" ( ) 	"the tiger" ( ) 	"the tithe of the lord" [synopsis for a motion picture by elizabeth coakley] ( ) 	"the twenty wishes" ( ) 	"vaitua" ( - ) 	"women always knit" [by ladislas foodor, with comments and suggestions by td and elizabeth coakley] ( ) 	untitled ideas for screenplays ( - ) appendix f: manuscript and sheet music by paul dresser 	"after the battle" ( ) - copies 	"the army of half-starved men" ( ) - includes advertisement for "glory to god" inside front cover 	"ave maria" ( ) 	"a baby adrift at sea, song and chorus" ( ) 	"baby's tears, song and chorus" ( ) 	"the battery" ( ) 	"the boys are coming home to-day" ( ) 	"come tell me what's your answer, yes or no" ( ) - copies 	"coontown capers, two-step march (a negrosyncrasy)" ( ) - by theo. f. morse with characteristic verse by paul dresser 	"the curse of the dreamer, descriptive solo for baritone or mezzo-soprano" ( ) 	"the day that you grew colder, a retrospective ballad" ( ) - includes advertisement for "mary mine" 	"days gone by, song and chorus" ( ) 	"did you ever hear a nigger say 'wow'" ( ) - copies 	"don't forget your parents" ( ) - minor lyric changes and key change from version 	"don't forget your parents at home" ( ) 	"a dream of my boyhood's days" ( ) 	"every night there's a light, or, the light in the window pane" ( ) 	"gath'ring roses for her hair, sentimental song" (?) 	"glory to god, sacred song" ( ) 	"the green above the red" ( ) - copies, both include advertisement for "in good old new york town" on p. 	"he brought home another" ( ) - copies, one published by howley, haviland and co., the other by herbert h. taylor, inc. 	"he didn't seem glad to see me" ( ) 	"he fought for the cause he thought was right" ( ) 	"he loves me, he loves me not" ( ) 	"he was a soldier" ( ) 	"her tears drifted out with the tide" ( ) 	"i long to hear from you" ( ) 	"i send to them my love" ( ) 	"i was looking for my boy, she said; or decoration day" ( ) - copies 	"i wish that you were here tonight" ( ) 	"i wonder if she'll ever come back to me" ( ) 	"i wonder if there's someone who loves me" ( ) 	"if you see my sweetheart" ( ) 	"i'm going far away, love" ( ) 	"in dear old illinois" ( ) 	"in the sweet summer time" ( ) - copies 	"jim judson (from the town of hackensack)" ( ) 	"the judgement is at hand (paul dresser's last song)" ( ) 	"just to see mother's face once again" ( ) 	"the limit was fifty cents" ( ) 	"little fanny mcintyre, waltz song" ( ) 	"little jim" ( ) 	"the lone grave" ( ) 	"love's promise" ( ) 	"mary mine" ( ) - copies 	"mother will stand by me" ( ) 	"mr. volunteer; or, you don't belong to the regulars, you're just a volunteer" ( ) - includes advertisement for "the voice of the hudson" on p. 	"my flag! my flag!" ( ) 	"my gal sal; or, they called her frivolous sal" ( ) - includes sample quartet chorus inside front cover 	"my sweetheart of long, long ago" ( ) 	"never speak again" ( ) 	"niggah loves his possum; or, deed, he do, do, do" ( ) 	"the old flame flickers, and i wonder why" ( ) 	"on the banks of the wabash, far away" - one copy is missing the music but has p. dresser's autograph inside back cover, signature dated jan. , ; another copy (copyright, ) is complete and includes a sample of "you mother wants you home, bo y (and she wants you mighty bad)" inside front cover; other copies (copyright, ) and another ( ) which touts silent screen star madge evans 	"on the shore of havana, far away (a paraphrase)": to the melody of the famous song "on the banks of the wabash" ( ) 	"once every year" ( ) - copies 	"our country, may she always be right, but our country right or wrong" ( ) 	"perhaps you'll regret someday" ( ) - copies 	"a sailor's grave by the sea" ( ) - copies 	"say yes, love!" ( ) - copies, one with front cover missing 	"show me the way, sacred song" ( ) 	"the songs we loved, dear tom" ( ) 	"a stitch in time saves nine" ( ) 	"the story of the winds" ( ) 	"sweet savannah" ( ) - copies 	"take a seat old lady" ( ) 	"there's a ship" ( ) - copies 	"we are coming cuba coming" ( ) 	"we'll fight tomorrow mother" ( ) 	"when i'm away from you, dear" ( ) 	"when mammy's by yo' side" ( ) 	"when zaza sits on the piazza" ( ) - words by jos. farrell and music by henry frantzen; includes advertisement for "jim judson (from the town of hackensack)" inside front cover; on p. a note by theodore dreiser (t.d.) states that paul dresser w rote both the music and the lyrics 	"white apple blossoms" ( ) 	"wrap me in the stars and stripes" ( ) 	"your god comes first, your country next, then mother dear" ( ) 	"your mother wants you home, boy (and she wants you mighty bad)" ( ) 	"you're going far away, lad; or, i'm still your mother dear" ( ) 	"you'se just a little nigger, still you'se mine all mine" ( ) additional material 	letter - from emily grant von tetzel to the editor of "the world"; includes dresser's verses "the wolves of finance", dated march , 	clippings of lyrics - "mother told me so" and "the letter that never came" 	clipping - paul dresser's obituary, february , 	lyric sheets - typed and handwritten - "drink to your sweethearts dear," "i hate to leave you behind" and "the judgement is at hand"; sheets have notes by theodore dreiser 	picture of paul dresser 	cards from paul dresser's funeral (also "mementos") 	copyright certificate for "you are my sunshine sue" made in the name of theodore dreiser, dated / / 	ms. - "baby mine" 	ms. - "the great old organ" 	ms. - "marching through georgia" - includes typed lyric sheet for same 	ms. - "the people are marching by" 	ms. - "would i were a child again" 	ms. - "you are my sunshine sue" appendix g: works by others in the theodore dreiser papers description (folders) 	adams, henry. "the rule of phase applied to history" [ ] ( ) 	american civil liberties union. "legal tactics for labor's rights" [ ] ( ) 	"american literature in the u.s.s.r. ( - )" ( ) 	andrews, john william. "georgia transport" [ ] ( ) 	"apostle of naturalism" [ ] ( ) 	"an appreciation of dreiser's dawn " [ ] ( ) 	aragon, louis. "when we met dreiser"; burgum, edwin berry. "dreiser and his america" [ ] ( ) 	auchincloss, louis. "introduction" [to sister carrie ] [ ] ( ) 	auerbach, joseph. "authorship and liberty" [ ] ( ) 	avary, myrta lockett. "success—and dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	bardeleben, renate von. "dreiser's english virgil" [ ] ( ) 	bardeleben, renate von. "personal, ethnic, and national identity: theodore dreiser's difficult heritage" [ ] ( ) 	bardeleben, renate von. "the thousand and second nights in th-century american writing" [ ] ( ) 	barnett, james. "speeding up the workers" [ ] ( ) 	becker, george j. "theodore dreiser: the realist as social critic" [ ] ( ) 	beerman, herman, and emma s. beerman. "a meeting of two famous benefactors of the library of the university of pennsylvania—louis adolphus duhring and theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	bein, albert. "straight from the heart" [ ] ( ) 	benezet, carol. "to theodore dreiser" [poem] ( ) 	beverly, judith de. "the genius: an appreciation of theodore dreiser" [ ] [poem] ( ) 	bingham, robert w. "buffalo's mark twain" [ ] ( ) 	bird, carol. "dreiser on censorship" [ ] ( ) 	birinsky, leon, and kurt siodmek. "whitechapel" ( ) 	bloom, marion. [account of a nurse's experiences in world war i] ( ) 	book find news [issue in tribute to td, march ] ( ) 	book find news, january ( ) 	book find news [issues with ads for td's books, may and december , april ] ( ) 	"books of the month: floyd dell and theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	bornstein, josef. "ein dichter besichtigt russland" [ ] ( ) 	bourne, randolph. "the art of theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	bowman, heath. hoosier, chap. [ ] ( ) 	boyd, willilam riley. "a contrast between the whipping post of 'darkest delaware' and the convict camps of georgia" [ ] [speech] ( ) 	braley, berton. "three--minus one" [ ] ( ) 	brand, milton. [review of the outward room ] ( ) 	braziller, george. "how will dreiser be honored?" [ ] ( ) 	bulletin of the league of american writers. [announcement of a dinner honoring td, ] ( ) 	c.k. "to a realist" [poem; see harvey, dorothy, "to t.d."] ( ) 	campbell, louise. "an afternoon in a boardwalk auction shop" ( ) 	campbell, louise. "career" ( ) 	campbell, louise. "i'm seventeen to-day!" ( ) [n.b.: other writings by louise campbell are in her correspondence file] 	Čapek, j. b. "interview o theodoru dreiserovi" [ ] ( ) 	carringer, robert, and scott bennett. "dreiser to sandberg: three unpublished letters" ( ) 	Čelakovský, f. l. ohlasy písní Českých [ ] ( ) 	[t]chekhov, anton. a bear [ ] ( ) 	chekhov, anton. the cherry garden [ ] ( ) 	chevalier, haekon m. "the intellectual in the american community" [ ] ( ) 	[clark, clara l.]. "challenge" [ ] ( ) 	[clark, clara l.]. "my solitude" [ ] ( ) 	clark, clara l. [review of beyond women, by maurice samuel, ] ( ) 	coakley, elizabeth. [ideas for scenes for a movie, ] ( ) 	conrad, lawrence. "theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	cosulich, gilbert. "mr. dreiser looks at probation" [ ] ( ) 	cosulich, gilbert. "recent data on female criminals" [ ] ( ) 	cowley, malcolm. "the slow triumph of sister carrie" [ ] ( ) 	cunard, nancy. "black man and white ladyship" [ ] ( ) 	cuthbert, clifton. "an american tragedy" [ ] ( ) 	dash, mike. "charles fort and a man named dreiser" [after ] ( ) 	"david, the story of a soul" ( - ) 	[davis, mrs.]. [outline and script for a movie?] ( ) 	de kruif, paul. "jacques loeb" [fragment, ] ( ) 	dietrich, john h. "personal beliefs of noted men" [ ] ( ) 	[dostoyevsky, fyodor]. "the idiot" [playscript by powys?] ( - ) 	douglas, george. "for theodore dreiser" ( ) 	dowell, richard w. "'on the banks of the wabash': a musical whodunit" [ ] ( ) 	dowell, richard w. "'you will not like me, i'm sure" [ ] ( ) 	dreiser, edward m. "theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	"dreiser: detroit's favorite author" [ ?] ( ) 	"dreiser in passaic" [ ] ( ) 	duis, perry. chicago: creating new traditions [ ] ( ) 	dumont, henry. [introduction to a biography of george sterling, with additional material by henry von sabern] ( ) 	dunsany, lord. "a night at an inn" [ ] ( ) 	elias, robert. "dreiser: bibliography and the biographer" [ ] ( ) 	elias, robert. "the library's dreiser collection" [ ] ( ) 	elias, robert. "theodore dreiser: a classic of tomorrow" [ca. ] ( ) 	esherick, wharton. "he helps me build a building" ( ) 	"f." "our civilization" ( ) 	farrell, james t. "the fate of writing in america" [ ] ( ) 	farrell, james t. "a night in august, " ( ) 	farrell, james t. "some correspondence with theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	farrell, james t. "theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	fast, howard. [introduction to best short stories of theodore dreiser, ] ( ) 	fawcett, james waldo. "the genius" [poem] ( ) 	ficke, arthur davison. "memory of theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	ficke, arthur davison. "to theodore dreiser on reading 'the genius'" [ ] ( ) [review of the financier ] ( ) 	fort, charles. "had to go somewhere" [ ] ( ) 	fox, george l. "the panama canal as a business venture" [ ?] ( ) 	freeman, john. "an american tragedy" [review of td's book, ] ( ) 	"the french in syria" [after ] ( ) 	friedman, stanley j. "theodore dreiser and the dispossessed" [ ] ( ) 	furmańczyk, wiesĺaw. "a naturalist's view of ethics" [ ] ( ) 	furmańczyk, wiesĺaw. "theodore dreiser's views on religion in the light of his philosophical papers" [ ] ( ) 	gerber, philip l. "dreiser meets balzac at the 'allegheny carnegie'" [ ] ( ) 	gerber, philip l. "dreiser's financier: a genius" [ ] ( ) 	gerson, thomas. "for theodore dreiser" [poem] ( ) 	gibson, pauline. "the ghost of benjamin sweet" [ ] ( ) 	gilman, lawrence. "an author's famous friends" ( ) 	glaenzer, richard butler. "dreiser" [ ] [poem] ( ) 	goldschmidt, alfonso. "holitscher und dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	goldschmidt, alfonso and lina goldschmidt. [comments on td, in spanish, ] ( ) 	goldschmidt, lina. "theodore dreiser" [in german] ( ) 	goodman, lillian rosedale. "you have my heart" [song] ( ) 	griffin, joseph. "butcher rogaum's door': dreiser's early tale of new york" [ ] ( ) 	griffin, joseph. "dreiser revealed and restored" [ ] ( ) 	griffin, joseph. "theodore dreiser visits toronto" [ ] ( ) 	grosch, anthony r. "social issues in early chicago novels" [ ] ( ) 	halstead, blanche. "and yet?" [poem] ( ) 	halstead, blanche. "to a rose" [poem] ( ) 	hamilton, james burr (ed.). "the whipping block: a study of english education" [ ?] ( ) 	hapgood, hutchins. "out of the darkness" [a dialogue] ( ) 	hapgood, hutchins. "the primrose path" [play] ( ) 	"harlan county" and "revolt or tobacco" ( ) 	harris, marguerite tjader. "call for a re-issuing of dreiser's bulwark " [after ] ( ) 	harris, marguerite tjader. "dreiser's popularity in russia" [ ] ( ) 	harris, marguerite tjader. "dreiser's style" ( - ) 	harris, marguerite tjader. "god as looser" ( ) 	harris, marguerite tjader. "theodore dreiser loved science" [in russian, ] ( ) 	hartmann, sadakichi. "passport to immortality" [ ] ( ) 	[harvey, alexander]. [on the suppression of the "genius," ] ( ) 	harvey, dorothy dudley. "to t.d." ( ) 	[harvey], dorothy dudley. forgotten frontiers: dreiser and the land of the free [galleys, ] ( ) 	hazlitt, henry. "our greatest authors: how great are they?" [ ] ( ) 	hidaka, masayoshi. [ articles on td in japanese] ( ) 	hill, lawrence. [paper written for english course at yale university, ] ( ) 	hoffman, helene. "this myth virginity" ( ) 	[holloway, mrs.?]. ancient cosmologies and symbolisms ( - ) 	holtz, sophie. "a devil personified" ( ) 	huddleston, sisley. [essay in back to montparnasse ] ( ) 	hurst, fannie. "back street" [outline for a movie script by?] ( ) 	huth, john e., jr. "dreiser and success: an additional note" [ ] ( ) 	huth, john e., jr. "theodore dreiser, success monger" [ ] ( ) 	huth, john e., jr. "theodore dreiser: `the prophet'" [ ] ( ) 	international labor defense. "the international labor defense: its constitution and organization resolution" [ ] and "death penalty" [ ] ( ) 	[introductory remarks by? on appearance together of rabindranath tagore and ruth st. denis] ( ) 	jarmuth, edith delong. "to theodore dreiser" [poem] ( ) 	jerome, helen. "dreiser: the man of sorrow" [poem] ( ) 	kalinka, maga. "to t.d." [poem] ( ) 	kapustka, bruce. "shadows of dreams and souls" [poem] ( ) 	kazin, alfred. "the lady and the tiger: edith wharton and theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	keeffe, grace m. "novelistas de la nueva generación: louis bromfield" [ ] ( ) 	king, alexandra c. "theodore dreiser: an impression" [poem] ( ) 	knight, eric m. "pimpery—twentieth century" ( ) 	kraft, h. s. "dreiser's war in hollywood" [ ] ( ) 	kussell, sally. "the cheat" ( ) 	[kussell, sally.]. "the love of lizzie morris" ( ) 	kuttner, alfred b. "the lyrical mr. dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	la follette, suzanne. "the modern maecenas" [ ] [fragment] ( ) 	latour, marian. "to t.d." [poem] ( ) 	leberthon, ted. "this side of nirvana" [ s] ( ) 	le clercq, j. g. c., and w. h. chamberlin. "books, art and morality" [ ] ( ) 	lee, gerald stanley. [from "the lost art of reading," / ?] ( ) 	lengel, william c. "books that made me what i am today" [ ] ( ) 	lengel, william c. "the `genius' himself" [ ] ( ) 	lengel, william c. "theodore dreiser" [poem] ( ) 	llona, victor. "les u.s.a. jugés par théodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	logan, chass. "sister carrie" [review] ( ) 	lord, david. "dreiser today" [ ] ( ) 	lyon, harris merton. "the chorus girl" (see box , folder ) 	lyon, harris merton. "eve and the walled-in boy" ( ) 	lyon, harris merton. "from fancy's point of views" ( ) 	lyon, harris merton. "an unused pattlesnake" ( ) 	lyon, harris merton. "the weaver who clad the summer" ( ) 	[mccord, donald p.]. "one night" [by "michael vivadieu"] ( ) 	[mccord, donald p.]. "we, the people" [by "michael vivadieu"] ( ) 	mccord, p[eter] b. "niangua's tears" ( ) 	mccoy, esther. "outward journey" ( ) [n.b.: other writings by esther mccoy are in her correspondence file] 	mcdonald, edward. "dreiser before `sister carrie'" [ ] ( ) 	markham, kirah. "k.m. to th.d." and "to my love" ( ) 	[markham, kirah?]. "sisters" [play] ( - ) 	[markham, kirah?]. [untitled play] ( ) 	masters, edgar lee. "the return" [ ] ( ) 	masters, edgar lee. "taking dreiser to spoon river" [ ] ( ) 	masters, edgar lee. "theodore dreiser—a portrait" [ ] ( ) 	masters, edgar lee. "theodore the poet" ( ) 	masters, marcia lee. "ghostwriting for theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "american street names [ ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "the birth of new verbs" [after ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "bulletin on `hon'" [ ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "designations for colored folk" [after ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. [review of a gallery of women, ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "names for americans" [ ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "some opprobrious nicknames" [ ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "war words in england" [ ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. "what the people of american towns call themselves" [ ] ( ) 	mencken, h. l. [statement used in td's memorial service, ] ( ) 	michail gourakin, by lappo danileveskaya [book review by?] ( ) 	miller, william e., and neda m. westlake (eds.). "essays in honor of theodore dreiser's sister carrie " [special issue of  library chronicle, ] ( ) 	minor, robert. [address to dec. meeting of the national committee for the defense of political prisoners] ( ) 	mizuguchi, shigeo. "the dreiser collection at the university of pennsylvania" [in japanese] ( ) 	mizuguchi, shigeo. [article on td in japanese, ] ( 	mooney, martin. [statement on his firing by universal studios, after march ] ( ) 	mordell, albert. "my relations with theodore dreiser" [ ] ( - 	mouri, itaru. [ articles on td in japanese, with synopses for of the in english, - ] ( ) 	national grays harbor committee. defend civil rights in grays harbor county" [ ] ( ) 	"notes of mr. theodore dreiser's ideas on: the stabilizing of personal emotions " ( ) 	oppenheim, james. "theodore dreiser" [poem] ( ) 	palmer, erwin. "theodore dreiser, poet" [ ] ( ) 	"the passing of pan" [poem] ( ) 	patel, rajni. "brother india" [ ] [preface by paul robeson] ( ) 	paz, magdeleine. "vue sur l'amerique" [after ] ( ) 	perdeck, a. "realism in modern american fiction" [ ] ( ) 	perfilieff, vladimir. [untitled account of incidents in the far north among the eskimo] ( ) 	[perfilieff, vladimir]. [untitled essay] ( ) 	pizer, donald. "dreiser's novels: the editorial problem" [ ] ( ) 	poe, edgar allen. "the tell tale heart" [radio dramatization by ?, ] ( ) 	[poetry by ?] ( ) 	"policy" and "note of separate comment" ( ) 	"the pool" [poem] ( ) 	powys, john cowper. "nietzsche" [notebook] ( ) 	powys, john cowper. wolf solent [ ] [bound page proofs] ( ) 	"public sucker number one" [by i. n. weber or william c. lengel, after ] ( ) 	raja, l. jeganatha (ed.). journal of life, art and literature [special issue on theodore dreiser, ] ( ) 	reilly, william j. "of the screen by the screen and for the screen" [ ] ( ) 	reis, irving. "st. louis blues" [ ] [radio play] ( ) 	riggs, lynn. "the lonesome west" [ ] [play] ( - ) 	robinson, leroy. "john howard lawson's struggle with sister carrie " [ ] ( ) 	"romance" [plot for a play] ( ) 	roosevelt, franklin delano. "our realization of tomorrow" [ ] ( ) 	root, waverly lewis. [review of french translation of "nigger jeff," by victor llona, in contemporary foreign novelists, ] ( ) 	rosenthal, elias. "theodore dreiser's 'genius' damned" [ ] ( ) 	salzman, jack. "the publication of sister carrie : fact and fiction" [ ] ( ) 	salzman, jack. (ed.). modern fiction studies [special issue on theodore dreiser, ] ( ) 	[sayre, kathryn]. "a cosmos of women" ( ) 	[sayre, kathryn]. "the themes of dreiser" ( ) [n.b.: other writings by kathryn sayre are in her correspondence file] 	[scottsboro trial, press release and notes, ] ( ) 	scudder, raymond. "samuel f. b. morse" [ ] ( ) 	sebestyén, karl. "theodore dreiser at home" [ ] ( ) 	seymour, katherine. "famous loves: cleopatra: episode no. " [ ] ( ) 	seymour, katherine. "famous loves: episode : heloise and abelard" ( ) 	"seymour seligman on 'theodore dreiser and his gallery of women'" ( ) 	"shaw on dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	shively, henry l. "how hickey escaped the fate of lot's wife" ( ) 	[review of sister carrie in  style and american dressmaker, ] ( ) 	smith, edward h. "dreiser—after twenty years" [ ] ( ) 	smith, lorna. "theodore dreiser" [ essays] ( ) 	smith, mary elizabeth. "theodore dreiser: a great american" ( ) 	spector, frank. "story of the imperial valley" [ ] ( ) 	"stars at a glance" ( ) 	sterling, george. "everest" [poem] ( ) 	sterling, george. "intimations of infinity" ( ) 	sterling, george. "sonnets to craig" [ ] ( ) 	sterling, george. "strange waters" [poem] ( ) 	stevenson, lionel. "george sterling's place in modern poetry" [ ] ( ) 	"story for a musical comedy" ( ) 	"suggestions for radio playwrights: campana's 'first nighter' 'grand hotel' broadcasts" ( ) 	tatum, anna p. "christ petrified" [poem] ( ) 	taylor, g. r. stirling. "theodore dreiser" [ ] ( ) 	"theodore dreiser" ( ) 	"theodore dreiser" [poem] ( ) 	"theodore dreiser: court reporter" ( ) 	"theodore dreiser centenary exhibit" [catalog, ] ( ) 	theodore dreiser centenary issue of the library chronicle [ ] ( ) 	thomas, norman. "will fascism come to america?" [ ] ( ) 	"to theodore dreiser author of 'chains'" [poem] ( ) 	"tom kromer's autobiography" ( ) 	troy, william. "the eisenstein muddle" [ ] ( ) 	"under currents" ( ) 	wadsworth, p. beaumont. "america ueber alles" [ ] ( ) 	warren, whitney. "'the vicious circle'" [ ] ( ) 	weaver, raymond. "a complete handbook of opinion" [ ] ( ) 	"the weavers" [play] ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. [essay in response to tragic america ] ( ) 	[williams, estelle kubitz?]. "an aristocrat" ( ) 	[williams, estelle kubitz?]. "the austrian tangle" ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. [autobiographical account written after ] ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. "bee" ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. [diary notes from july - sept. ] ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. [diary notes from - march ] ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. "a dream" ( ) 	[williams, estelle kubitz?]. "the heir" ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. "an idyl" ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. "misplaced ambition" ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. "my stage experiences" [by "miss nonentity"] ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. "the one hundred hoddy-doddys" ( ) 	[williams, alexander]. [poems, jokes] ( ) 	[williams, estelle kubitz?]. "tissemao and the cuttlefish" ( ) 	[williams, estelle kubitz?]. [untitled story] ( ) 	woljeska, helen. "the end of the ideal" [ ) [play] ( ) 	yewdall, merton s. "theodore dreiser—man and scientific mystic" ( ) 	zanine, louis j. "from mechanism to mysticism: theodore dreiser and the religion of science" [ ] ( - ) 	[ untitled typescripts] ( - ) 	cassette tape of lecture on td by fred c. harrison, and note to myrtle butcher, nov. ( ) 	"murder on big moose?": videotape and note from trina carman, sept. ( ) 	 return to top » 				 			© university of pennsylvania | 		dmcknigh@pobox.upenn.edu     none none commonplace.net commonplace.net data. the final frontier. 	infrastructure for heritage institutions – open and linked data in my june post in this series, &# ;infrastructure for heritage institutions – change of course&# ;&# ;&# ; , i said: &# ;the results of both data licences and the data quality projects (object pid’s, controlled vocabularies, metadata set) will go into the new data publication project, which will be undertaken in the second half of . this project is aimed at publishing our collection data as open and linked data in various formats via various channels. a [&# ;] 	infrastructure for heritage institutions – ark pid’s in the digital infrastructure program at the library of the university of amsterdam we have reached a first milestone. in my previous post in the infrastructure for heritage institutions series, &# ;change of course&# ;, i mentioned the coming implementation of ark persistent identifiers for our collection objects. since november , , ark pid&# ;s are available for our university library alma catalogue through the primo user interface. implementation of ark pid&# ;s for the other collection description systems [&# ;] 	infrastructure for heritage institutions – change of course in july i published the first post about our planning to realise a “coherent and future proof digital infrastructure” for the library of the university of amsterdam. in february i reported on the first results. as frequently happens, since then the conditions have changed, and naturally we had to adapt the direction we are following to achieve our goals. in other words: a change of course, of course. &# ;projects&# ; i will leave aside the [&# ;] 	infrastructure for heritage institutions – first results in july i published the post&# ;infrastructure for heritage institutions in which i described our planning to realise a&# ;“coherent and future proof digital infrastructure” for the library of the university of amsterdam. time to look back: how far have we come? and time to look forward: what&# ;s in store for the near future? ongoing activities i mentioned three &# ;currently ongoing activities&# ;:&# ; monitoring and advising on infrastructural aspects of new projects maintaining a structured dynamic overview [&# ;] 	infrastructure for heritage institutions during my vacation i saw this tweet by liber about topics to address, as suggested by the participants of the liber conference in dublin: it shows a word cloud (yes, a word cloud) containing a large number of terms. i list the ones i can read without zooming in (so the most suggested ones, i guess), more or less grouped thematically: open scienceopen dataopen accesslicensingcopyrightslinked open dataopen educationcitizen science scholarly communicationdigital humanities/dhdigital scholarshipresearch assessmentresearch [&# ;] 	ten years linked open data this post is the english translation of my original article in dutch, published in meta ( - ), the flemish journal for information professionals. ten years after the term “linked data” was introduced by tim berners-lee it appears to be time to take stock of the impact of linked data for libraries and other heritage institutions in the past and in the future. i will do this from a personal historical perspective, as a library technology professional, [&# ;] 	maps, dictionaries and guidebooks interoperability in heterogeneous library data landscapes libraries have to deal with a highly opaque landscape of heterogeneous data sources, data types, data formats, data flows, data transformations and data redundancies, which i have earlier characterized as a “data maze”. the level and magnitude of this opacity and heterogeneity varies with the amount of content types and the number of services that the library is responsible for. academic and national libraries are possibly dealing with more [&# ;] 	standard deviations in data modeling, mapping and manipulation or: anything goes. what are we thinking? an impression of elag this year’s elag conference in stockholm was one of many questions. not only the usual questions following each presentation (always elicited in the form of yet another question: “any questions?”). but also philosophical ones (why? what?). and practical ones (what time? where? how? how much?). and there were some answers too, fortunately. this is my rather personal impression of the event. for a [&# ;] 	analysing library data flows for efficient innovation in my work at the library of the university of amsterdam i am currently taking a step forward by actually taking a step back from a number of forefront activities in discovery, linked open data and integrated research information towards a more hidden, but also more fundamental enterprise in the area of data infrastructure and information architecture. all for a good cause, for in the end a good data infrastructure is essential for delivering high [&# ;] 	looking for data tricks in libraryland ifla annual world library and information congress lyon &# ; libraries, citizens, societies: confluence for knowledge after attending the ifla library linked data satellite meeting in paris i travelled to lyon for the first three days (august - ) of the ifla annual world library and information congress. this year’s theme “libraries, citizens, societies: confluence for knowledge” was named after the confluence or convergence of the rivers rhône and saône where the city of [&# ;] none none none none none none none none none none none none none library hat library hat http://www.bohyunkim.net/blog/ 	blockchain: merits, issues, and suggestions for compelling use cases * this post was also published in acrl techconnect.*** blockchain holds a great potential for both innovation and disruption. the adoption of blockchain also poses certain risks, and those risks will need to be addressed and mitigated before blockchain becomes mainstream. a lot of people have heard of blockchain at this point. but many are [&# ;] 	taking diversity to the next level ** this post was also published in acrl techconnect on dec. , .*** getting minorities on board i recently moderated a panel discussion program titled “building bridges in a divisive climate: diversity in libraries, archives, and museums.” participating in organizing this program was interesting experience. during the whole time, i experienced my perspective constantly shifting [&# ;] 	from need to want: how to maximize social impact for libraries, archives, and museums at the ndp at three event organized by imls yesterday, sayeed choudhury on the “open scholarly communications” panel suggested that libraries think about return on impact in addition to return on investment (roi). he further elaborated on this point by proposing a possible description of such impact. his description was that when an object or [&# ;] 	how to price d printing service fees ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on may. , .*** many libraries today provide d printing service. but not all of them can afford to do so for free. while free d printing may be ideal, it can jeopardize the sustainability of the service over time. nevertheless, many libraries tend to worry [&# ;] 	post-election statements and messages that reaffirm diversity these are statements and messages sent out publicly or internally to re-affirm diversity, equity, and inclusion by libraries or higher ed institutions. i have collected these &# ; some myself and many others through my fellow librarians. some of them were listed on my blog post, &# ;finding the right words in post-election libraries and higher ed.&# ; [&# ;] 	finding the right words in post-election libraries and higher ed ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on nov. , .*** this year’s election result has presented a huge challenge to all of us who work in higher education and libraries. usually, libraries, universities, and colleges do not comment on presidential election result and we refrain from talking about politics at work. but [&# ;] 	say it out loud – diversity, equity, and inclusion i usually and mostly talk about technology. but technology is so far away from my thought right now. i don’t feel that i can afford to worry about internet surveillance or how to protect privacy at this moment. not that they are unimportant. such a worry is real and deserves our attention and investigation. but [&# ;] 	cybersecurity, usability, online privacy, and digital surveillance ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on may. , .*** cybersecurity is an interesting and important topic, one closely connected to those of online privacy and digital surveillance. many of us know that it is difficult to keep things private on the internet. the internet was invented to share things with others [&# ;] 	three recent talks of mine on ux, data visualization, and it management i have been swamped at work and pretty quiet here in my blog. but i gave a few talks recently. so i wanted to share those at least. i presented about how to turn the traditional library it department and its operation that is usually behind the scene into a more patron-facing unit at the recent american library association midwinter [&# ;] 	near us and libraries, robots have arrived ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on oct.  , .*** the movie, robot and frank, describes the future in which the elderly have a robot as their companion and also as a helper. the robot monitors various activities that relate to both mental and physical health and helps frank with various house chores. [&# ;] none dan cohen dan cohen vice provost, dean, and professor at northeastern university 	when we look back on , what will we see? it is far too early to understand what happened in this historic year of , but not too soon to grasp what we will write that history from: data—really big data, gathered from our devices and ourselves. sometimes a new technology provides an important lens through which a historical event is recorded, viewed, and remembered. [&# ;] 	more than that “less talk, more&# ;grok.” that was one of our early mottos at&# ;thatcamp, the humanities and technology camp, which started at the roy rosenzweig center for history and new media at george mason university in . it was a riff on “less talk, more rock,” the motto of waaf, the hard rock station in worcester, massachusetts. and [&# ;] 	humane ingenuity: my new newsletter with the start of this academic year, i&# ;m launching a new newsletter to explore technology that helps rather than hurts human understanding, and human understanding that helps us create better technology. it&# ;s called humane ingenuity, and you can subscribe here. (it&# ;s free, just drop your email address into that link.) subscribers to this blog know [&# ;] 	engagement is the enemy of serendipity whenever i&# ;m grumpy about an update to a technology i use, i try to perform a self-audit examining why i&# ;m unhappy about this change. it&# ;s a helpful exercise since we are all by nature resistant to even minor alterations to the technologies we use every day (which is why website redesign is now a synonym [&# ;] 	on the response to my atlantic essay on the decline in the use of print books in universities i was not expecting—but was gratified to see—an enormous response to my latest piece in the atlantic, &# ;the books of college libraries are turning into wallpaper,&# ; on the seemingly inexorable decline in the circulation of print books on campus. i&# ;m not sure that i&# ;ve ever written anything that has generated as much feedback, commentary, and [&# ;] 	what’s new season wrap-up with the end of the academic year at northeastern university, the library wraps up our what&# ;s new podcast, an interview series with researchers who help us understand, in plainspoken ways, some of the latest discoveries and ideas about our world. this year&# ;s slate of podcasts, like last year&# ;s, was extraordinarily diverse, ranging from the threat [&# ;] 	when a presidential library is digital i&# ;ve got a new piece over at the atlantic on barack obama&# ;s prospective presidential library, which will be digital rather than physical. this has caused some consternation. we need to realize, however, that the obama library is already largely digital: the vast majority of the record his presidency left behind consists not of evocative handwritten [&# ;] 	robin sloan’s fusion of technology and humanity when roy rosenzweig and i wrote digital history years ago, we spent a lot of time thinking about the overall tone and approach of the book. it seemed to us that there were, on the one hand, a lot of our colleagues in professional history who were adamantly opposed to the use of digital [&# ;] 	presidential libraries and the digitization of our lives buried in the recent debates (new york times, chicago tribune, the public historian) about the nature, objectives, and location of the obama presidential center is the inexorable move toward a world in which virtually all of the documentation about our lives is digital. to make this decades-long shift—now almost complete—clear, i made the following infographic [&# ;] 	kathleen fitzpatrick’s generous thinking generosity and thoughtfulness are not in abundance right now, and so kathleen fitzpatrick&# ;s important new book, generous thinking: a radical approach to saving the university, is wholeheartedly welcome. the generosity kathleen seeks relates to lost virtues, such as listening to others and deconstructing barriers between groups. as such, generous thinking can be helpfully read alongside [&# ;] none the dream coach. a celebration of women writers 	the dream coach by anne parrish, - and dillwyn parrish, - . 	 		new york: 	the macmillan company, . copyright not renewed. a newbery honor book, . the dream coach the macmillan company new york ˙ boston ˙ chicago ˙ dallas atlanta ˙ san francisco macmillan & co., limited london ˙ bombay ˙ calcutta melbourne the macmillan co. of canada, ltd. toronto the dream coach fare: forty winks coach leaves every night for no one knows where * * and here is told how a princess, a little chinese emperor, a french boy, & a norwegian boy took trips in this great coach * by anne and dillwyn parrish * * with pictures & a map by the authors new york the macmillan company ☆ ☆ mcmxxiv ☆ ☆ copyright, . by the macmillan company. set up and electrotyped. published, september, . printed in the united states of america to everett and roland jackson contents 	  	page 	 the dream coach	 	 the seven white dreams of the king's little daughter	 	 goran's dream	 	 a bird-cage with tassels of purple and pearls     (three dreams of a little chinese emperor)	 	 "king" philippe's dream	 the dream coach the dream coach if you have been unhappy all the day, wait patiently until the night: when in the sky the gentle stars are bright the dream coach comes to carry you away. great coach, great coach, how fat and bright your sides, to please the child who rides! painted with funny men – see that one's hose, how blue! how red and long is that one's nose! and under this one's arm a flapping cock! great dandelions tell us what o'clock with silver globe much bigger than the moon — dream coach, come soon! come soon! what pretty pictures! angels at their play, and brown and lilac butterflies, and spray of stars, and animals from far away, grey elephants, a bright pink water bird; things lovely and absurd. as the wheels turn, they wake to lovely sound, musical boxes – as the wheels go round they play a little silver spray of notes: "swift runs the river" – "bluebells in the wood" — "the waterfall" – "the child who has been good" — like splash of foam at keel of little boats. under a sky of duck-egg green have you not seen the hundred misty horses that delight to draw the coach all night, and the queer little driver sitting high and singing to the sky? his hat is as tall as a cypress tree, his hair is as white as snow; his cheeks and his nose are as red as can be; he sings: "come along! come along with me!" let us go! let us go! his coat is speckledy red and black, his boots are as green as a beetle's back, his beard has a fringe of silver bells and scarlet berries and small white shells, and as through the night the dream coach gleams, the song he sings like a banner streams: "nothing is real in all the world, nothing is real but dreams." through sound of rain the dream coach gallops fast. all those that we have loved are riding there: i hear their laughter on the misty air. i wait for you – i have been waiting long: far off i hear the driver's tiny song – oh, dream coach! come at last! (from knee-high to a grasshopper.) when the driver of the dream coach reached the last small star in the sky, he unharnessed his hundred misty horses and put them out to pasture in the great blue meadow of heaven. it was well he reached the end of his journey when he did, for in another moment a mounting wave of sunlight and wind, rushing up from the world far below, blew out the silver-white fiame of the star so that no one could follow the strange driver and his strange coach to their resting place. resting place? what a mistake! the driver of the dream coach never rests. you see, there are so many things to do even when he is carrying no passengers. there are new dreams to invent: queer dreams, funny dreams, fairy dreams, goblin dreams, happy dreams, exciting dreams, short dreams, long dreams, brightly colored dreams, and dreams made out of shadows and mist that vanish as soon as one opens one's eyes. then there is the very bothersome matter of keeping the records straight, records of those who deserve good dreams, those who need cheering with ridiculous dreams, and those, alas, who have been bad and naughty and have to be punished (how the little driver hates this!) with nightmares. it is hard to keep all those dreams from getting mixed up, there are so many of them. indeed, sometimes, they do get mixed up, and a good child, who was meant to have a dream as pretty as a pansy or as funny as a frog, gets a nightmare by mistake. but the driver of the dream coach tries as hard as he possibly can never to let this happen. he has so very much to do that he never would catch up with his work no matter how quickly his beautiful horses galloped from star to star, from world to world, if there was not some one to help him. there are little angels who help the driver of the dream coach. in their gold and white book they keep a record of every one on earth. as soon as the driver of the dream coach had unharnessed his horses he went to these angels and planned his next trip. what a busy night it was to be! if i should use all the paper and all the pencils in the world i could not begin to tell you about all the dreams he arranged to carry to the sleeping world. and yet there was one child who was nearly forgotten, a little princess whose name had been written at the top of a new page which the driver had neglected to turn in his hurry. "surely you are not going to forget the little princess on her birthday!" pleaded the little angels, turning the page. "oh, dear!" said the driver. "that will never do; now, will it? and yet – i simply can't pack another dream into the coach. i'm sorry, but i'm afraid – " "oh, dear!" echoed the angels. "perhaps – " just then one of the youngest angels, who happened to be leaning over the parapet of paradise, saw the princess begin to cry, and took in the situation instantly. so he hurried to the others and suggested that he himself should carry a dream to the little princess. the driver of the dream coach thought this was a splendid idea and thanked him again and again for his help. that is how the seven white dreams of the king's little daughter were carried to her by an angel, and as you know (or if you don't, i will tell you) the dreams carried in the moonbeam basket of the angels are the most beautiful of all. what did the princess dream? that you shall hear. i cannot remember all the names of the king's little daughter, and indeed few can. the archbishop who christened her says that he can, but he is so great and so deaf a dignitary that no one would think of asking him to prove it. they are all there, twelve pages of them, in the great book where are recorded the baptisms of all the royal babies, so that you can look for yourself if none of the ones i can remember – angelica mary delphine violet candida pamelia petronella victoire veronica monica anastasia yvonne – happen to please you. it was the fifth birthday of the little princess, and there were to be great celebrations in her honor. fireworks would blossom in the night sky, and in the gardens lanterns were hung like bubbles of colored light from white rose tree to red, while the great fountains would turn from pink to mauve, from mauve to azure, to amber, and to green, as they flung up slender stems and great spreading lacy fronds of water. every one from the king down to the smallest kitchen-maid had new clothes for the occasion, and the chief cook had created a birthday cake iced with fairy grottoes and gardens of spun sugar, so huge and so heavy that the princess's ten pages in their new sky-blue and silver liveries, staggered under the weight of it. the little princess had a new gown of white satin, sewn so thickly with pearls that it was perfectly stiff, and stood as well without her as when she was inside it. it was standing by her bedside when the bells of the city awoke her on her birthday morning, together with her silver bath shaped like a great shell, and her nine lace petticoats, and her hoops to go over the petticoats, and her little white slippers on a cushion of cloth-of-silver, and her whalebone stays, and her cobweb stockings, and her ten ladies-in-waiting, grand duchesses every one. when she opened her blue eyes they all swept her the deepest curtsies, their skirts of bright brocade billowing up about them, and said together: "long life and happiness to your serene highness!" and then the first grand duchess popped her out of bed and into her bath, where she got a great deal of soap in the princess's eyes while she conversed in a most respectful and edifying manner. the second grand duchess, who was lady-in-waiting-in-charge-of-the-imperial-towel, was even more respectful, and nearly rubbed the princess's tiny button of a nose entirely off her face. the third grand duchess brushed and combed the little duck tails of yellow silk that covered the royal head; and oh, how she did pull! the fourth grand duchess was lady-in-waiting-in-charge-of-the-imperial-shift, and as she was rather old and slow, although extremely noble, the princess grew cold indeed before the shift covered up her little pink body. the fifth grand duchess put on the rigid stays. the sixth put on the stockings and slippers. the seventh was very important and gave herself airs, for the nine lace petticoats were her concern. the eighth grand duchess was lady-in-waiting-in-charge-of-the-imperial-hoops. the ninth put on the little princess the dress of satin and pearls, that glowed softly like moonlit drops of water. and the tenth grand duchess, the oldest and ugliest and noblest and crossest and most respectful of them all, placed on the yellow head the little frosty crown of diamonds. then the princess's father confessor, a very noble prince of the church, dressed in violet from top to toe, came in between two little boys in lace, and said a long prayer in latin. it was so long that, i am sorry to have to tell you, right in the middle the princess yawned, so of course another long prayer had to be said to ask heaven to overlook such shocking wickedness on the part of her highness. then the chief-steward-in-attendance-on-the-princess brought her breakfast – bread and milk in a silver porringer. the little princess had hoped for strawberries, as it was her birthday, but the chief gardener was saving every strawberry in the royal gardens for the great birthday banquet that was to be held that evening. then the little princess went to say good morning to her mother and father, and this is the way she went. first came two heralds in forest green, blowing on silver trumpets. then came the father confessor and his little lace-covered boys. then came the ladies-in-waiting in their bright brocades, with feathers in their powdered hair, and after each lady came a little black page to carry her handkerchief on a satin cushion. the ten pages of the princess were next, and after them came the royal baby's own regiment of dragoons in white and scarlet. and last came four gigantic blacks the nine lace petticoats were her concern. wearing white loin cloths and enormous turbans of flamingo pink, and carrying a great canopy of cloth-of-silver fringed with pearls, and under this, very tiny, and looking, in her spreading gown, like a little white hollyhock out for a walk, came the princess. after she had curtsied, and kissed the hands of her royal parents, her father gave her a rope of milk-white pearls and her mother gave her a ruby as big as a pigeon's egg, both of which were instantly locked up in the royal treasury. they then bestowed upon her, in addition to her other titles, that of grand duchess of pinchpinchowitz, which took so long to do that when she had said thank you it was time for lunch, which was just the same as breakfast, except that this time the porringer was gold. after lunch the prime minister read the princess an illuminated birthday greeting from her loyal subjects, which ran along so that the ladies-in-waiting nearly yawned their heads off behind their painted fans, and the princess had a nice little nap, and dreamed that there would be strawberries for supper. but instead there was bread and milk in a porringer covered with turquoises and moonstones. then, as the younger ladies-in-waiting were thinking of the gentlemen-of-the-court who would be waiting for them among the rose trees and yew hedges, to watch the colored water of the fountains and listen to the harps and flutes, and as the older ladies-in-waiting were thinking of comfortable seats out of a draught in the state ball room, and having the choicest morsels of roasted peacock and larks' tongue pie and frozen nectarines, they popped the princess into bed pretty promptly – indeed, an hour earlier than usual – and went off to celebrate her birthday. the room in which the little princess lay was as big as a church, and the great bed was as big as a chapel. four carved posts as tall as palm trees in a tropic jungle, held a canopy of needlework where hunters rode and hounds gave chase and deer fled through dark forests. below this lay the broad smooth expanse of silken sheet and counterpane, and in the midst, as little and alone as a bird in an empty sky, lay the king's little daughter. one large tear rolled down her round pink cheek, and then another. the long dull day had tired her, and the great dim room frightened her, and she wanted to see the fireworks she had heard her pages whispering about. she sat up among her lace pillows, and her tears went splash, splash, on the embroidered flowers and leaves of her coverlet. one of the youngest angels happened to be leaning over the parapet of paradise when the princess began to cry, and he took in the situation instantly, and hurried off to his heavenly playmates to tell them about it. "it is her birthday," he said, "and no one has given her as much as a red apple or a white rose – only silly old rubies and pearls that she wasn't even allowed to play marbles with! and now they have left her to weep in the dark while they dance and feast! i shall go down to her and sit by her bed till her tears are dry, and take her a white dream as a gift." "oh, let me send a dream too!" cried another angel. "and let me!" "and let me!" so that by the time the little angel was ready to start to earth there were seven white dreams to be taken as birthday gifts from heaven, and he had to weave a basket of moonbeams to carry them in. that night the princess dreamed that she was a daisy in a field, dancing delicately in the wind among other daisies as thick as the stars in the milky way. feathery grasses danced with them, and yellow butterflies danced above, and the larks in the sky flung down cascades of lovely notes that scattered like spray on the joyous wind. some poor little girls were playing in the field. their feet were bare and their faded frocks were torn, but they danced and sang too. there came a rumbling like thunder, and through a gap in the hawthorn hedge the children and the daisies saw the king's little daughter driven past in her great scarlet coach drawn by eight dappled horses. they could see the little princess sitting up very straight with her crinoline puffing about her and her crown on her head, and after she had passed all the children played that they were princesses, making daisy crowns for their heads, and hoops of brier boughs to hold out their limp little petticoats. the next day the princess looked in vain for a daisy as she took her morning constitutional in the royal gardens. there were roses and lilies, blue irises, and striped red and yellow carnations tied to stakes, all stiff and straight. "hold up your head, serene highness!" snapped one of the ladies-in-waiting, who had had too many cherry tarts at too late an hour the night before. but daisies danced in the princess's heart.   the next night the princess dreamed that she was a little white cloud afloat in the bright blue sky. she floated over the blue sea and the white sand, and over black forests of whispering pines, and over a land where fields of tulips bloomed for miles, in squares of lovely colors, delicate rose and mauve and purple, coppery pink and creamy yellow, with canals running through them like strips of old, dark looking-glass. she floated over rye fields turning silver in the wind, and over nuns at work in their walled gardens, and finally over a great grim palace where a king's little daughter lived. "i would rather be free and afloat in the sky," thought the small white cloud.   when she took the air the next day, she looked up to see if any white clouds were in the sky. "her highness is growing very proud," said the ladies-in-wait- ing. "she holds her nose up in the air as a king's daughter should." on the third night, the princess dreamed she was a little lamb skipping and nibbling the new green grass in a meadow where hundreds of lilies of the valley were in bloom. they were still wet and sparkling with rain, but now the sun shone and a beautiful rainbow arched above the meadow and the lilies of the valley and the happy little lamb. through the rest of her life the gentleness of the lamb lay in the heart of the princess.   the next night she dreamed that she was a white butterfly drifting with other butterflies among the tree ferns and orchids of the jungle, gentle and safe from harm, although serpents lay among the branches of the trees and lions and tigers roamed through the green shadows. a white butterfly flew in at her window the next day. "a moth! a moth!" cried the ladies-in-waiting. "camphor and boughs of cedar must be procured instantly, or the dreadful creature will eat up her highness's ermine robes!" but the little princess knew better than that.   on the fifth night she dreamed that she was a tiny white egg lying in a nest that a humming bird had hung to a spray of fern by a rope of twisted spider's web. the nest was softly and warmly lined with silky down, and above her was the soft warmth of the mother bird's breast. on the sixth night she was a snowflake. it was christmas night, and the towns and villages were gay. rosy light poured from every window, blurred by the falling snow, and the air was full of the sound of bells. high up on the mountain was a lonely wayside shrine with carved and painted wooden figures of the mother and her child whose birthday it was. there were no bells there, nor yellow candle light, but only snow and dark evergreen trees. the snowflake, whirling and dancing down from the sky, a tiny frosty star, gave its life as a birthday gift to the holy child, lying for its little moment in his outstretched hand. the angel was distressed to find, on the seventh night, that the seventh dream had slipped through a hole in the moonbeam basket and was lost. careless little angel! but it really did not matter, for instead of a dream, he showed himself to the princess. and she liked that the best of all, for she had never had any one to play with before, and there is no playmate equal to an angel. but the seventh dream is still drifting about the world – i wonder where? perhaps it will be upon my pillow to-night – perhaps upon yours. who knows? crack! went the driver's whip, but it did not hurt the galloping misty horses, for it was only a ribbon of rainbow that he liked to use because both he and his horses thought it so pretty. and away went the great coach, over the forests and over the seas, over the cities and plains, to a country where the sea thrusts long silver fingers into the land, where mountains are white with snow at the same time that the meadows are bright with wild flowers, and where in summer the sun never sets, and in winter it never rises. and here the dream coach drew up beside a cottage where a lonely little norwegian boy was falling asleep. "come, goran!" called the driver. "come, climb into the coach and find the dream i have brought for you!" who was goran? what dream did he find? that you shall hear. little goran and his grandmother lived in a tiny house in norway, high above the deep waters of a fjord. when goran was a baby they used to tie one end of a rope around his waist and the other to the door, so that if he toddled over the edge he could be hauled back like a fish on a line. but now he was no longer a baby, but a big boy, six years old, and he tried to take care of his grandmother as a big boy should. it was a lovely spot in summer, when the waterfalls went pouring down milk-white into the green fjord, sending up so much spray that they looked as if they were steaming hot; when rainbows hung in the sky; when the small steep meadows were bright with wild flowers, and even the sod roof of the cottage was like a little wild garden of harebells and pansies and strawberries that goran gathered for breakfast sometimes. he was happy all day then, fishing in the fjord, making a little cart for nanna, the goat, to pull, trying to teach gustava, the hen, to sing, putting on his fingers the pink and purple hats that he picked from the tall spires of wild foxglove and monkshood, and making them dance and bow, and listening to the loud music of the waterfalls after rain. and in the evening after supper goran's grandmother would tell him splendid stories while they sat together in the doorway making straw beehives, sewing the rounds of straw together with split blackberry briers. the sun would shine on the straw and make it look so yellow and glistening that goran would pretend he was making a golden beehive for the queen bee's palace. for where goran lived the sun never sets at all in the middle of summer, and it is bright daylight not only all day, but all night as well. you and i would never have known when to go to bed, but goran and his grandmother were used to it, and even gustava, the hen, knew enough to put her head under her wing and make her own dark night. but with winter, changes came. the flowers slept under the earth until spring's call should wake them, and yawning and stretching, s-t-r-e-t-c-h-i-n-g, they should stretch up into the air and sunlight. the waterfalls no longer flung up clouds of spray like smoke, but built roofs of ice over themselves. and, strangest of all, the winter darkness came, so that the days were like the nights, and you and i would never have known when to get up. "i must go to the village for our winter supplies before the snow falls and cuts us off," his grandmother said to goran one day. "neighbor skylstad has offered me a seat in his rowboat to-morrow, and will bring me back the next day. you won't be afraid to stay here alone, will you, goran?" "no, grandmother," said goran. he pretended to be tremendously interested in poking his finger into the earth in a geranium pot, so that his grandmother shouldn't see that his eyes were full of tears and his lower lip was trembling. for to tell you the truth he was frightened. the little house was so far from any other house, and then goran had never spent a night alone. last year when the winter's supplies were bought, he had gone to the village with his grandfather, and he had told nanna and gustava and mejau, the cat, all about what a wonderful place it was, a thousand times over; the warm shop, with its great cheeses in wooden boxes painted with bright birds and flowers, and its glowing stove, as tall and slim as a proud lady in a black dress, with a wreath of iron ferns upon her head; the other children who had let him play with them while grandfather exchanged the socks and mittens knitted by grandmother for potatoes and candles. and they had slept at the inn under a feather bed so heavy that you would have thought by morning they would have been pressed as flat as the flowers in grandmother's big bible. but they weren't! they got up just as round as ever, and had a wonderful breakfast of dark grayish-brown goats'-milk cheese, cold herring, and stewed bilberries. grandfather had gone to heaven since then, and goran wondered if he could possibly be finding it as delightful as the village. how he did want to go this time! but of course he knew that some one must stay behind to feed nanna and gustava and mejau, to tend the fire and water the geraniums and wind the clock. so he said as bravely as he could: "i'll take care of everything, grandmother."   soon after his grandmother left, the snow began to fall. how that frightened goran! suppose it snowed so hard that she could never get back to him! for when winter really began, the little house was often up to its chimney in snow, and they could get to no one, and no one could get to them. how poor little goran's heart began to hammer at the thought! he fell to work to make himself forget the snow. first, seizing a broom made of a bundle of twigs, he swept the hard earth floor, which in summer had so pretty a carpet of green leaves, strewn fresh every day by goran and his grandmother. then he poured some water on the geraniums in the window, only spilling a little on himself. then he stroked mejau, who was purring loudly in front of the fire; and all this made him feel much better. "time for dinner, goran!" said the old clock on the wall. at least it said: "ding! ding! ding! ding! ding! ding! ding! ding! ding! ding! ding! ding!" which meant the same thing. so goran ate the goats'-milk cheese and black bread that his grandmother had left for him; and then, and not before, he summoned up enough courage to look out to see if the snow was still falling. it was snowing harder than ever, and already everything had a deep fluffy covering. oh, would his grandmother ever be able to get back to him? but he must be brave, and not cry, for he was six years old. he said a little prayer, as his grandmother had taught him to do whenever he was frightened or unhappy, and his heavy heart grew lighter. "i'll make a snowman," goran decided. perhaps then the time would seem shorter. grandfather and he had made a splendid snowman after the first snowfall last winter. it was not late enough in the year to have the day as dark as night. it was only as dark as a deep winter twilight, and the white snow seemed to give out a light of its own for goran to work by. first he found an old broomstick and thrust it into the snow so that it stood upright. then he pushed the heavy wet snow around it, patting on here, scooping out there, until there was a body to hold the big snowball he rolled for the head. a bent twig pressed in made a pleasant smile, and for eyes goran ran indoors and took from the little box that held his treasures two marbles of sky-blue glass that his grandfather had given him once for his birthday. what a beautiful snowman! with his sky-blue eyes he gazed through the falling snow at little goran.   "ding! ding! ding! ding! ding!" called the old clock, and that was the same as saying: "time for supper, goran!" the fire lit up the room with a warm glow, painted the curtains crimson, and made wavering gigantic shadows on the walls. the water bubbled in the pot, and the boiling potatoes knocked against the lid. "prr-prrr!" said mejau, blinking in front of the blaze, and the old clock answered: "tock! tick! tock!" goran had given their supper to nanna and gustava and mejau, and had taken one good-night look at his snowman. now he put his bowl of boiled potatoes on the table in front of the fire, and pulled up his chair. lying on the floor where she had fallen from his box when he was getting his snowman's blue eyes was a playing card, the queen of clubs. his grandfather had found it lying in the road in the village, and had brought it home as a present for goran. the little boy thought the queen was very splendid, with her crown and her veil, and her red dress trimmed with bands of blue and leaves and stars and rising suns of yellow. in one hand she held on high a little yellow flower. now he picked her up and put her on a chair beside him, pretending the queen had come for supper to keep him from being lonely. each mouthful of potato he first offered her, with great politeness, but the delicate lady only gazed off into space. goran's supper made his insides feel as if a soft blanket had been tucked cozily about them, and he was warm and sleepy. "was there anything else grandmother told me to do before i went to bed?" he murmured. "tick! tock! yes, there was," the clock replied. "she told you to wind me up. climb on a chair and do it carefully. don't shake me. i can't stand that, for i'm not as young as i used to be." "and i want a drink!" cried the youngest geranium, who was little, and had been hidden by the bigger pots when goran watered them. knock, knock, knock! what a knocking at the door! goran ran to open it, and the firelight fell on nanna the goat and gustava the hen against a background of whirling snow. nanna was wearing grandmother's quilted jacket – where in the world had she found that? and gustava had wrapped goran's muffler about herself and the little basket she carried on her wing. "good evening!" began nanna, rather timidly for her. "may gustava and i come in and sit by the fire? we thought you might be lonely, and then it is so cold in the shed. i did have a muffler like gustava's, but i absent-mindedly ate it. i'm growing very absent-minded. we've come with an important message for you, but i can't remember what it is. can you, gustava?" "cluck! clu-uck! no, i can't. but i've brought my beautiful child to call on you," said gustava; and she lifted her wing and showed goran the brown egg in her basket. "shut the door! shut the door!" several geraniums called indignantly. "we are very delicate, and we shall catch our deaths of cold!" so in came nanna and gustava and gustava's egg, and goran shut the door. "present my subjects!" commanded the queen of clubs, and goran saw that she was no longer a little card, but a lady as big as his grandmother. in front she still wore her blue and red and yellow dress, but in back she was all blue, every inch of her, with a pattern of gilt stars, and when she turned sideways she seemed to vanish, for she was only as thick as cardboard. but she was so proud and grand that goran wished he had on his sunday suit, with the long black trousers and the short black jacket with its big silver buttons, the waistcoat all covered with needlework flowers, and the raspberry pink neckerchief. "this is nanna, our goat, your majesty," he said. "goat, you may kiss my hand," said the queen. "i don't know whether i want to," replied rude nanna, who had never been presented to a queen before, and didn't know the proper way to behave. "mercy on us! what manners!" cried the geraniums, blushing deep red that the queen should be spoken to in that manner, in what they thought of as their house. "but i wouldn't mind eating your yellow flower," continued nanna. "i like to eat flowers." and she looked at the geraniums, who nearly fainted. "your turn next," said the queen to gustava. she had heard gentlemen say that so often when they were playing skat with her and her companions that she always repeated it when she could think of nothing else to say. "squawk! cluck!" cried gustava. "would your majesty like to see my beautiful child?" and she showed the queen her egg. "just look, your majesty! have you ever seen anything more lovely? such a pale brown color! such an innocent expression! perhaps your majesty is also a mother?" "tick! tock! don't forget to wind me!" said the old clock. "gustava hen talks too much," the fat teapot in the corner cupboard told her daughters the teacups. "when the queen speaks to you, just say 'yes, your this is nanna, our goat, your majesty. majesty,' and 'no, your majesty,' and i dare say she will take you all to court and find you handsome husbands among the royal coffeecups." "your majesty should see my beautiful home," went on gustava. "a nest of pure gold!" (she thought it was gold, but it was really yellow straw.) "just like my throne," replied the queen. "speaking of beautiful homes, you should see my palace! there are fifty-three rooms!" (she said this because it was the highest number she knew, for there are fifty-three cards in the pack, counting the joker who keeps all the cards amused when they are shut up in their box. and she had seen a room in the palace, because she had been used in a game of skat there, once in her early youth. but that was long, long ago.) "my throne and the king's throne are pure gold, just like your nest, my good gustava. and the walls are painted red and white, in swirls, like strawberries and cream. the stove has such a tall slender figure, and wears a golden crown. and then, just imagine, all the lamps are dripping with icicles at the same time that the floor is covered with blooming roses!" (for that is how she thought of the glass lusters on the lamps and the carpet on the floor.) "icicles! ice! freezing! that reminds me of our important message!" cried nanna. "your snowman, goran. he looks so dreadfully cold out there, we were afraid he would perish." "oh, yes! how could we have forgotten for so long! cluck! cluck! cluck! he will certainly be frozen to death unless something is done quickly!" "do you mean to tell me that any one is out of doors on such a night as this?" questioned the queen. "have him brought in at once! your turn next!" and she looked so severely at goran that he felt his ears getting red. so goran and nanna brought the snowman in, while the queen gave orders from the doorway, gustava sat on her darling egg to keep it warm, mejau walked away with his tail as big as a bottle brush, and the geraniums cried in chorus: "shut the door! shut the door! we shall all catch cold!" the queen and the snowman. "poor thing! how pale he is!" exclaimed the queen. "and how dreadfully cold! put him in a chair by the fire!" the snowman looked out of wondering sky-blue glass eyes, but said never a word, for he was very shy; and as he had only been born that afternoon, everything in the world was new to him. "i want a drink!" cried the youngest geranium; and: "tick! tock! tick! don't forget to wind me!" the old clock repeated; but no one paid any attention to them. "your turn next!" said the queen to nanna. "make a blaze, for this poor creature is nearly frozen." so with a clatter of tiny hoofs, nanna built up the fire, only pausing to eat a twig or two, until even mejau was nearly roasted. but the poor snowman was worse instead of better. his twig mouth still smiled bravely, and his blue eyes remained wide open, but tears seemed to pour down his cheeks, and he was growing thinner before their very eyes. "if you please," he said in a timid voice, "i'm — " "give him a drink of something hot," advised the fat teapot, and that reminded the youngest geranium, who began screaming: "i want a drink! i want a drink! i want a drink!" "i'll be delighted to oblige with some nice warm milk," nanna offered, so goran milked a bowlful. but the snowman could not drink it, and the tears ran faster and faster down his face. "if you please – " he began again, faintly. "we must put him to bed," the queen interrupted, with a stern look at gustava who was sitting on her darling egg in the center of grandmother's feather bed. "your turn next!" grandmother's bed was built into the wall, like a cupboard. it was all carved with harebells and pine-cones and kobolds and nixies. the kobolds are the elves who live in the mountain forests, and the nixies are water fairies who sit under the waterfalls playing upon their harps and making the sweetest music in the world. there was a big white feather bed on grandmother's bed, and a big red feather bed on top of that, and two fat pillows stuffed with goose feathers. and above all this was a little shelf with two smaller feather beds and two smaller pillows, and that was goran's bed. on dreadfully cold nights they pulled two little wooden doors shut, and there they were, quite warm and cozy – even quite stuffy, you and i might think! the doors of the bed were painted with pink tulips and red hearts, and grandmother said it made her feel quite young and warm to look at them, and goran said it made him feel quite young and warm too. and gustava the hen thought they were beautiful, so there she sat on her darling egg, and as she could never think of more than one thing at a time, she had forgotten all about the snowman, and was happily clucking this song to her egg: "make a wreath, i beg,  for my darling egg! "flowers blue as cloudless sky  when the summer sun is high,  harebells, little cups of blue,  holding drops of crystal dew. "rain-wet pinks as sweet as spice,  lilies white as snow and ice,  lemon-colored lilies, too,  and the flax-flower's lovely blue. "strawberries sweet and red and small,  and the purple monkshood tall;  let the moon-white daisies shine,  bring the coral columbine. "weave the shining buttercup,  bind the sweet wild roses up;  poppies, red as coals of fire,  and the speckled foxglove spire. "and the iris blue that gleams  knee-deep in the foamy streams.  bring the spruce cones brown and long." (thus ran on gustava's song). "make a wreath, i beg,  for my darling egg!" "make a wreath, i beg,  for gustava's egg," broke in nanna the goat impatiently: "why leave the geraniums out?  add the teapot's broken spout,  cheese, and brown potatoes, too;  anything at all will do. "feathers from the feather bed,  goran's mittens, warm and red,  and the flower the queen holds up,  and the cracked blue china cup. "but the queen has said  kindly leave that bed!" so gustava had to flop off the bed with a squawk, while goran handed her her egg, and then they put the poor snowman, what was left of him, into grandmother's bed, and pulled the eiderdown quilts over him. "if you please," said the snowman in a feeble whisper, "oh, if you please, i'm — " "i know this is the right thing to do, because it is the way we always treat snowmen at the palace," broke in the queen. to tell you the truth, she had never seen a snowman in her life before, but she would never admit that she didn't know all about everything. the snowman looked at them with despairing sky-blue eyes, while his tears poured down, soaking grandmother's pillow. he had tried desperately to tell them something, but they would none of them listen. suddenly goran knew what it was. "i believe we're melting him," said goran. "he needs air." "i need air," said the snowman, his face shining with hope. "air?" said the queen. "nonsense! he's had too much air. he needs a hot brick at his feet!" "i need air," faltered the snowman. "air? nonsense!" cried the fat teapot and all her teacup daughters, hoping the queen would hear, and take them back to the palace with her. "i need air," sighed the snowman, and now he looked discouraged. "air? brrr-rrr!" and mejau squeezed himself under the chest of drawers, much annoyed with every one. "i need air," breathed the snowman, looking at goran with imploring eyes. "air? mercy on us, that will mean opening the door again!" and the geraniums shivered in every leaf and petal. but goran had helped the poor snowman, now nearly melted away, out of bed, and was leading him to the door. "i need – " whispered the snowman, and his voice was so faint that goran could hardly hear it. and there, because he was melting away so fast, his mouth fell out and lay on the floor, just a little bent twig. poor snowman! oh, poor snowman! he could not make a sound now – he could only look at them, so sadly, so sadly! but a little mouse peeping with bright eyes out of its hole saw what had happened, and, since mejau was nowhere in sight, ventured to squeak: "oh, please, ma'am! oh, please, sir! the poor gentleman's mouth is lying on the floor!" so the queen picked it up and pressed it into place again, but by mistake she put it on wrong side up, so that instead of a pleasant smile the snowman had the crossest mouth in the world, pulled far down at each corner. and what a change it made in him! before, his voice had been a gentle whisper – now it was an angry bellow that made the teacups shiver on their shelf and the geraniums turn quite pale, and the little mouse dive back with a squeak into her hole, thinking to herself: "well, i never!" "here, you!" shouted the snowman. "get me out of here, and get me out quick. hop along, my girl, and open the door! your turn next!" (this was to the astonished queen.) "now, then, carry me out!" "tick! tock! i'm feeling dreadfully run down," said the old clock. 	 "tick! tock!  wind the clock!  tock! tick!  wind it quick! "tick – tock" and he stopped talking. the astonished queen meekly threw open the door, and goran carried the snowman into the snowy darkness. brr-rr! it was bitter cold! "now bring some snow and build me up," the snow- man ordered. "leave the door open so that you can see – don't dawdle!" the firelight from the open door shone on his blue glass eyes, and made two angry red sparks gleam in them. goran and the queen, gustava and nanna, scooped up handfuls and hoof-fuls and wing-fuls of newly fallen snow, and patted it on to the snowman until he stuck out his chest more proudly than he had done in the first place, and he was so fat that he looked as if he were wearing six white fur coats, one on top of another. and all the time when he wasn't frightening the queen half out of her wits by shouting: "your turn next!" he kept muttering away to himself: "melt me over the fire! smother me in a feather bed! put a hot brick at my feet!" it was when goran was patting a little fresh snow on the snowman's nose that he accidentally knocked his twig mouth off again. and this time it was put back right side up, so that the snowman was as smiling as he had been in the beginning. he stopped roaring. he stopped muttering. did the fire die down? for the red sparks no longer gleamed in his gentle sky-blue eyes. "oh, thank you so much!" said the snowman. "you have been so kind to me! and i know that you were trying to help me in the house. forgive me for having been so cross! will you please forgive me?" and the snowman looked so anxiously at goran and the queen and nanna and gustava that they all answered: "yes, yes, of course we will! and will you please forgive us for nearly melting you?" "and now go in, for this lovely air is cold for you, i know." "oh, it is bitter cold!" agreed the queen. "brr-rrr! it is bitter cold."   brr-rr! it was bitter cold! goran rubbed his eyes. only a few red embers glowed in the fireplace. how stiff he was! he must have slept in his chair all night, but he could not tell how late it was, for the clock had stopped. he had forgotten to wind it, he remembered now. there sat the queen in her chair, but she was just a little card again. then he remembered the snowman. he ran out of doors. there the snowman stood, as roly-poly as ever, with his twig mouth smiling and his sky-blue eyes wide open. he said nothing, but goran felt they two understood each other. what a night it had been! could it all have been a dream? but now the night was over, and the storm was over; and, best of all, through the dim twilight he saw on the fjord far below him neighbor skylstad's rowboat, and seated in it, wrapped in her red shawl, his own dear grandmother coming home to him. the driver of the dream coach paused as he turned over the pages of the great white and gold book in which are kept the names of all those who have ridden or are to be given rides in the brightly painted coach. "i see," he said, addressing the little angels who helped him keep these records, "i see the name of the little chinese emperor. and there is a cross opposite his name. has he been naughty?" he asked. "has he been picking the sacred lotus flowers of his honorable ancestors? has he – ?" "oh, please," interrupted one of the smallest angels, "i put that cross there to remind me to tell you something about the little emperor. you see he hasn't been naughty — not exactly – but he's made a mistake. he doesn't understand," said the smallest angel, with his eyes round and serious. "and can i help the little emperor understand?" asked the driver of the dream coach. "of course you can!" cried the smallest angel, beaming brightly. "it's this way. the little chinese emperor has a friend of mine fastened up in a cage, where he is very sad – " "an angel in a cage?" asked the driver. "i never heard of such a thing!" "well, not exactly an angel, a – " but what it was, and how the driver helped the little angel's friend – that you shall hear. the little emperor was dreadfully bored. he yawned so that his round little face, as round and yellow as a full moon, grew quite long, and his nose wrinkled up into soft yellow creases, like cream that is being pushed back by the skimmer from the top of a bowl of milk. his slanting black eyes shut up tight, and when they opened they were so full of tears that they sparkled like blackthorn berries wet with rain. "oh, dear! oh, dear!" cried his aunt, princess autumn cloud. "the little emperor is bored! what shall we do, oh, what shall we do to amuse him? for when he is bored, he very soon grows naughty, and when he is naughty – oh, dear!" and she began to cry. but then she was always crying. when she was born her father and mother named her bright yellow butterfly floating in the sunshine, but she cried so much that by the time she was five years old they saw that name wouldn't do at all, and changed it to autumn cloud pouring down rain upon the sad gray sea. she cried about anything. if her lady-in-waiting brought her a bowl of tea with honeysuckle blossoms in it, she would cry because they weren't jasmine flowers. if they were jasmine, she would cry because they weren't honeysuckle. when the peach trees bloomed she would cry because that meant that spring had come, and that meant summer would soon follow, and then autumn, and then the cold winter. "and oh, how cold the wind will be then, and how fast the snow will fall!" sobbed princess autumn cloud, looking through her tears at the bright pink peach blossoms. she cried because her sea-green jacket was embroidered with storks instead of bamboo trees. she cried because they brought her shark-fin soup in a bowl of green lacquer with a gold dragon twisting around it, instead of a red lacquer bowl with a silver dragon. she cried if the weather was hot. she cried if the weather was cold. and hardest of all she cried whenever the little emperor was naughty. whenever she began to cry a lady-in-waiting knelt in front of her and caught her tears in a golden bowl, for it never would have done to let them run down her cheeks, like an ordinary person's tears; they would have washed such deep roads through the thick white powder on her face. every morning princess autumn cloud (and, indeed, every lady in the court of the little emperor) covered her face with honey in which white jasmine petals had been crushed to make it smell sweet, then when she was all sticky she put on powder until her face was as white as an egg. then she painted on very surprised-looking black eyebrows and a little mouth as red and round as a blob of sealing wax. it looked just as if her mouth were an important letter that had to be sealed up to keep all sorts of secrets from escaping. princess autumn cloud and princess gentle breeze and lady gleaming dragonfly and lady moon seen through the mist and all the rest of them would have thought it as shocking to appear without paint and powder covering up their faces as they would have thought it to appear without any clothes. so princess autumn cloud leaned over as if she were making a deep bow, and let her tears fall in a golden bowl, and then, because they were royal tears, they were poured into beautiful porcelain bottles that were sealed up and placed, rows and rows and rows of them, in a room all hung with silk curtains embroidered with weeping willows. "oh, what shall be done to amuse the little emperor?" sobbed princess autumn cloud. "perhaps he would like some music!" and she clapped her hands, with their long, long fingernails covered with gold fingernail protectors. so four fat musicians, dressed in vermilion silk and wearing big horn-rimmed spectacles to show how wise they were, came and kowtowed to the little emperor. that is, they got down on their knees, which was hard for them to do because they were so fat, and then, all together, knocked their heads on the floor nine times apiece to show their deep respect. then one beat on a drum, boom boom, and one clashed cymbals of brass together, crash bang, and one rang little bells of green and milk-white jade, and the oldest and fattest beat with mallets up and down the back of a musical instrument carved and painted to look like a life-sized tiger with glaring eyes and sharp white teeth. the little emperor sprawled back in his big dragon throne under the softly waving peacock feather fans, four fat chinese musicians. stretched out his arms and legs, and yawned harder than ever. "oh! oh! oh! what shall be done to amuse him?" wailed princess autumn cloud, bursting into tears afresh. "can no one suggest anything?" and although the mandarins and the court ladies thought to themselves that what they would really like to suggest for such a spoiled little boy would be to send him to bed without his supper, they none of them dared say so, but tried to look very solemn and sympathetic. "would the little old ancestor enjoy some sweetmeats?" suggested lady lotus blossom. "old ancestor" is what you call the emperor if you are properly brought up, and polite, and chinese. so gentlemen-in-waiting came and kowtowed and offered the little emperor lacquered boxes of crystallized ginger, of sugared sunflower seeds, and of litchi nuts. but do you think he was interested? not at all. he would not even look at them. "the wind is blowing hard. would it amuse the little old ancestor to watch the kites fly?" asked old lord mighty swishing dragon's tail. the little emperor didn't know whether it would or not. however, he couldn't be more bored than he was already, so he climbed down from his throne and went out into the windy autumn garden. first marched the musicians, beating on drums to let every one know that the emperor was coming. then came the court ladies tottering along on their "golden lilies," which is what they call their tiny feet that have been bound up tightly to keep them small ever since the ladies were babies. then the mandarins with their long pigtails and their padded silk coats whose big sleeves held fans and tobacco and bags of betel nuts and sheets of pale green and vermilion writing paper. then princess autumn cloud in a jade green gown embroidered with a hundred lilac butterflies, a lilac jacket, and pale rose-colored trousers tied with lilac ribbons. in her ears, around her arms, and on her fingers were jade and pearls, and her rose-colored shoes were trimmed with tassels of pearls and were so tiny that she could hardly hobble. in her shiny black hair she wore on one side a big peony, the petals made of mother-of-pearl and the leaves of jade. each petal and leaf was on a fine wire so that when she moved her head they trembled as real flowers do when the wind blows over them. on the other side were two jade butterflies that trembled too. in front of her, walking backward, went her lady-in-waiting holding the golden tear bowl, in case the princess should suddenly begin to cry. and last of all, surrounded by his gentlemen-in-waiting, came the little emperor, dressed from head to foot in yellow, the imperial color, so that he looked like a yellow baby duckling. and as he came every one in the palace and in the garden had to stop whatever they were doing – gossiping, teasing the royal monkeys, chewing betel nuts, or sweeping up dead leaves – and kneel down and knock their heads on the ground until he had passed. how the wind was blowing! it sent the willow branches streaming, it wrinkled the lake water and turned the lotus leaves wrong side out, it scattered the petals of the chrysanthemums. it tossed the kites high in the air. how brightly their colors shone against the gray sky! some were made to look like pink and yellow melons with trailing leaves, some were like warriors in vermilion, some were golden fish, others were black bats, and the biggest one of all was a great blue-green dragon. as for the little emperor, he took one look at them and then yawned so hard that they were afraid he would dislocate his jaw. a little brown bird the color of a dead leaf had been hopping about on the ground under the chrysanthemums looking for something for its supper, and now suddenly flew up into a willow tree and began to sing.   the little emperor clapped his hands, and all his servants dropped on their knees and began to kowtow. "catch me that little brown bird with the beautiful song!" he said. he stopped yawning, and his eyes grew bright with eagerness. "but, little old ancestor, that is such a plain little bird," said his aunt timidly. "surely you would rather have a cockatoo as pink as a cloud at dawn, or a pair of lovebirds as green as leaves in spring – " the rude little emperor paid not the slightest attention to her, but stamped his foot and shouted: "catch me that little brown bird!" so his servants chased the poor little fluttering bird with butterfly nets. the wind whipped their bright silk skirts, and their pigtails streamed out behind, and they puffed and panted, for they were most of them very fat. and at last the bird was caught, and put in a cage trimmed with tassels of purple silk and pearls, with his servants chased the bird with butterfly nets. drinking cup and seed cup made like the halves of plums from purple amethysts on brown amber twigs with green jade leaves. for a time the little emperor was delighted with his new pet, and every day he carried it in its cage when he went for a walk. but it never sang, only beat against the bars of its cage, or huddled on its perch, so presently he grew tired of it, and it was hung up in its cage in a dark corner of one of the palace rooms, where he soon forgot all about it.   how could the little bird sing? it was sick for the wide blue roads of the air, for wet green rice fields where the coolies stand with bare legs, sky-blue shirts, and bamboo hats as big as umbrellas, for the yellow rivers, and the mountains bright with red lilies. how could it sing in a cage? but sometimes it tried to cry to them: "let me out! please, please let me out! i have never done anything to harm you! i am so unhappy i think my heart is breaking! please let me go free!" "what a sweet song!" everybody would say. "run and tell the little emperor that his bird is singing again." after a while the little bird realized that they did not understand, and it tried no longer, but drooped, dull-eyed and silent, in its cage.   one night the little emperor had a dream. perhaps you won't wonder when i tell you what he had for supper. first he had tea in a bowl of jade as round and white as the moon, heaped up with honeysuckle flowers. then, in yellow lacquer boxes, sugared seeds, sunflower and lotus flower and watermelon seeds, boiled walnuts, and lotus buds. then velvety golden peaches and purple plums with a bloom of silver on them. pork cooked in eleven different ways: chopped, cold, with red beans and with white beans, with bamboo shoots, with onions, and with cherries, with eggs, with mushrooms, with cabbage, and with turnips. ducks and chickens stuffed with pine needles and roasted. smoked fish. shrimps and crabs, fried together. shark fins. boiled birds' nests. porridge of tiny yellow seeds like bird seed. cakes in the shapes of seashells, fish, dragons, butterflies, and flowers. chrysanthemum soup, steaming in a yellow bowl with a green dragon twisting around it. not one other thing did that poor little emperor have for his supper! when he was so full that he couldn't hold anything more, not even one sugared watermelon seed, they took off his silk napkin embroidered with little brown monkeys eating pink and orange persimmons. he was so sleepy that he did not even stamp his feet when they washed his face and hands. then they took off his red silk gown embroidered with gold dragons and blue clouds and lined with soft gray fur, his yellow silk shirt and his red satin shoes with their thick white soles. but he went to bed in his pale yellow pantaloons, tied around the ankles with rose-colored ribbons. i must tell you about his bed. it was made of brick, and inside of it a small fire was built to keep the little emperor warm. on top of this three yellow silk mattresses were placed, then silk sheets, red, yellow, green, blue, and violet, then a coverlet of yellow satin embroidered with stars. under his head were pillows stuffed with tea leaves; and above him was a canopy of yellow silk, embroidered with a great round moon whose golden rays streamed down the yellow silk curtains drawn around him. he fell asleep, and this is what he dreamed.   the long golden rays seemed to turn into the bars of a cage. yes, he was in a huge cage! he tried frantically to get out! he beat against the bars! then he saw what looked like the roots of trees, and brown tree trunks, a grove all around the cage. but the trees moved and stepped about, and, looking up the trunks, instead of leaves he saw feathers, and still farther, sharp beaks, and then bright eyes looking at him. they were birds! what he had thought were the roots of trees were their claws, and the trunks of the trees were their legs. but what enormous birds! they were as big as men, while he was as small as a bird. "let me out!" he shouted. "don't you know i am the emperor, and every one must obey me? let me out, i say!" "ah, he is beginning to sing," said one bird to another. "not a very musical song. too shrill by far! take my advice, wring his neck and roast him. he would make a tender, juicy morsel for our supper." "please, please let me out!" "oh, let me out! please, please let me out!" cried the poor little emperor in terror. "he is singing more sweetly now," remarked one of the birds. "too loud! quite ear-splitting!" said a lady bird, fluffing out her breast feathers and lifting her wings to show how sensitive she was. "if he were mine i should pluck him. his little yellow silk trousers would line my nest so softly." "oh, please, please set me free!" "really, his song is growing quite charming! but one can't stand listening to it all day." and with a great whir and flap and rustle of wings the birds flew away and left him in his cage, alone. he called for help and threw himself against the bars until he was exhausted. then bruised, panting, his heart nearly breaking out of his body, he lay on the floor of the cage. finally, growing hungry and thirsty, he looked in his seed and water cups, drank a little lukewarm water, and ate a dry bread crumb. now and then birds came and looked at him. some of them tried to catch his pigtail with their beaks or claws.   next day the little emperor was thoughtful. could it be, he wondered, that a little bird's nest was as dear to it as his own bed with its rainbow coverlets and its moon and stars was to him? that a little bird liked ripe berries and cold brook water as much as he liked ripe peaches and tea with jasmine flowers? that a little bird was as frightened when he tried to catch its tail in his fingers as he was when the birds tried to catch his pigtail? and then he thought of how he had felt when the lady bird had wanted his pantaloons to line her nest, and, hot with shame, he remembered his glistening jewel-bright blue cloak made of thousands of kingfishers' feathers. it had made him miserable to think of their taking his clothes, but suppose his clothes grew on him as their feathers did on them? how would he have felt then, hearing the bird say: "i should pluck him. his little silk trousers would line my nest so softly"? he went to bed thinking about his little brown bird, and before he shut his eyes he made up his mind to set it free in the morning.   then he fell asleep, and once again he dreamed that he was in the golden cage. whir-rr! one of the great birds flew down by the cage door. with his claw he unfastened it – opened it! oh, how exciting! the little emperor tore out, so afraid he would be stopped and put back in the cage! oh, how he ran across the room and through the open door! free! he was free! tears rushed to his eyes, and his heart felt as if it would burst with happiness. but it was winter. the garden was deep in snow that was falling as if it would never stop. the peaches and plums were gone, and the lotus pond was frozen hard as stone. the little emperor had never been out in the snow before except when he was dressed in his warm padded clothes, with one gentleman-in-waiting carrying his porcelain stove, and another bringing tea, and a third with cakes in a box of yellow lacquer, and a fourth holding between the snowflakes and the imperial head a great, moss-green umbrella. so small and helpless in so big and cold a world, what could a little boy find to eat or drink? where could he warm himself? he ran frantically through the snow. the rose-colored ribbons that tied his pantaloons came untied and trailed behind him, and the cold snow went up his bare legs. pausing to catch his sobbing breath, he looked up to see the thick snow sliding from a pine tree branch, and jumped aside just in time to keep from being buried beneath it. then on he plunged again, growing with each step more weak and cold and hungry; stopping now and then to call for help in a quavering voice that grew feebler every time; blinking back the tears that froze on his lashes as he tried to remember that emperors must never cry; then struggling on through the blinding snow, a little boy lost and alone. then, as it began to grow dark, he saw two great lanterns shining through the snow, coming slowly nearer. perhaps his aunt and his chief gentleman-in-waiting, lord mighty swishing dragon's tail (lord dragon tail, for short) had missed him and had come with lanterns to look for him! he tried to go toward them, to call, but he was too exhausted to move or make a sound. and then, imagine his terror when he realized that the glowing green lights were not lanterns at all, but the eyes of a great crouching animal – a cat! gathering all his strength for one last desperate effort, he tried to run. but with a leap the cat was after him, and with a paw now rolled into a velvet ball, now unsheathing sharp curved claws, tapped him first on one side, then on the other, nearly let him go, caught him again with one bound, and with a harder blow sent him spinning into stars and darkness.   some one was shaking him. was it the cat? the little emperor opened his eyes and saw the frightened face of princess autumn cloud bending over him, as yellow as a lemon, for she had jumped up out of bed when she heard him cry out in his sleep, and there hadn't been time to put on the honey and the powder, to paint on the surprised black eyebrows or the round red mouth. "wake up, wake up, little old ancestor!" she was crying as she shook him. "you're having a bad dream!" "aren't you the cat?" asked the little emperor, who wasn't really awake yet. "certainly not, little old ancestor!" replied his aunt, rather offended. the little emperor climbed out of his bed. the room was full of the still white light that comes from snow, and looking out of the window he saw that the plum trees and the cherry trees looked as if they had blossomed in the night, the snow lay so white and light on every twig. softly the snow fell, deep, deep it lay, and the people who passed by his windows went as silently as though they were shod in white velvet. the little emperor thought of his dream, and decided that his little bird might suffer and die if he let it go free before winter was over. but he explained to the bird, and tried to make it happier. "when summer comes, you shall fly away into the sky," he told it. he brought it fruit and green leaves to peck at, talking to it gently. and the little bird seemed to understand. the dull eyes grew brighter; and though it never sang it sometimes chirped as if it were trying to say: "thank you."   on the first night of summer when the moon lay like a great round pearl in the deep blue sea of the sky, the little emperor slept, and dreamed again that the cage door opened for him and let him go free. but oh, what happiness now, happiness almost too great for a little boy to bear. peonies were in bloom, each petal like a big seashell, and blue butterflies floated over them in the warm sunshine. half hidden in the grass the little emperor found a great purple fruit – a mulberry. how good it was! the dewy spider webs glistened like the great tinsel bridge to heaven they built for him on every birthday. how happy he was! how happy! free and safe! with the sun to warm him and the breeze to cool him; with food tumbling down from heaven or the mulberry trees, he wasn't sure which, with a crystal clear dewdrop to drink on every blade of grass. how happy he was! the lake was full of great rustling leaves and big pink lotus flowers. venturing out on one of the leaves, he paddled his feet over its edge in the gently lapping water. then, climbing into one of the pink blossoms, he lay, so happy, so happy, looking up at the blue-green dragon flies darting overhead, and rocking gently in his rosy boat. no, it was not the lotus flower that rocked him on the water. it was princess autumn cloud who was gently shaking him, and saying: "wake up, if you please, dear little old ancestor!" and hard as it is to believe, she was really smiling. the little emperor had been so good lately, and then it was such a beautiful day! he could not wait until after breakfast to let his little brown bird go free. as soon as he was dressed he ran as fast as he could to the room where the bird cage hung. pat-a-pat-pat went his little feet in their blue satin shoes, and thud, thud! puff, puff! his fat old gentlemen-in-waiting lumbered along behind him. "i've come to set you free!" he whispered, as he carried the cage with its tassels of purple and pearls out into the beautiful day. for one minute he wanted to cry, for he had grown to love the little bird. but he remembered again that emperors must not cry. he opened the door of the cage. "little old ancestor's bird has flown away!" cried the mandarins. "it has flown so high in the sky that we can hardly see it," the court ladies answered; and they all wished that the little emperor would stop gazing up into the sky at the little dark speck, so that they might go in and have their breakfasts. but the little emperor, the empty bird cage in his hand, still looked up. high, high in the sky! and now, really, he could no longer see it. but a thread of song dropped down to him, a silver thread of song, a golden thread of love between the hearts of a little bird and a little boy. "thank you, oh, thank you, my little emperor!" up into the sky rose the hundred horses and their great coach, until the roof of the little emperor's palace with its bright yellow tiles looked only as big as a yellow autumn leaf – as a jasmine petal – as nothing at all! and along the road of stars they galloped, while notes of music sprayed from the wheels of the coach, and, dropping to earth, gave the nightingales ideas for beautiful new songs. on through the sky and above the earth until the night was over, and at last, instead of a road, the hundred horses were galloping along a river. all along the river bank tall poplars rustled and whispered in the wind of the coach's passing, and little waves, stirred up by the horses' hoofs, slapped against the small houses that rose from the water, small pink houses and blue houses and white red-roofed houses, each with its rowboat tied to its steps. white swans and green ducks rocked on the ripples, their feathers gilded by sunshine, for it was bright day now, and the rain that had been pouring down had stopped. it was bright day, and yet no one saw the dream coach except a little french boy, whose eyes were falling shut in one little pink cottage. "philippe! philippe!" the driver called. "one last dream is left for you!" what was philippe's dream? that you shall hear. "hold still then, my little monkey!" "but mother," wailed philippe, "i have the soap in my eye!" "soap is it, my angel?" asked his mother, lifting his face in her two wet hands. "oh, but there is really no soap at all to speak about, just a bubble or two of suds. there!" and with the corner of her apron she wiped away the thick white lather around his eyelashes, so that philippe looked like a little boy made of snow, except for his eyes which were large and brown and filled with tears from the painful smarting. from head to ankles he was covered with a froth of soapsuds, and his feet had stirred the warm water in the bottom of the wooden tub into rainbow-tinted mounds of bubbles which grew and grew and cascaded over the sides with a tiny fizzing sound. "you are giving our young one a very thorough tubbing," remarked philippe's father. he was sitting under the narrow window of their cottage, cutting the yellow-white sprouts from a bag of potatoes which he intended to plant in the dark of the next moon. "indeed i am. i shall scrub and rub and polish until he looks like a wax image, or as pink and shining as the inside of the seashell his uncle pablôt sent him from paimpol." philippe's father held a large brown potato at arm's length, and, regarding it with his head cocked to one side, said: "very fine! yes, very fine!" "a good size," agreed his wife, looking over her shoulder, while she absently bored into the ear of her long-suffering son with a bit of soapy rag. "yes – but i was thinking rather of philippe's uncle pablôt. it is he who is very fine, a grand gentleman who carries a gold-headed cane and has traveled far – to the very borders of our beloved france, and even beyond, so i hear." "oh, very much beyond! he has been in every country in the world, according to the wonderful stories he tells, and the world, pierre, i understand to be of a tremendous bigness; indeed, if what i am told is the truth, it must be three or four times as big as our own country!" "is that so?" replied pierre doubtfully, starting to cut the pallid sprouts again with quick motions of his work-hardened hands. "it may all be the truth, my good wife, but i have always taken the words of pablôt with a grain of salt; i think, for that matter, that he is a little inclined to blow." "'blow'?" asked philippe from his tub. "i thought it was only the wind that could blow." but of course no one answered him, for he was only a little boy, and not expected to understand; instead, his father bent over his bag of potatoes to hide his smile, and his mother remembered that the pot-au-feu (which is a thick soup made of odds and ends and bits and scraps and almost everything you can think of mixed with water in a large pot and left on the fire to bubble sluggishly for many hours) needed stirring right away. "take care," warned her husband, "that you do not drop soap into the soup from your wet hands, for i know of nothing that gives it a more curious flavor." "just the same," said philippe's mother, turning from the hearth, her cheeks flushed rosy red by the bright, hot embers, "just the same, it is a good thing that our little one should be invited to meet such a fine gentleman. it will teach him how to say the most ordinary thing elegantly, and how to carry his head high as if he were a born dandy. philippe, repeat to your father the little speech you are to say when you meet your uncle." "good health to you, my dear and illustrated uncle! it gives — " "no, no, my pet, 'my dear and illustrious uncle,' and was there not something that you forgot?" "yes, mother. i forgot to make my bow. shall i make a new beginning?" "do so." whereupon philippe bent nearly double over the edge of the tub, scattering drops of water upon the floor. "good health to you, my dear and illustrious uncle. it gives me the most great pleasure to have – eugh! soap in my mouth. . . . ptu! – " "wait, then, until you are dressed in the new suit i have sewn for you," and his mother, taking an earthen jar of water from the side of the fire where it had been put to warm, poured it over his head, leaving him no longer a snow boy, but a boy made of the shiniest china you can imagine. "is that pleasant, my brave one?" "it is warm, like rain," said philippe, lifting his arms above his head. "i will not need another washing for a long, long time, will i, mother?" philippe's grandparents lived the distance of twelve fields, a small woods, three stiles, and the width of a brook from his own home. just how far that is, is hard to say. you see it makes such a difference whom you ask. ask the swallows and they will tell you airily that it is no distance at all, just a flick of the wing, and you are there. but ask the snails who live under the broad leaves of the flowering mulleins, and after pondering a long time, they will tell you that it gives them a headache to think of such a tremendous distance, that it would surely take several lifetimes to travel so far, and as for themselves, they would consider it very foolish to start out on such a dangerous adventure when there were plenty of young lettuces so close at hand! to a small boy of eight, it was quite a long journey, taken alone, particularly when he could not take the short cut by wriggling through the tangled copse for fear of tearing his new suit, or being covered with last year's burrs and barbed seeds of the undergrowth. but he reached his grandparents' house at last. it was a little house built by the side of a river, actually touching the water on one side, so that you could step out of a door, down a step, and into a rowboat. and there were white swans and yellow-breasted ducks with bronze-green backs swimming in the reflection of the pink walls. on the land side was a poplar tree, very tall and dressed in silvery blue leaves, stand- ing erect like a giant soldier on guard before a toy house. once philippe's grandfather had explained to him how he could tell the time of day by the shadow this tree cast: when it struck across the chimney at the corner of the house, it was time to go into the fields; when it crossed the front door, it was time to enter therein for the midday meal, and when it pointed out toward the fields, that was a signal for grandmother to ring the great bell that would call the workers home. "and what," philippe had asked, "do you do, grandfather, when the sun is under the clouds, and there is no shadow to tell the time?" "well, then we must needs look at the clock which ticks on the mantelshelf over the fire," grandfather said with a twinkle of his old, blue eyes, eyes half hidden by the tufts of white eyebrows. although the day had commenced unusually fine, and the calm, blue sea of sky had been without an island reef or bar of cloud to wreck the golden galleon of the sun, by the time philippe had been tubbed, scrubbed, dressed in his best, had been rehearsed in his address to his uncle, kissed good-by, and given a little nosegay of pansies and lilies of the valley in a paper twist for his grandmother, and had crossed the twelve fields and picked his way carefully through the woods to avoid the sharp brambles that reached out after him with long and sinuous arms – by the time all this had come to pass, and philippe was actually in sight of his grandparents' cottage, it began to rain from a sky as heavily gray as it had been brightly blue before. it started so suddenly that philippe had to run across the last field to keep the big drops from ruining his new black velvet cap. the inside of the house was very dark, with only two windows, like half-closed eyes, looking out on the world. through these windows entered shafts of pale, watery light that cut blue paths in the wreaths of wood smoke creeping around the rafters. pots, pans, and kettles of burnished copper hung from hooks in the ceiling, and mirrored in tiny points the flames leaping on the hearth. it was like another world, small but complete, inside grandmother's and grandfather's house: the floor was the earth itself, trampled until it was as hard as brick, the wreaths of smoke were thin clouds flung across a dark sky where yellow and red stars winked and twinkled. at one end of the room, where grandmother and anjou, the cat, were busy preparing dinner over the bright fire, it was gay and warm: day; but at the farther end, where grand- father sat stroking his long white beard, it was dark and chilly: night. when philippe entered, he had to blink his eyes for some time before he could adjust himself to the darkness. then he handed his grandmother the bouquet he had carried so carefully, politely wishing her health and happiness. there were tears in grandmother's eyes as she bent over and kissed her grandson's pink and shining cheek, but then there were always tears in grandmother's eyes – why, philippe never could understand. did she weep because of the stinging smoke that the chimney seemed too small to carry off? or because she was sad? not sad, thought philippe, or grandmother would not be all the time smiling. "hey-o!" sang grandmother in her high little voice, dropping a tear in the yellow heart of a purple pansy. "what pretty flowers you have brought me, my philippe, and see, here is a raindrop in one of them shining as prettily as a glass bead!" philippe did not like to tell her that it was her own tear. "then it is raining out?" she asked. "it will make a wet home-coming for your uncle, but it is lovely, nevertheless, and if it comes down hard enough, it will make the river flow along more happily than it has for a long day. won't that be beautiful, philippe?" "yes, grandmother marianne," philippe agreed politely, and then asked: "when will my uncle pablôt be here? mother has taught me what to say when i make my bow to him, and if he is too long in coming, i am afraid that i may forget it." "he will come," said grandmother, "when he has a mind to." "and is he coming from a great distance, maybe all the way from paris?" (philippe thought that paris was the only city in the world, built on the world's very edge.) "maybe, and then maybe not," grandmother told him. "there is no telling where your uncle will come from; he is apt to blow in from any quarter." "ah, then that explains it!" remarked philippe innocently. "father said he always thought uncle pablôt was a little inclined to blow." "now did he!" grandmother was frowning and smiling at one and the same time. "have you spoken to your grandfather yet?" "i did not know that grandfather joseph was home; i did not see him," said philippe truthfully. "use your young eyes sharply and look into every corner," advised grandmother. "anjou!" she cried warningly, "you will burn your nose if you get too close to that roasting duck." philippe gazed into the farthest corner of the room where he saw two dim spots of white glowing like snow in the night; he had to advance quite near before he could be sure that what he saw was the long white hair and the long white beard of grandfather. "good day, grandfather joseph," said philippe, bowing low before the old man who sat huddled in a chair, the arms of which were worn shiny by the grip of thin fingers. "'good day'? a very bad day, grandson. though i no longer hear nor see as i used to, i can feel that it is raining. tell me, is it raining?" "yes, grandfather," replied philippe from the top of a churn where he had climbed to look out of the small window at the river. "it is falling so hard that the raindrops are bouncing from the surface of the water." remembering what his grandmother had told him, he added, "it will make the river flow along more happily than it has for a long time, and that will be very beautiful!" "horrible!" said grandfather with a sigh that was almost too soft to be heard. "it makes me feel weak clear through," he continued. "give me the sharp cold and the sparkling frost when the river freezes so hard that it cracks and roars like a cannon. when i was a boy, i used to spread my cape and let the wind push me across the slippery ice — this soft weather will be the end of me!" there were three people living in the house that philippe visited; besides grandmother and grandfather, there was little avril, their grandniece, and therefore philippe's cousin. avril was a child of tender beauty, younger than philippe, quite a baby in the sight of eyes that were eight long years old. avril was very shy, so shy that she had hidden under the table when philippe had entered the door, and it was not until he had paid his respects to grandmother and grandfather that he saw her there, peeking out at him like a flower from the dark shadow of a garden wall. "hello, my little cousin," said philippe with a grand and grown-up air. "would you like to play a very important game with me that i have just thought of?" avril laughed her pleasure. it was a most excellent game, so philippe thought. he was king, enthroned on the churn, and avril was his slave, and had to bring him anything he might request, with the penalty of having her head chopped off if she failed. king philippe had just commanded the brightest star in the heavens to be brought him, when there was all at once a loud rapping and rattling of the wooden latch. the door flew open before anyone had time to answer, and a gust of chilly wind swept through the room, breaking the weaving rings of smoke, making the fire leap up the chimney, causing grandmother in her excitement to drop the wooden spoon into the pudding, and even waving grandfather's beard like a white flag. "behold! i am here!" cried uncle pablôt from the threshold, withdrawing his right arm from the voluminous folds of his cape and making a magnificent sweeping gesture ending with his fingertips being pressed lightly against his expanded chest. "so i see," said grandfather in a thin, complaining voice from his dark corner. "close the door," he pleaded, tucking the end of his waving beard into his blue smock. "close the door – the rain makes me feel very weak – " but no one paid the least bit of attention to him. grandmother ran forward with squeaking noises of delight, throwing her arms around the newcomer, draping him with a link of sausage, which she had forgotten to put down in her hurry, in the manner of a necklace. avril shyly retreated beneath the table again, and philippe tried desperately to remember the pretty sentences with which he was to address the great man. he was in the very middle of trying to remember when his grandmother took him by the hand. "and here is your little nephew," said grandmother, "who has come all by himself a great distance to welcome you." philippe stared dumbly, wishing that he had had the presence of mind to slip under the table with avril. "come! what do you say to your uncle, philippe?" asked grandmother. "i forget what i say," answered philippe miserably, "but i am very glad to see you, my – my — ah! now it comes to me!" and he started again: "good health to you, my dear and illustrious uncle. it gives me the most — " "fiddlesticks!" interposed uncle pablôt, laughing. " – the most great pleasure to welcome you, and — " "yes, yes – " said uncle pablôt, cutting him short again. "but what do you say to this?" and he reached into the folds of his cape and handed philippe something small and shining. "what is it?" asked philippe. "ho! that is better. at least you did not learn that by heart, did you, my boy? here, i will show you." whereupon he put the bright present to his lips and blew a shrill blast that rattled the pots and made grandmother drop her sausages in alarm. (she dusted them very carefully before putting them in the hot pan that was waiting to cook them.) "a whistle!" shouted philippe, dancing with joy. then he ducked under the table to show his beautiful new present to avril. "and here is a present for the other little one," said uncle pablôt, handing the shyly smiling girl a toy spade with a bright green handle and a wreath of early spring flowers painted on the tiny blade. what a feast they had in honor of their distinguished guest! "i suppose," said grandmother to uncle pablôt, "that you have traveled a great distance since last you visited us?" "yes, yes," said uncle pablôt, flourishing the wing of a duck. "i have breezed about a bit, here, there, and everywhere. would you like to hear a little about my travels?" "oh, please!" begged philippe, although the question had not been addressed to him. "now there is india," commenced uncle pablôt, "a very hot country, but as gay as a circus — " and over the roast duck he told them many things in his soft and flowing voice, of elephants, their enormous bodies painted brilliantly in curlicues, circles, and zigzags, swaying through narrow streets like clumsy ships of the land, ridden by dark-skinned potentates robed in ivory satin and scarlet brocades, wearing precious jewels more sparkling than broken bits of colored glass . . . of softly stepping and treacherous tigers prowling in deep jungles, of lions and leopards, crouching panthers and laughing hyenas and all manner of beasts . . . of birds with emerald crests, sapphire wings, breasts of flaming orange, long, sweeping tails and screaming falsetto voices that seemed to shatter the air into sharp and hurtling splinters . . . of gorilla fathers with so terrible a power in their long arms that they could uproot a tree as easily as one would pick a dandelion, and gorilla mothers holding babies to their breasts as gently and lovingly as any human mothers . . . of chattering pink monkeys shouting in derisive laughter from their hiding places in the tree tops at passers-by. leaving the wildness of the tropic forests, he told them of queer-shaped temples and pagodas, lifting to the blue of the sky, made of stone carved as beautifully as lace, where lived the leering and laughing gods of the heathen. by the time grandmother had put the crisp green lettuces on the table, uncle pablôt had carried his little audience to far-away china and, without so much as a "by your leave," into the gardens of mandarins and emperors where jasmine filled the air with sweetness, and rose and white peonies bowed their heavy heads around the lily ponds. far away and far away they flew on uncle pablôt's winged words: over snowy mountains tinted with the pink and lavender radiance of the dawn, through the fiery furnace of desert sands where haughty camels plodded their weary course to the beat of arab drum and the mystical rhythm of arab song, up broad rivers where crocodiles basked in the sun . . . past cities with towers and turrets, through the courtyards of palace and castle, into the riot of crowded markets with their laughter and shouting, buying and selling, into a land where the streets were water, where the buildings had wings that turned and turned, where the men and boys wore tight little jackets of velvet fastened with brass buttons, and trousers as big as two sacks sewn together. "oh, yes," said uncle pablôt, "and they all wear wooden shoes so that they can walk safely across the streets of water without sinking." "remarkable!" said grandmother. "if true," said grandfather, but he spoke so low that every one thought that he was merely choking, and paid no attention to him. "more!" pleaded philippe. "and i was in england the other day," continued uncle pablôt, who needed little urging, "where i visited the royal family. that is nothing," he said, in answer to a look of proud astonishment from grandmother. "i have a great many acquaintances in all walks of life. once i mussed up the hair of a prince and ran off with the parasol of a duchess, just by way of a little joke, you know. did i ever tell you — " but if he ever had, he told them again, and at such length that, though the dinner had come to an end, and grandmother had cleared away the dishes and given anjou a saucer of milk and a bone, he was still telling them this and other monstrous adventures in his quick, easy voice. how thrilling it all was to philippe. it seemed to him that the gay words flew from his uncle's mouth and over his head like flocks of wild birds. some of them were quite ordinary little words, as sparrows are ordinary little birds, but others were long and strange like the queer birds his uncle had told him about. or again – this tale of other lands and peoples was like music to which the crackling of the fire and the drip, drip of the rain outside made a soothing accompaniment. he tried hard to keep his eyes and ears wide open, but, to tell the truth, he had eaten very heartily of grandmother's delicious dinner, and that, with the darkness of the room, the lullaby singsong of his uncle's voice, and the soft purring of anjou, made him heavy-headed and in danger of falling into sleep at any moment. voices came to him through the fog of smoke, sounding far, far away. he heard his uncle say, "but you, grandfather joseph, you should go about the world a bit and see for yourself these wonderful things." "i am content," replied a soft, old voice. "yes, you are content to stay where you are put, or at best to drift around a bit, eh?" and then the old man saying, "i drift – i drift – i drift – "   maybe it was then that philippe went to sleep, or, on the other hand, maybe it was then that philippe overcame his drowsiness and woke up to a new interest in things. certainly, strange and exciting happenings took place in rapid succession. it started with grandmother going to the window where she stood on tiptoe and looked out at the river. "oh," she cried, and her voice was younger and happier than philippe had ever heard it before. "oh! the river has grown up; never before have i seen my darling child so strong and beautiful. and how he runs and laughs! in another minute he will be at the sill of the window. i will open the door and invite him in." "no, no!" cried grandfather weakly, jumping up from the chair and staring wildly about the room. "it will be the end of me." "but think, joseph, how my child will love it! he will splash and laugh – why, even now i can see him creeping under the door in his eagerness." without a word, gathering the baby avril into his arms, grandfather dashed out of the other door; and they watched him running across the fields and meadows, his white hair and beard flying back over his shoulders in the mad speed of his flight. "now there is a strange man," grandmother said to uncle pablôt. pablôt only whistled softly and looked wise. "one would think," continued grandmother, "that he would be grateful for a nice trip on the back of my child. he will come to my way of thinking all in good time." she looked around her critically. "the fire!" she said. "how fiercely the fire is burning! it quite makes me boil with anger; i won't have it, i hate it!" and she ran upon it, scattering the embers with a great hissing sound. "there now!" turning again to pablôt. "do you think that the room is in readiness for my son? shall i open the floodgates and let him in?" "how about anjou?" asked uncle pablôt. "anjou can ride in his basket." "and philippe?" "the little cradle by the bed that avril sleeps in – an excellent boat! jump in, philippe, run and jump in, for we are going to make a voyage. i – let me see - this tub will suit me nicely; i have a fondness for tubs; and you, pablôt, can run along the bank. into your basket, anjou, quick! you look strangely unhappy, my pet. are we all ready? enter, my son!" grandmother unlatched the door facing on the river; it flew back against the wall with a crash. what happened next was very confused in the mind of the startled philippe. there was a great, swishing roar as the water of the river, swollen to unheard-of heights by the hard rain, leaped and tumbled into the room in masses and billows of silver foam. tightly he clutched the rail of the crib as his strange boat tossed and turned and ducked and pitched and bobbed and spun around and around in the currents and cross currents and boiling waves. at last, when the water in the room had reached the level of the water outside, and therefore had suddenly quieted, he dared to look about him. uncle pablôt had disappeared; grandmother was calmly sitting in her tub with a rapturous smile on her old face. "so impulsive!" she remarked conversationally to philippe. "my son, the river," she explained. "he is so very glad to see me. did you notice how he jumped and romped when i let him in? it made me very proud! but we must not waste our time floating idly here; there is to be a very important reunion of my whole family." and with that they were caught in an eddying current and swept out of the door: anjou, with tail as erect as a mast; philippe, wide-eyed and silent in his cradle boat; and grandmother in her wooden tub, pleased and proud, the happy tears streaming down her cheeks. once you get over being frightened, it is really great good fun, so philippe found, to go racing along a swift-flowing river in a little boat that nods to each passing wave. they passed tall reeds and rushes that waved gracefully to them from the shore, weeping willow trees, their wands gray-green and crystal with rain, gently caressing the surface of the water, emerald fields patterned with yellow flowers shining wet, mallows by the river's edge, white with glowing hearts of deep pink, deep pink with hearts of white. sometimes swiftly, sometimes slowly, but always and ever onward, "grandmother's son" carried them on his strong back; now through lowlands, and now between high banks of dark chocolaty mud, where, from the black portals of burrows and tunnels, the bright eyes of water animals gazed at them in astonishment. yes, it was thoroughly delightful, but it was puzzling grandmother in her wood tub. to philippe; there were many things that he did not understand. he decided that he would ask grandmother, who was floating close to him in her wooden tub. "grandmother marianne," he called to her, "why do you call the river your son?" "look at me, philippe. have i not changed?" asked grandmother. "i am no longer grandmother marianne," she said, "i am grandmother rain! . . . without me there would be no puddles, no pools, no lakes, no ponds, no rills and runs and rivulets, no brooks and streams, no waterfalls, no rivers – their lovely and happy voices would die from the land. they are all my children. and if it were not for my children, there would be no ocean." "what is the ocean?" asked philippe, who had never been to the seashore. "that, my philippe," said grandmother rain, "is where i was born, and where all my children return. it is a beautiful place! and how your uncle loves to play there – a decidedly worthy man, your uncle, though at times a trifle flighty." they passed a grove of trees, their bright branches reaching out over the water. "how fresh and strong they look," cried grand- mother rain. "they are always glad to see me, i can assure you. oh, i have strange adventures, philippe. sometimes i am buried in the soft, brown earth, and you would think that would be the end of me, now wouldn't you? but no! i creep back into the air through trunks of trees, through blades of grass and stalks of flowers, and through the shoots of young corn. i trickle through an endless maze of underground passages into deep wells, or until i find a place where i can come bubbling up to the surface. every living thing needs me and every living thing loves me, except sometimes little boys kept in from play – eh?" philippe felt guilty, and was about to apologize when grandmother rain put him at rest. "that is not quite true. there are others," she said, "who do a good deal of complaining about me; they say that i am an old spoil-sport just because i try to make myself pleasant at their parties and picnics. but if i were to leave them forever – " she made an odd little gesture of despair. "would you like me to sing you a song?" she asked unexpectedly. "it might serve to pass the time." "please," said philippe, who was getting a bit tired of floating aimlessly and never arriving anywhere. "very well." and this is what she sang: grandmother rain's song "pitapat, pitapat, drip, drip, drip – pitapat, pitapat, slip, slip, slip, over roofs and windows, over garden walls, over fields and meadows – the gray rain falls! "i fall upon the countryside, upon the city square; i tap the silk umbrellas that are opened everywhere; i wash away the dirt and dust that cloud the flower's face; i fall on royal palaces, and in the market place – for no one is too regal, and no one is too low to receive the crystal blessing that i scatter as i go. i freshen up the thirsty world, and make it clean and green, the grass grows tall, and flowers bloom wherever i have been. although i lie in gutters, and slip through hole and crack, and sometimes have my little joke by running down your back, i make small children happy, for on me they may float their shiny bright, their red and white, their little new toy boat. so think not that because i fall like tears i may be sad: the sparkle in each drop of me is proof that i am glad! "pitapat, pitapat, drip, drip, drip – pitapat, pita – "ah! there he comes!" cried grandmother rain excitedly, forgetting to finish her song. "who?" asked philippe, curious, like most boys. "who indeed?" replied grandmother. "look up the shore. now we will have some sport!" philippe did as he was told, and saw a small figure hurrying toward them at a great pace. as the figure drew nearer, he saw that it was uncle pablôt, running along the edge of the water and stirring it to frenzy. "hold tight!" warned grandmother from her tub. philippe needed no warning, for as uncle pablôt drew opposite to them, waves broke the smooth surface of the river and tossed his little crib about like a cockle shell. he could see, as he was twisted about, that the rising waves were creeping over the edge of grandmother rain's tub and swamping it – it was sinking lower and lower. "be careful, grandmother!" he cried frantically. "this is what i call delightful!" replied that remarkable woman, tipping her tub until the water ran in and filled it with a deep gurgle. as she sank into the river she clapped her hands, whereupon there was a blinding flash and a peal of sharp thunder. a bigger wave than the rest washed philippe, cradle and all, upon the shore. he was too dazed to understand for some moments just what had happened, but at length he spied grandmother, already at some distance, riding the waves and swimming strongly with the current. "now i shall be in high time for the reunion!" she called back to him, the growing space between them making her voice very faint. poor, dear grandmother! whatever would become of her? she would drown most surely. but perhaps uncle pablôt, who had raced on down the bank, could save her – but no! he was strolling back; he had given up. philippe ran to meet his uncle with tears in his eyes. "hello! so there you are, safe and sound and high and dry, eh? you see, i veered about; i thought we might take a little stroll together," explained uncle pablôt airily. "save her!" pleaded philippe tearfully. "who? grandmother rain? be calm, my boy, she is quite in her element." "but unless we do something, the river will carry her far away!" "which is exactly what she wishes. she will be back again, never worry. she makes these little trips to the ocean quite frequently. look, philippe, the sun is coming out! the sun and grandmother rain do not get along well together; he always hides as soon as she has made her appearance, and when she has gone, he goes about mopping up the whole countryside." uncle pablôt's calmness gave philippe some comfort. he was grown-up, and therefore wise; perhaps he knew the meaning of these strange things. "do they always disagree, grandmother and the sun?" asked philippe. "not always. sometimes, though rarely, you may see them together, and then they hang a rainbow flag across the sky as a sign of their truce. but come! we have much land to cover, we must hurry a little more." "where are we going, uncle pablôt?" "what a silly question! how am i to know? i go wherever it pleases me at the moment, sometimes for days in one direction, and at other times this way and that quicker than you can think. and please do not call me uncle pablôt; i am your uncle wind." philippe felt rebuked; he trotted silently beside the tall, lean fellow, thinking him a not very pleasant companion. he would gladly have walked home alone, but he had no idea where he was, and he was afraid to be left alone. at length his uncle wind spoke to him: "do not think unkindly of me, little philippe. if i was cross to you, it is because i am given to complaining at times, but i am a good fellow at heart. with grandmother rain's help, i keep the world a nice clean place to live in. and do you know, philippe, the best part of it is that i am such a humorous fellow; i am all the time playing the most amusing jokes! why – once i mussed up the hair of a prince and ran off with the parasol of a duchess. . . . there now! i think i told you that once before, didn't i? but where and when it is quite past my ability to remember. well, that gives you the idea. hats? there is nothing quite so much fun as hats! snatch a hat and run, drop it until its owner is just about to pick it up, and then snatch and run again. there's nothing that draws such a large and appreciative audience as the hat trick. though, of course, umbrellas are great sport – but i need grandmother rain to help me with that trick. maybe you think i am only a practical joker? not at all! do you remember that day you were sick, and your head felt as if it were on fire? do you remember how i came and cooled it for you, and played with the tassels of the curtains until sundown to keep you amused? if i get a bit angry and rough at times, i am gentleness itself at others, and particularly am i loved in places that are hot and stuffy and saddened by ill health. i am one of the housekeepers of the earth, and i must be everlastingly at it to make things comfortable and shipshape. oh! the dirt and the dust, the smoke and the foul smells people throw into my face in the cities, little dreaming that if it were not for me the earth would be unfit to live on. but i am strong without end and do my best. yes, philippe, i may bluster and blow and play tricks but for all that i am a very excellent fellow. and i am a traveler and adventurer over land and sea, such as one has never read of in the most thrilling books! no one has seen more of the world than i. i have seen strange parts of the world, looked behind walls of ice, where no living thing has ever been. only the other day – " on and on talked uncle wind, and on and on traveled the two together. over more meadows they went than philippe thought could possibly be crowded into the world, and past innumerable herds of cows and flocks of sheep. it had grown warm with the coming of the sun, and often would workers in the fields spread wide their arms and speak words of welcome as they passed. the grass and the yellow wheat bowed as they stepped lightly over them and even the trees nodded in friendly recognition. birds, stretching their wings, took rides on uncle wind's shoulders. at times uncle wind would go quite fast, so that philippe had to run, and again, so slowly that they were scarcely creeping, until, after a long time, they stopped quite still on the top of a high hill. "i often lie down and rest at sunset," explained uncle wind in a voice that was scarcely above a whisper. far, far away, philippe saw, through a twilight haze of gold, what he had never seen before: the deep ocean where grandmother rain was holding her family reunion. the crimson sun was rolling over the blue edge of the world into its sparkling heart. he sat down in the crevice of a rock and thought long and wonderingly of the things that had come to pass that day, and he tried to see, in the land that was spread like a map before his eyes, the red roof and clump of trees that would be his own home. he did so long to be with his darling mother again! and very soon it would be dark. . . . silver stars began to shine in a pale green sky. . . . golden stars were lit in a sky of deepening purple. . . . more and more stars in a sky dark blue. night had suddenly closed in around him, and he was frightened and started to cry. "uncle pablôt – i mean, uncle wind – i want to go home!" but where was uncle wind? there was no answer, no sound, and search as carefully as he would, philippe could find no trace of him. it was as if he had utterly vanished, which, indeed, he had, for the time being. what was poor philippe to do? the hilltop stones that surrounded him took menacing forms; he was sure that he saw the shining eyes, green and glowing, of prowling beasts. he summoned all his courage and bravely started to walk – where? downhill, for he remembered that grandmother rain had told him, as they floated along the river, that that was the only way any sensible person would ever care to travel. besides, when you were on the top of a hill, unless you stayed there, there was no other choice. where else he was bound for he had no idea, but anything would be better than the unbroken stillness of the haunted rocks. how far he walked, at times ran, through the dark night, falling over roots and tearing his way through scratching brambles, pursued by unseen terrors of darkness, before he came to the old man, he had no idea. at first he was timid of approaching the bent figure sitting huddled on a stump, so dim under the starlight. but loneliness and the longing for companionship overcame his fear. "please, sir," he said, drawing slowly closer, "please, sir, could you tell me – grandfather joseph! grandfather joseph!" – and he flung his arms around grandfather's neck, the hot tears streaming down his cheeks. but how cold grandfather was! the touch of grandfather's face against philippe's burned like ice. "watch out!" said grandfather sharply, "you are so insufferably warm you will melt me, if i do not succeed in freezing you first. and, young philippe, be careful the names you call people. look carefully at me again; do you not know me?" philippe was doubtful. surely it was grandfather joseph, and yet – grandfather had never been so cold, nor so strange in his behavior. did he know him? "yes – no," answered philippe, not being able to decide. "yes, snow, that is right! i am grandfather snow." "it's very upsetting!" remarked the puzzled boy. "is it?" replied grandfather snow coldly. "but i may stay here with you, grandfather? i was so frightened alone in the black night. i was out walking with uncle wind, and – and he seemed to disappear, and then i lost my way." "you may stay if you do not come too close. so uncle wind vanished, did he? your uncle wind is a fickle, changeable, unreliable fellow, but he has a will of his own and will turn up in time. i am very dependent on uncle wind; i can do nothing but lie around, without him." "he is very nice, isn't he, grandfather?" ventured philippe. "aye, sometimes," replied the old man. "he was all gentleness this afternoon, but wait until you see him to-night! if i'm not mistaken in the signs, he will be in a fury. then watch out for yourself, young impudence! when uncle wind is in a fury, he is a hard master and drives every one before him with a stinging lash. you'll see!" since grandfather was in such a chilling mood, philippe did not bother to talk with him, but sat at a little distance, thankful for companionship, and watched the winking of the stars, which, even as he watched them, sparkled and went out like sparks in the soot of a chimney, or as if a black curtain were being drawn across the black sky. after a long while, after the last star had vanished and the noiseless quiet of the night hemmed them in like an invisible wall, grandfather snow sprang to his feet and stood tensely listening with his hand to his ear. "what is it, grandfather?" philippe asked, alarmed. "hush! . . . hush! . . . ah – now i hear it plainly!" philippe put his hand to his ear as he had seen grandfather do, and listened intently, holding his breath that he should not miss the tiniest sound. nothing. yes – a far away and tiny sound. it sounded to philippe like the little gasping noises he had made when he was learning to whistle, before ever he had been able to attempt a tune, the noise of air breathed in and out through rounded lips. "he is coming!" grandfather told him in a voice trembling with excitement. "and he is perfectly furious; seldom have i heard him whistle more beautifully. listen!" philippe no longer had to strain to hear the far-away whistling; it was growing nearer every second, and as it approached it became high and shrill. "is that my uncle wind making all that noise, grandfather?" "aye!" said grandfather shortly, crouching close to the ground in the position of a runner about to start a race. "i shall run and meet him," cried philippe, delighted at the idea of seeing his old friend again, who was now evidently very close. he had not run twelve steps when something spinning through the dark ran squarely into him, bowled him off his feet and rolled him along the ground as easily as if he had been made of thistledown. it was a terrific struggle he had to gain his feet again, and even when he had, and would have liked to stop to catch his breath and dust off the new suit his mother had made for him, he found himself being shoved roughly from behind. "faster! faster! faster!" screamed a voice in his very ears. and if he tried to slow up ever so little, "rush! rush! rush!" the voice would command. "faster! faster! faster!" "please, uncle wind – oh, please, uncle wind – i can't go any faster – my legs aren't long enough!" "faster!" screamed uncle wind in anger, prodding poor philippe so hard that he was fairly lifted off his feet. above them, and all around them, there was the noise of tearing leaves and crashing branches, there was the groaning of tortured trees as uncle wind lashed them with his invisible cat-o'-nine-tails. dim shadows streaked past like flying beasts. "rush!" shrieked uncle wind, "r-u-shshsh-shshshshsh–" something cold and stinging struck across philippe's face, and it was then, in spite of his breathless panic at the mad flight, that he wanted to burst out laughing, for he saw that grandfather, who had all this time been running at his side, was going so fast that he was actually losing his whiskers! "your whiskers, grandfather! the wind is tearing your whiskers off!" but the old man, who was speeding along more lightly than any rabbit, paid no attention. in truth, it seemed no great calamity, for as fast as uncle wind would tear off his whiskers and his hair and scatter them on the ground, new would grow immediately – and so thick and fast they grew that the ground became covered with white. but whiskers were not cold and wet when they brushed across one's face: they scratched and tickled, as philippe had found out on occasions when he had kissed grandfather. this was snow! grandfather snow was spreading his white blanket over the earth. all night long uncle wind and grandfather snow sped across the dark country like mad men, and when little philippe grew too tired to stand it any longer, uncle wind would lift him up in his strong arms and carry him. and the snow grew deep, and eddied and twisted into great mounds and high drifts with sharp, curved edges like the thin crests of waves – so that in the cold, pale light of the coming morning, the world looked like a beautiful dream cut from marble. and with the coming of dawn, uncle wind suddenly stopped driving them. "that was a great run!" said uncle wind. "it has left me completely out of puff. philippe, my boy, i hope it hasn't tired you too much? grandfather snow, didn't i drive you beautifully?" "aye." "and you have not done so badly. it will be some days before we are in shape for another run like that. well, good-by! i think i shall do my famous vanishing act again. how about you, grandfather?" "not quite yet. i shall linger on a bit. there are a few touches, a few light touches i neglected in my hurry last night that i would like to attend to this morning. you see," he explained to philippe when uncle wind had vanished, "i am quite an artist. some people think i am very little use and only good for lying around. not at all! i make excellent snowballs, for one thing, and uncle wind is not the only member of our family who has knocked a hat off! but of course i would never tell you of such a thing if i did not know that you were too much of a gentleman to use me for such a purpose. no, no, my child, i work as hard for the things that grow, in my own way, as grandmother rain does in hers, but chiefly i delight to make things beautiful. see that naked gray tree? how bare and cold it looks! it needs a few high lights that i could not stop to give it last night – " whereupon grandfather snow touched each branch and twig with a powdering from his white beard, and the twig and branch of every tree around, until the whole world above the level of the ground was a tracery of gleaming, fairy lace. "not bad, philippe, not a bit bad! can you see anything else that needs touching up? speak out before it is too late, for my supply is nearly exhausted." "please, grandfather, it is beautiful, but i am cold and tired, and i would like to go where it is warm." "of course you would, my child. look! below us in the valley it is green, and even from here one can see that there are flowers. run on down — " "i don't want to run; i'm tired of running!" "well, well," laughed grandfather, "walk then, if you wish. after a while, when the warm sun comes to view my handiwork, i, too, will slip down into the valley, but i shall not stop there. no, i have a long way to travel before i join grandmother rain once more." philippe turned slowly away, touched by the purity and peace that surrounded him. "good-by . . . good-by . . . " said grandfather snow gently, very, very gently! as philippe reached the green valley below, the sun broke through a thin veil of silver clouds. it had risen brilliant and white from its all night dip into the distant ocean, and its cheering warmth was gratefully received by the tired adventurer. a fragrance, mingled of evergreens and flowers, herbs and damp earth, filled the motionless air, and from the end of the grass-grown lane, along which he walked lazily, there was an amazing confusion of sounds, as if thousands of birds were singing at one time. the lane led him to a gate, and on the gate was a sign which said: philippe's garden "i must have been away a long time for my garden to have grown so big," philippe told himself. standing inside the gate was little avril in a new green smock prettily embroidered with wreaths and garlands of flowers. she curtsied so low before him that the hem of her dress brushed the young shoots of grass; and she smiled at him tenderly. "and who are you?" asked philippe warily. "why, philippe! don't you know me?" "yes, i think i do; but i thought that i knew grandmother marianne and she turned out to be grandmother rain. uncle pablôt, it seems, was not uncle pablôt at all, but uncle wind. and my grandfather joseph is grandfather snow and lies just above us on the hill. it is very puzzling; can i be sure that you have not changed your name?" "i have quite a number of names," explained the little girl. "some call me spring, some call me flora, but you may call me avril. avril: april – it is all the same. would you like me to show you your garden? it is very lovely, and i have worked hard to get it all in readiness for your coming." "you?" "yes. i am your gardener, but i have had a lot of help. every one has been so kind! uncle wind helped me plant it, grandfather snow prepared the ground in fine shape, and grandmother rain has been here often and often, giving my little plant babies their bottles. it has been a lot of worry and care, philippe," avril told him in a curiously grown-up voice, "but when you see my beautiful children, i am sure that you will think that it was worth while. "now here," she said, smiling happily and taking him by the hand, "are some of my first babies: the snowdrops, named in honor of their godfather, grandfather snow. and here – " from bed to bed, from border to border they from flower to flower they wandered. wandered, looking at the flowers, breathing the sweet perfume, and watching the clumsy but clever bees, out marketing for honey which they would pay for with golden pollen dust carried on their velvet backs. there were soft-petaled pansies as dark as midnight, as purple as a queen's dress, as yellow as the sun, and sometimes of many colors curiously combined to form impish and laughing faces. there were lilies of the valley and violets, stonecrop and candytuft, peonies and roses, larkspur and bridal wreath – so many flowers that philippe could not remember their names, but gave himself up to the enjoyment of their soft and gorgeous colors, their delicate and magnificent shapes. farther along the maze of paths where he was led by avril, the flowers were still furled in tight buds, and at length they came to beds where the dark loam was scarcely more than broken by lifting sprouts. "these are for later," explained his fairylike guide. "and these?" asked philippe, when they had entered into a new part of the garden where straight rows of green-growing things were marked off in beds of checkerboard design. "these funny little fellows," avril told him, "are not as beautiful and proud as the flowers; they hold their heads less high, but they are all extremely worthy and one would find it difficult to get along without them." "they look good enough to eat," said philippe, who was beginning to feel very empty. "they are," said avril. "and is all this garden mine?" asked philippe. "yes," answered the little girl, curtsying again before him, and added: "all yours — king philippe!" "oh, you mustn't call me 'king,' that is, when we're not playing games, you know," philippe warned her, rather shocked. "kings are grand people with treasures hidden away in strong chests, and they wear crowns of gold and have thousands of servants. i know, because i have read all about them in a book which my mother gave to me. i am a farmer's son, and can never be so wonderful a person as a king." his companion looked at him very thoughtfully, and at last spoke: "you are a king, philippe. sun, moon, and stars shine down upon your head a crown; the whole earth is yours, the great strong chest of hidden treasures. from the time the first small star hung like a lonely spark in space, your servants have been preparing for you a kingdom, the kingdom of earth, than which there is only one greater. and that kingdom, too, will be yours some day if you rule wisely and well in this, and are kind, and strong – and gentle." "it may be true," said philippe, rather bewildered by the wonderful things he was hearing. "but i am quite sure that i have no servants; why – little though i am, even i must help my father in the fields." "we are all your servants. is it not true, grandmother rain?" a shower suddenly passed over the garden, decking the flowers in crystal splendor, and from a small cloud overhead philippe could distinctly hear the voice of grandmother: "yes. i have worked for philippe's father and his grandfathers from the very beginning of things, and i hope to work for his children and his childrens' children for time evermore. do not think badly of me, philippe, if i do not come and go just to your liking, for i am very busy,with much important work to attend to." "is it not true, grandfather snow?" "aye, so it is!" came a voice from the bright hill beyond the garden wall. "is it not true, uncle wind?" "well, well! i am just in time," remarked uncle wind, sauntering up the garden path, the flowers nodding to him as he passed. he had cast aside his great cloak, but even then looked a little warm. "just wandered up from the southlands," he continued. "yes, my little darling, it is true enough what you are telling philippe, but of course we are not to be bossed about like ordinary servants; we serve and yet we keep our independence; we have been at our various tasks so long that we know exactly what to do without being told, and if we seem a little lazy at times, or a little too enthusiastic at others, remember that we may have our own very good reasons. yes, indeed," he went on, commencing to bluster a bit, "there are often reasons hidden in the strangest things we do. did i ever tell you how once i mussed up the hair of a prince and ran off with the parasol of a duchess – " "the wind is capable of being a little monotonous at times," avril whispered into philippe's ear, but he could hardly hear her, for the garden was being filled with other voices, coming from here, there, and everywhere – from the grass, and the flowers, and the vegetables, and the trees, from the stones, and even from the brown earth itself, and they all were saying in their own way, the one thing: "we serve!" "please listen to us a moment," pleaded the fragile voices of the flowers. "we serve too, though many consider us too delicate and concerned about our own looks to be of much use. but do not forget us, philippe! do not forget us when you are grown up and your mind is crowded with worries and cares and a lot of things that will seem more important to you than they really are. keep a place for us in your mind and heart, and we will repay you in our mysterious way a hundredfold and more. do as we ask; treasure beauty, purity, and truth – for though you may love us now, you will not understand the full importance of our message until you have grown up. do not forget – " "the flowers are very talkative to-day," remarked one little lettuce to another. "the flattery of the bees has quite turned their heads," agreed a radish who was notably sharp, whereupon some of the more sensitive flowers who had overheard blushed deeply. but philippe heard none of this chatter of the vegetables, for it seemed that the whole world, the ox and the ass, the horse and the cow, the tame beasts of the fields and the wild beasts of the spaces beyond, the fox and the rabbit, the mouse and the beetle, the creatures that crawled and the creatures that ran, the cricket and the grasshopper and the inhabitants of air and ocean, the little hills and high hills, the valleys and forests, the voice of water through the land, sky and earth – all, all were joining in a great, droning chant: "we serve – we serve – we serve – " "what utter nonsense!" shouted a little bird saucily, flying from the low branches of a tulip tree. "i serve no one; i just have lots of fun, and i'm going to have an exciting fly – and that's something little boys can't do, for they haven't even any pin feathers!" the cocky way the little bird flapped her wings and tossed her head made philippe double up with laughter. "see!" said the little rebel's mate, flying close. "you have made the king laugh, so your empty boasting has broken like a bubble, for laughter is one of the greatest services in the world! and as for going on your wild flight, have you forgotten our pretty blue eggs in their soft brown nest?" "i am a king!" said philippe in a daze of wonderment. "my darling avril, tell me what i can do to show my gratitude to all my servants." "they love nothing better than that you use them, philippe. use them wisely and well, and not only for yourself – but for others." and gentle spring kissed him upon the lips, filling his heart with love and happiness. "it is high time," said philippe's mother to philippe's father, "that our little one was back. soon it will be dark." she went to the doorway and gazed across the fields. "here comes pablôt," she called back into the room, "and he is carrying the child in his arms." "sh-h-h-h-h!" breathed uncle pablôt, drawing close. "take your son gently into your arms; he has been sleeping bravely all the way from his grandparents'. and here," said uncle pablôt, "is his little silver whistle, by which i hope that he will remember me when he wakes up and finds me gone." about this edition illustrations may differ in size and location from those in the original book. edited by mary mark ockerbloom none none none futurearch, or the future of archives... monday, september this blog is no longer being updated but you will find posts on some of our digital archives work here: http://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/archivesandmanuscripts/category/activity/digital-archives/  posted by susan thomas at : no comments: thursday, october born digital: guidance for donors, dealers, and archival repositories today clir published a report which is designed to provide guidance on the acquisition of archives in a digital world. the report provides recommendations for donors and dealers, and for repository staff, based on the experiences of archivists and curators at ten repositories in the uk and us, including the bodleian. you can read it here: http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub posted by susan thomas at : no comments: labels: acquisitions, dealers, donors, guidance, scoping, sensitivity review, transfers thursday, january digital preservation: what i wish i knew before i started the digital preservation coalition (dpc) and archives and records association event ‘digital preservation: what i wish i knew before i started, ’ took place at birkbeck college, london on january . a half-day conference, it brought together a group of leading specialists in the filed to discuss the challenges of digital collection. william kilbride kicked off events with his presentation ‘what’s the problem with digital preservation’. he looked at the traditional -or in his words "bleak"- approach that is too often characterised by data loss. william suggested we need to create new approaches, such as understanding the actual potential and value of output; data loss is not the issue if there is no practical case for keeping or digitising material. some key challenges facing digital archivists were also outlined and it was argued that impediments such as obsolescence issues and storage media failure are a problem bigger than one institution, and collaboration across the profession is paramount. helen hockx-yu discussed how the british library is collaborating with other institutions to archive websites of historical and cultural importance through the uk web archive. interestingly, web archiving at the british library is now a distinct business unit with a team of eight people. like william, helen also emphasised how useful it is to share experiences and work together, both internally and externally. next, dave thompson, digital curator at the wellcome library stepped up with a lively presentation entitled ‘so you want to go digital’. for dave, it is “not all glamour, metadata and preservation events”, which he illustrated with an example of his diary for the week. he then looked at the planning side of digital preservation, arguing that if digital preservation is going to work, not only are we required to be creative, but we need to be sure what we are doing is sustainable. dave highlighted some key lessons from his career thus far: .     we must be willing to embrace change .     data preservation is not solely an exercise in technology but requires engagement with data and consumers. .     little things we do everyday in the workplace are essential to efficient digital preservation, including backup, planning, it infrastructure, maintenance and virus checking. .     it needs to be easy to do and within our control, otherwise the end product is not preservation. .     continued training is essential so we can make the right decisions in appraisal, arrangement, context, description and preservation. .     we must understand copyright access. patricia sleeman, digital archivist at university of london computer centre then highlighted a selection of practical skills that should underpin how we move forward with digital preservation. for instance, she stressed that information without context is meaningless and has little value without the appropriate metadata. like the other speakers, she suggested planning is paramount, and before we start a project we must look forward and learn about how we will finish it. as such, project management is an essential tool, including the ability to understand budgets. adrian brown from the parliamentary archives continued with his presentation 'a day in the life of a digital archivist'. his talk was a real eye-opener on just how busy and varied the role is. a typical day for adrian might involve talking to information owners about possible transfers, ingesting and cataloguing new records into the digital repository, web archiving, providing demos to various groups, drafting preservation policies and developing future requirements such as building software, software testing and preservation planning. no room to be bored here! like dave thompson, adrian noted that while there are more routine tasks such as answering emails and endless meetings, the rewards from being involved in a new and emerging discipline far outweigh the more mundane moments. we then heard from simon rooks from the bbc multi-media archive who described the varied roles at his work (i think some of the audience were feeling quite envious here!). in keeping with the theme of the day, simon reflected on his career path. originally trained as a librarian, he argued that he would have benefited immensely as a digital archivist if he had learnt the key functions of an archivist’s role early on. he emphasised how the same archival principles (intake, appraisal and selection, cataloguing, access etc.) underpin our practices, whether records are paper or digital, and whether we are in archives or records management. these basic functions help to manage many of the issues concerning digital content. simon added that the oais functional model is an approach that has encouraged multi-disciplinary team-work amongst those working at the bbc. after some coffee there followed a q&a session, which proved lively and engaging. a lot of ground was covered including how appropriate it is to distinguish 'digital archivists' from 'archivists'. we also looked at issues of cost modelling and it was suggested that while we need to articulate budgets better, we should perhaps be less obsessed with costs and focus on the actual benefits and return of investment from projects. there was then some debate about what students should expect from undertaking the professional course. most agreed that it is simply not enough to have the professional qualification, and continually acquiring new skill sets is essential. a highly enjoyable afternoon then, with some thought-provoking presentations, which were less about the techie side of digital preservation, and more a valuable lesson on the planning and strategies involved in managing digital assets. communications, continued learning and project planning were central themes of the day, and importantly, that we should be seeking to build something that will have value and worth. posted by anonymous at : no comments: tuesday, november transcribe at the archive i do worry from time to time that textual analogue records will come to suffer from their lack of searchability when compared with their born-digital peers. for those records that have been digitised, crowd-sourcing transcription could be an answer. a rather neat example of just that is the archive platform from the national archives of australia. arhive is a pilot from naa's labs which allows anyone to contribute to the transcription of records. to get started they have chosen a selection of records from their brisbane office which are 'known to be popular'. not too many of them just yet, but at this stage i guess they're just trying to prove the concept works. all the items have been ocr-ed, and users can choose to improve or overwrite the results from the ocr process. there are lots of nice features here, including the ability to choose documents by a difficulty rating (easy, medium or hard) or by type (a description of the series by the looks of it). the competitive may be inspired by the presence of a leader board, while the more collaborative may appreciate the ability to do as much as you can, and leave the transcription for someone else to finish up later. you can register for access to some features, but you don't have to either. very nice. posted by susan thomas at : no comments: labels: crowdsourcing, searchability, transcription friday, october atlas of digital damages an atlas of digital damage has been created on flickr, which will provide a handy resource for illustrating where digital preservation has failed. perhaps 'failed' is a little strong. in some cases the imperfection may be an acceptable trade off. a nice, and useful, idea. contribute here. posted by susan thomas at : no comments: labels: corruption, damage saturday, october dayofdigitalarchives yesterday was day of digital archives ! (and yes, i'm a little late posting...) this 'day' was initiated last year to encourage those working with digital archives to use social media to raise awareness of digital archives: "by collectively documenting what we do, we will be answering questions like: what are digital archives? who uses them? how are they created and managed? why are they important?" . so in that spirit, here is a whizz through my week. coincidentally not only does this week include the day of digital archives but it's also the week that the digital preservation coalition (or dpc) celebrated its th birthday. on monday afternoon i went to the reception at the house of lords to celebrate that landmark anniversary. a lovely event, during which the shortlist for the three digital preservation awards was announced. it's great to see three award categories this time around, including one that takes a longer view: 'the most outstanding contribution to digital preservation in the last decade'. that's quite an accolade. on the train journey home from the awards i found some quiet time to review a guidance document on the subject of acquiring born-digital materials. there is something about being on a train that puts my brain in the right mode for this kind of work. nearing its final form, this guidance is the result of a collaboration between colleagues from a handful of archive repositories. the document will be out for further review before too long, and if we've been successful in our work it should prove helpful to creators, donors, dealers and repositories. part of tuesday i spent reviewing oral history guidance drafted by a colleague to support the efforts of oxford medical alumni in recording interviews with significant figures in the world of oxford medicine. oral histories come to us in both analogue and digital formats these days, and we try to digitise the former as and when we can. the development of the guidance is in the context of our saving oxford medicine initiative to capture important sources for the recent history of medicine in oxford. one of the core activities of this initiative is survey work, and it is notable that many archives surveyed include plenty of digital material. web archiving is another element of the 'capturing' work that the saving oxford medicine team has been doing, and you can see what has been archived to-date via archive-it, our web archiving service provider. much of wednesday morning was given over to a meeting of our building committee, which had very little to do with digital archives! in the afternoon, however, we were pleased to welcome visitors from mit - nancy mcgovern and kari smith. i find visits like these are one of the most important ways of sharing information, experiences and know-how, and as always i got a lot out of it. i hope nancy and kari did too! that same afternoon, colleagues returned from a trip to london to collect another tranche of a personal archive. i'm not sure if this instalment contains much in the way of digital material, but previous ones have included hundreds of floppies and optical media, some zip discs and two hard disks. also arriving on wednesday, some digital library records courtesy of our newly retired executive secretary; these supplement materials uploaded to beam (our digital archives repository) last week. on thursday, i found some time to work with developer carl wilson on our spruce-funded project. becky nielsen (our recent trainee, now studying at glasgow) kicked off this short project with carl, following on from her collaboration with peter may at a spruce mashup in glasgow. i'm picking up some of the latter stages of testing and feedback work now becky's started her studies. the development process has been an agile one with lots of chat and testing. i've found this very productive - it's motivating to see things evolving, and to be able to provide feedback early and often. for now you can see what's going on at github here, but this link will likely change once we settle on a name that's more useful than 'spruce-beam' (doesn't tell you much, does it?! something to do with trees...) one of the primary aims of this tool is to facilitate collection analysis, so we know better what our holdings are in terms of format and content. we expect that it will be useful to others, and there will be more info. on it available soon. friday was more spruce work with carl, among other things. also a few meetings today - one around funding and service models for digital archiving, and a meeting of the bodleian's elegal deposit group (where my special interest is web archiving). the curious can read more about e-legal deposit at the dcms website.  one fun thing that came out of the day was that the saving oxford medicine team decided to participate in a women in science wikipedia editathon. this will be hosted by the radcliffe science library on october as part of a series of 'engage' events on social media organised by the bodleian and the university's computing services. it's fascinating to contemplate how the range and content of wikipedia articles change over time, something a web archive would facilitate perhaps.  for more on working with digital archives, go take a look at the great posts at the day of digital archives blog! posted by susan thomas at : no comments: labels: acquisition, collection analysis, dayofdigarc, doda , dpc, mashup, spruce, webarchiving friday, june sprucing up the tikafileidentifier as it's international archives day tomorrow, i thought it would be nice to quickly share some news of a project we are working on, which should help us (and others!) to carry out digital preservation work a little bit more efficiently. following the spruce mashup i attended in april, we are very pleased to be one of the organizations granted a spruce project funding award, which will allow us to 'spruce' up the tikafileidentifier tool. (paul has written more about these funding awards on the opf site.) tikafileidentifier is the tool which was developed at the mashup to address a problem several of us were having extracting metadata from batches of files, in our case within iso images. due to the nature of the mashup event the tool is still a bit rough around the edges, and this funding will allow us to improve on it. we aim to create a user interface and a simpler install process, and carry out performance improvements. plus, if resources allow, we hope to scope some further functionality improvements. this is really great news, as with the improvements that this funding allows us to make, the tikafileidentifier will provide us with better metadata for our digital files more efficiently than our current system of manually checking each file in a disk image. hopefully the simpler user interface and other improvements means that other repositories will want to make use of it as well; i certainly think it will be very useful! posted by rebecca nielsen at : no comments: labels: metadata, spruce, tikafileidentifier friday, april spruce mashup: th- th april earlier this week i attended a day mashup event in glasgow, organised as part of the spruce project.  spruce aims to enable higher education institutions to address preservation gaps and articulate the business case of digital preservation, and the mashup serves as a way to bring practitioners and developers together to work on these problems. practitioners took along a collection which they were having issues with, and were paired off with a developer who could work on a tool to provide a solution.  day after some short presentations on the purpose of spruce and the aims of the mashup, the practitioners presented some lightning talks on our collections and problems. these included dealing with email attachments, preserving content off facebook, software emulation, black areas in scanned images, and identifying file formats with incorrect extensions, amongst others. i took along some disk images, as we find it very time-consuming to find out date ranges, file types and content of the files in the disk image, and we wanted a more efficient way to get this metadata. more information on the collections and issues presented can be found at the wiki. after a short break for coffee (and excellent cakes and biscuits) we were sorted into small groups of collection owners and developers to discuss our issues in more detail. in my group this led to conversations about natural language processing, and the possibilities of using predefined subjects to identify files as being about a particular topic, which we thought could be really helpful, but somewhat impossible to create in a couple of days! we were then allocated our developers. as there were a few of us with problems with file identification, we were assigned to the same developer, peter may from the bl. the day ended with a short presentation from william kilbride on the value of digital collections and neil beagrie's benefits framework. day the developers were packed off to another room to work on coding, while we collection owners started to look into the business case for digital preservation. we used beagrie’s framework to consider the three dimensions of benefits (direct or indirect, near- or long-term, and internal or external), as they apply to our institutions. when we reported back, it was interesting to see how different organisations benefit in different ways. we also looked at various stakeholders and how important or influential they are to digital preservation. write ups of these sessions are also available at the wiki.   the developers came back at several points throughout the day to share their progress with us, and by lunchtime the first solution had been found! the first steps to solving our problem were being made; peter had found a program, apache tika, which can parse a file and extract metadata (it can also identify the content type of files with incorrect extensions), and had written a script so that it could work through a directory of files, and output the information into a csv spreadsheet. this was a really promising start, especially due to the amount of metadata that could potentially be extracted (provided it exists within the file), and the ability to identify file types with incorrect extensions. day we had another catch up with the developers and their overnight progress. peter had written a script that took the information from the csv file and summarised it into one row, so that it fits into the spreadsheets we use at beam. unfortunately, mounting the iso image to check it with apache tika was slightly more complicated than anticipated, so our disk images couldn't be checked this way without further work. while the developers set about finalizing their solutions, we continued to work on the business case, doing a skills gap analysis to consider whether our institutions had the skills and resources to carry out digital preservation. reporting back, we had a very interesting discussion on skills gaps within the broader archives sector, and the need to provide digital preservation training to students as well as existing professionals. we then had to prepare an ‘elevator pitch’ for those occasions when we find ourselves in a lift with senior management, which neatly brought together all the things we had discussed, as we had to explain the specific benefits of digital preservation to our institution and our goals in about a minute.  to wrap up the developers presented their solutions, which solved many of the problems we had arrived with. a last minute breakthrough in mounting iso images using  wincdemu and running scripts on them meant that we are able to use the tika script on our disk images. however, because we were so short on time, there are still some small problems that need addressing. i'm really happy with our solution, and i was very impressed by all the developers and how much they were able to get done in such a short space of time. i felt that this event was a very useful way to get thinking about the business case for what we do, and to get to see what other people within the sector are doing and what problems they are facing. it was also really helpful as a non-techie to get to talk with developers and get an idea of what it is possible to build tools to do (and get them made!). i would definitely recommend this type of event – in fact, i’d love to go along again if i get the opportunity! posted by rebecca nielsen at : comments: monday, march media recognition: dv part dvcam (encoding) 	 type: 	 digital videotape cassette encoding 	 introduced: 	 	 active: 	 yes, but few new camcorders are being produced. 	 cessation: 	 - 	 capacity: 	 minutes (large), minutes (minidv). 	 compatibility: 	 dvcam is an enhancement of the widely adopted dv format, and uses the same encoding. cassettes recorded in dvcam format can be played back in dvcam vtrs (video tape recorders), newer dv vtrs (made after the introduction of dvcam), and dvcpro vtrs, as long as the correct settings are specified (this resamples the signal to : : ). dvcam can also be played back in compatible hdv players. 	 users: 	 professional / industrial. 	 file systems: 	 - 	 common manufacturers: 	 sony, ikegami. dvcam is sony’s enhancement of the dv format for the professional market. dvcam uses the same encoding as dv, although it records ‘locked’ rather than ‘unlocked’ audio. it also differs from dv as it has a track width of microns and a tape speed of . mm/sec to make it more robust. any dv cassette can contain dvcam format video, but some are sold with dvcam branding on them. recognition dvcam labelled cassettes come in large ( . x x . mm) or minidv ( x x . mm) sizes. tape width is ¼”. large cassettes are used in editing and recording decks, while the smaller cassettes are used in camcorders. they are marked with the dvcam logo, usually in the upper-right hand corner.  hdv (encoding) 	 type: 	 digital videotape cassette encoding 	 introduced: 	 	 active: 	 yes, although industry experts do not expect many new hdv products. 	 cessation: 	 - 	 capacity: 	 hour (minidv), up to . hours (large) 	 compatibility: 	 video is recorded in the popular mpeg- video format. files can be transferred to computers without loss of quality using an ieee connection. there are two types of hdv, hdv p and hdv , which are not cross-compatible. hdv can be played back in hdv vtrs. these are often able to support other formats such as dv and dvcam. 	 users: 	 amateur/professional 	 file systems: 	 - 	 common manufacturers: 	 format developed by jvc, sony, canon and sharp. unlike the other dv enhancements, hdv uses mpeg- compression rather than dv encoding. any dv cassette can contain hdv format video, but some are sold with hdv branding on them.  there are two different types of hdv: hdv p (hd , made by jvc) and hdv (hd , made by sony and canon). hdv devices are not generally compatible with hdv p devices. the type of hdv used is not always identified on the cassette itself, as it depends on the camcorder used rather than the cassette. recognition  hdv is a tape only format which can be recorded on normal dv cassettes. some minidv cassettes with lower dropout rates are indicated as being for hdv, either with text or the hdv logo. these are not essential for recording hdv video.  posted by rebecca nielsen at : no comments: labels: digital video, dvcam, hdv, media recoginition, video media recognition: dv part dv (encoding) 	 type: 	 digital videotape cassette encoding 	 introduced: 	 	 active: 	 yes, but tapeless formats such as mpeg- , mpeg- and mpeg- are becoming more popular. 	 cessation: 	 - 	 capacity: 	 minidv cassettes can hold up to / minutes sp/lp. medium cassette size can hold up to . / . hrs sp/lp. files sizes can be up to gb per minutes of recording. 	 compatibility: 	 dv format is widely adopted. cassettes recorded in the dv format can be played back on dvcam, dvcpro and hdv replay devices. however, lp recordings cannot be played back in these machines. 	 users: 	 dv is aimed at a consumer market – may also be used by ‘prosumer’ film makers. 	 file systems: 	 - 	 common manufacturers: 	 a consortium of over manufacturers including sony, panasonic, jvc, canon, and sharp. dv has a track width of microns and a tape speed of . mm/sec. it can be found on any type of dv cassette, regardless of branding, although most commonly it is the format used on minidv cassettes.  recognition dv cassettes are usually found in the small size, known as minidv. medium size ( . × . × . mm) dv cassettes are also available, although these are not as popular as minidv. dv cassettes are labelled with the dv logo. dvcpro (encoding) 	 type: 	 digital videotape cassette encoding 	 introduced: 	 (dvcpro), (dvcpro ), (dvcpro hd) 	 active: 	 yes, but few new camcorders are being produced. 	 cessation: 	 - 	 capacity: 	 minutes (large), minutes (medium). 	 compatibility: 	 dvcpro is an enhancement of the widely adopted dv format, and uses the same encoding. cassettes recorded in dvcpro format can be played back only in dvcpro video tape recorders (vtrs) and some dvcam vtrs. 	 users: 	 professional / industrial; designed for electronic news gathering 	 file systems: 	 - 	 common manufacturers: 	 panasonic, also philips, ikegami and hitachi. dvcpro is panasonic’s enhancement of the dv format, which is aimed at a professional market. dvcpro uses the same encoding as dv, but it features ‘locked’ audio, and uses : : sampling instead of : : . it has an micron track width, and a tape speed of . mm/sec which makes it more robust. dvcpro uses metal particle (mp) tape rather than metal evaporate( me) to improve durability. dvcpro and dvcpro hd are further developments of dvcpro, which use the equivalent of or dv codecs in parallel to increase the video data rate. any dv cassette can contain dvcpro format video, but some are sold with dvcpro branding on them. recognition dvcpro branded cassettes come in medium ( . × . × . mm) or large ( × × . mm) cassette sizes. the medium size is for use in camcorders, and the large size in editing and recording decks. dvcpro and dvcpro hd branded cassettes are extra-large cassettes ( x x . mm). tape width is ¼”. dvcpro labelled cassettes have different coloured tape doors depending on their type; dvcpro has a yellow tape door, dvcpro has a blue tape door, and dvcpro hd has a red tape door. images of dvcpro cassettes are available at the panasonic website. posted by rebecca nielsen at : no comments: labels: digital video, dv, dvcpro, media recoginition, video media recognition: dv part dv can be used to refer to both a digital tape format, and a codec for digital video. dv tape usually carries video encoded with the dv codec, although it can hold any type of data. the dv format was developed in the mid s by a consortium of video manufacturers, including sony, jvc and panasonic, and quickly became the de facto standard for home video production after introduction in . videos are recorded in .dv or .dif formats, or wrapped in an avi, quicktime or mxf container. these can be easily transferred to a computer with no loss of data over an ieee (fire wire) connection. dv tape is ¼ inch ( . mm) wide. dv cassettes come in four different sizes: small, also known as minidv ( x x . mm), medium ( . × . × . mm), large ( . x x . mm), and extra-large ( x x . mm). minidv is the most popular cassette size. dv cassettes can be encoded with one of four formats; dv, dvcam, dvcpro, or hdv. dv is the original encoding, and is used in consumer devices. dvcpro and dvcam were developed by panasonic and sony respectively as an enhancement of dv, and are aimed at a professional market. the basic encoding algorithm is the same as with dv, but a higher track width ( and microns versus dv’s micron track width) and faster tape speed means that these formats are more robust and better suited to professional users. hdv is a high-definition variant, aimed at professionals and consumers, which uses mpeg- compression rather than the dv format. depending on the recording device, any of the four dv encodings can be recorded on any size dv cassette. however, due to different recording speeds, the formats are not always backwards compatible. a cassette recorded in an enhanced format, such as hdv, dvcam or dvcpro, will not play back on a standard dv player. also, as they are supported by different companies, there are some issues with playing back a dvcpro cassette on dvcam equipment, and vice versa. although all dv cassette sizes can record any format of dv, some are marketed specifically as being of a certain type; e.g. dvcam. the guide below looks at some of the most common varieties of dv cassette that might be encountered, and the encodings that may be used with them. it is important to remember that any type of encoding may be found on any kind of cassette, depending on what system the video was recorded on. minidv (cassette) 	type: 	digital videotape cassette 	introduced: 	 	active: 	yes, but is being replaced in popularity by hard disk and flash memory recording. at the international consumer electronics show no camcorders were presented which record on tape. 	cessation: 	- 	capacity: 	up to minutes sp / minutes lp, depending on the tape used; / minutes sp/lp is standard. this can also depend on the encoding used (see further entries). files sizes can be up to gb per minutes of recording. 	compatibility: 	dv file format is widely adopted. requires fire wire (ieee ) port for best transfer. 	users: 	consumer and ‘prosumer’ film makers, some professionals. 	file systems: 	- 	common manufacturers: 	 a consortium of over manufacturers including sony, panasonic, jvc, canon, and sharp minidv refers to the size of the cassette; as noted above, it can come with any encoding. as a consumer format they generally use dv encoding. dvcam and hdv cassettes also come in minidv size. minidv is the most popular dv cassette, and is used for consumer and semi-professional (‘prosumer’) recordings due to its high quality. recognition these cassettes are the small cassette size, measuring x x . mm. tape width is ¼”. they carry the minidv logo, as seen below: posted by rebecca nielsen at : no comments: labels: digital video, dv, media recoginition, minidv, video monday, january digital preservation: what i wish i knew before i started tuesday th january, last week i attended a student conference, hosted by the digital preservation coalition, on what digital preservation professionals wished they had known before they started. the event covered a great deal of the challenges faced by those involved in digital preservation, and the skills required to deal with these challenges. the similarities between traditional archiving and digital preservation were highlighted at the beginning of the afternoon, when sarah higgins translated terms from the oais model into more traditional ‘archive speak’. dave thompson also emphasized this connection, arguing that digital data “is just a new kind of paper”, and that trained archivists already have - % of the skills needed for digital preservation. digital preservation was shown to be a human rather than a technical challenge. adrian brown argued that much of the preservation process (the "boring stuff") can be automated. dave thompson stated that many of the technical issues of digital preservation, such as migration, have been solved, and that the challenge we now face is to retain the context and significance of the data. the point made throughout the afternoon was that you don’t need to be a computer expert in order to carry out effective digital preservation. the urgency of intervention was another key lesson for the afternoon. as william kilbride put it; digital preservation won’t do itself, won’t go away, and we shouldn't wait for perfection before we begin to act. access to data in the future is not guaranteed without input now, and digital data is particularly intolerant to gaps in preservation. andrew fetherstone added to this argument, noting that doing something is (usually) better than doing nothing, and that even if you are not in a position to carry out the whole preservation process, it is better to follow the guidelines as far as you can, rather than wait and create a backlog. the scale of digital preservation was another point illustrated throughout the afternoon. william kilbride suggested that the days of manual processing are over, due to the sheer amount of digital data being created (estimated to reach zb by !). he argued that the ability to process this data is more important to the future of digital preservation than the risks of obsolescence. the impossibility of preserving all of this data was illustrated by helen hockx-yu, who offered the statistic the the uk web archive and national archives web archive combined have archived less than % of uk websites. adrian brown also pointed out that as we move towards dynamic, individualised content on the web, we must decide exactly what the information is that we are trying to preserve. during the q&a session, it was argued that the scale of digital data means that we have to accept that we can’t preserve everything, that not everything needs to be preserved, and that there will be data loss. the importance of collaboration was another theme which was repeated by many speakers. collaboration between institutions on a local, national and even international level was encouraged, as by sharing solutions to problems and implementing common standards we can make the task of digital preservation easier. this is only a selection of the points covered in a very engaging afternoon of discussion. overall, the event showed that, despite the scale of the task, digital preservation needn't be a frightening prospect, as archivists already have many of the necessary skills. the dpc have uploaded the slides used during the event, and the event was also live-tweeted, using the hashtag #dpc_wiwik, if you are interested in finding out more. posted by rebecca nielsen at : comment: labels: http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif tuesday, october what is ‘the future of the past of the web’? ‘the future of the past of the web’, digital preservation coalition workshop british library, october chrissie webb and liz mccarthy in his keynote address to this event – organised by the digital preservation coalition , the joint information systems committee and the british library – herbert van der sompel described the purpose of web archiving as combating the internet’s ‘perpetual now’. stressing the importance to researchers of establishing the ‘temporal context’ of publications and information, he explained how the framework of his memento project uses a ‘ timegate’ implemented via web plugins to show what a resource was like at a particular date in the past. there is a danger, however, that not enough is being archived to provide the temporal context; for instance, although dois provide stable documents, the resources they link to may disappear (‘link rot’). 	 	the memento project firefox plugin uses a sliding timeline (here, just below the google search box) to let users choose an archived date a session on using web archives picked up on the theme of web continuity in a presentation by the national archives on the uk government web archive, where a redirection solution using open source software helps tackle the problems that occur when content is moved or removed and broken links result. current projects are looking at secure web archiving, capturing internal (e.g. intranet) sources, social media capture and a semantic search tool that helps to tag ‘unstructured’ material. in a presentation that reinforced the reason for the day’s ‘use and impact’ theme, eric meyer of the oxford internet institute wondered whether web archives were in danger of becoming the ‘dusty archives’ of the future, contrasting their lack of use with the mass digitisation of older records to make them accessible. is this due to a lack of engagement with researchers, their lack of confidence with the material or the lingering feeling that a url is not a ‘real’ source? archivists need to interrupt the momentum of ‘learned’ academic behaviour, engaging researchers with new online material and developing archival resources in ways that are relevant to real research – for instance, by helping set up mechanisms for researchers to trigger archiving activity around events or interests, or making more use of server logs to help them understand use of content and web traffic. one of the themes of the second session on emerging trends was the shift from a ‘page by page’ approach to the concept of ‘data mining’ and large scale data analysis. some of the work being done in this area is key to addressing the concerns of eric meyer’s presentation; it has meant working with researchers to determine what kinds and sources of data they could really use in their work. representatives of the uk web archive and the internet archive described their innovations in this field, including visualisation and interactive tools. archiving social networks was also a major theme, and wim peters outlined the challenges of the arcomem project, a collaboration between sheffield and hanover universities that is tackling the problems of archiving ‘community memory’ through the social web, confronting extremely diverse and volatile content of varying quality for which future demand is uncertain. richard davis of the university of london computer centre spoke about the blogforever project, a multi-partner initiative to preserve blogs, while mark williamson of hanzo archives spoke about web archiving from a commercial perspective, noting that companies are very interested in preserving the research opportunities online information offers. the final panel session raised the issue of the changing face of the internet, as blogs replace personal websites and social media rather than discrete pages are used to create records of events. the notion of ‘web pages’ may eventually disappear, and web archivists must be prepared to manage the dispersed data that will take (and is taking) their place. other points discussed included the need for advocacy and better articulation of the demand for web archiving (proposed campaign: ‘preserve!: are you saving your digital stuff?’), duplication and deduplication of content, the use of automated selection for archiving and the question of standards. posted by lizrosemccarthy at : no comments: labels: future of the past of the web, webarchives, workshop older posts home subscribe to: posts (atom) what's the futurearch blog? a place for sharing items of interest to those curating hybrid archives & manuscripts. 	 	 legacy computer bits wanted! at bodleian electronic archives and manuscripts (beam) we are always on the lookout for older computers, disk drives, technical manuals and software that can help us recover digital archives. if you have any such stuff that you would be willing to donate, please contact susan.thomas@bodleian.ox.ac.uk. examples of items in our wish list include: an apple mac macintosh classic ii computer, a wang pc / series, as well as myriad legacy operating system and word-processing software. handy links 	bodleian electronic archives & manuscripts (beam) 	bodleian library 	digital preservation coalition 	oxford university label cloud 	 n umd ( ) 	 access ( ) 	 accession ( ) 	 accessioning ( ) 	 adapter ( ) 	 advisory board ( ) 	 agents ( ) 	 agrippa ( ) 	 amatino manucci ( ) 	 analysis ( ) 	 appraisal ( ) 	 arch enemy ( ) 	 archival dates ( ) 	 archival interfaces ( ) 	 archiving habits ( ) 	 ata ( ) 	 audio ( ) 	 authority control ( ) 	 autogenerated metadata ( ) 	 autumn ( ) 	 bbc ( ) 	 beam architecture ( ) 	 blu-ray ( ) 	 buzz ( ) 	 cais ( ) 	 case studies ( ) 	 cd ( ) 	 cerp ( ) 	 chat ( ) 	 community ( ) 	 content model ( ) 	 copyright review ( ) 	 corruption ( ) 	 creator curation ( ) 	 cunning plan ( ) 	 d-link ( ) 	 dams ( ) 	 data capture ( ) 	 data extraction ( ) 	 data recovery ( ) 	 dead media ( ) 	 desktop ( ) 	 development ( ) 	 dge- t ( ) 	 digital archaeology ( ) 	 digital legacy ( ) 	 digital preservation ( ) 	 digitallivesconference ( ) 	 disk imaging ( ) 	 disks ( ) 	 documents ( ) 	 dundee ( ) 	 dvd ( ) 	 eac ( ) 	 ead ( ) 	 electronic records ( ) 	 email ( ) 	 emcap ( ) 	 emulation ( ) 	 emulators ( ) 	 esata ( ) 	 estate planning ( ) 	 etdf ( ) 	 facebook ( ) 	 faceted browser ( ) 	 file carving ( ) 	 file format recognition ( ) 	 file format specifications ( ) 	 file signatures ( ) 	 film ( ) 	 finding aids ( ) 	 firewire ( ) 	 flash media ( ) 	 floppy disks ( ) 	 forensics ( ) 	 formats ( ) 	 friday post ( ) 	 funny ( ) 	 futurearch ( ) 	 gaip ( ) 	 geocities ( ) 	 gigabit ( ) 	 gmail ( ) 	 google ( ) 	 googledocs ( ) 	 graduate traineeship ( ) 	 hard drive ( ) 	 highslide ( ) 	 holidays ( ) 	 hybrid archives ( ) 	 hybridity ( ) 	 hypertext exhibitions writers ( ) 	 images ( ) 	 indexing ( ) 	 ingest ( ) 	 interfaces ( ) 	 interoperability ( ) 	 intrallect ( ) 	 ipaper ( ) 	 ipr ( ) 	 ipres ( ) 	 ips ( ) 	 island of unscalable complexity ( ) 	 iso ( ) 	 java ( ) 	 javascript ( ) 	 jif ( ) 	 jisc ( ) 	 job ( ) 	 kryoflux ( ) 	 lightboxes ( ) 	 linked data ( ) 	 literary ( ) 	 markup ( ) 	 may ( ) 	 media ( ) 	 media recoginition ( ) 	 metadata ( ) 	 microsoft ( ) 	 microsoft works ( ) 	 migration tools ( ) 	 moon landings ( ) 	 multitouch ( ) 	 music blogs ( ) 	 namespaces ( ) 	 never say never ( ) 	 normalisation ( ) 	 object characteristics ( ) 	 obsolescence ( ) 	 odd ( ) 	 office documents ( ) 	 online data stores ( ) 	 open source ( ) 	 open source development ( ) 	 open source software ( ) 	 optical media ( ) 	 osswatch ( ) 	 pci ( ) 	 planets ( ) 	 planets testbed ( ) 	 plato ( ) 	 preservation planning ( ) 	 preservation policy ( ) 	 preservation tools ( ) 	 projects ( ) 	 pst ( ) 	 repositories ( ) 	 researchers ( ) 	 saa ( ) 	 sas ( ) 	 sata ( ) 	 scat ( ) 	 scholars ( ) 	 scooters ( ) 	 scribd ( ) 	 scsi ( ) 	 semantic ( ) 	 seminars ( ) 	 significant properties ( ) 	 snow ( ) 	 software ( ) 	 solr ( ) 	 sound ( ) 	 steganography ( ) 	 storage ( ) 	 tag clouds ( ) 	 tags ( ) 	 technical metadata ( ) 	 transfer bagit verify ( ) 	 twapperkeeper ( ) 	 tweets ( ) 	 usb ( ) 	 use cases ( ) 	 users ( ) 	 validation ( ) 	 value ( ) 	 video ( ) 	 vintage computers ( ) 	 weavers ( ) 	 webarchives ( ) 	 workshop ( ) 	 xena ( ) 	 xml ( ) 	 xmp ( ) 	 zip disks ( ) blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  september ( ) 	this blog is no longer being updated 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) subscribe to futurearch posts atom posts all comments atom all comments beamtweet loading... my blog list 	 the signal: digital preservation passing the mic to our audience: user personas and strategic planning for the sustainability of digital formats website 	 archivesblogs meet ike 	 digital archiving at the university of york latest booking system in google sheets (working!) 	 archivesnext now available: “a very correct idea of our school”: a photographic history of the carlisle indian industrial school 	 practical e-records hello world! 	 born digital archives practical first steps 	 mgolson@stanford.edu's blog keep - keeping emulation environments portable 	 digital curation blog thoughts before "the future of the past of the web" 	 archives hub blog 	 open planets foundation 	 uk web archive technology watch 	 digital lives 	 bits bytes & archives 	 branker's blog dpc rss news feed loading... about me 	 susan thomas view my complete profile none the digital librarian – information. organization. access. 			 		↓ skip to main content 	 	 		 			 				 					 						 	 				 						the digital librarian 								information. organization. access. 						 	 	 	main navigation 	 		menu 			home 	about 	 					 				 			 				 		 			 				 				 						 			 					 	 				 		 libraries and the state of the internet 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on june , 				 						 				 					posted in digital libraries				 			 						 									 						 						no comments					 				 			 			 	 		mary meeker presented her internet trends report earlier this month. if you want a better understanding of how tech and the tech industry is evolving, you should watch her talk and read her slides. this year’s talk was fairly … libraries and the state of the internet read more » 	 					 		 			 	 				 		 meaningful web metrics 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on january , 				 						 				 					posted in web metrics				 			 						 									 						 						no comments					 				 			 			 	 		this article from wired magazine is a must-read if you are interested in more impactful metrics for your library’s web site. at mpoe, we are scaling up our need for in-house web product expertise, but regardless of how much we … meaningful web metrics read more » 	 					 		 			 	 				 		 site migrated 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on october , 				 						 				 					posted in blog				 			 						 									 						 						no comments					 				 			 			 	 		just a quick note – digitallibrarian.org has been migrated to a new server. you may see a few quirks here and there, but things should be mostly in good shape. if you notice anything major, send me a challah. really. … site migrated read more » 	 					 		 			 	 				 		 the new ipad 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on march , 				 						 				 					posted in apple, hardware, ipad				 			 						 									 						 						 comment					 				 			 			 	 		i decided that it was time to upgrade my original ipad, so i pre-ordered a new ipad, which arrived this past friday. after a few days, here are my initial thoughts / observations: compared to the original ipad, the new … the new ipad read more » 	 					 		 			 	 				 		 rd sits meeting – geneva 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on august , 				 						 				 					posted in conferences, digital libraries, uncategorized, workshops				 			 						 									 						 						no comments					 				 			 			 	 		back in june i attend the rd sits (scholarly infrastructure technical summit) meeting, held in conjunction with the oai workshop and sponsored by jisc and the digital library federation. this meeting, held in lovely geneva, switzerland, brought together library technologists … rd sits meeting – geneva read more » 	 					 		 					 				tagged with: digital libraries, dlf, sits 			 				 	 				 		 david lewis’ presentation on collections futures 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on march , 				 						 				 					posted in ebooks, librarianship				 			 						 									 						 						 comment					 				 			 			 	 		peter murray (aka the disruptive library technology jester) has provided an audio-overlay of david lewis’ slideshare of his plenary at the last june’s rlg annual partners meeting. if you are at all interested in understanding the future of academic libraries, … david lewis’ presentation on collections futures read more » 	 					 		 					 				tagged with: collections, future, provisioning 			 				 	 				 		 librarians are *the* search experts… 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on august , 				 						 				 					posted in librarianship				 			 						 									 						 						no comments					 				 			 			 	 		…so i wonder how many librarians know all of the tips and tricks for using google that are mentioned here? 	 					 		 			 	 				 		 what do we want from discovery? maybe it’s to save the time of the user…. 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on august , 				 						 				 					posted in uncategorized				 			 						 									 						 						 comment					 				 			 			 	 		just a quick thought on discovery tools – the major newish discovery services being vended to libraries (worldcat local, summon, ebsco discovery service, etc.) all have their strengths, their complexity, their middle-of-the-road politician trying to be everything to everybody features. … what do we want from discovery? maybe it’s to save the time of the user…. read more » 	 					 		 			 	 				 		 putting a library in starbucks 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on august , 				 						 				 					posted in digital libraries, librarianship				 			 						 									 						 						no comments					 				 			 			 	 		it is not uncommon to find a coffee shop in a library these days. turn that concept around, though – would you expect a library inside a starbucks? or maybe that’s the wrong question – how would you react to … putting a library in starbucks read more » 	 					 		 					 				tagged with: coffee, digital library, library, monopsony, starbucks, upsell 			 				 	 				 		 week of ipad 				 				by 								 									 									jaf 								 										 							 					posted on april , 				 						 				 					posted in apple, ebooks, hardware, ipad				 			 						 									 						 						 comment					 				 			 			 	 		it has been a little over a week since my ipad was delivered, and in that time i have had the opportunity to try it out at home, at work, and on the road. in fact, i’m currently typing this … week of ipad read more » 	 					 		 					 				tagged with: apple, digital lifestyle, ipad, mobile, tablet 			 				 				 						 	 		posts navigation 		 next 					 			 		 	 	 			 	 	 				 								 				 					 						 								 				 								 									 								 							 	 								 									 								 							 	 								 									 								 							 		 		 			 			 © 		 				 			 | powered by responsive theme				 						 					 				 							 			 	 conal tuohy's blog conal tuohy's blog the blog of a digital humanities software developer 	analysis & policy online notes for my open repositories conference presentation. i will edit this post later to flesh it out into a proper blog post. follow along at: conaltuohy.com/blog/analysis-policy-online/ background early discussion with amanda lawrence of apo (which at that time stood for &# ;australian policy online&# ;) about text mining, at the lodlam summit in sydney. they &# ; continue reading analysis &# ; policy online 	a tool for web api harvesting as stumbles to an end, i&# ;ve put in a few days&# ; work on my new project&# ;oceania, which is to be a linked data service for cultural heritage in this part of the world. part of this project involves harvesting data from cultural institutions which make their collections available via so-called &# ;web apis&# ;. there are &# ; continue reading a tool for web api harvesting 	oceania i am really excited to have begun my latest project: a linked open data service for online cultural heritage from new zealand and australia, and eventually, i hope, from our other neighbours. i have called the service &# ;oceania.digital&# ; the big idea of oceania.digital is to pull together threads from a number of different &# ;cultural&# ; data &# ; continue reading oceania 	australian society of archivists conference #asalinks last week i participated in the conference of the australian society of archivists, in parramatta. i was very impressed by the programme and the discussion. i thought i&# ;d jot down a few notes here about just a few of the presentations that were most closely related to my own work. the presentations were all &# ; continue reading australian society of archivists conference #asalinks 	linked open data visualisation at #glamvr on thursday last week i flew to perth, in western australia, to speak at an event at curtin university on visualisation of cultural heritage. erik champion, professor of cultural visualisation, who organised the event, had asked me to talk about digital heritage collections and linked open data (&# ;lod&# ;). the one-day event was entitled &# ;glam vr: &# ; continue reading linked open data visualisation at #glamvr 	visualizing government archives through linked data tonight i&# ;m knocking back a gin and tonic to celebrate finishing a piece of software development for my client the public record office victoria; the archives of the government of the australian state of victoria. the work, which will go live in a couple of weeks, was an update to a browser-based visualization tool which &# ; continue reading visualizing government archives through linked data 	taking control of an uncontrolled vocabulary a couple of days ago, dan mccreary tweeted: working on new ideas for nosql metadata management for a talk next week. focus on #nosql, documents, graphs and #skos. any suggestions? &# ; dan mccreary (@dmccreary) november , it reminded me of some work i had done a couple of years ago for a project which &# ; continue reading taking control of an uncontrolled vocabulary 	bridging the conceptual gap: museum victoria’s collections api and the cidoc conceptual reference model this is the third in a series of posts about an experimental linked open data (lod) publication based on the web api of museum victoria. the first post gave an introduction and overview of the architecture of the publication software, and the second dealt quite specifically with how names and identifiers work in the lod &# ; continue reading bridging the conceptual gap: museum victoria&# ;s collections api and the cidoc conceptual reference model 	names in the museum my last blog post described an experimental linked open data service i created, underpinned by museum victoria’s collection api. mainly, i described the lod service’s general framework, and explained how it worked in terms of data flow. to recap briefly, the lod service receives a request from a browser and in turn translates that request &# ; continue reading names in the museum 	linked open data built from a custom web api i&# ;ve spent a bit of time just recently poking at the new web api of museum victoria collections, and making a linked open data service based on their api. i&# ;m writing this up as an example of one way — a relatively easy way — to publish linked data off the back of some existing &# ; continue reading linked open data built from a custom web api none none none ted lawless ted lawless work notebook 	automatically extracting keyphrases from text i've posted an explainer/guide to how we are automatically extracting keyphrases for constellate, a new text analytics service from jstor and portico. we are defining keyphrases as up to three word phrases that are key, or important, to the overall subject matter of the document keyphrase is often used interchangeably with keywords, but we are opting to use the former since it's more descriptive we did a fair amount of reading to grasp prior art in this area, extracting keyphrases is a long standing research topic in information retrieval and natural language processing, and ended up developing a custom solution based on term frequency in the constellate corpus if you are interested in this work generally, and not just the constellate implementation, burton dewilde has published an excellent primer on automated keyphrase extraction. more information about constellate can be found here. disclaimer: this is a work-related post i don't intend to speak for my employer, ithaka 	datasette hosting costs i've been hosting a datasette (https://baseballdb.lawlesst.net, aka baseballdb) of historical baseball data for a few years and the last year or so it has been hosted on google cloud run i thought i would share my hosting costs for as a point of reference for others who might be interested in running a datasette but aren't sure how much it may cost. the total hosting cost on google cloud run for for the baseballdb was $ . , or a monthly average of about $ . usd the monthly bill did vary a fair amount from as high as $ in may to as low as $ in march since i did no deployments during this time or updates to the site, i assume the variation in costs is related to the amount queries the datasette was serving i don't have a good sense of how many total queries per month this instance is serving since i'm not using google analytics or similar. google does report that it is subtracting $ . in credits for the year but i don't expect those credits/promotions to expire anytime soon since my projected costs for is $ . this cost information is somewhat incomplete without knowing the number of queries served per month but it is a benchmark 	connecting python's rdflib to aws neptune i've written previously about using python's rdflib to connect to various triple stores for a current project, i'm using amazon neptune as a triple store and the rdflib sparqlstore implemenation did not work out of the box i thought i would share my solution. the problem neptune returns ntriples by default and rdflib, by default in version . . , is expecting construct queries to return rdf/xml the solution is to override rdflib's sparqlstore to explictly request rdf/xml from neptune via http content negotiation. once this is in place, you can query and update neptune via sparql with rdflib the same way that you would other triple stores. code if you are interested in working with neptune using rdflib, here's a "neptunestore" and "neptuneupdatestore" implementation that you can use. 	usable sample researcher profile data i've published a small set of web harvesting scripts to fetch information about researchers and their activities from the nih intramural research program website. on various projects i've been involved with, it has been difficult to acquire usable sample, or test data, about researchers and their activities you either need access to a hr system and a research information system (for the activities) or create mock data mock, or fake data, doesn't work well when you want to start integrating information across systems or develop tools to find new publications it's hard to build a publication harvesting tool without real author names and research interests. to that end, the scripts i've published crawl the nih intramural research program website and pull out profile information for the thousand or so researchers that are members of the program, including a name, email, photo, short biography research interests, and the pubmed ids for selected publications. a second script harvests the organizational structure of the program both types of data are outputted to a simple json structure that then can be mapped to your destination system 	exploring years of the new yorker fiction podcast with wikidata note: the online datasette that supported the sample queries below is no longer available the raw data is at: https://github.com/lawlesst/new-yorker-fiction-podcast-data. the new yorker fiction podcast recently celebrated its ten year anniversary for those of you not familiar, this is a monthly podcast hosted by new yorker fiction editor deborah treisman where a writer who has published a short story in the new yorker selects a favorite story from the magazine's archive and reads and discusses it on the podcast with treissman. i've been a regular listener to the podcast since it started in and thought it would be fun to look a little deeper at who has been invited to read and what authors they selected to read and discuss. the new yorker posts all episodes of the fiction podcast on their website in nice clean, browseable html pages i wrote a python script to step through the pages and pull out the basic details about each episode: title url summary date published writer reader the reader and the writer for each story is embedded in the title so a bit of text processing was required to cleanly identify each reader and writer i also had to manually reconcile a few episodes that didn't follow the same pattern as the others. all code used here and harvested data is available on github. matching to wikidata i then took each of the writers and readers and matched them to wikidata using the searchentities api. with the wikidata id, i'm able to retrieve many attributes each reader and writer by querying the wikidata sparql endpoint, such as gender, date of birth, awards received, library of congress identifier, etc. publishing with datasette i saved this harvested data to two csv files - episodes.csv and people.csv - and then built a sqlite database to publish with datasette using the built-in integration with zeit now 	now publishing complete lahman baseball database with datasette summary: the datasette api available at https://baseballdb.lawlesst.net now contains the full lahman baseball database. in a previous post, i described how i'm using datasette to publish a subset of the lahman baseball database at that time, i only published three of the tables available in the database i've since expanded that datasette api to include the complete baseball database. the process for this was quite straightforward i ran the mysql dump lahman helpfully provides through this mysql sqlite tool to provide an import file for sqlite importing into sqlite for publishing with datasette was as simple as: $ ./mysql sqlite lahman .sql | sqlite baseball.db the complete sqlite version of the lahman database is megabytes. querying with the full database now loaded, there are many more interesting queries that can be run 	publishing the lahman baseball database with datasette summary: publishing the lahman baseball database with datasette api available at https://baseballdb.lawlesst.net. for those of us interested in open data, an exciting new tool was released this month it's by simon willison and called datasette datasette allows you to very quickly convert csv files to a sqlite database and publish on the web with an api head over to simon's site for more details 	sparql to pandas dataframes update: see this python module for converting sparql query results into pandas dataframes. using pandas to explore data sparql pandas is a python based power tool for munging and analyzing data while working with data from sparql endpoints, you may prefer to explore and analyze it with pandas given its full feature set, strong documentation and large community of users. the code below is an example of issuing a query to the wikidata sparql endpoint and loading the data into a pandas dataframe and running basic operations on the returned data. this is a modified version of code from su labs here we remove the types returned by the sparql endpoint since they add noise and we will prefer to handle datatypes with pandas. {% notebook sparql_dataframe.ipynb %} with a few lines of code, we can connect data stored in sparql endpoints with pandas, the powerful python data munging and analysis library. see the su labs tutorial for more examples. you can also download the examples from this post as a jupyter notebook. 	querying wikidata to identify globally famous baseball players earlier this year i had the pleasure of attending a lecture by cesar hidalgo of mit's media lab one of the projects hidalgo discussed was pantheon pantheon is a website and dataset that ranks "globally famous individuals" based on a metric the team created called the historical popularity index (hpi) a key component of hpi is the number of wikipedia pages an individual has in in various languages for a complete description of the project, see: yu, a 	python etl and json-ld i've written an extension to petl, a python etl library, that applies json-ld contexts to data tables for transformation into rdf. the problem converting existing data to rdf, such as for vivo, often involves taking tabular data exported from a system of record, transforming or augmenting it in some way, and then mapping it to rdf for ingest into the platform the w c maintains an extensive list of tools designed to map tabular data to rdf. general purpose csv to rdf tools, however, almost always require some advanced preparation or cleaning of the data this means that developers and data wranglers often have to write custom code this code can quickly become verbose and difficult to maintain using an etl toolkit can help with this. etl with python one such etl tool that i'm having good results with is petl, python etl none metadata matters metadata matters it's all about the services 	it’s not just me that’s getting old having just celebrated (?) another birthday at the tail end of , the topics of age and change have been even more on my mind than usual. and then two events converged. first i had a chat with ted fons in a hallway at midwinter, and he asked about using an older article i’d published [&# ;] 	denying the non-english speaking world not long ago i encountered the analysis of bibframe published by rob sanderson with contributions by a group of well-known librarians. it’s a pretty impressive document&# ;well organized and clearly referenced. but in fact there’s also a significant amount of personal opinion in it, the nature of which is somewhat masked by the references to others [&# ;] 	review of: draft principles for evaluating metadata standards metadata standards is a huge topic and evaluation a difficult task, one i’ve been involved in for quite a while. so i was pretty excited when i saw the link for &# ;draft principles for evaluating metadata standards&# ;, but after reading it? not so much. if we’re talking about “principles” in the sense of ‘stating-the-obvious-as-a-first-step’, well, [&# ;] 	the jane-athons continue! the jane-athon series is alive, well, and expanding its original vision. i wrote about the first ‘official’ jane-athon earlier this year, after the first event at midwinter . since then the excitement generated at the first one has spawned others: the ag-athon in the uk in may , sponsored by cilip the maurice dance in [&# ;] 	separating ideology, politics and utility those of you who pay attention to politics (no matter where you are) are very likely to be shaking your head over candidates, results or policy. it’s a never ending source of frustration and/or entertainment here in the u.s., and i’ve noticed that the commentators seem to be focusing in on issues of ideology and [&# ;] 	semantic versioning and vocabularies a decade ago, when the open metadata registry (omr) was just being developed as the nsdl registry, the vocabulary world was a very different place than it is today. at that point we were tightly focussed on skos (not fully cooked at that point, but jon was on the wg that was developing it, so [&# ;] 	five star vocabulary use most of us in the library and cultural heritage communities interested in metadata are well aware of tim berners-lee’s five star ratings for linked open data (in fact, some of us actually have the mug). the five star rating for lod, intended to encourage us to follow five basic rules for linked data is useful, [&# ;] 	what do we mean when we talk about ‘meaning’? over the past weekend i participated in a twitter conversation on the topic of meaning, data, transformation and packaging. the conversation is too long to repost here, but looking from july - for @metadata_maven should pick most of it up. aside from my usual frustration at the message limitations in twitter, there seemed to be [&# ;] 	fresh from ala, what’s new? in the old days, when i was on marbi as liaison for aall, i used to write a fairly detailed report, and after that wrote it up for my cornell colleagues. the gist of those reports was to describe what happened, and if there might be implications to consider from the decisions. i don’t propose [&# ;] 	what’s up with this jane-athon stuff? the rda development team started talking about developing training for the ‘new’ rda, with a focus on the vocabularies, in the fall of . we had some notion of what we didn’t want to do: we didn’t want yet another ‘sage on the stage’ event, we wanted to re-purpose the ‘hackathon’ model from a software [&# ;] none none archivesblogs | a syndicated collection of blogs by and for archivists 	 			 				archivesblogs 				a syndicated collection of blogs by and for archivists 			 			 								 		search 		 		 	 			 			 				main menu 								skip to primary content 				skip to secondary content 									home 	about 			 	 	 		 			 			 						 			post navigation 			← older posts 			 		 	 								 					 	 		 						meet ike 			 						 				posted on september , from aotus			 			 					 				 			“i come from the very heart of america.” – dwight eisenhower, june , at a time when the world fought to overcome tyranny, he helped lead the course to victory as the supreme allied commander in europe. when our nation needed a leader, he upheld the torch of liberty as our th president. as a new memorial is unveiled, now is the time for us to meet dwight david eisenhower. eisenhower memorial statue and sculptures, photo by the dwight d. eisenhower memorial commission an opportunity to get to know this man can be found at the newly unveiled eisenhower memorial in washington, dc, and the all-new exhibits in the eisenhower presidential library and museum in abilene, kansas. each site in its own way tells the story of a humble man who grew up in small-town america and became the leader of the free world. the eisenhower presidential library and museum is a -acre campus which includes several buildings where visitors can interact with the life of this president. starting with the boyhood home, guests discover the early years of eisenhower as he avidly read history books, played sports, and learned lessons of faith and leadership. the library building houses the documents of his administration. with more than million pages and , images, researchers can explore the career of a +-year public servant. the , square feet of all-new exhibits located in the museum building is where visitors get to meet ike and mamie again…for the first time. using nara’s holdings, guests gain insight into the life and times of president eisenhower. finally, visitors can be reflective in the place of meditation where eisenhower rests beside his first-born son, doud, and his beloved wife mamie. a true encapsulation of his life. eisenhower presidential library and museum, abilene, kansas the updated gallery spaces were opened in . the exhibition includes many historic objects from our holdings which highlight eisenhower’s career through the military years and into the white house. showcased items include ike’s west point letterman’s sweater, the d-day planning table, soviet lunasphere, and letters related to the crisis at little rock. several new films and interactives have been added throughout the exhibit including a d-day film using newly digitized footage from the archives. eisenhower presidential library and museum, abilene, kansas in addition to facts and quotes, visitors will leave with an understanding of how his experiences made ike the perfect candidate for supreme allied commander of the allied expeditionary force in europe and the th president of the united states. the eisenhower memorial, which opened to the public on september , is located at an important historical corridor in washington, dc. the -acre urban memorial park is surrounded by four buildings housing institutions that were formed during the eisenhower administration and was designed by award-winning architect, frank gehry. in , the national archives hosted frank gehry and his collaborator, theater artist robert wilson in a discussion about the creation of the eisenhower national memorial.  as part of the creative process, gehry’s team visited the eisenhower presidential library and drew inspiration from the campus. they also used the holdings of the eisenhower presidential library to form the plans for the memorial itself. this also led to the development of online educational programs which will have a continued life through the eisenhower foundation. visitors to both sites will learn lasting lessons from president eisenhower’s life of public service. eisenhower memorial, photo by the dwight d. eisenhower memorial commission 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						the first post / phone-in: richard hake sitting-in for brian lehrer 			 						 				posted on september , from nypr archives & preservation			 			 					 				 			on september , , the late richard hake sat-in for brian lehrer at columbia university’s new studios at wkcr.  just one week after the attack on the world trade center, wnyc was broadcasting on fm at reduced power from the empire state building and over wnye ( . fm). richard spoke with new york times columnist paul krugman on airport security, author james fallows on the airline industry, robert roach jr. of the international association of machinists, and security expert and former new york city police commissioner william bratton as well as wnyc listeners. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						capturing virtual fsu 			 						 				posted on september , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			when the world of fsu changed in march , the website for fsu was used as one of the primary communication tools to let students, faculty, and staff know what was going on. new webpages created specifically to share information and news popped up all over fsu.edu and we had no idea how long those pages would exist (ah, the hopeful days of march) so heritage & university archives wanted to be sure to capture those pages quickly and often as they changed and morphed into new online resources for the fsu community. screenshot of a capture of the main fsu news feed regarding coronavirus. captured march , . while fsu has had an archive-it account for a while, we hadn’t fully implemented its use yet. archive-it is a web archiving service that captures and preserves content on websites as well as allowing us to provide metadata and a public interface to viewing the collected webpages. covid- fast-tracked me on figuring out archive-it and how we could best use it to capture these unique webpages documenting fsu’s response to the pandemic. i worked to configure crawls of websites to capture the data we needed, set up a schedule that would be sufficient to capture changes but also not overwhelm our data allowance, and describe the sites being captured. it took me a few tries but we’ve successfully been capturing a set of covid related fsu urls since march. one of the challenges of this work was some of the webpages had functionality that the web crawling just wouldn’t capture. this was due to some interactive widgets on pages or potentially some css choices the crawler didn’t like. i decided the content was the most important thing to capture in this case, more so than making sure the webpage looked exactly like the original. a good example of this is the international programs alerts page. we’re capturing this to track information about our study abroad programs but what archive-it displays is quite different from the current site in terms of design. the content is all there though. on the left is how archive-it displays a capture of the international programs alerts page. on the right is how the site actually looks. while the content is the same, the formatting and design is not as the pandemic dragged on and it became clear that fall would be a unique semester, i added the online orientation site and the fall site to my collection line-up. the fall page, once used to track the re-opening plan recently morphed into the stay healthy fsu site where the community can look for current information and resources but also see the original re-opening document. we’ll continue crawling and archiving these pages in our fsu coronavirus archive for future researchers until they are retired and the university community returns to “normal” operations – whatever that might look like when we get there! 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						welcome to the new clintonlibrary.gov! 			 						 				posted on september , from aotus			 			 					 				 			the national archives’ presidential libraries and museums preserve and provide access to the records of presidential administrations. in support of this mission, we developed an ongoing program to modernize the technologies and designs that support the user experience of our presidential library websites. through this program, we have updated the websites of the hoover, truman, eisenhower and nixon presidential libraries.  recently we launched an updated website for the william j. clinton presidential library & museum. the website, which received more than , visitors over the past year, now improves access to the clinton presidential library holdings by providing better performance, improving accessibility, and delivering a mobile-friendly experience. the updated website’s platform and design, based in the drupal web content management framework, enables the clinton presidential library staff to make increasing amounts of resources available online—especially while working remotely during the covid- crisis. to achieve this website redesign, staff from the national archives’ office of innovation, with both web development and user experience expertise, collaborated with staff from the clinton presidential library to define goals for the new website. our user experience team first launched the project by interviewing staff of the clinton presidential library to determine the necessary improvements for the updated website to facilitate their work. next, the user experience team researched the library’s customers—researchers, students, educators, and the general public—by analyzing user analytics, heatmaps, recordings of real users navigating the site, and top search referrals. based on the data collected, the user experience team produced wireframes and moodboards that informed the final site design. the team also refined the website’s information architecture to improve the user experience and meet the clinton library staff’s needs.  throughout the project, the team used agile project management development processes to deliver iterative changes focused on constant improvement. to be agile, specific goals were outlined, defined, and distributed among team members for mutual agreement. work on website designs and features was broken into development “sprints”—two-week periods to complete defined amounts of work. at the end of each development sprint, the resulting designs and features were demonstrated to the clinton presidential library staff stakeholders for feedback which helped further refine the website. the project to update the clinton presidential library and museum website was guided by the national archives’ strategic goals—to make access happen, connect with customers, maximize nara’s value to the nation, and build our future through our people. by understanding the needs of the clinton library’s online users and staff, and leveraging the in-house expertise of our web development and user experience staff, the national archives is providing an improved website experience for all visitors. please visit the site, and let us know what you think! 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						the road to edinburgh (part ) 			 						 				posted on september , from culture on campus			 			 					 				 			 “inevitably, official thoughts early turned to the time when scotland would be granted the honour of acting as hosts. thought was soon turned into action and resulted in scotland pursuing the opportunity to be host to the games more relentlessly than any other country has.” from foreword to the official history of the ixth commonwealth games ( ) in our last blog post we left the campaigners working to bring the commonwealth games to edinburgh reflecting on the loss of the games to kingston, jamaica. the original plan of action sketched out by willie carmichael in had factored in a renewed campaign for if the initial approach to host the games proved unsuccessful. the choice of host cities for the games were made at the bi-annual general assemblies of the commonwealth games federation. the campaign to choose the host for began at a meeting held in tokyo in (to coincide with the olympics), with the final vote taking place at the kingston games. in the edinburgh campaign presented a document to the federation restating its desire to be host city for the games in . entitled ‘scotland invites’ it laid out scotland’s case: “we are founder members of the federation; we have taken part in each games since the inception in ; and we are the only one of six countries who have taken part in every games, who have not yet had the honour of celebrating the games.” from scotland invites, british empire and commonwealth games council for scotland ( ) documents supporting edinburgh’s bid to host the commonwealth games presented to meetings of the general assembly of the commonwealth games federation at tokyo in and kingston in (ref. wc/ / / ) edinburgh faced a rival bid from christchurch, new zealand, the competition between the two cities recorded in a series of press cutting files collected by willie carmichael. reports in the scottish press presented edinburgh as the favourites for , with christchurch using their bid as a rehearsal for a more serious campaign to host the competition. however, the new zealanders rejected this assessment, arguing that it was the turn of a country in the southern hemisphere to host the games. the games brought the final frantic round of lobbying and promotion for the rival bids as members of the commonwealth games federation gathered in kingston. the british empire and commonwealth games council for scotland presented a bid document entitled ‘scotland ’ which included detailed information on the venues and facilities to be provided for the competition along with a broader description of the city of edinburgh. artists impression of the new meadowbank athletics stadium, edinburgh (ref. wc/ / / / ) at the general assembly of the commonwealth games federation held in kingston, jamaica, on august the vote took place to decide the host of the games. edinburgh was chosen as host city by votes to . the edinburgh campaign team kept a souvenir of this important event. at the end of the meeting they collected together the evidence of their success and put it in an envelope marked ‘ballot cards – which recorded votes for scotland at kingston .’ the voting cards and envelope now sit in an administrative file which forms part of the commonwealth games scotland archive. voting card recording vote for scotland to host the commonwealth games (ref. cg/ / / / / ) 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						new ancient texts research guide 			 						 				posted on september , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			“what are the oldest books you have?” is a common question posed to special collections & archives staff at strozier library. in fact, the oldest materials in the collection are not books at all but cuneiform tablets ranging in date from to bce ( - years old). these cuneiform tablets, along with papyrus fragments and ostraka comprise the ancient texts collection in special collections & archives. in an effort to enhance remote research opportunities for students to engage with the oldest materials housed in strozier library, a research guide to ancient texts at fsu libraries has been created by special collections & archives staff. ancient texts research guide the ancient texts at fsu libraries research guide provides links to finding aids with collections information, high-resolution photos of the objects in the digital library, and links to articles or books about the collections. research guides can be accessed through the tile, “research guides,” on the library’s main page. special collections & archives currently has research guides published that share information and resources on specific collections or subjects that can be accessed remotely. while direct access to physical collections is unavailable at this time due to covid- , we hope to resume in-person research when it is safe to do so, and special collections & archives is still available to assist you remotely with research and instruction. please get in touch with us via email at: lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu. for a full list of our remote services, please visit our services page. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						ssci members embrace need for declassification reform, discuss pidb recommendations at senate hearing 			 						 				posted on september , from transforming classification			 			 					 				 			the board would like to thank acting chairman marco rubio (r-fl), vice chairman mark warner (d-va), and members of the senate select committee on intelligence (ssci) for their invitation to testify yesterday (september , ) at the open hearing on “declassification policy and prospects for reform.”    at the hearing, pidb member john tierney responded to questions from committee members about recommendations in the pidb’s may report to the president. he stressed the need for modernizing information security systems and the critical importance of sustained leadership through a senior-level executive agent (ea) to oversee and implement meaningful reform. in addition to congressman tierney, greg koch, the acting director of information management in the office of the director of national intelligence (odni), testified in response to the ssci’s concerns about the urgent need to improve how the executive branch classifies and declassifies national security information. much of the discussion focused on the pidb recommendation that the president designate the odni as the ea to coordinate the application of information technology, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, to modernize classification and declassification across the executive branch. senator jerry moran (r-ks), and senator ron wyden (d-or), who is a member of the ssci, joined the hearing to discuss the bill they are cosponsoring to modernize declassification. their proposed “declassification reform act of ” aligns with the pidb report recommendations, including the recommendation to designate the odni as the ea for coordinating the required reforms. the board would like to thank senators moran and wyden for their continued support and attention to this crucial issue. modernizing the classification and declassification system is important for our st century national security and it is important for transparency and our democracy. video of the entire hearing is available to view at the ssci’s website, and from c-span.  the transcript of prepared testimony submitted to the ssci by mr. tierney is posted on the pidb website. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						be connected, keep a stir diary 			 						 				posted on september , from culture on campus			 			 					 				 			the new semester approaches and it’s going to be a bit different from what we’re used to here at the university of stirling. to help you with your mental health and wellbeing this semester, we’ve teamed up with the chaplaincy to provide students new and returning with a diary where you can keep your thoughts and feelings, process your new environment, record your joys and capture what the university was like for you in this unprecedented time. diaries will be stationed at the welcome lounges from th september and we encourage students to take one for their personal use. please be considerate of others and only take one diary each. inside each diary is a qr code which will take you to our project page where you can learn more about the project and where we will be creating an online resource for you to explore the amazing diaries that we keep in archives and special collections. we will be updating this page throughout semester with information from the archives and events for you to join. keep an eye out for #stirdiary on social media for all the updates! at the end of semester, you are able to donate your diary to the archive where it will sit with the university’s institutional records and form a truthful and creative account of what student life was like in . you absolutely don’t have to donate your diary if you don’t want to, the diary belongs to you and you can keep it, throw it away, donate it or anything else (wreck it?) as you like. if you would like to take part in the project but you have missed the welcome lounges, don’t worry! contact rosie on archives@stir.ac.uk or janet on janet.foggie @stir.ac.uk welcome to the university of stirling – pick a colour! 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						pidb member john tierney to support modernizing classification and declassification before the senate select committee on intelligence, tomorrow at : p.m., live on c-span 			 						 				posted on september , from transforming classification			 			 					 				 			pidb member john tierney will testify at an open hearing on declassification policy and the prospects for reform, to be held by the senate select committee on intelligence (ssci) tomorrow, wednesday, september , , from : - : p.m. est. the hearing will be shown on the ssci’s website, and televised live on c-span.  ssci members senators ron wyden (d-or) and jerry moran (r-ks) have cosponsored the proposed “declassification reform act of ,” which aligns with recommendations of the pidb’s latest report to the president, a vision for the digital age: modernization of the u.s, national security classification and declassification system (may ). in an opinion-editorial appearing today on the website just security, senators wyden and moran present their case for legislative reform to address the challenges of outmoded systems for classification and declassification. at the hearing tomorrow, mr. tierney will discuss how the pidb recommendations present a vision for a uniform, integrated, and modernized security classification system that appropriately defends national security interests, instills confidence in the american people, and maintains sustainability in the digital environment. mr. greg koch, acting director of the information management office for the office of the director of national intelligence, will also testify at the hearing. the pidb welcomes the opportunity to speak before the ssci and looks forward to discussing the need for reform with the senators. after the hearing, the pidb will post a copy of mr. tierney’s prepared testimony on its website and on this blog. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						wiki loves monuments – digital skills and exploring stirling 			 						 				posted on september , from culture on campus			 			 					 				 			every year the wikimedia foundation runs wiki loves monuments – the world’s largest photo competition. throughout september there is a push to take good quality images of listed buildings and monuments and add them to wiki commons where they will be openly licensed and available for use across the world – they may end up featuring on wikipedia pages, on google, in research and presentations worldwide and will be entered into the uk competition where there are prizes to be had! below you’ll see a map covered in red and blue pins. these represent all of the listed buildings and monuments that are covered by the wiki loves monuments competition, blue pins are places that already have a photograph and red pins have no photograph at all. the aim of the campaign is to turn as many red pins blue as possible, greatly enhancing the amazing bank of open knowledge across the wikimedia platforms. the university of stirling sits within the black circle. the two big clusters of red pins on the map are stirling and bridge of allan – right on your doorstep! we encourage you to explore your local area. knowing your surroundings, finding hidden gems and learning about the history of the area will all help stirling feel like home to you, whether you’re a first year or returning student. look at all those red dots! of course, this year we must be cautious and safe while taking part in this campaign and you should follow social distancing rules and all government coronavirus guidelines, such as wearing facemasks where appropriate, while you are out taking photographs. we encourage you to walk to locations you wish to photograph, or use the nextbikes which are situated on campus and in stirling rather than take excessive public transport purely for the purposes of this project. walking and cycling will help you to get a better sense of where everything is in relation to where you live and keeping active is beneficial to your mental health and wellbeing. here are your nextbike points on campus where you can pick up a bike to use we hope you’ll join us for this campaign – we have a session planned for - pm on thursday th september on teams where we’ll tell you more about wiki loves monuments and show you how to upload your images. sign up to the session on eventbrite. if you cannot make our own university of stirling session then wikimedia uk have their own training session on the st september which you can join. please note that if you want your photographs to be considered for the competition prizes then they must be submitted before midnight on the th september. photographs in general can be added at any time so you can carry on exploring for as long as you like! finally, just to add a little incentive, this year we’re having a friendly competition between the university of stirling and the university of st andrews students to see who can make the most edits so come along to a training session, pick up some brilliant digital skills and let’s paint the town green! 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						what’s the tea? 			 						 				posted on september , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			 katie mccormick, associate dean (she/her/hers) for this post, i interviewed kate mccormick in order to get a better understanding of the dynamics of special collections & archives. katie is one of the associate deans and has been with sca for about nine years now (here’s a video of katie discussing some of our collections on c-span in !). as a vital part of the library, and our leader in special collections & archives, i wanted to get her opinion on how the division has progressed thus far and how they plan to continue to do so in regards to diversity and inclusion.  how would you describe fsu sca when you first started? “…people didn’t feel comfortable communicating [with each other]… there was one person who really wrote for the blog, and maybe it would happen once every couple of months. when i came on board, my general sense was that we were a department and a group of people with a lot of really great ideas and some fantastic materials, who had come a long way from where things has been, but who hadn’t gotten to a place to be able to organize to change more or to really work more as a team… we were definitely valued as (mostly) the fancy crown jewel group. really all that mattered was the stuff… it didn’t matter what we were doing with it.” how do you feel the lapse in communication affected diversity and inclusion? “while i don’t have any direct evidence that it excluded people or helped create an environment that was exclusive, i do know that even with our staff at the time, there were times where it contributed to hostilities, frustrations, an  environment where people didn’t feel able to speak or be comfortable in…everybody just wanted to be comfortable with the people who were just like them that it definitely created some potentially hostile environments. looking back, i recognize what a poor job we did, as a workplace and a community truly being inclusive, and not just in ways that are immediately visible.” how diverse was sca when you started?  “in special collections there was minimal diversity, certainly less than we have now… [for the libraries as a whole] as you go up in classification and pay, the diversity decreases. that was certainly true when i got here and that remains true.” how would you rank sca’s diversity and inclusion when you first started? “…squarely a , possibly in some arenas a . not nothing, but i feel like no one was really thinking of it.” and how would you describe it now? “maybe we’re approaching a , i feel like there’s been progress, but there’s still a long way to go in my opinion.” what are some ways we can start addressing these issues? what are some tangible ways you are planning to enact? “for me, some of the first places [is] forming the inclusive research services task force in special collections, pulling together a group to look at descriptive practices and applications, and what we’re doing with creating coordinated processing workflows. putting these issues on the table from the beginning is really important… right now because we’re primarily in an online environment, i think we have some time to negotiate and change our practices so when we are re-open to the public and people are physically coming in to the spaces, we have new forms, new trainings, people have gone through training that gives them a better sense of identity, communication, diversity.” after my conversation with katie, i feel optimistic about the direction we are heading in. knowing how open special collections & archives is about taking critique and trying to put it into action brought me comfort. i’m excited to see how these concerns are addressed and how the department will be putting dynamic inclusivity, one of florida state university’s core values, at the forefront of their practice. i would like to give a big thank you to katie mccormick for taking the time to do this post with me and for having these conversations! 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						friday art blog: terry frost 			 						 				posted on september , from culture on campus			 			 					 				 			black and red on blue (screenprint, a/p, ) born in leamington spa, warwickshire, in , terry frost kbe ra did not become an artist until he was in his s. during world war ii, he served in france, the middle east and greece, before joining the commandos. while in crete in june he was captured and sent to various prisoner of war camps. as a prisoner at stalag  in bavaria, he met adrian heath who encouraged him to paint. after the war he attended camberwell school of art and the st. ives school of art and painted his first abstract work in . in he moved to newlyn and worked as an assistant to the sculptor barbara hepworth. he was joined there by roger hilton, where they began a collaboration in collage and construction techniques. in he put on his first exhibition in the usa, in new york, and there he met many of the american abstract expressionists, including marc rothko who became a great friend. terry frost’s career included teaching at the bath academy of art, serving as gregory fellow at the university of leeds, and also teaching at the cyprus college of art. he later became the artist in residence and professor of painting at the department of fine art of the university of reading. orange dusk (lithograph, / , ) frost was renowned for his use of the cornish light, colour and shape. he became a leading exponent of abstract art and a recognised figure of the british art establishment. these two prints were purchased in the early days of the art collection at the beginning of the s. terry frost married kathleen clarke in and they had six children, two of whom became artists, (and another, stephen frost, a comedian). his grandson luke frost, also an artist, is shown here, speaking about his grandfather. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						pidb sets next virtual public meeting for october , 			 						 				posted on september , from transforming classification			 			 					 				 			the public interest declassification board (pidb) has scheduled its next virtual public meeting for wednesday, october , , from : to : p.m.  at the meeting, pidb members will discuss their priorities for improving classification and declassification in the next months. they will also introduce former congressman trey gowdy, who was appointed on august , , to a three-year term on the pidb. a full agenda, as well as information on how to pre-register, and how to submit questions and comments to the pidb prior to the virtual meeting, will be posted soon to transforming classification. the pidb looks forward to your participation in continuing our public discussion of priorities for modernizing the classification system going forward. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						digital collections updates 			 						 				posted on september , from unc greensboro digital collections			 			 					 				 			so as we start a new academic year, we thought this would be a good time for an update on what we’ve been working on recently. digital collections migration: after more than a year’s delay, the migration of our collections into a new and more user-friendly (and mobile-friendly) platform driven by the islandora open-source content management system is in the home stretch. this has been a major undertaking and has given us the opportunity to reassess how our collections work. we hope to be live with the new platform in november. , items (over , digital images) have already been migrated. - projects: we’ve made significant progress on most of this year’s projects (see link for project descriptions), though many of these are currently not yet online pending our migration to the islandora platform: grant-funded projects: 	temple emanuel project: we are working with the public history department and a graduate student in that program. several hundred items have already been digitized and more work is being done. we are also exploring grant options with the temple to digitize more material. 	people not property: nc slave deeds project: we are in the final year of this project funded by the national archives and hope to have it online as part of the digital library on american slavery late next year. we are also exploring additional funding options to continue this work. 	women who answered the call: this project was funded by a clir recordings at risk grant. the fragile cassettes have been digitized and we are midway through the process of getting them online in the new platform. library-funded projects: 	poetas sin fronteras: poets without borders, the scrapbooks of dr. ramiro lagos: these items have been digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. 	north carolina runaway slaves ads project, phase : work continues on this ongoing project and over ads are now online. this second phase has involved both locating and digitizing/transcribing the ads, and we will soon triple the number of ads done in phase one. we are also working on tighter integration of this project into the digital library on american slavery. 	pride! of the community: this ongoing project stemmed from an neh grant two years ago and is growing to include numerous new oral history interviews and (just added) a project to digitize and display ads from lgbtq+ bars and other businesses in the triad during the s and s. we are also working with two public history students on contextual and interpretive projects based on the digital collection. faculty-involved projects: 	black lives matter collections: this is a community-based initiative to document the black lives matter movement and recent demonstrations and artwork in the area. faculty: dr. tara green (african america and diaspora studies);  stacey krim, erin lawrimore, dr. rhonda jones, david gwynn (university libraries). 	civil rights oral histories: this has become multiple projects. we are working with several faculty members in the media studies department to make these transcribed interviews available online. november is the target. faculty: matt barr, jenida chase, hassan pitts, and michael frierson (media studies); richard cox, erin lawrimore, david gwynn (university libraries). 	oral contraceptive ads: working with a faculty member and a student on this project, which may be online by the end of the year. faculty: dr. heather adams (english); david gwynn and richard cox (university libraries). 	well-crafted nc: work is ongoing and we are in the second year of a uncg p grant, working with a faculty member in eth bryan school and a brewer based in asheboro. faculty: erin lawrimore, richard cox, david gwynn (university libraries), dr. erick byrd (marketing, entrepreneurship, hospitality, and tourism) new projects taken on during the pandemic: 	city of greensboro scrapbooks: huge collection of scrapbooks from the greensboro urban development department dating back to the s. these items have been digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. 	negro health week pamphlets: s- s pamphlets published by the state of north carolina. these items are currently being digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. 	clara booth byrd collection: manuscript collection. these items are currently being digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. 	north carolina speaker ban collection: manuscript collection. these items are currently being digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. 	mary dail dixon papers: manuscript collection. these items are currently being digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. 	ruth wade hunter collection: manuscript collection. these items are currently being digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. projects on hold pending the pandemic: 	junior league of greensboro: much of this has already been digitized and will go online when the new platform launches. 	uncg graduate school bulletins: much of this has already been digitized and will go online when the new platform launches.  david gwynn (digitization coordinator, me) offers kudos to erica rau and kathy howard (digitization and metadata technicians); callie coward (special collections cataloging & digital projects library technician); charley birkner (technology support technician); and dr. brian robinson (fellow for digital curation and scholarship) for their great work in very surreal circumstances over the past six months. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						correction: creative fellowship call for proposals 			 						 				posted on september , from notes for bibliophiles			 			 					 				 			we have an update to our last post! we’re still accepting proposals for our creative fellowship… but we’ve decided to postpone both the fellowship and our annual exhibition & program series by six months due to the coronavirus. the annual exhibition will now open on october , (which is months away, but we’re still hard at work planning!). the new due date for fellowship proposals is april , . we’ve adjusted the timeline and due dates in the call for proposals accordingly. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						on this day in the florida flambeau, friday, september , 			 						 				posted on september , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			today in , a disgruntled reader sent in this letter to the editor of the flambeau. in it, the reader describes the outcome of a trial and the potential effects that outcome will have on the city of tallahassee. florida flambeau, september , it is such a beautifully written letter that i still can’t tell whether or not it’s satire. do you think the author is being serious or sarcastic? leave a comment below telling us what you think! 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						hartgrove, meriwether, and mattingly 			 						 				posted on september , from the consecrated eminence			 			 					 				 			the past few months have been a challenging time for archivists everywhere as we adjust to doing our work remotely. fortunately, the materials available in amherst college digital collections enable us to continue doing much of our work. back in february, i posted about five black students from the s and s — black men of amherst, -  — and now we’re moving into the early th century. a small clue in the olio has revealed another black student that was not included in harold wade’s black men of amherst. robert sinclair hartgrove (ac ) was known to wade, as was robert mattingly (ac ), but we did not know about robert henry meriwether. these three appear to be the first black students to attend amherst in the twentieth century. robert sinclair hartgrove, class of the text next to hartgrove’s picture in the yearbook gives us a tiny glimpse into his time at amherst. the same yearbook shows hartgrove not just jollying the players, but playing second base for the freshman baseball team during the season. freshman baseball team, the reference to meriwether sent me to the amherst college biographical record, where i found robert henry meriwether listed as a member of the class of . a little digging into the college catalogs revealed that he belongs with the class of . college catalog, - hartgrove and meriwether are both listed as members of the freshman class in the - catalog. the catalog also notes that they were both from washington, dc and the biographical record indicates that they both prepped at howard university before coming to amherst. we find meriwether’s name in the catalog for - , but he did not “pull through” as the olio hopes hartgrove will; meriwether returned to howard university where he earned his llb in . hartgrove also became a lawyer, earning his jb from boston university in and spending most of his career in jersey city, nj. robert nicholas mattingly, class of mattingly was born in louisville, ky in and prepped for amherst at the m street school in washington, dc, which changed its name in to the dunbar school. matt randolph (ac ) wrote “remembering dunbar: amherst college and african-american education in washington, dc” for the book amherst in the world, which includes more details of mattingly’s life. the amherst college archives and special collections reading room is closed to on-site researchers. however, many of our regular services are available remotely, with some modifications. please read our services during covid- page for more information. contact us at archives@amherst.edu. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						democratizing access to our records 			 						 				posted on september , from aotus			 			 					 				 			the national archives has a big, hairy audacious strategic goal to provide public access to million digital copies of our records through our online catalog by fy . when we first announced this goal in , we had less than a million digital copies in the catalog and getting to million sounded to some like a fairy tale. the goal received a variety of reactions from people across the archival profession, our colleagues and our staff. some were excited to work on the effort and wanted particular sets of records to be first in line to scan. some laughed out loud at the sheer impossibility of it. some were angry and said it was a waste of time and money. others were fearful that digitizing the records could take their jobs away. we moved ahead. staff researched emerging technologies and tested them through pilots in order to increase our efficiency. we set up a room at our facilities in college park to transfer our digital copies from individual hard drives to new technology from amazon, known as snowballs. we worked on developing new partnership projects in order to get more records digitized. we streamlined the work in our internal digitization labs and we piloted digitization projects with staff in order to find new ways to get digital copies into the catalog. by , we had million in the catalog. we persisted. in , we added more digital objects, with their metadata, to the catalog in a single year than we had for the preceding decade of the project. late in , we surpassed a major milestone by having more than million digital copies of our records in the catalog. and yes, it has strained our technology. the catalog has developed growing pains, which we continue to monitor and mitigate. we also created new finding aids that focus on digital copies of our records that are now available online: see our record group explorer and our presidential library explorer. so now, anyone with a smart phone or access to a computer with wifi, can view at least some of the permanent records of the u.s. federal government without having to book a trip to washington, d.c. or one of our other facilities around the country. the descriptions of over % of our records are also available through the catalog, so even if you can’t see it immediately, you can know what records exist. and that is convenient for the millions of visitors we get each year to our website, even more so during the pandemic. national archives identifier we are well on our way to million digital copies in the catalog by fy . and yet, with over billion pages of records in our holdings, we know, we have only just begun. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						lola hayes and “tone pictures of the negro in music” 			 						 				posted on august , from nypr archives & preservation			 			 					 				 			lola wilson hayes ( - ) was a highly-regarded african-american mezzo-soprano, wnyc producer, and later, much sought after vocal teacher and coach. a boston native, hayes was a music graduate of radcliffe college and studied voice with frank bibb at baltimore’s peabody conservatory. she taught briefly at a black vocational boarding school in new jersey known as the ‘tuskeegee of the north'[ ] before embarking on a recital and show career which took her to europe and around the united states. during world war ii, she also made frequent appearances at the american theatre wing of the stage door canteen of new york and entertained troops at uso clubs and hospitals. headline from the new york age, august , , pg. . (wnyc archive collections) hayes also made time to produce a short but notable run of wnyc programs, which she hosted and performed on the home front. her november and december broadcasts were part of a rotating half-hour time slot designated for known recitalists. she shared the late weekday afternoon slot with sopranos marjorie hamill, pina la corte, jean carlton, elaine malbin, and the hungarian pianist arpád sándor. hayes’ series, tone pictures of the negro in music, sought to highlight african-american composers and was frequently referred to as the negro in music. the following outline of and broadcasts was pieced together from the wnyc masterwork bulletin program guide and period newspaper radio listings. details on the programs are sparse. we know that hayes’ last broadcast in featured the pianist william duncan allen ( - ) performing they led my lord away by roland hayes and good lord done been here by hall johnson, and a porgy and bess medley by george gershwin. excerpt from “behind the mike,” november/december , wnyc masterwork bulletin. (wnyc archive collections) the show was scheduled again in august as a -minute late tuesday afternoon program and in november that year as a half-hour wednesday evening broadcast. the august programs began with an interview of soprano abbie mitchell ( - ), the widow of composer and choral director will marion cook ( - ). the composer and arranger hall johnson ( - ) was her studio guest the following week. the third tuesday of the month featured pianist jonathan brice performing “songs of young contemporary negro composers,” and the august shows concluded with selections from porgy and bess and cameron jones. the november broadcasts focused on the work of william grant still, “the art songs, spirituals and street cries” of william lawrence, as well as the songs and spirituals of william rhodes, lyric soprano lillian evanti, and baritone harry t. burleigh. hayes also spent airtime on the work of neo-romantic composer and violinist clarence cameron white. the november th program considered “the musical setting of poems by langston hughes and reportedly included the bard himself. “langston hughes was guest of honor and punctuated his interview with a reading from his opera troubled island.”[ ] this was not the first time the poet’s work was the subject of hayes’ broadcast. below is a rare copy of her script from a program airing eight months earlier when she sat in for the regularly scheduled host, soprano marjorie hamill. the script for tone pictures of the negro in music hosted by lola hayes on march , . (image used with permission of van vecten trust and courtesy of the carl van vechten papers relating to african american arts and letters. james weldon johnson collection in the yale collection in the yale collection of american literature, beinecke rare book and manuscript library)[ ] it is unfortunate, but it appears there are no recordings of lola hayes’ wnyc program. we can’t say if that’s because they weren’t recorded or, if they were, the lacquer discs have not survived. we do know that world war ii-era transcription discs, in general, are less likely to have survived since most of them were cut on coated glass, rather than aluminum, to save vital metals for the war effort. after the war, hayes focused on voice teaching and coaching. her students included well-known performers like dorothy rudd moore, hilda harris, raoul abdul-rahim, carol brice, nadine brewer, elinor harper, lucia hawkins, and margaret tynes. she was the first african-american president of the new york singing teachers association (nysta), serving in that post from - . in her later years, she devoted much of her time to the lola wilson hayes vocal artists award, which gave substantial financial aid to young professional singers worldwide.[ ]  ___________________________________________________________ [ ] the manual training and industrial school for colored youth in bordentown, new jersey [ ] “the listening room,” the people’s voice, december , , pg. . the newspaper noted that the broadcast included hall johnson’s mother to son, cecil cohen’s death of an old seaman and florence price’s song to a dark virgin, all presumably sung by host, lola hayes.  troubled island is an opera set in haiti in . it was composed by william grant still with a libretto by langston hughes and verna arvey. [ ] page two of the script notes langston hughes’ grandmother was married to a veteran of the harper’s ferry raid led by abolitionist john brown. indeed, hughes’ grandmother’s first husband was lewis sheridan leary, who was one of brown’s raiders at harper’s ferry. for more on the story please see: a shawl from harper’s ferry. [ ] abdul, raoul, “winners of the lola hayes vocal scholarship and awards,” the new york amsterdam news, february , , pg. . special thanks to valeria martinez for research assistance.   					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						the road to edinburgh 			 						 				posted on august , from culture on campus			 			 					 				 			on the th anniversary of the edinburgh commonwealth games newly catalogued collections trace the long road to the first games held in scotland. a handwritten note dated th april sits on the top of a file marked ‘scotland for host’. the document forms part of a series of files recording the planning, organisation and operation of the edinburgh commonwealth games, the first to be held in scotland. written by willie carmichael, a key figure in scotland’s games history, the note sets out his plans to secure the commonwealth games for scotland. he begins by noting that scotland’s intention to host the games was made at a meeting of commonwealth games federations at the melbourne olympic games. carmichael then proceeds to lay out the steps required to make scotland’s case to be the host of the games in or . willie carmichael the steps which carmichael traced out in his note can be followed through the official records and personal papers relating to the games held in the university archives. the recently catalogued administrative papers of commonwealth games scotland for the period provide a detailed account of the long process of planning for this major event, recording in particular the close collaboration with edinburgh corporation which was an essential element in securing the games for scotland (with major new venues being required for the city to host the event). further details and perspectives on the road to the games can be found in the personal papers of figures associated with commonwealth games scotland also held in the university archives including sir peter heatly and willie carmichael himself. the choice of host city for the games was to be made at a meeting held at the games in perth, australia. the first target on carmichael’s plan, the edinburgh campaign put forward its application as host city at a federation meeting held in rome in . a series of press cutting files collected by carmichael trace the campaigns progress from this initial declaration of intent through to the final decision made in perth. documents supporting edinburgh’s bid to host the commonwealth games presented to meetings of the commonwealth games federation in rome ( ) and perth ( ), part of the willie carmichael archive. edinburgh faced competition both within scotland, with the press reporting a rival bid from glasgow, and across the commonwealth, with other nations including jamaica, india and southern rhodesia expressing an interest in hosting the competition. when it came to the final decision in three cities remained in contention: edinburgh, kingston in jamaica, and salisbury in southern rhodesia. the first round of voting saw salisbury eliminated. in the subsequent head-to-head vote kingston was selected as host city for the games by the narrowest of margins ( votes to ). as carmichael had sketched out in his plan if edinburgh failed in its attempt to host the games it would have another opportunity to make its case to hold the event. carmichael and his colleagues travelled to kingston in confident of securing the support required to bring the games to scotland in . in our next blog we’ll look at how they succeeded in making the case for edinburgh. ‘scotland invites’, title page to document supporting edinburgh’s bid to host the commonwealth games (willie carmichael archive). 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						friday art blog: kate downie 			 						 				posted on august , from culture on campus			 			 					 				 			 nanbei by kate downie (oil on canvas, ) during a series of visits to china a few years ago, kate downie was brought into contact with traditional ink painting techniques, and also with the china of today. there she encountered the contrasts and meeting points between the epic industrial and epic romantic landscapes: the motorways, rivers, cityscapes and geology – all of which she absorbed and reflected on in a series of oil and ink paintings. as kate creates studies for her paintings in situ, she is very much immersed in the landscapes that she is responding to and reflecting on. the artwork shown above, ‘nanbei’, which was purchased by the art collection in , tackles similar themes to downie’s scottish based work, reflecting both her interest in the urban landscape and also the edges where land meets water. here we encounter both aspects within a new setting – an industrial chinese landscape set by the edge of a vast river. downie is also obsessed with bridges. as well as the bridge that appears in this image, seemingly supported by trees that follow its line, the space depicted forms an unseen bridge between two worlds and two extremes, between epic natural and epic industrial forms. in this imagined landscape, north meets south (nanbei literally means north south) and mountains meet skyscrapers; here both natural and industrial structures dominate the landscape. this juxtaposition is one of the aspects of china that impressed the artist and inspired the resulting work. after purchasing this work by kate downie, the art collection invited her to be one of three exhibiting artists in its exhibition ‘reflections of the east’ in (the other two artists were fanny lam christie and emma scott smith). all artists had links to china, and ‘nanbei’ was central to the display of works in the crush hall that kate had entitled ‘shared vision’. temple bridge (monoprint, ) kate downie studied fine art at gray’s school of art, aberdeen and has held artists’ residencies in the usa and europe. she has exhibited widely and has also taught and directed major art projects. in kate downie travelled to beijing and shanghai to work with ink painting masters and she has since returned there several times, slowly building a lasting relationship with chinese culture. on a recent visit she learned how to carve seals from soapstone, and these red stamps can now be seen on all of her work, including on her print ‘temple bridge’ above, which was purchased by the collection at the end of the exhibition. kate downie recently gave an interesting online talk about her work and life in lockdown. it was organised by the scottish gallery in edinburgh which is currently holding an exhibition entitled ‘modern masters women‘ featuring many women artists. watch kate downie’s talk below: 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						telling untold stories through the emmett till archives 			 						 				posted on august , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			detail of a newspaper clipping from the joseph tobias papers, mss - friday august th marks the th anniversary of the abduction and murder of emmett till. till’s murder is regarded as a significant catalyst for the mid-century african-american civil rights movement. calls for justice for till still drive national conversations about racism and oppression in the united states. in , florida state university (fsu) libraries special collections & archives established the emmett till archives in collaboration with emmett till scholar davis houck, filmmaker keith beauchamp, and author devery anderson. since then, we have continued to build robust research collections of primary and secondary sources related to the life, murder, and commemoration of emmett till. we invite researchers from around the world, from any age group, to explore these collections and ask questions. it is through research and exploration of original, primary resources that till’s story can be best understood and that truth can be shared. “mamie had a little boy…”, from the wright family interview, keith beauchamp audiovisual recordings, mss - fsu special collections & archives. as noted in our emmett till birthday post this year, an interview with emmett till’s family, conducted by civil rights filmmaker keith beauchamp in , is now available through the fsu digital library in two parts. willie wright, thelma wright edwards, and wilma wright edwards were kind enough to share their perspectives with beauchamp and in a panel presentation at the fsu libraries heritage museum that spring. soon after this writing, original audio and video files from the interview will be also be available to any visitor, researcher, or aspiring documentary filmmaker through the fsu digital library. emmett till, december . image from the davis houck papers a presentation by a till scholar in led to renewed contact with and a valuable donation from fsu alum steve whitaker, who in a way was the earliest contributor to emmett till research at fsu. his seminal master’s thesis, completed right here at florida state university, is still the earliest known scholarly work on the kidnapping and murder of till, and was influential on many subsequent retellings of the story. the till archives recently received a few personal items from whitaker documenting life in mid-century mississippi, as well as a small library of books on till, mississippi law, and other topics that can give researchers valuable context for his thesis and the larger till story. in the future, the newly-founded emmett till lecture and archives fund will ensure further opportunities to commemorate till through events and collection development. fsu libraries will continue to partner with till’s family, the emmett till memory project, emmett till interpretive center, the emmett till project, the fsu civil rights institute, and other institutions and private donors to collect, preserve and provide access to the ongoing story of emmett till. sources and further reading fsu libraries. emmett till archives research guide. https://guides.lib.fsu.edu/till wright family interview, keith beauchamp audiovisual recordings, mss - , special collections & archives, florida state university, tallahassee, florida. interview part i: http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/fsu_mss - _bd_ interview part ii: http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/fsu_mss - _bd_ 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						former congressman trey gowdy appointed to the pidb 			 						 				posted on august , from transforming classification			 			 					 				 			on august , , house minority leader kevin mccarthy (r-ca) appointed former congressman harold w. “trey” gowdy, iii as a member of the public interest declassification board. mr. gowdy served four terms in congress, representing his hometown of spartansburg in south carolina’s th congressional district. the board members and staff welcome mr. gowdy and look forward to working with him in continuing efforts to modernize and improve how the federal government classifies and declassifies sensitive information. mr. gowdy was appointed by the minority leader mccarthy on august , . he is serving his first three-year term on the board. his appointment was announced on august , in the congressional record https://www.congress.gov/ /crec/ / / /crec- - - -house.pdf 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						tracey sterne 			 						 				posted on august , from nypr archives & preservation			 			 					 				 			in november of , an item appeared in the new york times -and it seemed all of us in new york (and elsewhere) who were interested in music, radio, and culture in general, saw it:  “teresa sterne,” it read, “who in years helped build the nonesuch record label into one of the most distinguished and innovative in the recording industry, will be named director of music programming at wnyc radio next month.” the piece went on to promise that ms. sterne, under wnyc’s management, would be creating “new kinds of programming -including some innovative approaches to new music and a series of live music programs.”  this was incredible news. sterne, by this time, was a true cultural legend. she was known not only for those years she’d spent building nonesuch, a remarkably smart, serious, and daring record label —but also for how it had all ended, with her sudden dismissal from that label by elektra, its parent company (whose own parent company was warner communications), two years earlier. the widely publicized outrage over her termination from nonesuch included passionate letters of protest from the likes of leonard bernstein, elliott carter, aaron copland —only the alphabetical beginning of a long list of notable musicians, critics and journalists who saw her firing as a sharp blow to excellence and diversity in music. but the dismissal stood.  by coincidence, only three weeks before the news of her hiring broke, i had applied for a job as a part-time music-host at wnyc. steve post, a colleague whom i’d met while doing some producing and on-air work at new york’s decidedly non-profit pacifica station, wbai, had come over from there to wnyc, a year before, to do the weekday morning music and news program. “fishko,” he said to me, “they need someone on the weekends -and i think they want a woman.” my day job of longstanding was as a freelance film editor, but i wanted to keep my hand in the radio world. weekends would be perfect. in two interviews with executives at wnyc, i had failed to impress. but now i could feel hopeful about making a connection to ms. sterne, who was a music person, as was i.  soon after her tenure began, i threw together a sample tape and got it to her through a contact on the inside. and she said, simply: yeah, let’s give her a chance. and so it began.  tracey—the name she was called by all friends and colleagues — seemed, immediately, to be a fascinating, controversial character: she was uniquely qualified to do the work at hand, but at the same time she was a fish out of water. she was un-corporate, not inclined to be polite to the young executives upstairs, and not at all enamored of current trends or audience research. for this we dearly loved her, those of us on the air. she cared how the station sounded, how the music connected, how the information about the music surrounded it. her preoccupations seemed, even then, to be of the old school. but she was also fiercely modern in her attitude toward the music, unafraid to mix styles and periods, admiring of new music, up on every instrumentalist and conductor and composer, young, old, avant-garde, traditional. and she had her own emphatic and impeccable taste. always the best, that was her motto —whatever it is, if it’s great, or even just extremely good, it will distinguish itself and find its audience, she felt.  tracey sterne, age , rehearsing for a tchaikovsky concerto performance at wnyc in march . (finkelstein/wnyc archive collections) she had developed her ear and her convictions, as it turned out, as a musician, having been a piano prodigy who performed at madison square garden at age . she went on to a debut with the new york philharmonic, gave concerts at lewisohn stadium and the brooklyn museum, and so on. i could relate. though my gifts were not nearly at her level, i, too, had been a dedicated, early pianist and i, too, had looked later for other ways to use what i’d learned at the piano keyboard. and our birthdays were on the same date in march. so, despite being at least a couple of decades apart in age, we bonded.  tracey’s tenure at wnyc was fruitful, though not long. as she had at nonesuch, she embraced ambitious and adventurous music programming. she encouraged some of the on-air personalities to express themselves about the music, to “personalize” the air, to some degree. that was also happening in special programs launched shortly before she arrived as part of a new music initiative, with john schaefer and tim page presenting a range of music way beyond the standard classical fare. and because of tracey’s deep history and contacts in the new york music business, she forged partnerships with music institutions and found ways to work live performances by individual musicians and chamber groups into the programming. she helped me carve out a segment on air for something we called great collaborations, a simple and very flexible idea of hers that spread out to every area of music and made a nice framework for some observations about musical style and history. she loved to talk (sometimes to a fault) and brainstorm about ways to enliven the idea of classical music on the radio, not something all that many people were thinking about, then.  but management found her difficult, slow and entirely too perfectionistic. she found management difficult, slow and entirely too superficial. and after a short time, maybe a year, she packed up her sneakers —essential for navigating the unforgiving marble floors in that old place— and left the long, dusty hallways of the municipal building.  after that, i occasionally visited tracey’s house in brooklyn for events which i can only refer to as “musicales.” her residence was on the upper west side, but this family house was treated as a country place, she’d go on the weekends. she’d have people over, they’d play piano, and sing, and it might be william bolcom and joan morris, or some other notables, spending a musical and social afternoon. later, she and i produced a big, new york concert together for the th birthday of domenico scarlatti –which exact date fell on a saturday in . “scarlatti saturday,” we called it, with endless phone-calling, musician-wrangling and fundraising needed for months to get it off the ground.  the concert itself, much of which was also broadcast on wnyc, went on for many hours, with appearances by some of the finest pianists and harpsichordists in town and out, lines all up and down broadway to get into symphony space.  throughout, tracey was her incorruptible self — and a brilliant organizer, writer, thinker, planner, and impossibly driven producing-partner.  i should make clear, however, that for all her knowledge and perfectionistic, obsessive behavior, she was never the cliche of the driven, lonely careerist -or whatever other cliche you might want to choose. she was a warm, haimish person with friends all over the world, friends made mostly through music. a case in point: the “scarlatti saturday” event was produced by the two of us on a shoestring. and tracey, being tracey, she insisted that we provide full musical and performance information in printed programs, offered free to all audience members, and of course accurate to the last comma. how to assure this? she quite naturally charmed and befriended the printer — who wound up practically donating the costly programs to the event. by the time we were finished she was making him batches of her famous rum balls and he was giving us additional, corrected pages —at no extra charge. it was not a calculated maneuver -it was just how she did things.  you just had to love and respect her for the life force, the intelligence, the excellence and even the temperament she displayed at every turn. sometimes even now, after her death many years ago at from als, i still feel tracey sterne’s high standards hanging over me —in the friendliest possible way. ___________________________________________ sara fishko hosts wnyc’s culture series, fishko files. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						heroes work here 			 						 				posted on august , from aotus			 			 					 				 			the national archives is home to an abundance of remarkable records that chronicle and celebrate the rich history of our nation. it is a privilege to be archivist of the united states—to be the custodian of our most treasured documents and the head of an agency with such a unique and rewarding mission. but it is my greatest privilege to work with such an accomplished and dedicated staff—the real treasures of the national archives go home at night. today i want to recognize and thank the mission-essential staff of nara’s national personnel records center (nprc). like all nara offices, the nprc closed in late march to protect its workforce and patrons from the spread of the pandemic and comply with local government movement orders. while modern military records are available electronically and can be referenced remotely, the majority of nprc’s holdings and reference activity involve paper records that can be accessed only by on-site staff. furthermore, these records are often needed to support veterans and their families with urgent matters such as medical emergencies, homeless veterans seeking shelter, and funeral services for deceased veterans. concerned about the impact a disruption in service would have on veterans and their families, over staff voluntarily set aside concerns for their personal welfare and regularly reported to the office throughout the period of closure to respond to these types of urgent requests. these exceptional staff were pioneers in the development of alternative work processes to incorporate social distancing and other protective measures to ensure a safe work environment while providing this critical service. national personnel records center (nprc) building in st. louis the center is now in phase one of a gradual re-opening, allowing for additional on-site staff.  the same group that stepped up during the period of closure continues to report to the office and are now joined by additional staff volunteers, enabling them to also respond to requests supporting employment opportunities and home loan guaranty benefits. there are now over staff supporting on-site reference services on a rotational basis. together they have responded to over , requests since the facility closed in late march. more than half of these requests supported funeral honors for deceased veterans. with each passing day we are a day closer to the pandemic being behind us. though it may seem far off, there will come a time when covid- is no longer the threat that it is today, and the pandemic of will be discussed in the context of history. when that time comes, the mission essential staff of nprc will be able to look back with pride and know that during this unprecedented crisis, when their country most needed them, they looked beyond their personal well-being to serve others in the best way they were able. as archivist of the united states, i applaud you for your commitment to the important work of the national archives, and as a navy veteran whose service records are held at nprc, i thank you for your unwavering support to america’s veterans. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						contribute to the fsu community covid project 			 						 				posted on august , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			 masks sign, contributed by lorraine mon, view this item in the digital library here students, faculty, and alumni! heritage & university archives is collecting stories and experiences from the fsu community during covid- . university life during a pandemic will be studied by future scholars. during this pandemic, we have received requests surrounding the flu pandemic. unfortunately, not many documents describing these experiences survive in the archive.  to create a rich record of life in these unique times we are asking the fsu community to contribute their thoughts, experiences, plans, and photographs to the archive. working from home, contributed by shaundra lee, view this time in the digital library here how did covid- affect your summer? tell us about your plans for fall. how did covid- change your plans for classes? upload photographs of your dorm rooms or your work from home set ups. if you’d like to see examples of what people have already contributed, please see the collection on diginole. you can add your story to the project here. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						 creative fellowship – call for proposals 			 						 				posted on august , from notes for bibliophiles			 			 					 				 			 ppl is now accepting proposals for our creative fellowship! we’re looking for an artist working in illustration or two-dimensional artwork to create new work related to the theme of our exhibition, tomboys. view the full call for proposals, including application instructions, here. the application deadline is october , april , *. *this deadline has shifted since we originally posted this call for proposals! the fellowship, and the exhibition & program series, have both been shifted forward by six months due to the coronavirus. updated deadlines and timeline in the call for proposals! 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						friday art blog: still life in the collection 			 						 				posted on august , from culture on campus			 			 					 				 			welcome to our new regular blog slot, the ‘friday art blog’. we look forward to your continued company over the next weeks and months. you can return to the art collection website here, and search our entire permanent collection here. pears by jack knox (oil on board, ) this week we are taking a look at some of the still life works of art in the permanent collection. ‘still life’ (or ‘nature morte’ as it is also widely known) refers to the depiction of mostly inanimate subject matter. it has been a part of art from the very earliest days, from thousands of years ago in ancient egypt, found also on the walls in st century pompeii, and featured in illuminated medieval manuscripts. during the renaissance, when it began to gain recognition as a genre in its own right, it was adapted for religious purposes. dutch golden age artists in particular, in the early th century, depicted objects which had a symbolic significance. the still life became a moralising meditation on the brevity of life. and the vanity of the acquisition of possessions. but, with urbanization and the rise of a middle class with money to spend, it also became fashionable simply as a celebration of those possessions – in paintings of rare flowers or sumptuous food-laden table tops with expensive silverware and the best china. the still life has remained a popular feature through many modern art movements. artists might use it as an exercise in technique (much cheaper than a live model), as a study in colour, form, or light and shade, or as a meditation in order to express a deeper mood. or indeed all of these. the works collected by the university of stirling art collection over the past fifty years reflect its continuing popularity amongst artists and art connoisseurs alike. bouteille et fruits by henri hayden (lilthograph, / , ) in the modern era the still life featured in the post impressionist art of van gogh, cezanne and picasso. henri hayden trained in warsaw, but moved to paris in where cezanne and cubism were influences. from he rejected this aesthetic and developed a more figurative manner, but later in life there were signs of a return to a sub-cubist mannerism in his work, and as a result the landscapes and still lifes of his last years became both more simplified and more definitely composed than the previous period, with an elegant calligraphy. they combine a new richness of colour with lyrical melancholy. meditation and purity of vision mark the painter’s last years. black lace by anne redpath (gouache, ) anne redpath is best known for her still lifes and interiors, often with added textural interest, and also with the slightly forward-tilted table top, of which this painting is a good example. although this work is largely monochrome it retains the fascination the artist had in fabric and textiles – the depiction of the lace is enhanced by the restrained palette. untitled still life by euan heng (linocut, / , ) while euan heng’s work is contemporary in practice his imagery is not always contemporary in origin. he has long been influenced by italian iconography, medieval paintings and frescoes. origin of a rose by ceri richards (lithograph, / , ) in ceri richards’ work there is a constant recurrence of visual symbols and motifs always associated with the mythic cycles of nature and life. these symbols include rock formations, plant forms, sun, moon and seed-pods, leaf and flower. these themes refer to the cycle of human life and its transience within the landscape of earth. still life, summer by elizabeth blackadder (oil on canvas, ) this is a typical example of one of elizabeth blackadder’s ‘flattened’ still life paintings, with no perspective. works such as this retain the form of the table, with the top raised to give the fullest view. broken cast by david donaldson (oil on canvas , ) david donaldson was well known for his still lifes and landscape paintings as well as literary, biblical and allegorical subjects. flowers for fanny by william mactaggart oil on board, william mactaggart typically painted landscapes, seascapes and still lifes featuring vases of flowers. these flowers, for his wife, fanny aavatsmark, are unusual for not being poppies, his most commonly painted flower. cake by fiona watson (digital print, / , ) we end this blog post with one of the most popular still lifes in the collection. this depiction of scottish classic the tunnock’s teacake is a modern take on the still life. it is a firm favourite whenever it is on display. image by julie howden 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						solar energy: a brief look back 			 						 				posted on august , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			 in the early ’s the united states was in the midst of an energy crisis. massive oil shortages and high prices made it clear that alternative ideas for energy production were needed and solar power was a clear front runner. the origins of the solar cell in the united states date back to inventor charles fritz in the ’s, and the first attempts at harvesting solar energy for homes, to the late ’s. in , the state of florida put it’s name in the ring to become the host of the national solar energy research institute. site proposal for the national solar energy research institute. claude pepper papers s. b. f. with potential build sites in miami and cape canaveral, the latter possessing the added benefit of proximity to nasa, the florida solar energy task force, led by robert nabors and endorsed by representative pepper, felt confident. the state made it to the final rounds of the search before the final location of golden, colorado was settled upon, which would open in . around this same time however ( ), the florida solar energy center was established at the university of central florida. the claude pepper papers contain a wealth of information on florida’s efforts in the solar energy arena from the onset of the energy crisis, to the late ’s. carbon copy of correspondence between claude pepper and robert l. nabors regarding the cape canaveral proposed site for the national solar research institute. claude pepper papers s. b. f. earlier this year, “tallahassee solar ii”, a new solar energy farm, began operating in florida’s capitol city.  located near the tallahassee international airport, it provides electricity for more than , homes in the leon county area. with the steady gains that the state of florida continues to make in the area of solar energy expansion, it gets closer to fully realizing its nickname, “the sunshine state.” 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 					 	 		 						(c)istory lesson 			 						 				posted on august , from illuminations			 			 					 				 			 our next submission is from rachel duke, our rare books librarian, who has been with special collections for two years. this project was primarily geared towards full-time faculty and staff, so i chose to highlight her contribution to see what a full-time faculty’s experience would be like looking through the catalog. frontispiece and title page, salome, . image from https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/ / the item she chose was salome, originally written in french by oscar wilde, then translated into english, as her object. while this book does not explicitly identify as a “queer text,” wilde has become canonized in queer historical literature. in the first edition of the book, there is even a dedication to his lover, lord alfred bruce douglas, who helped with the translation. while there are documented historical examples of what we would refer to today as “queerness,” (queer meaning non-straight) there is still no demarcation of his queerness anywhere in the catalog record. although the author is not necessarily unpacking his own queer experiences in the text, “both [salome’s] author and its legacy participate strongly in queer history” as duke states in her submission.  oscar wilde and lord alfred bruce douglas even though wilde was in a queer relationship with lord alfred bruce douglas, and has been accepted into the queer canon, why doesn’t his catalog record reflect that history? well, a few factors come into play. one of the main ones is an aversion to retroactively labeling historical figures. since we cannot confirm which modern label would fit wilde, we can’t necessarily outright label him as gay. how would a queer researcher like me go about finding authors and artists from the past who are connected with queer history? it is important to acknowledge lgbtq+ erasure when discussing this topic. since the lgbtq+ community has historically been marginalized, documentation of queerness is hard to come by because: 	people did not collect, and even actively erased, queer and trans histories. 	lgbtq+ history has been passed down primarily as an oral tradition.  	historically, we cannot confirm which labels people would have identified with. 	language and social conventions change over time. so while we view and know someone to be queer, since it is not in official documentation we have no “proof.” on the other hand, in some cultures, gay relations were socially acceptable. for example, in the middle ages, there was a legislatively approved form of same-sex marriage, known as affrèrement. this example is clearly labeled as *gay* in related library-based description because it was codified that way in the historical record. by contrast, shakespeare’s sonnets, which (arguably) use queer motifs and themes, are not labeled as “queer” or “gay.” does queer content mean we retroactively label the author queer? does the implication of queerness mean we should make the text discoverable under queer search terms? cartoon depicting oscar wilde’s visit to san francisco. by george frederick keller – the wasp, march , . personally, i see both sides. as someone who is queer, i would not want a random person trying to retroactively label me as something i don’t identify with. on the other hand, as a queer researcher, i find it vital to have access to that information. although they might not have been seen as queer in their time period, their experiences speak to queer history. identities and people will change, which is completely normal, but as a group that has experienced erasure of their history, it is important to acknowledge all examples of historical queerness as a proof that lgbtq+ individuals have existed throughout time. how do we responsibly and ethically go about making historical queerness discoverable in our finding aids and catalogs? click here to see some more historical figures you might not have known were lgbtq+. 					 		 		 						 link to post 		 | 									 				language: english			 									 			 					 	 				 						 			post navigation 			← older posts 			 		 	 			 			 		 		 			about archivesblogs 			archivesblogs syndicates content from weblogs about archives and archival issues and then makes the content available in a central location in a variety of formats.more info.   		languages 				deutsch 	english 	español 	français 	italiano 	nederlands 	nihongo (日本語) 	العربية 			syndicated blogs 		????????? blog? 	a lively experiment 	a repository for bottled monsters 	a view to hugh 	academic health center archives 	adventures in records management 	african american studies at beinecke library 	annotations: the neh preservation project 	aotus 	archaeology archives oxford 	archivagando 	archival science / ??? ??????? 	archivalia 	archiveros españoles en la función pública (aefp) 	archives and auteurs 	archives and special collections 	archives d’assy 	archives forum 	archives gig 	archives hub blog 	archives outside 	archives, records and artefacts 	archivesinfo 	archivesnext 	archivistica e dintorni 	archivium sancti iacobi 	archivólogo – blog de archivo – lic. carmen marín 	archivónomo.bit 	arkivformidling 	around the d 	authenticity 	beaver archivist 	blog 	bloggers@brooklynmuseum » libraries & archives 	bogdan's archival blog — blog de arhivist 	born digital archives (aims project) 	brandeis special collections spotlight 	calames – le blog 	consultores documentales 	cultural compass 	culture on campus 	daily searchivist 	de digitale archivaris 	depotdrengen 	digital library of georgia 	digitization 	discontents 	dub collections 	endangered archives blog 	ephemeral archives 	f&m archives & special collections 	fil d'ariane 	frei – geschichtspuls 	fresh pickin's 	futurearch, or the future of archives… 	hanging together 	helen morgan 	historical notes 	illuminations 	in the mailbox 	inside the chs 	inside the gates 	keeping time 	l’affaire makropoulos 	l’archivista 	la tribune des archives 	livejournal archivists 	lsu libraries special collections blog 	m.e. grenander department of special collections and archives 	mit libraries news » archives + mit history 	modern books and manuscripts 	mudd manuscript library blog 	national union of women teachers 	nc miscellany 	nccdhistory 	new archivist 	new york state archives news and events 	news – litwin books & library juice press 	notes for bibliophiles 	o arquivista 	old things with stories 	open beelden 	order from chaos 	out of the box 	out of the box 	pacific northwest features 	paulingblog 	peeling back the bark 	poetry at beinecke library 	posts on mark a. matienzo 	practical archivist 	practical e-records 	presbyterian research 	ratilburg 	readyresources 	reclamation & representation 	records management futurewatch 	records mgmt & archiving 	richard b. russell library for political research and studies 	room cabinet of curiosities 	sdsu special collections: new acquisitions, events, and highlights from our collections 	special collections blog 	special collections – the university of chicago library news 	special collections – uga libraries news & events 	special collections – utc library 	spellbound blog 	stacked five high 	state library of massachusetts 	state records office of western australia 	the anarchivist 	the autry blog 	the back table 	the butler center for arkansas studies 	the charleston archive 	the consecrated eminence 	the devil's tale 	the last campaign 	the legacy center 	the posterity project 	the quantum archivist 	the top shelf 	the visible archive 	touchable archives 	transforming classification 	trinity university special collections and archives 	twin cities archives round table 	unc greensboro digital collections 	vault 	vpro radio archief 	webarchivists 	webarchivists (fr) 	what the fonds? 	what's cool at hoole 	what’s on the th floor? 	wnyc archives & preservation 	you ought to be ashamed 		 	 	 			 			 								proudly powered by wordpress 			 	 none none none conal tuohy's blog – the blog of a digital humanities software developer 	skip to content 	 		 			 										conal tuohy's blog 											the blog of a digital humanities software developer 									menu and widgets 			 		 			 					 					about me 			 		 		 					 							 		tags archives cidoc-crm data mining distant reading joai json linked data lodlam lodlive museum newspapers oai-pmh oceania.digital papers past proxy rest retailer skos sparql transcription trove twitter visualization vocabularies web api xforms xml xpath xproc xproc-z zotero twitter my tweets				recent posts 			 					analysis & policy online 									 	 					a tool for web api harvesting 									 	 					oceania 									 	 					australian society of archivists conference #asalinks 									 	 					linked open data visualisation at #glamvr 									 		top posts & pages 	 										 						oceania					 									 all my posts 			june 	december 	october 	august 	april 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	may 	april 	march 	december 	november 	september 	august 	march 	december 						log in 					 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 			 	 	 		analysis & policy online 	 	 		notes for my open repositories conference presentation. i will edit this post later to flesh it out into a proper blog post. follow along at: conaltuohy.com/blog/analysis-policy-online/ continue reading analysis & policy online 	 	 	 		posted on june , june , tags data mining, linked data, lodlam, oai-pmh, sparql, xml, xproc, xproc-zleave a comment on analysis & policy online			 	 	 		a tool for web api harvesting 	 	 		a medieval man harvesting metadata from a medieval web api as stumbles to an end, i’ve put in a few days’ work on my new project oceania, which is to be a linked data service for cultural heritage in this part of the world. part of this project involves harvesting data from cultural institutions which make their collections available via so-called “web apis”. there are some very standard ways to publish data, such as oai-pmh, opensearch, sru, rss, etc, but many cultural heritage institutions instead offer custom-built apis that work in their own peculiar way, which means that you need to put in a certain amount of effort in learning each api and dealing with its specific requirements. so i’ve turned to the problem of how to deal with these apis in the most generic way possible, and written a program that can handle a lot of what is common in most web apis, and can be easily configured to understand the specifics of particular apis. continue reading a tool for web api harvesting 	 	 	 		posted on december , december , tags oceania.digital, rest, trove, web api, xml, xpathleave a comment on a tool for web api harvesting			 	 	 		oceania 	 	 		i am really excited to have begun my latest project: a linked open data service for online cultural heritage from new zealand and australia, and eventually, i hope, from our other neighbours. i have called the service “oceania.digital” the big idea of oceania.digital is to pull together threads from a number of different “cultural” data sources and weave them together into a single web of data which people can use to tell a huge number of stories. there are a number of different aspects to the project, and a corresponding number of stages to go through… continue reading oceania 	 	 	 		posted on december , december , tags linked data, lodlam, oceania.digital comment on oceania			 	 	 		australian society of archivists conference #asalinks 	 	 		last week i participated in the conference of the australian society of archivists, in parramatta. #asalinks poster i was very impressed by the programme and the discussion. i thought i’d jot down a few notes here about just a few of the presentations that were most closely related to my own work. the presentations were all recorded, and as the asa’s youtube channel is updated with newly edited videos, i’ll be editing this post to include those videos. continue reading australian society of archivists conference #asalinks 	 	 	 		posted on october , december , tags archives, data mining, linked data, lodlam, museum, transcription, visualizationleave a comment on australian society of archivists conference #asalinks			 	 	 		linked open data visualisation at #glamvr 	 	 		on thursday last week i flew to perth, in western australia, to speak at an event at curtin university on visualisation of cultural heritage. erik champion, professor of cultural visualisation, who organised the event, had asked me to talk about digital heritage collections and linked open data (“lod”). the one-day event was entitled “glam vr: talks on digital heritage, scholarly making & experiential media”, and combined presentations and workshops on cultural heritage data (glam = galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) with advanced visualisation technology (vr = virtual reality). the venue was the curtin hive (hub for immersive visualisation and eresearch); a really impressive visualisation facility at curtin university, with huge screens and panoramic and d displays. there were about people in attendance, and there would have been over a dozen different presenters, covering a lot of different topics, though with common threads linking them together. i really enjoyed the experience, and learned a lot. i won’t go into the detail of the other presentations, here, but quite a few people were live-tweeting, and i’ve collected most of the twitter stream from the day into a storify story, which is well worth a read and following up. continue reading linked open data visualisation at #glamvr 	 	 	 		posted on august , september , tags linked data, lodlam, lodlive, sparql, visualization comment on linked open data visualisation at #glamvr 			 	 	 		visualizing government archives through linked data 	 	 		tonight i’m knocking back a gin and tonic to celebrate finishing a piece of software development for my client the public record office victoria; the archives of the government of the australian state of victoria. the work, which will go live in a couple of weeks, was an update to a browser-based visualization tool which we first set up last year. in response to user testing, we made some changes to improve the visualization’s usability. it certainly looks a lot clearer than it did, and the addition of some online help makes it a bit more accessible for first-time users. the visualization now looks like this (here showing the entire dataset, unfiltered, which is not actually that useful, though it is quite pretty): continue reading visualizing government archives through linked data 	 	 	 		posted on april , september , tags archives, cidoc-crm, linked data, lodlam, oai-pmh, sparql, visualization comments on visualizing government archives through linked data			 	 	 		taking control of an uncontrolled vocabulary 	 	 		a couple of days ago, dan mccreary tweeted: working on new ideas for nosql metadata management for a talk next week. focus on #nosql, documents, graphs and #skos. any suggestions? — dan mccreary (@dmccreary) november , it reminded me of some work i had done a couple of years ago for a project which was at the time based on linked data, but which later switched away from that platform, leaving various bits of rdf-based work orphaned. one particular piece which sprung to mind was a tool for dealing with vocabularies. whether it’s useful for dan’s talk i don’t know, but i thought i would dig it out and blog a little about it in case it’s of interest more generally to people working in linked open data in libraries, archives and museums (lodlam). continue reading taking control of an uncontrolled vocabulary 	 	 	 		posted on november , november , tags lodlam, skos, sparql, vocabularies, xforms comment on taking control of an uncontrolled vocabulary			 	 	 		bridging the conceptual gap: museum victoria’s collections api and the cidoc conceptual reference model 	 	 		a museum victoria lod graph about a teacup, shown using the lodlive visualizer.this is the third in a series of posts about an experimental linked open data (lod) publication based on the web api of museum victoria. the first post gave an introduction and overview of the architecture of the publication software, and the second dealt quite specifically with how names and identifiers work in the lod publication software. in this post i’ll cover how the publication software takes the data published by museum victoria’s api and reshapes it to fit a common conceptual model for museum data, the “conceptual reference model” published by the documentation committee of the internal council of museums. i’m not going to exhaustively describe the translation process (you can read the source code if you want the full story), but i’ll include examples to illustrate the typical issues that arise in such a translation. continue reading bridging the conceptual gap: museum victoria’s collections api and the cidoc conceptual reference model 	 	 	 		posted on october , june , tags cidoc-crm, linked data, lodlam, lodlive, museum, web api comments on bridging the conceptual gap: museum victoria’s collections api and the cidoc conceptual reference model			 	 	 		names in the museum 	 	 		my last blog post described an experimental linked open data service i created, underpinned by museum victoria’s collection api. mainly, i described the lod service’s general framework, and explained how it worked in terms of data flow. to recap briefly, the lod service receives a request from a browser and in turn translates that request into one or more requests to the museum victoria api, interprets the result in terms of the cidoc crm, and returns the result to the browser. the lod service does not have any data storage of its own; it’s purely an intermediary or proxy, like one of those real-time interpreters at the united nations. i call this technique a “linked data proxy”. i have a couple more blog posts to write about the experience. in this post, i’m going to write about how the linked data proxy deals with the issue of naming the various things which the museum’s database contains. continue reading names in the museum 	 	 	 		posted on october , april , tags cidoc-crm, linked data, lodlam, museum comment on names in the museum			 	 	 			 	 	 		linked open data built from a custom web api 	 	 		i’ve spent a bit of time just recently poking at the new web api of museum victoria collections, and making a linked open data service based on their api. i’m writing this up as an example of one way — a relatively easy way — to publish linked data off the back of some existing api. i hope that some other libraries, archives, and museums with their own api will adopt this approach and start publishing their data in a standard linked data style, so it can be linked up with the wider web of data. continue reading linked open data built from a custom web api 	 	 	 		posted on september , april , tags cidoc-crm, json, linked data, lodlam, museum, proxy, rest, web api, xproc-z comments on linked open data built from a custom web api			 	 		posts navigation 		page page page next page 	 		 	 	 	 		 						proudly powered by wordpress 		 	 	 	 scriptio continua scriptio continua thoughts on software development, digital humanities, the ancient world, and whatever else crosses my radar. all original content herein is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. friday, june , reminder in the midst of the ongoing disaster that has befallen the country, i had a reminder recently that healthcare in the usa is still a wreck. when i had my episode of food poisoning (or whatever it was) in michigan recently, my concerned wife took me to an urgent care. we of course had to pay out-of-pocket for service (about $ ), as we were way outside our network (the group of providers who have agreements with our insurance company). i submitted the paperwork to our insurance company when we got home (duke uses aetna), to see if they would reimburse some of that amount. nope. rejected, because we didn't call them first to get approval—not something you think of at a time like that. thank god i waved off the responders when my daughter called them after i first got sick and almost passed out. we might have been out thousands of dollars. and this is with really first-class insurance, mind you. i have great insurance through duke. you can't get much better in this country. people from countries with real healthcare systems find this kind of thing shocking, but it's par for the course here. and our government is actively trying to make it worse. it's just one more bit of dreadful in a sea's worth, but it's worth remembering that the disastrous state of healthcare in the us affects all of us, even the lucky ones with insurance through our jobs. and again, our government is trying its best to make it worse. you can be quite sure it will be worse for everyone. posted by unknown at : am no comments: email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest monday, may , experiencing technical difficulties i've been struggling with a case of burnout for a while now. it's a common problem in programming, where we have to maintain a fairly high level of creative energy all the time, and unlike my colleagues in academia or the library, i'm not eligible for research leave or sabbaticals. vacation is the only opportunity for recharging my creative batteries, but that's hard too when there are a lot of tasks that can't wait. i have taken the day off to work before, but that just seems stupid. so i grind away, hoping the fog will lift. a few weeks ago, the kids and i joined my wife on a work trip to michigan. it was supposed to be a mini-vacation for us, but i got violently ill after lunch one day—during a umich campus tour. it sucked about as much as it possibly could. my marvelous elder daughter dealt with the situation handily, but of course we ended up missing most of the tour, and i ended up in bed the rest of the day, barring the occasional run to the bathroom. my world narrowed down to a point. i was quite happy to lie there, not thinking. i could have read or watched television, but i didn't want to. trying the occasional sip of gatorade was as much as i felt like. for someone who normally craves input all the time, it was very peaceful. it revealed to me again on how much of a knife-edge my consciousness really is. it would take very little to knock it off the shelf to shatter on the ground. my father has alzheimer's disease, and this has already happened to him. where once there was an acutely perceptive and inquiring mind, there remains only his personality, which seems in his case to be the last thing to go. i try to spend time with him at least once or twice a week, both to take a little pressure off my mother and to check on their general well-being. we take walks. physically, he's in great shape for a man in his s. and there are still flashes of the person he was. he can't really hold a conversation, and will ask the same questions over and over again, my answers slipping away as soon as they're heard, but as we walked the other day, accompanied by loud birdsong, he piped up "we hear you!" to the birds, his sense of humor suddenly back on the surface. we are lucky that my parents have fantastic insurance and a good retirement plan, courtesy of an employer, the episcopal church, that cares about its people beyond the period of their usefulness. burnout is a species of depression, really. it is the same sort of thing as writer's block. your motivation simply falls out from under you. you know what needs to be done, but it's hard to summon the energy to do it. the current political climate doesn't help, as we careen towards the cliff's edge like the last ride of thelma and louise, having (i hope metaphorically, but probably not for many of us) chosen death over a constrained future, for the sake of poking authority in the eye. my children will suffer because the baby boomers have decided to try to take it all with them, because as a society we've fallen in love with death. all we can do really is try to arm the kids against the hard times to come, their country having chosen war, terror, and oppression in preference to the idea that someone undeserving might receive any benefit from society. we gen-xers at least had some opportunity to get a foot on the ladder. their generation will face a much more tightly constrained set of choices, with a much bigger downside if they make the wrong ones. i don't write much about my children online, because we want to keep them as much as possible out of the view of the social media panopticon until they're mature enough to make their own decisions about confronting it. at least they may have a chance to start their lives without the neoliberal machine knowing everything about them. they won't have anything like the support i had, and when we've dismantled our brief gesture towards health care as a human right and insurance decisions are made by ais that know everything about you going back to your childhood, things are going to be quite difficult. a symptom, i think, of my burnout is my addiction to science fiction and urban fantasy novels. they give me a chance to check out from the real world for a while, but i think it's become a real addiction rather than an escape valve. our society rolls ever forward toward what promises to be an actual dystopia with all the trappings: oppressed, perhaps enslaved underclasses, policed by unaccountable quasi-military forces, hyper-wealthy elites living in walled gardens with the latest technology, violent and unpredictable weather, massive unemployment and social unrest, food and water shortages, and ubiquitous surveillance. escapism increasingly seems unwise. some of that future can be averted if we choose not to be selfish and paranoid, to stop oppressing our fellow citizens and to stop demonizing immigrants, to put technology at the service of bettering society and surviving the now-inevitable changes to our climate. but we are not making good choices. massive unemployment is a few technological innovations away. it doesn't have to be a disaster, indeed it could lead to a renaissance, but i think we're too set in our thinking to avoid the disaster scenario. the unemployed are lazy after all, our culture tells us, they must deserve the bad things that have happened to them. our institutions are set up to push them back towards work by curtailing their benefits. but it could never happen to me, could it? and that comes back around to why i try to grind my way through burnout rather than taking time to recover from it. i live in an "at will" state. i could, in theory, be fired because my boss saw an ugly dog on the way in to work. that wouldn't happen, i hasten to say—i work with wonderful, supportive people. but there are no guarantees to be had. people can be relied on, but institutions that have not been explicitly set up to support us cannot, and institutional structures and rules tend to win in the end. best to keep at it and hope the spark comes back. it usually does. posted by unknown at : pm no comments: email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest monday, february , thank you back in the day, joel spolsky had a very influential tech blog, and one of the pieces he wrote described the kind of software developer he liked to hire, one who was "smart, and gets things done." he later turned it into a book (http://www.amazon.com/smart-gets-things-done-technical/dp/ ). steve yegge, who was also a very influential blogger in the oughties, wrote a followup, in which he tackled the problem of how you find and hire developers who are smarter than you. given the handicaps of human psychology, how do you even recognize what you're looking at? his rubric for identifying these people (flipping spolsky's) was "done, and gets things smart". that is, this legendary " x" developer was the sort who wouldn't just get done the stuff that needed to be done, but would actually anticipate what needed to be done. when you asked them to add a new feature, they'd respond that it was already done, or that they'd just need a few minutes, because they'd built things in such a way that adding your feature that you just thought of would be trivial. they wouldn't just finish projects, they'd make everything better—they'd create code that other developers could easily build upon. essentially, they'd make everyone around them more effective as well. i've been thinking a lot about this over the last few months, as i've worked on finishing a project started by sebastian rahtz: integrating support for the new "pure odd" syntax into the tei stylesheets. the idea is to have a tei syntax for describing the content an element can have, rather than falling back on embedded relaxng. lou burnard has written about it here: https://jtei.revues.org/ . sebastian wrote the xslt stylesheets and the supporting infrastructure which are both the reference implementation for publishing tei and the primary mechanism by which the tei guidelines themselves are published. and they are the basis of tei schema generation as well. so if you use tei at all, you have sebastian to thank. picking up after sebastian's retirement last year has been a tough job. it was immediately obvious to me just how much he had done, and had been doing for the tei all along. when gabriel bodard described to me how the tei council worked, after i was elected for the first time, he said something like: "there'll be a bunch of people arguing about how to implement a feature, or even whether it can be done, and then sebastian will pipe up from the corner and say 'oh, i just did it while you were talking.'" you only have to look at the contributors pages for both the tei and the stylesheets to see that sebastian was indeed operating at a x level. quietly, without making any fuss about it, he's been making the tei work for many years. the contributions of software developers are often easily overlooked. we only notice when things don't work, not when everything goes smoothly, because that's what's supposed to happen, isn't it? even in digital humanities, which you'd expect to be self-aware about this sort of thing, the intellectual contributions of software developers can often be swept under the rug. so i want to go on record, shouting a loud thank you to sebastian for doing so much and for making the tei infrastructure smart. ***** update - - i heard the sad news last night that sebastian passed away yesterday on the ides of march. we are much diminished by his loss. posted by unknown at : pm comment: email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest friday, october , dh data talk last night i was on a panel organized by duke libraries' digital scholarship group. the panelists each gave some brief remarks and then we had what i thought was a really productive and interesting discussion. the following are my own remarks, with links to my slides (opens a new tab). in my notes, //slide// means click forward (not always to a new slide, maybe just a fragment). this is me, and i work //slide// for this outfit. i'm going to talk just a little about a an old project and a new one, and not really give any details about either, but surface a couple of problems that i hope will be fodder for discussion. //slide// the old project is papyri.info and publishes all kinds of data about ancient documents mostly written in ink on papyrus. the new one, integrating digital epigraphies (ides), is about doing much the same thing for ancient documents mostly incised on stone. if i had to characterize (most of) the work i'm doing right now, i'd say i'm working on detecting and making machine-actionable the scholarly links and networks embedded in a variety of related projects, with data sources including plain text, xml, relational databases, web services, and images. these encompass critical editions of texts (often in large corpora), bibliography, citations in books and articles, images posted on flickr, and databases of texts. you could think of what i'm doing as recognizing patterns and then converting those into actual links; building a scaffold for the digital representation of networks of scholarship. this is hard work. //slide// it's hard because while superficial patterns are easy to detect, //slide// without access to the system of thought underlying those patterns (and computers can't do that yet—maybe never), those patterns are really just proxies kicked up by the underlying system. they don't themselves have meaning, but they're all you have to hold on to. //slide// our brains (with some prior training) are very good at navigating this kind of mess, but digital systems require explicit instructions //slide// —though granted, you can sometimes use machine learning techniques to generate those. when i say i'm working on making scholarly networks machine actionable, i'm talking about encoding as digital relations the graph of references embedded in these books, articles and corpora, and in the metadata of digital images. there are various ways one might do this, and the one we're most deeply into right now is called //slide// rdf. rdf models knowledge as a set of simple statements in the form subject, predicate, object. //slide// so a cites b, for example. rdf is a web technology, so all three of these elements may be uris that you could open in a web browser, //slide// and if you use uris in rdf, then the object of one statement can be the subject of another, and so on. //slide// so you can use it to model logical chains of knowledge. now notice that these statements are axioms. you can't qualify them, at least not in a fine-grained way. so this works great in a closed system (papyri.info), where we get to decide what the facts are; it's going to be much more problematic in ides, where we'll be coordinating data from at least half a dozen partners. partners who may not agree on everything. //slide// what i've got is the same problem from a different angle—i need to model a big pile of opinion but all i have to do it with are facts. part of the solution to these problems has to be about learning how to make the insertion of machine-actionable links and facts (or at least assertions), part of—that is, a side-effect of—the normal processes of resource creation and curation. but it also has to be about building systems that can cope with ambiguity and opinion. posted by unknown at : am no comments: email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest wednesday, september , outside the tent yesterday was a bad day. i’m chasing a messed-up software problem whose main symptom is the application consuming all available memory and then falling over without leaving a useful stacktrace. steve ramsay quit twitter. a colleague i have huge respect for is leaving a project that’s foundational and is going to be parked because of it (that and the lack of funding). this all sucks. as i said on twitter, it feels like we’ve hit a tipping point. i think dh has moved on and left a bunch of us behind. i have to start this off by saying that i really have nothing to complain about, even if some of this sounds like whining. i love my job, my colleagues, and i’m doing my best to get over being a member of a carolina family working at duke :-). i’m also thinking about these things a lot in the run up to speaking in code. for some time now i’ve been feeling uneasy about how i should present myself and my work. a few years ago, i’d have confidently said i work on digital humanities projects. before that, i was into humanities computing. but now? i’m not sure what i do is really dh any more. i suspect the dh community is no longer interested in the same things as people like me, who write software to enable humanistic inquiry and also like to think (and when possible write and teach) about how that software instantiates ideas about the data involved in humanistic inquiry. on one level, this is fine. time, and academic fashion, marches on. it is a little embarrassing though given that i’m a “senior digital humanities programmer”. moreover, the field of “programming” daily spews forth fresh examples of unbelievable, poisonous, misogyny and seems largely incapable of recognizing what a shitty situation its in because of it. the tech industry is in moral crisis. we live in a dystopian, panoptic geek revenge fantasy infested by absurd beliefs in meritocracy, full of entrenched inequalities, focused on white upper-class problems, inherently hostile to minorities, rife with blatant sexism and generally incapable of reaching anyone beyond early adopter audiences of people just like us. (from https://medium.com/about-work/f ccd a c ) i think communities who fight against this kind of oppression, like #dhpoco, for example, are where dh is going. but while i completely support them and think they’re doing good, important work, i feel a great lack of confidence that i can participate in any meaningful way in those conversations, both because of the professional baggage i bring with me and because they’re doing a different kind of dh. i don’t really see a category for the kinds of things i write about on dhthis or dhnow, for example. if you want to be part of a community that helps define #digitalhumanities please join and promote #dhthis today! http://t.co/vtwjtgqbgr — adeline koh (@adelinekoh) september , this is great stuff, but it’s also not going to be a venue for me wittering on about digital classics or text encoding. it could be my impostor syndrome kicking in, but i really doubt they’re interested. it does seem like a side-effect of the shift toward a more theoretical dh is an environment less welcoming to participation by “staff”. it’s paradoxical that the opening up of dh also comes with a reversion to the old academic hierarchies. i’m constantly amazed at how resilient human insitutions are. if digital humanities isn’t really what i do, and if programmer comes with a load of toxic slime attached to it, perhaps “senior” is all i have left. of course, in programmer terms, “senior” doesn’t really mean “has many years of experience”, it’s code for “actually knows how to program”. you see ads for senior programmers with - years of experience all the time. by that standard, i’m not senior, i’m ancient. job titles are something that come attached to staff, and they are terrible, constricting things. i don’t think that what i and many of my colleagues do has become useless, even if we no longer fit the dh label. it still seems important to do that work. maybe we’re back to doing humanities computing. i do think we’re mostly better off because digital humanities happened, but maybe we have to say goodbye to it as it heads off to new horizons and get back to doing the hard work that needs to be done in a humanities that’s at least more open to digital approaches than it used to be. what i’m left wondering is where the place of the developer (and, for that matter other dh collaborators) is in dh if dh is now the establishment and looks structurally pretty much like the old establishment did. is digital humanities development a commodity? are dh developers interchangeable? should we be? programming in industry is typically regarded as a commodity. programmers are in a weird position, both providers of indispensable value, and held at arm’s length. the problem businesses have is how to harness a resource that is essentially creative and therefore very subject to human inconsistency. it’s hard to find good programmers, and hard to filter for programming talent. programmers get burned out, bored, pissed off, distracted. best to keep a big pool of them and rotate them out when they become unreliable or too expensive or replace them when they leave. comparisons to graduate students and adjunct faculty may not escape the reader, though at least programmers are usually better-compensated. academia has a slightly different programmer problem: it’s really hard to find good dh programmers and staffing up just for a project may be completely impossible. the only solution i see is to treat it as analogous to hiring faculty: you have to identify good people and recruit them and train people you’d want to hire. you also have to give them a fair amount of autonomy—to deal with them as people rather than commodities. what you can’t count on doing is retaining them as contingent labor on soft money. but here we’re back around to the faculty/staff problem: the institutions mostly only deal with tenure-track faculty in this way. libraries seem to be the only academic institutions capable of addressing the problem at all. but they’re also the insitutions most likely to come under financial pressure and they have other things to worry about. it’s not fair to expect them to come riding over the hill. the ideal would situation would be if there existed positions to which experts could be recruited who had sufficient autonomy to deal with faculty on their own level (this essentially means being able to say ‘no’), who might or might not have advanced degrees, who might teach and/or publish, but wouldn’t have either as their primary focus. they might be librarians, or research faculty, or something else we haven’t named yet. all of this would cost money though. what’s the alternative? outsourcing? be prepared to spend all your grant money paying industry rates. grad students? many are very talented and have the right skills, but will they be willing to risk sacrificing the chance of a faculty career by dedicating themselves to your project? will your project be maintainable when they move on? mia ridge, in her twitter feed, reminds me that in england there exist people called “research software engineers”. notes from #rse breakout discussions appearing at https://t.co/pd itlbb t - lots of resonances with #musetech #codespeak — mia (@mia_out) september , there are worse labels, but it sounds like they have exactly the same set of problems i’m talking about here. posted by unknown at : pm comments: email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest monday, july , missing dh i'm watching the tweets from #dh starting to roll in and feeling kind of sad (and, let's be honest, left out) not to be there. conference attendance has been hard the last few years because i didn't have any travel funding in my old job. so i've tended only to go to conferences close to home or where i could get grant funding to pay for them. it's also quite hard sometimes to decide what conferences to go to. on a self-funded basis, i can manage about one a year. so deciding which one can be hard. i'm a technologist working in a library, on digital humanities projects, with a focus on markup technologies and on ancient studies. so my list is something like: 	dh 	jcdl 	one of many language-focused conferences 	the tei annual meeting 	balisage i could also make a case for conferences in my home discipline, classics, but i haven't been to the apa annual meeting in over a decade. now that the digital classics association exists, that might change. i tend to cycle through the list above. last year i went to the tei meeting, the year before, i went to clojure/conj and dh (because a grant paid). the year before that, i went to balisage, which is an absolutely fabulous conference if you're a markup geek like me (seriously, go if you get the chance). dh is a nice compromise though, because you get a bit of everything. it's also attended by a whole bunch of my friends, and people i'd very much like to become friends with. i didn't bother submitting a proposal for this year, because my job situation was very much up in the air at the time, and indeed, i started working at dc just a couple of weeks ago. dh would have been unfeasible for all kinds of reasons, but i'm still bummed out not to be there. have a great time y'all. i'll be following from a distance. posted by unknown at : pm no comments: email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest wednesday, february , first contact it seems like i've had many versions of this conversation in the last few months, as new projects begin to ramp up: client: i want to do something cool to publish my work. developer: ok. tell me what you'd like to do. client: um. i need you to to tell me what's possible, so i can tell you what i want. developer: we can do pretty much anything. i need you to tell me what you want so i can figure out how to make it. almost every introductory meeting with a client/customer starts out this way. there's a kind of negotiation period where we figure out how to speak each other's language, often by drawing crude pictures. we look at things and decide how to describe them in a way we both understand. we wave our hands in the air and sometimes get annoyed that the other person is being so dense. it's crucially important not to short-circuit this process though. you and your client likely have vastly different understandings of what can be done, how hard it is to do what needs to be done, and even whether it's worth doing. the initial negotiation sets the tone for the rest of the relationship. if you hurry through it, and let things progress while there are still major misunderstandings in the air, bad things will certainly happen. like: client: this isn't what i wanted at all! developer: but i built exactly what you asked for! posted by unknown at : am no comments: email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest older posts home subscribe to: posts (atom) followers blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  june ( ) 	reminder 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) about me 	 unknown view my complete profile 	 	 awesome inc. theme. powered by blogger. none coyle's information: phil agre and the gendered internet coyle's information comments on the digital age, which, as we all know, is . thursday, august , phil agre and the gendered internet there is an article today in the washington post about the odd disappearance of a computer science professor named phil agre.  the article, entitled "he predicted the dark side of the internet years ago. why did no one listen?" reminded me of a post by agre in after a meeting of computer professionals for social responsibility. although it annoyed me at the time, a talk that i gave there triggered in him thoughts of gender issues;  as a women i was very much in the minority at the meeting,  but that was not the topic of my talk. but my talk also gave agre thoughts about the missing humanity on the web. i had a couple of primary concerns, perhaps not perfectly laid out, in my talk, "access, not just wires." i was concerned about what was driving the development of the internet and the lack of a service ethos regarding society. access at the time was talked about in terms of routers, modems, t- lines. there was no thought to organizing or preserving of online information. there was no concept of "equal access". there was no thought to how we would democratize the web such that you didn't need a degree in computer science to find what you needed. i was also very concerned about the commercialization of information. i was frustrated watching the hype as information was touted as the product of the information age. (this was before we learned that "you are the product, not the user" in this environment.) seen from the tattered clothes and barefoot world of libraries, the money thrown at the jumble of un-curated and unorganized "information" on the web was heartbreaking. i said: "it's clear to me that the information highway isn't much about information. it's about trying to find a new basis for our economy. i'm pretty sure i'm not going to like the way information is treated in that economy. we know what kind of information sells, and what doesn't. so i see our future as being a mix of highly expensive economic reports and cheap online versions of the national inquirer. not a pretty picture." - kcoyle in access, not just wires  little did i know how bad it would get. like many or most people, agre heard "libraries" and thought "female." but at least this caused him to think, earlier than many, about how our metaphors for the internet were inherently gendered. "discussing her speech with another cpsr activist ... later that evening, i suddenly connected several things that had been bothering me about the language and practice of the internet. the result was a partial answer to the difficult question, in what sense is the net "gendered"?" -  agre, tno, october this led agre to think about how we spoke then about the internet, which was mainly as an activity of "exploring." that metaphor is still alive with microsoft's internet explorer, but was also the message behind the main web browser software of the time, netscape navigator. he suddenly saw how "explore" was a highly gendered activity: "yet for many people, "exploring" is close to defining the experience of the net. it is clearly a gendered metaphor: it has historically been a male activity, and it comes down to us saturated with a long list of meanings related to things like colonial expansion, experiences of otherness, and scientific discovery. explorers often die, and often fail, and the ones that do neither are heroes and role models. this whole complex of meanings and feelings and strivings is going to appeal to those who have been acculturated into a particular male-marked system of meanings, and it is not going to offer a great deal of meaning to anyone who has not. the use of prestigious artifacts like computers is inevitably tied up with the construction of personal identity, and "exploration" tools offer a great deal more traction in this process to historically male cultural norms than to female ones." - agre, tno, october he decried the lack of social relationships on the internet, saying that although you know that other  people are there, you cannot see them.  "why does the space you "explore" in gopher or mosaic look empty even when it's full of other people?" - agre, tno, october none of us knew at the time that in the future some people would experience the internet entirely and exclusively as full of other people in the forms of facebook, twitter and all of the other sites that grew out of the embryos of bulletin board systems, the well, and aol. we feared that the future internet would  not have the even-handedness of libraries, but never anticipated that russian bots and qanon promoters would reign over what had once been a network for the exchange of scientific information. it hurts now to read through agre's post arguing for a more library-like online information system because it is pretty clear that we blew through that possibility even before the meeting and were already taking the first steps toward to where we are today. agre walked away from his position at ucla in and has not resurfaced, although there have been reports at times (albeit not recently) that he is okay. looking back, it should not surprise us that someone with so much hope for an online civil society should have become discouraged enough to leave it behind. agre was hoping for reference services and an internet populated with users with: "...the skills of composing clear texts, reading with an awareness of different possible interpretations, recognizing and resolving conflicts, asking for help without feeling powerless, organizing people to get things done, and embracing the diversity of the backgrounds and experiences of others." - agre, tno, october  oh, what world that would be! posted by karen coyle at : pm labels: internet, women and technology comments: 	 unknown said... 	 i hear you karen coyle. which is to say i wish i and others had heard phil agre back in . i had not heard of phil agre until today's washington post article. as you point out, phil was far ahead of most of us in his appreciation of gender issues. in https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/agre/tno/april- .html#networking phil's comments on the perpetuation of democracy through education strike deep. if only we had listened, but we rarely are able to do so. the velocity of current events and the scope of information and misinformation presented through the network is exceeding individual human cognitive bandwidth. i fear, much as phil agre may, that we may be lost in a higher order of organization which we cannot fully comprehend. we may now appreciate, but are unable to control, the social and economic forces which direct our destiny. with this in mind, i will read phil agre's publications online. thank you, pat nance 	 / / : pm 	 karen coyle said... 	 thanks for the reminder that some of his work is still archived on his ucla page. here's the "root" link: https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/agre/ and, as a mac user, i definitely should have added safari to the list of browsers. even worse than exploring, safari implies explore and kill. yikes! 	 / / : am post a comment older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) copyright coyle's information by karen coyle is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . united states license. karen karen coyle where i'll be 	dc , ottawa, sep - what i'm reading 	paper, m. kurlansky 	the coming of the third reich, r. j. evans 	a room of ones own, v. woolf blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  august ( ) 	phil agre and the gendered internet 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 labels 	 library catalogs ( ) 	 googlebooks ( ) 	 frbr ( ) 	 cataloging ( ) 	 linked data ( ) 	 rda ( ) 	 rdf ( ) 	 oclc ( ) 	 marc ( ) 	 copyright ( ) 	 metadata ( ) 	 women and technology ( ) 	 digital libraries ( ) 	 semantic web ( ) 	 digitization ( ) 	 books ( ) 	 intellectual freedom ( ) 	 bibframe ( ) 	 open access ( ) 	 internet ( ) 	 women technology ( ) 	 standards ( ) 	 classification ( ) 	 ebooks ( ) 	 google ( ) 	 rda dcmi ( ) 	 classification lcsh ( ) 	 kosovo ( ) 	 dcmi ( ) 	 er models ( ) 	 openlibrary ( ) 	 authority control ( ) 	 libraries ( ) 	 skyriver ( ) 	 wish list ( ) 	 identifiers ( ) 	 library history ( ) 	 open data ( ) 	 reading ( ) 	 schema.org ( ) 	 search ( ) 	 vocabularies ( ) 	 wikipedia ( ) 	 knowledge organization ( ) 	 privacy ( ) 	 women ( ) 	 drm ( ) 	 foaf ( ) 	 internet archive ( ) 	 lrm ( ) 	 rfid ( ) 	 shacl ( ) 	 application profiles ( ) 	 controlled digital lending ( ) 	 lcsh intell ( ) 	 linux ( ) 	 names ( ) 	 politics ( ) 	 about me 	 karen coyle 	berkeley, ca, united states 	librarian, techie, social commentator, once called "public intellectual" by someone who couldn't think of a better title. view my complete profile 	 	 simple theme. theme images by gaffera. powered by blogger. none libx has been decommissioned for a while, ever since the google store booted us (for no real reason). we are keeping possession of this domain name since installed clients may still pull libapps from this server. none none none planet eric lease morgan planet eric lease morgan 	searching project gutenberg at the distant reader 	searching cord- at the distant reader 	distant reader workshop hands-on activities 	distant reader 	ptpbio and the reader 	reading texts through the use of network graphs 	the works of horace, bound 	how to write in a book 	tei toolbox, or "how a geeky librarian reads horace" 	cool hack with wget and xmllint 	my integrated development environment (ide) 	final blog posting 	openrefine and the distant reader 	topic modeling tool – enumerating and visualizing latent themes 	the distant reader and concordancing with antconc 	the distant reader workbook 	wordle and the distant reader 	the distant reader and a web-based demonstration 	distant reader “study carrels”: a manifest 	a distant reader field trip to bloomington 	what is the distant reader and why should i care? 	project gutenberg and the distant reader 	ojs toolbox 	the distant reader and its five different types of input 	invitation to hack the distant reader 	fantastic futures: my take-aways 	marc catalog 	charting &amp; graphing with tableau public 	charting &amp; graphing with tableau public 	extracting parts-of-speech and named entities with stanford tools 	extracting parts-of-speech and named entities with stanford tools 	creating a plain text version of a corpus with tika 	creating a plain text version of a corpus with tika 	identifying themes and clustering documents using mallet 	identifying themes and clustering documents using mallet 	introduction to the nltk 	introduction to the nltk 	using voyant tools to do some “distant reading” 	using voyant tools to do some “distant reading” 	project english: an index to english/american literature spanning six centuries 	using a concordance (antconc) to facilitate searching keywords in context 	using a concordance (antconc) to facilitate searching keywords in context 	word clouds with wordle 	word clouds with wordle 	an introduction to the nltk: a jupyter notebook 	an introduction to the nltk: a jupyter notebook 	what is text mining, and why should i care? 	what is text mining, and why should i care? 	lexisnexis hacks 	freebo@nd and library catalogues 	how to do text mining in words 	how to do text mining in words 	stories: interesting projects i worked on this past year 	freebo@nd 	tei json: summarizing the structure of early english poetry and prose 	synonymizer: using wordnet to create a synonym file for solr 	tiny road trip: an americana travelogue 	blueprint for a system surrounding catholic social thought &amp; human rights 	how not to work during a sabbatical 	achieving perfection 	achieving perfection 	viaf finder 	viaf finder 	making stone soup: working together for the advancement of learning and teaching 	making stone soup: working together for the advancement of learning and teaching 	protected: simile timeline test 	editing authorities at the speed of four records per minute 	editing authorities at the speed of four records per minute 	failure to communicate 	failure to communicate 	using bibframe for bibliographic description 	using bibframe for bibliographic description 	xml 	xml 	mr. serials continues 	mr. serials continues 	re-marcable 	re-marcable 	marc, marcxml, and mods 	marc, marcxml, and mods 	“sum reflextions” on travel 	“sum reflextions” on travel 	what is old is new again 	what is old is new again 	painting in tuscany 	painting in tuscany 	my water collection predicts the future 	my water collection predicts the future 	jstor workset browser 	early english love was black &amp; white 	some automated analysis of richard baxter’s works 	some automated analysis of richard baxter’s works 	some automated analysis of ralph waldo emerson’s works 	some automated analysis of henry david thoreau’s works 	eebo-tcp workset browser 	developments with eebo 	boxplots, histograms, and scatter plots. oh, my! 	hathitrust workset browser on github 	hathitrust resource center workset browser 	marrying close and distant reading: a thatcamp project 	marrying close and distant reading: a thatcamp project 	text files 	hands-on text analysis workshop 	distance.cgi – my first python-based cgi script 	great books survey 	great books survey 	my second python script, dispersion.py 	my first r script, wordcloud.r 	my first python script, concordance.py 	doing what i’m not suppose to do 	doing what i’m not suppose to do 	hundredth psalm to the tune of "green sleeves": digital approaches to shakespeare's language of genre 	publishing lod with a bent toward archivists 	publishing lod with a bent toward archivists 	theme from macroanalysis: digital methods and literary history (topics in the digital humanities) 	fun with koha 	fun with koha 	matisse: "jazz" 	jazz, (henri matisse) 	context for the creation of jazz 	lexicons and sentiment analysis – notes to self 	what’s eric reading? 	librarians and scholars: partners in digital humanities 	digital scholarship in the humanities a creative arts the huni virtual laboratory 	digital collections as research infrastructure 	fun with elasticsearch and marc 	fun with elasticsearch and marc 	visualising data: a travelogue 	orcid outreach meeting (may &amp; , ) 	crossref’s text and data mining (tdm) api 	ranking and extraction of relevant single words in text 	level statistics of words: finding keywords in literary texts and symbolic sequences 	corpus stylistics, stylometry, and the styles of henry james 	narrative framing of consumer sentiment in online restaurant reviews 	code lib jobs topic 	linked archival metadata: a guidebook (version . ) 	trends and gaps in linked data for archives 	liam guidebook: executive summary 	rome in three days, an archivists introduction to linked data publishing 	rome in a day, the archivist on a linked data pilgrimage way 	four “itineraries” for putting linked data into practice for the archivist 	italian lectures on semantic web and linked data 	linked archival metadata: a guidebook 	the d printing working group is maturing, complete with a shiny new mailing list 	what is linked data and why should i care? 	impressed with reload 	digital humanities and libraries 	tiny text mining tools 	three rdf data models for archival collections 	liam guidebook – a new draft 	linked data projects of interest to archivists (and other cultural heritage personnel) 	rdf tools for the archivist 	semantic web browsers 	writing a book 	university of notre dame -d printing working group 	semantic web application 	sparql tutorial 	crossref’s prospect api 	analyzing search results using jstor’s data for research 	liam source code: perl poetry 	liam source code: perl poetry 	linked data and archival practice: or, there is more than one way to skin a cat. 	archival linked data use cases 	beginner’s glossary to linked data 	rdf serializations 	curl and content-negotiation 	questions from a library science student about rdf and linked data 	paper machines 	linked archival metadata: a guidebook — a fledgling draft 	rdf ontologies for archival descriptions 	simple text analysis with voyant tools 	liam guidebook tools 	liam guidebook linked data sites 	liam guidebook citations 	publishing archival descriptions as linked data via databases 	publishing linked data by way of ead files 	semantic web in libraries 	liam sparql endpoint 	liam sparql endpoint 	initial pile of rdf 	illustrating rdf 	transforming marc to rdf 	tiny list of part-of-speech taggers 	simple linked data recipe for libraries, museums, and archives 	oai lod 	rdf triple stores 	fun with bibliographic indexes, bibliographic data management software, and z . 	quick and dirty website analysis 	ead rdf 	ead rdf 	oai lod server 	oai lod server 	network detroit and great lakes thatcamp 	data information literacy @ purdue 	 -d printing in the center for digital scholarship 	initialized a list of tools in the liam guidebook, plus other stuff 	guidebook moved to liamproject 	hathitrust research center perl library 	what is linked data and why should i care? 	jane &amp; ade stevenson as well as locah and linking lives 	linking lives 	challenges of linked open data 	linked archival metadata: a guidebook 	drive by shared data: a travelogue 	beth plale, yiming sun, and the hathitrust research center 	jstor tool — a programatic sketch 	matt sag and copyright 	catholic pamphlets workflow 	copyright and the digital humanities 	digital scholarship grilled cheese lunch 	editors across campus: a reverse travelogue 	digital humanities and the liberal arts 	introduction to text mining 	welcome! 	genderizing names 	editors across the campus 	visualization and gis 	ted underwood and “learning what we don’t know about literary history” 	visualizations and geographic information systems 	a couple of open access week events 	new media from the middle ages to the digital age 	ted underwood 	dh lunch # 	so many editors! 	digital humanities centers 	lunch and lightning talks 	inaugural digital humanities working group lunch: meeting notes 	yet more about hathitrust items 	inaugural digital humanities lunch 	granting opportunity 	visualization tools 	notre dame digital humanities mailing list 	serial publications with editors at notre dame 	exploiting the content of the hathitrust, epilogue 	exploiting the content of the hathitrust, continued 	exploiting the content of the hathitrust 	computational methods in the humanities and sciences 	patron-driven acquisitions: a symposium 	lourdes, france 	e-reading: a colloquium at the university of toronto 	summarizing the state of the catholic youth literature project 	summary of the catholic pamphlets project 	patron-driven acquisitions: a symposium at the university of notre dame 	value and benefits of text mining 	hello, world 	users, narcissism and control – tracking the impact of scholarly publications in the st century 	digital research data sharing and management 	from stacks to the web: the transformation of academic library collecting 	emotional intelligence 	interim report: interviews with research support professionals 	research infrastructures in the digital humanities 	trilug, open source software, and satisfaction 	trilug, open source software, and satisfaction 	institutional repositories, open access, and scholarly communication: a study of conflicting paradigms 	 catholic pamphlets digitized 	field trip to the mansueto library at the university of chicago 	scholarly publishing presentations 	tablet-base “reading” 	big tent digital humanities meeting 	catholic pamphlets and practice workflow 	river jordan at yardenit (israel) 	use &amp; understand: a dpla beta-sprint proposal 	use &amp; understand: a dpla beta-sprint proposal 	catholic youth literature project update 	catholic youth literature project: a beginning 	pot-luck picnic and mini-disc golf tournament 	code lib midwest: a travelogue 	raising awareness of open access publications 	raising awareness of open access publications 	poor man’s restoration 	poor man’s restoration 	my dpla beta-sprint proposal: the movie 	my dpla beta-sprint proposal: the movie 	trip to the internet archive, fort wayne (indiana) 	draftreportwithtransclusion 	lld vocabularies and datasets 	usecasereport 	digital humanities implementation grants 	reading revolutions: online digital text and implications for reading in academe 	report and recommendations of the u.s. rda test coordinating committee: executive summary 	usability testing of vufind at an academic library 	dpla beta sprint submission 	dpla beta sprint submission 	the catholic pamphlets project at the university of notre dame 	digging into data using new collaborative infrastructures supporting humanities-based computer science research 	next-generation library catalogs, or ‘are we there yet?’ 	next-generation library catalogs, or ‘are we there yet?’ 	hathitrust: a research library at web scale 	rapid capture: faster throughput in digitization of special collections 	fun with rss and the rss aggregator called planet 	fun with rss and the rss aggregator called planet 	research data inventory 	book reviews for web app development 	book reviews for web app development 	data management day 	alex lite (version . ) 	alex lite (version . ) 	where in the world is the mail going? 	where in the world is the mail going? 	constant chatter at code lib 	constant chatter at code lib 	data management &amp; curation groups 	how “great” are the great books? 	how “great” are the great books? 	code lib conference, 	code lib conference, 	subject librarian's guide to collaborating on e-science projects 	skilling up to do data: whose role, whose responsibility, whose career? 	words, patterns and documents: experiments in machine learning and text analysis 	vive la différence! text mining gender difference in french literature 	gender, race, and nationality in black drama, - : mining differences in language use in authors and their characters 	how to write a data management plan for a national science foundation (nsf) proposal 	meeting funders’ data policies: blueprint for a research data management service group (rdmsg) 	data curation at the university of california, san diego: partnerships and networks 	conducting a data interview 	e-science and data support services a study of arl member institutions 	cloud-sourcing research collections: managing print in the mass-digitized library environment 	advanced scholar research with the knowledge kiosk 	horizon report, edition 	making data maximally available 	managing research data 	foray’s into parts-of-speech 	foray’s into parts-of-speech 	elements of a data management plan 	kotter's -step change model 	visualizing co-occurrences with protovis 	visualizing co-occurrences with protovis 	mit’s simile timeline widget 	mit’s simile timeline widget 	 th international data curation conference 	two more data creator interviews 	three data webinars 	implementing open access: policy case studies 	illustrating idcc 	illustrating idcc 	ruler &amp; compass by andrew sutton 	ruler &amp; compass by andrew sutton 	text mining charles dickens 	text mining charles dickens 	angelfund code lib 	angelfund code lib 	crowd sourcing the great books 	crowd sourcing the great books 	great books data set 	great books data set 	data tsunamis and explosions 	david dickinson and new testament manuscripts 	data curation at ecdl 	ecdl : a travelogue 	ecdl : a travelogue 	xforms for libraries, an introduction 	automatic aggregation of faculty publications from personal web pages 	dan marmion 	dan marmion 	interpreting marc: where’s the bibliographic data? 	why purchase when you can repurpose? using crosswalks to enhance user access 	hacking summon 	editorial introduction – a cataloger’s perspective on the code lib journal 	managing library it workflow with bugzilla 	selected internet resources on digital research data curation 	undiscovered public knowledge 	undiscovered public knowledge: a ten-year update 	diddling with data 	great books data dictionary 	great books data dictionary 	data curation in purdue 	twitter, facebook, delicious, and alex 	twitter, facebook, delicious, and alex 	where in the world are windmills, my man friday, and love? 	where in the world are windmills, my man friday, and love? 	river teith at doune castle (scotland) 	river clyde at bothwell castle (scotland) 	ngrams, concordances, and librarianship 	ngrams, concordances, and librarianship 	lingua::en::bigram (version . ) 	lingua::en::bigram (version . ) 	lingua::en::bigram (version . ) 	lingua::en::bigram (version . ) 	cool uris 	cool uris 	hello world! 	rsync, a really cool utility 	rsync, a really cool utility 	social side of science data sharing: distilling past efforts 	preserving research data 	retooling libraries for the data challenge 	university investment in the library, phase ii: an international study of the library's value to the grants process 	doing ocr against new testament manuscripts 	steps toward large-scale data integration in the sciences: summary of a workshop 	wilsworld, 	wilsworld, 	digital humanities : a travelogue 	digital humanities : a travelogue 	digital repository strategic information gathering project 	data-enabled science in the mathematical and physical sciences 	how “great” is this article? 	how “great” is this article? 	river thames at windsor castle 	ala 	ala 	principles and good practice for preserving data 	text mining against ngc lib 	text mining against ngc lib 	the next next-generation library catalog 	the next next-generation library catalog 	measuring the great books 	measuring the great books 	collecting the great books 	collecting the great books 	inaugural code lib “midwest” regional meeting 	inaugural code lib “midwest” regional meeting 	how “great” are the great books? 	how “great” are the great books? 	not really reading 	not really reading 	cyberinfrastructure days at the university of notre dame 	cyberinfrastructure days at the university of notre dame 	about infomotions image gallery: flickr as cloud computing 	about infomotions image gallery: flickr as cloud computing 	shiny new website 	shiny new website 	grand river at grand rapids (michigan) 	counting words 	counting words 	open source software and libraries: a current swot analysis 	great ideas coefficient 	great ideas coefficient 	indexing and abstracting 	my first epub file 	my first epub file 	alex catalogue widget 	alex catalogue widget 	michael hart in roanoke (indiana) 	michael hart in roanoke (indiana) 	preservationists have the most challenging job 	preservationists have the most challenging job 	how to make a book (# of ) 	how to make a book (# of ) 	good and best open source software 	good and best open source software 	valencia and madrid: a travelogue 	valencia and madrid: a travelogue 	colloquium on digital humanities and computer science: a travelogue 	colloquium on digital humanities and computer science: a travelogue 	park of the pleasant retreat, madrid (spain) 	mediterranean sea at valencia (spain) 	a few possibilities for librarianship by 	alex catalogue collection policy 	alex catalogue collection policy 	alex, the movie! 	alex, the movie! 	collecting water and putting it on the web (part iii of iii) 	collecting water and putting it on the web (part iii of iii) 	collecting water and putting it on the web (part ii of iii) 	collecting water and putting it on the web (part ii of iii) 	collecting water and putting it on the web (part i of iii) 	collecting water and putting it on the web (part i of iii) 	web-scale discovery services 	web-scale discovery services 	how to make a book (# of ) 	how to make a book (# of ) 	book review of larry mcmurtry’s books 	book review of larry mcmurtry’s books 	browsing the alex catalogue 	browsing the alex catalogue 	indexing and searching the alex catalogue 	indexing and searching the alex catalogue 	history of science 	microsoft surface at ball state 	microsoft surface at ball state 	what's needed next: a culture of candor 	frequent term-based text clustering 	web-scale discovery indexes and "next generation" library catalogs 	automatic metadata generation 	automatic metadata generation 	linked data applications 	alex on google 	alex on google 	top tech trends for ala annual, summer 	top tech trends for ala annual, summer 	mass digitization mini-symposium: a reverse travelogue 	mass digitization mini-symposium: a reverse travelogue 	atlantic ocean at christ of the abyss statue (key largo, fl) 	lingua::en::bigram (version . ) 	lingua::en::bigram (version . ) 	lingua::concordance (version . ) 	lingua::concordance (version . ) 	mississippi river at gateway to the west (st. louis, mo) 	ead marc 	ead marc 	text mining: books and perl modules 	text mining: books and perl modules 	interent archive content in “discovery” systems 	interent archive content in “discovery” systems 	tfidf in libraries: part iii of iii (for thinkers) 	tfidf in libraries: part iii of iii (for thinkers) 	tidal basin at the jefferson memorial (washington, dc) 	mass digitization and opportunities for librarianship in minutes 	the decline of books 	the decline of books 	implementing user-centered experiences in a networked environment 	code lib software award: loose ends 	code lib software award: loose ends 	tfidf in libraries: part ii of iii (for programmers) 	tfidf in libraries: part ii of iii (for programmers) 	ralph waldo emerson’s essays 	ralph waldo emerson’s essays 	tfidf in libraries: part i of iii (for librarians) 	tfidf in libraries: part i of iii (for librarians) 	statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval 	a day at cil 	a day at cil 	quick trip to purdue 	quick trip to purdue 	library technology conference, : a travelogue 	library technology conference, : a travelogue 	open source software: controlling your computing environment 	"next-generation" library catalogs 	mississippi river at st. anthony falls (minneapolis) 	technology trends and libraries: so many opportunities 	code lib open source software award 	code lib open source software award 	code lib conference, providence (rhode island) 	code lib conference, providence (rhode island) 	henry david thoreau’s walden 	henry david thoreau’s walden 	eric lease morgan’s top tech trends for ala mid-winter, 	eric lease morgan’s top tech trends for ala mid-winter, 	yaac: yet another alex catalogue 	yaac: yet another alex catalogue 	isbn numbers 	isbn numbers 	fun with webservice::solr, part iii of iii 	fun with webservice::solr, part iii of iii 	why you can't find a library book in your search engine 	fun with webservice::solr, part ii of iii 	fun with webservice::solr, part ii of iii 	mr. serials is dead. long live mr. serials 	mr. serials is dead. long live mr. serials 	fun with webservice::solr, part i of iii 	fun with webservice::solr, part i of iii 	lcsh, skos, and linked data 	visit to ball state university 	visit to ball state university 	a day with ole 	a day with ole 	asis&amp;t bulletin on open source software 	asis&amp;t bulletin on open source software 	fun with the internet archive 	fun with the internet archive 	snow blowing and librarianship 	snow blowing and librarianship 	tarzan of the apes 	tarzan of the apes 	open source software in libraries: opportunities and expenses 	worldcat hackathon 	worldcat hackathon 	vufind at palinet 	vufind at palinet 	next-generation library catalogues: a presentation at libraries australia 	darling harbor, sydney (australia) 	lake ontario at hamilton, ontario (canada) 	lake huron at sarnia (canada) 	dinner with google 	dinner with google 	mylibrary: a digital library framework &amp;amp; toolkit 	mylibrary: a digital library framework &amp; toolbox 	mylibrary: a digital library framework &amp; toolbox 	mbooks, revisited 	mbooks, revisited 	wordcloud.pl 	wordcloud.pl 	last of the mohicans and services against texts 	last of the mohicans and services against texts 	crowd sourcing tei files 	crowd sourcing tei files 	metadata and data structures 	metadata and data structures 	origami is arscient, and so is librarianship 	origami is arscient, and so is librarianship 	on the move with the mobile web 	on the move with the mobile web 	tpm — technological protection measures 	tpm — technological protection measures 	against the grain is not 	against the grain is not 	e-journal archiving solutions 	e-journal archiving solutions 	web . and “next-generation” library catalogs 	web . and “next-generation” library catalogs 	alex lite: a tiny, standards-compliant, and portable catalogue of electronic texts 	alex lite: a tiny, standards-compliant, and portable catalogue of electronic texts 	indexing marc records with marc j and lucene 	indexing marc records with marc j and lucene 	encoded archival description (ead) files everywhere 	encoded archival description (ead) files everywhere 	extensible catalog (xc): a very transparent approach 	extensible catalog (xc): a very transparent approach 	top tech trends for ala (summer ’ ) 	top tech trends for ala (summer ’ ) 	google onebox module to search ldap 	google onebox module to search ldap 	dlf ils discovery internet task group technical recommendation 	dlf ils discovery internet task group technical recommendation 	introduction to the catholic research resources alliance 	hypernote pro: a text annotating hypercard stack 	hypernote pro: a text annotating hypercard stack 	steve cisler 	steve cisler 	feather river at paradise, california 	code lib journal perl module (version . ) 	open library, the movie! 	get-mbooks.pl 	hello, world! 	cape cod bay at race point 	next generation data format 	salto do itiquira 	open library developer's meeting: one web page for every book ever published 	atom syndication format 	getting to know the atom publishing protocol, part : create and edit web resources with the atom publishing protocol 	atom publishing protocol 	today's digital information landscape 	dr. strangelove, or how we learned to live with google 	next generation library catalogs in fifteen minutes 	success of open source by steven weber: a book review 	catalog collectivism: xc and the future of library search 	headwaters of the missouri river 	open source software at the montana state university libraries symposium 	original mylibrary 	canal surrounding kastellet, copenhagen, denmark 	sum top tech trends for the summer of 	lake erie at cedar point amusement park, oh 	mineral water from puyehue, chile 	lago paranoa, brazilia (brazil) 	leading a large group 	wise crowds with long tails 	trip to rochester to learn about xc 	open repositories, : a travelogue 	unordered list of "top tech trends" 	whirlwind in windsor surrounding integrated library systems: my symposium notes 	thinking outside the books: a travel log 	mylibrary .x and a next generation library catalogue 	ecdl : a travel log 	mediterranean sea at alicante (spain) 	building the "next generation" library catalog 	institute on scholarly communication: a travel log 	north channel at laurentian isle, canada 	american library association annual meeting, 	joint conference on digital libraries, 	mississippi river at oak alley plantation 	rethink the role of the library catalog 	top tech trends for ala ; "sum" pontifications 	next generation library catalog 	what is srw/u? 	first monday on a tuesday: a travel log 	ohio valley group of technical services librarian annual meeting 	being innovative 	atlantic ocean at the forty steps (newport, ri) 	mass digitization (again) 	all things open 	mass digitization 	zagreb, croatia: a travel log 	mylibrary workshop 	fountain at trg bana jelacica 	open source software for libraries in minutes 	library services and in-house software development 	oai : to cern and back again 	lake geneva at jet d eau, geneva, switzerland 	exploiting "light-weight" protocols and open source tools to implement digital library collections and services 	technical skills of librarianship 	creating and managing xml with open source software 	rock run at ralston, pa 	introduction to web services 	top technology trends, 	implementing sru in perl 	morgan territory regional park, ca 	iolug spring program 	short visit to crl 	agean sea at kos, greece 	erie canal at fairport, ny 	so you want a new website 	iesr/ockham in manchester 	indiana library federation annual meeting 	river lune, lancaster, uk 	my personal tei publishing system 	atlantic ocean at hay beach, shelter island, ny 	open access publishing 	roman bath, bath, uk 	symposium on open access and digital preservation 	jimmy carter water, atlanta, ga 	european conference on digital libraries, 	puget sound at port orchard, wa 	ockham in corvallis, or 	marys peak spring water 	ogle lake, brown county state park, in 	natural bridges state park, monterey bay, santa cruz, ca 	yellowstone river 	fountain of youth, st. augustine, fl 	introduction to search/retrieve url service (sru) 	portal implementation issues and challenges 	bath creek at bath, nc 	open source software in libraries 	really rudimentary catalog 	mcn annual conference 	lake mead at hoover dam 	lita national forum, 	open source software in libraries: a workshop 	mylibrary: a copernican revolution in libraries 	caribbean sea at lime cay, kingston, jamaica 	gulf of mexico at galveston island state park 	mill water at mission san jose, san antonio, tx 	what is information architecture? 	texas library association annual meeting, 	building your library's portal 	salton sea, ca 	pacific ocean at big sur, ca 	pacific ocean at la jolla, ca 	getting started with xml: a workshop 	usability for the web: designing web sites that work 	daiad goes to ann arbor 	ockham@emory (january, ) 	web services at oclc 	access , windsor, ontario 	lake st. claire at windsor, ontario 	usability in less than minutes 	european conference on digital libraries 	making information easier to find with mylibrary 	roman forum in rome, italy 	implementing "light-weight reference models" in mylibrary 	tanana river at fairbanks, alaska 	mendenhall glacier at juneau, alaska 	lancaster square, conwy, wales 	river teifi at cenarth falls, cenarth, wales 	atlantic ocean at mwnt, wales 	atlantic ocean at st. justinians, wales 	atlantic ocean at roch, wales 	loch lomond 	american library association annual meeting, atlanta, ga, 	stone mountain, atlanta, ga 	st. joesph river at bristol, in 	ockham in atlanta 	dlf in chicago 	isabella river in the boundry waters canoe area wilderness, mn 	open source software in libraries 	asis &amp;amp; t information architecture summit: refining the craft 	baltimore harbor, baltimore, md 	what is the open archives initiative? 	ontario library association (ola) annual meeting, 	reflection pool, university of notre dame, notre dame, in 	lake michigan at warren dunes state park, in 	ohio river at point pleasant, oh 	open source software in libraries 	amazon river, peru 	comparing open source indexers 	smart html pages with php 	data services for the sciences: a needs assessment 	summary report of the research data management study group 	portal webliography 	gift cultures, librarianship, and open source software development 	dbms and web delivery 	review of some ebook technology 	cap ' 	sigir ' 	mylibrary@ncstate 	marketing through usability 	catalogs of the future 	raleigh-worcester-lansing 	adaptive technologies 	sometimes the question is more important than the answer 	networking 	languaging ' 	possibilities for proactive library services 	systems administration requires people skills 	communication is the key to our success 	imagine, if only we had... 	marketing future libraries 	springboards for stategic planning 	eric visits savannah 	different type of distance education 	indexing, indexing, indexing 	mylibrary in your library 	becoming a -pound gorilla 	access control in libraries 	we love databases! 	computer literacy for librarians 	pointers searching, searching pointers 	from amtrak to artemia salina 	unique collections and fahrenheit 	creating user-friendly electronic information systems 	tuileries gardens, paris (france) 	evaluating index morganagus 	becoming a world wide web server expert 	see you see a librarian final report 	learning to use the tools of the trade 	cataloging digital mediums 	readability, browsability, searchability plus assistance 	listwebber ii 	on being a systems librarian 	cataloging internet resources: a beginning 	tennessee library association 	clarence meets alcuin 	extending your html on a macintosh using macro languages 	adding internet resources to our opacs 	description and evaluation of the mr. serials process 	gateways and electronic publishing 	teaching a new dog old tricks 	wils' world conference : a travel log 	ala annual conference: a mini-travel log 	ties that bind: converging communities - a travel log 	usain annual conference : a travel log 	internet for anthropologists 	webedge: a travel log 	using world wide web and wais technologies 	introduction to world wide web servers 	short trip to duke 	opportunities for technical services staff 	email.cgi version . . 	world-wide web and mosaic: an overview for librarians 	simple html editor (she) version . 	alcuin, an ncsu libraries guide 	implementing tcp/ip communications with hypercard 	day in the life of mr. d. 	microphone scripts for searching medlars 	marc reader: a hypercard script to demystify the marc record 	random musing: hypernote pro 	caribbiean sea at robins bay, jamaica lewis browne 	lewis browne ( - ) 	 	lewis browne, my grandmother rebecca tarlow's brother, was a world traveler, author, rabbi, former rabbi, lecturer, socialist and friend of the literary elite (h.g. wells, upton sinclair, sinclair lewis, theodore dreiser, etc.). 	see wikipedia's entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lewis_browne 	his papers are at the indiana university's lilly archives. some additional materials are at the hebrew university in jerusalem that were given by myna, lewis's ex-wife. see this letter from charlie chaplan (calling lewis an entertaining radio celebrity). 	here is a copyright renewal database from stanford showing that most of his books did have their copyrights diligently renewed by his sister, rebecca tarlow. 	here's an article on lewis browne, his friend charlie chaplan, and the supernatural. lewis browne's this believing world was one of four books that guided the writing of the big book of aa. if you go to this link, click download, and move forward in the talk to minute , the speaker describes the books used, studied and referred to while coming up with the information to start aa. the whole talk is interesting, but the browne mentions start here. http://xa-speakers.org/pafiledb.php?action=file&id= . 	here's the text from some of his books, something went wrong—a summation of modern history, since calvary—an interpretation of christian history, how odd of god—an introduction to the jews, and the world’s great scriptures. btw, some of the books are still in copyright. 	here's a postcard that lewis wrote from berlin. no atrocities there except for the man who told of them. found at the national library of jerusalem by ruth bachi (a relative). 	here's an article from , “around the world with a portable—excerpts from a travel diary: ‘pink’ jews of red russia.” here is the entire travel diary from . i happily discovered that my cousin, eric kriss “webbed” the travel diary of . 	yudelline's who was lewis browne? 	 	life and times of lewis browne, my dad’s (edmond mosley) biography of lewis browne in now up... a different perspective. 	lewis browne quotes 	you can always find his books on amazon or alibris 	i'll be posting a number of materials that i have by and about lewis browne. you may contact me if you are interested in him. i'm starting an elist for notifications when i add to this site. if you are on it, and don't want to be, please let me know. if you'd like to be on it or just want to talk about lewis browne, please let me know. (kim mosley, mrkimmosley@gmail.com) 	books by lewis browne the doj’s criminal probe into tether — what we know – amy castor 	 		 		primary menu 	 	 		 		amy castor 		independent journalist 		 					 					about me 	selected clips 	contact me 	blog 			 		 			 		subscribe to blog via email 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join , other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 subscribe 			 twitter updates 	 				fyi - i'm taking an actual vacation for the next week, so i'll be quiet on twitter and not following the news so mu… twitter.com/i/web/status/ … 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @davidgerard: news: the senate hates bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @franciskim_co: @wublockchain translation https://t.co/hpqefljhpu 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @wublockchain: the chinese government is cracking down on fraud. they posted a fraud case involving usdt on the wall to remind the publi… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @patio : the core use case for stablecoins is non-correlated collateral for making margin-intensive trades, particularly via levered us… 				  days ago 			 recent comments 						cryptobuy on binance: fiat off-ramps keep c… 		steve on binance: a crypto exchange run… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		clearwell trader on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 					 	 	skip to content 	 		 						amy castor 		 	 	 			 			the doj’s criminal probe into tether — what we know 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 		 		 early this morning, bloomberg reported that tether executives are under a criminal investigation by the us department of justice.   the doj doesn’t normally discuss ongoing investigations with the media. however, three unnamed sources leaked the info to bloomberg. the investigation is focused on tether misleading banks about the true nature of its business, the sources said. the doj has been circling tether and bitfinex for years now. in november , “three sources” — maybe even the same three sources — told bloomberg the doj was looking into the companies for bitcoin price manipulation.  tether responded to the latest bit of news in typical fashion — with a blog post accusing bloomberg of spreading fud and trying to “generate clicks.”  “this article follows a pattern of repackaging stale claims as ‘news,” tether said. “the continued efforts to discredit tether will not change our determination to remain leaders in the community.” but nowhere in its post did tether deny the claims.  i've read this several times and can't seem to find the, um, denial? pic.twitter.com/bksadeayl — doomberg (@doombergt) july , last night, before the news broke, bitcoin was pumping like crazy. the price climbed nearly %, topping $ , . on coinbase, the price of btc/usd went up $ , in three minutes, a bit after : utc.  after a user placed a large number of buy orders for bitcoin perpetual futures denominated in tethers (usdt) on binance — an unregulated exchange struggling with its own banking issues — the btc/usdt perpetual contract hit a high of $ , at around : utc on the exchange. , bitcoins traded in minutes on tether fraud exchange binance, driving the price to , tethers per bitcoin. something's not right in tether land. pic.twitter.com/ jm ebrksn — bitfinex’ed 🔥 (@bitfinexed) july , bitcoin pumps are a good way to get everyone to ignore the impact of bad news and focus on number go up. “hey, this isn’t so bad. bitcoin is going up in price. i’m rich!” so what is this doj investigation about? it is likely a follow-up to the new york attorney general’s probe into tether — and its sister company crypto exchange bitfinex — which started in .  tether and bitfinex, which operate under the same parent company ifinex, settled fraud charges with the ny ag for $ . million in february. they were also banned from doing any further business in new york. “bitfinex and tether recklessly and unlawfully covered-up massive financial losses to keep their scheme going and protect their bottom lines,” the ny ag said. the companies’ woes started with a loss of banking more than a year before the ny ag initiated its probe.  banking history tether and bitfinex, both registered in the british virgin islands, were banking with four taiwanese banks in . those banks used wells fargo as a correspondent bank to process us dollar wire transfers.  in other words, the companies would deposit money in their taiwanese banks, and those banks would send money through wells fargo out to the rest of the world.  however, in march , wells fargo abruptly cut off the taiwanese banks, refusing to process any more transfers from tether and bitfinex.  about a month later — i would guess, after wells fargo told them they were on thin ice — the taiwanese banks gave tether and bitfinex the boot.   since then, tether and bitfinex have had to rely increasingly on shadow banks — such as crypto capital, a payment processor in panama — to shuffle funds around the globe for them.  they also started furiously printing tethers. in early , there were only million tethers in circulation. today, there are billion tethers in circulation with a big question as to how much actual cash is behind those tethers.   crypto capital partnering with crypto capital turned out to be an epic fail for bitfinex and tether. the payment processor was operated by principals ivan manuel molina lee and oz yosef with the help of arizona businessman reggie fowler and israeli woman ravid yosef — oz’s sister, who was living in los angeles at the time. in april , fowler and ravid were indicted in the us for allegedly lying to banks to set up accounts on behalf of crypto capital. fowler is currently awaiting trial, and ravid yosef is still at large.  starting in early , the pair set up dozens of bank accounts as part of a shadow banking network for crypto capital. some of those banks — bank of america, wells fargo, hsbc, and jp morgan chase — were either based in the us, or in the case of hsbc, had branches in the us, and therefore, fell under the doj’s jurisdiction.  in total, fowler’s bank accounts held some $ million and were at the center of his failed plea negotiation in january . those accounts, along with more frozen crypto capital accounts in poland, meant that tether and bitfinex had lost access to some $ million in funds in . things spiraled downhill from there. molina lee was arrested by polish authorities in october . he was accused of being part of an international drug cartel and laundering funds through bitfinex. and oz yosef was indicted by us authorities around the same time for bank fraud charges. tether stops printing at the beginning of , there were only . billion tethers in circulation. all through the year and into the next, tether kept issuing tethers at greater and greater rates. then, at the end of may , it stopped — and nobody is quite sure of why. pressure from authorities? a cease and desist order?  usually, cease and desist orders are made public. and it is hard to imagine that there would be an order that has been kept non-public since may. one could argue, you don’t want to keep printing dubiously backed stablecoins when you’re under a criminal investigation by the doj. but as i’ve explained in prior posts, other factors could also be at play.  for instance, since binance, one of tether’s biggest customers, is having its own banking problems, it may be difficult for binance users to wire funds to the exchange. and since binance uses usdt in place of dollars, there’s no need for it to acquire an additional stash of tethers at this time. also, other stablecoins, like usdc and busd, have been stepping in to fill in the gap. the doj and tether you can be sure that any info pulled up by the ny ag in its investigation of tether and bitfinex has been passed along to the doj and the commodities and futures trading commission — who, by the way, subpoenaed tether in late .  coincidentally — or not — bitcoin saw a price pump at that time, too. it went from around $ , on dec. , , the day before the subpoena was issued, to nearly $ , on dec. , — another attempt to show that the bad news barely had any impact on the bitcoin price.  tether relies on confidence in the markets. as long as people believe that tether is fully backed, or that tether and bitfinex probes won’t impact the price of bitcoin, the game can continue. but if too many people start dumping bitcoin in a panic and rushing toward the fiat exits, the truth — that there isn’t enough cash left in the system to support a tsunami of withdrawals — will be revealed, and that would be especially bad news for tether execs.  will tether’s operators be charged with criminal actions any time soon? and which execs is the doj even investigating? the original operators of bitfinex and tether — aka “the triad” — are chief strategy officer phil potter, ceo jan ludovicus van der velde and cfo giancarlo devasini. phil potter supposedly pulled away from the operation in mid- . and nobody has heard from van der velde or devasini in a long, long time. now, the two main spokespersons for the companies are general counsel stuart hoegner and cto paolo ardoino, who give lots of interviews defending tether and accusing salty nocoiners like me of fud.   tracking down bad actors takes a lot of coordination. recall that the doj had to work with authorities in different countries to finally arrest the operators of liberty reserve, a costa rica-based centralized digital currency service that was used for money laundering. similar to liberty reserve, tether is a global operation and all of the front persons associated with tether — except for potter who lives in new york — currently reside outside of the us.  it may still take a long while to completely shut down tether and give it the liberty reserve treatment. but if the doj files criminal charges against tether execs, that is at least a step in the right direction. read more:  the curious case of tether — a complete timeline nocoiner predictions: will be a year of comedy gold  if you like my work, please subscribe to my patreon for as little as $ a month. your support keeps me going. share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	linkedin 	 like this: like loading... 			 	 				 			bloombergdepartment of justicedojliberty reservepaolo ardoinostuart hoegnertetherwells fargo		 				 			posted on july , july , by amy castor in blogging			 								 							 		 	 			 	 		post navigation 		previous postnews: regulators zero in on stablecoins, el salvador’s colón-dollar, tether printer remains paused next postpodcast: ‘target letter, tether’ (amy castor and david gerard) 	 			 	 	 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				create a website or blog at wordpress.com 				 			 			 					 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email 																 															 															 																name 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 				 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 ptsefton.com ptsefton.com 	fiir data management; findable inaccessible interoperable and reusable? this is a work in progress post i'm looking for feedback on the substance - there's a comment box below, email me, or see me on twitter: @ptsefton. [update - - : had some comments from michael d'silva at aarnet - have added a couple of things below.] i am posting this now because … 	arkisto: a repository based platform for managing all kinds of research data university of technology sydney the university of melbourne ' title=' ' border=' ' width=' %'/&gt; this presentation by peter sefton, marco la rosa and michael lynch was delivered at open repositories conference on - - (australian time) - marco la rosa did most of the talking, with help from michael lynch. we want to emphasise that this presentation is based on the fair principles that data … 	research object crate (ro-crate) update this presentation by peter sefton and stian soiland-reyes was presented by peter sefton at the open repositories conference on - - (in australia). ro-crate has been presented at open repositories several times, including a workshop in , so we won’t go through a very detailed introduction but we will … 	infrastructure and what do we really want for dmps [updated - - after gail mcglinn and i got home from the pub and she read this through; fixed several terrible typos and the odd incomplete sentence - i knew i should not have let the dog proofread the version we put out this afternoon (he just wanted to go for a … 	what did you do in the lockdowns pt? part - music videos post looks too long? don't want to read? here's the summary. last year gail mcglinn* and i did the lockdown home-recording thing. we put out at least one song video per week for a year (and counting - we're up to over weeks). searchable, sortable website here. we learned … 	fair data management; it's a lifestyle not a lifecycle i have been working with my colleague marco la rosa on summary diagrams that capture some important aspects of research data management, and include the fair data principles; that data should be findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable. but first, here's a rant about some modeling and diagramming styles and trends … 	research data management looking outward from it this is a presentation that i gave on wednesday the nd of december at the aero (australian eresearch organizations) council meeting at the request of the chair dr carina kemp). carina asked: it would be really interesting to find out what is happening in the research data management space … 	redundant. thursday december was my last day at uts as the eresearch support manager. the position was declared to be redundant under the &quot;voluntary separation program&quot;. i guess the corporate maths works for uts and it works for me. thanks covid- . this is the third redundancy for me, and … 	an open, composable standards–based research eresearch platform: arkisto this is a talk delivered in recorded format by peter sefton, nick thieberger, marco la rosa and mike lynch at eresearch australasia . also posted on the uts eresearch website. ' title=' ' border=' ' width=' %'/&gt; research data from all disciplines has interest and value that extends beyond funding cycles and must continue to be managed … 	you won't believe this shocking semantic web trick i use to avoid publishing my own ontologies! will i end up going to hell for this? [update - as soon as this went live i spotted an error in the final example and fixed it]. in this post i describe a disgusting, filthy, but possibly beautiful hack* i devised to get around a common problem in data description using semantic web techniques, specifically json-ld and schema.org … none none none none rapid communications skip to main | skip to sidebar rapid communications rapid, but irregular, communications from the frontiers of library technology wednesday, april , mac os vs emacs: getting on the right (exec) path one of the minor annoyances about using emacs on mac os is that the path environment variable isn't set properly when you launch emacs from the gui (that is, the way we always do it). this is because the mac os gui doesn't really care about the shell as a way to launch things, but if you are using brew, or other packages that install command line tools, you do. apple has changed the way that the path is set over the years, and the old environment.plist method doesn't actually work anymore, for security reasons. for the past few releases, the official way to properly set up the path is to use the path_helper utility program. but again, that only really works if your shell profile or rc file is run before you launch emacs. so, we need to put a bit of code into emacs' site_start.el file to get things set up for us: (when (file-executable-p "/usr/libexec/path_helper") (let ((path (shell-command-to-string "eval `/usr/libexec/path_helper -s`; echo -n \"$path\""))) (setenv "path" path) (setq exec-path (append (parse-colon-path path) (list exec-directory))))) this code runs the path_helper utility, saves the output into a string, and then uses the string to set both the path environment variable and the emacs exec-path lisp variable, which emacs uses to run subprocesses when it doesn't need to launch a shell. if you are using the brew version of emacs, put this code in /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp/site-start.el and restart emacs. posted by david j. fiander at : am no comments: tuesday, january , finding isbns in the the digits of π for some reason, a blog post from about searching for isbns in the first fifty million digits of π suddenly became popular on the net again at the end of last week (mid-january ). the only problem is that geoff, the author, only looks for isbn- s, which all start with the sequence " ". there aren't many occurrences of " " in even the first fifty million digits of π, so it's not hard to check them all to see if they are the beginning of a potential isbn, and then find out if that potential isbn was ever assigned to a book. but he completely ignores all of the isbn- s that might be hidden in π. so, since i already have code to validate isbn checksums and to look up isbns in oclc worldcat, i decided to check for isbn- s myself. i don't have easy access to the first fifty million digits of π, but i did manage to find the first million digits online without too much difficulty. an isbn- is a ten character long string that uniquely identifies a book. an example is " - - - ". the dashes are optional and exist mostly to make it easier for humans, just like the dashes in a phone number. the first character of an isbn- indicate the language in which the book is published: and are for english, is for french, and so on. the last character of the isbn is a "check digit", which is supposed to help systems figure out if the isbn is correct or not. it will catch many common types of errors, like swapping two characters in the isbn: " - - - " is invalid. here are the first one hundred digits of π: . to search for "potential (english) isbn- s", all one needs to do is search for every or in the first , digits of π (there is a " " three digits from the end, but then there aren't enough digits left over to find a full isbn, so we can stop early) and check to see if the ten digit sequence of characters starting with that or has a valid check digit at the end. the sequence " ", highlighted in red, fails the test, because " " is not the correct check digit; but the sequence " " highlighted in green is a potential isbn. there are approximately , zeros and ones in the first million digits of π, but "only" , of them appear at the beginning of a potential isbn- . checking those , potentials against the worldcat bibliographic database results in , valid isbns. the first one is at position , : isbn , for the book the evolution of weapons and warfare by trevor n. dupuy. the last one is at position , : isbn for the book exploring language assessment and testing : language in action by anthony green. here's the full dataset. posted by david j. fiander at : pm comments: saturday, march , software upgrades and the parable of the windows a librarian friend of mine recently expressed some surprise at the fact that a library system would spend almost $ , to upgrade their ils software, when the vendor is known to be hostile to its customers and not actually very good with new development on their products. the short answer is that it's easier to upgrade than to think. especially when an "upgrade" will be seen as easier than a "migration" to a different vendor's system (note: open ils platforms like evergreen and koha may be read as being different vendors for the sake of convenience). in fact, when an ils vendor discontinues support for a product and tells its customers that they have to migrate to another product if they want to continue to purchase support, it is the rare library that will take this opportunity to re-examine all its options and decide to migrate to a different vendor's product. a simple demonstration of this thinking, on a scale that most of us can imagine, is what happened when my partner and i decided that it was time to replace the windows in our house several years ago. there are a couple of things you need to know about replacing the windows in your house, if you've never done this before: 	most normal folks replace the windows in their house over the course of several years, doing two or three windows every year or two. if one is replacing the huge bay window in the living room, then that might be the only window that one does that year. windows are expensive enough that one can't really afford to do them all at once. 	windows are fungible. for the most part, one company's windows look exactly like another company's. unless you're working hard at getting a particular colour of flashing on the outside of the window, nobody looking at your house from the sidewalk would notice that the master bedroom window and the livingroom window were made by different companies. like any responsible homeowners, we called several local window places, got quotations from three or four of them for the windows we wanted replaced that year, made our decision about which vendor we were going to use for the first round of window replacements, and placed an order. a month or so later, on a day that the weather was going to be good, a crew from the company arrived, knocked big holes in the front of our house to take out the old windows and install the new ones. a couple of years went by, and we decided it was time to do the next couple of windows, so my partner, who was always far more organized about this sort of thing that me, called three or four window companies and asked them to come out to get quotations for the work. at least one of the vendors declined, and another vendor did come out and give us a quote but he was very surprised that we were going through this process again, because normally, once a householder has gone through the process once, they tend to use the same window company for all the windows, even if several years have passed, or if the type of work is very different from the earlier work (such as replacing the living room bay window after a couple of rounds of replacing bedroom windows). in general, once a decision has been made, people tend to stick with that plan. i think it's a matter of, "well, i made this decision last year, and at the time, this company was good, so they're probably still good," combined, perhaps, with a bit of thinking that changing vendors in mid-stream implies that i didn't make a good decision earlier. and there is, of course, always the thought that it's better to stick with the devil you know that the one you don't. posted by david j. fiander at : pm comments: sunday, january , using qr codes in the library this started out as a set of internal guidelines for the staff at mpow, but some friends expressed interest in it, and it seems to have struck a nerve, so i'm posting it here, so it is easier for people to find and to link to. using qr codes in the library qr codes are new to north american, but have been around for a while in japan, where they originated, and where everybody has a cellphone that can read the codes. they make it simpler to take information from the real world and load it into your phone. as such, they should only be used when the information will be useful for somebody on the go, and shouldn't normally be used if the person accessing the information will probably be on a computer to begin with. do use qr codes: 	on posters and display projectors to guide users to mobile-friendly websites. 	to share your contact information on posters, display projectors, or your business card. this makes it simpler for users to add you to their addressbook without having to type it all in. 	in display cabinets or art exhibits to link to supplementary information about the items on display. don't use qr codes: 	to record your contact information in your email signature. somebody reading your email can easily copy the information from your signature to their addressbook. 	to share urls for rich, or full-sized, websites. the only urls you should be sharing via qr codes for are mobile-friendly sites. when using qr codes: 	make sure to include a human readable url, preferably one that's easy to remember, near the qr code for people without qr code scanners to use. posted by david j. fiander at : pm no comments: monday, april , a manifesto for the library last week john blyberg, kathryn greenhill, and cindi trainor spent some time together thinking about what the library is for and what its future might hold. the result of that deep thinking has now been published on john's blog under the title "the darien statements on the library and librarians." opening with the ringing statement that the purpose of the library is to preserve the integrity of civilization they then provide their own gloss on what this means for individual libraries, and for librarians. there is a lively discussion going on in the comments on john's blog, as well as less thoughtful sniping going on in more "annoying" blogs. i think that this is something that will engender quite a bit of conversation in the month's to come. posted by david j. fiander at : pm no comments: sunday, april , i'm a shover and maker! since only a few people can be named "movers and shakers" by library journal, joshua neff and steven lawson created the "shovers and makers" awards "for the rest of us," under the auspices of the not entirely serious library society of the world. i'm very pleased to report that i have been named a shover and maker (by myself, as are all the winners). the shovers and makers awards are a fun way to share what we've done over the past year or two and they're definitely a lot simpler than writing the annual performance review that hr wants. think of this as practice for writing the speaker's bio for the conference keynote you dream of being invited to give. posted by david j. fiander at : am no comments: sunday, january , lita tears down the walls at ala midwinter , jason griffey and the lita folks took advantage of the conference center's wireless network to provide quick and easy access to the top tech trends panel for those of us that couldn't be there in person. the low-bandwidth option was a coveritlive live-blogging feed of comments from attending that also included photos by cindi trainor, and a feed of twitters from attendees. the high-bandwidth option was a live (and recorded) video stream of the event that jason captured using the webcam built into his laptop. aside from the lita planned events, the fact that we could all sit in meant that there were lots of virtual conversations in chat rooms and other forums that sprung up as people joined in from afar. unfortunately, because my sunday morning is filled with laundry and other domestic pleasures, i wasn't able to join in on the "live" chatter going on in parallel with the video or livebloggin. owing to funding constraints and my own priorities, my participation at ala is limited. i've been to lita forum once, and might go again, but i focus more on the ola other regional events. this virtual option from lita let me get a peek at what's going on and hear what the "big thinkers" at lita have to say. i hope they can keep it up, and will definitely be talking to local folks about how we might be able to emulate lita in our own events. posted by david j. fiander at : pm no comments: older posts home subscribe to: posts (atom) about me 	 david j. fiander 	i'm a former software developer who's now the web services librarian at a university. the great thing about that job title is that nobody knows what i do. view my complete profile last.fm weekly chart blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  april ( ) 	mac os vs emacs: getting on the right (exec) path 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-share alike . canada license.   none none on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos hacking, distributed 	 on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos on-chain voting voting e-voting trusted hardware identity selling ethereum july , at : pm philip daian, tyler kell, ian miers, and ari juels 	← older 	newer → blockchains seem like the perfect technology for online voting. they can act as “bulletin boards,” global ledgers that were hypothesized (but never truly realized) in decades of e-voting research. better still, blockchains enable smart contracts, which can execute on-chain elections autonomously and do away with election authorities. unfortunately, smart contracts aren’t just good for running elections. they’re also good for buying them. in this blog post, we’ll explain how and why. as an example, we’ll present a fully implemented, simple vote buying attack against the popular on-chain carbonvote system. we’ll also discuss how trusted hardware enables even more powerful vote buying techniques that seem irresolvable even given state-of-the art cryptographic voting protocols. finally, we introduce a new form of attack called a dark dao, not to be confused with the “dark dao” the same way daos should not be confused with the dao.  a dark dao is a decentralized cartel that buys on-chain votes opaquely (“in the dark”). we present one concrete embodiment based on intel sgx. in such an attack, potentially nobody, not even the dao’s creator, can determine the dao’s number of participants, the total amount of money pledged to the attack, or the precise logic of the attack: for example, the dark dao can attack a currency like tezos, covertly collecting coins until it reaches some hidden threshold, and then telling its members to short the currency.  such a dark dao also has the unique ability to enforce an information asymmetry by sending out, for example, deniable short notifications: members inside the cartel would be able to verify the short signal, but themselves could generate seemingly authentic false signals to send to outsiders. the existence of trust-minimizing vote buying and dark dao primitives imply that users of all on-chain votes are vulnerable to shackling, manipulation, and control by plutocrats and coercive forces.  this directly implies that all on-chain voting schemes where users can generate their own keys outside of a trusted environment inherently degrade to plutocracy, a paradigm considered widely inferior to democratic models that such protocols attempt to approximate on-chain. all of our schemes and attacks work regardless of identity controls, allowing user actions to be freely bought and sold.  this means that schemes that rely on user-generated keys bound to user identities, like uport or circles, are also inherently and fundamentally vulnerable to arbitrary manipulation by plutocrats.  our schemes can also be repurposed to attack proof of stake or proof of work blockchains profitably, posing severe security implications for all blockchains. blockchain voting today blockchain voting schemes abound today. there’s votem, an end-to-end verifiable voting scheme that allows voting using mobile devices and leverages the blockchain as a place to securely post and tally the election results. remix, the popular smart contract ide, offers an election-administering smart contract as its training example. yet more examples can be found here ( ), here ( ), and here ( ). on-chain voting schemes face many challenges, privacy, latency, and scaling among them. none of these is peculiar to voting, and all will eventually be surmountable. vote buying is a different story. in political systems, vote buying is a pervasive and corrosive form of election fraud, with a substantial history of undermining election integrity around the world. sometimes, the price of a vote is a glass of beer. thankfully, as scholars have observed, normal market mechanisms usually break down in vote buying schemes, for three  reasons. first, vote buying is in most instances a crime. in the u.s., it’s punishable under federal law. second, where secret ballots are used, compliance is hard to enforce. a voter can simply drink your beer, and cast her ballot in secret however she likes. third, even if a voter does sell their vote, there is no guarantee the counter-party will pay. no such obstacles arise in blockchain systems. vote buying marketplaces can be run efficiently and effectively using the same powerful tool for administering elections: smart contracts. pseudonymity and jurisdictional complications, as always, provide (some) cover against prosecution. in general, electronic voting schemes are in some ways harder to secure against fraud than in-person voting, and have been the subject of general and academic interest for many years.  one of the fundamental building blocks was introduced early by david chaum, providing anonymous mix networks for messages which could be anonymously sent by participants with receipts of inclusion.  such end-to-end verifiable voting systems, where users can check that their votes are correctly counted without sacrificing privacy, are not just the realm of theoreticians and have actually been used for binding elections. later work by benaloh and tuinstra took issue with electronic voting schemes, noting that they offered voters a “receipt” that provided cryptographic proof of which way a given vote had been cast.  this would allow for extremely efficient vote buying and coercion, clearly undesirable properties. the authors defined a new property, receipt-freedom, to describe voting schemes where no such cryptographic proof was possible. further work by juels, catalano, and jakobsson modeled even more powerful coercive adversaries, showing that even receipt-free schemes were not sufficient to prevent coercion and vote buying.  this work defined a new security definition for voting schemes called “coercion resistance”, providing a protocol where no malicious party could successfully coerce a user in a manner that could alter election results. in their work, juels et. al note that “the security of our construction then relies on generation of the key pairs… by a trusted third party, or, alternatively, on an interactive, computationally secure key-generation protocol such as [ ] between the players”.  such “trusted key generation”, “trusted third party”, or “trusted setup” assumptions are standard in the academic literature on coercion resistant voting schemes. unfortunately, these requirements do not translate to the permissionless model, in which nodes can come and leave at any time without knowing each other a priori.  this (somewhat) inherently means users generate their own keys in all such deployed systems, and cannot take advantage of trusted multiparty key generation or any centralized key service arbiter. the blockchain space today, with predictable results, continues its tradition of ignoring decades of study and instead opts to implement the most naive possible form of voting: directly counting coin-weighted votes in a plutocratic fashion, stored in plain text on-chain.  unfortunately, it is not clear that better than such a plutocracy is achievable on-chain. we show that the permissionless model is fundamentally hostile to voting. despite any identity or second-layer based mitigation attempts, all permissionless voting systems (or schemes that allow users to generate their own key in an untrusted environment) are vulnerable to the same style of vote buying and coercion attacks.  many vote buying attacks can also be used for coercion, shackling users to particular voting choices by force. that's a nice on-chain vote you've got there... it is worth noting that the severity of bribery attacks in such protocols was partially explored by vitalik buterin, though concrete mechanisms were not provided.  here we describe frictionless mechanisms useful for vote, identity buying, coercion, and coordination at a high level and discuss the implications of these particular mechanisms. attack flavors consider a very simple voting scheme: holders of a token get one vote per token they hold and can change their votes continually until some closing block number.  we’ll use this simple “ezvote” scheme to build intuition for how our attacks can work in any on-chain voting mechanism. there are several possible escalating attack flavors of such a scheme. simple smart contracts the simplest low-coordination attack on on-chain voting systems involves vote buying smart contracts.  such smart contracts would simply pay users upon a provable vote for one option (or to participate in the vote, or to abstain from the vote if the vote is not anonymous).  in ezvote, the smart contract could be a simple contract that holds your erc until after the end date, votes yes, and returns it to you; all guarantees in the contract could be enforced by the underlying blockchain. such a scheme has advantages in that it requires only the trust assumptions already inherent in the underlying system, but has substantial disadvantages as well. for one, it is likely possible to publicly tell how many votes are purchased after the election is over, as this is required to handle the flow of payments in today’s smart contract systems. also, the in-platform nature of the bribe opens it to censorship by parties interested in preserving the health of the underlying platform/system. depending on the nature of the voting scheme and the underlying protocol, there may be some workarounds for these downsides. voters could for example provide a ring signature proving to a vote buyer that they are in a list of voters who votes yes in exchange for payments.  we leave the implementation details and generalizability of such schemes open. in general, any mechanism for private smart contracts can also be used for private vote buying, solving the public nature of a smart contract based attack; cryptographically an equivalent would be the vote buyer and seller generating a secret key for funds storage via mpc together, signing two transactions: a yes vote and a transaction that released funds to the vote seller after the end of the interval.  the vote seller would move funds to this key only after possessing the transaction guaranteeing a refund and payment. this would look similar to previous work on distributed certificate generation, adding security analysis for ensuring fairness.  a naive implementation of such a scheme would encumber a users’ use of funds for other purposes during the vote (such actions are possible but require cooperation on behalf of the vote buyer; alternatively, a trusted/bonded escrow party can be used). trusted hardware buying an even more concerning vote buying attack scheme involves the use of trusted hardware, such as intel sgx.  such hardware has a key feature called remote attestation. essentially, if alice and bob are communicating on the internet, the trusted computing achieved by sgx allows alice to prove to bob that she is running a certain piece of code. trusted hardware is usually seen as a way to prove that you are running code that will not be malicious: for example, it is used in drm to prove that a user will not copy files that are only temporarily licensed to them, like movies.  instead, we will use trusted hardware to shackle cryptocurrency users, paying or forcing them to use cryptocurrency wallets based on trusted hardware that provably restrict their space of allowed behaviors (e.g. by forcing them not to vote a certain way in an election) or allow the vote buyer trust-minimized but limited use of a user’s key (e.g. a vote buyer can force a user to sign “i vote a”, but cannot steal or spend a user’s money). the simplest way to deploy such technology for vote buying is to simply allow users to prove they are running a vote buyer’s malicious wallet code in exchange for a payment, secured on both sides by remote attestation technology. in our “ezvote” example, a user would simply use a cryptocurrency wallet loaded on intel’s sgx, running the vote buyer’s program.  sgx would guarantee to the user that the wallet could never steal the user’s money (unless intel colludes with the vote buyer). the user can provably use the wallet for everything they can do with a normal ethereum wallet, including moving their money out (though in this case they would not be paid).  the user runs their own wallet, and does not need to trust a third party for control or security of their funds. the user may not need to trust even intel or the trusted hardware provisioner for security of their funds, as they can compile their own wallet! when a predefined trigger condition occurs, such an sgx program would automatically vote on ezvote as the vote buyer commands, and send a receipt to the vote buyers.  the vote buyer would itself be run an sgx enclave that maintains a total of all users who claim to have voted yes, and a list of their addresses. given trust in sgx, the vote buyer need not see the full list of member users or know the total pledged amount.  at the end of the vote, the vote buyer’s enclave would pay all the users who have not moved their funds or changed their vote. this would be accomplished by the enclave periodically posting a merkle root summarizing users to be paid on-chain, providing proof to each user that they will eventually be paid.  users can claim payment after the expiry of some period by providing a proofs of inclusion in the posted merkle history. in some particularly vulnerable vote designs, an sgx enclave can increase its efficiency by simply accumulating “yes” votes from users up-front as transactions, publishing and providing payment for them at the conclusion of the vote. hidden trusted hardware cartels (dark daos) a more concerning attack arises when trusted hardware is combined with the idea of a dao, spawning a trustless organization whose goal centers on manipulating cryptocurrency votes. one example of a basic dark dao. the figure above outlines one possible architecture. vote buyers would support the dao by running a network of sgx enclaves that themselves execute a consensus protocol (shown here as a dark cloud to indicate its invisibility from outside).  users would communicate with this enclave network, and supply proof that they are running a “vote buying” (e.g.) ethereum wallet with a current balance of x coins. this “evil wallet” attests to running the attack code a vote buyer is paying for, and the vote buyer attests that they are running code guaranteed to pay the user at the end of the attack (likely in combination with a smart contract-based protocol that cryptoeconomically enforces liveness and honesty). the vote buyers can keep track of how many total funds are pledged to vote through the system, hiding this fact from the outside world using privacy features built into sgx.  users can receive provable payouts for participating in such a system, achieving a property similar to all-or-nothing settlement in sgx-based decentralized exchanges.  vote buyers can get a provable guarantee that clients will never issue votes that contradict their desired voting policy. what makes such an organization dark is that the vote buyers need not reveal how many users are participating in the system to anybody (even potentially themselves).  the system could simply accumulate users, paying users for running the attacker’s custom wallet software, until some threshold (of e.g. coins held by such software) is reached that activates an attack; in this manner, failed attempts need not be detectable.  more damagingly, the individual incentives of any small users clearly point towards joining the system. if small users believe their vote doesn’t matter, they are likely to take the payoff with no perceived marginal downside. this is especially the case in on-chain votes, which are empirically observed to have extremely low turnout. users that don’t vote may be ideal targets for selling their votes. dark dao operators can further muddy the waters by launching attacks on choices the vote buyers actually oppose as potential false flag operations or smear campaigns; for example, bob could run a dark dao working in alice’s favor to delegitimize the outcome of an election bob believes he is likely to lose.  the activation threshold, payout schedule, full attack strategy, number of users in the system, total amount of money pledged to the system, and more can be kept private or revealed either selectively or globally, making such daos ultimately tunable for structured incentive changes. because the organization exists off-chain, no cartel of block producers or other system participants can detect, censor, or stop the attack. such a dark organization has several immediate practical drawbacks.  the primary one is that for use on intel sgx, a license would need to be granted by intel, an unlikely event for malicious software.  furthermore, side channel, hidden software backdoor, or platform attacks in intel's sgx or the auditing of the dark dao wallet could weaken the scheme, though as trusted hardware continues to advance and develop, it is highly likely the cost of such attacks will increase substantially.  eventually, we expect other trusted hardware to provide the remote attestation capabilities of intel sgx, meaning that sgx will not be required for such an attack; this is why we use “sgx” interchangeably with “trusted hardware”. for example, remote attestation is achievable on some android secure processors.  our schemes work on any hardware device allowing for confidential data and remote attestation. attacks on classic schemes: carbonvote & eip to prove the efficacy of these vote buying strategies, we first look at  governance-critical coinvotes performed in existing cryptocurrency systems.  perhaps the most important such vote was the dao carbonvote.  the operation of this vote was simple: accounts sent money to an address to vote yes, and another to vote no.  each address was a contract that logged the vote of a given address. the carbonvote frontend then tallied the votes, and showed the net balances of all accounts that had voted yes and/or no.  later votes superseded earlier ones, allowing users to change their minds. at the end of the vote, a snapshot was taken of support and used to gauge community sentiment. this voting style is being reused for other controversial ecosystem issues, including eip- . one possible trust-minimizing vote buying smart contract in this framework involves the use of escrow; users send ether to an erc token contract that holds the ether until the end of the vote.  for each ether they deposit, users receive votecoin. the contract is pre-programmed to vote yes at the end of the vote with % of the user ether held.  after the vote ends, each votecoin token becomes fully refundable for the original ether that created it.  users get back their original ether, plus any bribes that vote buyers wish to pay them for this service. we have implemented a full, open-source proof of concept of such a contract, enabling any vote buyers to contribute funds to the contract’s bribepool.  users can be paid out from bribepool by temporarily locking their ether in the contract, and can reclaim % of their ether at the end of the target vote. an attack can pay vote sellers out of bribepool upfront (once they lock the coins, the votes are guaranteed), as dividends over time, or both. code of the vote buying ethereum smart contract for the dao carbonvote users can also sell their votecoin after locking up their ether, essentially making votecoin a tokenized vote buying derivative.  vote sellers can then instantly unload their exposure to any risks introduced by funds lockup to parties that are indifferent to the vote’s outcome: because each erc is programatically guaranteed to eventually receive all original eth, this essentially creates a one-way-only funnel from the base asset into a derivative asset dedicated to voting a predefined way.   buyers who are uninterested in the vote's outcome should always lock their eth if guaranteed a non-negative payoff, and essentially have an option to later unload onto other similarly uninterested buyers. if dividends from bribepool are paid over time to votecoin in addition to upfront, these derivative tokens can even be used to speculate on the success of the attack itself. this smart contract can be simplified with the use of oracles such as town crier (multiple oracles, prediction markets, etc. can be combined as well).  because the carbonvote system publishes results including full voter logs on etherscan, it is relatively trivial to check which way someone has voted using any external web scraping oracles, paying them if their vote included in the final snapshot agreed with the buyers’ preference. a dark dao-like model can also trivially be used. each user simply runs a wallet that, some time after each transfer transaction, also votes the desired way on the carbonvote (in fact this may become standard behavior for many wallets).  the user is only paid if such votes are registered, so the user is incentivized to make sure this vote transaction is included on-chain. there is no way for the network to tell how many votes in a given carbonvote are generated by such a vote buying cartel, and how many are legitimate. inherent in any of these schemes is the ability to minimize trust when pooling assets across multiple vote buyers; bribery smart contracts could simply allow anyone to pay into the bribepool, and sgx networks can be architected similarly for open participation. some schemes, such as the eip vote, have even more severe problems.  in these schemes, if a user votes twice, the later of such votes is chosen. a simple and severe attack is then to simply collect signatures on both “yes” and “no” votes from a user, spamming the chosen signature towards the end of the election period and relying on an ability to overwhelm the blockchain to ensure that most such votes persist.  alternatively, because contract deployers are able to vote for all the funds in a given contract, another attack is to simply force a user to use a contract-based wallet for the duration of the vote that is deployed by the vote buyer, who can then control the votes of all funds locked in contracts arbitrarily without custody of these funds. bitcoin is not immune to this problem either. bitcoin’s community often leans on coin-votes, and similar vote buying schemes can be applied (as either ethereum smart contracts as in this work, or in dark dao-style; bitcoin itself does not provide native support for sufficiently rich contracts to buy votes). beyond voting - attacking consensus astute readers may point out that all permissionless blockchains inherently rely on some form of permissionless voting, namely the consensus algorithm itself.   every time a blockchain comes to global consensus on some attributes of state, what is taking place is essentially a permissionless (often coin or pow-weighted) vote in a permissionless setting. it is perhaps no surprise that “vote buying” has seen some exploration in these contexts.  for example, smart contracts on ethereum can be used to attack ethereum and other blockchains through censorship, history revision, or incentivizing empty blocks.  such attacks work directly on the proof-of-work vote itself, bribing miners according to their weighted work. there is little reason to believe that proof of stake systems would be immune to similar attacks, especially in the presence of complex delegated voting structures whose incentives may be unclear and whose formal analysis may be incomplete or nonexistent. a disturbing concept related to our exploration of dark daos for vote buying is what we term the “fishy dao”, named after the classic flash game.  in this (super fun!) game, you start out as a small fish. the rules are simple; you can eat smaller competitor fish, but not fish the same size as or larger than you. you get a little bit bigger after each meal, until you eventually (if you are lucky) grow to dominate the ocean.  a modern equivalent that doesn’t require flash and adds networking is agar.io. it’s like fishy, but the small fish can gang up on the bigger ones too! a fishy dao would use dark dao-like technology as described above to do the same for blockchains.  using sgx, fishy dao members can receive non-transferable (dao members can verify message authenticity, but non-members cannot tell if a message is forged) notifications when an attack threshold is reached, allowing them to short currency markets shortly before such an attack.  each blockchain fishy dao attack brings some profit to fishy dao, and the ensuing publicity of even failed attacks gives fishy dao notoriety with the profit-seeking but perhaps unethical (in some frameworks). if fishy dao fails to achieve required thresholds, fishy dao simply fades away and refunds its participants, potentially but not necessarily burning some amount of their money to incentivize them to recruit participation. fishy dao requires dark dao technology, as if performed in the open with a smart contract, observable participation rates would provide market signals to the underlying blockchain’s price, rendering the attack unprofitable by allowing risk to be priced in.  it is the cryptographically enforceable information asymmetry between dao members and wider ecosystem participants that makes such an attack feasible. other applications note that dark daos have implications far beyond the above.  consider for example a dark dao that aimed to profitably buy users’ basic income identities, paying up front at a small fee to receive a user’s regular basic income payments.  or a dark dao for getting through credit checks secured on key-based identities by leasing (with trust minimized limitations) such keys from users with good credit. or a dark dao that runs an evil mining pool, provably attacking an asic-based proof of work cryptocurrency with an unstoppable attack pool of potentially undetectable size. one can also imagine that with identity, there may be social safeguards against buying behavior in the identity system itself.  for example, some identity systems may allow a user to show up in person to revoke or manage identities, which could socially circumvent automated technical safeguards against identity theft.  there are still ways around this: the classic solution in loans is through collateral. potentially a "bondsman" like business could also provide social guarantees of repayment through physical/legal intimidation and contract for users who cannot afford collateral.  payday loan and bail bond establishments would be ideally suited for that kind of business if such a permissionless basic income system were ever deployed alongside current market systems, at least in the us (in many other places there are likely even less savory institutions that could be willing to step in for an appropriate cut). the coordination space of mechanisms in blockchains is large, and the environment hostile.  all voting or financially incentivized identity-based schemes should be very careful to consider the implications of the underlying permissionless model on long-term viability, scalability, and security. core insights maybe you are an academic skimming this article, or maybe an interested user wondering exactly what this all means.  there are a few interesting and very surprising (in the research literature) insights to be gleaned from our thought experiments above: 	permissionless e-voting *requires* trusted hardware. perhaps the most surprising result is this one. in any model where users are able to generate their own keys (required for the "permissionless" model), low coordination bribery attacks are inherently possible using trusted hardware as described above. the only defense from this is more trusted hardware: to know a user has access to their own key material (and therefore cannot be coerced or bribed), some assurance is required that the user has seen their key. trusted hardware can do this through either a trusted hardware token setup channel (similar to governments using electronic votes for democracy), or through an sgx-based system that guarantees that any voters have had their key material revealed to whatever operating system they are running. this inherently implements the kind of trusted setup/generation assumptions academic e-voting schemes have been using for years. clearly, in the presence of trusted hardware, such assumptions are required for any vote, and votes can be provably bought/sold/bribed/coerced with low friction in the absence of this assumption, a surprising result with severe implications in on-chain voting. 	the space of voting and coordination mechanisms is massive and extremely poorly understood. as explored through concrete examples on how to handle e.g. smart contracts voting and vote changes on ethereum, it is clear that a wide range of design decisions fundamentally alters the incentive structures of voting mechanisms (we explore these in appendix a below). these mechanisms are extremely complex, and can have their incentive structures altered by other coordination mechanisms like smart contracts and trusted hardware-based daos. the properties of these mechanisms, especially when multiple such mechanisms interact or are actively attacked by resourced actors, is extremely poorly understood. no mechanism of this kind should be used for direct on-chain decision making any time soon. 	the same class of vote buying attacks works for any identity system. these attacks are not only for votes. imagine an identity system which gives users the right to a basic income, paid weekly. i can simply pay you cash up front to buy your identity and therefore share of income for the next year, and indeed should do so if my time value of money is lower than yours (as wealth asymmetries often imply). this is the case for any system involving identity: with relatively low trust, the behavior of user identities can be constrained, and such constraints can be bought and sold on the open market. this has severe and fundamental impact on the robustness of any on-chain economic mechanism with a permissionless identity component. 	on-chain voting fundamentally degrades to plutocracy. voting and democracy fundamentally relies on secret ballot assumptions and identity infrastructure that exists only in meatspace. these assumptions do not carry over to blockchains, making the same techniques fundamentally broken in a permissionless model. external, even trusted, identity systems again do not address the issue as long as users can generate their own keys (see above). 	hard fork-based governance provides users the only exit from such plutocracy. a natural question to ask given the above is whether we've already arrived at plutocracy. the answer is "probably not". there is some evidence that the ad-hoc, informal, fork-based governance models that govern blockchains like bitcoin and ethereum actually provide robust user rights protection. in this model, any upgrades must offer the user an active choice, and groups of users can choose to opt out if disagreeing with rule changes. on-chain voting, on the other hand, creates a natural default that, especially when combined with inattentive or uncaring users, can create strong anti-fork inertia around staying with the coinvote. 	multiple blockchains interacting can break the incentive compatibility of all chains. importantly and critically, the fishy dao style attack we've explored shows that multiple competing blockchains has the ability to fundamentally affect the internal equilibrium of all such chains. for example, in a world with only one smart contract system, ethereum, internal incentives may lead to stable equilibria. with two players, and the underdog incentivized to launch a bribery attack to destroy their competitors, such equilibria can be disrupted, changed, and destroyed. a critical and surprisingly underexplored open area of research is modelling the macroeconomics of competition between blockchains, gaining insight into how exactly such internal equilibria can fail. we find it intuitively ~certain that critical black swan events are currently lurking in the complexity of blockchain governance and interoperability. obviously, these all require further exploration, tweaking, and proof.  but i think we have at least provided some intuition for why we believe the above to hold in a principled analysis framework. conclusion the trend of on-chain voting in blockchain is inspired by the long human tradition of voting and democracy.  unfortunately, safeguards available to us in the real world, such as enforced private/deniable voting, approximate identity controls, and attributability of widespread fraud are simply not available in the permissionless model.  when public keys generated by the users themselves are used, on-chain voting is not able to provide guarantees about these users having any anti-coercion guarantees. elaborate voting schemes do little to quell (and in many cases indeed aggravate) the problem.  on-chain voting schemes further complicate incentives, creating an unstable and tangled mess of incentives that can at any time be altered by trustless smart contract or dark dao-style vote buying, bribery, and griefing schemes. we encourage the community to be highly skeptical of the outcome of any on-chain vote, specifically as on-chain voting becomes an ever-important staple of decision making in blockchain systems.  the space for designing mechanisms that enable new forms of abuse with lower-than-ever coordination costs supports the position that votes should be used for signals not decisions, and that a wide variety of voting mechanisms should fill such roles.  without such safeguards, it remains possible that all on-chain voting systems degenerate into plutocracy through direct vote and participation buying and even vote tokenization. such attacks have substantial implications for the future security of all blockchain-based voting systems. acknowledgements we’d like to thank patrick mccorry for his helpful, thorough feedback throughout the lifecycle of this post, and pioneering work in vote buying and on-chain voting systems. we also thank omer shlomovits and istván andrás seres for their helpful comments on early access versions of this post. appendix a - on-chain vote differentiators we notice several distinguishing factors in on-chain voting systems: 	vote-changing ability: if users cannot change their vote, trivial vote buying is possible with any method that provides a cryptographically checkable receipt.  a smart contract can simply bribe users up-front for their vote, which can now never be changed. most schemes, however, allow users to change or withdraw their votes, meaning bribery needs some continuous time component (or to be done after a snapshot of the vote is taken).  exponentially increasing payouts over time provide an interesting solution that discourages coin movement and encourages long-term signaling, and payout bonuses at vote completion are tools potential vote-buyers can use to create viable vote buying schemes when users are allowed to change votes. 	smart contract/delegated voting:  who gets to vote for funds stored by smart contracts?  this is an open question that plagues existing designs; the original carbonvote allows any contract that can call a function to vote and later change its mind.  the eip vote allows contract deployers to vote on behalf of contracts, a decision widely criticized as being intended to sway vote outcomes.  however, neither design seems ideal. indeed, it seems intuitively difficult for a single design to capture all the custody nuances in smart contracts fairly: funds-holding smart contracts can range from simple multisignature accounts to complex decentralized organizations with their own revenue streams and inter-contract financial relationships.  which of these coins have voting rights, and how to fairly assign these rights remains an entirely unexplored philosophical requirement for building a fair on-chain voting system. forcing contract authors to provide explicit functionality is likely also insufficient, as the very requirements of this functionality can in the future change without backwards compatibility (through either chain voting or forks). 	deniability/provability: all of the schemes explored in this article have features which make them particularly amenable to vote buying: they provide the voter with some form of trust-minimizing cryptographic proof of their vote, either through an on-chain log, a secured web interface, or a smart contract’s state.   such schemes are particularly vulnerable to vote buying, as they make it easy for smart contract-style logic to validate votes. some traditional e-voting schemes in academic literature provide a property known as coercion resistance. in these schemes, a user is able to change their mind post-coercion using the key they use for voting, and votes are not attributable to individual users.  in general, the privacy concerns of having votes associated with any kind of long-standing identity, especially those holding coins, are severe. such concerns would be completely disqualifying for any serious voting systems in the real world, and probably should be disqualifying in all thoughtful on-chain voting design criteria. 	← older 	newer → share on twitter share on facebook share on linkedin share on reddit share on e-mail please enable javascript to view the comments powered by disqus. comments powered by disqus phil daian phil daian is a first year ph.d. student at cornell university, who is interested in cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. more... tyler kell tyler kell is a research engineer at ic . more... ian miers ian miers is a postdoc at cornell tech, and a cryptographer working on anonymous systems. more... ari juels ari juels is a professor at the jacobs technion-cornell institute at cornell tech in nyc and co-director of ic . more... subscribe projects 	ava 	falcon 	teechan 	vaults 	bitcoin-ng recent posts 	archive by date 	attacking the defi ecosystem with flash loans for fun and profit 	libra: succinct zero-knowledge proofs with optimal prover computation 	liberating web data using deco, a privacy-preserving oracle protocol 	ostraka: blockchain scaling by node sharding 	on stablecoins and beauty pageants 	decentralize your secrets with churp 	the old fee market is broken, long live the new fee market 	one file for the price of three: catching cheating servers in decentralized storage networks 	on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos 	choose-your-own-security-disclosure-adventure 	more... popular 	introducing weaver 	 	how to disincentivize large bitcoin mining pools 	 	how a mining monopoly can attack bitcoin 	 	what did not happen at mt. gox 	 	bitcoin is broken 	 	stack ranking is not the cause of microsoft's problems 	 	how the snowden saga will end 	 	what's actually wrong with yahoo's purchase of summly 	 	broken by design: mongodb fault tolerance 	 	introducing virtual notary 	 	the principled documentation manifesto 	 	introducing hyperdex warp: acid transactions for nosql blog tags bitcoin / security / ethereum / hyperdex / release / nosql / selfish-mining / blocksize / dao / surveillance / privacy / mongo / broken / weaver / nsa / meta / leveldb / blockchain / % / voting / smart contracts / graph stores / decentralization / bitcoin-ng / vaults / snowden / satoshi / philosophy / mt. gox / mining pools copyright © - binance: italy, lithuania, hong kong, all issue warnings; brazil director quits – amy castor 	 		 		primary menu 	 	 		 		amy castor 		independent journalist 		 					 					about me 	selected clips 	contact me 	blog 			 		 			 		subscribe to blog via email 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join , other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 subscribe 			 twitter updates 	 				fyi - i'm taking an actual vacation for the next week, so i'll be quiet on twitter and not following the news so mu… twitter.com/i/web/status/ … 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @davidgerard: news: the senate hates bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @franciskim_co: @wublockchain translation https://t.co/hpqefljhpu 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @wublockchain: the chinese government is cracking down on fraud. they posted a fraud case involving usdt on the wall to remind the publi… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @patio : the core use case for stablecoins is non-correlated collateral for making margin-intensive trades, particularly via levered us… 				  days ago 			 recent comments 						cryptobuy on binance: fiat off-ramps keep c… 		steve on binance: a crypto exchange run… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		clearwell trader on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 					 	 	skip to content 	 		 						amy castor 		 	 	 			 			binance: italy, lithuania, hong kong, all issue warnings; brazil director quits 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 		 		 ever since germany’s bafin and the uk’s fca issued warnings against binance, the dominoes have continued to topple. global regulators are fed up with the world’s biggest crypto exchange. this last week, three more jurisdictions issued warnings about binance’s tokenized stocks, joining several others in voicing their concerns about the exchange. in a press release on thursday, italy’s market watchdog consob warned investors that binance and its subsidiaries “are not authorized to provide investment services and activities in italy.” the notice specifically points to binance’s “stock token.”  lithuania’s central bank issued a warning on friday about binance uab, a binance affiliate, providing “unlicensed investment services.” “companies that are registered in lithuania as virtual currency exchange operators are not supervised as financial service providers. they also have no right to provide any financial services, including investment services,” the bank of lithuania said. also on friday, hong kong’s securities and futures commission announced that binance is not licensed to trade stock tokens in the territory.  in a statement, thomas atkinson, the sfc’s executive director of enforcement, had stern words for the exchange: “the sfc does not tolerate any violations of the securities laws and will not hesitate to take enforcement action against unlicensed platform operators where appropriate.” binance responded to the mounting pressure by announcing on its website that it would cease offering stock tokens. effective immediately, you can no longer buy stock tokens on binance, and the exchange will stop supporting them on october . as for the unlucky ones who are still holding binance stock tokens, you apparently have days to try and offload them onto someone else. the exchange also deleted mentions of stock tokens on its website. if you click on a link to “introduction to stock tokens” on the site, you get a “ error.” you can still visit the page here, however. a short-lived bad idea binance introduced its tokenized stocks idea on april , starting with tesla, followed by coinbase, and later microstrategy, microsoft and apple. (links are to archives on wayback machine.) “unlike traditional stocks, users can purchase fractional shares of the listed companies with stock tokens. for instance, for a tesla share that trades at over $ per share, stock tokens enable investors to buy a piece of the underlying share (e.g., . ) instead of the entire unit,” binance explained on its website. prices were settled in busd — a stablecoin binance created in partnership with paxos, a ny-based company. binance claims its stock tokens are fully backed by shares held by cm-equity ag, a regulated asset management firm in germany. the exchange also said friday that users in the eea and switzerland will be able to transition their stock token balances to cm-equity ag once the brokerage creates a special portal for that purpose, sometime in september or early october. however, the transition will require additional kyc. binance, whose modus operandi has always been to ignore the laws and do whatever, launched its stock token service two days before us crypto exchange coinbase went public on the nasdaq and bitcoin reached an all-time high of nearly $ , . the price of bitcoin is now less than half of that. in april, germany’s financial regulator bafin warned that binance risked being fined for offering its securities-tracking tokens without publishing an investor prospectus. binance went back and forth with bafin on the issue, trying to persuade them to take the notice down, according to the ft, but to no avail. the warning stayed up. in june, the uk followed with its own consumer warning, and then one by one, a host of other global regulators issued their own cautions about binance, and banks began cutting off services to the exchange — essentially a form of slow strangulation.   binance clearly wasn’t thinking when it introduced those stock tokens. the move appears to have been driven by the hubris of its ceo cz, who is now realizing that actions have repercussions. or maybe not, since his recent tweets and a blog post celebrating binance’s fourth birthday seem to reflect an ongoing detachment from reality. “together, we can increase the freedom of money for people around the world, in safe and compliant ways,” he wrote. by freedom, i assume he means, freedom to operate outside the law, or freedom to freeze withdrawals on his exchanges — a frequent user complaint, according to gizmodo. ftx and bittrex binance isn’t the only crypto exchange to offer stock tokens. sam bankman-fried’s ftx exchange also offers tokenized stocks (archive) — a service that it added in june. i suspect that a lot of binance’s business will flow over to ftx, and we’ll soon see similar regulatory crackdowns on ftx.  like binance, ftx has a us version of its exchange and a main site. ftx is registered in antigua and barbuda with headquarters in hong kong. it offers stock tokens for tesla, gamestock, beyond meat, paypal, twitter, google, amazon, and a host of others.  bittrex global — another exchange that has a regulated us-based arm — also offers an impressive array of stock tokens. the liechtenstein-based firm added the service in december , according to a press release at the time, noting that “these tokenized stocks are available even in countries where accessing us stocks through traditional financial instruments is not possible.”  ftx and bittrex also claim their stock tokens are backed by actual stocks held by cm-equity ag. binance brazil director resigns banks are not the only ones distancing themselves from binance these days. amidst the recent drama, ricardo da ros, binance’s director of brazil announced his departure on linkedin. he had only been with the company for six months.   “there was a misalignment of expectations about my role and i made the decision according to my personal values,” he said. other employees have also exited stage left in recent months. wei zhou, the chief finance officer at binance, quit abruptly in june, and catherine coley, the ceo of binance.us stepped down in may — though nobody has heard from her since. if you like my work, please support my writing. subscribe to my patreon account for as little as $ a month.  share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	linkedin 	 like this: like loading... 			 	 				 			bafinbinancefca		 				 			posted on july , july , by amy castor in blogging			 								 							 		 	 			 	 		post navigation 		previous postbinance: fiat off-ramps keep closing, reports of frozen funds, what happened to catherine coley? next postnews: regulators zero in on stablecoins, el salvador’s colón-dollar, tether printer remains paused 	 			 	 	 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				create a website or blog at wordpress.com 				 			 			 					 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 open source exile open source exile an open sourcer in exile tuesday, march #christchurchmosqueshootings this post is a personal reflection on the recent events in christchurch. many people have proposed different responses making some very good points. here are my thoughts: 	racism and bigotry has never been solved by wagging fingers at bigots. it has been solved by empowering the targets and systematically calling out minor acts of racism and bigotry so it becomes de-normalised. there have been lots of great suggestions as to how to empowering the targets in the last couple of days; listen to the targets on how they need to be empowered, not a white guy like me. 	enact a law that permanently raises the new zealand refugee quota automatically in response to anti-immigrant hate crimes (starting with the christchurch incident). this explicitly and clearly makes anti-immigrant hate crimes’ primary motivation self-defeating. doubling our quote also raises it in line with international norms. 	ban the commercial trading of firearms, moving their import to the not-for-profit sector (i.e. gun clubs) or to a personal activity. this removes the incentives behind the current gun city advertisements and tempers commercial incentives for importing guns. 	introduce a systematic buy-back program for weapons (guns, replica swords, etc). 	make owning a gun an inconvenience, doubly so in urban areas. this likely involves significantly tightening the licencing requirements (restricting types of guns, requiring advanced first aid and similar courses, etc) and random checks on licensees’ secure lockup measures, etc. it may also involve requiring licensees to report shooting trips, shooting range visits, etc, etc. done right, this may even have the side-effect of improving our conservation efforts by getting a better idea of who’s shooting what introduced and native animals 	gun range licenses should be managed in a similar way to alcohol licenses, with renewals, public notifications etc. 	update the rules around legal deposit so that when organisations and publishers selectively remove or update content from their websites they are required to notify the national library and that national library can broadcast this taken-down content. this attempts to preserve the public record by amplifying the streisand effect; efforts by public figures to sanitise their pasts without public apology need to be resisted. 	if we’re orchestrating large-scale take-downs of offensive new zealand content (such as videos of shooters shooting people) from the web, we need to reconcile this with certain statutory duties, such as the requirement that the national library collect and archive new zealand web content. collecting and archiving such offensive material may sound bizarre, but not doing so leaves us open to the kinds of revisionism that appears to fuel this kind of behaviour. 	if we’re going to continue to have religious education / schooling, it needs to address issues of religious hate rather than being a covert recruitment operation as it appears to be at the moment. 	we need to ask ourselves whether some of our brands (particularly sports brands) need to change their branding. the most effective way is probably the christchurch city council drafting a bylaw saying that local sports people and teams using it’s facilities must be named after animals with no negative connotations, with a limited year exception for existing teams to meet their contractual obligations. other councils would soon follow and giving a realistic time frame for renaming allows for planning around merchandising, team apparel and so forth. 	have an explicit fund for public actors (museums, galleries, libraries, academics, tohunga, imams, etc) to generate ‘content’ (everything from peer review papers to museum experiences, from school teaching resources to te ara articles, from poetry competitions to murals) on some of the deeper issues here. there’s a great need for young and old to engage with these issues, now and in the decades to come. 	find ways to amplify minority / oppressed voices. in theory blogs and social media were meant to be a way that we could find and the media pick up on theses voices in times like these, but across many media outlets this is manifestly not happening. we’re seeing straight white males write that new zealand has no discrimination problems and editors sending those pieces to print. we’re seeing ‘but he was such a nice young man’ stories. it’s no coincidence that the media outlets and pundits that are doing this are largely the same ones who have previously be accused of racism. we need to find ways to fix this, if necessary leveraging advertisers and/or adding conditions to spectrum licenses. 	we need to seriously reflect on whether an apology is needed in relation to the new zealand police raids, which now stand in a new light. the law of unintended consequences means that there will be side effects. the most obvious two from this list may be increased barriers to recreational gun clubs (including olympic pistol shooting, which is pretty hard to argue isn’t a genuine sport, but which has never really been all that big in new zealand) and the decreased amateur shooting of pest species (deer, pig, etc) on public conservation land (which is a more serious issue). posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: monday, october how would we know when it was time to move from tei/xml to tei/json? this post inspired by tei next by hugh cayless. how would we know when it was time to move from tei/xml to tei/json? if we stand back and think about what it is we (the tei community) need from the format : 	a common format for storing and communicating texts and augmentations of texts (transcriptions, manuscript description, critical apparatus, authority control, etc, etc.). 	a body of documentation for shared use and understanding of that format. 	a method of validating texts in the format as being in the format. 	a method of transforming texts in the format for computation, display or migration. 	the ability to reuse the work of other communities so we don't have to build everything for ourselves (unicode, ietf language tags, uris, parsers, validators, outsourcing providers who are tooled up to at least have a conversation about what we're trying to do, etc) [everyone will have their slightly different priorities for a list like this, but i'm sure we can agree that a list of important functionality could be drawn up and expanded to requirements list at a sufficiently granular level so we can assess different potential technologies against those items. ]  if we really want to ponder whether tei/json is the next step after tei/xml we need to compare the two approaches against such as list of requirements. personally i'm confident that tei/xml will come out in front right now. whether javascript has potential to replace xslt as the preferred method for really exciting interfaces to tei/xml docs is a much more open question, in my mind.   that's not to say that the criticisms of xml aren't true (they are) or valid (they are) or worth repeating (they are), but perfection is commonly the enemy of progress. posted by stuart yeates at : comments: sunday, october whither tei? the next thirty years this post is a direct response to some of the organisational issues raised in https://scalablereading.northwestern.edu/?p= i completely agree that we need to significantly broaden the base of the tei. a x campaign is a great idea, but better is a , x goal, or a , x goal. if we can reduce the cost to the normal range of a hardback text, most libraries will have delegated signing authority to individuals in acquisitions and only one person will need to be convinced, rather than a chain of people. but how could we scale , institutions? to scale like that, we to think (a) in terms of scale and (b) in terms of how to make it easy for members to be a part of us. scale ( ) a recent excellent innovation in the the tei community has been the appointment of a social media coordinator. this is a great thing and i’ve certainly learnt about happenings i would not have otherwise been exposed to. but by nature the concept of ‘a social media coordinator’ can’t scale (one person in one time zone with one set of priorities...). if we look at what mature large-scale open projects do for social media (debian, wikimedia, etc), planets are almost always part of the solution. a planet for tei might include (in no particular): 	 x blog feeds from tei-specific projects 	 x blog feeds from tei-using projects (limited to those posts tagged tei) 	 x rss feed for changes to the tei wiki (limited to one / day each) 	 x rss feed for jenkins server (limited to successful build only; limited to one / day each; tweaked to include full context and links) 	 x rss feeds for github repositories not covered by jenkins server (limited to one / day each) 	 x rss feeds for other sundry repositories (limited to one / day each) 	 x blog feeds from tei-people (limited to those posts tagged tei) 	 x rss feeds from tei-people’s zotero bibliographic databases (limited to those bibs tagged tei; limited to one / day each) 	 x rss feed for official tei news 	 x rss feed of edits for the tei article on each language wikipedia (limited to one / day each) 	 x rss feed of announcements from the jtei 	 x rss feed of new papers in the jtei 	… the diversity of the planet would be incredible compared to current views of the tei community and it’s all generated as a byproduct of what people are already doing. there might be some pressure to improve commit messages in some repos, but that might not be all bad. of course the whole planet is available as an rss feed and there are rss-to-facebook (and twitter, yammer, etc) converters if you wish to do tei in your favourite social media. if the need for a curated facebook feed remains, there is now a diverse constant feed of items to select within. this is a social media approach at scale. scale ( ) there is an annual international conference which is great to attend. there is a perception that engagement in the tei community requires attendance at the said conference. it’s a huge barrier to entry to small projects, particularly those in far-away places (think global south / developing world / etc). the tei community should seriously consider a policy for decision making that explicitly removes assumptions about attendances. something as simple as requiring draft papers intended for submission and agendas to be published and days in advance of meetings and a notice to be posted to tei-l. that would allow for thoughtful global input, scaling community from those who can attend an annual international conference to a wider group of people who care about the tei and have time to contribute. make it easy ( ) libraries (at least the library i work in and libraries i talk to) buy resources based on suggestions and lobbying by faculty but renew resources based largely on usage. if we want , libraries to have tei on automatic renewal we need usage statistics. the players in the field are sushi and counter (sushi is a harvesting system for counter). maybe the tei offers members stats at diverse tei-using sites. it’s not clear to me without deep investigation whether the tei could offer these stats to members at very little on-going cost to us, but it would be a member benefit that all acquisitions librarians, their supervisors and their auditors could understand and use to evaluate their tei membership subscription. i believe that that comparison would be favourable. of course, the tei-using sites generating the traffic are going to want at least some cut of the subs, even if it’s just a discount against their own membership (thus driving the number of participating sites up and the perceived member benefits up) and free support for the stats-generating infrastructure. for the sake of clarity: i’m not suggesting charging for access to content, i’m suggesting charging institutions for access to statistics related to access to the content by their users. make it easy ( ) academics using computers for research, whether or not they think or call the field digital humanities face a relatively large number of policies and rules imposed by their institutions, funders and governments. the tei community can / should be selling itself as he approach to meet these. 	copyright issues? have some corpora that are available under a cc license. 	need to prove academic outputs are archivable? here’s the pronom entry (note: i’m currently working on this) 	management doesn’t think the department as the depth of tei experience to enroll phds in tei-centric work? here’s a map of global tei people to help you find local backups in case staff move on. 	looking for a tei consultant? a different facet of the same map gives you what you need. 	you’re a random academic who knows nothing about the tei but assigned a tei-centric paper as part of a national research assessment exercise? here’s an outline of tei’s academic credentials. 	.... make it easy ( ) librarians love quality marc / marcxml records. many of us have quality marc / marcxml records for our tei-based web content. might this be offered as a member benefit? make it easy ( ) as far as i can tell the tei community makes very little attempt to reach out to academic communities other than ‘literature departments and cognate humanities disciplines’ attracting a more diverse range of skills and academics will increase our community in depth and breadth. outreach could be: 	something like css zen garden http://www.csszengarden.com/ only backed by tei rather than html 	a list of ‘hard problems’ that we face that various divergent disciplines might want to set as second or third year projects. each problem would have a brief description of the problem, pointers to things like: 	transformation for display for documents have five foot levels of footnotes, multiple obscure scripts, non-unicode characters, and so forth. 	schema / odd auto-generation from a corpus of documents 	... 	engaging with a group like http://software-carpentry.org/ to ubiquify tei training 	.. end note i'm not advocating that any particular approach is the cure-all for everything that might be ailing the tei community, but the current status-quo is increasingly seeming like benign neglect. we need to change the way we think about tei as a community. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: tuesday, october thoughts on the ndfnz wikipedia panel last week i was on an ndfnz wikipedia panel with courtney johnston, sara barham and mike dickison. having reflected a little and watched the youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= b x sqo ua i've got some comments to make (or to repeat, as the case may be). many people, including apparently including courtney, seemed to get the most enjoyment out of writing the ‘body text’ of articles. this is fine, because the body text (the core textual content of the article) is the core of what the encyclopaedia is about. if you can’t be bothered with wikiprojects, categories, infoboxes, common names and wikidata, you’re not alone and there’s no reason you need to delve into them to any extent. if you start an article with body text and references that’s fine; other people will to a greater or less extent do that work for you over time. if you’re starting a non-trivial number of similar articles, get yourself a prototype which does most of the stuff for you (i still use https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/user:stuartyeates/sandbox/academicbio which i wrote for doing new zealand women academics). if you need a prototype like this, feel free to ask me. if you have a list of things (people, public art works, exhibitions) in some machine readable format (excel, csv, etc) it’s pretty straightforward to turn them into a table like https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:wikiproject_new_zealand/requested_articles/craft#proposed_artists or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/enjoy_public_art_gallery send me your data and what kind of direction you want to take it. if you have a random thing that you think needs a wikipedia article, add to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:wikiproject_new_zealand/requested_articles  if you have a hundred things that you think need articles, start a subpage, a la https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:wikiproject_new_zealand/requested_articles/craft and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:wikiproject_new_zealand/requested_articles/new_zealand_academic_biographies both completed projects of mine. sara mentioned that they were thinking of getting subject matter experts to contribute to relevant wikipedia articles. in theory this is a great idea and some famous subject matter experts contributed to britannica, so this is well-established ground. however, there have been some recent wikipedia failures particularly in the sciences. people used to ground-breaking writing may have difficulty switching to a genre where no original ideas are permitted and everything needs to be balanced and referenced. preparing for the event, i created a list of things the awesome dowse team could do as follow-ups to they craft artists work, but we never got to that in the session, so i've listed them here: 	[[list of public art in lower hutt]] since public art is out of copyright, someone could spend a couple of weeks taking photos of all the public art and creating a table with clickable thumbnail, name, artist, date, notes and gps coordinates. could probably steal some logic from somewhere to make the table convertible to a set of points inside a gps for a tour. 	publish from their archives a complete list of every exhibition ever held at the dowse since founding. each exhibition is a shout-out to the artists involved and the list can be used to check for potentially missing wikipedia articles. 	digitise and release photos taken at exhibition openings, capturing the people, fashion and feeling of those era. the hard part of this, of course, is labelling the people. 	reach out to their broader community to use the dowse blog to publish community-written obituaries and similar content (i.e. encourage the generation of quality secondary sources). 	engage with your local artists and politicians by taking pictures at dowse events, uploading them to commons and adding them to the subjects’ wikipedia articles—have attending a dowse exhibition opening being the easiest way for locals to get a new wikipedia image. i've not listed the 'digitise the collections' option, since at the end of the day, the value of this (to wikipedia) declines over time (because there are more and more alternative sources) and the price of putting them online declines. i'd much rather people tried new innovative things when they had the agility and leadership that lets them do it, because that's how the community as a whole moves forward. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: labels: wikipedia thursday, october feedback on nlnz ‘digitalnz concepts api‘ this blog post is feedback on a recent blog post ‘introducing the digitalnz concepts api’ http://digitalnz.org/blog/posts/introducing-the-digitalnz-concepts-api by the national library of new zealand’s digitalnz team. some of the feedback also rests on conversations i've had with various nlnz staffers and other interested parties and a great stack of my own prejudices. i've not actually generated an api key and run the thing, since i'm currently on parental leave. 	parts of the concepts api look very much like authority control, but authority control is not mentioned in the blog post or the docs that i can find. it may be that there are good reasons for this (such as parallel comms in the pipeline for the authority control community) but there are also potentially very worrying reasons. clarity is needed here when the system goes live. 	all the urls in examples are http, but the ala’s freedom to read statement requires all practical measures be taken to ensure the confidentiality of the reader’s searching and reading. thus, if the api is to be used for real-time searching, https urls must be an option.  	there is insufficient detail of of the identifiers in use. if i'm building a system to interoperate with the concepts api, which identifiers should i be keeping at my end to identify things that the digitalnz end? the clearer this definition is, the more robust this interoperability is likely to be, there’s a very good reason for the highly structured formats of identifiers such as isni and isbn. if nothing else a regexp would be very useful. personally i’d recommend browsing around http://id.loc.gov/ a little and rethinking the url structure too. 	there needs to be an insanely clear statement on the exact relationship between digitalnz concepts and those authority control systems mapped into viaf. both digitalnz concepts and viaf are semi-automated authority matching systems and if we’re not carefully they’ll end up polluting each other (as for example, dnb already has with gender data).  	deep interoperability is going to require large-scale matching of digitalnz concepts with things in a wide variety of glam collections and incorporating identifiers into those collections’ metadata. that doesn't appear possible with the current licensing arrangements. maybe a flat-file dump (csv or json) of all the concepts under a cc license? urls to rights-obsessed partners could be excluded. 	if non-techies are to understand concepts, http://api.digitalnz.org/concepts/ is going to have to provide human-comprehensible content without an api key (i’m guessing that this is going to happen when it comes out of beta?) 	mistakes happen (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:viaf/errors for recently found errors in viaf, for example). there needs to be a clear contact point and likely timescale for getting errors fixed.  having said all that, it looks great! posted by stuart yeates at : comments: monday, july bibframe adrian pohl ‏wrote some excellent thoughts about the current state of bibframe at http://www.uebertext.org/ / /name-authority-files-linked-data.html the following started as a direct response but, after limiting myself to where i felt i knew what i was talking about and felt i was being constructive, turned out to be much much narrower in scope. my primary concern in relation to bibframe is interlinking and in particular authority control. my concern is that a number of the players (bibframe, isni, gnd, orcid, wikipedia, etc) define key concepts differently and that without careful consideration and planning we will end up muddying our data with bad mappings. the key concepts in question are those for persons, names, identities, sex and gender (there may be others that i’m not aware of). let me give you an example. in the th century there was a mass creation of male pseudonyms to allow women to publish novels. a very few of these rose to such prominence that the authors outed themselves as women (think currer bell), but the overwhelming majority didn’t. in the late th and early st centuries, entries for the books published were created in computerised catalogue systems and some entries found their way into the gnd. my understanding is that the gnd assigned gender to entries based entirely on the name of the pseudonym (i’ll admit i don’t have a good source for that statement, it may be largely parable). when a new public-edited encyclopedia based on reliable sources called wikipedia arose, the gnd was very successfully cross-linked with wikipedia, with hundreds of thousands of articles were linked to the catalogues of their works. information that was in the gnd was sucked into a portion of wikipedia called wikidata. a problem now arose: there were no reliable sources for the sex information in gnd that had been sucked wikidata by gnd, the main part of wikipedia (which requires strict sources) blocked itself from showing wikidata sex information. a secondary problem was that the gnd sex data was in iso format (male/female/unknown/not applicable) whereas wikipedia talks not about sex but gender and is more than happy for that to include fa'afafine and similar concepts. fortunately, wikidata keeps track of where assertions come from, so the sex info can, in theory, be removed; but while people in wikipedia care passionately about this, no one on the wikidata side of the fence seems to understand what the problem is. stalemate. there were two separate issues here: a mismatch between the person in wikipedia and the pseudonym (i think) in gnd; and a mismatch between a cataloguer-assigned iso value and a free-form self-identified value.  the deeper the interactions between our respective authority control systems become, the more these issues are going to come up, but we need them to come up at the planning and strategy stages of our work, rather than halfway through (or worse, once we think we’ve finished). my proposed solution to this is examples: pick a small number of ‘hard cases’ and map them between as many pairs of these systems as possible. the hard cases should include at least: charlotte brontë (or similar); a contemporary author who has transitioned between genders and published broadly similar work under both identities; a contemporary author who publishes in different genre using different identities; ... the cases should be accompanied by instructions for dealing with existing mistakes found (and errors will be found, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:viaf/errors for some of the errors recently found during he wikipedia/viaf matching). if such an effort gets off the ground, i'll put my hand up to do the wikipedia component (as distinct from the wikidata component). posted by stuart yeates at : comments: labels: bibframe, gnd, linked data, viaf, wikipedia wednesday, june a wikipedia strategy for the royal society of new zealand over the last hours i’ve had a very unsatisfactory conversation with the individual(s) behind the @royalsocietynz twitter account regarding wikipedia. rather than talk about what went wrong, i’d like to suggest a simple strategy that builds the society’s causes in the long term. first up, our resources: we have three wikipedia pages strongly related the society, royal society of new zealand, rutherford medal (royal society of new zealand) and hector memorial medal; we have a twitter account that appears to be widely followed; we have some employee of rsnz with no apparent wikipedia skills wanting to use wikipedia to advance the public-facing causes of the society, which are: “to foster in the new zealand community a culture that supports science, technology, and the humanities, including (without limitation)—the promotion of public awareness, knowledge, and understanding of science, technology, and the humanities; and the advancement of science and technology education: to encourage, promote, and recognise excellence in science, technology, and the humanities” the first thing to notice is that promoting the society is not a cause of the society, so no effort should be expending polishing the royal society of new zealand article (which would also breach wikipedia’s conflict of interest guidelines). the second thing to notice is that the two medal pages contain long lists of recipients, people whose contributions to science and the humanities in new zealand are widely recognised by the society itself. this, to me, suggests a strategy: leverage @royalsocietynz’s followers to improve the coverage of new zealand science and humanities on wikipedia: 	once a week for a month or two, @royalsocietynz tweets about a medal recipient with a link to their wikipedia biography. in the initial phase recipients are picked with reasonably comprehensive wikipedia pages (possibly taking steps to improve the gender and racial demographic of those covered to meet inclusion targets). by the end of this part followers of @royalsocietynz have been exposed to wikipedia biographies of new zealand people. 	in the second part, @royalsocietynz still tweets links to the wikipedia pages of recipients, but picks ‘stubs’ (wikipedia pages with little or almost no actual content). tweets could look like ‘hector medal recipient xxx’s biography is looking bare. anyone have secondary sources on them?’ in this part followers of @royalsocietynz are exposed to wikipedia biographies and the fact that secondary sources are needed to improve them. hopefully a proportion of @royalsocietynz’s followers have access to the secondary sources and enough crowdsourcing / generic computer confidence to jump in and improve the article. 	in the third part, @royalsocietynz picks recipients who don’t yet have a wikipedia biography at all. rather than linking to wikipedia, @royalsocietynz links to an obituary or other biography (ideally two or three) to get us started. 	in the fourth part @royalsocietynz finds other new zealand related lists and get the by-now highly trained editors to work through them in the same fashion. this strategy has a number of pitfalls for the unwary, including: 	wikipedia biographies of living people (blps) are strictly policed (primarily due to libel laws); the solution is to try new and experimental things out on the biographies of people who are safely dead. 	copyright laws prevent cut and pasting content into wikipedia; the solution is to encourage people to rewrite material from a source into an encyclopedic style instead. 	recentism is a serious flaw in wikipedia (if the society is years old, each of those decades should be approximately equally represented; coverage of recent political machinations or triumphs should not outweigh entire decades); the solution is to identify sources for pre-digital events and promote their use. 	systematic bias is an on-going problem in wikipedia, just as it is elsewhere; a solution in this case might be to set goals for coverage of women, māori and/or non-science academics; another solution might be for the society to trawl it's records and archives lists of  minorities to publish digitally. 	everything on wikipedia needs to be based on significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject; the solution is to start with the sources first. conflict of interest statement: i’m a high-active editor on wikipedia and am a significant contributor to all many of the wikipedia articles linked to from this post. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: friday, december prep notes for ndf demonstration i didn't really have a presentation for my demonstration at the ndf, but the event team have asked for presentations, so here are the notes for my practice demonstration that i did within the library. the notes served as an advert to attract punters to the demo; as a conversation starter in the actual demo and as a set of bookmarks of the urls i wanted to open. depending on what people are interested in, i'll be doing three things *) demonstrating basic editing, perhaps by creating a page from the requested articles at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:wikiproject_new_zealand/requested_articles *) discussing some of the quality control processes i've been involved with (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia:articles_for_deletion and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/new_pages_patrol) *) discussing how wikipedia handles authority control issues using redirects (https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/wikipedia:redirect ) and disambiguation (https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/wikipedia:disambiguation ) i'm also open to suggestions of other things to talk about. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: labels: ndf, wikipedia thursday, december metadata vocabularies lodlam nz cares about at today's lodlam nz, in wellington, i co-hosted a vocabulary schema / interoperability session. i kicked off the session with a list of the metadata schema we care about and counts of how many people in the room cared about it. here are the results: library of congress / naco name authority list māori subject headings library of congress subject headings sonz linnean getty thesauri marsden research subject codes / anzrsc codes scot iwi hapū list australian pictorial thesaurus powerhouse object names thesaurus mesh this straw poll naturally only reflects on the participants who attended this particular session and counting was somewhat haphazard (people were still coming into the room), but is gives a sample of the scope. i don't recall whether the heading was "metadata we care about" or "vocabularies we care about," but it was something very close to that. posted by stuart yeates at : comments: wednesday, november unexpected advice during the ndf today i was in "digital initiatives in māori communities" put on the the talented honiana love and claire hall from the te reo o taranaki charitable trust about their work on he kete kōrero. at the end i asked a question "most of us [the audience] are in institutions with te reo māori holdings or cultural objects of some description. what small thing can we do to help enable our collections for the iwi and hapū source communities? use māori subject headings? the iwi / hapū list? geotagging? ..." quick-as-a-blink the response was "geotagging." if i understood the answer (given mainly by honiana) correctly, the point was that geotagging is much more useful because it's much more likely to be done right in contexts like this. presumably because geotagging lends itself to checking, validation and visualisations that make errors easy to spot in ways that these other metadata forms don't; it's better understood by those processing the documents and processing the data. i think it's fabulous that we're getting feedback from indigenous groups using information systems in indigenous contexts, particularly feedback about previous attempts to cater to their needs. if this is the experience of other indigenous groups, it's really important. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: labels: māori, metadata, ndf saturday, november goodbye 'social-media' world you may or may not have noticed, but recently a number of 'social media' services have begun looking and working very similarly. facebook is the poster-child, followed by google+ and twitter. their modus operandi is to entice you to interact with family-members, friends and acquaintances and then leverage your interactions to both sell your attention advertisers and entice other members of you social circle to join the service. there are, naturally, a number of shiny baubles you get for participating it the sale of your eyeballs to the highest bidder, but recently i have come to the conclusion that my eyeballs (and those of my friends, loved ones and colleagues) are worth more. i'll be signing off google plus, twitter and facebook shortly. i my return for particular events, particularly those with a critical mass the size of jupiter, but i shall not be using them regularly. i remain serenely confident that all babies born in my extended circle are cute, i do not need to see their pictures. i will continue using other social media as before (email, wikipedia, irc, skype, etc) as usual. my deepest apologies to those who joined at least party on my account. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: labels: facebook, social network, twitter sunday, november recreational authority control over the last week or two i've been having a bit of a play with ngā Ūpoko tukutuku / the māori subject headings (for the uninitiated, think of the widely used library of congress subject headings, done post-colonial and bi-lingually but in the same technology) the main thing i've been doing is trying to munge the msh into wikipedia (wikipedia being my addiction du jour). my thinking has been to increase the use of msh by taking it, as it were, to where the people are. i've been working with the english language wikipedia, since the māori language wikipedia has fewer pages and sees much less use. my first step was to download the msh in marc xml format (available from the website) and use xsl to transform it into a wikipedia table (warning: large page). when looking at that table, each row is a subject heading, with the first column being the the te reo māori term, the second being permutations of the related terms and the third being the scope notes. i started a discussion about my thoughts (warning: large page) and got a clear green light to create redirects (or 'related terms' in librarian speak) for msh terms which are culturally-specific to māori culture. i'm about % of the way through the terms of the msh and have redirects in the newly created category:redirects from māori language terms. that may sound pretty average, until you remember that institutions are increasingly rolling out tools such as summon, which use wikipedia redirects for auto-completion, taking these mappings to the heart of most māori speakers in higher and further education. i don't have a time-frame for the redirects to appear, but they haven't appeared in otago's summon, whereas redirects i created ~ two years ago have; type 'jack yeates' and pause to see it at work. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: tuesday, august thoughts on "letter about the tei" from martin mueller thoughts on "letter about the tei" from martin mueller note: i am a member of the tei council, but this message is should be read as personal position at the time of writing, not a council position, nor the position of my employer. reading martin's missive was painful. i should have responded earlier, i think perhaps i was hoping someone else could say what i wanted to say and i could just say "me too." they haven't so i've become the someone else. i don't think that martin's "fairly radical model" is nearly radical enough. i'd like to propose a significantly more radical model as strawman: ) the tei shall maintain a document called the 'the tei principals.' the purpose of the tei is to advance the tei principals. ) institutional membership of the tei is open to groups which publish, collect and/or curate documents in formats released by the tei. institutional membership requires members acknowledge the tei principals and permits the members to be listed at http://www.tei-c.org/activities/projects/ and use the tei logos and branding. ) individual membership of the tei is open to individuals; individual membership requires members acknowledge the tei principals and subscribe to the tei mailing list at http://listserv.brown.edu/?a =tei-l. ) all business of the tei is conducted in public. business which needs be conducted in private (for example employment matters, contract negotiation, etc) shall be considered out of scope for the tei. ) changes to the structure of the tei will be discussed on the tei mailing list and put to a democratic vote with a voting period of at least one month, a two-thirds majority of votes cast is required to pass a motion, which shall be in english. ) groups of members may form for activities from time-to-time, such as members meetings, summer schools, promotions of the tei or collective digitisation efforts, but these groups are not the tei, even if the word 'tei' appears as part of their name. i'll admit that there are a couple of issues not covered here (such as who holds the ipr), but it's only a straw man for discussion. feel free to fire it as necessary. posted by stuart yeates at : comment: thursday, june unit testing framework for xsl transformations? i'm part of the tei community, which maintains an xml standard which is commonly transformed to html for presentation (more rarely pdf). the tei standard is relatively large but relatively well documented, the transformation to html has thus far been largely piecemeal (from a software engineering point of view) and not error free. recently we've come under pressure to introduce significantly more complexity into transformations, both to produce epub (which is wrapped html bundled with media and metadata files) and html (which can represent more of the formal semantics in tei). the software engineer in me sees unit testing the a way to reduce our errors while opening development up to a larger more diverse group of people with a larger more diverse set of features they want to see implemented. the problem is, that i can't seem to find a decent unit testing framework for xslt. does anyone know of one? our requirements are: xslt . ; free to use; runnable on our ubuntu build server; testing the transformation with multiple arguments; etc; we're already using: xsd, rng, dtd and schematron schemas, epubcheck, xmllint, standard html validators, etc. having the framework drive these too would be useful. the kinds of things we want to test include: 	footnotes appear once and only once 	footnotes are referenced in the text and there's a back link from the footnote to the appropriate point in the text 	internal references (tables of contents, indexes, etc) point somewhere 	language encoding used xml:lang survives from the tei to the html 	that all the paragraphs in the tei appear at least once in the html 	that local links work 	sanity check tables 	internal links within parallel texts 	.... any of many languages could be used to represent these tests, but ideally it should have a dom library and be able to run that library across entire directories of files. most of our community speak xml fluently, so leveraging that would be good. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: wednesday, march is there a place for readers' collectives in the bright new world of ebooks? the transition costs of migrating from the world of books-as-physical-artefacts-of-pulped-tree to the world of books-as-bitstreams are going to be non-trivial. current attempts to drive the change (and by implication apportion those costs to other parties) have largely been driven by publishers, distributors and resellers of physical books in combination with the e-commerce and electronics industries which make and market the physical ebook readers on which ebooks are largely read. the e-commerce and electronics industries appear to see traditional publishing as an industry full of lumbering giants unable to compete with the rapid pace of change in the electronics industry and the associated turbulence in business models, and have moved to poach market-share. by-and-large they've been very successful. amazon and apple have shipped millions of devices billed as 'ebook readers' and pretty much all best-selling books are available on one platform or another. this top tier, however, is the easy stuff. it's not surprising that money can be made from the latest bodice-ripping page-turner, but most of the interesting reading and the majority of the units sold are outside the best-seller list, on the so-called 'long tail.' there's a whole range of books that i'm interested in that don't appear to be on the business plan of any of the current ebook publishers, and i'll miss them if they're not converted: 	the back catalogue of local poetry. almost nothing ever gets reprinted, even if the original has a tiny print run and the author goes on to have a wonderfully successful career. some gets anthologised and a few authors are big enough to have a posthumous collected works, when their work is no longer cutting edge. 	some fabulous theses. i'm thinking of things like: http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/ / , http://victoria.lconz.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsinfo?bibid= and http://otago.lconz.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsinfo?bibid= 	lots of te reo māori material (pick your local indigenous language if you're reading this outside new zealand) 	local writing by local authors. note that all of these are local content---no foreign mega-corporation is going to regard this as their home-turf. getting these documents from the old world to the new is going to require a local program run by (read funded by) locals. would you pay for these things? i would, if it gave me what i wanted. what is it that readers want? we're all readers, of one kind or another, and we all want a different range of things, but i believe that what readers want / expect out of the digital transition is: 	to genuinely own books. not to own them until they drop their ereader in the bath and lose everything. not to own them until a company they've never heard of goes bust and turns off a drm server they've never heard of. not to own them until technology moves on and some new format is in use. to own them in a manner which enables them to use them for at least their entire lifetime. to own them in a manner that poses at least a question for their heirs. 	a choice of quality books. quality in the broadest sense of the word. choice in the broadest sense of the word. universality is a pipe-dream, of course, but with releasing good books faster than i can read them. 	a quality recommendation service. we all have trusted sources of information about books: friends, acquaintances, librarians or reviewers that history have suggested have similar ideas as us about what a good read is. 	to get some credit for already having bought the book in pulp-of-murdered-tree work. lots of us have collections of wood-pulp and like to maintain the illusion that in some way that makes us well read. 	books bought to their attention based on whether they're worth reading, rather than what publishers have excess stock of. since the concept of 'stock' largely vanishes with the transition from print to digital this shouldn't be too much of a problem. 	confidentially for their reading habits. if you've never come across it, go and read the ala's the freedom to read statement a not-for-profit readers' collective it seems to me that the way to manage the transition from the old world to the new is as a not-for-profit readers' collective. by that i mean a subscription-funded system in which readers sign up for a range of works every year. the works are digitised by the collective (the expensive step, paid for up-front), distributed to the subscribers in open file formats such as epub (very cheap via the internet) and kept in escrow for them (a tiny but perpetual cost, more on this later). authors, of course, need to pay their mortgage, and part of the digitisation would be obtaining the rights to the work. authors of new work would be paid a 'reasonable' sum, based on their statue as authors (i have no idea what the current remuneration of authors is like, so i won't be specific). the collective would acquire (non-exclusive) the rights to digitise the work if not born digital, to edit it, distribute it to collective members and to sell it to non-members internationally (i.e. distribute it through 'conventional' digital book channels). in the case of sale to non-members through conventional digital book channels the author would get a cut. sane and mutually beneficial deals could be worked out with libraries of various sizes. generally speaking, i'd anticipate the rights to digitise and distribute in-copyright but out-of-print poetry would would be fairly cheap; the rights to fabulous old university theses cheaper; and rights to out-of-copyright materials are, of course, free. the cost of rights to new novels / poetry would hugely depend on statue of the author and the quality of the work, which is where the collective would need to either employ a professional editor to make these calls or vote based on sample chapters / poems or some combination of the two. costs of quality digitisation is non-trivial, but costs are much lower in bulk and dropping all the time. depending on the platform in use, members of the collective might be recruited as proof-readers for ocr errors. that leaves the question of how to fund the the escrow. the escrow system stores copies of all the books the collective has digitised for the future use of the collectives' members and is required to give efficacy to the promise that readers really own the books. by being held in escrow, the copies survive the collective going bankrupt, being wound up, or evolving into something completely different, but requires funding. the simplest method of obtaining funding would be to align the collective with another established consumer of local literature and have them underwrite the escrow, a university, major library, or similar. the difference between a not-for-profit readers' collective and an academic press? of hundreds of years, major universities have had academic presses which publish quality content under the universities' auspices. the key difference between the not-for-profit readers' collective i am proposing and an academic press is that the collective would attempt to publish the unpublished and out-of-print books that the members wanted rather than aiming to meet some quality criterion. i acknowledge a popularist bias here, but it's the members who are paying the subscriptions. which links in the book chain do we want to cut out? there are some links in the current book production chain which we need to keep, there are others wouldn't have a serious future in a not-for-profit. certainly there is a role for judgement in which works to purchase with the collective's money. there is a role for editing, both large-scale and copy-editing. there is a role for illustrating works, be it cover images or icons. i don't believe there is a future for roles directly relating to the production, distribution, accounting for, sale, warehousing or pulping of physical books. there may be a role for the marketing books, depending on the business model (i'd like to think that most of the current marketing expense can be replaced by combination of author-driven promotion and word-of-month promotion, but i've been known to dream). clearly there is an evolving techie role too. the role not mentioned above that i'd must like to see cut, of course, is that of the multinational corporation as gatekeeper, holding all the copyrights and clipping tickets (and wings). posted by stuart yeates at : comments: saturday, november howto: deep linking into the nzetc site as the heaving mass of activity that is the mixandmash competition heats up, i have come to realise that i should have better documented a feature of the nzetc site, the ability to extract the tei xml annotated with the ids for deep linking. our content's archival form is tei xml, which we massage for various output formats. there is a link from the top level of every document to the tei for the document, which people are welcome to use in their mashups and remixes. unfortunately, between that tei and our html output is a deep magic that involves moving footnotes, moving page breaks, breaking pages into nicely browsable chunks, floating marginal notes, etc., and this makes it hard to deep link back to the website from anything derived from that tei. there is another form of the tei available which is annotated with whether or not each structural element maps : to an html: nzetc:has-text and what the id of that page is: nzetc:id this annotated xml is found by replacing the 'tei-source' in the url with 'etexts' thus for the laws of england, compiled and translated into the māori language at http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-gorlaws.html there is the raw tei at http://www.nzetc.org/tei-source/gorlaws.xml and the annotated tei at http://www.nzetc.org/etexts/gorlaws.xml looking in the annotated tei at http://www.nzetc.org/etexts/gorlaws.xml we see for example: <div xml:id="t -g -t -front -tp " xml:lang="en" rend="center" type="titlepage" nzetc:id="tei-gorlaws-t -g -t -front -tp " nzetc:depth=" " nzetc:string-length=" " nzetc:has-text="true"> this means that this div has it's own page (because it has nzetc:has-text="true" and that the id of that page is tei-gorlaws-t -g -t -front -tp (because of the nzetc:id="tei-gorlaws-t -g -t -front -tp "). the id can be plugged into: http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/<id>.html to get a url for the html. thus the url for this div is http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-gorlaws-t -g -t -front -tp .html this process should work for both text and figures. happy remixing everyone! posted by stuart yeates at : comment: sunday, november epubs and quality you may have heard news about the release of "bookserver" by the good folks at the internet archive. this is a drm-free epub ecosystem, initially stocked with the prodigious output of google's book scanning project and the internet archive's own book scanning project. to see how the nzetc stacked up against the much larger (and better funded) collection i picked one of our maori language dictionaries. our maori and pacifica dictionaries month-after-month make up the bulk of our top five must used resources, so they're in-demand resources. they're also an appropriate choice because when they were encoded by the nzetc into tei, the decision was made not to use full dictionary encoding, but a cheaper/easier tradeoff which didn't capture the linguistic semantics of the underlying entries, but treated them as typeset text. i was interested in how well this tradeoff was wearing. i did my comparison using the new firefox epub plugin, things will be slightly different if you're reading these epubs on an iphone or kindle. the epub i looked at was a dictionary of the maori language by herbert w. williams. the nzetc has the sixth edition. there are two versions of the work on bookserver. a second edition scanned by google books (original at the new york public library) and a third edition scanned by the internet archive in association with microsoft (original in the university of california library system). all the processing of both works appear to be been done in the u.s. the original print used macrons (nzetc), acutes (google) and breves (internet archive) to mark long vowels. find them here. lets take a look at some entries from each, starting at 'kapukapu': nzetc: kapukapu. . n. sole of the foot. . apparently a synonym for kaunoti, the firestick which was kept steady with the foot. tena ka riro, i runga i nga hanga a taikomako, i te kapukapu, i te kaunoti (m. ). . v.i. curl (as a wave). ka kapukapu mai te ngaru. . gush. . gleam, glisten. katahi ki te huka o huiarau, kapukapu ana tera. kapua, n. . cloud, bank of clouds. e tutakitaki ana nga kapua o te rangi, kei runga te mangoroa e kopae pu ana (p.). . a flinty stone. = kapuarangi. . polyprion oxygeneios, a fish. = hapuku. . an edible species of fungus. . part of the titi pattern of tattooing. kapuarangi, n. a variety of matā, or cutting stone, of inferior quality. = kapua, . kāpuhi, kāpuhipuhi, n. cluster of branches at the top of a tree. kāpui, v.t. . gather up in a bunch. ka kapuitia nga rau o te kiekie, ka herea. . lace up or draw in the mouth of a bag. . earth up crops, or cover up embers with ashes to keep them alight. kāpuipui, v.t. gather up litter, etc. kāpuka, n. griselinia littoralis, a tree. = papauma. kapukiore, n. coprosma australis, a shrub. = kanono. kāpuku = kōpuku, n. gunwale. google books: kapukapu, s. sole of the foot, eldpukdpu, v. to curl* as a wave. ka kapukapu mai te ngaru; the wave curls over. kapunga, v. to take up with both hands held together, kapungatia he kai i te omu; take up food from the oven. (b. c, kapura, s. fire, -' tahuna he kapura ; kindle a fire. kapurangi, s. rubbish; weeds, kara, s. an old man, tena korua ko kara ? how are you and the old man ? kara, s> basaltic stone. he kara te kamaka nei; this stone is kara. karaha, s. a calabash. ♦kardhi, *. glass, internet archive: kapukapu, n. sole of the foot. kapukapu, v. i. . curl (as a wave). ka kapukapu mai te ngaru. . gush. kakapii, small basket for cooked food. kapua, n. cloud; hank of clouds, kapunga, n. palm of the hand. kapunga, \. t. take up in both hands together. kapiira, n. fire. kapiiranga, n. handful. kapuranga, v. t. take up by hand-fuls. kapurangatia nga otaota na e ia. v. i. dawn. ka kapuranga te ata. kapur&ngi, n. rubbish; uveds. i. k&r&, n. old man. tena korua ko kara. ii. k&r&, n. secret plan; conspiracy. kei te whakatakoto kara mo te horo kia patua. k&k&r&, d. scent; smell. k&k&r&, a. savoury; odoriferous. k^ar&, n. a shell-iish. unlike the other two, the nzetc version has accents, bold and italics in the right place. it' the only one with a workable and useful table of contents. it is also edition which has been extensively revised and expanded. google's second edition has many character errors, while the internet archive's third edition has many 'á' mis-recognised as '&.' the google and internet achive versions are also available as pdfs, but of course, without fancy tables of contents these pdfs are pretty challenging to navigate and because they're built from page images, they're huge. it's tempting to say that the nzetc version is better than either of the others, and from a naïve point of it is, but it's more accurate to say that it's different. it's a digitised version of a book revised more than a hundred years after the second edition scanned by google books. people who're interested in the history of the language are likely to pick the edition over the edition nine times out of ten. technical work is currently underway to enable third parties like the internet archive's bookserver to more easily redistribute our epubs. for some semi-arcane reasons it's linked to upcoming new search functionality. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: labels: library, macrons, maori, nzetc what librarything metadata can the nzetc reasonable stuff inside it's cc'd epubs? this is the second blog following on from an excellent talk about librarything by librarything's tim given the vuw in wellington after his trip to lianza. the nzetc publishes all of it's works as epubs (a file format primarily aimed at mobile devices), which are literally processed crawls of it's website bundled with some metadata. for some of the nzetc works (such as erewhon and the life of captain james cook), librarything has a lot more metadata than the nzetc, becuase many librarything users have the works and have entered metadata for them. bundling as much metadata into the epubs makes sense, because these are commonly designed for offline use---call-back hooks are unlikely to be avaliable. so what kinds of data am i interested in? ) traditional bibliographic metadata. both lt and nzetc have this down really well. ) images. lt has many many cover images, nzetc has images of plates from inside many works too. ) unique identification (isbns, issns, work ids, etc). lt does very well at this, nzetc very poorly ) genre and style information. lt has tags to do fancy statistical analysis on, and does. nzetc has full text to do fancy statistical analysis on, but doesn't. ) intra-document links. lt has work as the smallest unit. nzetc reproduces original document tables of contents and indexes, cross references and annotations. ) inter-document links. lt has none. nzetc captures both 'mentions' and 'cites' relationships between documents. while most current-generation ebook readers, of course, can do nothing with most of this metadata, but i'm looking forward to the day when we have full-fledged openurl resolvers which can do interesting things, primarily picking the best copy (most local / highest quality / most appropiate format / cheapest) of a work to display to a user; and browsing works by genre (librarything does genre very well, via tags). posted by stuart yeates at : comment: labels: epubs, library, librarything, nzetc thursday, october interlinking of collections: the quest continues after an excellent talk today about librarything by librarything's tim, i got enthused to see how librarything stacks up against other libraries for having matches in it's authority control system for entities we (the nzetc) care about. the answer is averagely. for copies of printed books less than a hundred years old (or reprinted in the last hundred years), and their authors, librarything seems to do every well. these are the books likely to be in active circulation in personal libraries, so it stands to reason that these would be well covered. i tried half a dozen books from our nineteenth-century novels collection, and most were missing, erewhon, of course, was well represented. librarything doesn't have the "treaty of waitangi" (a set of manuscripts) but it does have "facsimiles of the treaty of waitangi." it's not clear to me whether these would be merged under their cataloguing rules. coverage of non-core bibliographic entities was lacking. places get a little odd. sydney is "http://www.librarything.com/place/sydney,% new% south% wales,% australia" but wellington is "http://www.librarything.com/place/wellington" and anzac cove appears to be is missing altogether. this doesn't seem like a sane authority control system for places, as far as i can see. people who are the subjects rather than the authors of books didn't come out so well. i couldn't find abel janszoon tasman, pōtatau te wherowhero or charles frederick goldie, all of which are near and dear to our hearts. here is the spreadsheet of how different web-enabled systems map entities we care about. correction: it seems that the correct url for wellington is http://www.librarything.com/place/wellington,% new% zealand which brings sanity back. posted by stuart yeates at : no comments: labels: authority, community building, metadata, semantic web, social network, taxonomy saturday, september ebook readers need openurl resolvers everyone's talking about the next generation of ebook readers having larger reading area, more battery life and more readable screen. i'd give up all of those, however, for an ebook reader that had an internal openurl resolver. openurl is the nifty protocol that libraries use to find the closest copy of a electronic resources and direct patrons to copies that the library might have already licensed from commercial parties. it's all about finding the version of a resource that is most accessible to the user, dynamically. say i've loaded ebooks into my ebook reader: a couple of encyclopedias and dictionaries; a stack of books i was meant to read in school but only skimmed and have been meaning to get back to; current block-busters; guidebooks to the half-dozen countries i'm planning on visiting over the next couple of years; classics i've always meant to read (tolstoy, chaucer, cervantes, plato, descartes, nietzsche); and local writers (baxter, duff, ihimaera, hulme, ...). my ebooks by nietzsche are going to refer to books by descartes and plato; my ebooks by descartes are going to refer to books by plato; my encyclopaedias are going to refer to pretty much everything; most of the works in translation are going to contain terms which i'm going to need help with (help which theencyclopedias and dictionaries can provide). ask yourself, though, whether you'd want to flick between works on the current generation of readers---very painful, since these devices are not designed for efficient navigation between ebooks, but linear reading of them. you can't follow links between them, of course, because on current systems links must point either with the same ebook or out on to the internet---pointing to other ebooks on the same device is verboten. openurl can solve this by catching those urls and making them point to local copies of works (and thus available for free even when the internet is unavailable) where possible while still retaining their until ebook readers have a mechanism like this ebooks will be at most a replacement only for paperback novels---not personal libraries. posted by stuart yeates at : comment: older posts home subscribe to: posts (atom) 	 about me 	 stuart yeates view my complete profile 	 blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  march ( ) 	#christchurchmosqueshootings 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) shared google reader items 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. none disruptive library technology jester disruptive library technology jester we're disrupted, we're librarians, and we're not going to take it anymore 	dltj now uses webmention and bridgy to aggregate social media commentary when i converted this blog from wordpress to a static site generated with jekyll in , i lost the ability for readers to make comments. at the time, i thought that one day i would set up an installation of discourse for comments like boing boing did in . but i never found the time to do that. alternatively, i could do what npr has done— abandon comments on its site in favor of encouraging people to use twitter and facebook—but that means blog readers don’t see where the conversation is happening. this article talks about indieweb—a blog-to-blog communication method—and the pieces needed to make it work on both a static website and for social-media-to-blog commentary. the indieweb is a combination of html markup and an http protocol for capturing discussions between blogs. to participate in the indieweb ecosystem, a blog needs to support the “ h-card” and “ h-entry” microformats. these microformats are ways to add html markup to a site to be read and recognized by machines. if you follow the instructions at indiewebify.me, the “level ” steps will check your site’s webpages for the appropriate markup. the jekyll theme i use here, minimal-mistakes, didn’t include the microformat markup, so i made a pull request to add it. with the markup in place, dltj.org uses the webmention protocol to notify others when i link to their content and receive notifications from others. if you’re setting this up for yourself, hopefully someone has already gone through the effort of adding the necessary webmention communication bits to your blog software. since dltj is a static website, i’m using the webmention.io service to send and receive webmention information on behalf of dltj.org and a jekyll plugin called jekyll-webmention_io to integrate webmention data into my blog’s content. the plugin gets that data from webmention.io, caches it locally, and builds into each article the list of webmentions and pingbacks (another kind of blog-to-blog communication protocol) received. webmention.io and jekyll-webmention_io will capture some commentary. to get comments from twitter, mastodon, facebook, and elsewhere, i added the bridgy service to the mix. from their about page : “bridgy periodically checks social networks for responses to your posts and links to your web site and sends them back to your site as webmentions.” so all of that commentary gets fed back into the blog post as well. i’ve just started using this webmention/bridgy setup, so i may have some pieces misconfigured. i’ll be watching over the next several blog posts to make sure everything is working. if you notice something that isn’t working, please reach out to me via one of the mechanisms listed in the sidebar of this site. 	digital repository software: how far have we come? how far do we have to go? bryan brown’s tweet led me to ruth kitchin tillman’s repository ouroboros post about the treadmill of software development/deployment. and wow do i have thoughts and feelings. ouroboros: an ancient symbol depicting a serpent or dragon eating its own tail. or—in this context—constantly chasing what you can never have. source: wikipedia let’s start with feelings. i feel pain and misery in reading ruth’s post. as bryan said in a subsequent tweet, i’ve been on both sides: a system maintainer watching much-needed features put off to major software updates (or rewrites) and the person participating in decisions to put off feature development in favor of major updates and rewrites. it is a bit like a serpent chasing its tail (a reference to “ouroboros” in ruth’s post title)—as someone who just wants a workable, running system, it seems like a never-ending quest to get what my users need. i think it will get better. i offer as evidence the fact that almost all of us can assume network connectivity. that certainly wasn’t always the case: routers used to break, file servers crash would under stress, network drivers go out of date at inopportune times. now we take network connectivity for granted—almost (almost!) as if it a utility as common as water and electricity. we no longer have to chase our tail to assume those things. when we make those assumptions, we push that technology down the stack and layer on new things. only after electricity is reliable can we layer on network connectivity. with reliable network connectivity, we layer on—say—digital repositories. each layer goes through its own refinement process…getting better and better as it relies on the layers below it. are digital repositories as reliable as printed books? no way! without electricity and network connectivity, we can’t have digital repositories but we can still use books. will there come a time when digital repositories are as reliable as electricity and network connectivity? that sounds like a star trek world, but if history is our guide, i think the profession will get there. (i’m not necessarily saying i’ll get there with it—such reliability is probably outside my professional lifetime.) so, yeah, i feel pain and misery in ruth’s post about the achingly out-of-reach nature of repository software that can be pushed down the stack…that can be assumed to exist with all of the capabilities that our users need. that brings me around to one of bryan’s tweets: if the idea of a digital preservation platform is that it is purpose-built to preserve assets for a long period of time, then isn&# ;t it an obvious design flaw to build it with an eol in mind? if the system is no longer supported, then can it really be trusted for preservation?&mdash; bryan j. brown (@bryjbrown) june , can digital repositories really be trusted in-and-of-themselves? no. (not yet?) that isn’t to say that steps aren’t being made. take, for example, http and html. those are getting pretty darn reliable, and assumptions can be built that rely on html as a markup language and http as a protocol to move it around the network. i think that is a driver behind the growth of “static websites”—systems that rely on nothing more than delivering html and other files over http. the infrastructure for doing that—servers, browsers, caching, network connectivity, etc.—is all pretty sound. html and http have also stood the test of time—much like how we assume we will always understand how to process tiff files for images. now there are many ways to generate static websites. this blog uses markdown text files and jekyll as a pre-processor to create a stand-alone folder of html and supporting files. a more sophisticated method might use drupal as a content management system that exports to a static site. jekyll and drupal are nowhere near as assumed-to-work as html and http, but they work well as mechanisms for generating a static site. last year, colleagues from the university of iowa published a paper about making a static site front-end to contentdm in the code lib journal, which could be the basis of a digital collection website development. so if your digital repository creates html to be served over http and—for the purposes of preservation—the metadata can be encoded in html structures that are readily machine-processable? well, then you might be getting pretty close to a system you can trust. but what about the digital objects themselves. back in , i crowed about the ability of fedora repository software to recover itself just based on the files stored to disk. (read the article for more details…it has the title “why fedora? because you don’t need fedora” in case that might make it more enticing to read.) fedora used a bespoke method of saving digital objects as a series of files on disk, and the repository software provided commands to rebuild the repository database from those files. that worked for fedora up to version . for fedora version , some of the key object metadata only existed in the repository database. from what i understand of version and beyond, fedora adopted the oxford common file layout (ocfl), “an application-independent approach to the storage of digital information in a structured, transparent, and predictable manner.” the ocfl website goes on to say: “it is designed to promote long-term object management best practices within digital repositories.” so fedora is back again in a state where you could rebuild the digital object repository system from a simple filesystem backup. the repository software becomes a way of optimizing access to the underlying digital objects. will ocfl stand the test of time like html, http, tiff, network connectivity, and electricity? only time will tell. so i think we are getting closer. it is possible to conceive of a system that uses simple files and directories as long-term preservation storage. those can be backed up and duplicated using a wide variety of operating systems and tools. we also have examples of static sites of html delivered over http that various tools can create and many, many programs can deliver and render. we’re missing some key capabilities—access control comes to mind. i, for one, am not ready to push javascript very far down our stack of technologies—certainly not as far as html—but javascript robustness seems to be getting better over time. ruth: i’m sorry this isn’t easy and that software creators keep moving the goalposts. (i’ll put myself in the “software creator” category.) we could be better at setting expectations and delivering on them. (there is probably another lengthy blog post in how software development is more “art” than it is “engineering”.) developers—the ones fortunate to have the ability and permission to think long term—are trying to make new tools/techniques good enough to push down the stack of assumed technologies. we’re clearly not there for digital repository software, but…hopefully…we are moving in the right direction. 	thoughts on growing up it ‘tis the season for graduations, and this year my nephew is graduating from high school. my sister-in-law created a memory book—”a surprise book of advice as he moves to the next phase of his life.” what an interesting opportunity to reflect! this is what i came up with: sometime between when i became an adult and now, the word “adulting” was coined. my generation just called it “growing up.” the local top- radio station uses “hashtag-adulting” to mean all of those necessary life details that now become your own responsibility. (“hashtag” is something new, too, for what that’s worth.) growing up is more than life necessities, though. this is an exciting phase of life that you’ve built up to—many more doors of possibilities are opening and now you get to pick which ones to go through. pick carefully. each door you go through starts to close off others. pick many. use this life stage to try many things to find what is fun and what is meaningful (and aim for both fun and meaningful). you are on a solid foundation, and i’m eager to see what you discover “adulting” means to you. 	more thoughts on pre-recording conference talks over the weekend, i posted an article here about pre-recording conference talks and sent a tweet about the idea on monday. i hoped to generate discussion about recording talks to fill in gaps—positive and negative—about the concept, and i was not disappointed. i’m particularly thankful to lisa janicke hinchliffe and andromeda yelton along with jason griffey, junior tidal, and edward lim junhao for generously sharing their thoughts. daniel s and kate deibel also commented on the code lib slack team. i added to the previous article’s bullet points and am expanding on some of the issues here. i’m inviting everyone mentioned to let me know if i’m mischaracterizing their thoughts, and i will correct this post if i hear from them. (i haven’t found a good comments system to hook into this static site blog.) pre-recorded talks limit presentation format lisa janicke hinchliffe made this point early in the feedback: @datag for me downside is it forces every session into being a lecture. for two decades cfps have emphasized how will this season be engaging/not just a talking head? i was required to turn workshops into talks this year. even tho tech can do more. not at all best pedagogy for learning&mdash; lisa janicke hinchliffe (@lisalibrarian) april , jason described the “flipped classroom” model that he had in mind as the nisoplus program was being developed. the flipped classroom model is one where students do the work of reading material and watching lectures, then come to the interactive time with the instructors ready with questions and comments about the material. rather than the instructor lecturing during class time, the class time becomes a discussion about the material. for nisoplus, “the recording is the material the speaker and attendees are discussing” during the live zoom meetings. in the previous post, i described how the speaker could respond in text chat while the recording replay is beneficial. lisa went on to say: @datag q+a is useful but isn't an interactive session. to me, interactive = participants are co-creating the session, not watching then commenting on it.&mdash; lisa janicke hinchliffe (@lisalibrarian) april , she described an example: the ssp preconference she ran at chs. i’m paraphrasing her tweets in this paragraph. the preconference had a short keynote and an “oprah-style” panel discussion (not pre-prepared talks). this was done live; nothing was recorded. after the panel, people worked in small groups using zoom and a set of google slides to guide the group work. the small groups reported their discussions back to all participants. andromeda points out (paraphrasing twitter-speak): “presenters will need much more— and more specialized—skills to pull it off, and it takes a lot more work.” and lisa adds: “just so there is no confusion … i don’t think being online makes it harder to do interactive. it’s the pre-recording. interactive means participants co-create the session. a pause to chat isn’t going to shape what comes next on the recording.” increased technical burden on speakers and organizers @thatandromeda @datag totally agree on this. i had to pre-record a conference presentation recently and it was a terrible experience, logistically. i feel like it forces presenters to become video/sound editors, which is obviously another thing to worry about on top of content and accessibility.&mdash; junior tidal (@juniortidal) april , andromeda also agreed with this: “i will say one of the things i appreciated about niso is that @griffey did all the video editing, so i was not forced to learn how that works.” she continued, “everyone has different requirements for prerecording, and in [code lib’s] case they were extensive and kept changing.” and later added: “part of the challenge is that every conference has its own tech stack/requirements. if as a presenter i have to learn that for every conference, it’s not reducing my workload.” it is hard not to agree with this; a high-quality (stylistically and technically) recording is not easy to do with today’s tools. this is also a technical burden for meeting organizers. the presenters will put a lot of work into talks—including making sure the recordings look good; whatever playback mechanism is used has to honor the fidelity of that recording. for instance, presenters who have gone through the effort to ensure the accessibility of the presentation color scheme want the conference platform to display the talk “as i created it.” the previous post noted that recorded talks also allow for the creation of better, non-real-time transcriptions. lisa points out that presenters will want to review that transcription for accuracy, which jason noted adds to the length of time needed before the start of a conference to complete the preparations. increased logistical burden on presenters @thatandromeda @datag @griffey even if prep is no more than the time it would take to deliver live (which has yet to be case for me and i'm good at this stuff), it is still double the time if you are expected to also show up live to watch along with everyone else.&mdash; lisa janicke hinchliffe (@lisalibrarian) april , this is a consideration i hadn’t thought through—that presenters have to devote more clock time to the presentation because first they have to record it and then they have to watch it. (or, as andromeda added, “significantly more than twice the time for some people, if they are recording a bunch in order to get it right and/or doing editing.”) no. audience. reaction. @datag @griffey ) no. audience. reaction. i give a joke and no one laughs. was it funny? was it not funny? talks are a *performance* and a *relationship*; i'm getting energy off the audience, i'm switching stuff on the fly to meet their vibe. prerecorded/webinar is dead. feels like i'm bombing.&mdash; andromeda yelton (@thatandromeda) april , wow, yes. i imagine it would take a bit of imagination to get in the right mindset to give a talk to a small camera instead of an audience. i wonder how stand-up comedians are dealing with this as they try to put on virtual shows. andromeda summed this up: @datag @griffey oh and i mean ) i don't get tenure or anything for speaking at conferences and goodness knows i don't get paid. so the entire benefit to me is that i enjoy doing the talk and connect to people around it. prerecorded talk + f f conf removes one of these; online removes both.&mdash; andromeda yelton (@thatandromeda) april , also in this heading could be “no speaker reaction”—or the inability for subsequent speakers at a conference to build on something that someone said earlier. in the code lib slack team, daniel s noted: “one thing comes to mind on the pre-recording [is] the issue that prerecorded talks lose the ‘conversation’ aspect where some later talks at a conference will address or comment on earlier talks.” kate deibel added: “exactly. talks don’t get to spontaneously build off of each other or from other conversations that happen at the conference.” currency of information lisa points out that pre-recording talks before en event means there is a delay between the recording and the playback. in the example she pointed out, there was a talk at rluk that pre-recorded would have been about the university of california working on an open access deal with elsevier; live, it was able to be “the deal we announced earlier this week”. conclusions? near the end of the discussion, lisa added: @datag @griffey @thatandromeda i also recommend going forward that the details re what is required of presenters be in the cfp. it was one thing for conferences that pivoted (huge effort!) but if you write the cfp since the pivot it should say if pre-record, platform used, etc.&mdash; lisa janicke hinchliffe (@lisalibrarian) april , …and andromeda added: “strong agree here. i understand that this year everyone was making it up as they went along, but going forward it’d be great to know that in advance.” that means conferences will need to take these needs into account well before the call for proposals (cfp) is published. a conference that is thinking now about pre-recording their talks must work through these issues and set expectations with presenters early. as i hoped, the twiter replies tempered my eagerness for the all-recorded style with some real-world experience. there could be possibilities here, but adapting face-to-face meetings to a world with less travel won’t be simple and will take significant thought beyond the issues of technology platforms. edward lim junhao summarized this nicely: “i favor unpacking what makes up our prof conferences. i’m interested in recreating that shared experience, the networking, &amp; the serendipity of learning sth you didn’t know. i feel in-person conferences now have to offer more in order to justify people traveling to attend them.” related, andromeda said: “also, for a conf that ultimately puts its talks online, it’s critical that it have something beyond content delivery during the actual conference to make it worth registering rather than just waiting for youtube. realtime interaction with the speaker is a pretty solid option.” if you have something to add, reach out to me on twitter. given enough responses, i’ll create another summary. let’s keep talking about what that looks like and sharing discoveries with each other. the tree of tweets it was a great discussion, and i think i pulled in the major ideas in the summary above. with some guidance from ed summers, i’m going to embed the twitter threads below using treeverse by paul butler. we might be stretching the boundaries of what is possible, so no guarantees that this will be viewable for the long term. 	should all conference talks be pre-recorded? the code lib conference was last week. that meeting used all pre-recorded talks, and we saw the benefits of pre-recording for attendees, presenters, and conference organizers. should all talks be pre-recorded, even when we are back face-to-face? note! after i posted a link to this article on twitter, there was a great response of thoughtful comments. i've included new bullet points below and summarized the responses in another blog post. as an entirely virtual conference, i think we can call code lib a success. success ≠ perfect, of course, and last week the conference coordinating team got together on a zoom call for a debriefing session. we had a lengthy discussion about what we learned and what we wanted to take forward to the conference, which we’re anticipating will be something with a face-to-face component. that last sentence was tough to compose: “…will be face-to-face”? “…will be both face-to-face and virtual”? (or another fully virtual event?) truth be told, i don’t think we know yet. i think we know with some certainty that the covid pandemic will become much more manageable by this time next year—at least in north america and europe. (code lib draws from primarily north american library technologists with a few guests from other parts of the world.) i’m hearing from higher education institutions, though, that travel is going to be severely curtailed…if not for health risk reasons, then because budgets have been slashed. so one has to wonder what a conference will look like next year. i’ve been to two online conferences this year: nisoplus and code lib. both meetings recorded talks in advance and started playback of the recordings at a fixed point in time. this was beneficial for a couple of reasons. for organizers and presenters, pre-recording allowed technical glitches to be worked through without the pressure of a live event happening. technology is not nearly perfect enough or ubiquitously spread to count on it working in real-time. nisoplus also used the recordings to get transcribed text for the videos. (code lib used live transcriptions on the synchronous playback.) attendees and presenters benefited from pre-recording because the presenters could be in the text chat channel to answer questions and provide insights. having the presenter free during the playback offers new possibilities for making talks more engaging: responding in real-time to polls, getting forehand knowledge of topics for subsequent real-time question/answer sessions, and so forth. the synchronous playback time meant that there was a point when (almost) everyone was together watching the same talk—just as in face-to-face sessions. during the code lib conference coordinating debrief call, i asked the question: “if we saw so many benefits to pre-recording talks, do we want to pre-record them all next year?” in addition to the reasons above, pre-recorded talks benefit those who are not comfortable speaking english or are first-time presenters. (they have a chance to re-do their talk as many times as they need in a much less stressful environment.) “live” demos are much smoother because a recording can be restarted if something goes wrong. each year, at least one presenter needs to use their own machine (custom software, local development environment, etc.), and swapping out presenter computers in real-time is risky. and it is undoubtedly easier to impose time requirements with recorded sessions. so why not pre-record all of the talks? i get it—it would be different to sit in a ballroom watching a recording play on big screens at the front of the room while the podium is empty. but is it so different as to dramatically change the experience of watching a speaker at a podium? in many respects, we had a dry-run of this during code lib . it was at the early stages of the coming lockdowns when institutions started barring employee travel, and we had to bring in many presenters remotely. i wrote a blog post describing the setup we used for remote presenters, and at the end, i said: i had a few people comment that they were taken aback when they realized that there was no one standing at the podium during the presentation. some attendees, at least, quickly adjusted to this format. for those with the means and privilege of traveling, there can still be face-to-face discussions in the hall, over meals, and social activities. for those that can’t travel (due to risks of traveling, family/personal responsibilities, or budget cuts), the attendee experience is a little more level—everyone is watching the same playback and in the same text backchannels during the talk. i can imagine a conference tool capable of segmenting chat sessions during the talk playback to “tables” where you and close colleagues can exchange ideas and then promote the best ones to a conference-wide chat room. something like that would be beneficial as attendance grows for events with an online component, and it would be a new form of engagement that isn’t practical now. there are undoubtedly reasons not to pre-record all session talks (beyond the feels-weird-to-stare-at-an-unoccupied-ballroom-podium reasons). during the debriefing session, one person brought up that having all pre-recorded talks erodes the justification for in-person attendance. i can see a manager saying, “all of the talks are online…just watch it from your desk. even your own presentation is pre-recorded, so there is no need for you to fly to the meeting.” that’s legitimate. so if you like bullet points, here’s how it lays out. pre-recording all talks is better for: accessibility: better transcriptions for recorded audio versus real-time transcription (and probably at a lower cost, too) engagement: the speaker can be in the text chat during playback, and there could be new options for backchannel discussions better quality: speakers can re-record their talk as many times as needed closer equality: in-person attendees are having much the same experience during the talk as remote attendees downsides for pre-recording all talks: feels weird: yeah, it would be different erodes justification: indeed a problem, especially for those for whom giving a speech is the only path to getting the networking benefits of face-to-face interaction limits presentation format: it forces every session into being a lecture. for two decades cfps have emphasized how will this season be engaging/not just a talking head? (lisa janicke hinchliffe) increased technical burden on speaker and organizers: conference organizers asking presenters to do their own pre-recording is a barrier (junior tidal), and organizers have added new requirements for themselves no audience feedback: pre-recording forces the presenter into an unnatural state relative to the audience (andromeda yelton) currency of information: pre-recording talks before en event naturally introduces a delay between the recording and the playback. (lisa janicke hinchliffe) i’m curious to hear of other reasons, for and against. reach out to me on twitter if you have some. the covid- pandemic has changed our society and will undoubtedly transform it in ways that we can’t even anticipate. is the way that we hold professional conferences one of them? can we just pause for a moment and consider the decades of work and layers of technology that make a modern teleconference call happen? for you younger folks, there was a time when one couldn’t assume the network to be there. as in: the operating system on your computer couldn’t be counted on to have a network stack built into it. in the earliest years of my career, we were tickled pink to have macintoshes at the forefront of connectivity through gatorboxes. go read the first paragraph of that wikipedia article on gatorboxes…tcp/ip was tunneled through localtalk running over phonenet on unshielded twisted pairs no faster than about kbit/second. (and we loved it!) now the network is expected; needing to know about tcp/ip is pushed so far down the stack as to be forgotten…assumed. sure, the software on top now is buggy and bloated—is my zoom client working? has zoom’s service gone down?—but the network…we take that for granted. &# ; 	user behavior access controls at a library proxy server are okay earlier this month, my twitter timeline lit up with mentions of a half-day webinar called cybersecurity landscape - protecting the scholarly infrastructure. what had riled up the people i follow on twitter was the first presentation: “security collaboration for library resource access” by cory roach, the chief information security officer at the university of utah. many of the tweets and articles linked in tweets were about a proposal for a new round of privacy-invading technology coming from content providers as a condition of libraries subscribing to publisher content. one of the voices that i trust was urging caution: i highly recommend you listen to the talk, which was given by a university cio, and judge if this is a correct representation. fwiw, i attended the event and it is not what i took away.&mdash; lisa janicke hinchliffe (@lisalibrarian) november , as near as i can tell, much of the debate traces back to this article: scientific publishers propose installing spyware in university libraries to protect copyrights - coda story https://t.co/rtcokiukbf&mdash; open access tracking project (@oatp) november , the article describes cory’s presentation this way: one speaker proposed a novel tactic publishers could take to protect their intellectual property rights against data theft: introducing spyware into the proxy servers academic libraries use to allow access to their online services, such as publishers’ databases. the “spyware” moniker is quite scary. it is what made me want to seek out the recording from the webinar and hear the context around that proposal. my understanding (after watching the presentation) is that the proposal is not nearly as concerning. although there is one problematic area—the correlation of patron identity with requested urls—overall, what is described is a sound and common practice for securing web applications. to the extent that it is necessary to determine a user’s identity before allowing access to licensed content (an unfortunate necessity because of the state of scholarly publishing), this is an acceptable proposal. (through the university communications office, corey published a statement about the reaction to his talk.) in case you didn’t know, a web proxy server ensures the patron is part of the community of licensed users, and the publisher trusts requests that come through the web proxy server. the point of cory’s presentation is that the username/password checking at the web proxy server is a weak form of access control that is subject to four problems: phishing (sending email to tricking a user into giving up their username/password) social engineering (non-email ways of tricking a user into giving up their username/password) credential reuse (systems that are vulnerable because the user used the same password in more than one place) hactivism (users that intentionally give out their username/password so others can access resources) right after listing these four problems, cory says: “but anyway we look at it, we can safely say that this is primarily a people problem and the technology alone is not going to solve that problem. technology can help us take reasonable precautions… so long as the business model involves allowing access to the data that we’re providing and also trying to protect that same data, we’re unlikely to stop theft entirely.” his proposal is to place “reasonable precautions” in the web proxy server as it relates to the campus identity management system. this is a slide from his presentation: slide from presentation by cory roach i find this layout (and lack of labels) somewhat confusing, so i re-imagined the diagram as this: revised 'modern library design' the core of cory’s presentation is to add predictive analytics and per-user blocking automation to the analysis of the log files from the web proxy server and the identity management server. by doing so, the university can react quicker to compromised usernames and passwords. in fact, it could probably do so more quicker than the publisher could do with its own log analysis and reporting back to the university. where cory runs into trouble is this slide: slide from presentation by cory roach in this part of the presentation, cory describes the kinds of patron-identifying data that the university could-or-would collect and analyze to further the security effort. in search engine optimization, these sorts of data points are called “signals” and are used to improve the relevance of search results; perhaps there is an equivalent term in access control technology. but for now, i’ll just call them “signals”. there are some problems in gathering these signals—most notably the correlation between user identity and “urls requested”. in the presentation, he says: “you can also move over to behavioral stuff. so it could be, you know, why is a pharmacy major suddenly looking up a lot of material on astrophysics or why is a medical professional and a hospital suddenly interested in internal combustion. things that just don’t line up and we can identify fishy behavior.” it is core to the library ethos that we make our best effort to not track what a user is interested in—to not build a profile of a user’s research unless they have explicitly opted into such data collection. as librarians, we need to gracefully describe this professional ethos and work that into the design of the systems used on campus (and at the publishers). still, there is much to be said for using some of the other signals to analyze whether a particular request is from an authorized community member. for instance, cory says: “we commonly see this user coming in from the us and today it’s coming in from botswana. you know, has there been enough time that they could have traveled from the us to botswana and actually be there? have they ever access resources from that country before is there residents on record in that country?” the best part of what cory is proposing is that the signals’ storage and processing is at the university and not at the publisher. i’m not sure if cory knew this, but a recent version of ezproxy added a usagelimit directive that builds in some of these capabilities. it can set per-user limits based on the number of page requests or the amount of downloaded information over a specified interval. one wonders if somewhere in oclc’s development queue is the ability to detect ip addresses from multiple networks (geographic detection) and browser differences across a specified interval. still, pushing this up to the university’s identity provider allows for a campus-wide view of the signals…not just the ones coming through the library. also, in designing the system, there needs to be clarity about how the signals are analyzed and used. i think cory knew this as well: “we do have to be careful about not building bias into the algorithms.” yeah, the need for this technology sucks. although it was the tweet to the coda story about the presentation that blew up, the thread of the story goes through techdirt to a tangential paragraph from netzpolitik in an article about germany’s licensing struggle with elsevier. with this heritage, any review of the webinar’s ideas are automatically tainted by the disdain the library community in general has towards elsevier. it is reality—an unfortunate reality, in my opinion—that the traditional scholarly journal model has publishers exerting strong copyright protection on research and ideas behind paywalls. (wouldn’t it be better if we poured the anti-piracy effort into improving scholarly communication tools in an open access world? yes, but that isn’t the world we live in.) almost every library deals with this friction by employing a web proxy server as an agent between the patron and the publisher’s content. the netzpolitik article says: …but relies on spyware in the fight against „cybercrime“ of course, sci-hub and other shadow libraries are a thorn in elsevier’s side. since they have existed, libraries at universities and research institutions have been much less susceptible to blackmail. their staff can continue their research even without a contract with elsevier. instead of offering transparent open access contracts with fair conditions, however, elsevier has adopted a different strategy in the fight against shadow libraries. these are to be fought as „cybercrime“, if necessary also with technological means. within the framework of the „scholarly networks security initiative (snsi)“, which was founded together with other large publishers, elsevier is campaigning for libraries to be upgraded with security technology. in a snsi webinar entitled „cybersecurity landscape – protecting the scholarly infrastructure“*, hosted by two high-ranking elsevier managers, one speaker recommended that publishers develop their own proxy or a proxy plug-in for libraries to access more (usage) data („develop or subsidize a low cost proxy or a plug-in to existing proxies“). with the help of an „analysis engine“, not only could the location of access be better narrowed down, but biometric data (e.g. typing speed) or conspicuous usage patterns (e.g. a pharmacy student suddenly interested in astrophysics) could also be recorded. any doubts that this software could also be used—if not primarily—against shadow libraries were dispelled by the next speaker. an ex-fbi analyst and it security consultant spoke about the security risks associated with the use of sci-hub. the other commentary that i saw was along similar lines: [is the snsi the new prism? bjoern.brembs.blog](http://bjoern.brembs.net/ / /is-the-snsi-the-new-prism/) [academics band together with publishers because access to research is a cybercrime chorasimilarity](https://chorasimilarity.wordpress.com/ / / /academics-band-together-with-publishers-because-access-to-research-is-a-cybercrime/) [whois behind snsi &amp; getftr? motley marginalia](https://csulb.edu/~ggardner/ / / /snsi-getftr/) let’s face it: any friction beyond follow-link-to-see-pdf is more friction than a researcher deserves. i doubt we would design a scholarly communication system this way were we to start from scratch. but the system is built on centuries of evolving practice, organizations, and companies. it really would be a better world if we didn’t have to spend time and money on scholarly publisher paywalls. and i’m grateful for the open access efforts that are pivoting scholarly communications into an open-to-all paradigm. that doesn’t negate the need to provide better options for content that must exist behind a paywall. so what is this snsi thing? the webinar where cory presented was the first mention i’d seen of a new group called the scholarly networks security initiative (snsi). snsi is the latest in a series of publisher-driven initiatives to reduce the paywall’s friction for paying users or library patrons coming from licensing institutions. getftr (my thoughts) and seamless access (my thoughts). (disclosure: i’m serving on two working groups for seamless access that are focused on making it possible for libraries to sensibly and sanely integrate the goals of seamless access into campus technology and licensing contracts.) interestingly, while the seamless access initiative is driven by a desire to eliminate web proxy servers, this snsi presentation upgrades a library’s web proxy server and makes it a more central tool between the patron and the content. one might argue that all access on campus should come through the proxy server to benefit from this kind of access control approach. it kinda makes one wonder about the coordination of these efforts. still, snsi is on my radar now, and i think it will be interesting to see what the next events and publications are from this group. 	as a cog in the election system: reflections on my role as a precinct election official i may nod off several times in composing this post the day after election day. hopefully, in reading it, you won’t. it is a story about one corner of democracy. it is a journal entry about how it felt to be a citizen doing what i could do to make other citizens’ voices be heard. it needed to be written down before the memories and emotions are erased by time and naps. yesterday i was a precinct election officer (peo—a poll worker) for franklin county—home of columbus, ohio. it was my third election as a peo. the first was last november, and the second was the election aborted by the onset of the coronavirus in march. (not sure that second one counts.) it was my first as a voting location manager (vlm), so i felt the stakes were high to get it right. would there be protests at the polling location? would i have to deal with people wearing candidate t-shirts and hats or not wearing masks? would there be a crash of election observers, whether official (scrutinizing our every move) or unofficial (that i would have to remove)? it turns out the answer to all three questions was “no”—and it was a fantastic day of civic engagement by peos and voters. there were well-engineered processes and policies, happy and patient enthusiasm, and good fortune along the way. this story is going to turn out okay, but it could have been much worse. because of the complexity of the election day voting process, last year franklin county started allowing peos to do some early setup on monday evenings. the early setup started at o’clock. i was so anxious to get it right that the day before i took the printout of the polling room dimensions from my vlm packet, scanned it into omnigraffle on my computer, and designed a to-scale diagram of what i thought the best layout would be. the real thing only vaguely looked like this, but it got us started. what i imagined our polling place would look like we could set up tables, unpack equipment, hang signs, and other tasks that don’t involve turning on machines or breaking open packets of ballots. one of the early setup tasks was updating the voters’ roster on the electronic poll pads. as happened around the country, there was a lot of early voting activity in franklin county, so the update file must have been massive. the electronic poll pads couldn’t handle the update; they hung at step -of- for over an hour. i called the board of elections and got ahold of someone in the equipment warehouse. we tried some of the simple troubleshooting steps, and he gave me his cell phone number to call back if it wasn’t resolved. by : , everything was done except for the poll pad updates, and the other peos were wandering around. i think it was o’clock when i said everyone could go home while the two voting location deputies and i tried to get the poll pads working. i called the equipment warehouse and we hung out on the phone for hours…retrying the updates based on the advice of the technicians called in to troubleshoot. i even “went rogue” towards the end. i searched the web for the messages on the screen to see if anyone else had seen the same problem with the poll pads. the electronic poll pad is an ipad with a single, dedicated application, so i even tried some ipad reset options to clear the device cache and perform a hard reboot. nothing worked—still stuck at step -of- . the election office people sent us home at o’clock. even on the way out the door, i tried a rogue option: i hooked a portable battery to one of the electronic polling pads to see if the update would complete overnight and be ready for us the next day. it didn’t, and it wasn’t. text from board of elections polling locations in ohio open at : in the morning, and peos must report to their sites by : . so i was up at : for a quick shower and packing up stuff for the day. early in the setup process, the board of elections sent a text that the electronic poll pads were not going to be used and to break out the “bumper packets” to determine a voter’s eligibility to vote. at some point, someone told me what “bumper” stood for. i can’t remember, but i can imagine it is back-up-something-something. “never had to use that,” the trainers told me, but it is there in case something goes wrong. well, it is the year , so was something going to go wrong? fortunately, the roster judges and one of the voting location deputies tore into the bumper packet and got up to speed on how to use it. it is an old fashioned process: the voter states their name and address, the peo compares that with the details on the paper ledger, and then asks the voter to sign beside their name. with an actual pen…old fashioned, right? the roster judges had the process down to a science. they kept the queue of verified voters full waiting to use the ballot marker machines. the roster judges were one of my highlights of the day. and boy did the voters come. by the time our polling location opened at : in the morning, they were wrapped around two sides of the building. we were moving them quickly through the process: three roster tables for checking in, eight ballot-marking machines, and one ballot counter. at our peak capacity, i think we were doing to voters an hour. as good as we were doing, the line never seemed to end. the franklin county board of elections received a grant to cover the costs of two greeters outside that helped keep the line orderly. they did their job with a welcoming smile, as did our inside greeter that offered masks and a squirt of hand sanitizer. still, the voters kept back-filling that line, and we didn’t see a break until : . the peos serving as machine judges were excellent. this was the first time that many voters had seen the new ballot equipment that franklin county put in place last year. i like this new equipment: the ballot marker prints your choices on a card that it spits out. you can see and verify your choices on the card before you slide it into a separate ballot counter. that is reassuring for me, and i think for most voters, too. but it is new, and it takes a few extra moments to explain. the machine judges got the voters comfortable with the new process. and some of the best parts of the day were when they announced to the room that a first-time voter had just put their card into the ballot counter. we would all pause and cheer. the third group of peos at our location were the paper table judges. they handle all of the exceptions. someone wants to vote with a pre-printed paper ballot rather than using a machine? to the paper table! the roster shows that someone requested an absentee ballot? that voter needs to vote a “provisional” ballot that will be counted at the board of elections office if the absentee ballot isn’t received in the mail. the paper table judges explain that with kindness and grace. in the wrong location? the paper table judges would find the correct place. the two paper table peos clearly had experience helping voters with the nuances of election processes. rounding out the team were two voting location deputies (vld). by law, a polling location can’t have a vld and a voting location manager (vlm) of the same political party. that is part of the checks and balances built into the system. one vld had been a vlm at this location, and she had a wealth of history and wisdom about running a smooth polling location. for the other vld, this was his first experience as a precinct election officer, and he jumped in with both feet to do the visible and not-so-visible things that made for a smooth operation. he reminded me a bit of myself a year ago. my first peo position was as a voting location deputy last november. the pair handled a challenging curbside voter situation where it wasn’t entirely clear if one of the voters in the car was sick. i’d be so lucky to work with them again. the last two hours of the open polls yesterday were dreadfully dull. after the excitement of the morning, we may have averaged a voter every minutes for those last two hours. everyone was ready to pack it in early and go home. (polls in ohio close at : , so counting the hour early for setup and the half an hour for tear down, this was going to be a to hour day.) over the last hour, i gave the peos little tasks to do. at one point, i said they could collect the barcode scanners attached to the ballot markers. we weren’t using them anyway because the electronic poll pads were not functional. then, in stages (as it became evident that there was no final rush of voters), they could pack up one or two machines and put away tables. our second to last voter was someone in medical scrubs that just got off their shift. i scared our last voter because she walked up to the roster table at : : . thirty seconds later, i called out that the polls are closed (as i think a vlm is required to do), and she looked at me startled. (she got to vote, of course; that’s the rule.) she was our last voter; voters in our precinct that day. then our team packed everything up as efficiently as they had worked all day. we had put away the equipment and signs, done our final counts, closed out the ballot counter, and sealed the ballot bin. at : , we were done and waving goodbye to our host facility’s office manager. one of the vld rode along with me to the board of elections to drop off the ballots, and she told me of a shortcut to get there. we were among the first reporting results for franklin county. i was home again by a quarter of —exhausted but proud. i’m so happy that i had something to do yesterday. after weeks of concern and anxiety for how the election was going to turn out, it was a welcome bit of activity to ensure the election was held safely and that voters got to have their say. it was certainly more productive than continually reloading news and election results pages. the anxiety of being put in charge of a polling location was set at ease, too. i’m proud of our polling place team and that the voters in our charge seemed pleased and confident about the process. maybe you will find inspiration here. if you voted, hopefully it felt good (whether or not the result turned out as you wanted). if you voted for the first time, congratulations and welcome to the club (be on the look-out for the next voting opportunity…likely in the spring). if being a poll worker sounded like fun, get in touch with your local board of elections (here is information about being a poll worker in franklin county). democracy is participatory. you’ve got to tune in and show up to make it happen. certificate of appreciation 	running an all-online conference with zoom [post removed] this is an article draft that was accidentally published. i hope to work on a final version soon. if you really want to see it, i saved a copy on the internet archive wayback machine. 	with gratitude for the niso ann marie cunningham service award during the inaugural niso plus meeting at the end of february, i was surprised and proud to receive the ann marie cunningham service award. todd carpenter, niso’s executive director, let me know by tweet as i was not able to attend the conference. pictured in that tweet is my co-recipient, christine stohn, who serves niso with me as the co-chair of the information delivery and interchange topic committee. this got me thinking about what niso has meant to me. as i think back on it, my activity in niso spans at least four employers and many hours of standard working group meetings, committee meetings, presentations, and ballot reviews. niso ann marie cunningham service award i did not know ms cunningham, the award’s namesake. my first job started when she was the nfais executive director in the early s, and i hadn’t been active in the profession yet. i read her brief biography on the niso website: the ann marie cunningham service award was established in to honor nfais members who routinely went above and beyond the normal call of duty to serve the organization. it is named after ann marie cunningham who, while working with abstracting and information services such as biological abstracts and the institute for scientific information (both now part of niso-member clarivate analytics), worked tirelessly as an dedicated nfais volunteer. she ultimately served as the nfais executive director from to when she died unexpectedly. niso is pleased to continue to present this award to honor a niso volunteer who has shown the same sort of commitment to serving our organization. as i searched the internet for her name, i came across the proceedings of the nfais meeting, in which ms cunningham wrote the introduction with wendy wicks. these first sentences from some of the paragraphs of that introduction are as true today as they were then: in an era of rapidly expanding network access, time and distance no longer separate people from information. much has been said about the global promise of the internet and the emerging concept of linking information highways, to some people, “free” ways. what many in the networking community, however, seem to take for granted is the availability of vital information flowing on these high-speed links. i wonder what ms cunningham of would think of the information landscape today? hypertext linking has certainly taken off, if not taken over, the networked information landscape. how that interconnectedness has improved with the adaptation of print-oriented standards and the creation of new standards that match the native capabilities of the network. in just one corner of that space, we have the adoption of pdf as a faithful print replica and html as a common tool for displaying information. in another corner, marc has morphed into a communication format that far exceeds its original purpose of encoding catalog cards; we have an explosion of purpose-built metadata schemas and always the challenge of finding common ground in tools like dublin core and schema.org. we’ve seen several generations of tools and protocols for encoding, distributing, and combining data in new ways to reach users. and still we strive to make it better…to more easily deliver a paper to its reader—a dataset to its next experimenter—an idea to be built upon by the next generation. it is that communal effort to make a better common space for ideas that drives me forward. to work in a community at the intersection of libraries, publishers, and service providers is an exciting and fulfilling place to be. i’m grateful to my employers that have given me the ability to participate while bringing the benefits of that connectedness to my organizations. i was not able to be at niso plus to accept the award in person, but i was so happy to be handed it by jason griffey of niso about a week later during the code lib conference in pittsburgh. what made that even more special was to learn that jason created it on his own d printer. thank you to the new nfais-joined-with-niso community for honoring me with this service award. 	tethering a ubiquity network to a mobile hotspot i saw it happen. the cable-chewing device the contractor in the neighbor’s back yard with the ditch witch trencher burying a cable. i was working outside at the patio table and just about to go into a zoom meeting. then the internet dropped out. suddenly, and with a wrenching feeling in my gut, i remembered where the feed line was buried between the house and the cable company’s pedestal in the right-of-way between the properties. yup, he had just cut it. to be fair, the utility locator service did not mark the my cable’s location, and he was working for a different cable provider than the one we use. (there are three providers in our neighborhood.) it did mean, though, that our broadband internet would be out until my provider could come and run another line. it took an hour of moping about the situation to figure out a solution, then another couple of hours to put it in place: an iphone tethered to a raspberry pi that acted as a network bridge to my home network’s unifi security gateway p. network diagram with tethered iphone a few years ago i was tired of dealing with spotty consumer internet routers and upgraded the house to unifi gear from ubiquity. rob pickering, a college comrade, had written about his experience with the gear and i was impressed. it wasn’t a cheap upgrade, but it was well worth it. (especially now with four people in the household working and schooling from home during the covid- outbreak.) the unifi security gateway has three network ports, and i was using two: one for the uplink to my cable internet provider (wan) and one for the local area network (lan) in the house. the third port can be configured as another wan uplink or as another lan port. and you can tell the security gateway to use the second wan as a failover for the first wan (or as load balancing the first wan). so that is straight forward enough, but do i get the personal hotspot on the iphone to the second wan port? that is where the raspberry pi comes in. the raspberry pi is a small computer with usb, ethernet, hdmi, and audio ports. the version i had laying around is a raspberry pi —an older model, but plenty powerful enough to be the network bridge between the iphone and the home network. the toughest part was bootstrapping the operating system packages onto the pi with only the iphone personal hotspot as the network. that is what i’m documenting here for future reference. bootstrapping the raspberry pi the raspberry pi runs its own operating system called raspbian (a debian/linux derivative) as well as more mainstream operating systems. i chose to use the ubuntu server for raspberry pi instead of raspbian because i’m more familiar with ubuntu. i tethered my macbook pro to the iphone to download the ubuntu . . lts image and follow the instructions for copying that disk image to the pi’s microsd card. that allows me to boot the pi with ubuntu and a basic set of operating system packages. the challenge: getting the required networking packages onto the pi it would have been really nice to plug the iphone into the pi with a usb-lightning cable and have it find the tethered network. that doesn’t work, though. ubuntu needs at least the usbmuxd package in order to see the tethered iphone as a network device. that package isn’t a part of the disk image download. and of course i can’t plug my pi into the home network to download it (see first paragraph of this post). my only choice was to tether the pi to the iphone over wifi with a usb network adapter. and that was a bit of ubuntu voodoo. fortunately, i found instructions on configuring ubuntu to use a wpa-protected wireless network (like the one that the iphone personal hotspot is providing). in brief: sudo -i cd /root wpa_passphrase my_ssid my_ssid_passphrase &gt; wpa.conf screen -q wpa_supplicant -dwext -iwlan -c/root/wpa.conf &lt;control-a&gt; c dhclient -r dhclient wlan explanation of lines: use sudo to get a root shell change directory to root’s home use the wpa_passphrase command to create a wpa.conf file. replace my_ssid with the wireless network name provided by the iphone (your iphone’s name) and my_ssid_passphrase with the wireless network passphrase (see the “wi-fi password” field in settings -&gt; personal hotspot). start the screen program (quietly) so we can have multiple pseudo terminals. run the wpa_supplicant command to connect to the iphone wifi hotspot. we run this the foreground so we can see the status/error messages; this program must continue running to stay connected to the wifi network. use the screen hotkey to create a new pseudo terminal. this is control-a followed by a letter c. use dhclient to clear out any dhcp network parameters use dhclient to get an ip address from the iphone over the wireless network. now i was at the point where i could install ubuntu packages. (i ran ping www.google.com to verify network connectivity.) to install the usbmuxd and network bridge packages (and their prerequisites): apt-get install usbmuxd bridge-utils if your experience is like mine, you’ll get an error back: couldn't get lock /var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend the ubuntu pi machine is now on the network, and the automatic process to install security updates is running. that locks the ubuntu package registry until it finishes. that took about minutes for me. (i imagine this varies based on the capacity of your tethered network and the number of security updates that need to be downloaded.) i monitored the progress of the automated process with the htop command and tried the apt-get command when it finished. if you are following along, now would be a good time to skip ahead to configuring the unifi security gateway if you haven’t already set that up. turning the raspberry pi into a network bridge with all of the software packages installed, i restarted the pi to complete the update: shutdown -r now while it was rebooting, i pulled out the usb wireless adapter from the pi and plugged in the iphone’s usb cable. the pi now saw the iphone as eth , but the network did not start until i went to the iphone to say that i “trust” the computer that it is plugged into. when i did that, i ran these commands on the ubuntu pi: dhclient eth brctl addbr iphonetether brctl addif iphonetether eth eth brctl stp iphonetether on ifconfig iphonetether up explanation of lines: get an ip address from the iphone over the usb interface add a network bridge (the iphonetether is an arbitrary string; some instructions simply use br for the zero-ith bridge) add the two ethernet interfaces to the network bridge turn on the spanning tree protocol (i don’t think this is actually necessary, but it does no harm) bring up the bridge interface the bridge is now live! thanks to amitkumar pal for the hints about using the pi as a network bridge. more details about the bridge networking software is on the debian wiki. note! i'm using a hardwired keyboard/monitor to set up the raspbery pi. i've heard from someone that was using ssh to run these commands, and the ssh connection would break off at brctl addif iphonetecther eth eth configuring the unifi security gateway i have a unifi cloud key, so i could change the configuration of the unifi network with a browser. (you’ll need to know the ip address of the cloud key; hopefully you have that somewhere.) i connected to my cloud key at https:// . . . : / and clicked through the self-signed certificate warning. first i set up a second wide area network (wan—your uplink to the internet) for the iphone personal hotspot: settings -&gt; internet -&gt; wan networks. select “create a new network”: network name: backup wan ipv connection type: use dhcp ipv connection types: use dhcpv dns server: . . . and . . . (cloudflare’s dns servers) load balancing: failover only the last selection is key…i wanted the gateway to only use this wan interfaces as a backup to the main broadband interface. if the broadband comes back up, i want to stop using the tethered iphone! second, assign the backup wan to the lan /wan port on the security gateway (devices -&gt; gateway -&gt; ports -&gt; configure interfaces): port wan /lan network: wan speed/duplex: autonegotiate apply the changes to provision the security gateway. after about seconds, the security gateway failed over from “wan iface eth ” (my broadband connection) to “wan iface eth ” (my tethered iphone through the pi bridge). these showed up as alerts in the unifi interface. performance and results so i’m pretty happy with this setup. the family has been running simultaneous zoom calls and web browsing on the home network, and the performance has been mostly normal. web pages do take a little longer to load, but whatever zoom is using to dynamically adjust its bandwidth usage is doing quite well. this is chewing through the mobile data quota pretty fast, so it isn’t something i want to do every day. knowing that this is possible, though, is a big relief. as a bonus, the iphone is staying charged via the amp power coming through the pi. tno october -------------------------------------------------------------------- t h e n e t w o r k o b s e r v e r volume , number october -------------------------------------------------------------------- this month: the gender politics of "exploring" the net strange ideas about privacy pre-employment background checks -------------------------------------------------------------------- welcome to tno ( ). this month's issue includes two articles by the editor. the first one explores the metaphor of "exploring" the internet, suggesting that the gross disorganization of the net promotes a social construction of the net as a masculine place and a neglect of the historically feminine activity of librarianship. the second article lists a batch of unfortunate arguments about informational privacy that i have encountered in my reading and travel over the last year, together with my own rebuttals against them. may these rebuttals serve you in your own privacy activism. -------------------------------------------------------------------- is the net a wilderness or a library? at the cpsr annual meeting earlier this month, karen coyle gave a rip-roaring speech that set me thinking about metaphors for using the net. karen is a library automation specialist and a cpsr activist who is active in getting women and girls involved in computing. in her speech she pointed out that, as a technology for making information available to people, compared to any real library, the internet is an amateur job. sure there's a reasonable amount of information, but it has been haphazardly collected, is almost completely disorganized, has no standard cataloguing system, and only the beginnings of a decent, uniform interface. discussing her speech with another cpsr activist, jim davis, later that evening, i suddenly connected several things that had been bothering me about the language and practice of the internet. the result was a partial answer to the difficult question, in what sense is the net "gendered"? the reason this question is difficult is that we don't want to be reductionist about it. it's clearly not true that only men use the net, or that only men find the net worthwhile, or that all women encounter more obstacles to net usage than any men do. our analysis needs to be more subtle than that. i don't claim to have a finished answer, but i do think i have one piece of it. that piece starts with the metaphor of "exploring". i've talked with several people who have tried to teach internet usage to people who aren't computer professionals, and there's one thing they all tell me: many students give up in frustration after repeatedly getting lost using "browsing" tools like gopher and mosaic. even a decent "history" menu doesn't seem to suffice. they find themselves "somewhere" in the net, don't know where they are, don't know how to find their way back there, and see no real logical connection between any one place and any other. note the curious collision of metaphors here. the most common use of "browsing" is in regard to libraries: wandering down the aisles in known sections, seeing what books might be on the shelf, just in case something interesting comes up. the word is also often applied to the analogous activity in bookstores. applied to a tool like mosaic or gopher, though, the metaphor is precisely backward: libraries and bookstores have clear ordering systems that are visible in the spatial layout of the building, and "browsing" suggests that you haven't got any very specific goal in your looking-around. but no such visible ordering system is found in gopherspace or the worldwide web, and people often need to use those tools to actually find something that has certain properties. but "browsing" isn't really the generative metaphor that's at work in systems like gopher or the web. the generative metaphor -- the metaphor that generates new meanings and new language for the activity of using the tools -- is "exploring". one uses these tools to "explore" the net. think what *this* metaphor entails. one normally explores alone, or with a small "party" with a definite organization. one has a location at any given time, yet one does not normally know with any precision what that location is. one is in strange territory, far from home, and the assumption is that few others like oneself have been there before -- at least, any markings on rocks or trees that are recognizable as being from one's own kind are rare and important signs. one is normally in danger, or at least in grave uncertainty, and one must learn to tolerate continual fear. (see my discussion of the related metaphor of the "electronic frontier", employed by the otherwise laudable electronic frontier foundation, in tno ( ).) all of this does, in fact, describe the experience of many new users of tools like gopher and mosaic -- and many other such tools as well. maybe they get used to it, and maybe they don't. the real question, though, is: should they *have* to get used to it? clearly not. yet for many people, "exploring" is close to defining the experience of the net. it is clearly a gendered metaphor: it has historically been a male activity, and it comes down to us saturated with a long list of meanings related to things like colonial expansion, experiences of otherness, and scientific discovery. explorers often die, and often fail, and the ones that do neither are heroes and role models. this whole complex of meanings and feelings and strivings is going to appeal to those who have been acculturated into a particular male-marked system of meanings, and it is not going to offer a great deal of meaning to anyone who has not. the use of prestigious artifacts like computers is inevitably tied up with the construction of personal identity, and "exploration" tools offer a great deal more traction in this process to historically male cultural norms than to female ones. this sort of thing cuts particularly hard in middle schools, when kids between and establish both their gendered adult social identities and their formative skills and relationships with technology. once the computer room gets defined as a "boys' place", it's just about all over for girls. teachers abet this process when they reinforce the pointlessly masculine metaphors of exploration through their lessons in the computer lab. if the net necessarily worked this way, or if it worked this way for a good reason, then we'd have a real problem here. but, as karen coyle points out, that's not the case. the net right now really is an amateur job, and perhaps it's not surprising that the missing element is something that historically has been strongly coded as a female activity, namely librarianship: ordering, marking, and cataloguing information so that people can actually find it and use it, and staffing the desk where people go for help with this process. are the net's dysfunctionalities actually central to the gendered experience of using the net? and what if they are? then maybe those heroic browsing tools should be left for the second course on using the internet, and maybe the far more useful skills of communicating on the net should occupy the first course. i don't just mean technical skills here -- i also mean the skills of composing clear texts, reading with an awareness of different possible interpretations, recognizing and resolving conflicts, asking for help without feeling powerless, organizing people to get things done, and embracing the diversity of the backgrounds and experiences of others. just sending and receiving messages on the computer is of little use in itself if these deeper human lessons are not taught and learned as well. electronic mail interaction is a good place to learn these skills because the e-mail texts can be saved, inspected, discussed, thought over, revised, presented as models, collaborated upon, and so forth. what's more, the motions of typing slow the process down enough that impulsive reaction becomes more difficult and thoughtful reflection becomes more likely. but i think that an ever deeper question lurks behind the issue of network metaphors. where is the reference desk on the net? some systems (like the well) have schemes where you can "shout" for help to the other users and get technical assistance, but these schemes are few, not standardized, often unreliable, and usually limited to technical matters. why is the net developing without leaving a place for the important role played by real, live human librarians in libraries? the librarian is the person who knows what information is out there, where and how to find it, which tools work best for searching, which reference works are best for what purposes, how the special collections are organized, who is the expert on what, and so forth. a library isn't just a bunch of books: it's a human system that's set up to help connect people to information. why isn't the net like this? why does the space you "explore" in gopher or mosaic look empty even when it's full of other people? why isn't there a mechanism for asking for help? it wouldn't be hard to organize. just as libraries use networks now to share the costs of cataloguing books through organizations like the cooperative cataloguing council, they could also share the costs of on-line professional librarianship assistance in order to provide -hour coverage to participating institutions. this process would need software support as well: when you need help, you'd type in a text message (or just enter a voice recording) explaining what you're trying to do. you would be automatically connected to a helper, and a snapshot of your "browser" session would appear on their screen. a simple expert system would guess at which helper would be best suited to your question, based on their areas of expertise. it's important to do this on the library model and not just on a commercial model. librarians have no conflicts of interest that might influence them to steer you toward particular databases, and they're not paid by the hour so they have no interest in prolonging the interaction unnecessarily. they do, however, have an organizational interest in customers being happy with the library. they also have long experience in balancing the interests of the organization they're paid to serve (for example, a particular university) with the larger public interest. what would the internet's tools be like if their designers routinely thought about the social relationships of their use? it's a hard question, precisely because of the one-user-one-tool model of lonely exploration that still routinely goes into the design of such systems. the net opens up a whole world of possible new ways of connecting people together, but we'll squander its potential until we appreciate the role of the helping professions, and more generally the thoroughly social nature of the activities that are, we are told, rapidly migrating into the chilly nighttime of cyberspace. -------------------------------------------------------------------- some strange ideas about privacy. the emergence of new digital technologies is opening up a new world of privacy issues. along the way, our ideas about what privacy even *is* will presumably be rethought and refought in a variety of ways. tno ( ) has already looked at some new concepts of privacy that might be required to understand the use of computers to track human activities, and tno ( ) has taken a quick look at one attempt to define "privacy" in such a way that companies protect your privacy by accumulating massive amounts of information on you. here i collect some strange ideas about privacy that i have encountered in my reading and traveling over the last year. i have not tried to document any of them in a scholarly way, and the bulleted quotations represent composite or abbreviated versions of the lines i have heard. my purpose is not to make accusations against the people who use such lines. many people honestly believe them, and many others are just passing along half-thought-out ideas that they've heard elsewhere. instead, i want to help you to recognize these lines when you encounter them -- and equip you to argue back against them when the situation calls for it. * "we've lost so much of our privacy anyway." this line plays upon the dire rhetoric of privacy campaigners and somehow turns it on its head: we've already lost our privacy, so further steps to protect it are futile. i hear this a lot from technical people when i recommend that they employ privacy protections in their newly designed systems. it's important to spread the word about the routine invasions of our privacy, but it's also important to remind everyone of how much privacy we have left to lose. you can still drive pretty much anywhere you like without leaving records behind. you can still pay for most things in cash. hardly anyone has to report their sexual activities to anyone else -- or whether you eat fattening foods, or who your friends are, or your religion. you don't need an internal passport to travel in most countries, and so you don't have to register your movements. if you live in the united states then you enjoy a fair amount of protection under the legislation such as the fair credit reporting act and the electronic communications privacy act. we can lose these things, and we *will* lose them, unless we ensure that each new generation of technology has the privacy protections it needs. * "privacy is an obsolete victorian hang-up." the basic idea is that we'll soon lose all control over our personal information, and after some hand-wringing we'll just get used to it. protecting our personal information is equated with prudishness, obsessional modesty, cultural embarrassment, and unliberated secrecy. people who believe such things are, in my experience, invariably either ignorant of or in denial about the realities of social oppression. let's send them to live in a place where everybody knows everything about you for a while. there's a world of difference about being voluntarily "open", on one's own terms, about one's liberated sexuality and experiencing mandatory invasion and publicity of the less happy details of one's sexual life. the same thing goes for your phone records, where you've been driving, what you ate for dinner, and a great deal else. * "ideas about privacy are culturally specific and it is thus impossible to define privacy in the law without bias." this argument is found often in the american legal literature, principally among people whose political commitments would not otherwise dispose them to heights of cultural sensitivity. it is true that certain ideas about privacy are culturally specific -- oscar gandy, for example, reports that african-americans find unsolicited telemarketing calls to be less invasive than do their fellow citizens of european descent. but this sort of argument quickly turns obnoxious as the issues become more serious. amnesty international is not based on any sort of relativism about torture, and neither should privacy international be overly impressed by governments claiming that their culture is compatible with the universal tracking of citizens, or that objections to such things represent cultural bias. the argument is especially specious with relation to tort law, the area where it is most commonly made, since tort law arises in large part through the rational reconstruction of the decisions of juries in particular cases. if you throw out concepts of privacy on such grounds then you must also throw out concepts like contract as well. * "we have strong security on our data." in my experience, this argument is common even among people who regard themselves as privacy activists. it arises through a widespread confusion between privacy and security. privacy and security are very different things. informational privacy means that i get to control my personal information. data security means that *someone else* in an organization somewhere gets to control my personal information by, among other things, withholding access from those outside the organization. of course, this organization may have my best interests in mind, and may even seek my approval before doing anything unusual with my information. the problem arises when the organization itself wants to invade my privacy, for example by making secondary uses of information about its transactions with me. those secondary uses of the data can be as secure as you like, but they are still invasions of my privacy. * "national identity cards protect privacy by improving authentication and data security." it might indeed be argued that my privacy is not protected if individuals in a society don't have enough of a standardized institutional identity to authenticate themselves when they make claims on organizations (for example, when buying on credit). but the holes in current mechanisms for officially conferring identity can be patched to a major extent without resorting to universal identification cards. state departments of motor vehicles in the united states, for example, need to institute much better policies at one of the notorious weak points in the system, namely the issuance of replacement drivers' licenses. it would accomplish a lot, i think, simply to mail out a letter about the new license to all known addresses of the legitimate license holder. * "informational privacy can be protected by converting it into a property right." this one has suddenly become extremely common, as articulated for example by anne branscomb in her book "who owns information?". additionally, many people have begun to spin elaborate scenarios about the future market in personal information, in which i can withhold my personal information unless the price is right. these scenarios might hold some value for certain purposes, but they have little to do with protecting informational privacy. the crucial issue is bargaining power. the organizations that gobble your personal information today have computer systems that, by their very design, profoundly presuppose that the organization will capture information about you and store it under a unique identifier. they mostly capture this information with impunity because you can do little to stop them. if your personal information were suddenly redefined by the law as personal property tomorrow, assuming that the lawyers figured out what this idea even *means*, then i predict that, the day after tomorrow, every adherence contract (that's legalese for "take it or leave it", the prototype being those preprinted contracts for credit cards and rental cars and mortgages that are covered with fine print that the firm's local representative has no authority to modify or delete) in the affected jurisdiction would suddenly sprout a new clause issuing to the organization an unrestricted license (or some such legal entity) over the use of your personal information. you can refuse, of course, but you'll be in precisely the same position that you are today: take it or leave it. the widespread belief to the contrary reflects a downright magical belief in the efficacy of property rights. establishing property rights in your personal information might actually be a good idea, but it's not nearly sufficient. what's really needed is machinery that establishes parity of bargaining power between individuals and organizations -- the informational equivalent of unions or cooperatives that can bargain as a unit for better terms with large organizations. that machinery most likely doesn't need property rights to be defined over personal information, but maybe it would make things clearer. that's the only real argument i can find for the idea, and it's not a very strong one. * "we have to balance privacy against industry concerns." this is probably the weakest of these arguments. it is also probably the most common in administrative hearings at the federal communications commission and the like. it reflects a situation in which a bureaucrat is faced with privacy activists on one side and industry lobbyists on the other side, and so they are forced to construct the notion of a "balance" between the two sides' arguments. the bureaucrats will profess themselves impressed by the economic benefits of the large new industry said to be in the offing. these benefits are often framed in terms of "wealth creation", without much consideration of whether this wealth will be delivered to the people from whom it was extracted. but the arguments just don't compare. privacy is an individual right, not an abstract social good. balancing privacy against profit is like balancing the admitted evils of murder against the creation of wealth through the trade in body parts for transplants. it simply does not work that way. * "privacy paranoids want to turn back the technological clock." beware any attempt to identify privacy invasion with technical progress. it is true and important that routine and rapidly expanding privacy invasion is implicit in traditional methods of computer system design, but plenty of technical design methods exist to protect privacy, especially using cryptography. this kind of argument has been used with particular force in the case of caller number id (aka caller id, or cnid). it is well known by now that cnid promises a thousand applications at the intersection between the world of telephones and the world of computers. privacy advocates are upset about cnid because industry keeps promoting rules that make it difficult for people to "block" their lines, thus preventing their phone number from being sent out digitally except when they explicitly ask for it to be sent. proponents of industry's view have gone to great lengths, though, to define things in terms of "pro-cnid" versus "anti-cnid" camps, and i have found myself that it takes great determination to stay away from this terminology. as soon as any kind of technological debate get defined as "pro-" versus "anti-", whole layers of rhetoric start cutting in: they're luddites! but it doesn't work that way. most technologies worth having can be designed to provide inherent privacy protections -- not just data security (see above), but convenient, iron-clad mechanisms for opting out or for participating without having one's information captured and cross-indexed by a universal identifier. i'm not normally inclined to advocate technical fixes, but when it comes to information technology and privacy, i actually do think that they're the only answer that can stick. -------------------------------------------------------------------- this month's recommendations. jack a. gottschalk, crisis response: inside stories on managing image under siege, detroit: visible ink, . a book by and for pr people, a couple dozen case studies of crisis management written by the pr people who were on the front lines. some of them derive from cases, like the tylenol poisoning, where a more or less faultless company did more or less the right thing, and others record the good clean fun of corporations fighting with one another over billion-dollar court cases. but many others are represented as well, all written by people whose profession is the rationalization of egregious conduct. the chapter about the isocyanate leak at union carbide's bhopal plant is in this category -- a cornucopia of special pleading that is worth the price of the book. colin j. bennett, regulating privacy: data protection and public policy in europe and the united states, ithaca: cornell university press, . an intelligent study of the politics of privacy in several countries. bennett is a political scientist who uses privacy as the occasion for investigating general questions of how issues get defined and negotiated within societies. his book sets standards for intellectual seriousness and scholarly rigor in research on privacy policy. democratic culture is the newsletter of teachers for a democratic culture, po box , evanston il , jkw@midway.uchicago.edu. tdc started out as a liberal academics' answer to the "political correctness" craze started by the likes of dinesh d'souza. its newsletter, though, has grown into an interesting, politically diverse, and unusually high-quality discussion of the complex realities of intellectual freedom. you can sign up for $ if you can afford it, $ if you can't, and $ if you're a student or have a low income. -------------------------------------------------------------------- company of the month. this month's company is: cdb infotek six hutton centre drive santa ana, california ( ) - ( ) - cdb infotek is one of those companies you keep hearing about that will look up all kinds of personal information about you for a fee. one large market for this information is in pre-employment background checks. their price list is fascinating. it may or may not be reassuring that a nationwide felony search is $ . consumer credit reports are $ , faa aircraft ownership searches are $ , and registered voter profiles are $ . motor vehicle ownership searches by name vary between $ and $ by state. real property ownership searches run between $ and $ per state. all manner of superior court records are available for usually $ to $ per court (e.g., san diego county divorce court searches are $ . ). the new subscriber fee is $ plus $ per month. i find it comforting that these prices are all so high. just think what the world will be like when they drop by a factor of twenty or fifty. -------------------------------------------------------------------- follow-up. the new south polar times, an amusing diary of life among the scientists at the south pole, is available on the web at http:// . . . /nspt/nspthomepage.html chris mays <cmays@mercury.sfsu.edu> has issued a new edition of his frequently asked questions on california electronic government information. the url is http://www.cpsr.org/cpsr/states/california/cal_gov_info_faq.html you can also view the ascii text by gopher at cpsr. host=gopher.cpsr.org port= path= /cpsr/states/california/ .cal_gov_info_faq -------------------------------------------------------------------- phil agre, editor pagre@ucla.edu department of information studies university of california, los angeles + ( ) - los angeles, california - fax - usa -------------------------------------------------------------------- copyright by the editor. you may forward this issue of the network observer electronically to anyone for any non-commercial purpose. comments and suggestions are always appreciated. -------------------------------------------------------------------- go back to the top of the file planet eric lease morgan 	 	 		 	home 	alex catalogue 	serials 	blog 	musings 	planet 	sandbox 				 	 	 	 		 		 writings 					 				 catholic portal 				 	 				 comments on: 				 	 				 dh @ notre dame 				 	 				 life of a librarian 				 	 				 mini-musings 				 	 				 musings 				 	 				 readings 				 	 				 water collection 				 				 					about this planet 	timeline view 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 		august , 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		life of a librarian 		 		 		 		searching project gutenberg at the distant reader 		 		 the venerable project gutenberg is a collection of about , transcribed editions of classic literature in the public domain, mostly from the western cannon. a subset of about , project gutenberg items has been cached locally, indexed, and made available through a website called the distant reader. the index is freely for anybody and anywhere to use. this blog posting describes how to query the index. the index is rooted in a technology called solr, a very popular indexing tool. the index supports simple searching, phrase searching, wildcard searches, fielded searching, boolean logic, and nested queries. each of these techniques are described below: 	simple searches – enter any words you desire, and you will most likely get results. in this regard, it is difficult to break the search engine. 	phrase searches – enclose query terms in double-quote marks to search the query as a phrase. examples include: "tom sawyer", "little country schoolhouse", and "medieval europe". 	wildcard searches – append an asterisk (*) to any non-phrase query to perform a stemming operation on the given query. for example, the query potato* will return results including the words potato and potatoes. 	fielded searches – the index has many different fields. the most important include: author, title, subject, and classification. to limit a query to a specific field, prefix the query with the name of the field and a colon (:). examples include: title:mississippi, author:plato, or subject:knowledge. 	boolean logic – queries can be combined with three boolean operators: ) and, ) or, or ) not. the use of and creates the intersection of two queries. the use of or creates the union of two queries. the use of not creates the negation of the second query. the boolean operators are case-sensitive. examples include: love and author:plato, love or affection, and love not war. 	nested queries – boolean logic queries can be nested to return more sophisticated sets of items; nesting allows you to override the way rudimentary boolean operations get combined. use matching parentheses (()) to create nested queries. an example includes (love not war) and (justice and honor) and (classification:bx or subject:"spiritual life"). of all the different types of queries, nested queries will probably give you the most grief. becase this index is a full text index on a wide variety of topics, you will probably need to exploit the query language to create truly meaningful results. 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		by eric lease morgan at august , : pm 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		july , 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		life of a librarian 		 		 		 		searching cord- at the distant reader 		 		 this blog posting documents the query syntax for an index of scientific journal articles called cord- . cord- is a data set of scientific journal articles on the topic of covid- . as of this writing, it includes more than , items. this data set has been harvested, pre-processed, indexed, and made available as a part of the distant reader. access to the index is freely available to anybody and everybody. the index is rooted in a technology called solr, a very popular indexing tool. the index supports simple searching, phrase searching, wildcard searches, fielded searching, boolean logic, and nested queries. each of these techniques are described below: 	simple searches – enter any words you desire, and you will most likely get results. in this regard, it is difficult to break the search engine. 	phrase searches – enclose query terms in double-quote marks to search the query as a phrase. examples include: "waste water", "circulating disease", and "acute respiratory syndrome". 	wildcard searches – append an asterisk (*) to any non-phrase query to perform a stemming operation on the given query. for example, the query virus* will return results including the words virus and viruses. 	fielded searches – the index has many different fields. the most important include: authors, title, year, journal, abstract, and keywords. to limit a query to a specific field, prefix the query with the name of the field and a colon (:). examples include: title:disease, abstract:"cardiovascular disease", or year: . of special note is the keywords field. keywords are sets of statistically significant and computer-selected terms akin to traditional library subject headings. the use of the keywords field is a very efficient way to create a small set of very relevant articles. examples include: keywords:mrna, keywords:ribosome, or keywords:china. 	boolean logic – queries can be combined with three boolean operators: ) and, ) or, or ) not. the use of and creates the intersection of two queries. the use of or creates the union of two queries. the use of not creates the negation of the second query. the boolean operators are case-sensitive. examples include: covid and title:sars, abstract:cat* or abstract:dog*, and abstract:cat* not abstract:dog* 	nested queries – boolean logic queries can be nested to return more sophisticated sets of articles; nesting allows you to override the way rudimentary boolean operations get combined. use matching parentheses (()) to create nested queries. an example includes ((covid and title:sars) or abstract:cat* or abstract:dog*) not year: . of all the different types of queries, nested queries will probably give you the most grief. 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		by eric lease morgan at july , : pm 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		july , 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		life of a librarian 		 		 		 		distant reader workshop hands-on activities 		 		 this is a small set of hands-on activities presented for the keystone digital humanities annual meeting. the intent of the activities is to familiarize participants with the use and creation of distant reader study carrels. this page is also available as pdf file designed for printing. introduction the distant reader is a tool for reading. given an almost arbitrary amount of unstructured data (text), the reader creates a corpus, applies text mining against the corpus, and returns a structured data set amenable to analysis (“reading”) by students, researchers, scholars, and computers. the data sets created by the reader are called “study carrels”. they contain a cache of the original input, plain text versions of the same, many different tab-delimited files enumerating textual features, a relational database file, and a number of narrative reports summarizing the whole. given this set of information, it is easy to answer all sorts of questions that would have previously been very time consuming to address. many of these questions are akin to newspaper reporter questions: who, what, when, where, how, and how many. using more sophisticated techniques, the reader can help you elucidate on a corpus’s aboutness, plot themes over authors and time, create maps, create timelines, or even answer sublime questions such as, “what are some definitions of love, and how did the writings of st. augustine and jean-jacques rousseau compare to those definitions?” the distant reader and its library of study carrels are located at: 	https://distantreader.org 	https://distantreader.org/catalog activity # : compare & contrast two study carrels these tasks introduce you to the nature of study carrels: 	from the library, identify two study carrels of interest, and call them carrel a and carrel b. don’t think too hard about your selections. 	read carrel a, and answer the following three questions: ) how many items are in the carrel, ) if you were to describe the content of the carrel in one sentence, then what might that sentence be, and ) what are some of the carrel’s bigrams that you find interesting and why. 	read carrel b, and answer the same three questions. 	answer the question, “how are carrels a and b similar and different?” activity # : become familiar with the content of a study carrel these tasks stress the structured and consistent nature of study carrels: 	download and uncompress both carrel a and carrel b. 	count the number of items (files and directories) at the root of carrel a. count the number of items (files and directories) at the root of carrel b. answer the question, “what is the difference between the two counts?”. what can you infer from the answer? 	open any of the items in the directory/folder named “cache”, and all of the files there ought to be exact duplicates of the original inputs, even if they are html documents. in this way, the reader implements aspects of preservation. a la lockss, “lots of copies keep stuff safe.” 	from the cache directory, identify an item of interest; pick any document-like file, and don’t think too hard about your selection. 	given the name of the file from the previous step, open the file with the similar name but located in the folder/directory named “txt”, and you ought to see a plain text version of the original file. the reader uses these plain text files as input for its text mining processes. 	given the name of the file from the previous step, use your favorite spreadsheet program to open the similarly named file but located in the folder/directory named “pos”. all files in the pos directory are tab-delimited files, and they can be opened in your spreadsheet program. i promise. once opened, you ought to see a list of each and every token (“word”) found in the original document as well as the tokens’ lemma and part-of-speech values. given this type of information, what sorts of questions do you think you can answer? 	open the file named “manifest.htm” found at the root of the study carrel, and once opened you will see an enumeration and description of all the folders/files in any given carrel. what types of files exist in a carrel, and what sorts of questions can you address if given such files? activity # : create study carrels anybody can create study carrels, there are many ways to do so, and here are two: 	go to https://distantreader.org/create/url carrel, and you may need to go through orcid authentication along the way. 	give your carrel a one-word name. 	enter a url of your choosing. your home page, your institutional home page, or the home page of a wikipedia article are good candidates. 	click the create button, and the reader will begin to do its work. 	create an empty folder/directory on your computer. 	identify three or four pdf files on your computer, and copy them to the newly created directory. compress (zip) the directory. 	go to https://distantreader.org/create/zip carrel, and you may need to go through orcid authentication along the way. 	give your carrel a different one-word name. 	select the .zip file you just created. 	click the create button, and the reader will begin to do its work. 	wait patiently, and along the way the reader will inform you of its progress. depending on many factors, your carrels will be completed in as little as two minutes or as long as an hour. 	finally, repeat activities # and # with your newly created study carrels. extra credit activities the following activities outline how to use a number of cross-platform desktop/gui applications to read study carrels: 	print any document found in the cache directory and use the traditional reading process to… read it. consider using an active reading process by annotating passages with your pen or pencil. 	download wordle from the wayback machine, a fine visualization tool. open any document found in the txt directory, and copy all of its content to the clipboard. open wordle, paste in the text, and create a tag cloud. 	download antconc, a cross-platform concordance application. use antconc to open one more more files found in the txt directory, and then use antconc to find snippets of text containing the bigrams identified in activity # . to increase precision, configure antconc to use the stopword list found in any carrel at etc/stopwords.txt. 	download openrefine, a robust data cleaning and analysis program. use openrefine to open one or more of the files in the folder/directory named “ent”. (these files enumerate named-entities found in your carrel.) use openrefine to first clean the entities, and then use it to count & tabulate things like the people, places, and organizations identified in the carrel. repeat this process for any of the files found in the directories named “adr”, “pos”, “wrd”, or “urls”. extra extra credit activities as sets of structured data, the content of study carrels can be computed against. in other words, programs can be written in python, r, java, bash, etc. which open up study carrel files, manipulate the content in ways of your own design, and output knowledge. for example, you could open up the named entity files, select the entities of type person, look up those people in wikidata, extract their birthdates and death dates, and finally create a timeline illustrating who was mentioned in a carrel and when they lived. the same thing could be done for entities of type gre (place), and a map could be output. a fledgling set of jupyter notebooks and command-line tools have been created just for these sorts of purposes, and you can find them on github: 	https://github.com/ericleasemorgan/reader-notebooks 	https://github.com/ericleasemorgan/reader-toolbox-classic/ 	https://github.com/ericleasemorgan/reader-toolbox every study carrel includes an sqlite relational database file (etc/reader.db). the database file includes all the information from all tab-delimited files (named-entities, parts-of-speech, keywords, bibliographics, etc.). given this database, a person can either query the database from the command-line, write a program to do so, or use gui tools like db browser for sqlite or datasette. the result of such queries can be elaborate if-then statement such as “find all keywords from documents dated less than y” or “find all documents, and output them in a given citation style.” take a gander at the sql file named “etc/queries.sql” to learn how the database is structured. it will give you a head start. summary given an almost arbitrary set of unstructured data (text), the distant reader outputs sets of structured data known as “study carrels”. the content of study carrels can be consumed using the traditional reading process, through the use of any number of desktop/gui applications, or programmatically. this document outlined each of these techniques. embrace information overload. use the distant reader. 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		by eric lease morgan at july , : pm 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		july , 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		life of a librarian 		 		 		 		distant reader 		 		 embrace information overload. use the distant reader. 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		by eric lease morgan at july , : pm 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		may , 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		life of a librarian 		 		 		 		ptpbio and the reader 		 		 [the following missive was written via an email message to a former colleague, and it is a gentle introduction to distant reader “study carrels”. –elm] on another note, i see you help edit a journal (ptpbio), and i used it as a case-study for a thing i call the distant reader. the distant reader takes an arbitrary amount of text as input, does text mining and natural language processing against it, saves the result as a set of structured data, writes a few reports, and packages the whole thing into a zip file. the zip file is really a data set, and distant reader data sets are affectionately called “study carrels”. i took the liberty of applying the reader process to ptpbio, and the result has manifested itself in a number of ways. let me enumerate them. first, there is the cache of the original content; 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/cache/ next, there are plain text versions of the cached items. these files are used for text mining, etc.: 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/txt/ the reader does many different things against the plain text. for example, the reader enumerates and describes each and every token (“word”) in each and every document. the descriptions include the word, its lemma, is part-of-speech, and its location in the corpus. each plain text file is really a tab-delimited file easily importable into your favorite spreadsheet or database program: 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/pos/ similar sets of files are created for named entities, urls, email addresses, and statistically significant keywords: 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/ent/ 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/adr/ 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/urls/ 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/wrd/ all of this data is distilled into a (sqlite) database file, and various reports are run against the database. for example, a very simple and rudimentary report as well as a more verbose html report: 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/standard-output.txt 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/index.htm all of this data is stored in a single directory: 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/ finally, the whole thing is zipped up and available for downloading. what is cool about the download is that it is % functional on your desktop as it is on the ‘net. the study carrels does not require the ‘net to be operational; study carrels are manifested as plain text files, are stand-alone items, and will endure the test of time: 	https://library.distantreader.org/backroom/journal-ptpbio/study-carrel.zip “but wait. there’s more!” it is not possible for me to create a web-based interface empowering students, researchers, or scholars to answer any given research question. there are too many questions. on the other hand, since the study carrels are “structured”, one can write more sophisticated applications against the data. that is what the reader toolbox and reader (jupyter) notebooks are for. using the toolbox and/or the notebooks the student, researcher, or scholar can do all sorts of things: 	download carrels from the reader’s library 	extract ngrams 	do concordancing 	do topic modeling 	create a full text index 	output all sentences containing a given word 	find all people, use the ‘net to get birth date and death dates, and create a timeline 	find all places, use the ‘net to get locations, and plot a map 	articulate an “interesting” idea, and illustrate how that idea ebbed & flowed over time 	play hangman, do a cross-word puzzle, or plat a hidden word search game finally, the reader is by no means perfect. “software is never done. if it were, then it would be called ‘hardware’.” ironically though, the hard part about the reader is not interpreting the result. the hard part is two other things. first, in order to use the reader effectively, a person needs to have a (research) question in mind. the question can be as simple as “what are the characteristics of the given corpus?” or, they can be as sublime as “how does st. augustine define love, and how does his definition differ from rousseau’s?” just as difficult it the creation of the corpus to begin with. for example, i needed to get just the pdf versions of your journal, but the website (understandably) is covered with about pages, navigation pages, etc. listing the urls of the pdf files was not difficult, but it was a bit tedious. again, that is not your fault. in fact, your site was (relatively) easy. some places seem to make it impossible to get to the content. (sometimes i think the internet is really one huge advertisement.) okay. that was plenty! your journal was a good use-case. thank you for the fodder. oh, by the way, the reader is located at https://distantreader.org, and it available for use by anybody in the world. 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		by eric lease morgan at may , : pm 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	date created: - - 	date updated: - - 	url: http://infomotions.com/ 	 equinox open library initiative skip to content		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 								 					 		 				 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 								 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 							 					 						facebook-f 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						linkedin-in 											 				 							 					 						vimeo 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 					 														 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 				about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 		 		 						 								 								 		 		 										 					× 				 						 					about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 				about 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			our team 		 				 				 				 			newsroom 		 				 				 				 			events 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			history 		 				 				 				 			ethics 		 				 				 				 			disclosures 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	products 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			fulfillment 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	services 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			consulting 		 				 				 				 			workflow and advanced ils consultation 		 				 				 				 			data services 		 				 				 				 			web design 		 				 				 				 			it consultation 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			migration 		 				 				 				 			development 		 				 				 				 			hosting & support 		 				 				 				 			training & education 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 			 							 										 										 					 	learn 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinoxedu 		 				 				 				 			tips & tricks 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			conference presentations 		 				 				 				 			resource library 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	collaborate 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			communities 		 				 				 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			equinox grants 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	connect 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			sales 		 				 				 				 			support 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			donate 		 				 				 				 			contact us 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		 		 						 								 								 		 		 										 					× 				 						 					about 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			our team 		 				 				 				 			newsroom 		 				 				 				 			events 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			history 		 				 				 				 			ethics 		 				 				 				 			disclosures 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	products 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			fulfillment 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	services 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			consulting 		 				 				 				 			workflow and advanced ils consultation 		 				 				 				 			data services 		 				 				 				 			web design 		 				 				 				 			it consultation 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			migration 		 				 				 				 			development 		 				 				 				 			hosting & support 		 				 				 				 			training & education 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	learn 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinoxedu 		 				 				 				 			tips & tricks 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			conference presentations 		 				 				 				 			resource library 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	collaborate 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			communities 		 				 				 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			equinox grants 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	connect 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			sales 		 				 				 				 			support 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			donate 		 				 				 				 			contact us 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 			 		 				 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 				about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 		 		 						 								 								 		 		 										 					× 				 						 					about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		 						 							 							 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinox provides innovative open source software for libraries of all types. 		 				 				 				 					extraordinary service. exceptional value. as a (c)( ) nonprofit corporation, equinox supports library automation by investing in open source software and providing technology services for libraries. 				 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 										 						products											 				 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 										 						services											 				 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 																					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 																					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			ask us how » 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 																					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about equinox » 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			news & events 		 				 				 				 					 				 			 						 			 		 						 							press release 		center for khmer studies goes live on koha ils 		 			learn more » 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 							press release 		vermont jazz center goes live on koha ils 		 			learn more » 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 							press release 		equinox open library initiative presents “developing open source tools to support libraries during covid- ” at the ala annual conference 		 			learn more » 		 						 			 		 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			products & services 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					koha is the first free and open source library automation package. equinox’s team includes some of koha’s core developers. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					evergreen is a unique and powerful open source ils designed to support large, dispersed, and multi-tiered library networks. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					equinox provides ongoing educational opportunities through equinoxedu, including live webinars, workshops, and online resources. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					fulfillment is an open source interlibrary loan management system. fulfillment can be used alongside or in connection with any integrated library system.     				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					coral is an open source electronic resources management system. its interoperable modules allow libraries to streamline their management of electronic resources. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			customized for your library 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			consulting 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			migration 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			development 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			hosting & support 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			training & education 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			why choose equinox? 		 				 				 				 						equinox is different from most ils providers. as a non-profit organization, our guiding principle is to provide a transparent, open software development process, and we release all code developed to publicly available repositories. 	equinox is experienced with serving libraries of all types in the united states and internationally. we’ve supported and migrated libraries of all sizes, from single library sites to full statewide implementations. 	equinox is technically proficient, with skilled project managers, software developers, and data services staff ready to assist you. we’ve helped libraries automating for the first time and those migrating from legacy ils systems. 	equinox knows libraries. more than fifty percent of our team are professional librarians with direct experience working in academic, government, public and special libraries. we understand the context and ecosystem of library software. 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 				 					 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			sign up today for news & updates! 		 				 				 				 			please enable javascript in your browser to complete this form. email * name *first last organization i'd like to hear more about:	koha 	evergreen 	equinoxedu 	other please describe: submit 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 											 									 							 					 						working with equinox has been like night and day. it's amazing to have a system so accessible to our patrons and easy to use. it has super-charged our library lending power!					 									 						 								brooke matsonexecutive director, spark central			 		 								 											 									 							 					 						equinox open library initiative hosts evergreen for the sclends library consortium. their technical support has been both prompt, responsive, and professional in reacting to our support requests during covid- . they have been a valuable consortium partner in meeting the needs of the member libraries and their patrons.					 									 						 								chris yatessouth carolina state library			 		 								 											 									 							 					 						working with equinox was great! they were able to migrate our entire consortium with no down time during working hours. the equinox team went the extra mile in helping missouri evergreen.					 									 						 								colleen knightmissouri evergreen			 		 								 									 															 																 							 							previous 						 						 							 							next 						 												 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			twitter 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinox olifollow equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug the latest from @ala_acrl: value of academic libraries committee presents survey results for covid- protocols for academic libraries. read more: https://bit.ly/ fcdcpl #covid #libraries reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug take a look at the tools we developed over the last year to assist libraries in responding to covid- . watch our @alalibrary conference presentation: https://splus.equinoxoli.org/subjects/equinox_covid tools reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug say goodbye to your spreadsheets and hello to #coral, an open source solution for managing electronic resources! the next equinoxedu: spotlight on coral erm is august , - pm edt - free and open. register: https://bit.ly/ fxqpma #equinoxedu #equinox @coral_erm #opensource reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug save the date! #chatopens is / w/ guest moderator @xsong discussing #electronicresourcemanagement, #opensource, and the #coral community. @coral_erm #oss #opensource #librarytech #tech reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug the inaugural liblearnx is jan - w/ @ala_acrl & @alalibrary. call for proposals now open: https://bit.ly/ r fdw #librarylife #education reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			events 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 				 			 						 			 		 						 					open source twitter chat with guest moderator xiaoyan song #chatopens 		event 				august , ( - pm et). join us on twitter with the hashtag #chatopens as we discuss coral erm and electronic resource management with guest moderator xiaoyan song, electronic resources librarian 				 			read more 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 					equinoxedu: spotlight on coral erm 		event 				august , ( - pm et). say goodbye to your spreadsheets and hello to an open source solution for managing electronic resources! join us to learn how coral erm can help 				 			read more 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 					open source twitter chat with andrea buntz neiman #chatopens 		event 				july , ( - pm et).  join us on twitter with the hashtag #chatopens as we discuss fulfillment with development project manager, andrea buntz neiman. 				 			read more 		 						 			 		 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 		 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinox open library initiative 		 				 				 				 					equinox open library initiative inc. is a (c) corporation devoted to the support of open source software for public libraries, academic libraries, school libraries, and special libraries. as the successor to equinox software, inc., equinox provides exceptional service and technical expertise delivered by experienced librarians and technical staff. equinox offers affordable, customized consulting services, software development, hosting, training, and technology support for libraries of all sizes and types. 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			connect 		 				 				 				 			please enable javascript in your browser to complete this form. email * submit 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook-f 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						linkedin-in 											 				 							 					 						vimeo 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			contact us 		 				 				 				 					info@equinoxoli.org .open.ils ( . . ) + . . . po box norcross, ga 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					copyright © – equinox open library initiative. all rights reserved. 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					privacy policy  |   terms of use  |   equinox library services canada  |   site map 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 			skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 none none none ted lawless ted lawless i'm ted lawless, an application developer based in ann arbor, mi working in higher education. i post brief articles or technical notes from time to time about working with metadata, web apis and data management tools. see the list below. i've also compiled a list of presentations and projects that i've been involved with. if any of this is of interest to you, please feel free to contact me via email (lawlesst at gmail), github , linkedin, or twitter. posts 	automatically extracting keyphrases from text - - 	datasette hosting costs - - 	connecting python's rdflib to aws neptune - - 	usable sample researcher profile data - - 	exploring years of the new yorker fiction podcast with wikidata - - 	now publishing complete lahman baseball database with datasette - - 	publishing the lahman baseball database with datasette - - 	sparql to pandas dataframes - - 	querying wikidata to identify globally famous baseball players - - 	python etl and json-ld - - see a full list of posts or the rss feed. ted lawless, 	lawlesst at gmail 	github 	linkedin 	twitter ptsefton.com 	 toggle navigation ptsefton.com 	home 	cv 	archives 	 - - : fiir data management; findable inaccessible interoperable and reusable? 	 - - : arkisto: a repository based platform for managing all kinds of research data 	 - - : research object crate (ro-crate) update 	 - - : infrastructure and what do we really want for dmps 	 - - : what did you do in the lockdowns pt? part - music videos 	 - - : fair data management; it's a lifestyle not a lifecycle 	 - - : research data management looking outward from it 	 - - : redundant. 	 - - : an open, composable standards–based research eresearch platform: arkisto 	 - - : you won't believe this shocking semantic web trick i use to avoid publishing my own ontologies! will i end up going to hell for this? 	 - - : eresearch australasia trip report 	 - - : fair simple scalable static research data repository looking for more? see the archive. 	categories 	 arkisto platform 	 data packaging standards 	 datacrate 	 datacrate, repositories, eresearch 	 eresearch 	 file data capture 	 housekeeping 	 how to 	 jiscpub 	 misc 	 music 	 repositories 	 research data management 	 scholarlyhtml 	 word processing 	links 	 work 	 play 	 twitter: @ptsefton 	 photos 	© peter (petie) sefton 	 · powered by pelican-bootstrap , pelican, bootstrap back to top core news – find community. share expertise. enhance library careers. 	skip to content 	 		 		 	 			twitter 	instagram 	youtube 	website 	 	 			 					 					 						 										 				 		 	 	 		 							core news 					 		 		 						find community. share expertise. enhance library careers. 					 	 	 		 			 							home 	about 	become a blog contributor 	core calendar 	get involved 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 		 				 	 		posts 	 					 									 					 						 						 						new core jobs: august , 	posted on august , august , 	leave a comment on new core jobs: august , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 							browse new job openings on the core jobs site 	 							 						 										 					 						outreach & education librarian, university of maryland, baltimore – health sciences & human services library, baltimore, md data management librarian, university of maryland, baltimore – health sciences & human services library, baltimore, md technical services coordinator (pdf), northeastern illinois university, chicago, il associate university librarian for digital strategies, university at buffalo, buffalo, ny associate university librarian for research, collections & outreach, university at buffalo, buffalo, ny cataloger & metadata librarian, charleston county public library, charleston, sc visit the core jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						register for a forum preconference! 	posted on august , august , 	leave a comment on register for a forum preconference! 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 								 							 						 										 					 						preconference registration is open for core forum! register for an all-day library buildings tour or an afternoon preconference offered on thursday, october , in baltimore, maryland. we create inclusive experiences! library buildings tour ( am– pm) choose your own adventure scholarly communication assessment rubrics ( – pm) presented by suzanna conrad, emily chan, daina dickman and nicole lawson crisis communication/message dissemination for libraries ( – pm) presented by gregg dodd, christine feldmann and meghan mccorkell evidence based practice in libraries ( – pm) presented by amanda click, claire walker wiley and meggan houlihan new connections in the rda toolkit ( pm– pm) presented by stephen hearn, robert maxwell and kathy glennan if you’ve already registered for forum and would like to add a preconference to your existing registration, please contact us. the forum is our inaugural conference for core and is ala’s first return to in-person events. it will bring together decision-makers and practitioners from the ala division that focuses on: access & equity assessment…continue reading 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						new core jobs: august , 	posted on august , august , 	leave a comment on new core jobs: august , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 							browse new job openings on the core jobs site 	 							 						 										 					 						community engagement and economic development services manager, seattle public library, wa electronic resources librarian, miami university libraries, oxford, oh systems coordinator, prairiecat (library consortium), coal valley or bolingbrook, il digital archivist, rice university, fondren library, houston, tx instruction librarian, radford university, mcconnell library, radford, va librarian i/ii – technology education librarian, virginia beach public library, va it programmer analyst, sonoma county library, rohnert park, ca visit the core jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						interest group week recordings available 	posted on august , august , 	leave a comment on interest group week recordings available 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 								 							 						 										 					 						we had another successful interest group week last month with more than , registrations. a big thank you 💖 to all the chairs, moderators, and speakers, who put together great presentations and discussions! we’ve added links to the recordings on the ig week page, and you can find links to the slides in the interest groups that participated. 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						summary, june core e-forum, “does better training lead to greater job satisfaction?” 	posted on july , july , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 								 							 						 										 					 						in the june core e-forum, participants were asked to discuss the relationship between job training and job satisfaction. the discussion also addressed ways to organize a successful training program and using instructional design methods to improve technical services training. the first day’s discussion revolved around more general questions about the nature of on the job training and participants’ own roles in on the job training. the purpose of the second day was to address more specific topics of training structure and organization, and to examine the link between successful training and job satisfaction. it was obvious from the lively discussion on day that we all are almost always engaged in on the job training and feel strongly about its nature and organization. themes that consistently emerged were cross-training, documentation, continuity, understanding the reasons for changes, but also preserving institutional memory. the following questions were asked and answered many times…continue reading 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						new core jobs: july , 	posted on july , july , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 							browse new job openings on the core jobs site 	 							 						 										 					 						cataloging/metadata librarian, lehigh university, bethlehem, pa acquisitions librarian, marquette university libraries, milwaukee, wi cataloging and metadata librarian, marquette university libraries, milwaukee, wi university librarian, capilano university, north vancouver, wa librarian, slac national accelerator laboratory, menlo park, ca user experience and digital projects librarian, texas a&m university libraries, college station, tx branch manager ii, mid-columbia libraries, kennewick, ma head of library systems, virginia tech university libraries, blacksburg, va head of support desk operations, virginia tech university libraries, blacksburg, va cloud infrastructure engineer, massachusetts institute of technology libraries, cambridge, ma senior electronic resources librarian, rice university, fondren library, houston, tx visit the core jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						new version of cataloging correctly for kids 	posted on july , july , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 								 							 						 										 					 						cataloging library materials for children in the internet age has never been as challenging or as important. rda: resource description and access is now the descriptive standard, there are new ways to find materials using classifications, and subject heading access has been greatly enhanced by the keyword capabilities of today’s online catalogs. it’s the perfect moment to present a completely overhauled edition of this acclaimed bestseller. this new sixth edition guides catalogers, children’s librarians, and lis students in taking an effective approach towards materials intended for children and young adults. informed by recent studies of how children search, this handbook’s top-to-bottom revisions address areas such as: how rda applies to a variety of children’s materials, with examples provided;   authority control, bibliographic description, subject access, and linked data; electronic resources and other non-book materials; and cataloging for non-english-speaking and preliterate children. with advice contributed by experienced, practicing librarians, this one-stop…continue reading 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						summary, may core e-forum, “advocacy for implementing faceted vocabularies” 	posted on july , july , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 								 							 						 										 					 						during the may , core eforum, ‘we faceted our seatbelts, now what? advocacy for implementing faceted vocabularies in public facing interfaces,’ we hoped to open a wide discussion on implementing faceted vocabs, perceptions of how those headings should be used or displayed, and what making use of these vocabularies can accomplish for institutions and collections metadata. there were some, albeit unintentional, thematic developments over the course of the days, and we hope this report offers some glimpses of that development. for instance, we posed the question of whether inclusion of faceted terminology was perceived as duplication of lcsh terms present in the display for a resource’s metadata. many feel there is duplication, and many are simply open to considering the topic. one interesting thing is that even though the term may look the same to the user, that the term coming from a faceted vocabulary is actually different. but…continue reading 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						new core jobs: july , 	posted on july , july , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 							browse new job openings on the core jobs site 	 							 						 										 					 						acquisitions and electronic resources librarian, colgate university, hamilton, ny director of public library, town of needham, ma librarian ii ~ eresources & discovery librarian, university of maryland, baltimore county, baltimore, md head, scholarly communication & data services, unlv university libraries, university of nevada, las vegas, nv it library portfolio manager, multnomah county, portland, or ils manager, charleston county public library, charleston, sc manuscripts archivist, ohio university libraries, athens, oh development officer, charleston county public library, charleston, sc visit the core jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 					 					 					 					 					 							 						 									 					 						 						 						 john cotton dana awards announced 	posted on july , august , 								 					 						 											 										 																			 								 								 							 						 										 					 						~ eight libraries awarded $ , grants from h.w. wilson foundation  ~ the john cotton dana (jcd) award winners, recognized for their strategic communications efforts, have been selected. the john cotton dana awards provide up to eight grants for libraries that demonstrate outstanding library public relations. the award is managed by the american library association’s core division and consists of $ , grants from the h.w. wilson foundation. the grants highlight campaigns feature a wide variety of strategies including: civic engagement programming, a virtual story time with more than million views, a virtual open house to celebrate a three-year renovation, and an awareness media campaign to highlight pandemic services. other winning campaigns include the launch of a local artist music streaming site that had to retool mid-campaign as libraries closed, a park & connect internet access campaign, a census campaign that increases the county’s self-response rate and a library…continue reading 					 					 					 					 					 							 			 	 		posts navigation 		older posts 	 	 	 	 	 		search for: 		 	 	search view posts by topic view posts by topicselect category access and equity  ( ) ala annual conference  ( ) assessment  ( ) awards and scholarships  ( ) buildings and operations  ( ) continuing education  ( ) core forum  ( ) e-forum summaries  ( ) general news  ( ) job listings  ( ) leadership and management  ( ) metadata and collections  ( )    preservation week  ( ) publications  ( ) technology  ( ) 			 new core jobs 		outreach & education librarian, university of maryland, baltimore - health sciences & human services library -- 	data management librarian, university of maryland, baltimore - health sciences & human services library -- 	technical services coordinator (pdf), northeastern illinois university -- 	associate university librarian for digital strategies, university at buffalo -- 	associate university librarian for research, collections & outreach, university at buffalo -- 	cataloger & metadata librarian, charleston county public library   	browse more job openings 	 get core news in your email 		 						 								your name* email* 				 				 				 				 				 				 				 								 				 				 			 						 						 		 		 view ala's personal data notification upcoming events 	 		 august aug - sep fundamentals of metadata 		 aug - oct fundamentals of digital library projects 		 aug - oct fundamentals of acquisitions 		 september sep - oct fundamentals of electronic resources acquisitions 		 october oct - fundamentals of preservation oct - nov fundamentals of collection assessment 			 no event found! load more past posts by month 		past posts by month 		select month august july june may april march february january december november october september august 			 	 	 	 	 	 	 			 	 	 	 					 									 						the official blog for core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, a division of ala. 					 								 								 								 						 			 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		copyright © 		 		american library association. all rights reserved. 			 			 			 	 			twitter 	instagram 	youtube 	website 	 	 			 			 		 	 none equinox open library initiative skip to content		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 								 					 		 				 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 								 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 							 					 						facebook-f 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						linkedin-in 											 				 							 					 						vimeo 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 					 														 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 				about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 		 		 						 								 								 		 		 										 					× 				 						 					about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 				about 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			our team 		 				 				 				 			newsroom 		 				 				 				 			events 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			history 		 				 				 				 			ethics 		 				 				 				 			disclosures 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	products 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			fulfillment 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	services 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			consulting 		 				 				 				 			workflow and advanced ils consultation 		 				 				 				 			data services 		 				 				 				 			web design 		 				 				 				 			it consultation 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			migration 		 				 				 				 			development 		 				 				 				 			hosting & support 		 				 				 				 			training & education 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 			 							 										 										 					 	learn 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinoxedu 		 				 				 				 			tips & tricks 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			conference presentations 		 				 				 				 			resource library 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	collaborate 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			communities 		 				 				 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			equinox grants 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	connect 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			sales 		 				 				 				 			support 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			donate 		 				 				 				 			contact us 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		 		 						 								 								 		 		 										 					× 				 						 					about 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			our team 		 				 				 				 			newsroom 		 				 				 				 			events 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			history 		 				 				 				 			ethics 		 				 				 				 			disclosures 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	products 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			fulfillment 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	services 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			consulting 		 				 				 				 			workflow and advanced ils consultation 		 				 				 				 			data services 		 				 				 				 			web design 		 				 				 				 			it consultation 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			migration 		 				 				 				 			development 		 				 				 				 			hosting & support 		 				 				 				 			training & education 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	learn 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinoxedu 		 				 				 				 			tips & tricks 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			conference presentations 		 				 				 				 			resource library 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	collaborate 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			communities 		 				 				 				 			evergreen 		 				 				 				 			koha 		 				 				 				 			coral 		 				 				 				 			subjectsplus 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			equinox grants 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 	connect 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			sales 		 				 				 				 			support 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			donate 		 				 				 				 			contact us 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 			 		 				 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 				about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 		 		 						 								 								 		 		 										 					× 				 						 					about 	our team 	newsroom 	events 	history 	ethics 	disclosures 	products 	evergreen 	koha 	fulfillment 	coral 	services 	consulting 	migration 	development 	hosting & support 	training & education 	learn 	equinoxedu 	tips & tricks 	conference presentations 	collaborate 	communities 	partnerships 	grants we provide 	connect 	sales 	support 	donate 	social media 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		 						 							 							 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinox provides innovative open source software for libraries of all types. 		 				 				 				 					extraordinary service. exceptional value. as a (c)( ) nonprofit corporation, equinox supports library automation by investing in open source software and providing technology services for libraries. 				 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 										 						products											 				 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 										 						services											 				 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 																					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 																					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			ask us how » 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 																					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about equinox » 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			news & events 		 				 				 				 					 				 			 						 			 		 						 							press release 		center for khmer studies goes live on koha ils 		 			learn more » 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 							press release 		vermont jazz center goes live on koha ils 		 			learn more » 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 							press release 		equinox open library initiative presents “developing open source tools to support libraries during covid- ” at the ala annual conference 		 			learn more » 		 						 			 		 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			products & services 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					koha is the first free and open source library automation package. equinox’s team includes some of koha’s core developers. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					evergreen is a unique and powerful open source ils designed to support large, dispersed, and multi-tiered library networks. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					equinox provides ongoing educational opportunities through equinoxedu, including live webinars, workshops, and online resources. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					fulfillment is an open source interlibrary loan management system. fulfillment can be used alongside or in connection with any integrated library system.     				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 					coral is an open source electronic resources management system. its interoperable modules allow libraries to streamline their management of electronic resources. 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			customized for your library 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			consulting 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			migration 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			development 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			hosting & support 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 											 															 											 				 				 				 				 			training & education 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			why choose equinox? 		 				 				 				 						equinox is different from most ils providers. as a non-profit organization, our guiding principle is to provide a transparent, open software development process, and we release all code developed to publicly available repositories. 	equinox is experienced with serving libraries of all types in the united states and internationally. we’ve supported and migrated libraries of all sizes, from single library sites to full statewide implementations. 	equinox is technically proficient, with skilled project managers, software developers, and data services staff ready to assist you. we’ve helped libraries automating for the first time and those migrating from legacy ils systems. 	equinox knows libraries. more than fifty percent of our team are professional librarians with direct experience working in academic, government, public and special libraries. we understand the context and ecosystem of library software. 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 				 					 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			sign up today for news & updates! 		 				 				 				 			please enable javascript in your browser to complete this form. email * name *first last organization i'd like to hear more about:	koha 	evergreen 	equinoxedu 	other please describe: submit 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 				 											 									 							 					 						working with equinox has been like night and day. it's amazing to have a system so accessible to our patrons and easy to use. it has super-charged our library lending power!					 									 						 								brooke matsonexecutive director, spark central			 		 								 											 									 							 					 						equinox open library initiative hosts evergreen for the sclends library consortium. their technical support has been both prompt, responsive, and professional in reacting to our support requests during covid- . they have been a valuable consortium partner in meeting the needs of the member libraries and their patrons.					 									 						 								chris yatessouth carolina state library			 		 								 											 									 							 					 						working with equinox was great! they were able to migrate our entire consortium with no down time during working hours. the equinox team went the extra mile in helping missouri evergreen.					 									 						 								colleen knightmissouri evergreen			 		 								 									 															 																 							 							previous 						 						 							 							next 						 												 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			twitter 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinox olifollow equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug the latest from @ala_acrl: value of academic libraries committee presents survey results for covid- protocols for academic libraries. read more: https://bit.ly/ fcdcpl #covid #libraries reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug take a look at the tools we developed over the last year to assist libraries in responding to covid- . watch our @alalibrary conference presentation: https://splus.equinoxoli.org/subjects/equinox_covid tools reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug say goodbye to your spreadsheets and hello to #coral, an open source solution for managing electronic resources! the next equinoxedu: spotlight on coral erm is august , - pm edt - free and open. register: https://bit.ly/ fxqpma #equinoxedu #equinox @coral_erm #opensource reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug save the date! #chatopens is / w/ guest moderator @xsong discussing #electronicresourcemanagement, #opensource, and the #coral community. @coral_erm #oss #opensource #librarytech #tech reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter equinox oli@equinoxoli· aug the inaugural liblearnx is jan - w/ @ala_acrl & @alalibrary. call for proposals now open: https://bit.ly/ r fdw #librarylife #education reply on twitter retweet on twitter like on twitter twitter 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			events 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 				 			 						 			 		 						 					open source twitter chat with guest moderator xiaoyan song #chatopens 		event 				august , ( - pm et). join us on twitter with the hashtag #chatopens as we discuss coral erm and electronic resource management with guest moderator xiaoyan song, electronic resources librarian 				 			read more 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 					equinoxedu: spotlight on coral erm 		event 				august , ( - pm et). say goodbye to your spreadsheets and hello to an open source solution for managing electronic resources! join us to learn how coral erm can help 				 			read more 		 						 			 		 				 			 						 			 		 						 					open source twitter chat with andrea buntz neiman #chatopens 		event 				july , ( - pm et).  join us on twitter with the hashtag #chatopens as we discuss fulfillment with development project manager, andrea buntz neiman. 				 			read more 		 						 			 		 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 		 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			equinox open library initiative 		 				 				 				 					equinox open library initiative inc. is a (c) corporation devoted to the support of open source software for public libraries, academic libraries, school libraries, and special libraries. as the successor to equinox software, inc., equinox provides exceptional service and technical expertise delivered by experienced librarians and technical staff. equinox offers affordable, customized consulting services, software development, hosting, training, and technology support for libraries of all sizes and types. 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			connect 		 				 				 				 			please enable javascript in your browser to complete this form. email * submit 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook-f 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						linkedin-in 											 				 							 					 						vimeo 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			contact us 		 				 				 				 					info@equinoxoli.org .open.ils ( . . ) + . . . po box norcross, ga 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					copyright © – equinox open library initiative. all rights reserved. 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					privacy policy  |   terms of use  |   equinox library services canada  |   site map 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 			skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 d-lib magazine 	 	 	search d-lib:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		home | about d-lib | current issue | archive | indexes | calendar | author guidelines | subscribe | contact d-lib	  	 	 		 d - l i b   m a g a z i n e issn: - | https://doi.org/ . /dlib.magazine   d-lib magazine suspended publication of new issues in july . corporation for national research initiatives will continue to maintain the d-lib magazine archive, however, suggestions for long-term archiving are welcome, as are thoughts from the community on any alternate usage of the d-lib brand that would benefit the research community that has been served by d-lib's virtual pages over the last two decades. send suggestions to dlib@dlib.org.   	 		 d-lib magazine was produced by corporation for national research initiatives. prior to april , the magazine was sponsored by the defense advanced research project agency (darpa) on behalf of the digital libraries initiative under grant no. n - - - , and by the national science foundation (nsf) under grant no. iis- . from through , contributions by subscribers to the d-lib alliance provided financial support for the continued open access publication of d-lib magazine. in particular, d-lib thanks crossref, and hesburgh libraries at university of notre dame for their long-time membership in the d-lib alliance. privacy policy copyright© corporation for national research initiatives d-lib is registered in the u.s. patent and trademark office. 	 futurearch, or the future of archives... futurearch, or the future of archives... a place for thoughts on hybrid archives and manuscripts at the bodleian library. 	this blog is no longer being updated 	born digital: guidance for donors, dealers, and archival repositories 	digital preservation: what i wish i knew before i started 	transcribe at the archive 	atlas of digital damages 	dayofdigitalarchives 	sprucing up the tikafileidentifier 	spruce mashup: th- th april 	media recognition: dv part 	media recognition: dv part 	media recognition: dv part 	digital preservation: what i wish i knew before i started 	what is ‘the future of the past of the web’? 	day of digital archives, 	another source for old software 	comparing software tools 	mobile forensics 	preserving born-digital video - what are good practices? 	hidden pages 	media recognition - floppy disks part 	preserving digital sound and vision: a briefing th april 	sharp font writer files 	got any older? 	world backup day 	advisory board meeting, march coyle's information coyle's information comments on the digital age, which, as we all know, is . thursday, august , phil agre and the gendered internet there is an article today in the washington post about the odd disappearance of a computer science professor named phil agre.  the article, entitled "he predicted the dark side of the internet years ago. why did no one listen?" reminded me of a post by agre in after a meeting of computer professionals for social responsibility. although it annoyed me at the time, a talk that i gave there triggered in him thoughts of gender issues;  as a women i was very much in the minority at the meeting,  but that was not the topic of my talk. but my talk also gave agre thoughts about the missing humanity on the web. i had a couple of primary concerns, perhaps not perfectly laid out, in my talk, "access, not just wires." i was concerned about what was driving the development of the internet and the lack of a service ethos regarding society. access at the time was talked about in terms of routers, modems, t- lines. there was no thought to organizing or preserving of online information. there was no concept of "equal access". there was no thought to how we would democratize the web such that you didn't need a degree in computer science to find what you needed. i was also very concerned about the commercialization of information. i was frustrated watching the hype as information was touted as the product of the information age. (this was before we learned that "you are the product, not the user" in this environment.) seen from the tattered clothes and barefoot world of libraries, the money thrown at the jumble of un-curated and unorganized "information" on the web was heartbreaking. i said: "it's clear to me that the information highway isn't much about information. it's about trying to find a new basis for our economy. i'm pretty sure i'm not going to like the way information is treated in that economy. we know what kind of information sells, and what doesn't. so i see our future as being a mix of highly expensive economic reports and cheap online versions of the national inquirer. not a pretty picture." - kcoyle in access, not just wires  little did i know how bad it would get. like many or most people, agre heard "libraries" and thought "female." but at least this caused him to think, earlier than many, about how our metaphors for the internet were inherently gendered. "discussing her speech with another cpsr activist ... later that evening, i suddenly connected several things that had been bothering me about the language and practice of the internet. the result was a partial answer to the difficult question, in what sense is the net "gendered"?" -  agre, tno, october this led agre to think about how we spoke then about the internet, which was mainly as an activity of "exploring." that metaphor is still alive with microsoft's internet explorer, but was also the message behind the main web browser software of the time, netscape navigator. he suddenly saw how "explore" was a highly gendered activity: "yet for many people, "exploring" is close to defining the experience of the net. it is clearly a gendered metaphor: it has historically been a male activity, and it comes down to us saturated with a long list of meanings related to things like colonial expansion, experiences of otherness, and scientific discovery. explorers often die, and often fail, and the ones that do neither are heroes and role models. this whole complex of meanings and feelings and strivings is going to appeal to those who have been acculturated into a particular male-marked system of meanings, and it is not going to offer a great deal of meaning to anyone who has not. the use of prestigious artifacts like computers is inevitably tied up with the construction of personal identity, and "exploration" tools offer a great deal more traction in this process to historically male cultural norms than to female ones." - agre, tno, october he decried the lack of social relationships on the internet, saying that although you know that other  people are there, you cannot see them.  "why does the space you "explore" in gopher or mosaic look empty even when it's full of other people?" - agre, tno, october none of us knew at the time that in the future some people would experience the internet entirely and exclusively as full of other people in the forms of facebook, twitter and all of the other sites that grew out of the embryos of bulletin board systems, the well, and aol. we feared that the future internet would  not have the even-handedness of libraries, but never anticipated that russian bots and qanon promoters would reign over what had once been a network for the exchange of scientific information. it hurts now to read through agre's post arguing for a more library-like online information system because it is pretty clear that we blew through that possibility even before the meeting and were already taking the first steps toward to where we are today. agre walked away from his position at ucla in and has not resurfaced, although there have been reports at times (albeit not recently) that he is okay. looking back, it should not surprise us that someone with so much hope for an online civil society should have become discouraged enough to leave it behind. agre was hoping for reference services and an internet populated with users with: "...the skills of composing clear texts, reading with an awareness of different possible interpretations, recognizing and resolving conflicts, asking for help without feeling powerless, organizing people to get things done, and embracing the diversity of the backgrounds and experiences of others." - agre, tno, october  oh, what world that would be! posted by karen coyle at : pm comments: labels: internet, women and technology monday, march , digitization wars, redux  (nb: ianal)   because this is long, you can download it as a pdf here. from to the book world (authors, publishers, libraries, and booksellers) was involved in the complex and legally fraught activities around google’s book digitization project. once known as “google book search,” the company claimed that it was digitizing books to be able to provide search services across the print corpus, much as it provides search capabilities over texts and other media that are hosted throughout the internet.  both the us authors guild and the association of american publishers sued google (both separately and together) for violation of copyright. these suits took a number of turns including proposals for settlements that were arcane in their complexity and that ultimately failed. finally, in the legal question was decided: digitizing to create an index is fair use as long as only minor portions of the original text are shown to users in the form of context-specific snippets.  we now have another question about book digitization: can books be digitized for the purpose of substituting remote lending in the place of the lending of a physical copy? this has been referred to as “controlled digital lending (cdl),” a term developed by the internet archive for its online book lending services. the archive has considerable experience with both digitization and providing online access to materials in various formats, and its open library site has been providing digital downloads of out of copyright books for more than a decade. controlled digital lending applies solely to works that are presumed to be in copyright.  controlled digital lending works like this: the archive obtains and retains a physical copy of a book. the book is digitized and added to the open library catalog of works. users can borrow the book for a limited time ( weeks) after which the book “returns” to the open library. while the book is checked out to a user no other user can borrow that “copy.” the digital copy is linked one-to-one with a physical copy, so if more than one copy of the physical book is owned then there is one digital loan available for each physical copy.  the archive is not alone in experimenting with lending of digitized copies: some libraries have partnered with the archive’s digitization and lending service to provide digital lending for library-owned materials. in the case of the archive the physical books are not available for lending. physical libraries that are experimenting with cdl face the added step of making sure that the physical book is removed from circulation while the digitized book is on loan, and reversing that on return of the digital book.  although cdl has an air of legality due to limiting lending to one user at a time, authors and publishers associations had raised objections to the practice. [nwu] however, in march of the archive took a daring step that pushed their version of the cdl into litigation: using the closing of many physical libraries due to the covid pandemic as its rationale, the archive renamed its lending service the national emergency library [nel] and eliminated the one-to-one link between physical and digital copies. ironically this meant that the archive was then actually doing what the book industry had accused it of (either out of misunderstanding or as an exaggeration of the threat posed): it was making and lending digital copies beyond its physical holdings. the archive stated that the national emergency library would last only until june of , presumably because by then the covid danger would have passed and libraries would have re-opened. in june the archive’s book lending service returned to the one-to-one model. also in june a suit was filed by four publishers (hachette, harpercollins, penguin random house, and wiley) in the us district court of the southern district of new york. [suit]  the controlled digital lending, like the google books project, holds many interesting questions about the nature of “digital vs physical,” not only in a legal sense but in a sense of what it means to read and to be a reader today. the lawsuit not only does not further our understanding of this fascinating question; it sinks immediately into hyperbole, fear-mongering, and either mis-information or mis-direction. that is, admittedly, the nature of a lawsuit. what follows here is not that analysis but gives a few of the questions that are foremost in my mind.  apples and oranges   each of the players in this drama has admirable reasons for their actions. the publishers explain in their suit that they are acting in support of authors, in particular to protect the income of authors so that they may continue to write. the authors’ guild provides some data on author income, and by their estimate the average full-time author earns less than $ , per year, putting them at poverty level.[aghard] (if that average includes the earnings of highly paid best selling authors, then the actual earnings of many authors is quite a bit less than that.)  the internet archive is motivated to provide democratic access to the content of books to anyone who needs or wants it. even before the pandemic caused many libraries to close the collection housed at the archive contained some works that are available only in a few research libraries. this is because many of the books were digitized during the google books project which digitized books from a small number of very large research libraries whose collections differ significantly from those of the public libraries available to most citizens.  where the pronouncements of both parties fail is in making a false equivalence between some authors and all authors, and between some books and all books, and the result is that this is a lawsuit pitting apples against oranges. we saw in the lawsuits against google that some academic authors, who may gain status based on their publications but very little if any income, did not see themselves as among those harmed by the book digitization project. notably the authors in this current suit, as listed in the bibliography of pirated books in the appendix to the lawsuit, are ones whose works would be characterized best as “popular” and “commercial,” not academic: james patterson, j. d. salinger, malcolm gladwell, toni morrison, laura ingalls wilder, and others. not only do the living authors here earn above the poverty level, all of them provide significant revenue for the publishers themselves. and all of the books listed are in print and available in the marketplace. no mention is made of out-of-print books, no academic publishers seem to be involved.  on the part of the archive, they state that their digitized books fill an educational purpose, and that their collection includes books that are not available in digital format from publishers: “ while overdrive, hoopla, and other streaming services provide patrons access to latest best sellers and popular titles,  the long tail of reading and research materials available deep within a library’s print collection are often not available through these large commercial services.  what this means is that when libraries face closures in times of crisis, patrons are left with access to only a fraction of the materials that the library holds in its collection.”[cdl-blog] this is undoubtedly true for some of the digitized books, but the main thesis of the lawsuit points out that the archive has digitized and is also lending current popular titles. the list of books included in the appendix of the lawsuit shows that there are in-copyright and most likely in-print books of a popular reading nature that have been part of the cdl. these titles are available in print and may also be available as ebooks from the publishers. thus while the publishers are arguing that current, popular books should not be digitized and loaned (apples), the archive is arguing that they are providing access to items not available elsewhere, and for educational purposes (oranges).  the law  the suit states that publishers are not questioning copyright law, only violations of the law. “for the avoidance of doubt, this lawsuit is not about the occasional transmission of a title under appropriately limited circumstances, nor about anything permissioned or in the public domain. on the contrary, it is about ia’s purposeful collection of truckloads of in-copyright books to scan, reproduce, and then distribute digital bootleg versions online.” ([suit] page ). this brings up a whole range of legal issues in regard to distributing digital copies of copyrighted works. there have been lengthy arguments about whether copyright law could permit first sale rights for digital items, and the answer has generally been no; some copyright holders have made the argument that since transfer of a digital file is necessarily the making of a copy there can be no first sale rights for those files. [ stsale] [ag ] some ebook systems, such as the kindle, have allowed time-limited person-to-person lending for some ebooks. this is governed by license terms between amazon and the publishers, not by the first sale rights of the analog world.  section of the copyright law does allow libraries and archives to make a limited number of copies the first point of section states that libraries can make a single copy of a work as long as ) it is not for commercial advantage, ) the collection is open to the public and ) the reproduction includes the copyright notice from the original. this sounds to be what the archive is doing. however, the next two sections (b and c) provide limitations on that first section that appear to put the archive in legal jeopardy: section “b” clarifies that copies may be made for preservation or security; section “c” states that the copies can be made if the original item is deteriorating and a replacement can no longer be purchased. neither of these applies to the archive’s lending.   in addition to its lending program, the archive provides downloads of scanned books in daisy format for those who are certified as visually impaired by the national library service for the blind and physically handicapped in the us. this is covered in a of the copyright law, title , which allows the distribution of copyrighted works in accessible formats. this service could possibly be cited as a justification of the scanning of in-copyright works at the archive, although without mitigating the complaints about lending those copies to others. this is a laudable service of the archive if scans are usable by the visually impaired, but the daisy-compatible files are based on the ocr’d text, which can be quite dirty. without data on downloads under this program it is hard to know the extent to which this program benefits visually impaired readers.   lending  most likely as part of the strategy of the lawsuit, very little mention is made of “lending.” instead the suit uses terms like “download” and “distribution” which imply that the user of the archive’s service is given a permanent copy of the book “with just a few clicks, any internet-connected user can download complete digital copies of in-copyright books from defendant.” ([suit] page ). “... distributing the resulting illegal bootleg copies for free over the internet to individuals worldwide.” ([suit] page ). publishers were reluctant to allow the creation of ebooks for many years until they saw that drm would protect the digital copies. it then was another couple of years before they could feel confident about lending - and by lending i mean lending by libraries. it appears that overdrive, the main library lending platform for ebooks, worked closely with publishers to gain their trust. the lawsuit questions whether the lending technology created by the archive can be trusted. “...plaintiffs have legitimate fears regarding the security of their works both as stored by ia on its servers” ([suit] page ). in essence, the suit accuses ia of a lack of transparency about its lending operation. of course, any collaboration between ia and publishers around the technology is not possible because the two are entirely at odds and the publishers would reasonably not cooperate with folks they see as engaged in piracy of their property.  even if the archive’s lending technology were proven to be secure, lending alone is not the issue: the archive copied the publishers’ books without permission prior to lending. in other words, they were lending content that they neither owned (in digital form) nor had licensed for digital distribution. libraries pay, and pay dearly, for the ebook lending service that they provide to their users. the restrictions on ebooks may seem to be a money-grab on the part of publishers, but from their point of view it is a revenue stream that cdl threatens.  is it about the money? “... ia rakes in money from its infringing services…” ([suit] page ). (note: publishers earn, ia “rakes in”) “moreover, while defendant promotes its non-profit status, it is in fact a highly commercial enterprise with millions of dollars of annual revenues, including financial schemes that provide funding for ia’s infringing activities. ([suit] page ). these arguments directly address section (a)( ) of title , section : “( ) the reproduction or distribution is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage”.  at various points in the suit there are references to the archive’s income, both for its scanning services and donations, as well as an unveiled show of envy at the over $ million that brewster kahle and his wife have in their jointly owned foundation. this is an attempt to show that the archive derives “direct or indirect commercial advantage” from cdl. non-profit organizations do indeed have income, otherwise they could not function, and “non-profit” does not mean a lack of a revenue stream, it means returning revenue to the organization instead of taking it as profit. the argument relating to income is weakened by the fact that the archive is not charging for the books it lends. however, much depends on how the courts will interpret “indirect commercial advantage.” the suit argues that the archive benefits generally from the scanned books because this enhances the archive’s reputation which possibly results in more donations. there is a section in the suit relating to the “sponsor a book” program where someone can donate a specific amount to the archive to digitize a book. how many of us have not gotten a solicitation from a non-profit that makes statements like: “$ will feed a child for a day; $ will buy seed for a farmer, etc.”? the attempt to correlate free use of materials with income may be hard to prove.  reading  decades ago, when the service questia was just being launched (questia ceased operation december , ), questia sales people assured a group of us that their books were for “research, not reading.” google used a similar argument to support its scanning operation, something like “search, not reading.” the court decision in google’s case decided that google’s scanning was fair use (and transformative) because the books were not available for reading, as google was not presenting the full text of the book to its audience.[suit-g]  the archive has taken the opposite approach, a “books are for reading” view. beginning with public domain books, many from the google books project, and then with in-copyright books, the archive has promoted reading. it developed its own in-browser reading software to facilitate reading of the books online. [reader] (*see note below) although the publishers sued google for its scanning, they lost due to the “search, not reading” aspect of that project. the archive has been very clear about its support of reading, which takes the google justification off the table.  “moreover, ia’s massive book digitization business has no new purpose that is fundamentally different than that of the publishers: both distribute entire books for reading.” ([suit] page ).   however, the archive's statistics on loaned books shows that a large proportion of the books are used for minutes or less.  “patrons may be using the checked-out book for fact checking or research, but we suspect a large number of people are browsing the book in a way similar to browsing library shelves.” [ia ]   in its article on the cdl, the center for democracy and technology notes that “the majority of books borrowed through nel were used for less than minutes, suggesting that cdl’s primary use is for fact-checking and research, a purpose that courts deem favorable in a finding of fair use.” [cdt] the complication is that the same service seems to be used both for reading of entire books and as a place to browse or to check individual facts (the facts themselves cannot be copyrighted). these may involve different sets of books, once again making it difficult to characterize the entire set of digitized books under a single legal claim.  the publishers claim that the archive is competing with them using pirated versions of their own products. that leads us to the question of whether the archive’s books, presented for reading, are effectively substitutes for those of the publishers. although the archive offers actual copies, those copies that are significantly inferior to the original. however, the question of quality did not change the judgment in the lawsuit against copying of texts by kinko’s [kinkos], which produced mediocre photocopies from printed and bound publications. it seems unlikely that the quality differential will serve to absolve the archive from copyright infringement even though the poor quality of some of the books interferes with their readability.  digital is different publishers have found a way to monetize digital versions, in spite of some risks, by taking advantage of the ability to control digital files with technology and by licensing, not selling, those files to individuals and to libraries. it’s a “new product” that gets around first sale because, as it is argued, every transfer of a digital file makes a copy, and it is the making of copies that is covered by copyright law. [ stsale]  the upshot of this is that because a digital resource is licensed, not sold, the right to pass along, lend, or re-sell a copy (as per title section ) does not apply even though technology solutions that would delete the sender’s copy as the file safely reaches the recipient are not only plausible but have been developed. [resale]  “like other copyright sectors that license education technology or entertainment software, publishers either license ebooks to consumers or sell them pursuant to special agreements or terms.” ([suit] page ) “when an ebook customer obtains access to the title in a digital format, there are set terms that determine what the user can or cannot do with the underlying file.”([suit] page ) this control goes beyond the copyright holder’s rights in law: drm can exercise controls over the actual use of a file, limiting it to specific formats or devices, allowing or not allowing text-to-speech capabilities, even limiting copying to the clipboard. publishers and libraries  the suit claims that publishers and libraries have reached an agreement, an equilibrium. “to plaintiffs, libraries are not just customers but allies in a shared mission to make books available to those who have a desire to read, including, especially, those who lack the financial means to purchase their own copies.” ([suit] page ). in the suit, publishers contrast the archive’s operation with the relationship that publishers have with libraries. in contrast with the archive’s lending program, libraries are the “good guys.” “... the publishers have established independent and distinct distribution models for ebooks, including a market for lending ebooks through libraries, which are governed by different terms and expectations than print books.”([suit] page ). these “different terms” include charging much higher prices to libraries for ebooks, limiting the number of times an ebook can be loaned. [pricing ] [pricing ] “legitimate libraries, on the other hand, license ebooks from publishers for limited periods of time or a limited number of loans; or at much higher prices than the ebooks available for individual purchase.” [agol] the equilibrium of which publishers speak looks less equal from the library side of the equation: library literature is replete with stories about the avarice of publishers in relation to library lending of ebooks. some authors/publishers even speak out against library lending of ebooks, claiming that this cuts into sales. (this same argument has been made for physical books.) “if, as macmillan has determined, % of ebook reads are occurring through libraries and that percentage is only growing, it means that we are training readers to read ebooks for free through libraries instead of buying them. with author earnings down to new lows, we cannot tolerate ever-decreasing book sales that result in even lower author earnings.” [agliblend][ag ] the ease of access to digital books has become a boon for book sales, and ebook sales are now rising while hard copy sales fall. this economic factor is a motivator for any of those engaged with the book market. the archive’s cdl is a direct affront to the revenue stream that publishers have carved out for specific digital products. there are indications that the ease of borrowing of ebooks - not even needing to go to the physical library to borrow a book - is seen as a threat by publishers. this has already played out in other media, from music to movies.  it would be hard to argue that access to the archive’s digitized books is merely a substitute for library access. many people do not have actual physical library access to the books that the archive lends, especially those digitized from the collections of academic libraries. this is particularly true when you consider that the archive’s materials are available to anyone in the world with access to the internet. if you don’t have an economic interest in book sales, and especially if you are an educator or researcher, this expanded access could feel long overdue.  we need numbers  we really do not know much about the uses of the archive’s book collection. the lawsuit cites some statistics of “views” to show that the infringement has taken place, but the page in question does not explain what is meant by a “view”. archive pages for downloadable files of metadata records also report “views” which most likely reflect views of that web page, since there is nothing viewable other than the page itself. open library book pages give “currently reading” and “have read” stats, but these are tags that users can manually add to the page for the work. to compound things, the books cited in the suit have been removed from the lending service (and are identified in the archive as being in the collection “litigation works)  although numbers may not affect the legality of the controlled digital lending, the social impact of the archive’s contribution to reading and research would be clearer if we had this information. although the archive has provided a small number of testimonials, a proof of use in educational settings would bolster the claims of social benefit which in turn could strengthen a fair use defense.  notes (*) the nwu has a slide show [nwu ] that explains what it calls controlled digital lending at the archive. unfortunately this document conflates the archive's book reader with cdl and therefore muddies the water. it muddies it because it does not distinguish between sending files to dedicated devices (which is what kindle is) or dedicated software like what libraries use via software like libby, and the archive's use of a web-based reader. it is not beyond reason to suppose that the archive's reader software does not fully secure loaned items. the nwu claims that files are left in the browser cache that represent all book pages viewed: "there’s no attempt whatsoever to restrict how long any user retains these images". (i cannot reproduce this. in my minor experiments those files disappear at the end of the lending period, but this requires more concerted study.) however, this is not a fault of cdl but a fault of the reader software. the reader is software that works within a browser window. in general, electronic files that require secure and limited use are not used within browsers, which are general purpose programs. conflating the archive's reader software with controlled digital lending will only hinder understanding. already cdl has multiple components: 	digitization of in-copyright materials 	lending of digital copies of in-copyright materials that are owned by the library in a -to- relation to physical copies we can add # , the leakage of page copies via the browser cache, but i maintain that poorly functioning software does not automatically moot points and . i would prefer that we take each point on its own in order to get a clear idea of the issues. the nwu slides also refer to the archive's api which allows linking to individual pages within books. this is an interesting legal area because it may be determined to be fair use regardless of the legality of the underlying copy. this becomes yet another issue to be discussed by the legal teams, but it is separate from the question of controlled digital lending. let's stay focused. the international federation of library associations has issued its own statement on controlled digital lending at https://www.ifla.org/publications/node/ citations [ stsale] https://abovethelaw.com/ / /a-digital-take-on-the-first-sale-doctrine/  [ag ]https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/reselling-a-digital-file-infringes-copyright/  [ag ] https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/authors-guild-survey-shows-drastic- -percent-decline-in-authors-earnings-in-last-decade/  [aghard] https://www.authorsguild.org/the-writing-life/why-is-it-so-goddamned-hard-to-make-a-living-as-a-writer-today/ [aglibend] https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/macmillan-announces-new-library-lending-terms-for-ebooks/ [agol] https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/update-open-library/  [cdl-blog] https://blog.archive.org/ / / /controlled-digital-lending-and-open-libraries-helping-libraries-and-readers-in-times-of-crisis/  [cdt] https://cdt.org/insights/up-next-controlled-digital-lendings-first-legal-battle-as-publishers-take-on-the-internet-archive/  [kinkos] https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/fsupp/ / / [nel] http://blog.archive.org/national-emergency-library/ [nwu] "appeal from the victims of controlled digital lending (cdl)". (retrieved - - )  [nwu ] "what is the internet archive doing with our books?" https://nwu.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /nwu-internet-archive-webinar- apr .pdf [pricing ] https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/e-book-library-pricing-the-game-changes-again/  [pricing ] https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/e-content/ebook-pricing-wars-publishers-perspective/  [reader] bookreader  [resale] https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/appeals-court-weighs-resale-digital-files-   [suit] https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd. /gov.uscourts.nysd. . . .pdf  [suit-g] https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/ca / - / - - - - .pdf?ts= posted by karen coyle at : am no comments: labels: controlled digital lending, copyright, ebooks, internet archive thursday, june , women designing those of us in the library community are generally aware of our premier "designing woman," the so-called "mother of marc," henriette avram. avram designed the machine reading cataloging record in the mid- 's, a record format that is still being used today. marc was way ahead of its time using variable length data fields and a unique character set that was sufficient for most european languages, all thanks to avram's vision and skill. i'd like to introduce you here to some of the designing women of the university of california library automation project, the project that created one of the first online catalogs in the beginning of the 's, melvyl. briefly, melvyl was a union catalog that combined data from the libraries of the nine (at that time) university of california campuses. it was first brought up as a test system in and went "live" to the campuses in . work on the catalog began in or around , and various designs were put forward and tested. key designers were linda gallaher-brown, who had one of the first masters degrees in computer science from ucla, and kathy klemperer, who like many of us was a librarian turned systems designer. we were struggling with how to create a functional relational database of bibliographic data (as defined by the marc record) with computing resources that today would seem laughable but were "cutting edge" for that time. i remember linda remarking that during one of her school terms she returned to her studies to learn that the newer generation of computers would have this thing called an "operating system" and she thought "why would you need one?" by the time of this photo she had come to appreciate what an operating system could do for you. the one we used at the time was ibm's os / . kathy klemperer was the creator of the database design diagrams that were so distinctive we called them "klemperer-grams." here's one from : 	 	melvyl database design klemperer-gram, drawn and lettered by hand, not only did these describe a workable database design, they were impressively beautiful. note that this not only predates the proposed rda "database scenario" for a relational bibliographic design by years, it provides a more detailed and most likely a more accurate such design. 	 	rda "scenario " data design, in the early days of the catalog we had a separate file and interface for the cataloged serials based on a statewide project (including the california state universities). although it was possible to catalog serials in the marc format, the systems that had the detailed information about which issues the libraries held was stored in serials control databases that were separate from the library catalog, and many serials were represented by crusty cards that had been created decades before library automation. the group below developed and managed the calls (california academic library list of serials). four of those pictured were programmers, two were serials data specialists, and four had library degrees. obviously, these are overlapping sets. the project heads were barbara radke (right) and theresa montgomery (front, second from right). at one point while i was still working on the melvyl project, but probably around the very late 's or early 's, i gathered up some organization charts that had been issued over the years and quickly calculated that during its history the project the technical staff that had created this early marvel had varied from / to / female. i did some talks at various conferences in which i called melvyl a system "created by women." at my retirement in i said the same thing in front of the entire current staff, and it was not well-received by all. in that audience was one well-known member of the profession who later declared that he felt women needed more mentoring in technology because he had always worked primarily with men, even though he had indeed worked in an organization with a predominantly female technical staff, and another colleague who was incredulous when i stated once that women are not a minority, but over % of the world's population. he just couldn't believe it. while outright discrimination and harassment of women are issues that need to be addressed, the invisibility of women in the eyes of their colleagues and institutions is horribly damaging. there are many interesting projects, not the least the wikipedia women in red, that aim to show that there is no lack of accomplished women in the world, it's the acknowledgment of their accomplishments that falls short. in the library profession we have many women whose stories are worth telling. please, let's make sure that future generations know that they have foremothers to look to for inspiration. posted by karen coyle at : am comment: labels: library catalogs, library history, open data, women and technology monday, may , i've been trying to capture what i remember about the early days of library automation. mostly my memory is about fun discoveries in my particular area (processing marc records into the online catalog). i did run into an offprint of some articles in ital from (*) which provide very specific information about the technical environment, and i thought some folks might find that interesting. this refers to the university of california melvyl union catalog, which at the time had about , records. operating system: ibm / programming language: pl/i cpu: megabytes of memory storage: disk drives, ~ gigabytes dbms: adabas the disk drives were each about the size of an industrial washing machine. in fact, we referred to the room that held them as "the laundromat." telecommunications was a big deal because there was no telecommunications network linking the libraries of the university of california. there wasn't even one connecting the campuses at all. the article talks about the various possibilities, from an x. network to the new tcp/ip protocol that allows "internetwork communication." the first network was a set of dedicated lines leased from the phone company that could transmit characters per second (character = byte) to about ascii terminals at each campus over a baud line. there was a hope to be able to double the number of terminals. in the speculation about the future, there was doubt that it would be possible to open up the library system to folks outside of the uc campuses, much less internationally. (melvyl was one of the early libraries to be open access worldwide over the internet, just a few years later.) it was also thought that libraries would charge other libraries to view their catalogs, kind of like an inter-library loan. and for anyone who has an interest in z . , one section of the article by david shaughnessy and clifford lynch on telecommunications outlines a need for catalog-to-catalog communication which sounds very much like the first glimmer of that protocol. ----- (*) various authors in a special edition: ( ). in-depth: university of california melvyl. information technology and libraries, ( ) i wish i could give a better citation but my offprint does not have page numbers and i can't find this indexed anywhere. (cue here the usual irony that libraries are terrible at preserving their own story.) posted by karen coyle at : am no comments: labels: library catalogs, library history monday, april , ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque on march , , the internet archive announced that it would "suspend waitlists for the . million (and growing) books in our lending library," a service they then named the national emergency library. these books were previously available for lending on a one-to-one basis with the physical book owned by the archive, and as with physical books users would have to wait for the book to be returned before they could borrow it. worded as a suspension of waitlists due to the closure of schools and libraries caused by the presence of the coronavirus- , this announcement essentially eliminated the one-to-one nature of the archive's controlled digital lending program. publishers were already making threatening noises about the digital lending when it adhered to lending limitations, and surely will be even more incensed about this unrestricted lending. i am not going to comment on the legality of the internet archive's lending practices. legal minds, perhaps motivated by future lawsuits, will weigh in on that. i do, however, have much to say on the use of the term "library" for this set of books. it's a topic worthy of a lengthy treatment, but i'll give only a brief account here. library … bibliothÈque … bibliotek the roots “libr…” and “biblio…” both come down to us from ancient words for trees and tree bark. it is presumed that said bark was the surface for early writings. “libr…”, from the latin word liber meaning “book,” in many languages is a prefix that indicates a bookseller’s shop, while in english it has come to mean a collection of books and from that also the room or building where books are kept. “biblio…” derives instead from the greek biblion (one book) and biblia (books, plural). we get the word bible through the greek root, which leaked into old latin and meant the book. therefore it is no wonder that in the minds of many people, books = library.  in fact, most libraries are large collections of books, but that does not mean that every large collection of books is a library. amazon has a large number of books, but is not a library; it is a store where books are sold. google has quite a few books in its "book search" and even allows you to view portions of the books without payment, but it is also not a library, it's a search engine. the internet archive, amazon, and google all have catalogs of metadata for the books they are offering, some of it taken from actual library catalogs, but a catalog does not make a quantity of books into a library. after all, home depot has a catalog, walmart has a catalog; in essence, any business with an inventory has a catalog. "...most libraries are large collections of books, but that does not mean that every large collection of books is a library." the library test first, i want to note that the internet archive has met the state of california test to be defined as a library, and this has made it possible for the archive to apply for library-related grants for some of its projects. that is a good thing because it has surely strengthened the archive and its activities. however, it must be said that the state of california requirements are pretty minimal, and seem to be limited to a non-profit organization making materials available to the general public without discrimination. there doesn't seem to be a distinction between "library" and "archive" in the state legal code, although librarians and archivists would not generally consider them easily lumped together as equivalent services. the collection the archive's blog post says "the internet archive currently lends about as many as a us library that serves a population of about , ." as a comparison, i found in the statistics gathered by the california state library those of the benicia public library in benicia california. benicia is a city with a population of , ; the library has about , books. well, you might say, that's not as good as over one million books at the internet archive. but, here's the thing: those are not , random books, they are books chosen to be, as far as the librarians could know, the best books for that small city. if benicia residents were, for example, primarily chinese-speaking, the library would surely have many books in chinese. if the city had a large number of young families then the children's section would get particular attention. the users of the internet archive's books are a self-selected (and currently un-defined) set of internet users. equally difficult to define is the collection that is available to them: this library brings together all the books from phillips academy andover and marygrove college, and much of trent university’s collections, along with over a million other books donated from other libraries to readers worldwide that are locked out of their libraries. each of these is (or was, in the case of marygrove, which has closed) a collection tailored to the didactic needs of that institution. how one translates that, if one can, to the larger internet population is unknown. that a collection has served a specific set of users does not mean that it can serve all users equally well. then there is that other million books, which are a complete black box. library science i've argued before against dumping a large and undistinguished set of books on a populace, regardless of the good intentions of those doing so. why not give the library users of a small city these one million books? the main reason is the ability of the library to fulfill the laws of library science: 	books are for use. 	every reader his or her book. 	every book its reader. 	save the time of the reader. 	the library is a growing organism. [ ] the online collection of the internet archive nicely fulfills laws and : the digital books are designed for use, and the library can grow somewhat indefinitely. the other three laws are unfortunately hindered by the somewhat haphazard nature of the set of books, combined with the lack of user services. of the goals of librarianship, matching readers to books is the most difficult. let's start with law , "every book its reader." when you follow the url to the national emergency library, you see something like this: the lack of cover art is not the problem here. look at what books you find: two meeting reports, one journal publication, and a book about hand surgery, all from . scroll down for a bit and you will find it hard to locate items that are less obscure than this, although undoubtedly there are some good reads in this collection. these are not the books whose readers will likely be found in our hypothetical small city. these are books that even some higher education institutions would probably choose not to have in their collections. while these make the total number of available books large, they may not make the total number of useful books large. winnowing this set to one or more (probably more) wheat-filled collections could greatly increase the usability of this set of books. "while these make the total number of available books large, they may not make the total number of useful books large." a large "anything goes" set of documents is a real challenge for laws and : every reader his or her book, and save the time of the reader. the more chaff you have the harder it is for a library user to find the wheat they are seeking. the larger the collection the more of the burden is placed on the user to formulate a targeted search query and to have the background to know which items to skip over. the larger the retrieved set, the less likely that any user will scroll through the entire display to find the best book for their purposes. this is the case for any large library catalog, but these libraries have built their collection around a particular set of goals. those goals matter. goals are developed to address a number of factors, like: 	what are the topics of interest to my readers and my institution? 	how representative must my collection be in each topic area? 	what are the essential works in each topic area? 	what depth of coverage is needed for each topic? [ ] if we assume (and we absolutely must assume this) that the user entering the library is seeking information that he or she lacks, then we cannot expect users to approach the library as an expert in the topic being researched. although anyone can type in a simple query, fewer can assess the validity and the scope of the results. a search on "california history" in the national emergency library yields some interesting-looking books, but are these the best books on the topic? are any key titles missing? these are the questions that librarians answer when developing collections. the creation of a well-rounded collection is a difficult task. there are actual measurements that can be run against library collections to determine if they have the coverage that can be expected compared to similar libraries. i don't know if any such statistical packages can look beyond quantitative measures to judge the quality of the collection; the ones i'm aware of look at call number ranges, not individual titles.  there library service the archive's own documentation states that "the internet archive focuses on preservation and providing access to digital cultural artifacts. for assistance with research or appraisal, you are bound to find the information you seek elsewhere on the internet." after which it advises people to get help through their local public library. helping users find materials suited to their need is a key service provided by libraries. when i began working in libraries in the dark ages of the 's, users generally entered the library and went directly to the reference desk to state the question that brought them to the institution. this changed when catalogs went online and were searchable by keyword, but prior to then the catalog in a public library was primarily a tool for librarians to use when helping patrons. still, libraries have real or virtual reference desks because users are not expected to have the knowledge of libraries or of topics that would allow them to function entirely on their own. and while this is true for libraries it is also true, perhaps even more so, for archives whose collections can be difficult to navigate without specialized information. admitting that you give no help to users seeking materials makes the use of the term "library" ... unfortunate. what is to be done? there are undoubtedly a lot of useful materials among the digital books at the internet archive. however, someone needing materials has no idea whether they can expect to find what they need in this amalgamation. the burden of determining whether the archive's collection might suit their needs is left entirely up to the members of this very fuzzy set called "internet users." that the collection lends at the rate of a public library serving a population of , shows that it is most likely under-utilized. because the nature of the collection is unknown one can't approach, say, a teacher of middle-school biology and say: "they've got what you need." yet the archive cannot implement a policy to complete areas of the collection unless it knows what it has as compared to known needs. "... these warehouses of potentially readable text will remain under-utilized until we can discover a way to make them useful in the ways that libraries have proved to be useful." i wish i could say that a solution would be simple - but it would not. for example, it would be great to extract from this collection works that are commonly held in specific topic areas in small, medium and large libraries. the statistical packages that analyze library holdings all are, afaik, proprietary. (if anyone knows of an open source package that does this, please shout it out!) if would also be great to be able to connect library collections of analog books to their digital equivalents. that too is more complex than one would expect, and would have to be much simpler to be offered openly. [ ] while some organizations move forward with digitizing books and other hard copy materials, these warehouses of potentially readable text will remain under-utilized until we can discover a way to make them useful in the ways that libraries have proved to be useful. this will mean taking seriously what modern librarianship has developed over its circa centuries, and in particular those laws that give us a philosophy to guide our vision of service to the users of libraries. ----- [ ] even if you are familiar with the laws you may not know that ranganathan was not as succinct as this short list may imply. the book in which he introduces these concepts is over pages long, with extended definitions and many homey anecdotes and stories. [ ] a search on "collection development policy" will yield many pages of policies that you can peruse. to make this a "one click" here are a few *non-representative* policies that you can take a peek at: 	hennepin county (public) 	lansing community college (community college) 	stanford university, science library (research library) [ ] dan scott and i did a project of this nature with a bay area public library and it took a huge amount of human intervention to determine whether the items matched were really "equivalent". that's a discussion for another time, but, man, books are more complicated than they appear. posted by karen coyle at : am no comments: labels: books, digital libraries, openlibrary monday, february , use the leader, luke! if you learned the marc format "on the job" or in some other library context you may have learned that the record is structured as fields with -digit tags, each with two numeric indicators, and that subfields have a subfield indicator (often shown as "$" because it is a non-printable character) and a single character subfield code (a-z, - ). that is all true for the marc records that libraries create and process, but the machine readable cataloging standard (z . or iso ) has other possibilities that we are not using. our "marc" (currently marc ) is a single selection from among those possibilities, in essence an application profile of the marc standard. the key to the possibilities afforded by marc is in the marc leader, and in particular in two positions that our systems generally ignore because they always contain the same values in our data: leader byte -- indicator count leader byte -- subfield code length in marc records, leader byte is always " " meaning that fields have -byte indicators, and leader byte is always because the subfield code is always two characters in length. that was a decision made early on in the life of marc records in libraries, and it's easy to forget that there were other options that were not taken. let's take a short look at the possibilities the record format affords beyond our choice. both of these leader positions are single bytes that can take values from to . an application could use the marc record format and have zero indicators. it isn't hard to imagine an application that has no need of indicators or that has determined to make use of subfields in their stead. as an example, the provenance of vocabulary data for thesauri like lcsh or the art and architecture thesaurus could always be coded in a subfield rather than in an indicator: $a religion and science $ lcsh another common use of indicators in marc is to give a byte count for the non-filing initial articles on title strings. istead of using an indicator value for this some libraries outside of the us developed a non-printing code to make the beginning and end of the non-filing portion. i'll use backslashes to represent these codes in this example: $a \the \birds of north america i am not saying that all indicators in marc should or even could be eliminated, but that we shouldn't assume that our current practice is the only way to code data. in the other direction, what if you could have more than two indicators? the marc record would allow you have have as many as nine. in addition, there is nothing to say that each byte in the indicator has to be a separate data element; you could have nine indicator positions that were defined as two data elements ( + ), or some other number ( + + ). expanding the number of indicators, or beginning with a larger number, could have prevented the split in provenance codes for subject vocabularies between one indicator value and the overflow subfield, $ , when the number exceeded the capability of a single numerical byte. having three or four bytes for those codes in the indicator and expanding the values to include a-z would have been enough to include the full list of authorities for the data in the indicators. (although i would still prefer putting them all in $ using the mnemonic codes for ease of input.) in the first university of california union catalog in the early 's we expanded the marc indicators to hold an additional two bytes (or was it four?) so that we could record, for each marc field, which library had contributed it. our union catalog record was a composite marc record with fields from any and all of the over libraries across the university of california system that contributed to the union catalog as dozen or so separate record feeds from oclc and rlin. we treated the added indicator bytes as sets of bits, turning on bits to represent the catalog feeds from the libraries. if two or more libraries submitted exactly the same marc field we stored the field once and turned on a bit for each separate library feed. if a library submitted a field for a record that was new to the record, we added the field and turned on the appropriate bit. when we created a user display we selected fields from only one of the libraries. (the rules for that selection process were something of a secret so as not to hurt anyone's feelings, but there was a "best" record for display.) it was a multi-library marc record, made possible by the ability to use more than two indicators. now on to the subfield code. the rule for marc is that there is a single subfield code and that is a lower case a-z and - . the numeric codes have special meaning and do not vary by field; the alphabetic codes aare a bit more flexible. that gives use possible subfields per tag, plus the pre-defined numeric ones. the marc standard has chosen to limit the alphabetic subfield codes to lower case characters. as the fields reached the limits of the available subfield codes (and many did over time) you might think that the easiest solution would be to allow upper case letters as subfield codes. although the subfield code limitation was reached decades ago for some fields i can personally attest to the fact that suggesting the expansion of subfield codes to upper case letters was met with horrified glares at the marc standards meeting. while clearly in the range of a-z seemed ample, that has not be the case for nearly half of the life-span of marc. the marc leader allows one to define up to characters total for subfield codes. the value in this leader position includes the subfield delimiter so this means that you can have a subfield delimiter and up to characters to encode a subfield. even expanding from a-z to aa-zz provides vastly more possibilities, and allow upper case as well give you a dizzying array of choices. the other thing to mention is that there is no prescription that field tags must be numeric. they are limited to three characters in the marc standard, but those could be a-z, a-z, - , not just - , greatly expanding the possibilities for adding new tags. in fact, if you have been in the position to view internal systems records in your vendor system you may have been able to see that non-numeric tags have been used for internal system purposes, like noting who made each edit, whether functions like automated authority control have been performed on the record, etc. many of the "violations" of the marc rules listed here have been exploited internally -- and since early days of library systems. there are other modifiable leader values, in particular the one that determines the maximum length of a field, leader . marc has leader set at " " meaning that fields cannot be longer than . that could be longer, although the record size itself is set at only bytes, so a record cannot be longer than . however, one could limit fields to (leader value set at " ") for an application that does less pre-composing of data compared to marc and therefore comfortably fits within a shorter field length.  the reason that has been given, over time, why none of these changes were made was always: it's too late, we can't change our systems now. this is, as caesar might have said, cacas tauri. systems have been able to absorb some pretty intense changes to the record format and its contents, and a change like adding more subfield codes would not be impossible. the problem is not really with the marc record but with our inability (or refusal) to plan and execute the changes needed to evolve our systems. we could sit down today and develop a plan and a timeline. if you are skeptical, here's an example of how one could manage a change in length to the subfield codes: a marc record is retrieved for editing 	read the leader of the marc record 	if the value is " " and you need to add a new subfield that uses the subfield code plus two characters, convert all of the subfield codes in the record: 	$a becomes $aa, $b becomes $ba, etc. 	$ becomes $ , $ becomes $ , etc. 	leader code is changed to " " 	(alternatively, convert all records opened for editing) a marc record is retrieved for display 	read the leader of the marc record 	if the value is " " use the internal table of subfield codes for records with the value " " 	if the value is " " use the internal table of subfield codes for records with the value " " sounds impossible? we moved from aacr to aacr , and now from aacr to rda without going back and converting all of our records to the new content.  we have added new fields to our records, such as the , , for rda values, without converting all of the earlier records in our files to have these fields. the same with new subfields, like $ , which has only been added in recent years. our files have been using mixed record types for at least a couple of generations -- generations of systems and generations of catalogers. alas, the time to make these kinds of changes this was many years ago. would it be worth doing today? that depends on whether we anticipate a change to bibframe (or some other data format) in the near future. changes do continue to be made to the marc record; perhaps it would have a longer future if we could broach the subject of fixing some of the errors that were introduced in the past, in particular those that arose because of the limitations of marc that could be rectified with an expansion of that record standard. that may also help us not carry over some of the problems in marc that are caused by these limitations to a new record format that does not need to be limited in these ways. epilogue although the marc  record was incredibly advanced compared to other data formats of its time (the mid- 's), it has some limitations that cannot be overcome within the standard itself. one obvious one is the limitation of the record length to bytes. another is the fact that there are only two levels of nesting of data: the field and the subfield. there are times when a sub-subfield would be useful, such as when adding information that relates to only one subfield, not the entire field (provenance, external url link). i can't advocate for continuing the data format that is often called "binary marc" simply because it has limitations that require work-arounds. marcxml, as defined as a standard, gets around the field and record length limitations, but it is not allowed to vary from the marc limitations on field and subfield coding. it would be incredibly logical to move to a "non-binary" record format (xml, json, etc.) beginning with the existing marc and  to allow expansions where needed. it is the stubborn adherence to the iso format really has limited library data, and it is all the more puzzling because other solutions that can keep the data itself intact have been available for many decades. posted by karen coyle at : am no comments: labels: marc tuesday, january , pamflets i was always a bit confused about the inclusion of "pamflets" in the subtitle of the decimal system, such as this title page from the edition: did libraries at the time collect numerous pamphlets? for them to be the second-named type of material after books was especially puzzling. i may have discovered an answer to my puzzlement, if not the answer, in andrea costadoro's work: a "pamphlet" in was not (necessarily) what i had in mind, which was a flimsy publication of the type given out by businesses, tourist destinations, or public health offices. in the 's it appears that a pamphlet was a literary type, not a physical format. costadoro says: "it has been a matter of discussion what books should be considered pamphlets and what not. if this appellation is intended merely to refer to the size of the book, the question can be scarecely worth considering ; but if it is meant to refer to the nature of a work, it may be considered to be of the same class and to stand in the same connexion with the word treatise as the words tract ; hints ; remarks ; &c, when these terms are descriptive of the nature of the books to which they are affixed." (p. ) to be on the shelves of libraries, and cataloged, it is possible that these pamphlets were indeed bound, perhaps by the library itself.  the library of congress genre list today has a cross-reference from "pamphlet" to "tract (ephemera)". while costadoro's definition doesn't give any particular subject content to the type of work, lc's definition says that these are often issued by religious or political groups for proselytizing. so these are pamphlets in the sense of the political pamphlets of our revolutionary war. today they would be blog posts, or articles in buzzfeed or slate or any one of hundreds of online sites that post such content. churches i have visited often have short publications available near the entrance, and there is always the watchtower, distributed by jehovah's witnesses at key locations throughout the world, and which is something between a pamphlet (in the modern sense) and a journal issue. these are probably not gathered in most libraries today. in dewey's time the printing (and collecting by libraries) of sermons was quite common. in a world where many people either were not literate or did not have access to much reading material, the sunday sermon was a "long form" work, read by a pastor who was probably not as eloquent as the published "stars" of the sunday gatherings. some sermons were brought together into collections and published, others were published (and seemingly bound) on their own.  dewey is often criticized for the bias in his classification, but what you find in the early editions serves as a brief overview of the printed materials that the us (and mostly east coast) culture of that time valued.  what now puzzles me is what took the place of these tracts between the time of dewey and the web. i can find archives of political and cultural pamphlets in various countries and they all seem to end around the 's- 's, although some specific collections, such as the samizdat publications in the soviet union, exist in other time periods. of course the other question now is: how many of today's tracts and treatises will survive if they are not published in book form? posted by karen coyle at : pm no comments: labels: classification, library history older posts home subscribe to: posts (atom) copyright coyle's information by karen coyle is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . united states license. karen karen coyle where i'll be 	dc , ottawa, sep - what i'm reading 	paper, m. kurlansky 	the coming of the third reich, r. j. evans 	a room of ones own, v. woolf blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  august ( ) 	phil agre and the gendered internet 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 labels 	 library catalogs ( ) 	 googlebooks ( ) 	 frbr ( ) 	 cataloging ( ) 	 linked data ( ) 	 rda ( ) 	 rdf ( ) 	 oclc ( ) 	 marc ( ) 	 copyright ( ) 	 metadata ( ) 	 women and technology ( ) 	 digital libraries ( ) 	 semantic web ( ) 	 digitization ( ) 	 books ( ) 	 intellectual freedom ( ) 	 bibframe ( ) 	 open access ( ) 	 internet ( ) 	 women technology ( ) 	 standards ( ) 	 classification ( ) 	 ebooks ( ) 	 google ( ) 	 rda dcmi ( ) 	 classification lcsh ( ) 	 kosovo ( ) 	 dcmi ( ) 	 er models ( ) 	 openlibrary ( ) 	 authority control ( ) 	 libraries ( ) 	 skyriver ( ) 	 wish list ( ) 	 identifiers ( ) 	 library history ( ) 	 open data ( ) 	 reading ( ) 	 schema.org ( ) 	 search ( ) 	 vocabularies ( ) 	 wikipedia ( ) 	 knowledge organization ( ) 	 privacy ( ) 	 women ( ) 	 drm ( ) 	 foaf ( ) 	 internet archive ( ) 	 lrm ( ) 	 rfid ( ) 	 shacl ( ) 	 application profiles ( ) 	 controlled digital lending ( ) 	 lcsh intell ( ) 	 linux ( ) 	 names ( ) 	 politics ( ) 	 about me 	 karen coyle 	berkeley, ca, united states 	librarian, techie, social commentator, once called "public intellectual" by someone who couldn't think of a better title. view my complete profile 	 	 simple theme. theme images by gaffera. powered by blogger. scriptio continua scriptio continua thoughts on software development, digital humanities, the ancient world, and whatever else crosses my radar. all original content herein is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. 	reminder 	experiencing technical difficulties 	thank you 	dh data talk 	outside the tent 	missing dh 	first contact 	you did _what_? form-based xml editing 	how to apologize 	a spot of mansplaining 	tei in other formats; part the second: theory 	tei in other formats; part the first: html 	humanities data curation 	interfaces and models 	tei is a text modelling language 	i will never not ever type an angle bracket (or iwnnetaab for short) 	dh tea leaves 	that bug bit me 	#alt-ac careers: digital humanities developer 	addenda et corrigenda 	making a new numbers server for papyri.info 	#apa 	converting apis 	object artefact script 	stomping on innovation killers preliminary inventory of digital collections by jason ronallo preliminary inventory of digital collections by jason ronallo incomplete thoughts on digital libraries. 	upgrading from ubuntu . to . 	choosing a path forward for iiif audio and video 	testing dash and hls streams on linux 	client-side video tricks for iiif 	iiif examples # : wellcome library 	closing in on client-side iiif content search automatically extracting keyphrases from text ted lawless automatically extracting keyphrases from text - - i've posted an explainer/guide to how we are automatically extracting keyphrases for constellate, a new text analytics service from jstor and portico. we are defining keyphrases as up to three word phrases that are key, or important, to the overall subject matter of the document. keyphrase is often used interchangeably with keywords, but we are opting to use the former since it's more descriptive. we did a fair amount of reading to grasp prior art in this area, extracting keyphrases is a long standing research topic in information retrieval and natural language processing, and ended up developing a custom solution based on term frequency in the constellate corpus. if you are interested in this work generally, and not just the constellate implementation, burton dewilde has published an excellent primer on automated keyphrase extraction. more information about constellate can be found here. disclaimer: this is a work-related post. i don't intend to speak for my employer, ithaka. any opinions expressed are my own. ted lawless, 	lawlesst at gmail 	github 	linkedin 	twitter none blog.cbeer.info chris beer 	chris@cbeer.info 	 cbeer 	 _cb_ may , autoscaling aws elastic beanstalk worker tier based on sqs queue length we are deploying a rails application (for the hydra-in-a-box project) to aws elastic beanstalk. elastic beanstalk offers us easy deployment, monitoring, and simple auto-scaling with a built-in dashboard and management interface. our application uses several potentially long-running background jobs to characterize, checksum, and create derivates for uploaded content. since we’re deploying this application within aws, we’re also taking advantage of the simple queue service (sqs), using the active-elastic-job gem to queue and run activejob tasks. elastic beanstalk provides settings for “web server” and “worker” tiers. web servers are provisioned behind a load balancer and handle end-user requests, while workers automatically handle background tasks (via sqs + active-elastic-job). elastic beanstalk provides basic autoscaling based on a variety of metrics collected from the underlying instances (cpu, network, i/o, etc), although, while sufficient for our “web server” tier, we’d like to scale our “worker” tier based on the number of tasks waiting to be run. currently, though, the ability to auto-scale the worker tier based on the underlying queue depth isn’t enable through the elastic beanstak interface. however, as beanstalk merely manages and aggregates other aws resources, we have access to the underlying resources, including the autoscaling group for our environment. we should be able to attach a custom auto-scaling policy to that auto scaling group to scale based on additional alarms. for example, let’s we want to add additional worker nodes if there are more than tasks for more than minutes (and, to save money and resources, also remove worker nodes when there are no tasks available). to create the new policy, we’ll need to: 	find the appropriate auto-scaling group by finding the auto-scaling group with the elasticbeanstalk:environment-id that matches the worker tier environment id; 	find the appropriate sqs queue for the worker tier; 	add auto-scaling policies that add (and remove) instances to the autoscaling group; 	create a new cloudwatch alarm that measures the sqs queue exceeds our configured depth ( ) that triggers the auto-scaling policy to add additional worker instances whenever the alarm is triggered; 	and, conversely, create a new cloudwatch alarm that measures the sqs queue hits that trigger the auto-scaling action to removes worker instances whenever the alarm is triggered. and, similarly for scaling back down. even though there are several manual steps, they aren’t too difficult (other than discovering the various resources we’re trying to orchestrate), and using elastic beanstalk is still valuable for the rest of its functionality. but, we’re in the cloud, and really want to automate everything. with a little cloudformation trickery, we can even automate creating the worker tier with the appropriate autoscaling policies. first, knowing that the cloudformation api allows us to pass in an existing sqs queue for the worker tier, let’s create an explicit sqs queue resource for the workers: "defaultqueue" : { "type" : "aws::sqs::queue", } and wire it up to the beanstalk application by setting the aws:elasticbeanstalk:sqsd:workerqueueurl (not shown: sending the worker queue to the web server tier): "workersconfigurationtemplate" : { "type" : "aws::elasticbeanstalk::configurationtemplate", "properties" : { "applicationname" : { "ref" : "aws::stackname" }, "optionsettings" : [ ..., { "namespace": "aws:elasticbeanstalk:sqsd", "optionname": "workerqueueurl", "value": { "ref" : "defaultqueue"} } } } }, "workerenvironment": { "type": "aws::elasticbeanstalk::environment", "properties": { "applicationname": { "ref" : "aws::stackname" }, "description": "worker environment", "environmentname": { "fn::join": ["-", [{ "ref" : "aws::stackname"}, "workers"]] }, "templatename": { "ref": "workersconfigurationtemplate" }, "tier": { "name": "worker", "type": "sqs/http" }, "solutionstackname" : " bit amazon linux . v . . running ruby . (puma)" ... } } using our queue we can describe one of the cloudwatch::alarm resources and start describing a scaling policy: "scaleoutalarm" : { "type": "aws::cloudwatch::alarm", "properties": { "metricname": "approximatenumberofmessagesvisible", "namespace": "aws/sqs", "statistic": "average", "period": " ", "threshold": " ", "comparisonoperator": "greaterthanorequaltothreshold", "dimensions": [ { "name": "queuename", "value": { "fn::getatt" : ["defaultqueue", "queuename"] } } ], "evaluationperiods": " ", "alarmactions": [{ "ref" : "scaleoutpolicy" }] } }, "scaleoutpolicy" : { "type": "aws::autoscaling::scalingpolicy", "properties": { "adjustmenttype": "changeincapacity", "autoscalinggroupname": ????, "scalingadjustment": " ", "cooldown": " " } }, however, to connect the policy to the auto-scaling group, we need to know the name for the autoscaling group. unfortunately, the autoscaling group is abstracted behind the beanstalk environment. to gain access to it, we’ll need to create a custom resource backed by a lambda function to extract the information from the aws apis: "beanstalkstack": { "type": "custom::beanstalkstack", "properties": { "servicetoken": { "fn::getatt" : ["beanstalkstackoutputs", "arn"] }, "environmentname": { "ref": "workerenvironment" } } }, "beanstalkstackoutputs": { "type": "aws::lambda::function", "properties": { "code": { "zipfile": { "fn::join": ["\n", [ "var response = require('cfn-response');", "exports.handler = function(event, context) {", " console.log('request received:\\n', json.stringify(event));", " if (event.requesttype == 'delete') {", " response.send(event, context, response.success);", " return;", " }", " var environmentname = event.resourceproperties.environmentname;", " var responsedata = {};", " if (environmentname) {", " var aws = require('aws-sdk');", " var eb = new aws.elasticbeanstalk();", " eb.describeenvironmentresources({environmentname: environmentname}, function(err, data) {", " if (err) {", " responsedata = { error: 'describeenvironmentresources call failed' };", " console.log(responsedata.error + ':\\n', err);", " response.send(event, context, resource.failed, responsedata);", " } else {", " responsedata = { autoscalinggroupname: data.environmentresources.autoscalinggroups[ ].name };", " response.send(event, context, response.success, responsedata);", " }", " });", " } else {", " responsedata = {error: 'environment name not specified'};", " console.log(responsedata.error);", " response.send(event, context, response.failed, responsedata);", " }", "};" ]]} }, "handler": "index.handler", "runtime": "nodejs", "timeout": " ", "role": { "fn::getatt" : ["lambdaexecutionrole", "arn"] } } } with the custom resource, we can finally get access the autoscaling group name and complete the scaling policy: "scaleoutpolicy" : { "type": "aws::autoscaling::scalingpolicy", "properties": { "adjustmenttype": "changeincapacity", "autoscalinggroupname": { "fn::getatt": [ "beanstalkstack", "autoscalinggroupname" ] }, "scalingadjustment": " ", "cooldown": " " } }, the complete worker tier is part of our cloudformation stack: https://github.com/hybox/aws/blob/master/templates/worker.json mar , ldpath in examples at code lib , i gave a quick lightning talk on ldpath, a declarative domain-specific language for flatting linked data resources to a hash (e.g. for indexing to solr). ldpath can traverse the linked data cloud as easily as working with local resources and can cache remote resources for future access. the ldpath language is also (generally) implementation independent (java, ruby) and relatively easy to implement. the language also lends itself to integration within development environments (e.g. ldpath-angular-demo-app, with context-aware autocompletion and real-time responses). for me, working with the ldpath language and implementation was the first time that linked data moved from being a good idea to being a practical solution to some problems. here is a selection from the viaf record [ ]: <> void:indataset <../data> ; a genont:informationresource, foaf:document ; foaf:primarytopic <../ > . <../ > schema:alternatename "bittman, mark" ; schema:birthdate " - - " ; schema:familyname "bittman" ; schema:givenname "mark" ; schema:name "bittman, mark" ; schema:sameas <http://d-nb.info/gnd/ >, <http://dbpedia.org/resource/mark_bittman> ; a schema:person ; rdfs:seealso <../ >, <../ >, <../ >, <../ >, <../ >, <../ > ; foaf:isprimarytopicof <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mark_bittman> . we can use ldpath to extract the person’s name: so far, this is not so different from traditional approaches. but, if we look deeper in the response, we can see other resources, including books by the author. <../ > schema:creator <../ > ; schema:name "how to cook everything : simple recipes for great food" ; a schema:creativework . we can traverse the links to include the titles in our record: ldpath also gives us the ability to write this query using a reverse property selector, e.g: books = foaf:primarytopic / ^schema:creator[rdf:type is schema:creativework] / schema:name :: xsd:string ; the resource links out to some external resources, including a link to dbpedia. here is a selection from record in dbpedia: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/mark_bittman> dbpedia-owl:abstract "mark bittman (born c. ) is an american food journalist, author, and columnist for the new york times."@en, "mark bittman est un auteur et chroniqueur culinaire américain. il a tenu une chronique hebdomadaire pour le the new york times, appelée the minimalist (« le minimaliste »), parue entre le septembre et le janvier . bittman continue d'écrire pour le new york times magazine, et participe à la section opinion du journal. il tient également un blog."@fr ; dbpedia-owl:birthdate " + : "^^<http://www.w .org/ /xmlschema#gyear> ; dbpprop:name "bittman, mark"@en ; dbpprop:shortdescription "american journalist, food writer"@en ; dc:description "american journalist, food writer", "american journalist, food writer"@en ; dcterms:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/category: s_births>, <http://dbpedia.org/resource/category:american_food_writers>, <http://dbpedia.org/resource/category:american_journalists>, <http://dbpedia.org/resource/category:american_television_chefs>, <http://dbpedia.org/resource/category:clark_university_alumni>, <http://dbpedia.org/resource/category:living_people>, <http://dbpedia.org/resource/category:the_new_york_times_writers> ; ldpath allows us to transparently traverse that link, allowing us to extract the subjects for viaf record: [ ] if you’re playing along at home, note that, as of this writing, viaf.org fails to correctly implement content negotiation and returns html if it appears anywhere in the accept header, e.g.: curl -h "accept: application/rdf+xml, text/html; q= . " -v http://viaf.org/viaf/ / will return a text/html response. this may cause trouble for your linked data clients. mar , building a pivotal tracker irc bot with sinatra and cinch we're using pivotal tracker on the fedora futures project. we also have an irc channel where the tech team hangs out most of the day, and let each other know what we're working on, which tickets we're taking, and give each other feedback on those tickets. in order to document this, we try to put most of our the discussion in the tickets for future reference (although we are logging the irc channel, it's not nearly as easy to look up decisions there). because we're (lazy) developers, we wanted updates in pivotal to get surfaced in the irc channel. there was a (neglected) irc bot, pivotal-tracker-irc-bot, but it was designed to push and pull data from pivotal based on commands in irc (and, seems fairly abandoned). so, naturally, we built our own integration: pivotal-irc. this was my first time using cinch to build a bot, and it was a surprisingly pleasant and straightforward experience: bot = cinch::bot.new do configure do |c| 	c.nick = $nick c.server = $irc_server c.channels = [$channel] end end # launch the bot in a separate thread, because we're using this one for the webapp. thread.new { bot.start } and we have a really tiny sinatra app that can parse the pivotal webhooks payload and funnel it into the channel: 	post '/' do 	 message = pivotal::webhookmessage.new request.body.read 	 bot.channel_list.first.msg("#{message.description} #{message.story_url}") 	end it turns out we also send links to pivotal tickets not infrequently, and building two-way communication (using the pivotal rest api, and the handy pivotal-tracker gem) was also easy. cinch exposes a handy dsl that parses messages using regular expressions and capturing groups: bot.on :message, /story\/show\/([ - ]+)/ do |m, ticket_id| story = project.stories.find(ticket_id) m.reply "#{story.story_type}: #{story.name} (#{story.current_state}) / owner: #{story.owned_by}" end mar , real-time statistics with graphite, statsd, and gdash we have a graphite-based stack of real-time visualization tools, including the data aggregator statsd. these tools let us easily record real-time data from arbitrary services with mimimal fuss. we present some curated graphs through gdash, a simple sinatra front-end. for example, we record the time it takes for solr to respond to queries from our searchworks catalog, using this simple bash script: tail -f /var/log/tomcat /catalina.out | ruby solr_stats.rb (we rotate these logs through truncation; you can also use `tail -f --retry` for logs that are moved away when rotated) and the ruby script that does the actual parsing: require 'statsd.rb' statsd = statsd.new(..., ) # listen to stdin while str = gets if str =~ /qtime=([^ ]+)/ # extract the qtime ms = $ .to_i # record it, based on our hostname statsd.timing("#{env['hostname'].gsub('.', '-')}.solr.qtime", ms) end end from this data, we can start asking qustions like: is our load-balancer configured optimally? (hint: not quite; for a variety of reasons, we've sacrificed some marginal performance benefit for this non-invasive, simpler load-blaance configuration. why are our the th-percentile query times creeping up? (time in ms) (answers to these questions and more in a future post, i'm sure.) we also use this setup to monitor other services, e.g.: what's happening in our fedora instance (and, which services are using the repository)? note the red line ("warn_ ") in the top graph. it marks the point where our (asynchronous) indexing system is unable to keep up with demand, and updates may appear at a delay. given time (and sufficient data, of course), this also gives us the ability to forecast and plan for issues: 	is our solr query time getting worse? (ganglia can perform some basic manipulation, including taking integrals and derivatives) 	what is the rate of growth of our indexing backlog, and, can we process it in a reasonable timeframe, or should we scale the indexer service? 	given our rate of disk usage, are we on track to run out of disk space this month? this week? if we build graphs to monitor those conditions, we can add nagios alerts to trigger service alerts. gdash helpfully exposes a rest endpoint that lets us know if a service has those warn or critical thresholds. we currently have a home-grown system monitoring system that we're tempted to fold into here as well. i've been evaluating diamond, which seems to do a pretty good job of collecting granular system statistics (cpu, ram, io, disk space, etc). mar , icemelt: a stand-in for integration tests against aws glacier one of the threads we've been pursuing as part of the fedora futures project is integration with asynchronous and/or very slow storage. we've taken on aws glacier as a prime, generally accessable example. uploading content is slow, but can be done synchronously in one api request: post /:account_id/vaults/:vault_id/archives x-amz-archive-description: description ...request body (aka your content)... where things get radically different is when requesting content back. first, you let glacier know you'd like to retrieve your content: post /:account_id/vaults/:vault_id/jobs http/ . { "type": "archive-retrieval", "archiveid": string, [...] } then, you wait. and wait. and wait some more; from the documentation: most amazon glacier jobs take about four hours to complete. you must wait until the job output is ready for you to download. if you have either set a notification configuration on the vault identifying an amazon simple notification service (amazon sns) topic or specified an amazon sns topic when you initiated a job, amazon glacier sends a message to that topic after it completes the job. [emphasis added] icemelt if you're iterating on some code, waiting hours to get your content back isn't realistic. so, we wrote a quick sinatra app called icemelt in order to mock the glacier rest api (and, perhaps taking less time to code than retrieving content from glacier ). we've tested it using the ruby fog client, as well as the official aws java sdk, and it actually works! your content gets stored locally, and the delay for retrieving content is configurable (default: seconds). configuring the official sdk looks something like this: propertiescredentials credentials = new propertiescredentials( testicemeltglaciermock.class .getresourceasstream("awscredentials.properties")); amazonglacierclient client = new amazonglacierclient(credentials); client.setendpoint("http://localhost: /"); and for fog, something like: fog::aws::glacier.new :aws_access_key_id => '', :aws_secret_access_key => '', :scheme => 'http', :host => 'localhost', :port => ' ' right now, icemelt skips a lot of unnecessary work (e.g. checking hmac digests for authentication, validating hashes, etc), but, as always, patches are very welcome. next » nations buying as hackers sell flaws in computer code - the new york times sectionssearch skip to contentskip to site index europe today’s paper europe|nations buying as hackers sell flaws in computer code https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html	 	 	 	 	 	 advertisement continue reading the main story supported by continue reading the main story nations buying as hackers sell flaws in computer code 	 	 	 	 	 	 luigi auriemma looks for flaws in computer codes that his customers can exploit.credit...gianni cipriano for the new york times by nicole perlroth and david e. sanger 	july , on the tiny mediterranean island of malta, two italian hackers have been searching for bugs — not the island’s many beetle varieties, but secret flaws in computer code that governments pay hundreds of thousands of dollars to learn about and exploit. the hackers, luigi auriemma, , and donato ferrante, , sell technical details of such vulnerabilities to countries that want to break into the computer systems of foreign adversaries. the two will not reveal the clients of their company, revuln, but big buyers of services like theirs include the national security agency — which seeks the flaws for america’s growing arsenal of cyberweapons — and american adversaries like the revolutionary guards of iran. all over the world, from south africa to south korea, business is booming in what hackers call “zero days,” the coding flaws in software like microsoft windows that can give a buyer unfettered access to a computer and any business, agency or individual dependent on one. just a few years ago, hackers like mr. auriemma and mr. ferrante would have sold the knowledge of coding flaws to companies like microsoft and apple, which would fix them. last month, microsoft sharply increased the amount it was willing to pay for such flaws, raising its top offer to $ , . but increasingly the businesses are being outbid by countries with the goal of exploiting the flaws in pursuit of the kind of success, albeit temporary, that the united states and israel achieved three summers ago when they attacked iran’s nuclear enrichment program with a computer worm that became known as “stuxnet.” the flaws get their name from the fact that once discovered, “zero days” exist for the user of the computer system to fix them before hackers can take advantage of the vulnerability. a “zero-day exploit” occurs when hackers or governments strike by using the flaw before anyone else knows it exists, like a burglar who finds, after months of probing, that there is a previously undiscovered way to break into a house without sounding an alarm. “governments are starting to say, ‘in order to best protect my country, i need to find vulnerabilities in other countries,’ ” said howard schmidt, a former white house cybersecurity coordinator. “the problem is that we all fundamentally become less secure.” a zero-day bug could be as simple as a hacker’s discovering an online account that asks for a password but does not actually require typing one to get in. bypassing the system by hitting the “enter” key becomes a zero-day exploit. the average attack persists for almost a year — days — before it is detected, according to symantec, the maker of antivirus software. until then it can be exploited or “weaponized” by both criminals and governments to spy on, steal from or attack their target. ten years ago, hackers would hand knowledge of such flaws to microsoft and google free, in exchange for a t-shirt or perhaps for an honorable mention on a company’s web site. even today, so-called patriotic hackers in china regularly hand over the information to the government. now, the market for information about computer vulnerabilities has turned into a gold rush. disclosures by edward j. snowden, the former n.s.a. consultant who leaked classified documents, made it clear that the united states is among the buyers of programming flaws. but it is hardly alone. israel, britain, russia, india and brazil are some of the biggest spenders. north korea is in the market, as are some middle eastern intelligence services. countries in the asian pacific, including malaysia and singapore, are buying, too, according to the center for strategic and international studies in washington. to connect sellers and buyers, dozens of well-connected brokers now market information on the flaws in exchange for a percent cut. some hackers get a deal collecting royalty fees for every month their flaw is not discovered, according to several people involved in the market. some individual brokers, like one in bangkok who goes by “the grugq” on twitter, are well known. but after the grugq spoke to forbes last year, his business took a hit from the publicity, according to a person familiar with the impact, primarily because buyers demand confidentiality. a broker’s approach need not be subtle. “need code execution exploit urgent,” read the subject line of an e-mail sent from one contractor’s intermediary last year to billy rios, a former security engineer at microsoft and google who is now a director at cylance, a security start-up. “dear friend,” the e-mail began. “do you have any code execution exploit for windows , mac, for applications like browser, office, adobe, swf any.” “if yes,” the e-mail continued, “payment is not an issue.” for start-ups eager to displace more established military contractors, selling vulnerabilities — and expertise about how to use them — has become a lucrative opportunity. firms like vupen in montpellier, france; netragard in acton, mass.; exodus intelligence in austin, tex.; and revuln, mr. auriemma’s and mr. ferrante’s maltese firm, freely advertise that they sell knowledge of the flaws for cyberespionage and in some cases for cyberweapons. outside washington, a virginia start-up named endgame — in which a former director of the n.s.a. is playing a major role — is more elusive about its abilities. but it has developed a number of tools that it sells primarily to the united states government to discover vulnerabilities, which can be used for fighting cyberespionage and for offensive purposes. like revuln, none of the companies will disclose the names of their customers. but adriel desautels, the founder of netragard, said that his clients were “strictly u.s. based” and that netragard’s “exploit acquisition program” had doubled in size in the past three years. the average flaw now sells from around $ , to $ , . image donato ferrante, a partner in the business. such ventures are booming worldwide.credit...ryan enn hughes for the new york times chaouki bekrar, the founder of vupen, said his company did not sell to countries that are “subject to european union, united states or united nations restrictions or embargoes.” he also said revenue was doubling every year as demand surged. vupen charges customers an annual $ , subscription fee to shop through its catalog, and then charges per sale. costs depend on the sophistication of the vulnerability and the pervasiveness of the operating system. revuln specializes in finding remote vulnerabilities in industrial control systems that can be used to access — or disrupt — water treatment facilities, oil and gas pipelines and power plants. “they are engaging in willful blindness,” said christopher soghoian, a senior policy analyst at the american civil liberties union. many technology companies have started “bug bounty” programs in which they pay hackers to tell them about bugs in their systems rather than have the hackers keep the flaws to themselves — or worse, sell them on the black market. nearly a decade ago the mozilla foundation started one of the first bounty programs to pay for bugs in its firefox browser. since then, google, facebook and paypal have all followed suit. in recent months, bounties have soared. in , google started paying hackers up to $ , . — the number is hacker code for “elite” — for bugs in its web browser chrome. last month, google increased its cash prize to $ , for flaws found in some of its widely used products. facebook began a similar program in and has since paid out $ million. (one payout included $ , to a -year-old. the most it has paid for a single bug is $ , .) “the program undermines the incentive to hold on to a bug that might be worth nothing in a day,” said joe sullivan, facebook’s chief security officer. it had also had the unintended effect of encouraging ethical hackers to turn in others who planned to use its bugs for malicious use. “we’ve seen people back-stab other hackers by ratting out a bug that another person planned to use maliciously,” he said. microsoft, which had long resisted such a program, did an about-face last month when it announced that it would pay hackers as much as $ , for information about a single flaw, if they also provided a way to defend against it. apple still has no such program, but its vulnerabilities are some of the most coveted. in one case, a zero-day exploit in apple’s ios operating system sold for $ , , according to two people briefed on the sale. still, said mr. soghoian of the a.c.l.u., “the bounties pale in comparison to what the government pays.” the military establishment, he said, “created frankenstein by feeding the market.” in many ways, the united states government created the market. when the united states and israel used a series of flaws — including one in a windows font program — to unleash what became known as the stuxnet worm, a sophisticated cyberweapon used to temporarily cripple iran’s ability to enrich uranium, it showed the world what was possible. it also became a catalyst for a cyberarms race. when the stuxnet code leaked out of the natanz nuclear enrichment plant in iran in the summer of , the flaws suddenly took on new value. subsequent discoveries of sophisticated state-sponsored computer viruses named flame and duqu that used flaws to spy on computers in iran have only fueled interest. “i think it is fair to say that no one anticipated where this was going,” said one person who was involved in the early american and israeli strategy. “and today, no one is sure where it is going to end up.” in a prescient paper in , charlie miller, a former n.s.a. employee, described the profitable alternatives for hackers who may have otherwise turned their information about flaws over to the vendor free, or sold it for a few thousand dollars to programs like tipping point’s zero day initiative, now run by hewlett-packard, which used them to enhance their security research. he described how one american government agency offered him $ , for a linux bug. he asked another for $ , , which agreed “too quickly,” mr. miller wrote. “i had probably not asked for enough.” because the bug did not work with a particular flavor of linux, mr. miller eventually sold it for $ , . but the take-away for him and his fellow hackers was clear: there was serious money to be made selling the flaws. at their conventions, hackers started flashing signs that read, “no more free bugs.” hackers like mr. auriemma, who once gave away their bugs to software vendors and antivirus makers, now sound like union organizers declaring their rights. “providing professional work for free to a vendor is unethical,” mr. auriemma said. “providing professional work almost for free to security companies that make their business with your research is even more unethical.” experts say there is limited incentive to regulate a market in which government agencies are some of the biggest participants.  “if you try to limit who you do business with, there’s the possibility you will get shut out,” mr. schmidt said. “if someone comes to you with a bug that could affect millions of devices and says, ‘you would be the only one to have this if you pay my fee,’ there will always be someone inclined to pay it.” “unfortunately,” he said, “dancing with the devil in cyberspace has been pretty common.” advertisement continue reading the main story site index site information navigation 	©   the new york times company 	nytco 	contact us 	accessibility 	work with us 	advertise 	t brand studio 	your ad choices 	privacy policy 	terms of service 	terms of sale 	site map 	canada 	international 	help 	subscriptions d-lib magazine an electronic publication with a primary focus on digital library research and development. http://www.dlib.org/ 	 		 		 	 	 		 d-lib magazine 		 https://doi.org/ . /dlib.magazine 		 d-lib magazine ceased publishing new issues in july . this rss feed will no longer be updated. 	 	 warning: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". did you mean to use "continue "? in /kunden/ _ /jakoblog.de/wp/wp-content/plugins/mendeleyplugin/wp-mendeley.php on line 	 	 		jakoblog — das weblog von jakob voß 	 	 			 					blog 	about 			 		 	 	 			 	 		 		 		 		 				 			 				erster expliziter entwurf einer digitalen bibliothek ( ) 				 . märz um : kommentare 						 			ich recherchiere (mal wieder) zu digitalen bibliotheken und habe mich gefragt, wann der begriff zum ersten mal verwendet wurde. laut google books taucht (nach aussortieren falsch-positiver treffer) „digital library“ erstmals in einem bericht für das us-außenministerium auf. die bibliographischen daten habe ich bei wikidata eingetragen. der bericht „the need for fundamental research in seismology“ wurde damals erstellt um zu untersuchen wie mit seismischen wellen atomwaffentests erkannt werden können. in anhang legte john gerrard, einer von vierzehn an der studie beteiligten wissenschaftler, auf zwei seiten den bedarf an einem rechenzentrum mit einem ibm rechner dar. da das us-regierungsdokument gemeinfrei ist hier die entsprechenden seiten: bei der geplanten digitalen bibliothek handelt es sich um eine sammlung von forschungsdaten mitsamt wissenschaftlicher software um aus den forschungsdaten neue erkenntnisse zu gewinnen: the following facilities should be available: 	a computer equivalent to the ibm series, plus necessary peripheral equipment. 	facilities for converting standard seismograms into digital form. 	a library of records of earthquakes and explosions in form suitable for machine analysis. 	a (growing) library of basic programs which have proven useful in investigations of seismic disturbances and related phenomena. 	… klingt doch ziemlich aktuell, oder? gefallen hat mir auch die beschreibung des rechenzentrums als „open shop“ und der hinweis „nothing can dampen enthusiasm for new ideas quite as effectively as long periods of waiting time“. die bezeichnung „digital library“ bezieht sich in dem text primär auf die sammlung von digitalisierten seimsmogrammen. am ende der empfehlung wird abweichend der begriff „digitized library“ verwendet. dies spricht dafür dass beide begriffe synonym verwendet wurden. interessanterweise bezieht sich „library“ aber auch auf die sammlung von computerprogrammen. ob das empfohlene rechenzentrum mit digitaler bibliothek realisiert wurde konnte ich leider nicht herausfinden (vermutlich nicht). zum autor dr. john gerrard ist mir nicht viel mehr bekannt als dass er als director of data systems and earth science research bei texas instruments (ti) arbeitete. ti wurde als „geophysical service incorporated“ zur seismischen erkundung von erdöllagerstätten gegründet und bekam den regierungsauftrag zur Überwachung von kernwaffentests (projekt vela uniform). an gerrard erinnert sich in diesem interview ein ehemaliger kollege: john gerrard: into digital seismology, and he could see a little bit of the future of digital processing and he talked about how that could be effective in seismology, he was right that this would be important in seismology in birmingham gibt es einen geologen gleichen namens, der ist aber erst geboren. ich vermute dass gerrard bei ti an der entwicklung des texas instruments automatic computer (tiac) beteiligt war, der speziell zur digitalen verarbeitung seismischer daten entwickelt wurde. der einsatz von computern in klassischen bibliotheken kam übrigens erst mit der nächsten rechner-generation: das marc-format wurde in den ern mit dem ibm system/ entwickelt (von henriette avram, die zuvor bei der nsa auch mit ibm gearbeitet hatte). davor gabe es den fiktiven bibliotheks-computer emmarac (angelehnt an eniac und univac) in „eine frau, die alles weiß“ mit katharine hepburn als bibliothekarin und spencer tracy als computervertreter. bis ende der er taucht der begriff „digital library“ bei google books übrigens nur vereinzelt auf. 							 		 tags: digital library, geschichte 		 kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				data models age like parents 				 . märz um : keine kommentare 						 			denny vrandečić, employed as ontologist at google, noticed that all six of of six linked data applications linked to years ago (iwb, tabulator, disko, marbles, rdfbrowser , and zitgist) have disappeared or changed their calling syntax. this reminded me at a proverb about software and data: software ages like fish, data ages like wine. ‏ the original form of this saying seems to come from james governor (@monkchips) who in derived it from from an earlier phrase: hardware is like fish, operating systems are like wine. the analogy of fishy applications and delightful data has been repeated and explained and criticized several times. i fully agree with the part about software rot but i doubt that data actually ages like wine (i’d prefer whisky anyway). a more accurate simile may be „data ages like things you put into your crowded cellar and then forget about“. thinking a lot about data i found that data is less interesting than the structures and rules that shape and restrict data: data models, ontologies, schemas, forms etc. how do they age compared with software and data? i soon realized: data models age like parents. first they guide you, give good advise, and support you as best as they can. but at some point data begin to rebel against their models. sooner or later parents become uncool, disconnected from current trends, outdated or even embarrassing. eventually you have to accept their quaint peculiarities and live your own life. that’s how standards proliferate. both ontologies and parents ultimately become weaker and need support. and in the end you have to let them go, sadly looking back. (the analogy could further be extended, for instance data models might be frustrated confronted by how actual data compares to their ideals, but that’s another story) 							 		 tags: data modeling 		keine kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				in memoriam ingetraut dahlberg 				 . oktober um : kommentare 						 			die informationswissenschaftlerin ingetraut dahlberg, bekannt unter anderem als gründerin der international society for knowledge organization (isko), ist letzte woche im alter von jahren verstorben. meine erste reaktion nach einem angemessenen bedauern war es in wikipedia und in wikidata das sterbedatum einzutragen, was jedoch schon andere erledigt hatten. also stöberte ich etwas im lebenslauf, und legte stattdessen wikidata-items zum mcluhan institute for digital culture and knowledge organization an, dem dahlberg schon zu lebzeiten ihre bibliothek vermacht hat, das aber bereits wieder geschlossen wurde. der ehemalige direktor kim veltman betreibt noch eine webseite zum institut und nennt in seinen memoiren ingetraut dahlberg, douglas engelbart, ted nelson und tim berners lee in einem atemzug. das sollte eigentlich grund genug sein, mich mit der frau zu beschäftigen. wenn ich ehrlich bin war mein verhältnis zu ingetraut dahlberg allerdings eher ein distanziert-ignorantes. ich wusste um ihre bedeutung in der „wissensorganisation-szene“, der ich zwangsläufig auch angehöre, bin ihr aber nur ein oder zwei mal auf isko-tagungen begegnet und hatte auch nie interesse daran mich mehr mit ihr auseinanderzusetzen. als „junger wilder“ schien sie mir immer wie eine person, deren zeit schon lange vorbei ist und deren beiträge hoffnungslos veraltet sind. dass alte ideen auch im rahmen der wissensorganisation keineswegs uninteressant und irrelevant sind, sollte mir durch die beschäftigung mit ted nelson und paul otlet eigentlich klar sein; irgendwie habe ich aber bisher nie einen anknüpfungspunkt zu dahlbergs werk gefunden. wenn ich zurückblicke muss der auslöser für meine ignoranz in meiner ersten begegnung mit vertreter*innen der wissensorganisation auf einer isko-tagung anfang der er jahre liegen: ich war damals noch frischer student der bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaft mit informatik-hintergrund und fand überall spannende themen wie wikipedia, social tagging und ontologien, die prinzipiell alle etwas mit wissensorganisation zu tun hatten. bei der isko fand ich dagegen nichts davon. das internet schien jedenfalls noch sehr weit weg. erschreckend fand ich dabei weniger das fehlen inhaltlicher auseinandersetzung mit den damals neuesten entwicklungen im netz sondern die formale fremdheit: mehrere der beteiligten wissenschaftler*innen hatten nach meiner erinnerung nicht einmal eine email-adresse. menschen, die sich anfang der er jahre ohne email mit information und wissen beschäftigten konnte ich einfach nicht ernst nehmen. so war die isko in meiner ignoranz lange ein relikt, das ähnlich wie die international federation for information and documentation (fid, warum haben die sich eigentlich nicht zusammengetan?) auf tragische weise von der technischen entwicklung überholt wurde. und ingetraut dahlberg stand für mich exemplarisch für dieses ganze scheitern einer zunft. inzwischen sehe ich es etwas differenzierter und bin froh teil dieser kleinen aber feinen fachcommunity zu sein (und wenn die isko endlich auf open access umstellt, werde ich auch meinen publikations-boycott aufgeben). in jedem fall habe ich ingetraut dahlberg unrecht getan und hoffe auf differenziertere auseinandersetzungen mit ihrem werk. 							 		 tags: nachruf 		 kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				wikidata documentation on the hackathon in vienna 				 . mai um : kommentare 						 			at wikimedia hackathon , a couple of volunteers sat together to work on the help pages of wikidata. as part of that wikidata documentation sprint. ziko and me took a look at the wikidata glossary. we identified several shortcomings and made a list of rules how the glossary should look like. the result are the glossary guidelines. where the old glossary partly replicated wikidata:introduction, the new version aims to allow quick lookup of concepts. we already rewrote some entries of the glossary according to these guidelines but several entries are outdated and need to be improved still. we changed the structure of the glossary into a sortable table so it can be displayed as alphabetical list in all languages. the entries can still be translated with the translation system (it took some time to get familiar with this feature). we also created some missing help pages such as help:wikimedia and help:wikibase to explain general concepts with regard to wikidata. some of these concepts are already explained elsewhere but wikidata needs at least short introductions especially written for wikidata users. image taken by andrew lih (cc-by-sa) 							 		 tags: wikidata, wmhack 		 kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				introduction to phabricator at wikimedia hackathon 				 . mai um : kommentar 						 			this weekend i participate at wikimedia hackathon in vienna. i mostly contribute to wikidata related events and practice the phrase "long time no see", but i also look into some introductionary talks. in the late afternoon of day one i attended an introduction to phabricator project management tool given by andré klapper. phabricator was introduced in wikimedia foundation about three years ago to replace and unify bugzilla and several other management tools. phabricator is much more than an issue tracker for software projects (although it is mainly used for this purpose by wikimedia developers). in summary there are tasks, projects, and teams. tasks can be tagged, assigned, followed,discussed, and organized with milestones and workboards. the latter are kanban-boards like those i know from trello, waffle, and github project boards. phabricator is open source so you can self-host it and add your own user management without having to pay for each new user and feature (i am looking at you, jira). internally i would like to use phabricator but for fully open projects i don’t see enough benefit compared to using github. p.s.: wikimedia hackathon is also organized with phabricator. there is also a task for blogging about the event. 							 		 tags: wikimedia, wmhack 		 kommentar 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				some thoughts on iiif and metadata 				 . mai um : keine kommentare 						 			yesterday at dini ag kim workshop i martin baumgartner and stefanie rühle gave an introduction to the international image interoperability framework (iiif) with focus on metadata. i already knew that iiif is a great technology for providing access to (especially large) images but i had not have a detailed look yet. the main part of iiif is its image api and i hope that all major media repositories (i am looking at you, wikimedia commons) will implement it. in addition the iiif community has defined a „presentation api“, a „search api“, and an „authentication api“. i understand the need of such additional apis within the iiif community, but i doubt that solving the underlying problems with their own standards (instead of reusing existing standards) is the right way to go. standards should better „do one thing and do it well“ (unix philosophy). if images are the „one thing“ of iiif, then search and authentication are different matter. in the workshop we only looked at parts of the presentation api to see where metadata (creator, dates, places, provenance etc. and structural metadata such as lists and hierarchies) could be integrated into iiif. such metadata is already expressed in many other formats such as mets/mods and tei so the question is not whether to use iiif or other metadata standards but how to connect iiif with existing metadata standards. a quick look at the presentation api surprised me to find out that the metadata element is explicitly not intended for additional metadata but only „to be displayed to the user“. the element contains an ordered list of key-value pairs that „might be used to convey the author of the work, information about its creation, a brief physical description, or ownership information, amongst other use cases“. at the same time the standard emphasizes that „there are no semantics conveyed by this information“. hello, mcfly? without semantics conveyed it isn’t information! in particular there is no such thing as structured data (e.g. a list of key-value pairs) without semantics. i think the design of field metadata in iiif is based on a common misconception about the nature of (meta)data, which i already wrote about elsewhere (sorry, german article – some background in my phd and found by ballsun-stanton). in a short discussion at twitter rob sanderson (getty) pointed out that the data format of iiif presentation api to describe intellectual works (called a manifest) is expressed in json-ld, so it can be extended by other rdf statements. for instance the field „license“ is already defined with dcterms:rights. addition of a field „author“ for dcterms:creator only requires to define this field in the json-ld @context of a manifest. after some experimenting i found a possible way to connect the „meaningless“ metadata field with json-ld fields: { "@context": [ "http://iiif.io/api/presentation/ /context.json", { "author": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator", "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/" } ], "@id": "http://example.org/iiif/book /manifest", "@type": ["sc:manifest", "bibo:book"], "metadata": [ { "label": "author", "property": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator", "value": "allen smithee" }, { "label": "license", "property": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", "value": "cc-by . " } ], "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ . /", "author": { "@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/q ", "label": "allen smithee" } } this solution requires an additional element property in the iiif specification to connect a metadata field with its meaning. iiif applications could then enrich the display of metadata fields for instance with links or additional translations. in json-ld some names such as „cc-by . “ and „allen smithee“ need to be given twice, but this is ok because normal names (in contrast to field names such as „author“ and „license“) don’t have semantics. 							 		 tags: iiif, metadata 		keine kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				ersatzteile aus dem d-drucker 				 . dezember um : kommentare 						 			krach, zack, bumm! da liegt die jalousie unten. ein kleinen plastikteil ist abgebrochen, das wäre doch ein prima anwendungsfall für einen d-drucker, oder? schön länger spiele ich mit dem gedanken, einen d-drucker anzuschaffen, kann aber nicht so recht sagen, wozu eigentlich. die herstellung von ersatzteilen aus dem d-drucker scheint mir allerdings eher so ein versprechen zu sein wie der intelligente kühlschrank: theoretisch ganz toll aber nicht wirklich praktisch. es würde mich vermutlich stunden kosten, das passende teil auf diversen plattformen wie thingiverse zu finden oder es mit cad selber zu konstruieren. ohne verlässliche d-modelle bringt also der beste d-drucker nichts, deshalb sind die geräte auch nur ein teil der lösung zur herstellung von ersatzteilen. ich bezweifle sehr dass in naher zukunft hersteller d-modelle ihrer produkte zum download anbieten werden, es sei denn es handelt sich um open hardware. abgesehen von elektronischen bastelprojekten ist das angebot von open-hardware-produkten für den hausgebrauch aber noch sehr überschaubar. dennoch denke ich, dass open hardware, das heisst produkte deren baupläne frei lizensiert zur kostenlosen verfügung stehen, sowie standardisierte bauteile das einzig richtige für den einsatz von d-druckern im hausgebrauch sind. ich werde das problem mit der kaputten jalousie erstmal mit analoger technik angehen und schauen, was ich so an passenden materialien und werkzeugen herumliegen habe. vielleicht hilft ja gaffer tape? 							 		 tags: d-drucker, maker, open hardware 		 kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				einfachste projekthomepage bei github 				 . september um : kommentar 						 			die einfachste form einer projekthomepage bei github pages besteht aus einer startseite, die lediglich auf das repository verweist. lokal lässt sich eine solche seite so angelegen: . erstellung des neuen, leeren branch gh-pages: git checkout --orphan gh-pages git rm -rf . . anlegen der datei index.md mit folgendem inhalt: --- --- # {{site.github.project_title}} [{{site.github.repository_url}}]({{site.github.repository_url}}#readme). . hinzufügen der datei und push nach github git add index.md git commit -m "homepage" git push origin gh-pages 							 		 tags: github 		 kommentar 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				abbreviated uris with rdfns 				 . september um : kommentare 						 			working with rdf and uris can be annoying because uris such as „http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title“ are long and difficult to remember and type. most rdf serializations make use of namespace prefixes to abbreviate uris, for instance „dc“ is frequently used to abbreviate „http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /“ so „http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title“ can be written as qualified name „dc:title„. this simplifies working with uris, but someone still has to remember mappings between prefixes and namespaces. luckily there is a registry of common mappings at prefix.cc. a few years ago i created the simple command line tool rdfns and a perl library to look up uri namespace/prefix mappings. meanwhile the program is also available as debian and ubuntu package librdf-ns-perl. the newest version (not included in debian yet) also supports reverse lookup to abbreviate an uri to a qualified name. features of rdfns include: look up namespaces (as rdf/turtle, rdf/xml, sparql…) $ rdfns foaf.ttl foaf.xmlns dbpedia.sparql foaf.json @prefix foaf: . xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/ . /" prefix dbpedia: "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/ . /" expand a qualified name $ rdfns dc:title http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title lookup a preferred prefix $ rdfns http://www.w .org/ / /geo/wgs _pos# geo create a short qualified name of an url $ rdfns http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title dc:title i use rdf-ns for all rdf processing to improve readability and to avoid typing long uris. for instance catmandu::rdf can be used to parse rdf into a very concise data structure: $ catmandu convert rdf --file rdfdata.ttl to yaml 							 		 tags: perl, rdf 		 kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 				das wissen der welt 				 . august um : kommentare 						 			denny vrandečić, einer der köpfe hinter semantic mediawiki und wikidata, hat eine clevere metrik vorgeschlagen um den erfolg der wikimedia-projekte zu messen. die tätigkeit und damit das ziel der wikimedia-foundation wurde von jimbo wales so ausgedrückt: imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. that’s what we’re doing. in wikiquote wird dieser bekannte ausspruch momentan folgendermaßen übersetzt: „stell dir eine welt vor, in der jeder mensch auf der erde freien zugang zum gesamten menschlichem wissen hat. das ist, was wir machen.“ wie lässt sich nun aber quantifizieren, zu welchem grad das ziel erreicht ist? so wie ich es verstanden (und in meine worte übersetzt) habe, schlägt denny folgendes vor: für jedem menschen auf der welt gibt es theoretisch eine zahl zwischen null und eins, die angibt wieviel vom gesamten wissens der welt („the sum of all human knowledge“) diesem menschen durch wikimedia-inhalte zugänglich ist. der wert lässt sich als prozentzahl des zugänglichen weltwissens interpretieren – da sich wissen aber kaum so einfach messen und vergleichen lässt, ist diese interpretation problematisch. der wert von eins ist utopisch, da wikipedia & co nicht alles wissen der welt enthält. für menschen ohne internet-zugang kann der wert aber bei null liegen. selbst mit zugang zu wikipedia ist die zahl bei jedem menschen eine andere, da nicht alle inhalte in allen sprachen vorhanden sind und weil viele inhalte ohne vorwissen unverständlich und somit praktisch nicht zugänglich sind. die zahlen der individuellen zugänglichkeit des weltwissens lassen sich nun geordnet in ein diagram eintragen, das von links (maximales wissen) nach rechts (kein wissen durch zugänglich) alle menschen aufführt. wie denny an folgendem bild ausführt, kann die wikimedia-community ihrem weg auf verschiedenen wegen näher kommen: ( ) der ausbau von vielen artikeln in einem komplexen spezialgebiet oder einer kleinen sprache kommt nur wenigen menschen zu gute. ( ) stattdessen könnten auch die wichtigsten artikel bzw. themen in sprachen verbessert und ergänzt werden, welche von vielen menschen verstanden werden. ( ) schließlich kann wikimedia auch dafür sorgen, dass mehr menschen einen zugang zu den wikimedia-ihren inhalten bekommen – zum beispiel durch initiativen wie wikipedia zero ich halte die von denny vorgeschlagene darstellung für hilfreich um über das einfache zählen von wikipedia-artikeln hinauszukommen. wie er allerdings selber zugibt, gibt es zahlreiche offene fragen da sich die tatsächlichen zahlen der verfügbarkeit von wissen nicht einfach ermitteln lassen. meiner meinung nach liegt ein grundproblem darin, dass sich wissen – und vor allem das gesamte wissen der menschheit – nicht quantifizieren lässt. es ist auch irreführend davon auszugehen, dass die wikimedia-produkte wissen sammeln oder enthalten. möglicherweise ist dieser irrtum für die metrik egal, nicht aber für das was eigentlich gemessen werden soll (zugänglichkeit des wissens der welt). falls wikimedia an einem unverstelltem blick auf die frage interessiert ist, wieviel des wissens der menschheit durch ihre angebote den menschen zugänglich gemacht wird, könnte es helfen mal einige philosophen und philosophinnen zu fragen. ganz im ernst. mag sein (und so vermute ich mit meinem abgebrochenen philosophie-studium), dass am ende lediglich deutlich wird, warum dass ganze wikimedia-projekt nicht zu realisieren ist; selbst erkenntnisse über mögliche gründe dieses scheitern wären aber hilfreich. vermutlich ist es aber zu verpönt, philosophen ernsthaft um rat zu fragen oder die verbliebenen philosophen beschäftigen sich lieber mit anderen fragen. p.s: eine weitere relevante disziplin zur beantwortung der frage wieviel wissen der welt durch wikipedia & co der menschheit zugänglich gemacht wird, ist die pädagogik, aber da kenne ich mich noch weniger aus als mit der philosophie. 							 		 tags: freie inhalte, wikipedia, wissensordnung 		 kommentare 		 			 		 			 				 					 		 		nächste seite » 		 		 				 					 				 				neueste beiträge 			 					erster expliziter entwurf einer digitalen bibliothek ( ) 									 	 					data models age like parents 									 	 					in memoriam ingetraut dahlberg 									 	 					wikidata documentation on the hackathon in vienna 									 	 					introduction to phabricator at wikimedia hackathon 									 		 neueste kommentare 	confessions de rousseau dissertation bei is data a language? in search of the new discipline data linguistics 	unternehmensfinanzierung bei is data a language? in search of the new discipline data linguistics 	подробности... bei erster expliziter entwurf einer digitalen bibliothek ( ) 	ayam s bei ersatzteile aus dem d-drucker 	will taking dht at increase penis size bei abbreviated uris with rdfns themen api archivierung atom bibliothek bibliothekswissenschaft bibsonomy daia data modeling digital library feed freie inhalte gbv humor identifier katalog katalog . librarything literatur mashup medien metadata microformats musik oai open access openstreetmap perl pica politik rdf seealso semantic web soa software standards suchmaschine tagging veranstaltung web . webservices widget wikimedia wikipedia wikis Überwachungsstaat blogroll 		planet biblioblog . 	planet code lib 	planet wikimedia (de) feeds 				 	 		 siehe auch 				 	 powered by wordpress with theme based on pool theme and silk icons. entries and comments feeds. valid xhtml and css. ^top^ in the library with the lead pipe in the library with the lead pipe an open access, peer reviewed journal 	dismantling the evaluation framework (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid... read more 	service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians by bridgette comanda, jaci wilkinson, faith bradham, amanda koziura, and maura seale in brief academic librarian salaries are shrinking, but conferences and professional membership fees are increasing. how is this impacting our field and our colleagues? during early , we fielded a national survey of academic librarians about their professional development and service costs that... read more 	equitable but not diverse: universal design for learning is not enough by amanda roth, gayatri singh (posthumous), and dominique turnbow in brief information literacy instruction is increasingly being delivered online, particularly through the use of learning objects. the development practice for creating learning objects often uses the universal design for learning (udl) framework to meet needs for inclusivity. however, missing from this framework is the lens... read more 	ethical financial stewardship: one library’s examination of vendors’ business practices by katy divittorio and lorelle gianelli in brief the evaluation of library collections rarely digs into the practices or other business ventures of the companies that create or sell library resources. as financial stewards, academic acquisition librarians are in a unique position to consider the business philosophy and practices of our vendors as they align... read more 	we need to talk about how we talk about disability: a critical quasi-systematic review by amelia gibson, kristen bowen, and dana hanson in brief this quasi-systematic review uses a critical disability framework to assess definitions of disability, use of critical disability approaches, and hierarchies of credibility in lis research between and . we present quantitative and qualitative findings about trends and gaps in the research, and discuss the... read more 	culturally responsive community engagement programming and the university library: lessons learned from half a decade of vtditc by craig e. arthur, dr. freddy paige, la’ portia perkins, jasmine weiss, and dr. michael williams (good homie signs’ “hip hop @ vt” mural / ) in brief vtditc: hip hop studies at virginia tech is an award-winning series of experiential learning-focused, culturally responsive community engagement programs. it is deeply rooted in hip hop culture and... read more 	creating a student-centered alternative to research guides: developing the infrastructure to support novice learners in brief: research and course guides typically feature long lists of resources without the contextual or instructional framework to direct novice researchers through the research process. an investigation of guide usage and user interactions at a large university in the southwestern u.s. revealed a need to reexamine the way research guides can be developed and... read more 	power and status (and lack thereof) in academe: academic freedom and academic librarians in brief academic librarians do not experience full academic freedom protections, despite the fact that they are expected to exercise independent judgment, be civically engaged, and practice applied scholarship. academic freedom for academic librarians is not widely studied or well understood. to learn more, we conducted a survey which received over responses from academic... read more 	the library commons: an imagination and an invocation by jennie rose halperin in brief commons theory can provide important interventions within neoliberal managerial information capitalism when applied to the library as an institution. the commons and its associated practices provide a model of abundance, sharing, and cooperation. libraries can and should participate in alternative economic and management models to create an inclusive vision... read more 	“information has value”: the political economy of information capitalism in brief information capitalism dominates the production and flow of information across the globe. it produces massive information institutions that are as harmful to everyday people as they are powerful. to this point, information literacy (il) educators do not have a theory and pedagogy of information capitalism. this article appraises the current state of political... read more none none on the instability of bitcoin without the block reward miles carlsten carlsten@cs.princeton.edu harry kalodner kalodner@cs.princeton.edu s. matthew weinberg smweinberg@princeton.edu arvind narayanan arvindn@cs.princeton.edu abstract bitcoin provides two incentives for miners: block rewards and transaction fees. the former accounts for the vast ma- jority of miner revenues at the beginning of the system, but it is expected to transition to the latter as the block rewards dwindle. there has been an implicit belief that whether miners are paid by block rewards or transaction fees does not affect the security of the block chain. we show that this is not the case. our key insight is that with only transaction fees, the variance of the block reward is very high due to the exponentially distributed block arrival time, and it becomes attractive to fork a “wealthy” block to “steal” the rewards therein. we show that this results in an equilibrium with undesirable properties for bitcoin’s security and performance, and even non-equilibria in some circumstances. we also revisit selfish mining and show that it can be made profitable for a miner with an arbitrarily low hash power share, and who is arbitrarily poorly connected within the network. our results are derived from theoretical analysis and confirmed by a new bitcoin mining simulator that may be of independent interest. we discuss the troubling implications of our results for bitcoin’s future security and draw lessons for the design of new cryptocurrencies. . introduction the security of bitcoin’s consensus protocol relies on min- ers behaving correctly. they are incentivized to do so via mining revenues under the assumption that they are ratio- nal entities. any deviant miner behavior that outperforms the default is thus a serious threat to the security of bitcoin. miners receive two types of revenue: block rewards and transaction fees. the former account for the vast majority of miner revenues at the beginning of the system, but it is expected to transition to the latter as the block rewards dwindle (specifically, they halve every four years). there has been an unexamined belief that in terms of the security of the block chain (including incentives of the mining game), it is immaterial whether miners receive (say) bitcoins in each block as a block reward or bitcoins in expectation as transaction fees. illustrative example (figure ). imagine a popula- this is an extended version of our paper that appeared at acm ccs . some of the figures have been updated with more accurate versions due to improvements to our simulator. figure : one possible state of the block chain and two possible actions a miner could take. tion of rational, self-interested miners. consider a block chain with blocks of exponentially distributed rewards, as we expect when the fixed block reward runs out. a miner has numerous options to consider when mining, but let’s fo- cus on just two possibilities. she could extend the longest chain (option one), obtaining a reward of and leaving a reward of for the next miner (at least until more transac- tions arrive). alternatively, she could fork it (option two), obtaining reward of while leaving a reward of bitcoin unclaimed. the bitcoin protocol dictates option one, but a quick reasoning suggests that option two is better. to reason about this correctly, we must consider which strategies the other miners are using. for instance, if all other miners follow the heuristic of mining on the block they heard about first in the case of a -block fork (and if there is no latency in the network), then forking is ineffective, and option one is clearly superior. on the other hand, since other miners are rational, perhaps they will choose to build on the fork instead of the older block, in which case option two would yield more rewards. examples like these reveal novel incentive issues that sim- ply don’t arise when block rewards are fixed. the goal of this paper is to understand the potential impact on bitcoin’s sta- bility by investigating the mining game in the regime where the block reward has dwindled to a negligible amount, and transaction fees dominate mining rewards. we find new and surprising incentive issues in a transaction-fee regime, even assuming that transactions (and associated fees) arrive at a steady rate. to be clear: the incentive issues we uncover arise not because transaction fees may arrive erratically, but because the time-varying nature of transaction fees allows for a richer set of strategic deviations that don’t arise in the block-reward model. at a high level, there is an analogy with pool hopping [ ]. with certain mining pool reward schemes, the miner’s ex- pected reward for participation varies over time, depend- ing on how many shares have been contributed since the pool found its last block. the concern is that miners would respond by “hopping” in real time to the pool that max- imizes their expected rewards. for another illustration of this theme, consider a future where there are multiple cryp- tocurrencies with time-varying rewards which can be mined by the same hardware. perhaps this will give rise to coin- hopping, i.e., miners hopping to the cryptocurrency with the largest transaction fee pool. contribution : a mining strategy simulator. while we establish a number of theoretical results in sections and , the variety of possible parameters and assumptions makes it completely infeasible to pose a perfectly accurate game-theoretic model of bitcoin that is also tractable. to fill the gaps and to confirm our theoretical results, we’ve built a mining strategy simulator. theoretical results in simple yet principled models provide good intuition to guide practice, and simulations of more complex scenarios confirm that these results have applicability to more realistic models where mathematical proofs are intractable. miners in our simulation learn over time which strate- gies are successful using no-regret learning algorithms that iteratively update a probability distribution over strategies (section . ). our simulator is versatile and allows model- ing different numbers of miners, hash power distributions, network latencies, and reward schemes. we show how it allows researchers to quickly prototype and study new set- tings within this parameter space. the simulator does have limitations: it cannot model mining pools or a non-constant arrival rate of transactions. we have made the simulator open source. in addition to the versatility of settings, our simulator allows exploring a large space of mining strategies, defined by the miner’s responses to three questions: which block to extend, how much of the outstanding transactions to include in the block, and when to publish found blocks. we define a formal language to compactly express any strategy in this space (section ). contribution : undercutting attacks. the focus of this paper is on analyzing deviant mining strategies in the transaction-fee regime that can harm bitcoin’s security. we begin with the observation that if there is a -block fork, it is more profitable for the next miner to break the tie by extending the block that leaves the most available transaction fees rather than the oldest-seen block. we call this strategy pettycompliant. once any non-zero fraction of miners is pettycompli- ant, it enables various strategies that are more aggressive and harmful to bitcoin consensus. we call this the undercut- ting attack, where miners will actively fork the head of the chain and leave transactions unclaimed in the hope of incen- tivizing pettycompliant miners to build on their block. in some scenarios, our simulation reveals a non-equilibrium with increasingly aggressive undercutting. but with an ex- panded strategy space, and suitable assumptions, we are able to prove that an equilibrium exists. however, it is one where miners include only a fraction of available transactions https://github.com/citp/mining simulator into their blocks. this results in a backlog of transactions whose size grows indefinitely with time. we confirm this result using simulation. accurately predicting the steady-state mining behavior requires modeling a vast number of variables such as miners’ cost structure, and is not the goal of our work. instead, our results can be seen as an informal “lower bound” on the departures from compliant behavior that are likely in a transaction-fee regime. we can realistically predict that pettycompliant miners will arise, and that the existence of such miners opens the field for various more aggressive strategies (section ). contribution : revisiting selfish mining. we re- visit the selfish mining strategy of eyal and sirer [ ] and show that, contrary to intuition, it performs even better in the transaction-fee regime than in the block-reward regime. next, we propose a more sophisticated selfish mining strat- egy that accounts for the non-uniformity of rewards and out- performs both default mining and “classic” selfish mining. worse, unlike classic selfish mining, this strategy works for miners with arbitrarily low hash power and regardless of their connectedness in the bitcoin network. moreover, the attack is profitable as soon as it is deployed, whereas classic selfish mining only becomes profitable after a two-week dif- ficulty adjustment period, arguably giving the community a crucial window of time to detect and respond to such an attack [ ]. we validate these results via both theory and simulation (section ). impact on bitcoin security. if any of the deviant min- ing strategies we explore were to be deployed, the impact on bitcoin’s security would be serious. at best, the block chain will have a significant fraction of stale or orphaned blocks due to constant forks, making % attacks much eas- ier and increasing the transaction confirmation time. at worst, consensus will break down due to block withholding or increasingly aggressive undercutting. this suggests a fundamental rethinking of the role of block rewards in cryptocurrency design. nakamoto appears to have viewed the block reward as a necessary but temporary evil to achieve an initial allocation of bitcoins in the absence of a central authority, with the transaction fee regime being the ideal, inflation-free steady state of the system. but our work shows that incentivizing compliant miner behavior in the transaction fee regime is a significantly more daunting task than in the block reward regime. perhaps instead, de- signers of new cryptocurrencies must resign themselves to the inevitability of monetary inflation and make the block reward permanent. transaction fees would still exist, but merely as an incentive for miners to include transactions in their blocks. . related work several recent works analyze incentives in bitcoin min- ing. some examples include [ ] and [ ], which analyze how strategic mining pools may attack competing pools in vari- ous ways, and [ ], which analyzes how strategic ethereum miners can trick others into wasting their computational power verifying the validity of complex scripts. understand- ing miner incentives in the bitcoin system is important — there is empirical evidence that miners/mining pools are willing to attack others in order to maximize their own prof- its (e.g. launching ddos attacks against other pools) [ ]. eyal and sirer develop the selfish mining attack [ ], a de- viant mining strategy that enables miners to get more than their fair share of rewards. we build on their results in sec- tion . other works, notably sapirshtein et al. [ ] have analyzed selfish mining in more detail using markov deci- sion processes (mdp). in an mdp, a player moves through a discrete state space and tries to maximize reward (the state- transition function and reward function are probabilistic). this makes it a good fit for modeling bitcoin mining. in the fixed-reward model, states are discrete. in the transaction fees model, states are continuous, so we cannot apply mdp machinery directly. still, our analysis takes an mdp-like approach. in more recent work, kiayias et. al. [ ] perform a theoretical analysis of various selfish mining strategies in the fixed-reward model, and proves that when miners are sufficiently small, the default mining behavior is an equilib- rium. there is some work on understanding the market for trans- action fees and its relation to the block size (i.e. what fees will users have to pay in order for transactions to be in- cluded in a block?) [ , , , ]. our work avoids this discussion; we show that undesirable behavior emerges even if the market reaches an equilibrium where transaction fees are non-negligible, and arrive steadily and reliably. inter- estingly, möser and böhme reach the same conclusion as us (that monetary inflation is a preferable mechanism to trans- action fees) through very different methods [ ]. on the simulation side, numerous prior works have devel- oped simulators for some aspect of bitcoin. some simulators are aimed at aspects of bitcoin aside from strategic min- ing, such as privacy [ ], or the peer-to-peer network [ ]. those developed in [ ] and [ ] also focus on simulating de- viant mining strategies, but our understanding is that these simulators are tailor-made for the specific deviant strategies they wish to test. in comparison, our simulator allows for easy implementation of a broad range of strategies in var- ious environments. indeed, the versatility of our simulator is crucial for getting intuition for every result in this paper. we have made it open-source and hope it will be a useful tool for future research on strategic miner behavior. . model and strategies in this section, we cover the model of bitcoin that we investigate. we will use this model to quickly illustrate how the switch to transaction-fee dominated rewards may lead to interesting and potentially harmful effects for bitcoin. we also introduce a formal language for describing bitcoin strategies that we will use throughout the paper. . model of the system briefly, let us describe the theme of our model before get- ting into specific details. the goal of this work is not to accurately predict exactly what mining behavior will arise in practice, but instead to uncover incentive issues that arise solely due to the time-varying nature of transaction fees ver- sus block rewards. to this end, our model is intentionally simple because we want to isolate the effects of time-varying versus fixed rewards. as an example, we will assume that transactions (and their associated fees) arrive at a constant and continuous rate. we make this assumption not be- cause we necessarily predict it will hold in practice, but because without it we can’t guarantee that we’ve isolated time-varying transaction fees as the cause for any incentive issues we uncover. put another way, our results are only made stronger by simplifying assumptions, because we are claiming that weird and undesirable consequences arise even if one is willing to grant simplifying assumptions. getting to details, the model of bitcoin that we analyze is after the block reward has dropped to zero. that is, trans- action fees are the only source of revenue for miners, and we model available transaction fees as arriving to the bit- coin system at a constant rate. specifically, we assume that for any time interval i of length t, the total sum of transac- tion fees for transactions announced during i is t (the choice of t instead of ct for some constant c is just normalization). this is different from bitcoin as it is today with a large block reward compared to the small transaction fees, but this sce- nario is consistent with the vision of the long-term steady state behaviour of bitcoin after all bitcoins have eventually been minted. we also assume that the difficulty is set so that a hash puz- zle is solved by someone in the network every one time unit in expectation (this is again just a normalization). addition- ally, for simplicity, in our theoretical results and reported simulations we model the network having no latency (unless otherwise stated). once a miner publishes a block, all other miners immediately gain knowledge of it. similarly, once a transaction is announced, all miners immediately learn of its existence. however, our simulator is capable of simulating latency of both types, and we do not see any substantive change in our results as latency changes. finally, we assume that when there are r transaction fees available, the miner can choose to include any real-valued number of transaction fees between and r in their block. that is, transactions are fine-grained enough that a miner can selectively choose a set of transactions whose fees are very close to whatever real-valued target they have in mind. we believe this is a reasonable approximation due to the large number of transactions per block. we also assume that miners always have space to include all available transactions. if the block size is not large enough to meet demand for transactions, we believe the qualitative content of all our results continue to hold, but the quantitative impact is mitigated. this belief is supported by the following data, taken from the most recent blocks (roughly one week’s worth) as of july , : of these blocks, are full. of the full blocks, the total sum of transaction fees ranges from . btc to . btc. the mean is . btc and the standard deviation is . btc, more than half the mean. it’s unclear how to extrapolate these data to the future, but it is clear that there will indeed be fluctuation in the available fees that fit in a block. so if the block size is not large enough to meet demand for trans- actions, even though the available fees immediately after a block is found will not be zero (as in our analysis), they may be significantly lower than (say) ten minutes later. so even though our exact analysis will not apply in this setting, the intuition does carry over. . what could go wrong? the mining gap without a block reward, immediately after a block is found there is zero expected reward for min- ing but nonzero electricity cost, making it unprof- itable for any miner to mine. in order to provide insight as to how time-varying rewards figure : illustration of mining gaps. miners will only mine when the instantaneous expected reward exceeds the instantaneous cost. could be harmful for bitcoin, let’s walk through an example. imagine that we are in the model previously described, that all miners are using the default compliant strategy (mine on top of the longest chain, authorize all available transactions, publish immediately), but also that that miners have some cost in electricity to run their mining rigs (i.e., running one rig for t units of time costs pt bitcoin worth of electricity). now, immediately after a block is found, there will be no more transactions in the network to be claimed by a miner making the next block. this means that for the instant fol- lowing the discovery of a new block, there is actually zero expected reward for mining, but a non-zero electricity cost for doing so! figure shows how to extend this reasoning to the time period beyond. essentially, every instant your rig is running, you claim some expected reward, which increases depending on the available transaction fees. but every in- stant your rig is running, you also have to pay a constant amount for electricity. so the expected reward for running your rig won’t exceed the cost of electricity until some min- imum number of transaction fees are available to include. if a is the fraction of the total (effective) hash power that a single rig generates, then a miner must wait t = p/a time steps after a block is found before mining becomes profitable again. in appendix a, we discuss in more detail the effects of such a mining gap, and find that it leads to miners mining for a smaller and smaller fraction of the time between the ar- rival of blocks (with the difficulty dropping to compensate). clearly, this would have a negative impact for bitcoin secu- rity, as the effective hash power in the network would drop, and it would become easier for a malicious miner to fork. of course, turning a rig on and off every ten minutes may be practically infeasible. nevertheless, this analysis illustrates that strategic miners might look for ways to deviate when the default protocol would have them wasting electricity to mine a near-valueless block. . formal language for mining strategies in the rest of this paper, we focus on mining strategies that always mine within the same cryptocurrency, but may deviate from the default protocol in choosing how to build blocks and what to do with them once they’re found. we consider a variety of known and novel bitcoin mining strate- gies. all of these can be formalized into the same general structure. at each instant, every miner makes several dis- tinct decisions: • which block to extend. • how much of the available transactions (and associated fees) to include in the block they are solving. • for each unpublished block, whether or not to publish. the first decision is which block to extend. as an ex- ample, the default compliant miner chooses to mine on the longest chain that they are aware of, and in the case of multi- ple blocks that are tied for the longest chain, they will favor mining on the first of these blocks that they became aware of. this decision forms the basis for how a mining strat- egy will determine which side of a fork it wants to support, or, alternatively, if the miner wants to create a new fork. the next decision is how much of the available transaction fees to claim. again, as an example, the default compliant miner will include all of the unclaimed transaction fees they are aware of in their block. the final decision is when to publish blocks. when a miner mines a block, only they are aware of its existence. at each moment, miners can choose whether or not to alert the other miners of the block that they have found. this allows for mining strategies where miners intentionally choose to not reveal their blocks (such as selfish mining [ ]). we define the following concepts in order to more rig- orously describe the mining strategies: first, for a set of transactions t, we will abuse notation and use t to also denote the total transaction fees included for transactions in t. for a block, b, we will denote tx(b) to be the set of transactions included in block b, and rem(b) to denote the remaining transactions after block b. that is, rem(b) contains all announced transactions in that are not included in b or any of its predecessors (thus, this is a set that varies over time). we will also use height(b) to denote the height of a block (i.e. the height of a chain that ends at block b), denoting by h the height of the current longest chain that has been announced, and owner(b) to denote the miner that produced block b. when a miner m is deciding which block of height i to extend in the case of a tie, all strategies considered in this pa- per first select a block that they themselves mined (owner(b) = m). also, all strategies in this paper avoid mining multiple blocks at the same height, so if a block with owner(b) = m at height i exists, it would be unique. if m did not pro- duce any blocks at height i, the default client would then select the first block that m became aware of. so we define oldestmi to be the unique block of height i produced by miner m if it exists, or the first block of height i that m became aware of. note that if i = h, then this is the block m would extend using the default strategy. we also define mosti to be the block of height i that maximizes the remain- ing transaction fees (formally: argmaxb|height(b)=i{rem(b)}). note that while rem(b) changes over time, the block mosti can only change if a new block of height i is published. fi- nally, we denote by mostmi the block of height i produced by m (if it exists), or the block of height i that maximizes the remaining transaction fees otherwise. so for instance, if a chain of height has been announced, but some miner is privately storing a chain of length , we would define h = . we can now formally define mining strategies we consider. we model strategies as time-driven (rather than event-driven): in every infinitesimally small time step, the miner must de- cide which block to extend (denoted by mining(m)), what set of transactions to include, and for each of their own unpublished blocks, whether to publish. note that by pub- lishing a block b, we mean ensuring that every node in the network is aware of b and all its predecessors, and aren’t concerned with exactly what physical measures m takes to ensure this. in this language, the default mining strategy would be formalized as follows: defaultcompliant: the default bitcoin mining strategy, including all avail- able transactions, mining on the end of the longest chain, choosing the older block in a tie, and publishing all blocks. which block: mining(m) = oldestmh . how much: include rem(mining(m)). publish(b)?: yes. . mining strategy simulator in order to more clearly analyze what the game theoretic landscape will look like once the bitcoin mining incentive be- comes transaction fee based instead of block reward based, we have developed a versatile bitcoin mining strategy sim- ulator. here we discuss the strategies our simulator is ca- pable of implementing, the process by which our simulator can explore a strategy space, the configurable parameters of the simulator, and its limitations. . strategies, rounds, and games we first describe the basic units of our simulator and how they interact with each other before getting into details. strategies. the simulator is designed in such a way to be able to run any strategy that fits the strategy space detailed in section . . that is, every strategy is fully defined by a function that outputs a block to extend, a set of trans- actions to include, and a rule to decide whether to publish any found blocks. all of these functions may take as input any public information, including all published blocks and all announced transactions. rounds. our simulator is time-driven, as opposed to event- driven. we made this decision because we want it to be easy to add new strategies to the simulator. in an event-driven simulation, new strategies would be limited by the current list of possible events. however, in our time-based simula- tions, any strategy that details how to make the decisions above at any moment can be easily implemented. a round is the smallest unit of time in our simulator (cur- rently, / of the time it takes for the entire network to find a block). during a round, every miner first takes as in- put the block chain (that they’re aware of) and all transac- tions (that they’re aware of) and decides which block to (try to) extend, and which transactions to include. then there is a random check (as a function of that miner’s hash rate while this is the original motivation for developing our simulator, it is indeed capable of simulating non-zero block reward as well — more on that in section . . and the current network difficulty) to determine whether the miner successfully found a block or not. then, the miner de- cides which unpublished blocks to publish. the duration of a round is a configurable parameter, which we discuss shortly in section . . games. a game involves setting parameters such as choos- ing a number of miners, assigning their strategies and hash power, etc. (all detailed in section . ). once these parame- ters are set, a game runs for several rounds, and keeps track of the rewards earned by each miner. simulations. a simulation might consist of a single game (to see how certain strategies fare against each other), or several games with parameter adjustments in between. for example, in order to model miners who learn over time, we have them play several games and decide which strategies to use in future games based on results of past games. in principle, any parameters can be adjusted between games. . strategy exploration for several of our simulations we want miners to utilize the strategies that are doing the best, to simulate how strate- gic miners might adapt over time. in order to accomplish this, we run several games, with hundreds of miners in each game. miners choose strategies proportional to how success- ful those strategies have historically done. formally, min- ers in our simulator perform no-regret learning, a standard notion of learning that is popular in game theoretic con- texts. this is due to the fact that in any repeated game where each player separately performs no-regret learning, the repeated play converges to a coarse correlated equilib- rium [ , ]. moreover, numerous simple no-regret learning algorithms are known that converge quickly (i.e. in a num- ber of rounds sublinear in the number of possible strate- gies) [ , , , ]. if a miner has no regret, their total re- ward across all of time is at least as good as had they instead picked “the best” strategy and used it in every game. sim- ilarly, a coarse correlated equilibrium is a joint distribution over strategy profiles such that every miner gets more ex- pected payoff by following the equilibrium than deviating to any possible strategy. these learning algorithms all maintain a weight for every strategy, and adjust the weights of the strategies from game to game depending on how well they’re doing. our simulator offers two alternatives for these update rules. the first al- ternative is an exact implementation of the exp algorithm for learning with adversarial bandits [ , ]. this update rule provides a theoretical guarantee on the regret of each miner as a function of the number of games played and a tunable parameter in the update rule, �. the second alternative is based on the multiplicative weights update rule (mwu) for learning with experts [ , ]. we find that mwu is com- putationally expensive, so we use a less expensive proxy in- stead. that means there is no theoretical guarantee on the regret bounds. but in practice this update rule is signifi- cantly faster and does converge quickly to coarse correlated equilibrium. for a further discussion of these update rules, see appendix b. all of the figures included in this paper were generated from simulations using exp , so they come with a theo- retical guarantee that all miners in the simulation have no regret. . versatility our simulator has many configurable parameters: strategies. just to reiterate: every miner in our simulator is assigned a time-driven strategy that chooses which block to extend, how many transactions to include, and whether to publish any found blocks. any strategy that fits this framework can be implemented in the simulator. to design a new strategy, a user would create a new function that takes as input the current public state of bitcoin network (the blockchain and available transaction fees), and the miner who is using the strategy. the function would then use this information to determine which block to extend, and how many of the transaction fees to include in the next block. finally, the user would go to the publication rules and add a rule for how the strategy should choose whether or not to publish any found blocks. hash power. every miner m is assigned a hash power αm. any number of miners, and any αm such that ∑ m αm = can be supported. round duration. the size of a round can be set so the network finds a block every r rounds in expectation, for any r > . rewards. at the end of each game, miners are rewarded based on their blocks within the longest chain. the reward they receive is b per block (fixed reward), plus any trans- action fees. a transaction fees accrue in the system every round. both of these parameters are configurable. costs. there is a configurable parameter cm for every miner m that denotes the cost (i.e. in electricity) for miner m to mine. for our simulations, we always set cm = because we aren’t looking at this aspect of mining. latency. if desired, latency can be introduced to the simu- lation. there is a configurable parameter λ such that when blocks are published, it takes λ rounds before other miners are aware of this blocks existence. latency in hearing about transactions can also be implemented — it is currently easi- est to do this by modifying strategies to randomly “pretend” they haven’t heard of some transactions. learning parameter. our learning rules are parameter- ized by an � ∈ [ , / ]. for exp , it is customary to set � ≈ √ n ln n/t, where n is the number of strategies consid- ered and t is the number of games played. for mwu (and our “mwu-like” update rule), it is customary to set � ≈√ ln n/t. larger � encourages beliefs (about the strength of strategies) to be updated rapidly in response to recent games. smaller � encourages waiting for more evidence be- fore updating beliefs. atomic versus non-atomic miners. we say miners are atomic if there are finitely many of them, and each has a finite fraction of the total hash power. such miners may have an interest in sacrificing immediate gains related to a block mined now in order to achieve greater gains for blocks mined in the future. non-atomic miners are infinitesimally small, but there are infinitely many of them. when such miners find a block, they are only interested in maximizing their gains related to that block (because they will never find another block in the future). obviously our simulation cannot create infinitely many miners, but we can functionally simulate them. to simulate that an α fraction of non-atomic miners are using strategy s, we instead create a single atomic miner with an α fraction of the hash power, and ensure that all of this miner’s strategic decisions take as input only the public information available to the entire network, and does not treat “their own” blocks any differently than generic blocks. of course, the real world is atomic. but it is extremely helpful to compare simulation results between the two mod- els to isolate behavior that arises only when miners are atomic (example: selfish mining), as intuitively this behav- ior “gets worse” with big miners (as with selfish mining). . implementation and performance. the simulator is written in c++, and has a running time proportional to the product of the number of games, the number of rounds per game, and the number of miners. we find that for accurate results, the games need to include enough rounds so that that for every strategy, the miners using it together find tens of blocks. we also find that it takes on the order of a few hundred thousand games for our learning algorithms to converge to an equilibrium. on a commodity laptop with a . ghz intel core i proces- sor, running a simulation of games with miners, an average interarrival time of rounds, and a total of , , rounds (≈ , blocks will be created), takes ap- proximately seconds. limitations. a current limitation of the simulator is that the transaction fees can only be modeled as coming in at a uniform rate in time. additionally, the simulator is not capable of modeling mining pool dynamics beyond treating them as a single miner with hash power equal to that of the pool. this doesn’t allow for consideration of attacks such as those presented in [ ]. . new deviant mining behavior in this section, we examine what deviant mining behavior might unfold in the transaction fees model that doesn’t arise in the block-reward model. specifically, we argue that: • it is reasonable to expect self-interested miners to be- come pettycompliant instead of defaultcompli- ant once transaction fees take over. • the existence of pettycompliant miners in the net- work opens the field for a range of aggressive strategies with detrimental effects to bitcoin’s stability. . phase one: petty compliant observation: the default client behavior of min- ing on the oldest block is not optimal. miners can do strictly better by mining on the block that leaves the most transactions fees unclaimed. consider the case where there is a fork: two blocks are tied for longest chain. the traditional behavior, and the one programmed into the default client, would have the miner select the older of the two potential block heads. however, there is really no cost for that miner instead to tie-break arbitrarily. in particular, if the miner is planning to in- clude all unclaimed transactions in their block, it would be in that miner’s interest not to mine on the oldest block, but instead the block that leaves the most remaining fees. therefore, a strategic miner would want to mine on mostmh instead of oldestmh . we call this strategy petty compliant, note: this is not a self-enforcing part of the protocol. it’s purely client-side behavior. as it is still mining on a longest chain, including all available transactions, and publishing all blocks that are found (like a default compliant miner). it is just tie-breaking between longest chains in a “petty” way to achieve greater revenue. pettycompliant: mine like a default compliant miner, except when choos- ing between two sides in a fork; mine on the block that has claimed the fewest transaction fees. which block: mining(m) = mostmh . how much: include rem(mining(m)). publish(b)? yes. if forks ever exist, then pettycompliant strictly outper- forms defaultcompliant. the two are identical except for the case where the miner is required to choose between two equal height blocks to mine on. in this case pettycompli- ant always makes the decision to mine in a location that maximizes their rewards, and defaultcompliant might not. in our mining strategy simulator, we compare de- faultcompliant to pettycompliant and do in fact see that pettycompliant outperforms defaultcompliant, regardless of the breakdown of other miners in any simula- tion where there is enough latency (in learning of both new blocks and transactions) that forks naturally occur. note that the existence of petty compliant miners is not necessarily harmful by itself: so what if miners are tie- breaking differently in the rare event that forks naturally occur? the problem arises when other strategic miners no- tice the existence of petty compliant miners and choose to exploit this with more aggressive tactics. we’ll see some examples of this in the remainder of this section. the ex- istence of pettycompliant miners impact other deviant strategies in surprising ways too. for example, a selfish miner (discussed more in section ), performs better against pettycompliant miners than defaultcompliant. . phase two: lazy undercutting observation: once some fraction of miners is petty compliant, other miners may profit by in- tentionally forking the chain. the key insight for more aggressive strategies is that a deviant miner can incentivize petty compliant miners to ex- tend their block, even if an older block of the same height was discovered several minutes earlier, for instance, by ex- tending that block’s direct predecessor and including slightly fewer transaction fees. if the current unauthorized transac- tion fees are substantially fewer than those included by the current mosth, then maybe it is in a miner’s interest to try and replace mosth with a new block of height h, instead of continuing on top of it. we call this undercutting. so what might a strategic miner do to take advantage of this? they might first compare between the maximum rewards they could get by continuing versus undercutting (while still becoming the new mosth), and mine on top of whichever block yields greater rewards. then, to protect themselves with certainty against future undercutters using the same rule, they could take half of the remaining transac- tions. because of the somewhat lax reasoning used to choose these parameters, we call this strategy lazyfork. while the existence of pettycompliant miners them- selves is relatively benign, the existence of lazyfork min- ers would be bad: they frequently decide to intentionally orphan blocks in order to achieve greater rewards. in addi- tion to creating uncertainty about when blocks are “safely” in the eventual longest chain, this decreases the effective hash power of the network and makes bitcoin more prone to double spend attacks. for cleanliness in formally defining lazyfork and other undercutting strategies, we introduce the notation gapi = rem(mosti− ) − rem(mosti), the maximum transaction fees that a miner could include while mining on top of mosti− to become the new mosti. lazyfork: forks the blockchain if the head block is more valuable than the unclaimed transaction fees it leaves behind. only takes half of the possible transaction fees to prevent other lazy forkers from forking their block. which block: if owner(mostmh ) = m or rem(most m h ) ≥ gaph mining(m) = mostmh . else mining(m) = mostmh− . how much: include rem(mining(m))/ . publish(b)?: yes. . phase three: aggressive undercutting simulation result: increasingly aggressive under- cutting behavior evolves when miners strategize. once miners consider undercutting, they may also try to aggressively optimize the tradeoff between maximizing the transaction fees included in blocks they mine and minimizing the chance that their block will be undercut by other miners in the system (as opposed to using the less-principled reason- ing of lazyfork). we define these strategies so that when they are presented with rem(mining(m)) = x, they will authorize f(x) transactions, for some f(·) with f(x) ∈ [ ,x] for all x, and call them forkers. while in principle, forkers could consider going back sev- eral blocks to undercut, the strategies we study only consider mining on top of a block of height h or h − . certainly, it would be an interesting direction for future work to see if any additional gains can be achieved by considering blocks of height h − or less, but already we uncover interesting behavior when forkers go back just a single block. a function forking miner looks at potential blocks at height h that they could extend, and within this set considers ex- tending only mostmh , since it leaves the most remaining transaction fees. if a miner indeed chooses to mine on top of mostmh , we call this continuing. they also look at poten- tial blocks of height h− , again considering only extending the block mostmh− from this set. if a miner indeed chooses to mine on top of mostmh− , we call this undercutting. when deciding whether to continue or undercut, a forker simply observes that they will choose to claim f(rem(mostmh )) by continuing, versus min{f(rem(mostmh− )),gaph} if they undercut (the min is taken because they must actually un- dercut in order to incentivize future miners to select their figure : normalized weights of different linear co- efficient function forking strategies over a series of games. strategies that are slightly more aggres- sive than the most common strategy perform the best and have their normalized weights increase. this simulation had miners, strategies, , blocks per game and an � value of . . block). so for a given f, we can define: valcont(f) = f(rem(most m h )) valunder(f) = min{f(rem(mostmh− )),gaph} if valcont(f) > valunder(f), then more rewards can be achieved by continuing. otherwise, more rewards can be achieved through undercutting. formally, for any function f(·), this induces the following formal strategy: function-fork(f): always takes a certain function, f(·), of the possible transactions it could claim. always mines in the location to maximize the size of the block they would make, with the constraint that if they fork, they must undercut. which block: if owner(mostmh ) = m or valcont(f) > valunder(f) mining(m) = mostmh . else mining(m) = mostmh− . how much: if mining(m) = mostmh include valcont(f). else include valunder(f). publish(b)?: yes. any reasonable choice of f(·) will be monotonically in- creasing, which means that f(mostmh− ) will always be larger than f(mostmh ), so the decision on whether to continue or undercut will come down to a comparison of f(mostmh ) ver- sus gaph. one natural family of f(·) to consider is linear functions (that is, f(x) = kx for some k ∈ [ , ]). if we take a group of figure : this is a simulation of atomic miners. the simulation parameters are otherwise configured the same way as figure . we see that when there are a small number of atomic miners the more ag- gressive undercutters are no longer effective since they are beaten by more gentle forkers who are lucky enough to mine two blocks in a row. these strategies, and let non-atomic strategic miners learn over many games which perform best, we get the plot in figure . what we see is the following: when the majority of miners are using function-fork(kx), the best response is to use function-fork(k′x), for k′ a little smaller than k, (i.e. to undercut just a little bit more aggressively). so eventually the smallest coefficient in our simulation becomes dominant. if we instead consider atomic miners, we observe the be- havior in figure — less aggressive undercutters remain dominant. this is because even when other miners are ag- gressively undercutting, each miner still has a decent chance to get their block accepted “for free,” by mining two blocks in a row. note that simulation is vital to this understanding due to the large number of parameters to consider. . an undercutting equilibrium analytical result: an equilibrium exists where all miners use the same undercutting strategy. it in- duces a growing backlog of transactions. linear function-forking is of course a natural class of strate- gies to consider, but our simulations in the previous section show that long-term behavior may be erratic if miners only consider these strategies. our goal in this section is to un- derstand what undercutting behavior is stable. our approach is to find a function f(·) such that function- fork(f) is an equilibrium. that is, as long as every other miner is using the strategy function-fork(f), it is in your interest to do so as well. in other words, we would like to find an f such that function-fork(f) is a best-response to the case when all other miners themselves use function- fork(f). we provide now intuition for why the f(·) we present yields an equilibrium. so what does it mean for a strategy to be a best-response to other miner behavior? recall that a strategy proposes which block to extend, how many transaction fees to claim, and which blocks to publish as a function of the currently held information. a strategy is a best response if it maxi- mizes the miner’s expected reward (taking into account fu- ture events, and in particular the probability that the cur- rent block is in the eventual longest chain) over all potential strategies that miner could have used instead. in particular, a best-response must be at least as good as all other strate- gies that mine at the same location and publish the same blocks (but differ in which transactions to include). to get some intuition for what conditions a potential equi- librium must satisfy, let’s first consider the decision facing a miner who has already decided to continue on top of the longest chain and is just deciding how many transaction fees to include. if f denotes the number of transaction fees in- cluded, define π(f,f,x) to be the probability that this block is included in the eventual longest chain, conditioned on including f btc worth of transaction fees in the block, all other miners using strategy function-fork(f), and x = rem(mostmh ) (note that π is well-defined). then the miner’s expected reward, should they be fortunate enough to find a block right now would be f ·π(f,f,x). a best-response would then be to include argmaxf≤x{f · π(f,f,x)} transaction fees. the strategy function-fork(f) would recommend including f(x) transaction fees. so for function-fork(f) to be a best-response to other min- ers using function-fork(f), it better be the case that f(x) ∈ argmaxf≤x{f · π(f,f,x)} for all x. note that this is a somewhat strong condition on f, as the fact that the other miners are using function-fork(f) affects π(f,f,x), whereas we also want this miner’s best response to have f(x) ∈ argmaxf≤x{f ·π(f,f,x)}. at this point, we show that there is a continuous and piece-wise differentiable function f(·) that satisfies this con- dition. we also show that combined with the fact that f(·) is monotonically non-decreasing, this is sufficient for function-fork(f) to be an equilibrium under some as- sumptions (which we will discuss post-theorem). in the theorem statement below, w is the upper branch of the lambert w function which satisfies w (xe x) = x for all x ∈ [− /e,∞), and w (x) ∈ [− ,∞). the “furthermore...” portion of the theorem is proved by showing a connection between the number of backlogged transactions and an un- biased single-dimensional random walk. theorem . . for any constant y ≤ / such that y − ln(y) ≥ , define: f(x) = x, ∀ x ≤ y ( ) f(x) = −w (−yex− y), ∀ y < x < y − ln(y) − ( ) f(x) = , ∀ x ≥ y − ln(y) − ( ) then it is an equilibrium for every miner to use the strategy function-fork(f) as long as: • every miner is non-atomic. • miners may only mine on top of chains of length h or h− . furthermore, in any such equilibrium, the expected number of backlogged transactions after n time steps is Θ( √ n). such y exist. this range is ( ,≈ . ]. figure : plot of the lambert function fork starting with a weight of . and becoming the strongest strategy in a learning simulation with � = . . this simulation had miners, and , blocks per game. these miners are non-atomic. a proof of theorem . appears in appendix c. to un- derstand the impact of theorem . , first consider the block reward model. with non-atomic miners, defaultcompli- ant is trivially an equilibrium, and this result is robust to general models of latency (proof in appendix d). but as we move to atomic miners, strategies like selfish mining arise and equilibria get messy (if they exist at all). now, in the transaction-fee model, even when miners are non-atomic, equilibrium behavior is complex and undesirable, as we have just shown. therefore, we should expect that analysis with atomic miners should conclude with even more chaos. figure shows miners learning to play this equilibrium, even with various other strategies available. observe the in- terplay between theory and simulation: theorem . guides us towards a potentially strong strategy, but it is intractable to prove that the equilibrium will actually arise via learning even when (say) % of miners are already there. simula- tion fills the gap and shows an equilibrium will indeed even when only . % of the miners initially use the equilibrium strategy. simulation alone could not search through the infinitely many possible strategies, and theory alone cannot prove that learning converges to the desired equilibrium. . undercutting non-strategic miners analytical and simulation result: even if % of miners remain default compliant, undercutting is profitable. our analysis and simulations in the previous sections as- sumed that all miners were strategic learners. while we clearly learn a lot from this analysis, it is perhaps more realistic to also consider a setting where some miners will stubbornly (or honestly, depending on your perspective), continue running defaultcompliant even if it is subop- timal. if a large fraction of the miners are non-strategic, it is hard to see in figure , but the weight assigned to “lambert” is initially . . then function-forking becomes immediately less profitable, because only a small fraction of the network will actually mine on top of your block when you undercut. in particu- lar, if % of other miners are non-strategic, undercutting serves no purpose. in this section, we detail results from our simulation when varying fractions of miners are non-strategic. in these sim- ulations, we fix a fraction of the network to always mine defaultcompliant, and play enough games until the dis- tribution of learned strategies stabilize. figure shows a stacked area plot of our simulation results for equilibria at different fractions of miners refusing to abandon default- compliant. there are many interesting features of the plot, but we focus on one: even if the majority of miners choose to stay defaultcompliant (and the rest strategize), then forking strategies start to become viable. a theoretical analysis indeed predicts the continuing pres- ence of functionfork(x) until / of the miners remain defaultcompliant. to see this, imagine that every miner is the system is currently defaultcompliant or petty- compliant, and we want to see if it is profitable for a pet- tycompliant miner to switch to functionfork(x). at any point in time, consider the current mosth. then if the miner runs pettycompliant, they will always try to con- tinue, and will get rem(mosth) should they find a block (because no one else in the network is undercutting). if in- stead they run functionfork(x), they will continue when- ever rem(mosth) > gaph and undercut otherwise. when they continue, they will always get rem(mosth). when they undercut, they would include gaph transaction fees. if the next miner to find a block is pettycompliant (or this miner), then the undercut will be successful and the miner will receive gaph in rewards. but if the next block is found by a defaultcompliant miner, the undercut fails and they get nothing. so if y is the fraction of the network that remains defaultcompliant, we see that the expected reward obtained by functionfork(x) is proportional to: we emphasize that while the theory gives us a crisp un- derstanding of what should happen when exactly / of the miners are defaultcompliant, it is intractable to rigor- ously analyze the equilibria at various other fractions of defaultcompliant miners. thus our simulation both con- firms and extends our theoretical understanding (figure ). e[rem(mosth) · i(rem(mosth) > gaph)] + ( −y) ·e[gaph · i(gaph > gaph)] finally, because rem(mosth) and gaph are i.i.d. exponen- tial random variables with mean , we have that e[gaph · i(gaph > rem(mosth))] = e[rem(mosth)·i(rem(mosth) > gaph)] = / . therefore, whenever y ≤ / , the reward from functionfork(x) is at least one, and therefore it is a better choice than pettycompliant (which gets expected reward exactly one). note that learning is by no means guaranteed to result in a static equilibrium at all, although in these simulations that happens to be the result. e[x] denotes the expectation of the random variable x, and i(e) denotes the indicator random variable for event e (that is when e occurs and otherwise). figure : stacked area chart showing the equilib- rium distributions of strategies covered thus far, given that a fraction of miners will always use the de- fault strategy. these simulations involved min- ers, with , blocks per game. we found that the strategies would reach an equilibrium around games with � = . . . selfish mining with transaction fees selfish mining is a deviant strategy first identified by eyal and sirer [ ]. essentially, a selfish miner chooses not to release blocks immediately upon being found, instead with- holding them in hopes of tricking the rest of the network into wasting their mining power mining blocks that will be orphaned. we find that the selfish mining strategy performs even better in the transaction fees model than the block-reward model. a priori, there’s no reason to expect this. in this sec- tion we provide simulation results, along with some intuition and a theoretical analysis proving this. essentially what winds up happening is that while the selfish miner mines the same fraction of blocks in either reward model, the self- ish miner’s blocks will tend to be larger. in the block-reward model, this doesn’t matter because all blocks are worth the same, but in the transaction fees model this means the self- ish miner gets greater reward. . the selfish mining strategy analytical and simulation result: selfish mining performs slightly better in the transaction fee model. the goal of a miner employing the selfish mining strategy is to essentially trick the other miners in the bitcoin network to mine on top of a block that will be orphaned. by having other miners waste their power, the selfish miner is capa- ble of exaggerating their own portion of the overall network hash-rate. selfish miners do this by maintaining a chain in private that only they know about. when the selfish miner initially finds a block, they will not announce their block to the rest of the network. they will continue to mine on their private block, hoping to find a second block before the rest of the network finds a block. if the miner succeeds, now they’re in a very strong posi- tion: they know of a block with height h + , whereas the rest of the network only knows a block of height h. if the rest of the network finds the next block at height h + , the selfish miner can reveal their private chain and the public block will be immediately orphaned. of course, maybe the selfish miner will find the third block as well. in this case, they’re in an even better position and can waste even more of the network’s power. but the point is that with a lead of two or more, the selfish miner can guarantee that the rest of the network is wasting power. of course, the selfish miner might also fail to find a sec- ond block before the rest of the network finds their first. in this case, they immediately release their block and hope that others hear about theirs first. obviously this is not ideal: had they released their block immediately, they could have guaranteed that it was heard about first. so there’s a tradeoff — withholding the block has a chance to give the selfish miner a private chain of length two or more, in which case the selfish miner benefits, but it could also cause their block to be orphaned, resulting in less profits. selfish-mine: selfish mining strategy from [ ]. this miner hides their blocks, which risks losing their first block, in order to try to get the rest of the network mining in a useless location, amplifying their own apparent hash power. which block: oldestmprivatem . how much: include rem(mining(m)). publish(b)?: if height(b) = h yes. elseif racingmh , and private m = h + yes. else no. assuming the selfish miner has less than half of the overall hash power of the network, they will eventually need to pub- lish their private chain. in order to maintain our focus on the difference between transaction fees and fixed block-rewards, we consider just “vanilla” selfish mining, although it is an interesting consideration for future work to consider selfish miners who also undercut, or various other generalizations (e.g. [ , , ]). similarly to [ ], we examine the potential rewards a selfish miner would receive assuming that the rest of the network is default mining. in our analysis, we also use α to denote the fraction of the total mining power pos- sessed by the selfish miner, and γ to be the probability that in the event of a race (selfish miner is triggered to release a private block of length one) that ends with the honest portion of the network finding the next block, that the self- ish miner’s block is not orphaned. we introduce notation privatem to denote the height of the longest chain that m is aware of (at least as long as h, and possibly longer if m is keeping any blocks private). we also introduce notation racingmi to be a boolean variable that is true iff there exist two blocks b ,b with height(b ) = height(b ) = i, and owner(b ) = m = owner(b ). in other words, racingmi denotes whether or not there are two competing blocks of height i, one of which was produced by m. analysis. we proceed now with an analysis of the rewards obtained in the transaction fee model by a selfish miner. parts will look similar to the analysis done in [ ]. for every infinitesi- mally small transaction fee that arrives, we wish to compute the probability that it winds up in a block mined by the self- ish miner. note that if the selfish miner just used default mining instead, this probability would be exactly α. the determining factor in this probability will be the size of the selfish miner’s private chain. to this end, let’s de- fine the following states (same states used in [ ]), and we’ll compute this probability separately for each state. • state : everyone agrees on the longest chain — racingmh = false. • state i > : the selfish miner m has a private chain of length i — privatem = h + i. • state ′: there are competing blocks of height h, one of which was produced by the selfish miner, and the selfish miner has no private blocks — racingmh = true and privatem = h. let fs denote the probability that a transaction winds up in a block mined by the selfish miner in the eventual longest chain, conditioned on the system being in state s when the transaction is announced. we compute there probabilities below. if we then define ps to be the probability that the system is in state s, we can then observe that the expected fraction of transaction fees claimed by the selfish miner is exactly ∑ s fs ·ps. eyal and sirer [ ] have already computed ps for all s. the values for ps are: p = − α α − α + p ′ = ( −α)(α− α ) α − α + pi = ( α −α ) i− α− α α − α + , i > to complete the analysis, we just need to compute fs for each s. appendix e contains the derivation of fs for all s, which are stated below: f = α + α( −α) (α + γ( −α)) . f ′ = α. f = α + ( −α)α = α( −α). fi = − (( −α)i− ( −f )). finally, when α ∈ ( , . ) and γ ∈ [ , ], we show in the appendix e that the selfish miner’s rewards are given by reward(α,γ) = α − α + α − α + γ(α− α + α − α + α ) α − α + figure : we see simulation matching the theory for selfish mining in a transaction based model for γ = , . , and . we make the following observations: • simulation confirms the above analytical formula for reward(α,γ) (figure ) • this function is extremely close to the reward function with block rewards ( α( −α) ( α+γ( − α))−α −α( +( −α)α) ) from [ ]. we find, numerically, that the absolute difference never exceeds . in the region of interest. • for ≤ γ < . (in particular, for γ = ), for all α ∈ ( , . ), the reward is strictly greater in the transaction fee model than in the block reward model. we provide some intuition for this last point. first, it is clear that the fraction of blocks mined by the selfish vs. default miners is independent of the reward model. so the gap must come from the size of blocks found by the respec- tive miners. let’s assume just for the sake of example that we are in state and the selfish miner has an α = / fraction of the mining power. almost certainly, the next un-orphaned block will be found by the selfish miner. how long will it take for this block to be found? the answer is approximately time steps. this is because while the en- tire network finds a block roughly every time step, because the selfish miner is the only miner extending his chain (and he mines at / the speed of the full network) it will take ten times as long. what this means is that blocks found by the selfish miner while the selfish miner has a huge lead are disproportionately large compared to blocks found when the selfish miner has no lead (or a tiny lead). so even though the selfish miner wins the same fraction of blocks, some of these blocks are much larger than those won by the default miners. a brief discussion. the main point of this section is to highlight one example of surprising incentive issues that dif- fer between the transaction fees model and the block-reward model, not to argue that selfish mining becomes significantly better (the improvement is minor). still, we wish to point out two possibly salient differences between selfish mining in the two models. first, in the block-reward model, self- ish mining is actually not ever immediately profitable — it only becomes profitable once the difficulty readjusts to ac- count for the fact that the effective mining power in the network is lower. this is because before the difficulty ad- justs, the selfish miner is literally just throwing blocks away, but tricking the rest of the network into throwing blocks away at a higher rate. in the transaction fees model, selfish mining is immediately profitable — every transaction that arrives goes somewhere, so neither the selfish miner nor the default miners are throwing rewards away. note also that our analysis in no way requires the difficulty to adjust before it becomes accurate — our analysis would hold no matter how the difficulty of hash puzzles adjusted or didn’t adjust over time. moreover, if some of the rest of the network has switched to the pettycompliant strategy, then the selfish miner’s block is actually more likely to win when a race is triggered (because it was mined earlier and therefore contains fewer transactions). so the existence of petty- compliant miners in the transaction fees regime indirectly improves selfish-mine’s performance by increasing γ. . an improved selfish-mine analytical and simulation result: in the transac- tion fee model, selfish miners can make the de- cision whether to hide their first block based on the value of the block. this improved selfish min- ing strictly and always outperforms both default mining and traditional selfish mining. in this section we develop an improved selfish mining strategy. essentially, we observe that in the transaction fees model, a selfish miner has additional information when de- ciding whether to hide or publish their private chain (namely, how many transactions are included). we show that, for all α,γ < , our strategy strictly outperforms both default mining and “vanilla” selfish mining in the transaction fees model. our strategy will decide to hide only “small” blocks, with at most β (some cutoff parameter chosen by the strat- egy as a function of α,γ) transaction fees included, but will immediately publish any “large” blocks, with more than β transaction fees in order to avoid the risk of losing them. selfish-mine(β): an improvement to the selfish mining strategy, where the miner will chose to mine as a selfish miner or a default compliant miner based on the value of the block they risk losing. which block: oldestmprivatem . how much: include rem(mining(m)). publish(b)? if height(b) = h or tx(b) ≥ β yes. elseif racingmh, and private m = h + yes. else no. intuitively, imagine you are mining and find yourself solv- ing a new block immediately after a previous block was announced and before any new transactions have been an- nounced. this block is literally worthless, so instead of pub- lishing, why not use it to try and selfish mine? there is figure : we show the ideal cutoff factor, β, for a selfish miner with mining power α, and γ = . no cost, but a positive probability that you build a lead of two, no matter your hash power. similarly, imagine instead that just by chance an hour goes by since the last block was found and you just solved a new block including all trans- actions that arrived during that period. this block is worth roughly six “normal” blocks, so why risk losing it? unless your hash power is very close to %, the expected gains from selfish mining are dwarfed by the possibility of losing this unusually wealthy block. so the trick is just choosing the proper cutoff β as a function of your hash power α and network connectivity γ. note that selfish-mine( ) = defaultcompliant, and that selfish-mine(∞) = selfish-mine. so clearly, tak- ing the optimal choice of β will result in a strategy that equals or outperforms both. using an analysis similar to that of section . , we are able to compute the expected reward achieved by a miner with an α fraction of the min- ing power, a γ success probability of winning a race, and using strategy selfish-mine(β). a derivation is included in appendix e. . reward(α,γ,β) =( + β( −α) ( −γ) eβ − + α + ( −α) γ + α − α − α ) × ( α( − α)( −e−β) − e−βα− ( −e−β)α ) figure contains a plot showing the optimal choice of β as a function of α when γ = . a few noteworthy points from this plot: as α → , so does the optimal β. as α → / , the optimal β approaches ∞. figure plots our theoretical predictions against simulation results, confirming that the analysis is correct. we conclude this section with figure plotting the (the- oretical) performance of default mining, selfish mining, and selfish mining with the optimal cutoff for a range of α and γ = . note that in some ranges, the gains are quite signif- icant. specifically, when α = / , both selfish mining and default mining achieve expected reward of ≈ / , but selfish mining with the optimal cutoff achieves an expected reward of ≈ . , a . % increase! test figure : theory matching simulation for a variety of cutoff thresholds for selfish mining, all with γ = . the smaller cutoffs do better for a miner with a smaller hash-power (α) and the larger cutoffs do better with a larger hash-power. intuitively, this makes sense as a more powerful miner should be willing to risk a larger block to try to selfishly mine. figure : a selfish miner using the optimal cutoff outperforms both the original selfish mining proto- col and default mining for all values of α, with γ = . the simulation points confirm that the theory is ac- curate. . impact on bitcoin and lessons for cryptocurrency design we have argued that deviant mining strategies in a transaction- fee regime could hurt the stability of bitcoin mining and harm the ecosystem. in a block chain with constant forks caused by undercutting, an attacker’s effective hash power is magnified because he will always mine to extend his own blocks whereas other miners are not unified. this would make a “ %” attack possible with much less than % of the hash power. many other unanticipated side-effects may arise. in the block size debate, it is frequently argued or assumed that space in the block chain will be a scarce resource and a market will emerge, with users being able to speed up the confirmation of a transaction by paying a sufficiently large transaction fee. but if miners intentionally “leave money on the table” when solving blocks, as is the case in undercutting attacks, it breaks this assumption. that is because under- cutting miners are not looking to maximize the transaction fee that they can claim, and don’t have a strong reason to prioritize a transaction with a high fee. put another way, the block size imposes a constraint on the total size of trans- actions in a block and the threat of being undercut imposes another constraint on the total fee. the two interact in complex ways. we believe that qualitatively our results will continue to hold in a world where the available block size is much smaller than the demand, but quantitatively the im- pact of undercutting will be mitigated (see end of section . ). still, it is an important direction for future research to understand this connection more rigorously. despite the variety of our results, we believe we have only scratched the surface of what can go wrong in a transaction- fee regime. to wit: we have not presented an analysis of miners whose strategy space includes both undercutting and selfish mining, primarily due to the complexity of the result- ing models. there has been scant attention paid to the transition to a transaction-fee regime. the nakamoto paper addresses it briefly: “the incentive can also be funded with transaction fees... once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transac- tion fees and be completely inflation free” [ ]. similar com- ments on the bitcoin wiki and other places suggest that the community views the transition as unremarkable. some altcoins (monero, dogecoin) have even opted to hasten the block reward halving time. our results suggest a different view. we see the block re- ward as integral to the stability of the mining game. at a minimum, analyzing equilibria in the transaction-fee regime appears dramatically harder than in the block-reward regime, which is a cause for concern by itself. the monetary infla- tion resulting from making the block reward permanent, as ethereum does, may be a small price to pay to ensure the stability of a cryptocurrency. . acknowledgments we are extremely grateful to jiechen chen, kira goldner, they do have a weak reason: miners benefit from creat- ing the smallest possible block for a given value of the to- tal transaction fee they seek to claim, since smaller blocks propagate faster through the network and are less likely to be orphaned. anna karlin, and rainer böhme for very detailed feedback on an earlier draft of this paper. . references [ ] calibrated learning and correlated equilibrium. games and economic behavior, ( ): – , . [ ] a simple adaptive procedure leading to correlated equilibrium. econometrica, ( ): – , . [ ] e. androulaki, g. o. karame, m. roeschlin, t. scherer, and s. capkun. evaluating user privacy in bitcoin. in proceedings of financial cryptography, . [ ] s. arora, e. hazan, and s. kale. the multiplicative weights update method: a meta-algorithm and applications. theory of computing, ( ): – , . [ ] p. auer, n. cesa-bianchi, y. freund, and r. e. schapire. the nonstochastic multiarmed bandit problem. siam journal of computing, ( ): – , . [ ] a. blum and y. mansour. from external to internal regret. journal of machine learning research, : – , . [ ] n. t. courtois and l. bahack. on subversive miner strategies and block withholding attack in bitcoin digital currency. corr, abs/ . , . [ ] i. eyal. the miner’s dilemma. in security and privacy (sp), ieee symposium on, pages – . ieee, . [ ] i. eyal and e. g. sirer. majority is not enough: bitcoin mining is vulnerable. in financial cryptography and data security, pages – . springer, . [ ] k. hill. bitcoin is not broken. forbes, . http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/ / / /bitcoin-is-not-broken/# d a . [ ] n. houy. the economics of bitcoin transaction fees. working paper gate - . halshs- ., . [ ] b. johnson, a. laszka, j. grossklags, m. vasek, and t. moore. game-theoretic analysis of ddos attacks against bitcoin mining pools. in proceedings of the first workshop on bitcoin research, . [ ] a. kiayias, e. koutsoupias, m. kyropoulou, and y. tselekounis. blockchain mining games. in acm conference on economics and computation (ec), . [ ] j. a. kroll, i. c. davey, and e. w. felten. the economics of bitcoin mining, or bitcoin in the presence of adversaries. in proceedings of the twelfth annual workshop on the economics of information security (weis), . [ ] n. littlestone and m. k. warmuth. the weighted majority algorithm. inf. comput., ( ): – , . [ ] l. luu, j. teutsch, r. kulkarni, and p. saxena. demystifying incentives in the consensus computer. in proceedings of the acm conference on computer and communications security (ccs), . [ ] a. miller and r. jansen. shadow-bitcoin: scalable simulation via direct execution of multithreaded applications. in proceedings of the eighth workshop on cybersecurity experimentations and test (cset), . [ ] m. möser and r. böhme. trends, tips, tolls: a longitudinal study of bitcoin transaction fees. in workshop on bitcoin research, pages – , . [ ] s. nakamoto. bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, . [ ] k. nayak, s. kumar, a. miller, and e. shi. stubborn mining: generalizing selfish mining and combining with an eclipse attack. in ieee european symposium on security and privacy (euros&p), . [ ] r. peter. a transaction fee market exists without a block size limit. . [ ] m. rosenfeld. analysis of bitcoin pooled mining reward systems. corr, abs/ . , . [ ] a. sapirshtein, y. sompolinsky, and a. zohar. optimal selfish mining strategies in bitcoin. in financial cryptography and data security, . [ ] m. vasek, m. thornton, and t. moore. empirical analysis of denial-of-service attacks in the bitcoin ecosystem. in proceedings of the first workshop on bitcoin research, . appendix a. mining gap this appendix contains a theoretical analysis of the mining gaps referenced in section . . let’s consider the following simplified model: there is one style of “rig” available to miners, which costs p btc per time unit in electricity to run. let’s first analyze what effect this has in the fixed reward model, where each block found is worth one btc, and the difficulty is adjusted so that the time between successive blocks is one unit in expectation. then if there are k rigs in the network, the expected reward from running a rig for one time unit is exactly /k, whereas the cost in electricity is p. so the network is sustainable as long as /k ≥ p, or k ≤ /p. in other words, the cost of electricity imposes a hard cap on the total effective mining power of /p rigs worth. of course, this can always be adjusted if necessary by changing the fixed reward per block. also, it is important to point out that as long as k ≤ /p, the effective hash power in the network will be k rigs worth. now let’s consider what happens in the transaction fee model, where transaction fees arrive continuously at a rate of per time unit. miners will always turn off their rigs (/coin-hop) immediately after a block is found, because the instantaneous expected reward of running a rig is , but the cost is non-zero. if the current effective hash power in the network is c rigs worth, then the miner needs to wait until x = cp transaction fees have arrived in order for mining to be profitable. now, assuming that miners are cleverly turning their rigs on and off at the right times, how many rigs must be in the network in order to attain an effective hash power of c? the rigs are all off for cp units of time, and then all k of them are turned on, and the expected time to find a block is unit of time. this means that the expected time to find a block with all k units running must be −cp (due to difficulty adjustment), whereas the expected time to find a block with c units running is (because the effective hash power is c). finally, we observe that for a fixed difficulty, if x denotes the number of rigs running, and yx denotes the expected time for x rigs to find a block, then x ·yx = x ·yx for all possible number of rigs x ,x . together, this yields the following equation: k · ( − cp) = c · ⇒ k = c − cp . what do we learn from this? first, we see that no c ≥ /p can possibly be supported, just like in the fixed-reward model. on the other hand, we see that it takes an additional factor of −cp rigs in order to get the effective hash power of c ≤ p rigs. as c → /p, the maximum possible effective hash power, this ratio approaches ∞! more quantitatively, if we plug in c = x/p for x < , we see that the blow-up is −x . this means the following: in the transaction fees model, to obtain an x fraction of the maximum possible effective hash power, a multiplicative blow-up of −x rigs are necessary. recall that in the fixed-reward model, no blow-up is necessary. we can also reason in the other direction: for a fixed k number of rigs in the network, what is the effective hash rate in the fixed reward model versus the transaction fees model with mining gaps? in the fixed reward model, this is easy: it’s just min{k, /p}. in the transaction fees model, for a fixed k, we need to solve for the c such that k = c −cp . this is: k −kcp = c ⇒ c = k + pk so for fixed k, the effective mining power of k rigs degrades by a factor of +pk , which is always < . note that at k = /p, every rig is % effective in the fixed reward model, whereas the effective mining power is just k/ in the transaction fees model. we can again make a quantitative statement: in the transaction fees model, when the raw hash power in the network is an x fraction of the maximum possible, the effective hash power degrades by a factor of +x . recall that in the fixed rewards model, there is no degradation in effective hash power when x ≤ . b. learning miners in simulator as referenced in section . , we provide two options for learning in our simulator. let’s introduce these with a clear set-up for learning. let there be a set of strategies a learner can use, indexed by k. at each round i ∈ [t], the learner receives/would have received some reward rik ∈ [ , ], which may be arbitrary. the goal is to select a sequence of strategies si guaranteeing: t∑ i= r i si ≥ max k { t∑ i= r i k}− c. in other words, we would like to select a sequence of strategies that does nearly as well as the best strategy, assuming we knew it from the beginning. it is well-known [ ] that setting wik = w i− k ( − �) rik and selecting sik proportional to the weights wik results in a guarantee with c = �t + ln(# strategies)/�. similarly, [ ] shows that even if we don’t learn r i k for figure : illustration of a mining gap. the blue line shows the current p.d.f. of the time to next block. if the block reward by itself is too small to incentivize mining, rational miners will wait until enough transactions have accumulated before starting to mine. this will lead to a p.d.f. of a different shape (red line). note that in either scenario the mean time to the next block is minutes (green line) strategies k that we didn’t choose in round i, there is an algorithm (namely, exp , see [ ] for description) that guarantees c = �t + # strategies · ln(# strategies)/�. so option one in our simulator is just to run exp in earnest: whenever a miner uses some strategy k during game i, they learn their payoff and update their weights accordingly. still, mwu converges faster, so it would be nice if we could learn how much payoff the miner would have received if they used strategy k during game i for all k, but this is computationally very expensive as it essentially requires us to rerun the entire game for all miners and strategies k (thereby becoming more expensive than just running the additional games to let exp converge). instead, we make the following observation: even if this miner is not using strategy k during game i, maybe some other miner is - could we use that miner’s payoff instead of recomputing exactly what payoff this miner would have received? the answer is of course we can, we just won’t get a theoretical guarantee like if we used mwu in earnest. the payoff from different miner perspectives are of course different, but not wildly so. specifically, the difference is that miner is facing opponents , , . . ., whereas miner faces opponents , , . . .. if miner and miner use different strategies in round i, then strategy k would yield slightly different rewards when used by each of them. with many small miners, this difference should be small, so we include this learning option as it seems to converge faster than exp , even though there is no theoretical guarantee. specifically what we mean is the following: instead of learning the payoff that the miner would have received had they used strategy k during round i, they simply take the average payoffs of all miners that used strategy k during round i instead. it is certainly possible that improvements to the learning aspect of the simulation are possible (and we encourage future work on this aspect once the simulator is open-source), but we note that the current implementations sufficed for the settings we studied. c. proof of theorem . below is a complete proof of theorem . . some quick notation: for an increasing function f(·), we’ll denote by f− (x) = min{y|f(y) ≥ x}. if no such y exists, then we’ll denote f− (x) = +∞. first, we make an extremely useful observation about when miners will receive payment for their blocks. essentially, because miners only consider mining on mosth or mosth− , once a block is a predecessor of both such blocks, it is guaranteed to be in the eventual longest chain. observation . as long as miners only consider mining on top of blocks mosth or mosth− , a miner receives eventual payment for mining a block if and only if the next block found chooses to continue her chain instead of undercutting. proof. because miners only consider chains mosth− or mosth, immediately after producing a new block b, b is in the longest chain. either b goes on top of mosth− , in which case it is in a chain of length h, which is the longest. or it goes on top of mosth, which creates a new longest chain of length h + . let hnew denote the new length of the longest chain (h if the miner undercut, and h + if she continued). either the newly minted b is equal to mosthnew , or it isn’t. if it isn’t, then neither the next miner, nor any other miner in the future will ever mine on top of it, because there is a “better” chain of length hnew to mine on top of instead. if it is, then the next miner will either undercut or continue. if the next miner continues, then b is now equal to mosthnew and the predecessor of mosthnew+ . this means that all future miners will continue a chain containing b, and therefore it will certainly be in the eventual longest chain. if instead the next miner undercuts, then there will be a new chain of length hnew that leaves more available btc, meaning that mosthnew does not contain b as a predecessor. mosthnew− clearly does not contain b either, as b was mined on top figure : one example of the function that function forking miners might use that leads to an equilibrium. recall, the function is f(x) = x on the range [ ,y], the −w (−yex− y) on [y, y−ln(y)− , and on [ y−ln(y)− ,∞). of this chain. so b is contained in neither mosthnew nor mosthnew− , and therefore no future miners will ever consider a chain containing b. in conclusion, whether or not a miner receives payment for block b depends entirely on whether or not the subsequent miner decides to mine on top of b or not. we now want to figure out a best response for an individual non-atomic miner, conditioned on all other miners using functionfork(f). so we need to figure out the probability that a miner will get undercut when authorizing b btc in transactions, assuming that all other miners are using functionfork(f). note that as more and more new btc of transactions arrive, other miners become less inclined to undercut. what we need to figure out is exactly how many new btc of transactions need to arrive before the next miner switches from preferring to undercut to preferring to continue the longest chain. lemma c. . if a miner authorizes b btc of transactions on mosti (of course, i will be in {h − ,h}), then other functionfork(f) miners will try to undercut her until max{ ,f− (b) +b−rem(mosti)} new btc of transactions arrive (rem(mosti) taken at the instant that the miner authorizes her block). therefore, the expected btc obtained by authorizing b btc of transactions is be−max{ ,f − (b)+b−rem(mosti)}. proof. first, observe that because the miner chooses to build upon mosth− or mosth, then the chain containing their block is the new mosth, and that same chain minus their block is the new mosth− . so the gap between the number of available btc in mosth versus mosth− (gaph = rem(mosth− ) −rem(mosth)) for the next miner is exactly b. now, immediately when the miner publishes her block, there are rem(mosti) btc of transactions available on mosth− , and rem(mosti) −b btc of transactions available on mosth. so at this point, other miners would choose to undercut iff f(rem(mosti)−b) < b. as more new btc of transactions arrive (call it x), the other miners would choose to undercut iff f(rem(mosti) −b + x) < b. as f(·) is increasing, we can look for the minimum x where this ceases hold, which is exactly when rem(mosti) −b + x = f− (b), or x = f− (b) + b −rem(mosti). we now prove three corollaries of lemma c. regarding what choices of b might possibly be optimal. corollary c. . if every other miner is playing functionfork(f), then the optimal choice b∗ of btc to authorize when building upon chain mosti satisfies • b∗ ∈ argmaxb∈[ ,gaph]{be −max{ ,f− (b)+b−rem(mosth− )}}, if i = h− . • b∗ ∈ argmaxb∈[ ,rem(mosth)]{be −max{ ,f− (b)+b−rem(mosth− )}}, if i = h. proof. this is an immediate corollary of lemma c. , combined with the fact that a miner who chooses to undercut can authorize at most gaph btc, while a miner who chooses to continue can authorize at most rem(mosth). corollary c. . if b ≥ b , and b e−b −f − (b ) ≥ b e−b −f − (b ), then for all x, the expected reward from authorizing b btc in transactions is at least as large as the expected reward from authorizing b btc when rem(mosth) = x. proof. there are two cases to consider. first, maybe x > b +f − (b ) (the miner guarantees that she is not undercut by authorizing b btc in transactions). in this case, because b ≥ b and f− (·) is increasing, we clearly have x > b +f− (b ) as well, meaning that the expected reward by authorizing b btc is exactly b , and that the expected reward by authorizing b btc is exactly b , by lemma c. . as b ≥ b , the reward from b is at least as large. in the second case, maybe x ≤ b + f− (b ) (the miner is undercut with positive probability by authorizing b btc in transactions). in this case, the reward from authorizing b btc is b e −b −f− (b )+x, by lemma c. . also by lemma c. , the reward from authorizing b btc is b e −max{ ,b +f− (b )−x} ≤ b ex−b −f − (b ) = ex ·b e−b −f − (b ). by hypothe- sis, this is upper bounded by exb e −b −f− (b ), which is exactly the reward obtained by authorizing b btc. so authorizing b btc provides at least as much reward. in both cases, we see that authorizing b btc is at least as good as b . corollary c. . if b ≥ b , and b e−b −f − (b ) ≤ b e−b −f − (b ), then for all x ≤ b + f− (b ), the expected re- ward from authorizing b btc in transactions is at least as large as the expected reward from authorizing b btc when rem(mosth) = x. proof. by hypothesis, x ≤ b + f− (b ) (the miner is undercut with positive probability by authorizing b btc in transactions). therefore, the expected reward from authorizing b btc is b e −b −f− (b )+x. as b > b and f − (·) is increasing, we have x ≤ b + f− (b ) as well. this means that the expected reward from authorizing b btc is b e −b −f− (b )+x. by hypothesis, this is less than the reward of authorizing b . we now recall quickly properties of w (·): • the domain of w (·) is [− /e,∞) and the range is [− ,∞). • w (·) is increasing. • w (xex) = x for all x ∈ [− ,∞). we will need to make use of some technical facts about f(·) (our specific choice from the statement of theorem . ) that we first prove below. fact . f(x) ≤ x everywhere. proof. clearly, f(x) ≤ x on [ ,y]. also clearly, f(x) ≤ x on [ y − ln(y) − ,∞) iff f( y − ln(y) − ) ≤ y − ln(y) − . so we just need to check the range [y, y− ln(y)− ]. the derivative of w (x) = w (x)x(w (x)+ ) . so the derivative of f on this range is (by the chain rule): − w (−yex− y) −yex− y(w (−yex− y) + ) ·−yex− y = −w (−yex− y) + w (−yex− y) = f(x) −f(x) as f(·) is increasing and positive on [y, y−ln(y)− ] (because of the form for f′(x) we just derived above - not all positive, increasing f(·) have increasing derivatives), this means that f′(·) is also increasing and positive on [y, y− ln(y) − ]. as the derivative of x is constant ( ), this means that if f(x) > x anywhere on this interval, f( y − ln(y) − ) > y − ln(y) − or f(y) > y. we can clearly see that f(y) = −w (−ye−y) = y, and f( y− ln(y)− ) = −w (−ye y−ln(y)− ) = −w (− /e) = . so we can’t have f(y) > y, and we have f( y−ln(y)− ) > y−ln(y)− if and only if y−ln(y)− < , which is the same as y− ln(y) < . as this is exactly the range of y we disallow, we see that we also can’t have f( y− ln(y)− ) > y− ln(y)− for any y we allow. therefore, f(x) ≤ x everywhere. fact . be−b−f − (b) = • be− b,b ∈ [ ,y]. • ce− c,b ∈ [y, ]. • ,b > . proof. we first observe that f− (b) = b for all b ∈ [ ,y], which immediately proves the first bullet. we next observe that f− (b) = +∞ for all b > , which immediately proves the last bullet. for the middle bullet, observe that: −w (−ye( y+ln(z/y)−y)− y) = −w (−yeln(z/y)−z) = −w (−ze−z) = z. note that the last equality is due to the fact that w (·) is the inverse of xex. this proves that f− (b) = y + ln(b/y)−b when b ∈ [y, ] and completes the middle bullet. corollary c. . if y ∈ ( , / ], then be−b−f − (b) is strictly increasing on [ ,y] and constant on [y, ]. proof. be−b−f − (b) is clearly constant on [y, ], so we just need to confirm that it’s strictly increasing on [ ,y]. the derivative of be− b is ( − b)e− b, which is strictly positive on [ , / ] (and therefore on [ ,y] for all y ≤ / ), as desired. proof of theorem . : we want to invoke corollary c. combined with corollary c. . together, these immediately say that for any ≥ b > b ≥ , it is at least as good to authorize b btc as b . as authorizing b > btc always results in expected reward of , this immediately implies by corollary c. that for any b, min{ ,b}∈ argmaxb∈[ ,b]{be −max{ ,b+f− (b)−rem(mosti)}}. now, we also want to invoke corollary c. to show that there may exist other maximizers as well if rem(mosti) ∈ [y, y − ln(y) − ]. note that f(·) is strictly increasing in this range, meaning that f− (f(rem(mosti))) = rem(mosti). therefore, we see that rem(mosti) ≤ f(rem(mosti)) + f− (f(rem(mosti))) (the miner will be undercut with positive probability when authorizing f(rem(mosti)) btc) on this entire range. together with corollary c. , this means that the hypotheses of corollary c. are satisfied taking b = f(rem(mosti)) and any b ≥ b . combined with the reasoning above, this means that when rem(mosti) ∈ [y, y − ln(y) − ] and b ≥ f(rem(mosti)), we also have f(rem(mosti)) ∈ argmaxb∈[ ,b]{be −max{ ,b+f− (b)−rem(mosti)}}. therefore, when b = rem(mosth), we recover that f(rem(mosth)) is an optimal choice of btc to authorize when continuing. when b = gaph, we recover that min{ ,gaph,f(rem(mosth− ))} = min{gaph,f(rem(mosth− ))} is an optimal choice of btc to authorize when undercutting. so functionfork(f) correctly chooses how many btc to authorize when continuing and when undercutting, we just need to check that it also chooses when to undercut and when to continue. if gaph > f(rem(mosth)), then min{gaph,f(rem(mosth− ))}≥ f(rem(mosth)) as well, and we can invoke corollary c. with b = min{gaph,f(rem(mosth− ))} and b = f(rem(mosth)). by the argument above, because ≥ b ≥ b , the hypotheses of corollary c. are satisfied, and the expected re- ward is at least as high when authorizing b as b , so undercutting is at least as good as continuing. similarly, if f(rem(mosth)) ≥ gaph, then f(rem(mosth)) ≥ min{gaph,f(rem(mosth− ))}. so we may again invoke corollary c. , this time with b = f(rem(mosth)) and b = min{gaph,f(rem(mosth− ))}. so now we have shown that the functionfork(f) correctly chooses how many btc to authorize when continuing and when undercutting, and also chooses correctly whether to continue or undercut. so it is an equilibrium. the last part we need to reason about is the connection to random walks. observe that the number of transaction fees grows continuously at a rate of per unit. every time a block is found, it drops by at most . so definitely the backlogged transactions will be at least as bad as a random walk that drops by exactly (because it will only drop further). lemma c. below proves that with constant probability, the number of blocks found in a time interval of length n + √ n is at most n. when this occurs, there is a backlog of at least √ n transactions at time n + √ n. therefore, the expected backlog is at least Θ( √ n) (in fact, it is exactly Θ( √ n)). during this time, new transactions take Θ( √ n) time steps before they are included in a block. before proving lemma c. , we recall the berry-esseen theorem: theorem c. (berry-esseen). let x , . . . ,xn be i.i.d. random variables with mean , e[x i ] = σ , e[x i ] = ρ. then for all x: pr[ ∑ i xi σ √ n ≥ x] − Φ(x) = o( ρ σ √ n ), where Φ(x) denotes the probability that a gaussian random variable with mean and standard deviation exceeds x. lemma c. . define xi to be an exponential random variable with mean . then: pr[ n∑ i= xi > n + √ n] = Θ( ). in particular, this implies that probability that fewer than n blocks are found in n + √ n time steps is Θ( ). proof. define yi = xi − . then the yi are i.i.d. random variables with mean , e[y i ] = σ < , and e[y i ] = ρ < . plugging into berry-esseen (stated below), we get: pr[ n∑ i= yi > √ n] = pr[ ∑n i= yi σ √ n > σ ] ≥ Φ( σ ) −o( √ n ). as σ is a constant independent of n, Φ(σ) is also independent of n, so Φ( σ ) −o( √ n ) = Θ( ), as desired. d. when default mining is an equilibrium for non-atomic miners in the absence of latency, default mining is an equilibrium for non-atomic miners regardless of the reward model, and the reasoning is simple: if you do anything except extend the unique longest chain, your block will be orphaned and you will receive reward zero. if you wait to publish your block, you risk losing the option to publish it without being orphaned. all other miners ignore the transactions included in your block when deciding where to extend, so you may as well include as many transactions as possible. in the presence of latency, forks will naturally occur, so pettycompliant outperforms defaultcompliant in the trans- action fees model. in the fixed reward model, defaultcompliant remains an equilibrium under quite general models of latency (still assuming non-atomic miners). consider, for instance, any model of latency with the following property. when- ever miner m finds a block, and miner m′ finds a block at a later time, we have bm ⊆ bm′, where bm denotes the set of blocks that miner m had heard of when they found their block. in other words, by the time miner m′ solves their block, they have become aware of at least every block that m was aware of when they solved their block earlier (but perhaps not m’s block, nor any blocks that m was not herself aware of). it is easy to see that simple latency models (such as all announcements being grouped into chunks of λ seconds) have this property, as well as much more general latency models. it is also easy to see that in the transaction fees model, the simple latency model where announcements are grouped into chunks of λ seconds is rich enough so that defaultcompliant is strictly outperformed by pettycompliant and therefore not an equilibrium. proposition d. . when miners are non-atomic, even in the presence of any latency of the form described above, it is an equilibrium for every miner to use defaultcompliant. proof. the proof is actually very straight-forward: assuming that all other miners are defaultcompliant, mining anywhere except on top of a longest chain guarantees that your block will be orphaned and you will receive a reward of zero (because our latency assumptions guarantee that the next miner and all future miners will have heard about the blocks you chose to undercut before yours, and they are all defaultcompliant). so the only choices are how to tie-break among multiple longest chains. but this choice neither affects your rewards (they are fixed!), nor the likelihood that your block will be chosen by the next miner (as this depends only on how quickly they hear about your block and not on its contents). so tie-breaking in favor of the earliest chain is at least as good as any other tie-breaking rule. finally, it is also easy to see that publishing as soon as possible is optimal, as this maximizes the likelihood that your block is chosen to be extended. the point of proposition d. is again just to contrast the difference between transaction fees and fixed rewards. in the non- atomic regime, even in quite general latency models, defaultcompliant mining is an equilibrium in the fixed-reward model. the proof is simple and matches exactly our intuition for why defaultcompliant should make sense. but in the transaction fees model, whenever there exists a possibility for forks, defaultcompliant is strictly outperformed by pettycompliant, and the space of equilibria is therefore much more complex. in particular, it would be interesting for future work to identify an equilibrium for non-atomic miners in the transaction fees model in any non-trivial latency model. e. selfish mining e. classic selfish mining with transaction fees here we provide details on how to analyze selfish mining in the transaction fee regime. recall that eyal and sirer [ ] have already computed ps for all s, the probability that the block chain is in state s. below we compute fs for all states s, the probability that a transaction winds up with the selfish miner conditioned on that transaction arriving while the blockchain is in state s. computing f : let’s consider the possible outcomes when a transaction arrives in state : • if a default miner mines the next block, it will contain this transaction, and this block will definitely be in the eventual longest chain. this happens with probability ( −α). • alternatively, the selfish miner could find the next block. if the selfish miner finds the next block, they will include the transaction in their block, but they keep this block private after they find it. this happens with probability α, but this block is not guaranteed to make it into the eventual longest chain, yet. • from here, maybe the selfish miner finds the next block as well. this happens with probability α. once this happens, both blocks are guaranteed to be in the eventual longest chain. so this event contributes a probability α that the transaction winds up in the selfish miner’s block. • alternatively, a default miner might find the next block, which triggers a race. this happens with probability ( −α). both racing blocks contain the transaction being considered, so whoever wins the race receives the corresponding transaction fees. the selfish miner wins the race with probability α + γ( −α), so this event contributes α( −α)(α + γ( −α)) in total. therefore, we see that: f = α + α( −α) (α + γ( −α)) ( ) computing f ′: if a new transaction is announced in state ′, then the next block found is certainly contained in the eventual longest chain because it is always announced and every miner chooses to mine on top of it. so this transaction is won by whichever miner finds the next block, which is the selfish miner with probability α. therefore: f ′ = α ( ) f : consider now a transaction announced in state , and where it might wind up: • if the selfish miner finds the next block, they will have a private chain of length , in which case both blocks are guaranteed to make it into the final block chain. therefore, this transaction will certainly wind up in a block mined by the selfish miner. this happens with probability α. • alternatively, the rest of the network might find the next block. this happens with probability ( −α). but we don’t yet know whether or not this block will make it in the eventual longest chain because this triggers the “race,” and puts us in state ′. note though that the racing selfish block does not contain this transaction that arrived once we were already in state . therefore, even if the selfish miner wins the race, but because a default miner chose their block, the selfish miner will not get this transaction. so the only way for the selfish miner to win this transaction is to find the block that ends the race. this happens with probability α. f = α + ( −α)α = α( −α). ( ) computing fi: finally, consider a transaction arriving to the system in state i, i > . in these states, it is easier to consider what must happen in order for the transaction to not end up in a block the selfish miner owns. for the transaction to wind up in a default miner’s block, it needs to be the case that the selfish miner releases their entire private chain before mining a new block (which would contain this transaction). this is because any blocks found by default miners before this trigger are all orphaned. for a release to be triggered, a default miner must find each of the next i− blocks, which happens with probability ( −α)i− . if this happens, we still don’t know where this transaction winds up, because each of the i− blocks found will be orphaned. but we have now returned to state , and the remainder of the analysis concludes as if the transaction had been announced during state . so the probability that a default miner winds up with a transaction arriving in state i is ( −α)i− ( −f ), and therefore: fi = − (( −α)i− ( −f )) ( ) summing everything together, we get the following: theorem e. . if all other miners remain defaultcompliant, a selfish miner in the transaction fees model with an α ∈ ( , . ) fraction of the mining power and racing parameter γ ∈ [ , ] achieves reward reward(α,γ) with: reward(α,γ) = α − α + α − α + γ(α− α + α − α + α ) α − α + proof. the only remaining part of the proof is summing p f + p ′f ′ + p f + ∑ i> pifi. p f = − α α − α + · ( α + α( −α)(α + ( −α)γ) ) = α − α + α + αγ − α γ + α γ − α γ α − α + p ′f ′ = ( −α)(α− α ) α − α + ·α = α − α + α α − α + p f = α− α α − α + ·α( −α) = α − α + α α − α + pifi = ( α −α ) i− α− α α − α + −αi− ( −f ) α− α α − α + ∑ i> ( α −α ) i− = α − α ⇒ ∑ i> pifi = α α − α + − ∑ i> α i− ( −f ) α− α α − α + ∑ i> α i− = α −α ⇒ ∑ i> pifi = α α − α + − α( −α + α( −α) ( −γ))(α− α ) ( −α) α − α + = α −α( + α( −α)( −γ))(α− α ) α − α + . = α −α (α− α −α + α −γα + γα + γα − γα ) α − α + = α + α − α + γα − γα + γα α − α + the proof concludes by just summing the four terms. e. improved selfish mining with a cutoff in this section, we complete our analysis of our improved selfish mining with a cutoff. in order to keep the analysis of this strategy tractable, we choose to slightly tweak our analysis (but our theory-matches-simulation plot in figure . shows that this tweak is essentially irrelevant). the only tweak we make is that right after the selfish miner releases a chain of length two simultaneously, they immediately publish the next block (if they find it), and then return to selfish mining. in the language of eyal and sirer, this is like adding an additional state ′′ where the selfish miner honestly mines. no matter who finds a block in this state, the next state is . the only transition into this state is when the honest portion of the network finds a block when the selfish miner has a lead of shows an updated markov chain with state ′′. again, note that this modification is just for analysis. the selfish mining with cutoff that is implemented in our simulator is as described in the body. in order to calculate the selfish miner’s expected revenue, we must again calculate the probability of the system being in any given state, and the chance that a transaction arriving to the system while in one of these states eventually ends up in a block mined by the selfish miner. from looking at the state transitions in figure , we can derive the following formulas relating the probabilities of being in each state: piα = pi+ ( −α) ( ) =⇒ pi = ( α −α ) i− p ( ) p ′′ = ( −α)p = αp ( ) p ′ = ( −α)p ( ) figure : state machine for selfish mining with a cutoff, introducing state ′′. p = p α( −e−β) ( ) we also know that the system is guaranteed to be in some state, which means the following. p + p ′ + p ′′ + i=∞∑ i= pi = ( ) which together imply that p = α( α− )(eβ − ) α (eβ − ) + α−eβ ( ) with equations - , this gives expressions for the probabilities of all the possible states the system could be in. now we need to compute the probability that a transaction that arrives when the system is in state s winds up with the selfish miner. unfortunately, this is not a clean approach: because in state the selfish miner will sometimes publish and sometimes hide their block, depending on how much time has passed since the last block was found, we need actually to introduce a continuum of states for each amount of time x for the size of the block that is building during state . so let’s define a new variable, p (x) which denotes the probability that the system is in state and x units of time have passed since the system entered state . because we introduced this new state ′′, whenever we enter state , the initial block is empty. therefore, the probability that we wind up in state with a block of size at least x is p e −x, and we have: p (x) = p e −x dx ( ) we must now calculate the associated fs (probability that a transaction winds up with the selfish miner conditioned on arriving during state s) in order to calculate the expected fraction of the rewards claimed by the selfish miner. computing f (x). if a new transaction arrives in state , let’s look at where this transaction might wind up. note that this depends on how long it’s been (x) since the last block was found. • if the next block is found by the honest miner, then this transaction will certainly wind up with the honest miners. this happens with probability −α. • if x ≥ β, and the next block is found by the selfish miner, then it certainly winds up with the selfish miner. this happens with probability α. • if x < β, and the next block is found by the selfish miner after time β−x as passed, then it certainly winds up with the selfish miner. this happens with probability αe−β+x. • if x < β, and the next block is found by the selfish miner within β −x time, then this transaction isn’t determined yet because the selfish miner chooses to hide that block. but this happens with probability α( −e−β+x). • if both of the next two blocks are found by the selfish miner, than this transaction is contained in a block of the selfish miner that will certainly be included in the eventual longest chain. this happens with probability α ( −e−β+x). • if the next block is found by the selfish miner, followed by a block by the honest miner, then a race is triggered. this transaction is contained in the two racing blocks, so whoever wins the race gets this transaction. the race occurs with probability α( −e−β+x)( −α), and the selfish miner wins the race with probability α + ( −α)γ. so in total, we see that f (x) = α, when x ≥ β, and f (x) = αe−β+x + α ( −e−β+x) + α( −α)( −e−β+x)(α + ( −α)γ) if x ≤ β. computing f ′. if a new transaction arrives when there are two chains competing of the same length, then the next block found is certainly contained in the eventual longest chain (because both miners choose to mine on top of it). so if the next block is found by the selfish miner, this transaction is won by him. otherwise, it’s won by the honest miner. so we have f ′ = α. computing f ′′. if a new transaction arrives during the state ′′, the next block found is certainly contained in the eventual longest chain again. so we again have f ′′ = α. computing f . if a new transaction arrives when the sefish miner has a private chain of length , let’s consider where the transaction might wind up: • if the next block is found by the selfish miner, then this transaction is contained in a block of the selfish miner that will certainly be included in the eventual longest chain. this happens with probability α. • if the next block is found by the honest miner, then this triggers a release of the private block and a race. but, the racing selfish block does not contain this transaction, whereas the racing honest block does. so if the racing honest block wins, the honest miner gets this transaction. if the racing selfish block wins, whoever finds the block that ends the race gets this transaction. so the selfish miner gets the transaction in this case only if he finds the block that ends the race. this happens with probability ( −α)α. so we see that f = α + ( −α)α = α( −α). computing fi, i > . if a new transaction arrives when the selfish miner has a private chain of length i > , let’s again consider where this transaction might wind up: • if the next block is found by the selfish miner, then this transaction is contained in a block of the selfish miner that will certainly be included in the eventual longest chain. this happens with probability α. • if the next i− blocks are all found by the honest miner, then this triggers a release of the private chain, and all those blocks found by the honest miner are immediately ignored. at this point, the transaction has still not been included in any block, so it is as if the transaction arrived in state ′′. so the selfish miner gets this transaction with probability f ′′ in this case. • if any of the next i− blocks are found by the selfish miner, then this block is certainly included in the eventual longest chain, because it is found when the selfish miner has a lead of at least two. so we see that the only way the selfish miner might possibly lose the transaction is if each of the next i− blocks are found by the honest miner, and even in this case the selfish miner still wins the transaction with probability f ′′ = α. so the honest miner only wins this transaction with probability ( −α)i− ( −α), and we have fi = − ( −α)i. now, we just have to sum/integrate over all states and success probabilities to compute the fraction of transactions that go to the selfish miner. f ′p ′ = α( −α)p . f ′′p ′′ = α p . f p = α( −α)p . fipi = ( − ( −α)i)αi− p ( −α)i− , i > . f (x)p (x) = p e −xdx −e−β , x ≥ β. f (x)p (x) = p e −xdx(e−β+x + α( −e−β+x) + ( −α)( −e−β+x)(α + ( −α)γ)) −e−β , x ≤ β. ∑ i> αi− ( −α)i− = α − α . ∑ i> α i− = α −α . ⇒ ∑ i> fipi = p (∑ i> αi− ( −α)i− − ( −α) ∑ i> α i− ) = ( α − α −α ) p = α p − α . ∫ x≥β f (x)p (x) = p −e−β ∫ x≥β e −x dx = e−βp −e−β . ∫ x= β f (x)p (x) = ∫ β x= p −e−β (( e −β −αe−β − ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ)e−β ) + ( αe −x + ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ)e−x )) dx. = p βe −β( −α− ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ)) −e−β + p ( −e−β)(α + ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ)) −e−β = p ( βe−β( −α)( −α− ( −α)γ) + ( −e−β)(α + ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ)) ) −e−β . summing everything together, we then get:∫ ∞ p (x)f (x) + ∑ i> pifi + p ′f ′ + p ′′f ′′ + p f = ( βe−β( −α)( −α− ( −α)γ) −e−β + α + ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ) + e−β −e−β + α − α + α−α ) p . this can be further simplified to yield the bound provided in the paper. ( βe−β( −α)( −α− ( −α)γ) −e−β + α + ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ) + e−β −e−β + α − α + α−α ) p . = + β( −α) ( −γ) eβ − + α + ( −α)(α + ( −α)γ) + α − α −α . rapid communications rapid communications rapid, but irregular, communications from the frontiers of library technology 	mac os vs emacs: getting on the right (exec) path 	finding isbns in the the digits of π 	software upgrades and the parable of the windows 	using qr codes in the library 	a manifesto for the library 	i'm a shover and maker! 	lita tears down the walls 	a (half) year in books 	the desk set drinking game 	july book a month challenge: independence 	june book a month challenge: knowledge 	anthony hope and the triumph of the public domain 	may book a month challenge: mother 	eric s. raymond on proprietary ilss 	one big library unconference in toronto 	april book a month challenge: beauty 	thinking about dates on to-do list web sites 	the most important programming language i've learned 	building systems that support librarians 	book a month challenge for march: craft 	social aggregators 	on keeping a reading journal 	bam challenge: heart 	where the users are 	my top technology trends slides binance: fiat off-ramps keep closing, reports of frozen funds, what happened to catherine coley? – amy castor 	 		 		primary menu 	 	 		 		amy castor 		independent journalist 		 					 					about me 	selected clips 	contact me 	blog 			 		 			 		subscribe to blog via email 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join , other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 subscribe 			 twitter updates 	 				fyi - i'm taking an actual vacation for the next week, so i'll be quiet on twitter and not following the news so mu… twitter.com/i/web/status/ … 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @davidgerard: news: the senate hates bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @franciskim_co: @wublockchain translation https://t.co/hpqefljhpu 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @wublockchain: the chinese government is cracking down on fraud. they posted a fraud case involving usdt on the wall to remind the publi… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @patio : the core use case for stablecoins is non-correlated collateral for making margin-intensive trades, particularly via levered us… 				  days ago 			 recent comments 						cryptobuy on binance: fiat off-ramps keep c… 		steve on binance: a crypto exchange run… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		clearwell trader on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 					 	 	skip to content 	 		 						amy castor 		 	 	 			 			binance: fiat off-ramps keep closing, reports of frozen funds, what happened to catherine coley? 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 		 		 last thing i remember, i was running for the door. i had to find the passage back to the place i was before. relax,” said the night man. “we are programmed to receive. you can check out any time you like, but you can never leave.” ~ eagles binance customers are becoming trapped inside of binance — or at least their funds are — as the fiat exits to the world’s largest crypto exchange close around them. you can almost hear the echoes of doors slamming, one by one, down a long empty corridor leading to nowhere.  in the latest bit of unfolding drama, binance told its customers today that it had disabled withdrawals in british pounds after its key payment partner, clear junction, ended its business relationship with the exchange. clear junction provides access to faster payments through a uk lender called clear bank. faster payments is a major uk payments network that offers near real-time transfers between the country’s banks — the thing the us federal reserve hopes to get with fednow. in a statement on its website on monday, clear junction said: “clear junction can confirm that it will no longer be facilitating payments related to binance. the decision has been made following the financial conduct authority’s recent announcement that binance is not permitted to undertake any regulated activity in the uk.  we have decided to suspend both gbp and eur payments and will no longer be facilitating deposits or withdrawals in favor of or on behalf of the crypto trading platform. clear junction acts in full compliance with fca regulations and guidance in regards to handling payments of binance.”  the financial conduct authority, or fca, ruled on june that binance cannot conduct any “regulated activity” in the uk. binance downplayed the ruling at the time, telling everyone the fca notice related to binance markets ltd and had “no direct impact on the services provided on binance.com.” binance waited a day after learning it was cut off by clear junction before emailing its customers and telling them that the suspension of payments was temporary.  this means that there is now no way for uk customers to withdraw gbp from @binance. this came with zero advance warning. pic.twitter.com/lzmuos so — crypto cnut (@cryptocnut) july , “we are working to resume this service as soon as we can,” binance said. it reassured customers they can still buy crypto with british pounds via credit and debit cards on the platform.    this is the second time in recent weeks that binance customers have been frozen out of faster payments. they were also frozen out at the end of june. a few days later, the service was restored — presumably when binance started putting payments through clear junction. i am guessing that clear bank’s banking partners warned them that binance was too risky and that if they wanted to maintain their banking relationships, they’d better drop them as a customer asap, so they did.  binance talks like all of these issues are temporary snafus that it’s going to fix in due time. in fact, the exchange’s struggle to secure banking in many parts of the world is likely to intensify.  despite numerous claims in the past about taking its legal obligations seriously, binance has been loosey-goosey with its anti-money laundering and know-your-customer rules, opening up loopholes for dirty money to flow through the exchange. now that the word is out, no bank is going to want to touch them.  other developments i wrote about binance’s global pariah status earlier this month. since i published that story, uk high-street banks have moved to ban binance, all following the fca ban. on july , barclays said it is blocking its customers from using their debit and credit cards to make payments to binance “to help keep your money safe.” barclays customers can still withdraw funds from the exchange, however. (since clear junction cut binance off, credit cards remain the only means for uk customers to get fiat off the exchange at this point.) banks crack down on binance even further. just had this text from barclays about banks blocking credit/debit card payments to binance to "keep money safe". turbulent times ahead. #binance #btc #bitcoin @lucaland @realwillybot pic.twitter.com/xdirftyhld — thomas davies (@thomasdavies ) july , two days later, binance told its users that it will temporarily disable deposits via single euro payments area (sepa) bank transfers — the most used wire method in the eu. binance blamed the move on “events beyond our control” and indicated users could still make withdrawals via sepa. on july , santander, another high-street bank, told its customers it was also stopping payments to binance. “in recent months we have seen a large increase in uk customers becoming the victims of cryptocurrency fraud. keeping our customers safe is a top priority, so we have decided to prevent payments to binance following the fca’s warning to consumers,” santander uk’s support page tweeted. hello, in recent months we have seen a large increase in uk customers becoming the victims of cryptocurrency fraud. keeping our customers safe is a top priority, so we have decided to prevent payments to binance following the fca’s warning to consumers. ^tc — santander uk help (@santanderukhelp) july , as i detailed in my earlier story, regulators around the world have been putting out warnings about binance. poland doesn’t regulate crypto markets, but the polish financial supervisory authority also issued a caution about the exchange. its notice included links to all the other regulatory responses. amidst the firestorm, binance has been whistling dixie. on july , the exchange sent a letter to its customers, saying “compliance is a journey” and drawing odd parallels between developments in crypto and the introduction of the automobile.  “when the car was first invented, there weren’t any traffic laws, traffic lights or even safety belts,” said binance. “laws and guidelines were developed along the way as the cars were running on the road.”  do i look more regulated already? 😂 pic.twitter.com/agtl erl h — cz 🔶 binance (@cz_binance) july , frozen funds, lawsuits, and other red flags there’s a lot of unhappy people on r/binanceus right now complaining their withdrawals are frozen or suspended — and they can’t seem to get a response from customer support either. binance.us is a subsidiary of binance holdings ltd. unlike its parent company, binance.us, does not allow highly leveraged crypto-derivatives trading, which is regulated in the us. there's a lot of unhappy people on r/binanceus complaining their withdrawals are frozen or suspended, and they can't get a response from customer support https://t.co/qz cirpsgb pic.twitter.com/wwg j azi — amy castor (@ahcastor) july , a quick look at the subreddit’s weekly support thread reveals even more troubling posts about lost access to funds.  this mirrors gizmodo’s recent findings. the media outlet submitted a freedom of information act request with the federal trade commission asking for any customer issues filed with the ftc about binance. the agency located complaints filed since june of — presumably mainly from binance.us customers.   in an article titled “ angry complaints to the ftc about binance,” gizmodo uncovered some startling patterns. “the first, and arguably most alarming pattern, appears to be people who put large amounts of money into binance but say they can’t get their money out.” also, binance is known for having “maintenance issues” during periods of heavy market volatility. as a result, margin traders, unable to exit their positions, are left to watch in horror while the exchange seizes their margin collateral and liquidates their holdings.   hundreds of traders around the world are now working with a lawyer in france to recoup their losses. in a recent front-page piece, the wall street journal said it suspected that the collective complaints may be the reason why binance has received continuous warnings from many countries. if you still have funds on binance, i would urge you to get them off the exchange now — while you still can. when hoards of people start complaining about lost and frozen funds, it’s usually a sign of liquidity problems.   we saw a similar pattern leading up to february when tokyo bitcoin exchange mt gox bit the dust. and also just before canadian crypto exchange quadrigacx went belly up in early . in both instances, users of those defunct exchanges are still waiting to recoup a portion of their lost funds. bankruptcy cases take a long, long time, and you are lucky to get back pennies on the dollar.  whatever is going on with binance withdrawals, it does appear to be getting larger. the reason this is of interest (despite it being largely anecdotal) is that a very similar pattern preceded the mt. gox episode. could be this is different, but… sure does feel like an echo… — travis kimmel (@coloradotravis) july , finally, where is catherine coley? in another bizarre development, folks on twitter are wondering what happened to catherine coley, the previous ceo of binance.us. she stepped down in may when brian brooks, the former acting comptroller of the currency, took over. nobody has heard from her since. where did she disappear off to?   coley’s last tweet was on april . and both her linkedin profile and twitter account indicate she is still the ceo of binance.us.  catherine coley, heralded as “the lone female chief of a major crypto exchange in an industry dominated by men” by @forbes completely vanishes off the radar & *nobody* in crypto media wants to talk about it? really? okay. how about @thestalwart, @futuretensenow or @andrewrsorkin? https://t.co/wcbq azx — grant gulovsen (@gulovsen) july , she hasn’t been in any interviews or podcasts. she doesn’t respond to dms, and there are no reports of anyone being able to contact her.  a forbes article from last year says that binance.us may have been set up as a smokescreen — the “tai chi entity” — to divert us regulators from looking too closely at binance, the parent company.  binance.us maintains that it is a separate entity. however, forbes under reported that coley was “chosen” by cz, the ceo of binance, which suggests that binance is more involved with binance.us than it claims.  has cz told her to stop talking? what does she know? catherine, if you are reading this, send us a message! (updated july to clarify that barclays still allows customers to withdraw funds via credit card and to note that binance.us is the tai chi entity.) if you like my work, please subscribe to my patreon for as little as $ a month. your support keeps me going. share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	linkedin 	 like this: like loading... 			 	 				 			barclaysbinancecatherine coleyclear bankclear junctionczfcafinancial conduct authoritysantander		 				 			posted on july , july , by amy castor in blogging			 								 							 		 	 			 	 		post navigation 		previous postwhat’s backing circle’s b usdc? we may never know next postbinance: italy, lithuania, hong kong, all issue warnings; brazil director quits 	 			 	 			 			one thought on “binance: fiat off-ramps keep closing, reports of frozen funds, what happened to catherine coley?”		 			 			 				 					 												cryptobuy says:					 					 						july , at : am					 									 				 					honestly binance have been so shady lately, not sure what they are playing at but its not a good look for crypto and new investors wanting to come in the market. 				 				reply 			 		 		 	 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				create a website or blog at wordpress.com 				 			 			 					 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 none none none none ranti. centuries.org ranti. centuries.org eternally yours on centuries 	keeping the dream alive - freiheit i did not recall when the first time i heard it, but i remembered it was introduced by my cousin. this song from münchener freiheit became one of the songs i listen a lot. the lyrics (see below) resonate stronger nowadays. keeping the dream alive (single version) cover by david groeneveld: cover by kim wilde: lyrics:freiheit - keeping the dream alive tonight the rain is fallingfull of memories of people and placesand while the past is callingin my fantasy i remember their faces the hopes we had were much too highway out of reach but we had to trythe game will never be overbecause we&apos;re keeping the dream alive i hear myself recallingthings you said to methe night it all startedand still the rain is fallingmakes me feel the wayi felt when we parted the hopes we had were much too highway out of reach but we have to tryno need to hide no need to run&apos;cause all the answers come one by onethe game will never be overbecause we&apos;re keeping the dream alive i need youi love you the game will never be overbecause we&apos;re keeping the dream alive the hopes we had were much too highway out of reach but we had to tryno need to hide no need to run&apos;cause all the answers come one by one the hopes we had were much too highway out of reach but we had to tryno need to hide no need to run&apos;cause all the answers come one by one the game will never be overbecause we&apos;re keeping the dream alivethe game will never be overbecause we&apos;re keeping the dream alive the game will never be over… 	lou reed's walk on the wild side if my memory serves me right, i heard about this walk on the wild side song (wikipedia) sometime during my college year in the s. of course, the bass and guitar reef were the one that captured my attention right away. at that time, being an international student here in the us, i was totally oblivious with the lyrics and the references on it. when i finally understood what the lyrics are about, listening to the song makes more sense. here&apos;s the footage of the walk on the wild side song (youtube) but what prompted me to write this was started by the version that amanda palmer sang for neil gaiman. i was listening to her cd "several attempts to cover songs by the velvet underground & lou reed for neil gaiman as his birthday approaches" and one of the songs was walk on the wild side. i like her rendition of the songs, which prompted me to find it on youtube. welp, that platform does not disappoint; it&apos;s a quite a nice piano rendition. of course, like any other platform that wants you to stay there, youtube also listed various walk on the wild side cover songs. one of them is from alice phoebe lou a singer-songwriter. her rendition using a guitar is also quite enjoyable (youtube) and now i have a new singer-songwriter to keep an eye on. among other videos that were listed on youtube is the one that kinda blew my mind, walk on the wild side - the story behind the classic bass intro featuring herbie flowers which explained that those are two basses layered on top of each other. man, what a nice thing to learn something new about this song. :-) 	tao read it from the lazy yogi 	on climate change read the whole poem 	tv news archive from the internet archive i just learned about the existence of the tv news archive (covering news from until the day before today&apos;s date) containing news shows from us tv such as pbs, cbs, abc, foxnews, cnn, etc. you can search by the captions. they also have several curated collections like news clips regarding nsa or snippets or tv around the world i think some of you might find this useful. quite a nice collection, imo. 	public domain day (january , ): what could have entered it in and what did get released copyright law is messy, yo. we won&apos;t see a lot of notable and important works entering public domain here in the us until . other countries, however, got to enjoy many of them first. public domain reviews put a list of creators whose work are entering the public domain for canada, european union (eu), and many other countries (https://publicdomainreview.org/collections/class-of- /.) for those in eu, nice to see h.g. wells name there (if uk do withdraw, this might end up not applicable to them. but, my knowledge about uk copyright law is zero, so, who knows.) as usual, center of study for the public domain from duke university put a list of some quite well-known works that are still under the extended copyright restriction: http://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/ /pre- . those works would have been entered the public domain if we use the law that was applicable when they were published. i&apos;m still baffled how current copyright hinders research done and published in to be made available freely. greedy publishers… so, thanks to that, usa doesn&apos;t get to enjoy many published works yet. "yet" is the operative word here because we don&apos;t know what the incoming administration would do on this topic. considering the next potus is a businessman, i fear the worst. i know: gloomy first of the year thought, but it is what it is. on a cheerful side, check the list from john mark ockerbloom on his online books project. it&apos;s quite an amazing project he&apos;s been working on. of course, there are also writings made available from hathitrust and gutenberg project, among other things. here&apos;s to the next days. xoxo 	for read the full poem 	light "light thinks it travels faster than anything but it is wrong. no matter how fast light travels, it finds the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."― terry pratchett, reaper man 	dot-dot-dot more about bertolt brecht poem 	assistive technology many people would probably think assistive technology (at) are computer software, applications, or tools that are designed to help blind or deaf people. typically, the first thing that one might have in mind was screen readers, braille display, screen magnifier app for desktop reading, or physical objects like hearing aid, wheel chair, or crutches, a lot of people probably won&apos;t think glasses as an at. perhaps because glasses can be highly personalized to fit one&apos;s fashion style. 	woodchuck there&apos;s a question how much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood. obviously, a woodchuck would chuck wood as much wood as a woodchuck could. shrugs 	droplets 	the story of the chinese farmer "you&apos;ll never know what would be the consequences of misfortune. or, you&apos;ll never know what would be the consequences of good fortune." — alan watts 	persistent bat is persistent for the last couple weeks or so, there&apos;s a bat that somehow managed to sneak in and hid somewhere in the house and then flew frantically in the living room every evening around this time of the day, causing the cats to run and jump around trying to catch it. we caught this bat every time and delivered it outside, hoping it would never return again. but it kept coming back. now i am sort of giving up trying to catch it. even the cats are no longer paying attention to the bat and just give this "meh" face when they spotted it. 	old window #garage none none planet cataloging planet cataloging august , coyle's information phil agre and the gendered internet there is an article today in the washington post about the odd disappearance of a computer science professor named phil agre.  the article, entitled "he predicted the dark side of the internet years ago. why did no one listen?" reminded me of a post by agre in after a meeting of computer professionals for social responsibility. although it annoyed me at the time, a talk that i gave there triggered in him thoughts of gender issues;  as a women i was very much in the minority at the meeting,  but that was not the topic of my talk. but my talk also gave agre thoughts about the missing humanity on the web. i had a couple of primary concerns, perhaps not perfectly laid out, in my talk, "access, not just wires." i was concerned about what was driving the development of the internet and the lack of a service ethos regarding society. access at the time was talked about in terms of routers, modems, t- lines. there was no thought to organizing or preserving of online information. there was no concept of "equal access". there was no thought to how we would democratize the web such that you didn't need a degree in computer science to find what you needed. i was also very concerned about the commercialization of information. i was frustrated watching the hype as information was touted as the product of the information age. (this was before we learned that "you are the product, not the user" in this environment.) seen from the tattered clothes and barefoot world of libraries, the money thrown at the jumble of un-curated and unorganized "information" on the web was heartbreaking. i said: "it's clear to me that the information highway isn't much about information. it's about trying to find a new basis for our economy. i'm pretty sure i'm not going to like the way information is treated in that economy. we know what kind of information sells, and what doesn't. so i see our future as being a mix of highly expensive economic reports and cheap online versions of the national inquirer. not a pretty picture." - kcoyle in access, not just wires  little did i know how bad it would get. like many or most people, agre heard "libraries" and thought "female." but at least this caused him to think, earlier than many, about how our metaphors for the internet were inherently gendered. "discussing her speech with another cpsr activist ... later that evening, i suddenly connected several things that had been bothering me about the language and practice of the internet. the result was a partial answer to the difficult question, in what sense is the net "gendered"?" -  agre, tno, october this led agre to think about how we spoke then about the internet, which was mainly as an activity of "exploring." that metaphor is still alive with microsoft's internet explorer, but was also the message behind the main web browser software of the time, netscape navigator. he suddenly saw how "explore" was a highly gendered activity: "yet for many people, "exploring" is close to defining the experience of the net. it is clearly a gendered metaphor: it has historically been a male activity, and it comes down to us saturated with a long list of meanings related to things like colonial expansion, experiences of otherness, and scientific discovery. explorers often die, and often fail, and the ones that do neither are heroes and role models. this whole complex of meanings and feelings and strivings is going to appeal to those who have been acculturated into a particular male-marked system of meanings, and it is not going to offer a great deal of meaning to anyone who has not. the use of prestigious artifacts like computers is inevitably tied up with the construction of personal identity, and "exploration" tools offer a great deal more traction in this process to historically male cultural norms than to female ones." - agre, tno, october he decried the lack of social relationships on the internet, saying that although you know that other  people are there, you cannot see them.  "why does the space you "explore" in gopher or mosaic look empty even when it's full of other people?" - agre, tno, october none of us knew at the time that in the future some people would experience the internet entirely and exclusively as full of other people in the forms of facebook, twitter and all of the other sites that grew out of the embryos of bulletin board systems, the well, and aol. we feared that the future internet would  not have the even-handedness of libraries, but never anticipated that russian bots and qanon promoters would reign over what had once been a network for the exchange of scientific information. it hurts now to read through agre's post arguing for a more library-like online information system because it is pretty clear that we blew through that possibility even before the meeting and were already taking the first steps toward to where we are today. agre walked away from his position at ucla in and has not resurfaced, although there have been reports at times (albeit not recently) that he is okay. looking back, it should not surprise us that someone with so much hope for an online civil society should have become discouraged enough to leave it behind. agre was hoping for reference services and an internet populated with users with: "...the skills of composing clear texts, reading with an awareness of different possible interpretations, recognizing and resolving conflicts, asking for help without feeling powerless, organizing people to get things done, and embracing the diversity of the backgrounds and experiences of others." - agre, tno, october  oh, what world that would be! by karen coyle (noreply@blogger.com) at august , : pm august , tsll techscans (technical services law librarians) details about the shut down of lawarxiv lawarxiv was launched in to provide legal scholars with an open-access, non-profit platform for preserving their work. by the end of the first year, over articles had been submitted to the archive and there were plans for additional features to make the repository more robust and useful to the legal scholarly community. however, those plans never made it to fruition. earlier this year, it was announced that lawarxiv would no longer accept new submissions.  at the recent legal information preservation alliance (lipa) annual meeting, more details were shared about why the lawarxiv project was shutting down. at the heart of the matter were irreconcilable issues with the center for open science (cos), which hosts the lawarxiv platform as well as open-access platforms for a number of other areas of study. due to insufficient demand from their other partners, cos was unable to support the development of new platform features, including school-level branding and batch uploading, requested by the lawarxiv steering committee. the steering committee was given the option of financing the development of these features but that option was cost-prohibitive. further stressing the agreement was the fact that cos had also instituted a new annual hosting fee in january, . the steering committee was left questioning whether it was worth paying the annual hosting fee knowing that features crucial to the growth of lawarxiv were not slated for development.   these issues proved to be deal breakers for the project. after extensive research and discussion of various options, the lawarxiv steering committee ultimately decided to end the partnership with cos. the agreement among the member institutions was formally dissolved on june , . while lawarvix is no longer accepting new submissions, the , articles previously uploaded to the site are still available for the time being on cos’s general preprints platform. tsll tech scans blog by noreply@blogger.com (travis spence) at august , : pm planet cataloging is an automatically-generated aggregation of blogs related to cataloging and metadata designed and maintained by jennifer w. baxmeyer and kevin s. clarke. please feel free to email us if you think a blog should be added to or removed from this list. authors: if you would prefer your blog not be included here, we will be glad to remove it. please send an email to let us know. subscribe to planet cataloging! blog roll 	 . : the dewey blog 	 bibliographic wilderness 	 blog of the ohio library council technical services division 	 catalogablog 	 cataloger . 	 cataloging futures 	 cataloging thoughts (stephen denney) 	 celeripedean (jennifer eustis) 	 commonplace.net (lukas koster) 	 coyle's information 	 first thus (james weinheimer) 	 hectic pace 	 international society for knowledge organization (isko) uk 	 local weather (matthew beacom) 	 lorcan dempsey's weblog 	 metadata and more (maureen p. walsh) 	 mashcat 	 metadata matters (diane hillmann) 	 metalibrarian 	 oclc next 	 open metadata registry blog 	 organizing stuff 	 outgoing 	 problem cataloger 	 quick t.s. (dodie gaudet) 	 resource description & access (rda) (salman haider) 	 tsll techscans (technical services law librarians) 	 terry's worklog 	 thingology (librarything's ideas blog) 	 universal decimal classification 	 various librarian-like stuff 	 weibel lines 	 work and expression 	 z . .b (www.jenniferbax.net) 	 catalogingrules (amber billey) 	 mod librarian (tracy guza) last updated: august , : pm all times are utc. powered by: none none none none <br /> <b>fatal error</b>: cannot declare class wp_block_template, because the name is already in use in <b>/home/customer/www/acrl.ala.org/public_html/techconnect/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/lib/full-site-editing/class-wp-block-template.php</b> on line <b> </b><br /> 	 jodischneider.com/blog 	 reading, technology, stray thoughts 	 	blog 	about categories 	 	argumentative discussions 	books and reading 	computer science 	firefox 	future of publishing 	higher education 	information ecosystem 	information quality lab news 	intellectual freedom 	ios: ipad, iphone, etc. 	library and information science 	math 	old newspapers 	phd diary 	programming 	random thoughts 	reviews 	scholarly communication 	semantic web 	social semantic web 	social web 	uncategorized search paid graduate hourly research position at uiuc for spring december rd, by jodi jodi schneider’s information quality lab (http://infoqualitylab.org) seeks a graduate hourly student for a research project on bias in citation networks. biased citation benefits authors in the short-term by bolstering grants and papers, making them more easily accepted. however, it can have severe negative consequences for scientific inquiry. our goal is to find quantitative measures of network structure that can indicate the existence of citation bias.  this job starts january , . pay depending on experience (master’s students start at $ /hour). optionally, the student can also take a graduate independent study course (generally - credits is or info ). apply on handshake responsibilities will include: 	assist in the development of algorithms to simulate an unbiased network 	carry out statistical significance tests for candidate network structure measures 	attend weekly meetings 	assist with manuscript and grant preparation required skills 	proficiency in python or r 	demonstrated ability to systematically approach a simulation or modeling problem 	statistical knowledge, such as developed in a course on mathematical statistics and probability (e.g. stat statistics and probability i https://courses.illinois.edu/schedule/ /spring/stat/ ) preferred skills 	 knowledge of stochastic processes 	experience with simulation 	knowledge of random variate generation and selection of input probability distribution 	knowledge of network analysis 	may have taken classes such as stat stochastic processes (https://courses.illinois.edu/schedule/ /spring/stat/ ) or ie advanced topics in stochastic processes & applications (https://courses.illinois.edu/schedule/ /fall/ie/ ) more information: https://ischool.illinois.edu/people/jodi-schneider http://infoqualitylab.org application deadline: monday december th. apply on handshake with the following application materials: 	resume 	transcript – such as free university of illinois academic history from banner self-service (https://apps.uillinois.edu, click “registration & records”, “student records and transcripts”, “view academic history”, choose “web academic history”) 	cover letter: just provide short answers to the following two questions: ) why are you interested in this particular project? ) what past experience do you have that is related to this project?  tags: citation bias, jobs, network analysis, statistical modeling posted in information quality lab news | comments ( ) avoiding long-haul air travel during the covid- pandemic october th, by jodi i would not recommend long-haul air travel at this time. an epidemiological study of a . hour flight from the middle east to ireland concluded that groups ( people), traveling from continents in four groups, who used separate airport lounges, were likely infected in flight. the flight had % occupancy ( passengers/ seats; crew) and took place in summer . (note: i am not an epidemiologist.) the study (published open access): murphy nicola, boland máirín, bambury niamh, fitzgerald margaret, comerford liz, dever niamh, o’sullivan margaret b, petty-saphon naomi, kiernan regina, jensen mette, o’connor lois. a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer . euro surveill. ; ( ):pii= . https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . irish news sites including rte and the irish times also covered the paper. figure from “a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer ” https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . caption in original “passenger seating diagram on flight, ireland, summer (n= passengers)” “numbers on the seats indicate the flight groups – .” the age of the flight cases ranged from to years with a median age of years. twelve of flight cases and almost three quarters ( / ) of the non-flight cases were symptomatic. after the flight, the earliest onset of symptoms occurred days after arrival, and the latest case in the entire outbreak occurred days after the flight. of symptomatic flight cases, symptoms reported included cough (n = ), coryza (n = ), fever (n = ) and sore throat (n = ), and six reported loss of taste or smell. no symptoms were reported for one flight case. a mask was worn during the flight by nine flight cases, not worn by one (a child), and unknown for three. murphy nicola, boland máirín, bambury niamh, fitzgerald margaret, comerford liz, dever niamh, o’sullivan margaret b, petty-saphon naomi, kiernan regina, jensen mette, o’connor lois. a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer . euro surveill. ; ( ):pii= . https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . (notes to figure caption) “it is interesting that four of the flight cases were not seated next to any other positive case, had no contact in the transit lounge, wore face masks in-flight and would not be deemed close contacts under current guidance from the european centre for disease prevention and control (ecdc) [ ].” murphy nicola, boland máirín, bambury niamh, fitzgerald margaret, comerford liz, dever niamh, o’sullivan margaret b, petty-saphon naomi, kiernan regina, jensen mette, o’connor lois. a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer . euro surveill. ; ( ):pii= . https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . “the source case is not known. the first two cases in group became symptomatic within h of the flight, and covid- was confirmed in three, including an asymptomatic case from this group in region a within days of the flight. thirteen secondary cases and one tertiary case were later linked to these cases. two cases from flight group were notified separately in region a with one subsequent secondary family case, followed by three further flight cases notified from region b in two separate family units (flight groups and ). these eight cases had commenced their journey from the same continent and had some social contact before the flight. the close family member of a group case seated next to the case had tested positive abroad weeks before, and negative after the flight. flight group was a household group of which three cases were notified in region c and one case in region d. these cases had no social or airport lounge link with groups or pre-flight and were not seated within two rows of them. their journey origin was from a different continent. a further case (flight group ) had started the journey from a third continent, had no social or lounge association with other cases and was eated in the same row as passengers from group . three household contacts and a visitor of flight group became confirmed cases. one affected contact travelled to region e, staying in shared accommodation with others; of these became cases (attack rate %) notified in regions a, b, c, d, e and f, with two cases of quaternary spread.” murphy nicola, boland máirín, bambury niamh, fitzgerald margaret, comerford liz, dever niamh, o’sullivan margaret b, petty-saphon naomi, kiernan regina, jensen mette, o’connor lois. a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer . euro surveill. ; ( ):pii= . https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . “in-flight transmission is a plausible exposure for cases in group and group given seating arrangements and onset dates. one case could hypothetically have acquired the virus as a close household contact of a previous positive case, with confirmed case onset date less than two incubation periods before the flight, and symptom onset in the flight case was h after the flight. in-flight transmission was the only common exposure for four other cases (flight groups and ) with date of onset within four days of the flight in all but the possible tertiary case. this case from group developed symptoms nine days after the flight and so may have acquired the infection in-flight or possibly after the flight through transmission within the household.” murphy nicola, boland máirín, bambury niamh, fitzgerald margaret, comerford liz, dever niamh, o’sullivan margaret b, petty-saphon naomi, kiernan regina, jensen mette, o’connor lois. a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer . euro surveill. ; ( ):pii= . https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . “genomic sequencing for cases travelling from three different continents strongly supports the epidemiological transmission hypothesis of a point source for this outbreak. the ability of genomics to resolve transmission events may increase as the virus evolves and accumulates greater diversity [ ].” murphy nicola, boland máirín, bambury niamh, fitzgerald margaret, comerford liz, dever niamh, o’sullivan margaret b, petty-saphon naomi, kiernan regina, jensen mette, o’connor lois. a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer . euro surveill. ; ( ):pii= . https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . authors note that a large percentage of the flight passengers were infected: “we calculated high attack rates, ranging plausibly from . % to . % despite low flight occupancy and lack of passenger proximity on-board.” murphy nicola, boland máirín, bambury niamh, fitzgerald margaret, comerford liz, dever niamh, o’sullivan margaret b, petty-saphon naomi, kiernan regina, jensen mette, o’connor lois. a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer . euro surveill. ; ( ):pii= . https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . among the reasons for the uncertainty of this range is that “ flight passengers could not be contacted and were consequently not tested.” (a twelfth passenger “declined testing”.) there is also some inherent uncertainty due to incubation period and possibility of “transmission within the household”, especially after the flight; authors note that “exposure possibilities for flight cases include in-flight, during overnight transfer/pre-flight or unknown acquisition before the flight.” beyond the people on the flight, cases spread to several social groups, across “six of the eight different health regions (regions a–h) throughout the republic of ireland”. flight groups and started their travel from one continent; flight group from another; flight group from a third continent. figure from “a large national outbreak of covid- linked to air travel, ireland, summer ” https://doi.org/ . / - .es. . . . caption in original: “diagram of chains of transmission, flight-related covid- cases, ireland, summer (n= )” tags: air travel, attack rate, covid- , covid , epidemiology, flights, flying, ireland, middle east, pandemic posted in random thoughts | comments ( ) paid undergraduate research position at uiuc for fall & spring august th, by jodi university of illinois undergraduates are encouraged to apply for a position in my lab. i particularly welcome applications from students in the new ischool bs/is degree or in the university-wide informatics minor. while i only have paid position open, i also supervise unpaid independent study projects. dr. jodi schneider and the information quality lab <https://infoqualitylab.org> seek undergraduate research assistants for % remote work. past students have published research articles, presented posters, earned independent study credit, james scholar research credit, etc. one paid position in news analytics/data science for assessing the impact of media polarization on public health emergencies, funded by the cline center for advanced research in the social sciences. ( hrs/week at $ . /hour + possible independent study – % remote work). covid- news analytics: we seek to understand how public health emergencies are reported and to assess the polarization and politicization of the u.s. news coverage. you will be responsible for testing and improving search parameters, investigating contextual information such as media bias and media circulation, using text mining and data science, and close reading of sample texts. you will work closely with a student who has worked on the opioid crisis – see the past work following poster (try the link twice – you have to log in with an illinois netid): https://compass g.illinois.edu/webapps/discussionboard/do/message?action=list_messages&course_id=_ _ &nav=discussion_board&conf_id=_ _ &forum_id=_ _ &message_id=_ _ applications should be submitted here: https://forms.illinois.edu/sec/ deadline: pm central time sunday august , tags: covid , data science, health controversies, jobs, media polarization, news analytics, research experiences for undergraduates, undergraduate research posted in information quality lab news | comments ( ) #shutdownstem #strike blacklives #shutdownacademia june th, by jodi i greatly appreciated receiving messages from senior people about their participation in the june th #shutdownstem #strike blacklives #shutdownacademia. in that spirit, i am sharing my email bounce message for tomorrow, and the message i sent to my research lab. email bounce: i am not available by email today:  this june th is a day of action about understanding and addressing racism, and its impact on the academy, and on stem.  -jodi email to my research lab wednesday is a day of action about understanding and addressing racism, and its impact on the academy, and on stem. i strongly encourage you to use tomorrow for this purpose. specifically, i invite you to think about what undoing racism – moving towards antiracism – means, and what you can do. one single day, by itself, will not cure racism; but identifying what we can do on an ongoing basis, and taking those actions day after day – that can and will have an impact. and, if racism is vivid in your daily life, make #shutdownstem a day of rest. if tomorrow doesn’t suit, i encourage you to reserve a day over the course of the next week, to replace your everyday duties. what does taking this time actually mean? it means scheduling a dedicated block of time to learn more; rescheduling meetings; shutting down your email; reading books and articles and watching videos; and taking time to reflect on recent events and the stress that they cause every single person in our community. what am i doing personally? i’ve cancelled meetings tomorrow, and set an email bounce. i will spend part of the day to think more seriously about what real antiracist action looks like from my position, as a white female academic. this week i will also be using time to re-read white fragility, to finish dreamland burning (a ya novel about the tulsa race riot), and to investigate how to bring bystander training to the ischool. i will also be thinking about the relationship of racism to other forms of oppression – classism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia. if you are looking for readings of your own, i can point to a list curated by an anti-racism task force: https://idea.illinois.edu/education for basic information, #shutdownstem #strike blacklives #shutdownacademia website: https://www.shutdownstem.com physicists’ particles for justice: https://www.particlesforjustice.org -jodi tags: #shutdownacademia, #shutdownstem, #strike blacklives, email posted in random thoughts | comments ( ) qotd: storytelling in protest and politics march th, by jodi i recently read francesca polletta‘s book it was like a fever: storytelling in protest and politics ( , university of chicago press). i recommend it! it will appeal to researchers interested in topics such as narrative, strategic communication, (narrative) argumentation, or epistemology (here, of narrative). parts may also interest activists. the book’s case studies are drawn from the student nonviolent coordinating committee (sncc) (chapters & ); online deliberation about the / memorial (listening to the city, summer ) (chapter ); women’s stories in law (including, powerfully, battered women who had killed their abusers, and the challenges in making their stories understandable) (chapter ); references to martin luther king by african american congressmen (in the congressional record) and by “leading back political figures who were not serving as elected or appointed officials” (chapter ). several are extended from work polletta previously published from through (see page xiii for citations). the conclusion—”conclusion: folk wisdom and scholarly tales” (pages - )—takes up several topics, starting with canonicity, interpretability, ambivalence. i especially plan to go back to the last two sections: “scholars telling stories” (pages - )—about narrative and storytelling in analysts’ telling of events—and “towards a sociology of discursive forms” (pages - )—about investigating the beliefs and conventions of narrative and its institutional conventions (and relating those to conventions of other “discursive forms” such as interviews). these set forward a research agenda likely useful to other scholars interested in digging in further. these are foreshadowed a bit in the introduction (“why stories matter”) which, among other things, sets out the goal of developing “a sociology of storytelling”. a few quotes i noted—may give you the flavor of the book: page : “but telling stories also carries risks. people with unfamiliar experiences have found those experiences assimilated to canonical plot lines and misheard as a result. conventional expectations about how stories work, when they are true, and when they are appropriate have also operated to diminish the impact of otherwise potent political stories. for the abused women whom juries disbelieved because their stories had changed in small details since their first traumatized [p ] call to police, storytelling has not been especially effective. nor was it effective for the citizen forum participants who did not say what it was like to search fruitlessly for affordable housing because discussions of housing were seen as the wrong place in which to tell stories.” pages - : “so which is it? is narrative fundamentally subversive or hegemonic? both. as a rhetorical form, narrative is equipped to puncture reigning verities and to uphold them. at times, it seems as if most of the stories in circulation are subtly or not so subtly defying authorities; at others as if the most effective storytelling is done by authorities. to make it more complicated, sometimes authorities unintentionally undercut their own authority when they tell stories. and even more paradoxically, undercutting their authority by way of a titillating but politically inconsequential story may actually strengthen it. dissenters, for their part, may find their stories misread in ways that support the very institutions that are challenging….”for those interested in the relations between storytelling, protest, and politics, this all suggests two analytical tasks. one is to identify the features of narrative that allow it to [p ] achieve certain rhetorical effects. the other is to identify the social conditions in which those rhetorical effects are likely to be politically consequential. the surprise is that scholars of political processes have devoted so little attention to either task.” pages - – “so institutional conventions of storytelling influence what people can do strategically with stories. in the previously pages, i have described the narrative conventions that operate in legal adjudication, media reporting, television talk shows, congressional debate, and public deliberation. sociolinguists have documented such conventions in other settings: in medical intake interviews, for example, parole hearings, and jury deliberations. one could certainly generate a catalogue of the institutional conventions of storytelling. to some extent, those conventions reflect the peculiarities of the institution as it has developed historically. they also serve practical functions; some explicit, others less so. i have argued that the lines institutions draw between suitable and unsuitable occasions for storytelling or for certain kinds of stories serve to legitimate the institution.” [specific examples follow] ….”as these examples suggest, while institutions have different conventions of storytelling, storytelling does some of the same work in many institutions. it does so because of broadly shared assumptions about narrative’s epistemological status. stories are generally thought to be more affecting by less authoritative than analysis, in part because narrative is associated with women rather than men, the private sphere rather than the public one, and custom rather than law. of course, conventions of storytelling and the symbolic associations behind them are neither unitary nor fixed. nor are they likely to be uniformly advantageous for those in power and disadvantageous for those without it. narrative’s alignment [ ] along the oppositions i noted is complex. for example, as i showed in chapter , americans’ skepticism of expert authority gives those telling stories clout. in other words, we may contrast science with folklore (with science seen as much more credible), but we may also contrast it with common sense (with science seen as less credible). contrary to the lamentation of some media critics and activists, when disadvantaged groups have told personal stories to the press and on television talk shows, they have been able to draw attention not only to their own victimization but to the social forces responsible for it.“ tags: congressional record, francesca polletta, listening to the city, martin luther king, narrative, qotd, sncc, storytelling, strategic communication, student nonviolent coordinating committee posted in argumentative discussions, books and reading | comments ( ) knowledge graphs: an aggregation of definitions march rd, by jodi i am not aware of a consensus definition of knowledge graph. i’ve been discussing this for awhile with liliana giusti serra, and the topic came up again with my fellow organizers of the knowledge graph session at us ts as we prepare for a panel. i’ve proposed the following main features: 	rdf-compatible, has a defined schema (usually an owl ontology) 	items are linked internally 	may be a private enterprise dataset (e.g. not necessarily openly available for external linking) or publicly available 	covers one or more domains below are some quotes. i’d be curious to hear of other definitions, especially if you think there’s a consensus definition i’m just not aware of. “a knowledge graph consists of a set of interconnected typed entities and their attributes.” jose manuel gomez-perez, jeff z. pan, guido vetere and honghan wu. “enterprise knowledge graph: an introduction.”  in exploiting linked data and knowledge graphs in large organisations. springer. part of the whole book: http://link.springer.com/ . / - - - - “a knowledge graph is a structured dataset that is compatible with the rdf data model and has an (owl) ontology as its schema. a knowledge graph is not necessarily linked to external knowledge graphs; however, entities in the knowledge graph usually have type information, defined in its ontology, which is useful for providing contextual information about such entities. knowledge graphs are expected to be reliable, of high quality, of high accessibility and providing end user oriented information services.” boris villazon-terrazas, nuria garcia-santa, yuan ren, alessandro faraotti, honghan wu, yuting zhao, guido vetere and jeff z. pan .  “knowledge graphs: foundations”. in exploiting linked data and knowledge graphs in large organisations.  springer. part of the whole book: http://link.springer.com/ . / - - - - “the term knowledge graph was coined by google in , referring to their use of semantic knowledge in web search (“things, not strings”), and is recently also used to refer to semantic web knowledge bases such as dbpedia or yago. from a broader perspective, any graph-based representation of some knowledge could be considered a knowledge graph (this would include any kind of rdf dataset, as well as description logic ontologies). however, there is no common definition about what a knowledge graph is and what it is not. instead of attempting a formal definition of what a knowledge graph is, we restrict ourselves to a minimum set of characteristics of knowledge graphs, which we use to tell knowledge graphs from other collections of knowledge which we would not consider as knowledge graphs. a knowledge graph 	 mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph. 	 defines possible classes and relations of entities in a schema. 	 allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other. 	 covers various topical domains.” paulheim, h. ( ). knowledge graph refinement: a survey of approaches and evaluation methods. semantic web,  ( ), - . http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj .pdf “isi’s center on knowledge graphs research group combines artificial intelligence, the semantic web, and database integration techniques to solve complex information integration problems. we leverage general research techniques across information-intensive disciplines, including medical informatics, geospatial data integration and the social web.” http://usc-isi-i .github.io/home/ just as i was “finalizing” my list to send to colleagues, i found a poster all about definitions: ehrlinger, l., & wöß, w. ( ). towards a definition of knowledge graphs. semantics (posters, demos, success),  . http://ceur-ws.org/vol- /paper .pdf its table : selected definitions of knowledge graph has the following definitions (for citations see that paper) “a knowledge graph (i) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph, (ii) defines possible classes and relations of entities in a schema, (iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other and (iv) covers various topical domains.” paulheim [ ] “knowledge graphs are large networks of entities, their semantic types, properties, and relationships between entities.” journal of web semantics [ ] “knowledge graphs could be envisaged as a network of all kind things which are relevant to a specific domain or to an organization. they are not limited to abstract concepts and relations but can also contain instances of things like documents and datasets.” semantic web company [ ] “we define a knowledge graph as an rdf graph. an rdf graph consists of a set of rdf triples where each rdf triple (s, p, o) is an ordered set of the following rdf terms: a subjects∈u∪b,apredicatep∈u,andanobjectu∪b∪l. anrdftermiseithera uri u ∈ u, a blank node b ∈ b, or a literal l ∈ l.” färber et al. [ ] “[…] systems exist, […], which use a variety of techniques to extract new knowledge, in the form of facts, from the web. these facts are interrelated, and hence, recently this extracted knowledge has been referred to as a knowledge graph.” pujara et al. [ ] “a knowledge graph is a graph that models semantic knowledge, where each node is a real-world concept, and each edge represents a relationship between two concepts” fang, y., kuan, k., lin, j., tan, c., & chandrasekhar, v. ( ). object detection meets knowledge graphs. https://oar.a-star.edu.sg/jspui/handle/ / “things not strings” – google https://googleblog.blogspot.com/ / /introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html tags: knowledge graph, knowledge representation, quotations posted in information ecosystem, semantic web | comments ( ) qotd: doing more requires thinking less december st, by jodi by the aid of symbolism, we can make transitions in reasoning almost mechanically by the eye which would otherwise call into play the higher faculties of the brain. …civilization advances by extending the number of important operations that we can perform without thinking about them. operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle — they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moments. one very important property for symbolism to possess is that it should be concise, so as to be visible at one glance of the eye and be rapidly written. – whitehead, a.n. ( ). an introduction to mathematics, chapter , “the symbolism of mathematics” (page in this version) ht to santiago nuñez-corrales (illinois page for santiago nuñez-corrales, linkedin for santiago núñez-corrales) who used part of this quote in a conceptual foundations group talk, nov . from my point of view, this is why memorizing multiplication tables is not now irrelevant; why new words for concepts are important; and underlies a lot of scientific advancement. tags: cavalry, modes of thought, qotd, symbolism posted in information ecosystem, random thoughts | comments ( ) qotd: sally jackson on how disagreement makes arguments more explicit june th, by jodi sally jackson explicates the notion of the “disagreement space” in a new topoi article: “a position that remains in doubt remains in need of defense”   “the most important theoretical consequence of seeing argumentation as a system for management of disagreement is a reversal of perspective on what arguments accomplish. are arguments the means by which conclusions are built up from established premises? or are they the means by which participants drill down from disagreements to locate how it is that they and others have arrived at incompatible positions? a view of argumentation as a process of drilling down from disagreements suggests that arguers themselves do not simply point to the reasons they hold for a particular standpoint, but sometimes discover where their own beliefs come from, under questioning by others who do not share their beliefs. a logical analysis of another’s argument nearly always involves first making the argument more explicit, attributing more to the author than was actually said. this is a familiar enough problem for analysts; my point is that it is also a pervasive problem for participants, who may feel intuitively that something is seriously wrong in what someone else has said but need a way to pinpoint exactly what. getting beliefs externalized is not a precondition for argument, but one of its possible outcomes.” from sally jackson’s reason-giving and the natural normativity of argumentation. the original treatment of disagreement space is cited to a book chapter revising an issa paper , somewhat harder to get one’s hands on. 	p , sally jackson. reason-giving and the natural normativity of argumentation. topoi. online first. http://doi.org/ . /s - - - [↩] 	p , sally jackson. reason-giving and the natural normativity of argumentation. topoi. online first. http://doi.org/ . /s - - - [↩] 	sally jackson. reason-giving and the natural normativity of argumentation. topoi. online first. http://doi.org/ . /s - - - [↩] 	jackson s ( ) “virtual standpoints” and the pragmatics of conversational argument. in: van eemeren fh, grootendorst r, blair ja, willard ca (eds) argument illuminated. international centre for the study of argumentation, amsterdam, pp. – [↩] tags: argumentation, argumentation norms, disagreement space posted in argumentative discussions | comments ( ) qotd: working out scientific insights on paper, lavoisier case study july th, by jodi …language does do much of our thinking for us, even in the sciences, and rather than being an unfortunate contamination, its influence has been productive historically, helping individual thinkers generate concepts and theories that can then be put to the test. the case made here for the constitutive power of figures [of speech] per se supports the general point made by f.l. holmes in a lecture addressed to the history of science society in . a distinguished historian of medicine and chemistry, holmes based his study of antoine lavoisier on the french chemist’s laboratory notebooks. he later examined drafts of lavoisier’s published papers and discovered that lavoisier wrote many versions of his papers and in the course of careful revisions gradually worked out the positions he eventually made public (holmes, ). holmes, whose goal as a historian is to reconstruct the careful pathways and fine structure of scientific insights, concluded from his study of lavoisier’s drafts we cannot always tell whether a thought that led him to modify a passage, recast an argument, or develop an alternative interpretation occurred while he was still engaged in writing what he subsequently altered, or immediately afterward, or after some interval during which he occupied himself with something else; but the timing is, i believe, less significant than the fact that the new developments were consequences of the effort to express ideas and marshall supporting information on paper ( ). – page xi of rhetorical figures in science by jeanne fahnestock, oxford university press, . she is quoting frederich l. holmes. . scientific writing and scientific discovery. isis : - . doi: . / as moore summarizes, lavoisier wrote at least six drafts of the paper over a period of at least six months. however, his theory of respiration did not appear until the fifth draft. clearly, lavoisier’s writing helped him refine and understand his ideas. moore, randy. language—a force that shapes science. journal of college science teaching . ( ): . http://www.jstor.org/stable/ (which i quoted in a review i wrote recently) fahnestock adds: “…holmes’s general point [is that] there are subtle interactions ‘between writing, thought, and operations in creative scientific activity’ ( ).” tags: lavoisier, revision, rhetoric of science, scientific communication, scientific writing posted in future of publishing, information ecosystem, scholarly communication | comments ( ) david liebovitz: achieving care transformation by infusing electronic health records with wisdom may st, by jodi today i am at the health data analytics summit. the title of the keynote talk is achieving care transformation by infusing electronic health records with wisdom. it’s a delight to hear from a medical informaticist: david m. liebovitz (publications in google scholar), md, facp, chief medical information officer, the university of chicago. he graduated from university of illinois in electrical engineering, making this a timely talk as the engineering-focused carle illinois college of medicine gets going. david liebovitz started with a discussion of the data problems — problem lists, medication lists, family history, rules, results, notes — which will be familiar to anyone using ehrs or working with ehr data. he draws attention also to the human problems — both in terms of provider “readiness” (e.g. their vision for population-level health) as well as about “current expectations”. (an example of such an expectation is a “main clinician satisfier” he closed with: u chicago is about to turn on outbound faxing from the ehr!) he mentioned also the importance of resilience. he mentioned customizing systems as a risk when the vendor makes upstream changes (this is not unique to healthcare but a threat to innovation and experimentation with information systems in other industries.) still, in managing the ehr, there is continual optimization, scored based on a number of factors. he mentioned: 	safety 	quality/patient experience 	regulatory/legal 	financial 	usability/productivity 	availability of alternative solutions as well as weighting for old requests. he emphasized the complexity of healthcare in several ways: 	“nobody knew that healthcare could be so complicated.” – potus 	showing the medicare readmissions adjustment factors 	pharmacy pricing, an image (showing kickbacks among other things) from “prices that are too high”, chapter , the healthcare imperative: lowering costs and improving outcomes: workshop series summary ( )  national academies press doi: . / an image from “prices that are too high”, chapter , the healthcare imperative: lowering costs and improving outcomes: workshop series summary ( ) 	icosystem’s diagram of the complexity of the healthcare system icosystem – complexity of the healthcare system 	another complexity is the modest impact of medical care compared to other factors 	such as the impact of socioeconomic and political context on equity in health and well-being (see the who image below). 	for instance, there is a large impact of health behaviors, which “happen in larger social contexts.” (see the relative contribution of multiple determinants to health, august , , health policy briefs) solar o, irwin a. a conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. social determinants of health discussion paper (policy and practice). given this complexity, david liebovitz stresses that we need to start with the right model, “simultaneously improving population health, improving the patient experience of care, and reducing per capita cost”. (see stiefel m, nolan k. a guide to measuring the triple aim: population health, experience of care, and per capita cost. ihi innovation series white paper. cambridge, massachusetts: institute for healthcare improvement; ). table from stiefel m, nolan k. a guide to measuring the triple aim: population health, experience of care, and per capita cost. ihi innovation series white paper. cambridge, massachusetts: institute for healthcare improvement; . given the modest impact of medical care, and of data, he suggests that we should choose the right outcomes. david liebovitz says that “not enough attention has been paid to usability”; i completely agree and suggest that information scientists, human factors engineeers, and cognitive ergonomists help mainstream medical informaticists fill this gap. he put up jakob nielsen’s  usability heuristics for user interface design a vivid example is whether a patient’s resuscitation preferences are shown (which seems to depend on the particular ehr screen): the system doesn’t highlight where we are in the system. for providers, he says user control and freedom are very important. he suggests that there are only a few key tasks. a provider should be able to do any of these things wherever they are in the chart: 	put a note 	order something 	send a message similarly, ehr should support recognition (“how do i admit a patient again?”) rather than requiring recall. meanwhile, on the decision support side he highlights the (well-known) problems around interruptions by saying that speed is everything and changing direction is much easier than stopping. here he draws on some of his own work, describing what he calls a “diagnostic process aware workflow” david liebovitz. next steps for electronic health records to improve the diagnostic process. diagnosis ( ) - . doi: . /dx- - can we predict x better? yes, he says (for instance pointing to table of “can machine-learning improve cardiovascular risk prediction using routine clinical data?” and its machine learning analysis of over , patients, based on variables chosen from previous guidelines and expert-informed selection–generating further support for aspects such as aloneness, access to resources, socio-economic status). but what’s really needed, he says, is to: 	predict the best next medical step, iteratively 	predict the best next lifestyle step, iteratively 	(and what to do about genes and epigenetic measures?) he shows an image of “all of our planes in the air” from flightaware, drawing the analogy that we want to work on “optimal patient trajectories” — predicting what are the “turbulent events” to avoid”. this is not without challenges. he points to three: 	data privacy (he suggests google deepmind and healthcare in an age of algorithms. powles, j. & hodson, h. health technol. ( ). doi: . /s - - - 	two sorts of mismatches between the current situation and where we want to go: 	for instance the source of data being from finance 	certain basic current clinician needs  (e.g. that a main clinician satisfier is that uchicago is soon to turn on outbound faxing from their ehr — and that an ongoing source of dissatisfaction: managing volume of inbound faxes.) he closes suggesting that we: 	finish the basics 	address key slices of the spectrum 	descriptive/prescriptive 	begin the prescriptive journey: impact one trajectory at a time. tags: data analytics, electronic health records, healthcare systems, medical informatics posted in information ecosystem | comments ( ) « older entries 	 	 	 	 	 recent posts 	 	paid graduate hourly research position at uiuc for spring 	avoiding long-haul air travel during the covid- pandemic 	paid undergraduate research position at uiuc for fall & spring 	#shutdownstem #strike blacklives #shutdownacademia 	qotd: storytelling in protest and politics 	 	 monthly 	 	december 	october 	august 	june 	march 	 	 meta 	 	log in 	valid xhtml 	xfn 	wordpress wordpress powers jodischneider.com/blog. layers theme designed by jai pandya. 
 <?xml version=" . " encoding="utf- "?><rss version=" . " 	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/ . /modules/content/" 	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/commentapi/" 	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /" 	xmlns:atom="http://www.w .org/ /atom" 	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/ . /modules/syndication/" 	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/ . /modules/slash/" 	> <channel> 	<title>the digital librarian</title> 	<atom:link href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss " rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /> 	<link>http://digitallibrarian.org</link> 	<description>information. organization. access.</description> 	<lastbuilddate>mon, jun : : + </lastbuilddate> 	<language>en-us</language> 	<sy:updateperiod> 	hourly	</sy:updateperiod> 	<sy:updatefrequency> 	 	</sy:updatefrequency> 	<generator>https://wordpress.org/?v= . . </generator> 	<item> 		<title>libraries and the state of the internet</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #respond</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>mon, jun : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[digital libraries]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[mary meeker presented her internet trends report earlier this month. if you want a better understanding of how tech and the tech industry is evolving, you should watch her talk and read her slides. this year&# ;s talk was fairly &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text">libraries and the state of the internet</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mary_meeker" target="_blank">mary meeker</a> presented her internet trends report earlier this month. if you want a better understanding of how tech and the tech industry is evolving, you should <a href="https://youtu.be/ gfug ol " target="_blank">watch her talk</a> and <a href="http://www.kpcb.com/internet-trends" target="_blank">read her slides</a>.</p> <p>this year&# ;s talk was fairly time constrained, and she did not go into as much detail as she has in years past. that being said, there is still an enormous amount of value in the data she presents and the trends she identifies via that data.</p> <p>some interesting takeaways:</p> <ul> <li>the growth in total number of internet users worldwide is slowing (the year-to-year growth rate is flat; overall growth is around % new years per year)</li> <li>however, growth in india is still accelerating, and india is now the # global user market (behind china; usa is rd)</li> <li>similarly, there is a slowdown in the growth of the number of smartphone users and number of smartphones being shipped worldwide (still growing, but at a slower rate)</li> <li>android continues to demonstrate growth in marketshare; android devices are continuing to be less costly by a significant margin than apple devices.</li> <li>overall, there are opportunities for businesses that innovate / increase efficiency / lower prices / create jobs</li> <li>advertising continues to demonstrate strong growth; advertising efficacy still has a ways to go (internet advertising is effective and can be even more so)</li> <li>internet as distribution channel continues to grow in use and importance</li> <li> brand recognition is increasingly important</li> <li>visual communication channel usage is increasing &# ; generation z relies more on communicating with images than with text</li> <li>messaging is becoming a core communication channel for business interactions in addition to social interactions</li> <li>voice on mobile rapidly rising as important user interface &# ; lots of activity around this</li> <li>data as platform &# ; important!</li> </ul> <p>so, what kind of take-aways might be most useful to consider in the library context? some top-of-head thoughts:</p> <ul> <li>in the larger context of the internet, libraries need to be more aggressive in marketing their brand and brand value. we are, by nature, fairly passive, especially compared to our commercial competition, and a failure to better leverage the opportunity for brand exposure leaves the door open to commercial competitors.</li> <li>integration of library services and content through messaging channels will become more important, especially with younger users. (integration may actually be too weak a term; understanding how to use messaging inherently within the digital lifestyles of our users is critical)</li> <li>voice &# ; are any libraries doing anything with voice? integration with amazon&# ;s alexa voice search? how do we fit into the voice as platform paradigm?</li> </ul> <p>one parting thought, that i&# ;ll try to tease out in a follow-up post: libraries need to look very seriously at the importance of personalized, customized curation of collections for users, something that might actually be antithetical to the way we currently approach collection development. think apple music, but for books, articles, and other content provided by libraries. it feels like we are doing this in slices and pieces, but that we have not yet established a unifying platform that integrates with the larger internet ecosystem.</p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title>meaningful web metrics</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #respond</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>sun, jan : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[web metrics]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[this article from wired magazine is a must-read if you are interested in more impactful metrics for your library&# ;s web site. at mpoe, we are scaling up our need for in-house web product expertise, but regardless of how much we &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text">meaningful web metrics</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p><a href="http://www.wired.com/ / /everyone-knows-page-views-dont-matter-but-they-just-wont-die/" target="_blank">this article</a> from <a href="http://wired.com" target="_blank"><em>wired</em></a> magazine is a must-read if you are interested in more impactful metrics for your library&# ;s web site. at mpoe, we are scaling up our need for in-house web product expertise, but regardless of how much we invest in terms of staffing, it is likely that the amount of requested web support will always exceed the amount of resourcing we have for that support. leveraging meaningful impact metrics can help us understand the value we get from the investment we make in our web presence, and more importantly help us define <strong>what</strong> types of impact we want to achieve through that investment. this is no easy feat, but it is good to see that others in the information ecosystem are looking at the same challenges.</p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title>site migrated</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #respond</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>mon, oct : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[blog]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[just a quick note &# ; digitallibrarian.org has been migrated to a new server. you may see a few quirks here and there, but things should be mostly in good shape. if you notice anything major, send me a challah. really. &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text">site migrated</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p>just a quick note &# ; digitallibrarian.org has been migrated to a new server. you may see a few quirks here and there, but things should be mostly in good shape. if you notice anything major, send me a challah. really. a nice bread. or just an email. your choice. <img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/ . . / x / f .png" alt="🙂" class="wp-smiley" style="height: em; max-height: em;" /></p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title>the new ipad</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #comments</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>sun, mar : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[apple]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[hardware]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[ipad]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[i decided that it was time to upgrade my original ipad, so i pre-ordered a new ipad, which arrived this past friday. after a few days, here are my initial thoughts / observations: compared to the original ipad, the new &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text">the new ipad</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p>i decided that it was time to upgrade my original ipad, so i pre-ordered a new ipad, which arrived this past friday. after a few days, here are my initial thoughts / observations:</p> <li>compared to the original ipad, the new ipad is a huge improvement. much zipper, feels lighter (compared to the original), and of course the display is fantastic.</li> <li>i&# ;ve just briefly tried the dictation feature, and though i haven&# ;t used it extensively yet, the accuracy seems pretty darned good. i wonder if a future update will support siri?</li> <li>the beauty of the display cannot be understated &# ; crisp, clear (especially for someone with aging eyes)</li> <li>i purchased a -gb model with lte, but i have not tried the cell network yet. i did see g show up, so i&# ;m hoping that tucson indeed has the newer network.</li> <li>not really new, but going from the original ipad to the new ipad, i really like the smart cover approach. ditto with the form factor.</li> <li>again, not specific to the new model, the ability to access my music, videos, and apps via icloud means that i can utilize the storage on the ipad more effectively.</li> <p>all-in-all, i can see myself using the new ipad consistently for a variety of tasks, not just for consuming information. point-in-fact, this post was written with the new ipad.</p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title> rd sits meeting &# ; geneva</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #respond</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>wed, aug : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[conferences]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[digital libraries]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[uncategorized]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[workshops]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[dlf]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[sits]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[back in june i attend the rd sits (scholarly infrastructure technical summit) meeting, held in conjunction with the oai workshop and sponsored by jisc and the digital library federation. this meeting, held in lovely geneva, switzerland, brought together library technologists &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text"> rd sits meeting &# ; geneva</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p>back in june i attend the <a href="http://sits-oai .eventbrite.com/"> rd sits (scholarly infrastructure technical summit) meeting</a>, held in conjunction with the oai workshop and sponsored by jisc and the digital library federation. this meeting, held in lovely geneva, switzerland, brought together library technologists and technology leaders from north america, europe, australia, and asia for the purpose of exploring common technology and technology-related issues that crossed our geographic boundaries.</p> <p>this is the first sits meeting that i attended &# ; prior to this meeting, there were two other sits meetings (one in london and one in california). as this sits meeting was attached to the oai conference, it brought together a group of stakeholders who&# ;s roles in their organizations spanned from technology implementors to technology strategists and decision makers. from having chatted with some of the folks who had attended previous sits meetings, the attendees at those meetings tended to weigh heavily on the technology implementer / developer side, while this particular instance of sits had a broader range of discussion that, while centered on technology, also incorporated much of the context to which technology was being applied. for me, that actually made this a more intriguing and productive discussion, as i think that while there are certainly a great variety of strictly technical issues with which we grapple, what often gets lost when talking semantic web, linked data, digital preservation, etc. is the context and focus of the purpose of deploying said technology. so, with that particular piece of context, i&# ;ll describe some of the conversation that occurred at this particular sits event.</p> <p>due to the schedule of oai , this sits meeting was held in two parts &# ; the afternoon of june, and the morning of june. for the first session, the group met in one of the lecture rooms at the conference venue, and this worked out quite nicely. sits uses an open agenda / open meeting format, which allows the attendees to basically nominate and elect the topics of discussion for the meeting. after initial introductions, we began proposing topics. i tried to capture as best i could all of the topics that were proposed, though i might have missed one or two:</p> <p>* stable links for linked data vs. stable bitstreams for preservation<br /> * authority hubs / clustered ids / researcher ids / orcid in dspace<br /> * effective synchronization of digital resources<br /> * consistency and usage of usage data<br /> * digital preservation architecture &# ; integration of tape-based storage and other storage anvironments (external to the library)<br /> * integration between repositories and media delivery (i.e. streaming) &# ; particularly to access control enforcement<br /> * nano publications and object granularity<br /> * pairing storage with different types of applications<br /> * linking research data to scholarly publications to faculty assessment<br /> * well-behaved document<br /> * research impacts and outputs<br /> * linked open data: from vision to deployment<br /> * relationship between open linked data and open research data<br /> * name disambiguation</p> <p>following process, we took the above brainstormed list and proceeded to vote on which topic to begin discussion. the first topic chosen was researcher identities, which began with discussion around orcid, a project that currently has reasonable mindshare behind it. while there are a lot of backers of orcid, it is not clear whether the approach of a singular researcher id is a feasible approach, though i believe we&# ;ll discover the answer based on the success (or not) of the project. in general, i think that most of the attendees will be paying attention to orcid, but that also a wait and see approach is likely as there are many, many issues around researcher ids that still need to be worked through.</p> <p>the next topic was the assessment of research impacts and outputs. this particular topic was not particularly technically focused, but did bring about some interesting discussion about the impact of assessment activities, both positive and negative. </p> <p>the next topic, linking research data to scholarly publications to faculty assessment, was a natural progression from the previous topic, and much of the discussion revolved around how to support such relationships. i must admit that while i think this topic is important, i didn&# ;t feel that the discussion really resolved any of the potential issues with supporting researchers in linking data to publications (and then capturing this data for assessment purposes). what is clear is that the concept of publishing data, especially open data, is one that is not necessarily as straight-forward as one would hope when you get into the details, such as where to publish data, how to credit such publication, how is the data maintained, etc. there is a lot of work to be done here.</p> <p>next to be discussed was the preservation of data and software. it was brought up that the sustainability and preservation of data, especially open data, was somewhat analogous to the sustainability and preservation of software, in that both required a certain number of active tasks in order to ensure that both data and software were continually usable. it is also clear that much data requires the proper software in order to be usable, and therefore the issues of software and data sustainability and preservation are in my senses interwoven.</p> <p>the group then moved to a brief discussion of the harvesting and use of usage data. efforts such as counter and popirus were mentioned. the ability to track data in a way that balances anonymity and privacy vs. added value back to the user was discussed &# ; the fact that usage data can be leveraged to provide better services back to users was a key consideration.</p> <p>the next discussion topic was influenced by the oai workshop. the issue of the synchronisation of resources was discussed, and during oai , there was a breakout session that looked at the future of oai-pmh, both in terms of .x sustainability as well as work that might end up with the result of oai-pmh . . interestingly, there was some discussion of even the need for data synchronization with the advent of linked data; i can see why this would come up, but i personally believe that linked data isn&# ;t at the point where other methods for ensuring synchronized data aren&# ;t necessary (nor may it ever be).</p> <p>speaking of linked data, the concept arose in many of the sits discussions, though the group did not officially address it until late in the agenda. i must admit that i&# ;ve yet to drink the linked data lemonade, in the sense that i really don&# ;t see it being the silver bullet that many of its proponents make it out to be, but i do see it as one approach for enabling extended use of data and resources. in the discussion, one of the challenges of the linked data approach that was discussed was the need to map between ontologies.</p> <p>at this point, it was getting a bit late into the meeting, but we did talk about two more topics: one was very pragmatic, while the other was a bit more future-thinking (though there might be some disagreement on that). the first was a discussion about how organizationally digital preservation architectures were being supported &# ; were they being supported by central it, by the library it, or otherwise? it seemed that (not surprisingly) a lot depended upon the specific organization, and that perhaps more coordination could be undertaken through efforts such as pasig. the second discussion was on the topic of &# ;nano-publications&# ;, which the group defined as &# ;things that simply tell you what is being asserted (e.g. europe is a continent)&# ;. i must admit i got a bit lost about the importance and purpose of nano-publications, but again, it was close to the end of the meeting. </p> <p>btw, as i&# ;m finishing this an email just came through with the official notes from the sits meeting, which can be accessed at <a href="http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ /">http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ /</a></p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title>david lewis&# ; presentation on collections futures</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #comments</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>wed, mar : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[ebooks]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[librarianship]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[collections]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[future]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[provisioning]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[peter murray (aka the disruptive library technology jester) has provided an audio-overlay of david lewis&# ; slideshare of his plenary at the last june&# ;s rlg annual partners meeting. if you are at all interested in understanding the future of academic libraries, &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text">david lewis&# ; presentation on collections futures</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p>peter murray (aka the <a href="http://dltj.org/">disruptive library technology jester</a>) has provided an audio-overlay of <a href="http://dltj.org/article/collections-futures/">david lewis&# ; slideshare of his plenary</a> at the last june&# ;s <a href="http://www.oclc.org/research/events/ - - a.htm">rlg annual partners meeting</a>. if you are at all interested in understanding the future of academic libraries, you should take an hour of your time and listen to this presentation. of particular note, because david says it almost in passing, is that academic libraries are moving away from being collectors of information to being provisioners of information &# ; the difference being that instead of purchasing everything that might be used, academic libraries instead are moving to ensuring that there is a path for provisioning access to materials that actually requested for use by their users. again, well worth an hour of your time.</p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title>librarians are *the* search experts&# ;</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #respond</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>thu, aug : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[librarianship]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[&# ;so i wonder how many librarians know all of the tips and tricks for using google that are mentioned here?]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p>&# ;so i wonder how many librarians know all of the tips and tricks for using google that are mentioned <a href="http://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/ /hidden-features-of-google">here</a>?</p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title>what do we want from discovery? maybe it&# ;s to save the time of the user&# ;.</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #comments</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>wed, aug : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[uncategorized]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[just a quick thought on discovery tools &# ; the major newish discovery services being vended to libraries (worldcat local, summon, ebsco discovery service, etc.) all have their strengths, their complexity, their middle-of-the-road politician trying to be everything to everybody features. &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text">what do we want from discovery? maybe it&# ;s to save the time of the user&# ;.</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p>just a quick thought on discovery tools &# ; the major newish discovery services being vended to libraries (worldcat local, summon, ebsco discovery service, etc.) all have their strengths, their complexity, their middle-of-the-road politician trying to be everything to everybody features. one question i have asked and not yet had a good answer to is &# ;how does your tool save the time of the user?&# ;. for me, that&# ;s the most important feature of any discovery tool.</p> <p>show me data or study results that prove your tool saves the time of the user as compared to other vended tools (and google and google scholar), and you have a clear advantage, at least in what i am considering when choosing to implement a discovery tool.</p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title>putting a library in starbucks</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #respond</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>thu, aug : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[digital libraries]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[librarianship]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[coffee]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[digital library]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[library]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[monopsony]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[starbucks]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[upsell]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[it is not uncommon to find a coffee shop in a library these days. turn that concept around, though &# ; would you expect a library inside a starbucks? or maybe that&# ;s the wrong question &# ; how would you react to &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text">putting a library in starbucks</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p><img loading="lazy" alt="" src="http://t .gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:and gctusdcaltcywvoj i-bdh kgxqvrnz wsrewtz cxtsle-zrm&# ;t= &# ;usg=__ syt ohe ymsjbxumc icpkfaxy=" title="coffee" class="alignleft" width=" " height=" " />it is not uncommon to find a coffee shop in a library these days. turn that concept around, though &# ; would you expect a library inside a starbucks? or maybe that&# ;s the wrong question &# ; how would you react to having a library inside a starbucks? well, that concept shuffling its way towards reality, as starbucks is now experimenting with offering premium (i.e. non-free) content to users while they are on the free wireless that starbucks provides. in fact, starbucks actually has a collection development policy for their content &# ; they are providing content in the following areas, which they call channels: news, entertainment, wellness, business &# ; careers and my neighborhood. they even call their offerings &# ;curated content&# ;.</p> <p>obviously, this isn&# ;t the equivalent of putting the full contents of a library into a coffee shop, but it is worth our time to pay attention to how this new service approach from starbucks evolves. starbucks isn&# ;t giving away content for free just to get customers in the door; they are looking at how they might monetize this service through upsell techniques. the business models and agreements are going to have impact on how libraries do business, and we need to pay attention to how starbucks brokers agreements with content providers. <a href="http://go-to-hellman.blogspot.com/">eric hellman&# ;s</a> current favorite term, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/monopsony">monopsony</a>, comes to mind here &# ; though in reality starbucks isn&# ;t buying anything, as no money is actually changing hands, at least to start. content providers are happy to allow starbucks to provide limited access (i.e. limited by geographic location / network access) to content for free in order to promote their content and provide a discovery to delivery path that will allow users to extend their use of the content for a price. </p> <p>this begs the question &# ; should libraries look at upsell opportunities, especially if it means we can reduce our licensing costs? at the very least, the idea is worth exploring.</p> <p>source: <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/mashable/ /tc_mashable/how_starbucks_plans_to_capitalize_on_free_wifi">yahoo news</a></p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 		<item> 		<title> week of ipad</title> 		<link>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </link> 					<comments>http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= #comments</comments> 		 		<dc:creator><![cdata[jaf]]></dc:creator> 		<pubdate>wed, apr : : + </pubdate> 				<category><![cdata[apple]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[ebooks]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[hardware]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[ipad]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[digital lifestyle]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[mobile]]></category> 		<category><![cdata[tablet]]></category> 		<guid ispermalink="false">http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= </guid> 					<description><![cdata[it has been a little over a week since my ipad was delivered, and in that time i have had the opportunity to try it out at home, at work, and on the road. in fact, i&# ;m currently typing this &# ;<p class="read-more"> <a class="more-link" href="http://digitallibrarian.org/?p= "> <span class="screen-reader-text"> week of ipad</span> read more &# ;</a></p>]]></description> 										<content:encoded><![cdata[<p>it has been a little over a week since my ipad was delivered, and in that time i have had the opportunity to try it out at home, at work, and on the road. in fact, i&# ;m currently typing this entry on it from the hotel restaurant at the cni spring task force meeting. i feel that i have used it enough now to provide some of my insights and thoughts about the ipad, how i am using it, and what i think of it.</p> <p>so, how best to describe the ipad? fun. convenient. fun again. the ipad is more than the sum of its parts; much like the iphone, it provides an overall experience, one that is enjoyable and yes, efficient. browsing is great fun; i have only run into one site where because of the lack of flash support was completely inaccessible (a local restaurant site). a number of sites that i regularly peruse have some flash aspect that is not available via the ipad, but typically this isn&# ;t a big loss. for example, if there is an engadget article that contains video, i won&# ;t get the video. however, the ny times, espn, and other major sites are already supporting html embedded video, and i expect to see a strong push towards html and away from flash. in the grand scheme of things, most of the sites i browse are text and image based, and have no issues.</p> <p>likewise for email and calendaring &# ; both work like a charm. email on the ipad is easy, fun, and much better than on the iphone. the keyboard, when in landscape mode, is actually much better than i expected, and very suitable for email replies (not to mention blog posts). i&# ;d go as far to say that the usability of the onscreen keyboard (when the ipad is in landscape mode) is as good or better than a typical net book keyboard. also, an unintended bonus is that typing on the keyboard is pretty much silent; this is somewhat noticeable during conference sessions where a dozen or so attendees are typing their notes and the clack of their keyboards starts to add up.</p> <p>so, how am i using my ipad? well, on this trip, i have used it to read (one novel and a bunch of work-related articles), do email, listen to music, watch videos, stream some netflix, browse the web, draft a policy document for my place of employment, diagram a repository architecture, and take notes during conference sessions. could i do all of this on a laptop? sure. could i do all of this on a laptop without plugging in at any point in the day? possibly, with the right laptop or net book. but here&# ;s the thing &# ; at the conference, instead of lugging my laptop bag around with me, my ipad replaced the laptop, my notepad, and everything else i would have dragged around in my bag. i literally only took my ipad, which is actually smaller than a standard paper notebook, and honestly i didn&# ;t miss a beat. quickly jot down a note? easy. sketch out an idea? ditto. it&# ;s all just right there, all the functionality, in a so-much-more convenient form factor.</p> <p>is the ipad perfect? by no means &# ; the desktop interface is optimized for the iphone / itouch, and feels a bit inefficient for the larger ipad. because of the current lack of multitasking (something that apple has already announced will be available in the next version of the os), i can&# ;t keep an im client running in the background. there is no inherent folder system, so saving files outside of applications is more complex then it should be. fingerprints show up much more than i expected, though they wipe away fairly easily with a cloth. the weight ( . lbs) is just enough to make you need to shift how you hold the ipad after a period of time.</p> <p>again, here&# ;s the thing: the ipad doesn&# ;t need to be perfect, it needs to be niche. is it niche? ask my laptop bag.</p> ]]></content:encoded> 					 					<wfw:commentrss>http://digitallibrarian.org/?feed=rss &# ;p= </wfw:commentrss> 			<slash:comments> </slash:comments> 		 		 			</item> 	</channel> </rss> none none none none none none none coyle's information coyle's information comments on the digital age, which, as we all know, is . 	phil agre and the gendered internet 	digitization wars, redux 	women designing 	 	ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque 	use the leader, luke! 	pamflets 	the work 	i, too, want answers 	i'd like to buy a vowel 	frbr without fr or br 	it's "academic" 	libraryland, we have a problem 	frbr as a data model 	google books and mein kampf 	on reading library journal, september, 	the work 	pray for peace 	two frbrs, many relationships 	if it ain't broke 	precipitating forward 	miseducation 	transparency of judgment 	all the (good) books 	all the books none google memorial consulter le journal navigation le monde - retour à la une se connecter se connecter s’abonner 	 	 À la une retour à la page d’accueil du monde 	 en continu 	 actualités en ce moment 	 vaccins contre le covid- 	 passe sanitaire 	 climat 	 algérie 	 afghanistan 	 société 	 séries d'été 	 football 	 cinéma 	 toute l’actualité en continu actualités 	 international 	 politique 	 société 	 les décodeurs 	 sport 	 planète 	 sciences 	 m campus 	 le monde afrique 	 pixels 	 santé 	 big browser 	 disparitions 	 podcasts 	 le monde & vous 	 Économie 	 Économie 	 Économie mondiale 	 Économie française 	 médias 	 emploi 	 argent & placements 	 tribunes éco 	 cities 	 le club de l’économie Économie acheminement de plis électoraux : le ministère de l’intérieur résilie son marché avec la société adrexo Économie article réservé à nos abonnés apple accusé d’ouvrir la porte à une surveillance des contenus privés chronique article réservé à nos abonnés cambriolage : quand les factures présentées à son assureur éveillent ses soupçons rafaële rivais tribune article réservé à nos abonnés « la question n’est pas celle d’une intelligence artificielle qui remplace l’expert mais qui le seconde » charles cuvelliez ecole polytechnique de bruxelles, université libre de bruxelles 	 vidéos 	 vidéos 	 les explications 	 les séries 	 enquêtes vidéo : le monde afrique algérie,  : quand la france poussait des musulmanes à retirer leur voile malgré elles – flashback # : planète les images des incendies qui ravagent la grèce et recouvrent athènes d’un nuage de fumée : planète comment le changement climatique va bouleverser l’humanité : société « sidérées » : pourquoi certaines victimes ne réagissent pas aux violences sexuelles 	 opinions 	 opinions 	 editoriaux 	 chroniques 	 analyses 	 tribunes 	 vie des idées tribune article réservé à nos abonnés « ce n’est pas le principe du passe sanitaire à l’hôpital qui pose une question éthique mais ses modalités de mise en œuvre » françois crémieux directeur général de l’ap-hm tribune article réservé à nos abonnés covid-  : « déguiser un refus de vaccination en militantisme pour la défense de l’hôpital public nous semble de la mauvaise foi » collectif tribune article réservé à nos abonnés « refuser le passe sanitaire relève d’un choix individuel. les juifs, eux, n’ont jamais eu le choix » iannis roder professeur agrégé d’histoire, formateur au mémorial de la shoah Éditorial contrôle technique des motos : l’inquiétante reculade d’emmanuel macron 	 culture 	 culture 	 cinéma 	 télévision 	 livres 	 musiques 	 arts 	 scènes entretien article réservé à nos abonnés danielle arbid, cinéaste : « je voudrais qu’on désire les acteurs que je filme » livres article réservé à nos abonnés isabelle creusot, figure du monde de l’édition en sciences humaines, est morte culture « le concorde, la fin tragique du supersonique », sur arte : le dernier vol comme si vous y étiez culture « barbra streisand : naissance d’une diva », sur arte : l’irrésistible ascension d’une star planétaire 	 m le mag 	 m le mag 	 l’actu 	 l’époque 	 le style 	 le monde passe à table 	 voyage 	 mode 	 les recettes du monde m le mag ces participants aux jeux olympiques qui ont pris le chemin de l’exil m le mag article réservé à nos abonnés le château de chantilly, un joyau aux abois l'époque article réservé à nos abonnés s’aimer comme on se quitte : « elle ne veut plus que je voie notre enfant, elle lui lave le cerveau » le monde passe à table le sandwich au haddock et aux herbes : la recette de bertrand grébaut 	 services services le monde 	accéder à votre compte abonné 	consulter le journal du jour 	Évènements abonnés 	le monde evénements 	boutique le monde 	newsletters 	mémorable : cultiver votre mémoire 	guides d’achat 	mots croisés / sudokus 	jeux-concours abonnés 	nous contacter 	gestion des cookies 	mentions légales 	conditions générales 	charte du groupe 	politique de confidentialité 	faq 	décodex : vérifier l’info 	Élections régionales et départementales services partenaires 	codes promo 	formation professionnelle 	cours d’anglais 	cours d’orthographe et grammaire 	conjugaison 	dictionnaire de citations 	annonces immobilières 	prix de l’immobilier 	jardinage 	jeux d’arcade 	paroles de chansons suppléments partenaires 	#onatousbesoindusud 	voyage au canada 	un projet écoresponsable 	 recherche google memorial après la redéfinition de google +, retour sur les (très nombreuses) expériences finalement mises de côté par le groupe. le monde publié le mars à h - mis à jour le juillet à h 	partage 	 partage désactivé partage désactivé 	 partage désactivé envoyer par e-mail 	 partage désactivé partage désactivé 	 partage désactivé partage désactivé quentin hugon, damien leloup et benjamin benoit voir les contributions 	partage 	 partage désactivé partage désactivé 	 partage désactivé envoyer par e-mail 	 partage désactivé partage désactivé 	 partage désactivé partage désactivé dans la même rubrique Édition du jour daté du lundi août lire le journal numérique pour soutenir le travail de toute une rédaction, nous vous proposons de vous abonner. pourquoi voyez-vous ce message ? vous avez choisi de refuser le dépôt de cookies lors de votre navigation sur notre site, notamment des cookies de publicité personnalisée. le contenu de ce site est le fruit du travail de journalistes qui vous apportent chaque jour une information de qualité, fiable, complète, et des services en ligne innovants. ce travail s’appuie sur les revenus complémentaires de la publicité et de l’abonnement. s’abonner déjà abonné? connectez-vous rubriques 	actualités en direct 	international 	politique 	société 	Économie 	les décodeurs 	résultats élections 	sport 	planète 	sciences 	m campus 	le monde afrique 	pixels 	médias 	décodex 	vidéos 	santé 	big browser 	disparitions 	Éducation 	argent et placements 	emploi 	archives 	le monde & vous opinions 	editoriaux 	chroniques 	analyses 	tribunes 	vie des idées m le mag 	l’époque 	le style 	gastronomie 	voyage 	mode 	les recettes du monde culture 	cinéma 	télévision 	monde des livres 	musique 	arts 	bd services 	mémorable : cultivez votre mémoire 	guides d’achat 	codes promo 	formation professionnelle 	cours d’anglais 	cours d’orthographe et grammaire 	conjugaison 	découvrir le jardinage 	dictionnaire de citations 	paroles de chansons 	jeux 	annonces immobilières 	prix de l’immobilier 	avis de décès dans le monde sites du groupe 	courrier international 	la société des lecteurs du monde 	la vie 	le huffpost 	l’obs 	le monde diplomatique 	télérama 	talents 	source sûre 	le club de l’économie 	m publicité newsletters du monde recevoir les newsletters du monde applications mobiles 	sur iphone 	sur android abonnement s’abonner se connecter consulter le journal du jour Évenements abonnés le monde festival la boutique du monde 	mentions légales 	charte du groupe 	politique de confidentialité 	gestion des cookies 	conditions générales 	aide (faq) suivez le monde 	facebook 	youtube 	twitter 	instagram 	snapchat 	fils rss none none none ranti. centuries.org ranti. centuries.org eternally yours on centuries 	home 	articles 	hello! 	archives 	contact keeping the dream alive - freiheit written by ranti - - t : : z i did not recall when the first time i heard it, but i remembered it was introduced by my cousin. this song from münchener freiheit became one of the songs i listen a lot. the lyrics (see below) resonate stronger nowadays. keeping the dream alive (single version) cover by david groeneveld: cover by kim wilde: lyrics: freiheit - keeping the dream alive tonight the rain is falling full of memories of people and places and while the past is calling in my fantasy i remember their faces the hopes we had were much too high way out of reach but we had to try the game will never be over because we're keeping the dream alive i hear myself recalling things you said to me the night it all started and still the rain is falling makes me feel the way i felt when we parted the hopes we had were much too high way out of reach but we have to try no need to hide no need to run 'cause all the answers come one by one the game will never be over because we're keeping the dream alive i need you i love you the game will never be over because we're keeping the dream alive the hopes we had were much too high way out of reach but we had to try no need to hide no need to run 'cause all the answers come one by one the hopes we had were much too high way out of reach but we had to try no need to hide no need to run 'cause all the answers come one by one the game will never be over because we're keeping the dream alive the game will never be over because we're keeping the dream alive the game will never be over… edit lou reed's walk on the wild side written by ranti - - t : : z if my memory serves me right, i heard about this walk on the wild side song (wikipedia) sometime during my college year in the s. of course, the bass and guitar reef were the one that captured my attention right away. at that time, being an international student here in the us, i was totally oblivious with the lyrics and the references on it. when i finally understood what the lyrics are about, listening to the song makes more sense. here's the footage of the walk on the wild side song (youtube) but what prompted me to write this was started by the version that amanda palmer sang for neil gaiman. i was listening to her cd "several attempts to cover songs by the velvet underground & lou reed for neil gaiman as his birthday approaches" and one of the songs was walk on the wild side. i like her rendition of the songs, which prompted me to find it on youtube. welp, that platform does not disappoint; it's a quite a nice piano rendition. of course, like any other platform that wants you to stay there, youtube also listed various walk on the wild side cover songs. one of them is from alice phoebe lou a singer-songwriter. her rendition using a guitar is also quite enjoyable (youtube) and now i have a new singer-songwriter to keep an eye on. among other videos that were listed on youtube is the one that kinda blew my mind, walk on the wild side - the story behind the classic bass intro featuring herbie flowers which explained that those are two basses layered on top of each other. man, what a nice thing to learn something new about this song. :-) edit tao written by ranti - - t : : z read it from the lazy yogi edit on climate change written by ranti - - t : : z read the whole poem edit tv news archive from the internet archive written by ranti - - t : : z i just learned about the existence of the tv news archive (covering news from until the day before today's date) containing news shows from us tv such as pbs, cbs, abc, foxnews, cnn, etc. you can search by the captions. they also have several curated collections like news clips regarding nsa or snippets or tv around the world i think some of you might find this useful. quite a nice collection, imo. edit public domain day (january , ): what could have entered it in and what did get released written by ranti - - t : : z copyright law is messy, yo. we won't see a lot of notable and important works entering public domain here in the us until . other countries, however, got to enjoy many of them first. public domain reviews put a list of creators whose work are entering the public domain for canada, european union (eu), and many other countries (https://publicdomainreview.org/collections/class-of- /.) for those in eu, nice to see h.g. wells name there (if uk do withdraw, this might end up not applicable to them. but, my knowledge about uk copyright law is zero, so, who knows.) as usual, center of study for the public domain from duke university put a list of some quite well-known works that are still under the extended copyright restriction: http://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/ /pre- . those works would have been entered the public domain if we use the law that was applicable when they were published. i'm still baffled how current copyright hinders research done and published in to be made available freely. greedy publishers… so, thanks to that, usa doesn't get to enjoy many published works yet. "yet" is the operative word here because we don't know what the incoming administration would do on this topic. considering the next potus is a businessman, i fear the worst. i know: gloomy first of the year thought, but it is what it is. on a cheerful side, check the list from john mark ockerbloom on his online books project. it's quite an amazing project he's been working on. of course, there are also writings made available from hathitrust and gutenberg project, among other things. here's to the next days. xoxo edit for written by ranti - - t : : z read the full poem edit light written by ranti - - t : : z “light thinks it travels faster than anything but it is wrong. no matter how fast light travels, it finds the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it.” ― terry pratchett, reaper man edit dot-dot-dot written by ranti - - t : : z more about bertolt brecht poem edit assistive technology written by ranti - - t : : z many people would probably think assistive technology (at) are computer software, applications, or tools that are designed to help blind or deaf people. typically, the first thing that one might have in mind was screen readers, braille display, screen magnifier app for desktop reading, or physical objects like hearing aid, wheel chair, or crutches, a lot of people probably won't think glasses as an at. perhaps because glasses can be highly personalized to fit one's fashion style. edit 	 	 	 	 	 recent popular posts keeping the dream alive - freiheit - - t : : z public domain day (january , ): what could have entered it in and what did get released - - t : : z tao - - t : : z on climate change - - t : : z public domain day (january , ): what could have entered it in and what did get released - - t : : z lou reed's walk on the wild side - - t : : z for - - t : : z light - - t : : z woodchuck - - t : : z © — site powered by strong coffee & pictures of happy puppies this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-noderivatives . international license. subscribe login searching none none none none free range librarian › k.g. schneider's blog on librarianship, writing, and everything else 	 		free range librarian 		k.g. schneider's blog on librarianship, writing, and everything else 	 	 	skip to content 	about free range librarian 	comment guidelines 	writing: clips & samples 	 		 			 				(dis)association 				monday, may , 				 walking two roses to their new home, where they would be planted in the front yard. i have been reflecting on the future of a national association i belong to that has struggled with relevancy and with closing the distance between itself and its members, has distinct factions that differ on fundamental matters of values, faces declining national and chapter membership, needs to catch up on the technology curve, has sometimes problematic vendor relationships, struggles with member demographics and diversity,  and has an uneven and sometimes conflicting national message and an awkward at best relationship with modern communications; but represents something important that i believe in and has a spark of vitality that is the secret to its future. i am not, in fact, writing about the american library association, but the american rose society.  most readers of free range librarian associate me with libraries, but the rose connection may be less visible. i’ve grown roses in nine places i’ve lived in the last thirty-plus years, starting with roses planted in front of a rental house in clovis, new mexico, when i was stationed at cannon air force base in the s, and continuing in pots or slices of garden plots as i moved around the world and later, the united states. basically, if i had an outdoor spot to grow in, i grew roses, either in-ground or in pots, whether it was a slice of sunny backyard in wayne, new jersey, a tiny front garden area in point richmond, california, a sunny interior patio in our fake eichler rental in palo alto, or a windy, none-too-sunny, and cold (but still much-appreciated) deck in our rental in san francisco. when sandy and i bought our sweet little house in santa rosa, part of the move involved rolling large garden pots on my radio flyer from our rental two blocks away. some of you know i’m an association geek, an avocation that has waxed as the years have progressed. i join associations because i’m from a generation where that’s done, but another centripetal pull for staying and being involved is that associations, on their own, have always interested me. it’s highly likely that a long time ago, probably when i was stationed in new mexico and, later, germany (the two duty stations where i had the ability to grow roses), that i was a member of the american rose society for two or three years. i infer this because i accumulated, then later recycled, their house magazine, american rose, and i also have vague memories of receiving the annual publication, handbook for selecting roses. early this year i joined the redwood empire rose society and a few weeks after that joined the american rose society. i joined the local society because i was eager to plant roses in our new home’s garden and thought this would be a way to tap local expertise, and was won over by the society’s programming, a range of monthly educational events that ranged from how to sharpen pruning shears to the habits and benefits of bees (a program where the audience puffed with pride, because roses--if grown without toxic chemical intervention–are highly beneficial bee-attracting pollen plants). i joined the national society less out of need than because i was curious about what ars had to offer to people like me who are rose-lovers but average gardeners, and i was also inquisitive about how the society had (or had not) repositioned itself over the years. my own practices around rose gardening have gradually changed, reflecting broader societal trends. thirty years ago, i was an unwitting cog in the agricultural-industrial rose complex. i planted roses that appealed to my senses — attractive, repeat-blooming, and fragrant — and then managed their ability to grow and produce flowers not only through providing the two things all roses need to grow– sun and water — but also through liberal applications of synthetic food and toxic pest and disease products. the roses i purchased were bred for the most part with little regard for their ability to thrive without toxic intervention or for their suitability for specific regions. garden by garden, my behavior changed. i slowly adopted a “thrive or die” mantra. if a rose could not exist without toxic chemical interventions, then it did not belong in my garden, and i would, in rosarian parlance, “shovel-prune” it and replace it with a rose that could succeed with sun, water, good organic food and amendments, and an occasional but not over-fussy attention. eventually, as i moved toward organic gardening and became more familiar with sustainability in general, i absorbed the message that roses are plants, and the soil they grow in is like the food i put in my body: it influences their health. so i had the garden soil tested this winter while i was moving and replacing plants, digging holes that were close to two feet wide and deep. based on the test results, i adjusted the soil accordingly: i used organic soil sulphur to lower the ph, dug in slow-release nitrogen in the form of feathermeal, and bathed the plants in a weak solution of organic liquid manganese. as i now do every spring, when it warmed up a bit i also resumed my monthly treatment of fish fertilizer, and this year, based on local rose advice, in a folksier vein dressed all the bushes with organic worm castings and alfalfa, both known to have good fertilizing capabilities. alfalfa also has a lot of trace nutrients we know less about but appear to be important. princesse charlene de monaco, hybrid tea rose bred by meilland guess what? science is real! nearly all of the rose bushes are measurably larger and more vigorous. carding mill, a david austin rose, went from a medium shrub to a flowering giant. new roses i planted this spring, such as grand dame and pinkerbelle, are growing much more vigorously than last year’s new plantings. some of this is due to the long, gloomy, wet winter, which gave roses opportunities to snake their long roots deeper into the good soil we have in sonoma county; my friends are reporting great spring flushes this year. but roses planted even in the last six weeks, such as princesse charlene de monaco and sheila’s perfume, are taking off like a rocket, so it’s not just the rain or the variety. (you do not need to do all this to grow roses that will please you and your garden visitors, including bees and other beneficial insects. i enjoy the process. the key thing is that nearly all of my roses are highly rated for disease resistance and nearly all are reported to grow well in our region.) science–under attack in our national conversations–is also an area of conflict within the ars. presidents of the ars have three-year terms, and the previous president, pat shanley, was an advocate of sustainable rose growing. she spoke and wrote about the value of organic gardening, and championed selecting varieties that do not require toxic intervention to thrive. the theme of the american rose annual was “roses are for everyone,” and this annual is a fascinating look at the sustainable-gardening wing of the ars. most of the articles emphasized the value of what paul zimmerman, a rose evangelist, calls “garden roses,” flowers that everyday people like you and me can grow and enjoy. the message in this annual is reinforced by recent books by longtime rose advocates and ars members, such as peter kukielski’s roses without chemicals and zimmerman’s everyday roses, books i highly recommend for library collections as well as personal use. (roses without chemicals is a book i use when i wake up at odd hours worried about things, because it is beautifully written and photographed and the roses are listed alphabetically.) now the ars has a new president, bob martin, a longtime exhibitor, who in editorials has promoted chemical intervention for roses. “and yes virginia we do spray our roses,” he wrote in the march/april “first word” editorial in american rose, the house organ of the ars. “as does nearly every serious rose exhibitor and those who want their rose bushes to sustainably produce the most beautiful blooms [emphasis mine].” american rose does not appear to publish letters to the editor. there is no section listed for letters that i can find in any recent issue, and the masthead only lists a street address for “member and subscription correspondence.” otherwise, i would write a short letter protesting the misuse of the term “sustainably,” as well as the general direction of this editorial. i am a rose amateur, and make no bones about it. but i know that equating chemical spraying with sustainability is, hands-down, fake news. it’s one thing to soak roses in toxins and call it a “health maintenance” program, as he does in this article. that’s close to the line but not over it, since he’s from the exhibitors’ wing of ars. but it’s just plain junk science to claim that there is anything connected to sustainability about this approach. i also can’t imagine that this “toxins forever” message is attracting new ars members or encouraging them to renew. it feels disconnected from what motivates average gardeners like me to grow roses today (to enjoy them in their gardens) and from how they want to grow them today (in a manner that honors the earth). frankly, one of the happiest moments in my garden last year was not from personal enjoyment of the flowers or even the compliments of neighbors and passers-by, but when i saw bees doing barrel-rolls in the stamens of my roses, knowing that i was helping, not hurting, their survival. the vast majority of people buying and planting roses these days have no idea there is a single-plant society dedicated to this plant, or even less that this society believes it understands their motivations for and interest in roses. my environmental scan of the literature and the quantities of roses provided by garden stores makes me suspect that many people buy roses based on a mix of personal recommendations, marketing guidance (what the vendors are promoting), and what they remember from their family gardens. (i would love to learn there had been market research in this area; vendors may have taken this up.) for average gardeners, their memories include roses such as peace and mr. lincoln, which were bred in the middle of the last century, when the focus was not on disease resistance but on producing the hourglass hybrid tea shape that became the de facto standard for exhibiting. we can get sentimental about roses from the late th century, but many of these varieties also helped perpetuate the idea that roses are hard to grow, despite the many varieties that grew just fine for thousands of years (or in the case of excellenz von schubert, which i planted this year, years and counting). market persuasion continues today; vendors tempt buyers through savvy marketing plans such as the downton abbey rose series from weeks or david austin’s persistent messaging about “english” roses. note — i own a lovely rose from the downton abbey line, violet’s pride, that is quite the garden champ, and have three david austin roses (carding mill, munstead wood, and gentle hermione). i’m just noting market behavior. it is well-documented in rose literature that the rose that seems to have shaken the ars to the core is the knockout series, which introduced maintenance-free roses to a generation short on time and patience and increasingly invested in sustainable practices throughout their lives, including their gardens. again, smart marketing was part of the formula, because there always have been sustainable roses, and ome companies, such as kordes, moved to disease-resistant hybridizing decades ago. but the knockout roses were promoted as an amazing breakthrough. (it may help to know that new varieties of roses have -year patents during which propagation is only legally through license. i don’t begrudge hybridizers their income, given how much work–sometimes thousands of seedlings–goes into producing a single good rose, but this does factor into how and why roses are marketed.) you don’t need a certificate as a master gardener or membership in a rose society to grow knockout roses or newer competitors such as the oso easy line. you don’t really need to know anything about roses at all, other than roses grow in sun, not shade, and appreciate water. you also don’t need to spray knockout roses with powerful fungicides to prevent blackspot and mildew. regardless of the public’s reaction to easy-to-grow roses, the rose world’s reception of the knockout rose by the rose world was mixed, to use an understatement. though the knockout rose was the ars members’ choice rose, rumblings abounded, and knockout was even blamed in popular literature as a vector for the rose rosette virus (rrv), though this was later debunked. fifty years ago rrv was observed in a number of rose varieties, long before the knockout rose appeared. (this mite-spread virus was promulgated in the united states to control a pest rose, rosa multiflora, that was itself introduced without realizing what havoc it would wreak.) again, i’m no scientist, but i would think the appearance of rrv in “domesticated” roses was inevitable, regardless of which rose variety was first identified by name as carrying this disease. rose hybridizing is now catching up with the public’s interests and the wider need for roses with strong disease resistance. rose companies prominently tout disease resistance and many new varieties can be grown toxin-free. i selected princesse charlene de monaco in part because it medaled as best hybrid tea in the biltmore international rose trials, for which roses must perform well in terms of vigor and disease resistance as well as aesthetic qualities. there were companies such as kordes who walked this walk before it was fashionable, but in typical change-adoption fashion, other vendors are adapting their own practices, because the market is demanding it. but association leadership is driven by different goals than that for for-profit companies. a colleague of mine, after sharing his support for my successful run for ala executive board, commented that it takes expertise to run a $ million organization–skills not everyone has in equal abundance. my further reflection is that the kind of leadership we need at any one time is also unique to that moment, though–with absolutely no aspersions on our current crop of excellent leaders in ala–historically, we have not always selected leadership for either general expertise or current needs, an issue hardly unique to ars or ala. so i watch the ars seesaw. as just one more example, recently i read an article within the same ars email newsletter touting the value of lacewings for insect management, followed by an article about the value of chemical interventions that i know are toxic to beneficial insects. these aren’t just contradictory ideas; they are contradictory values, contradictory messages, and contradictory branding. and these conflicting messages are evident even before we look at the relationship between the national association and local societies (organized differently than ala chapters but with the similar intent). if i could deduce the current priorities for ars from its magazine, website, and email newsletters, it would be the renovation of the ars garden in shreveport. the plan to update the -year-old “national rosarium” makes sense, if you like rose gardens, but it sounds more like a call to the passionate few than the general public. it’s hard to infer other priorities when website sections such as “cyber rosarian” invite members to ask questions that then go unanswered for over a year. the section called “endorsed products” is its own conflicted mix of chemical interventions, artificial fertilizers, and organic rose food. the website section on rose preservation–a goal embedded in the ars mission statement, “the american rose society exists to promote the culture, preservation and appreciation of the rose”–is a blank page with a note it is under construction. a section with videos by paul zimmerman is useful, but the rose recommendations by district are incomplete, and also raise the issue that ars districts are organized geopolitically, not by climate. a rose suited for the long dry summers of sonoma county may not do as well in maui. the ars “modern roses” database has value, listing over , cultivars. but if i want insight into a specific rose, i use helpmefind.com, which despite its generic name and rustic interface is the de facto go-to site for rose information, questions, and discussion, often in the context of region, climate, and approaches to sustainability. i pay a small annual fee for premium access, in part to get hmf’s extra goodies (advanced search, and access to lineage information) but primarily because this site gives me value and i want to support their work. though i couldn’t find data on the ars website for membership numbers in national, district, or local societies, i intuit membership overall is declining. it is in our local society, where despite great programming in a region where many people grow roses, i am one of the younger members. again, there are larger forces at work with association membership, but pointing to those forces and then doing business as usual is a recipe for slow death. interestingly, the local rose society is aware of its challenges and interested in what it might mean to reposition itself for survival. most recently, we founded a facebook group that anyone could join (look for redwood empire rose society). but the society doesn’t have very much time, and a facebook group isn’t the magic bullet. to loop back to ala for a moment: i can remember when the response to concerns about membership decline were that the library field was contracting as a whole and association membership was also less popular in general. but these days, ala is invested in moving past these facts and asking, what then? ala is willing to change to survive. and i believe that is why ala will be around years from now, assuming we continue to support human life on this continent. as i ponder all this, deep in my association geekiness, i’m left with these questions: if the ars can’t save itself, who will be there for the roses? will the ad hoc, de facto green-garden rosarians form a new society, will they simply soldier on as a loose federation, or will the vendors determine the future of roses? have rose societies begun talking about strategic redirection, consolidation, and other new approaches? does the ars see itself as a change leader? where does the ars see itself in years? am i just a naive member in the field, totally missing the point, or is there something to what i’m observing, outside the palace walls? i’ve been writing this off and on for months. it’s memorial day and it’s now light enough outside to wander into our front yard, pruners and deadheading bucket in hand, iphone in my pocket so i can share what bloomed while i slept. over time i changed how i grow roses, but not why i grow roses. somewhere in there is an insight, but it’s time to garden. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in uncategorized 					| 					 					| 					comments off on (dis)association 				 			 			 				i have measured out my life in doodle polls 				wednesday, april , 				 you know that song? the one you really liked the first time you heard it? and even the fifth or fifteenth? but now your skin crawls when you hear it? that’s me and doodle. in the last three months i have filled out at least a dozen doodle polls for various meetings outside my organization. i complete these polls at work, where my two-monitor setup means i can review my outlook calendar while scrolling through a doodle poll with dozens of date and time options. i don’t like to inflict doodle polls on our library admin because she has her hands full enough, including managing my real calendar. i have largely given up on earmarking dates on my calendar for these polls, and i just wait for the inevitable scheduling conflicts that come up. some of these polls have so many options i would have absolutely no time left on my calendar for work meetings, many of which need to be made on fairly short notice. not only that, i gird my loins for the inevitable “we can’t find a date, we’re doodling again” messages that mean once again, i’m going to spend minutes checking my calendar against a doodle poll. i understand the allure of doodle; when i first “met” doodle, i was in love. at last, a way to pick meeting dates without long, painful email threads! but we’re now deep into the tragedy of the doodle commons, with no relief in sight. here are some doodle ideas–you may have your own to toss in. first, when possible, before doodling, i ask for blackout dates. that narrows the available date/time combos and helps reduce the “we gotta doodle again” scenarios. second, if your poll requires more than a little right-scrolling, reconsider how many options you’re providing. a poll with options might as well be asking me to block out april. and i can’t do that. third, i have taken exactly one poll where the pollster chose to suppress other people’s responses, and i hope to never see that again. there is a whole gaming side to doodling in which early respondents get to drive the dates that are selected, and suppressing other’s responses eliminates that capability. plus i want to know who has and hasn’t responded, and yes, i may further game things when i have that information. also, if you don’t have to doodle, just say no. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in uncategorized 					| 					 					| 					comments ( ) 				 			 			 				memento dmv 				saturday, march , 				 this morning i spent minutes in the appointment line at the santa rosa dmv to get my license renewed and converted to real id, but was told i was “too early” to renew my license, which expires in september, so i have to return after i receive my renewal notice. i could have converted to real id today, but i would still need to return to renew my license, at least as it was explained to me, and i do hope that was correct. cc by . , https://wellcomecollection.org/works/m wh kmc but–speaking as a librarian, and therefore from a profession steeped in resource management–i predict chaos in if dmv doesn’t rethink their workflow. we’re months out from october , the point at which people will not be able to board domestic flights if they don’t have a real id or a valid passport, or another (and far less common) substitute. then again, california dmv is already in chaos. their longtime leader retired, the replacement lasted days, and their new leader has been there ca. days. last year featured the license renewal debacle, which i suspect impacted the man standing behind me. he said he was there to apply for his license again because he never received the one he applied for last fall. and california dmv is one of states that still needs a real id extension because it didn’t have it together on time. indeed, i was on the appointment line, and nearly everyone in that line was on their second visit to dmv for the task they were trying to accomplish, and not for lack of preparation on their part. some of that was due to various dmv crises, and some of it is baked into dmv processes. based on how their current policies were explained to me today at window , i should never have been on that line in the first place; somewhere, in the online appointment process, the dmv should have prevented me from completing that task. i needlessly took up staff time at dmv. but the bigger problem is a system that gets in its own way, like libraries that lock book drops during the day to force users to enter the libraries to return books. with me standing there at window with my online appointment, my license, and my four types of id, the smart thing to do would be to complete the process and get me out of the pipeline of real id applicants–or any other dmv activity. but that didn’t happen. and i suspect i’m just one drop in a big, and overflowing, bucket. i suppose an adroit side move is to ensure your passport is current, but i hope we don’t reach the point where we need a passport to travel in our own country. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in uncategorized 					| 					 					| 					comments off on memento dmv 				 			 			 				an old-skool blog post 				friday, march , 				 i get up early these days and get stuff done — banking and other elder-care tasks for my mother, leftover work from the previous day, association or service work. a lot of this is writing, but it’s not writing. i have a half-dozen unfinished blog posts in wordpress, and even more in my mind. i map them out and they are huge topics, so then i don’t write them. but looking back at the early days of this blog — years ago! — i didn’t write long posts. i still wrote long-form for other media, but my blog posts were very much in the moment. so this is an old-skool post designed to ease me back in the writing habit. i’ll strive for twice a week, which is double the output of the original blogger, samuel johnson. i’ll post for minutes and move on to other things. i am an association nerd, and i spend a lot of time thinking about associations of all kinds, particularly the american library association, the american homebrewers association, the american rose society, the redwood empire rose society, the local library advisory boards, my church, and our neighborhood association. serving on the ala steering committee on organizational effectiveness, i’m reminded of a few indelible truths. one is that during the change management process you need to continuously monitor the temperature of the association you’re trying to change and in the words of one management pundit, keep fiddling with the thermostat. an association didn’t get that big or bureaucratic overnight, and it’s not going to get agile overnight, either. another is that the same people show up in each association, and–more interesting to me–stereotypes are not at play in determining who the change agents are. i had a great reminder of that years ago, when i served as the library director for one of those tiny barbie dream libraries in upstate new york, and i led the migration from a card catalog to a shared system in a consortium. too many people assumed that the library staff–like so many employees in these libraries, all female, and nearly all older women married to retired spouses–would be resistant to this change. in fact, they loved this change. they were fully on board with the relearning process and they were delighted and proud that they were now part of a larger system where they could not only request books from other libraries but sometimes even lend books as well from our wee collection. there were changes they and the trustees resisted, and that was a good lesson too, but the truism of older women resisting technology was dashed against the rocks of reality. my minutes are up. i am going in early today because i need to print things, not because i am an older woman who fears technology but because our home printer isn’t working and i can’t trust that i’ll have seatback room on my flight to chicago to open my laptop and read the ala executive board manual electronically, let alone annotate it or mark it up. i still remember the time i was on a flight, using my rpod (red pen of death, a fine-point red-ink sharpie) to revise an essay, and the passenger next to me turned toward me wide-eyed and whispered, “are you a teacher?” such is the power of rpod, an objective correlative that can immediately evoke the fear of correction from decades ago. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in american liberry ass'n, association nerd 					| 					 					| 					comments ( ) 				 			 			 				keeping council 				saturday, january , 				 editorial note: over half of this post was composed in july . at the time, this post could have been seen as politically neutral (where ala is the political landscape i’m referring to) but tilted toward change and reform. since then, events have transpired. i revised this post in november, but at the time hesitated to post it because events were still transpiring. today, in january , i believe even more strongly in what i write here, but take note that the post didn’t have a hidden agenda when i wrote it, and, except where noted, it still reflects my thoughts from last july, regardless of ensuing events. my agendas tend to be fairly straightforward. — kgs   original post, in which councilors are urged to council edits in noted with bolding. as of july , i am back on ala council for my fifth (non-consecutive) term since joining the american library association in . in june i attended council orientation, and though it was excellent–the whole idea that councilors would benefit from an introduction to the process is a beneficial concept that emerged over the last two decades–it did make me reflect on what i would add if there had been a follow-on conversation with sitting councilors called “sharing the wisdom.” i was particularly alerted to that by comments during orientation which pointed up a traditional view of the council process where ala’s largest governing body is largely inactive for over days a year, only rousing when we prepare to meet face to face. take or leave what i say here, or boldly contradict me, but it does come from an abundance of experience. you are a councilor year-round most newly-elected councilors “take their seats” immediately after the annual conference following their election — a factoid with significance. council, as a body, struggles with being a year-round entity that takes action twice a year during highly-condensed meetings during a conference with many other things happening. i have written about this before, in a dryly wonky post from that also addresses council’s composition and the role of chapters. i proposed that council meet four times a year, in a solstice-and-equinox model. two of those meetings (the “solstice” meetings) could  be online. (as far back as i was hinting around about the overhead and carbon footprint of midwinter.) i doubt midwinter will go to an online format even within the next decade–it’s a moneymaker for ala, if less so than before, and ala’s change cycle is glacial–but the proposal was intended to get people thinking about how council does, and doesn’t, operate. in lieu of any serious reconsideration of council, here are some thoughts. first, think of yourself as a year-round councilor, even if you do not represent a constituency such as a state chapter or a division that meets and takes action outside of ala. have at least a passing familiarity with the ala policy manual. bookmark it and be prepared to reference it. get familiar with ala’s financial model through the videos that explain things such as the operating agreement. read and learn about ala. share news. read the reports shared on the list, and post your thoughts and your questions. think critically about what you’re reading. it’s possible to love your association, believe with your heart that it has a bright future, and still raise your eyebrows about pat responses to budget questions, reassurances that membership figures and publishing revenue will rebound, and glib responses about the value of units such as the planning and budget assembly. come to council prepared. read everything you can in advance, speak with other councilors, and apply solid reflection, and research if needed, before you finish packing for your trip. preparation requires an awareness that you will be deluged with reading just as you are struggling to button up work at your library and preparing to be away for nearly a week, so skimming is essential. i focus on issues where i know i can share expertise, and provide input when i can. also, i am proud we do memorial resolutions and other commemorations but i don’t dwell on them in advance unless i have helped write them or had close familiarity with the people involved. fee, fie, foe, forum coming prepared to council is one of those values council has struggled with. looking at the council list for the week prior to annual , the only conversation was a discussion about the relocation of the council forum meeting room from one hotel to another, complete with an inquiry asking if ala could rent a special bus to tote councilors to and from the forum hotel. council forum is an informal convening that has taken place for decades to enable council to discuss resolutions and other actions outside of the strictures of parliamentary procedure. it meets three times during ala, in the evening, and though it is optional, i agree with the councilor who noted that important work happens at this informal gathering. i am conflicted about forum. it allows substantive discussion about key resolutions to happen outside of the constrictive frameworks of parliamentary procedure. forum is also well-run, with volunteer councilors managing the conversation. but forum also appears to have morphed into a substitute for reading and conversation in advance. it also means that councilors have to block out yet more time to do “the work of the association,” which in turn takes us away from other opportunities during the few days we are together as an association. i don’t say this to whine about the sacrifice of giving up dinners and networking with ala colleagues, though those experiences are important to me, but rather to point out that forum as a necessary-but-optional council activity takes a silo–that brobdingnabian body that is ala council–and further silos it. that can’t be good for ala. as councilors, we benefit from cross-pollination with the work of the association. resolved: to tread lightly with resolutions new councilors, and i was one of them once, are eager to solve ala’s problems by submitting resolutions. indeed, there are new councilors who see resolutions as the work of council, and there have been round tables and other units that clearly saw their work as generating reams of lightly-edited, poorly-written resolutions just prior to and during the conference. there are at least three questions to ask before submitting a resolution (other than memorial and other commemorative resolutions): 	can the resolution itself help solve a problem? 	has it been coordinated with the units and people involved in the issue it addresses? 	is it clear and well-written? there are other questions worth considering, such as, if the issue this resolution proposed to address cropped up a month after council met, would you still push it online with your council colleagues, or ask the ala executive board to address it? which is another way to ask, is it important? tread lightly with twitter overall, since coming through the stress of living through the santa rosa fires, i’m feeling weary, and perhaps wary, of social media. though i appreciate the occasional microbursts taking on idiots insulting libraries and so on, right now much of social media feels at once small and overwrought. if i seem quieter on social media, that’s true. (but i have had more conversations with neighbors and area residents during and after the fires than i have since we moved to santa rosa in early , and those convos are the real thing.) more problematically, as useful as twitter can be for following real-world issues–including ala–twitter also serves as a place where people go to avoid the heavy lifting involved with crucial conversations. i find i like #alacouncil twitter best when it is gently riffing on itself or amplifying action that the larger ala body would benefit hearing about. [the following, to the end of this post, is all new content] i like #alacouncil twitter least when it is used as a substitute for authentic conversation, used to insult other councilors, or otherwise undermining the discourse taking place in the meatware world. twitter is also particularly good at the unthinking pile-on, and many people have  vulnerabilities in this area that are easily exploited. sometimes those pile-ons hit me close to home, as happened a little over a year ago. other times these pile-ons serve only to amuse the minx in me, such as when a famous author (™) recently scolded me for “trafficking in respectability politics” because i was recommending a list of books written by writers from what our fearless leader calls “s–thole countries.” guilty as charged! indeed, i have conducted two studies where a major theme was “do i look too gay?” i basically have a ph.d. in respectability politics. and like all writers–including famous author (™)–i traffic in them. i chuckled and walked on by. walking on by, on twitter, takes different forms. as an administrator, i practice a certain pleasant-but-not-sugary facial expression that stays on my face regardless of what’s going on in my head. i’m not denying my emotions, which would be the sugary face; i’m managing them. it’s a kind of discipline that also helps me fjord difficult conversations, in which the discipline of managing my face also helps me manage my brain. the equivalent of my admin face for me for #alacouncil twitter is to exercise the mute button. i have found it invaluable. people don’t know they are muted (or unmuted). if only real life had mute buttons–can you imagine how much better some meetings would be if you could click a button and the person speaking would be silenced, unaware that you couldn’t hear them? everyone wins. but that aside, i have yet to encounter a situation on twitter when–for me–muting was the wrong call. it’s as if you stepped off the elevator and got away from that person smacking gum. another car will be along momentarily. my last thought on this post has to do with adding the term “sitting” before councilors in the first part of this post. when i was not on council i tried very hard not to be “that” former councilor who is always kibitizing behind scene, sending councilors messages about how things should be and how, in the s, ala did something bad and therefore we can never vote online because nobody knows how to find ala connect and it’s all a nefarious plot hatched by the ala president, his dimwitted sycophants, and the executive board, and why can’t my division have more representation because after all we’re the -pound gorilla (ok, i just got political, but you’ll note i left out anything about what should or should not be required for a very special job). yes, once in a while i sent a note if i thought it was helpful, the way some of my very ala-astute friends will whisper in my ear about policy and process i may be unfamiliar with. michael golrick, a very connected ala friend of mine, must have a third brain hemisphere devoted to the ala policy manual and bylaws. and during a time when i was asking a lot of questions about the ala budget (boiling down to one question: who do you think you’re fooling?), i was humbled by the pantheon of ala luminaries whispering in my ear, providing encouragement as well as crucial guidance and information. but when i am no longer part of something, i am mindful that things can and should change and move on, and that i may not have enough information to inform that change. we don’t go to ala in horse-and-buggies any more, but we conduct business as if we do, and when we try to change that, the fainting couches are rolled out and the smelling salts waved around as if we had, say, attempted to change the ala motto, which is, i regret to inform you, “the best reading, for the largest number, at the least cost”–and yes, attempts to change that have been defeated. my perennial question is, if you were starting an association today, how would it function? if the answer is “as it did in ” (when that motto was adopted), perhaps your advice on a current situation is less salient than you fancy. you may succeed at what you’re doing, but that doesn’t make you right. and with that, i go off to courthouse square today to make exactly that point about events writ much, much larger, and of greater significance, than our fair association. but i believe how we govern makes a difference, and i believe in libraries and library workers, and i believe in ala. especially today. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in american liberry ass'n, librarianship 					| 					 					| 					comments ( ) 				 			 			 				what burns away 				thursday, november , 				 we are among the lucky ones. we did not lose our home. we did not spend day after day evacuated, waiting to learn the fate of where we live. we never lost power or internet. we had three or four days where we were mildly inconvenienced because pg&e wisely turned off gas to many neighborhoods, but we showered at the ymca and cooked on an electric range we had been planning to upgrade to gas later this fall (and just did, but thank you, humble frigidaire electric range, for being there to let me cook out my anxiety). we kept our go-bags near the car, and then we kept our go-bags in the car, and then, when it seemed safe, we took them out again. that, and ten days of indoor living and wearing masks when we went out, was all we went through. but we all bear witness. the foreshadowing it began with a five-year drought that crippled forests and baked plains, followed by an soaking-wet winter and a lush  spring that crowded the hillsides with greenery. summer temperatures hit records several times, and the hills dried out as they always do right before autumn, but this time unusually crowded with parched foliage and growth. the air in santa rosa was hot and dry that weekend, an absence of humidity you could snap between your fingers. in the southwest section of the city, where we live, nothing seemed unusual. like many homes in santa rosa our home does not have air conditioning, so for comfort’s sake i grilled our dinner, our -foot backyard fence buffering any hint of the winds gathering speed northeast of us. we watched tv and went to bed early. less than an hour later one of several major fires would be born just miles east of where we slept. reports vary, but accounts agree it was windy that sunday night, with windspeeds ranging between and miles per hour, and a gust northwest of santa rosa reaching nearly miles per hour. if the diablo winds were not consistently hurricane-strength, they were exceptionally fast, hot, and dry, and they meant business. a time-lapse map of calls shows the first reports of downed power lines and transformers coming in around pm.  the tubbs fire was named for a road that is named for a th-century winemaker who lived in a house in  calistoga that burned to the ground in an eerily similar fire in . in three hours this fire sped miles southwest, growing in size and intent as it gorged on hundreds and then thousands of homes in its way, breaching city limits and expeditiously laying waste to homes in the fountaingrove district before it tore through the journey’s end mobile home park, then reared back on its haunches and leapt across a six-lane divided section of highway , whereupon it gobbled up big-box stores and fast food restaurants flanking cleveland avenue, a business road parallel to the highway.  its swollen belly, fat with miles of fuel, dragged over the area and took out buildings in the  the random manner of fires. kohl’s and kmart were totaled and trader joe’s was badly damaged, while across the street from kmart, joann fabrics was untouched. the fire demolished one mexican restaurant, hopscotched over another, and feasted on a gun shop before turning its ravenous maw toward the quiet middle-class neighborhood of coffey park, making short work of thousands more homes. santa rosa proper is itself only square miles, approximately miles north-south and miles east-west, including the long tail of homes flanking the annadel mountains. by the time kohl’s was collapsing, the “wildfire” was less than miles from our home. i woke up around am, which i tend to do a lot anyway. i walked outside and smelled smoke, saw people outside their homes looking around, and went on twitter and facebook. there i learned of a local fire, forgotten by most in the larger conflagration, but duly noted in brief by the press democrat: a large historic home at th and pierson burned to the ground, possibly from  a downed transformer, and the fire licked the edge of the santa rosa creek trail for another feet. others in the west end have reported the same experience of reading about the th street house fire on social media and struggling to reconcile the reports of this fire with reports of panic and flight from areas north of us and videos of walls of flame. at am i received a call that the university had activated its emergency operations center and i asked if i should report in. i showered and dressed, packed a change of clothes in a tote bag, threw my bag of important documents in my purse, and drove south on my usual route to work, petaluma hill road. the hills east of the road flickered with fire, the road itself was packed with fleeing drivers, and halfway to campus i braked at mph when a massive buck sprang inches in front of my car, not running in that “oops, is this a road?” way deer usually cross lanes of traffic but yawing too and fro, its eyes wide. i still wonder, was it hurt or dying. as i drove onto campus i thought, the cleaning crew. i parked at the library and walked through the building, already permeated with smoky air. i walked as quietly as i could, so that if they were anywhere in the building i would hear them. as i walked through the silent building i wondered, is this the last time i will see these books? these computers? the new chairs i’m so proud of? i then went to the eoc and found the cleaning crew had been accounted for, which was a relief. at least there was food and beer a few hours later i went home. we had a good amount of food in the house, but like many of us who were part of this disaster but not immediately affected by it, i decided to stock up. the entire santa rosa marketplace– costco and trader joe’s, target–on santa rosa avenue was closed, and oliver’s had a line outside of people waiting to get in. i went to the “g&g safeway”–the one that took over a down-at-the-heels family market known as g&g and turned it into a spiffy market with a wine bar, no less–and it was without power, but open for business and, thanks to a backup system, able to take atm cards. i had emergency cash on me but was loathe to use it until i had to. sweating through an n mask i donned to protect my lungs, i wheeled my cart through the dark store, selecting items that would provide protein and carbs if we had to stuff them in our go-bags, but also fresh fruit and vegetables, dairy and eggs–things i thought we might not see for a while, depending on how the disaster panned out. (note, we do already have emergency food, water, and other supplies.) the cold case for beer was off-limits–safeway was trying to retain the cold in its freezer and fridge cases in case it could save the food–but there was a pile of cases of lagunitas lil sumpin sumpin on sale, so that with a couple of bottles of local wine went home with me too. and with one wild interlude, for most of the rest of the time we stayed indoors with the windows closed.  i sent out email updates and made phone calls, kept my phone charged and read every nexil alert, and people at work checked in with one another. my little green library emergency contact card stayed in my back pocket the entire time. we watched tv and listened to the radio, including extraordinary local coverage by ksro, the little station that could; patrolled newspapers and social media; and rooted for sheriff rob, particularly after his swift smack-down of a bogus, breitbart-fueled report that an undocumented person had started the fires. our home was unoccupied for a long time before we moved in this september, possibly up to a decade, while it was slowly but carefully upgraded. the electric range was apparently an early purchase; it was a line long discontinued by frigidaire, with humble electric coils. but it had been unused until we arrived, and was in perfect condition. if an electric range could express gratitude for finally being useful, this one did. i used it to cook homey meals: pork loin crusted with smithfield bacon; green chili cornbread; and my sui generis meatloaf, so named because every time i make it, i grind and add meat scraps from the freezer for a portion of the meat mixture. (it would be several weeks before i felt comfortable grilling again.) we cooked. we stirred. we sauteed. we waited. on wednesday, we had to run an errand. to be truthful, it was an amazon delivery purchased that saturday, when the world was normal, and sent to an amazon locker at the capacious whole foods at coddington mall, a good place to send a package until the mall closes down because the northeast section of the city is out of power and threatened by a massive wildfire. by wednesday, whole foods had reopened, and after picking up my silly little order–a gadget that holds soda cans in the fridge–we drove past russian river brewing company and saw it was doing business, so we had salad and beer for lunch, because it’s a luxury to have beer at lunch and the fires were raging and it’s so hard to get seating there nights and weekends, when i have time to go there, but there we were. we asked our waiter how he was doing, and he said he was fine but he motioned to the table across from ours, where a family was enjoying pizza and beer, and he said they had lost their homes. there were many people striving for routine during the fires, and to my surprise, even the city planning office returned correspondence regarding some work we have planned for our new home, offering helpful advice on the permitting process required for minor improvements for homes in historic districts. because it turns out developers and engineers could serenely ignore local codes and build entire neighborhoods in santa rosa in areas known to be vulnerable to wildfire; but to replace bare dirt with a little white wooden picket fence, or to restore front windows from s-style plate glass to double-hung wooden windows with mullions–projects intended to reinstate our house to its historic accuracy, and to make it more welcoming–requires a written justification of the project, accompanying photos, “proposed elevations (with landscape plan if you are significantly altering landscape) ( copies),” five copies of a paper form, a neighborhood context and vicinity map provided by the city, and a check for $ , followed by “ - weeks” before a decision is issued. the net result of this process is like the codes about not building on ridges, though much less dangerous; most people ignore the permitting process, so that the historic set piece that is presumably the goal is instead rife with anachronisms. and of course, first i had to bone up on the residential building code and the historic district guidelines, which contradict one another on key points, and because the permitting process is poorly documented i have an email traffic thread rivaling in word count byron’s letters to his lovers. but the planning people are very pleasant, and we all seemed to take comfort in plodding through the administrivia of city bureaucracy as if we were not all sheltering in place, masks over our noses and mouths, go-bags in our cars, while fires raged just miles from their office and our home. the wild interlude, or, i have waited my entire career for this moment regarding the wild interlude, the first thing to know about my library career is that nearly everywhere i have gone where i have had the say-so to make things happen, i have implemented key management. that mishmosh of keys in  a drawer, the source of so much strife and arguments, becomes an orderly key locker with numbered labels. it doesn’t happen overnight, because keys are control and control is political and politics are what we tussle about in libraries because we don’t have that much money, but it happens. sometimes i even succeed in convincing people to sign keys out so we know who has them. other times i convince people to buy a locker with a keypad so we sidestep the question of where the key to the key locker is kept. but mostly, i leave behind the lockers, and, i hope, an appreciation for lockers. i realize it’s not quite as impressive as founding the library of alexandria, and it’s not what people bring up when i am introduced as a keynote speaker, and i have never had anyone ask for a tour of my key lockers nor have i ever been solicited to write a peer-reviewed article on key lockers. however unheralded, it’s a skill. my memory insists it was tuesday, but the calendar says it was late monday night when i received a call that the police could not access a door to an area of the library where we had high-value items. it would turn out that this was a rogue lock, installed sometime soon after the library opened in , that unlike others did not have a master registered with the campus, an issue we have since rectified. but in any event, the powers that be had the tremendous good fortune to contact the person who has been waiting her entire working life to prove beyond doubt that key lockers are important. after a brief internal conversation with myself, i silently nixed the idea of offering to walk someone through finding the key. i said i knew where the key was, and i could be there in twenty minutes to find it. i wasn’t entirely sure this was the case, because as obsessed as i am with key lockers, this year i have been preoccupied with things such as my deanly duties, my doctoral degree completion, national association work, our home purchase and household move, and the selection of geegaws like our new gas range (double oven! center griddle!). this means i had not spend a lot of time perusing this key locker’s manifest. so there was an outside chance i would have to find the other key, located somewhere in an another department, which would require a few more phone calls. i was also in that liminal state between sleep and waking; i had been asleep for two hours after being up since am, and i would have agreed to do just about anything. within minutes i was dressed and again driving down petaluma hill road, still busy with fleeing cars.  the mountain ridges to the east of the road roiled with flames, and i gripped the steering wheel, watching for more animals bolting from fire. once in the library, now sour with smoke, i ran up the stairs into my office suite and to the key locker, praying hard that the key i sought was in it. my hands shook. there it was, its location neatly labeled by the key czarina who with exquisite care had overseen the organization of the key locker. the me who lives in the here-and-now profusely thanked past me for my legacy of key management, with a grateful nod to the key czarina as well. what a joy it is to be able to count on people! items were packed up, and off they rolled. after a brief check-in at the eoc, home i went, to a night of “fire sleep”–waking every minutes to sniff the air and ask, is fire approaching?–a type of sleep i would have for the next ten days, and occasionally even now. how we speak to one another in the here and now every time sandy and i interact with people, we ask, how are you. not, hey, how are ya, where the expected answer is “fine, thanks” even if you were just turned down for a mortgage or your mother died. but no, really, how are you. like, fire-how-are-you. and people usually tell you, because everyone has a story. answers range from: i’m ok, i live in petaluma or sebastopol or bodega bay (in soco terms, far from the fire), to i’m ok but i opened my home to family/friends/people who evacuated or lost their homes; or, i’m ok but we evacuated for a week; or, as the guy from home depot said, i’m ok and so is my wife, my daughter, and our cats, but we lost our home. sometimes they tell you and they change the subject, and sometimes they stop and tell you the whole story: when they first smelled smoke, how they evacuated, how they learned they did or did not lose their home. sometimes they have before-and-after photos they show you. sometimes they slip it in between other things, like our cat sitter, who mentioned that she lost her apartment in fountaingrove and her cat died in the fire but in a couple of weeks she would have a home and she’d be happy to cat-sit for us. now, post-fire, we live in that tritest of phrases, a new normal. the library opened that first half-day back, because i work with people who like me believe that during disasters libraries should be the first buildings open and the last to close. i am proud to report the library also housed nomacares, a resource center for those at our university affected by the fire. that first friday back we held our library operations meeting, and we shared our stories, and that was hard but good. but we also resumed regular activity, and soon the study tables and study rooms were full of students, meetings were convened, work was resumed, and the gears of life turned. but the gears turned forward, not back. because there is no way back. i am a city mouse, and part of moving to santa rosa was our decision to live in a highly citified section, which turned out to be a lucky call. but my mental model of city life has been forever twisted by this fire. i drive on just four miles north of our home, and there is the unavoidable evidence of a fire boldly leaping into an unsuspecting city. i go to the fabric store, and i pass twisted blackened trees and a gun store totaled that first night. i drive to and from work with denuded hills to my east a constant reminder. but that’s as it should be. even if we sometimes need respite from those reminders–people talk about taking new routes so they won’t see scorched hills and devastated neighborhoods–we cannot afford to forget. sandy and i have moved around the country in our years together, and we have seen clues everywhere that things are changing and we need to take heed. people like to lapse into the old normal, but it is not in our best interests to do so. all of our stories are different. but we share a collective loss of innocence, and we can never return to where we were. we can only move forward, changed by the fire, changed forever. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in santa rosa living 					| 					 					| 					comments off on what burns away 				 			 			 				neutrality is anything but 				saturday, august , 				 “we watch people dragged away and sucker-punched at rallies as they clumsily try to be an early-warning system for what they fear lies ahead.” — unwittingly prophetic me, march, . sheet cake photo by flickr user glane . cc by . sometime after last november, i realized something very strange was happening with my clothes. my slacks had suddenly shrunk, even if i hadn’t washed them. after months of struggling to keep myself buttoned into my clothes, i gave up and purchased slacks and jeans one size larger. i call them my t***p pants. this post is about two things. it is about the lessons librarians are learning in this frightening era about the nuances and qualifications shadowing our deepest core values–an era so scary that quite a few of us, as tina fey observed, have acquired t***p pants. and it’s also some advice, take it or leave it, on how to “be” in this era. i suspect many librarians have had the same thoughts i have been sharing with a close circle of colleagues. most librarians take pride in our commitment to free speech. we see ourselves as open to all viewpoints. but in today’s new normal, we have seen that even we have limits. this week, the acrl board of directors put out a statement condemning the violence in charlottesville. that was the easy part. the board then stated, “acrl is unwavering in its long-standing commitment to free exchange of different viewpoints, but what happened in charlottesville was not that; instead, it was terrorism masquerading as free expression.” you can look at what happened in charlottesville and say there was violence “from many sides,” some of it committed by “very fine people” who just happen to be nazis surrounded by their own private militia of heavily-armed white nationalists. or you can look at charlottesville and see terrorism masquerading as free expression, where triumphant hordes descended upon a small university town under the guise of protecting some lame-ass statue of an american traitor, erected sixty years after the end of the civil war, not coincidentally during a very busy era for the klan. decent people know the real reason the nazis were in charlottesville: to tell us they are empowered and emboldened by our highest elected leader. there is no middle ground. you can’t look at charlottesville and see everyday people innocently exercising first amendment rights. as i and many others have argued for some time now, libraries are not neutral.  barbara fister argues, “we stand for both intellectual freedom and against bigotry and hate, which means some freedoms are not countenanced.” she goes on to observe, “we don’t have all the answers, but some answers are wrong.” it goes to say that if some answers are wrong, so are some actions. in these extraordinary times, i found myself for the first time ever thinking the aclu had gone too far; that there is a difference between an unpopular stand, and a stand that is morally unjustifiable. so i was relieved when the national aclu concurred with its three northern california chapters that “if white supremacists march into our towns armed to the teeth and with the intent to harm people, they are not engaging in activity protected by the united states constitution. the first amendment should never be used as a shield or sword to justify violence.” but i was also sad, because once again, our innocence has been punctured and our values qualified. every asterisk we put after “free speech” is painful. it may be necessary and important pain, but it is painful all the same. many librarians are big-hearted people who like to think that our doors are open to everyone and that all viewpoints are welcome, and that enough good ideas, applied frequently, will change people. and that is actually very true, in many cases, and if i didn’t think it was true i would conclude i was in the wrong profession. but we can’t change people who don’t want to be changed. listen to this edition of the daily, a podcast from the new york times, where american fascists plan their activities. these are not people who are open to reason. as david lankes wrote, “there are times when a community must face the fact that parts of that community are simply antithetical to the ultimate mission of a library.” we urgently need to be as one voice as a profession around these issues. i was around for–was part of–the “filtering wars” of the s, when libraries grappled with the implications of the internet bringing all kinds of content into libraries, which also challenged our core values. when you’re hand-selecting the materials you share with your users, you can pretend you’re open to all points of view. the internet challenged that pretense, and we struggled and fought, and were sometimes divided by opportunistic outsiders. we are fortunate to have strong ala leadership this year. the ala board and president came up swinging on tuesday with an excellent presser that stated unequivocally that “the vile and racist actions and messages of the white supremacist and neo-nazi groups in charlottesville are in stark opposition to the ala’s core values,” a statement that (in the tradition of ensuring chapters speak first) followed a strong statement from our virginia state association.  arl also chimed in with a stemwinder of a statement.  i’m sure we’ll see more. but ala’s statement also describes the mammoth horns of the library dilemma. as i wrote colleagues, “my problem is i want to say i believe in free speech and yet every cell in my body resists the idea that we publicly support white supremacy by giving it space in our meeting rooms.” if you are in a library institution that has very little likelihood of exposure to this or similar crises, the answers can seem easy, and our work appears done. but for more vulnerable libraries, it is crucial that we are ready to speak with one voice, and that we be there for those libraries when they need us. how we get there is the big question. i opened this post with an anecdote about my t***p pants, and i’ll wrap it up with a concern. it is so easy on social media to leap in to condemn, criticize, and pick apart ideas. take this white guy, in an internet rag, the week after the election, chastising people for not doing enough.  you know what’s not enough? sitting on twitter bitching about other people not doing enough. this week, siva vaidhyanathan posted a spirited defense of a tina fey skit where she addressed the stress and anxiety of these political times.  siva is in the center of the storm, which gives him the authority to state an opinion about a sketch about charlottesville. i thought fey’s skit was insightful on many fronts. it addressed the humming anxiety women have felt since last november (if not earlier). it was–repeatedly–slyly critical of inaction: “love is love, colin.” it even had a ru paul joke. a lot of people thought it was funny, but then the usual critics came out to call it naive, racist, un-funny, un-woke, advocating passivity, whatever. we are in volatile times, and there are provocateurs from outside, but also from inside. think. breathe. step away from the keyboard. take a walk. get to know the mute button in twitter and the unfollow feature in facebook. pull yourself together and think about what you’re reading, and what you’re planning to say. interrogate your thinking, your motives, your reactions. i’ve read posts by librarians deriding their peers for creating subject guides on charlottesville, saying instead we should be punching nazis. get a grip. first off, in real life, that scenario is unlikely to transpire. you, buried in that back cubicle in that library department, behind three layers of doors, are not encountering a nazi any time soon, and if you did, i recommend fleeing, because that wackdoodle is likely accompanied by a trigger-happy militiaman carrying a loaded gun. (there is an entire discussion to be had about whether violence to violence is the politically astute response, but that’s for another day.) second, most librarians understand that their everyday responses to what is going on in the world are not in and of themselves going to defeat the rise of fascism in america. but we are information specialists and it’s totally wonderful and cool to respond to our modern crisis with information, and we need to be supportive and not go immediately into how we are all failing the world. give people a positive framework for more action, not scoldings for not doing enough. in any volatile situation, we need to slow the eff down and ask how we’re being manipulated and to what end; that is a lesson the aclu just learned the hard way. my colleague michael stephens is known for saying, “speak with a human voice.” i love his advice, and i would add, make it the best human voice you have. we need one another, more than we know.   bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in intellectual freedom, librarianship 					| 					 					| 					comments ( ) 				 			 			 				mpow in the here and now 				sunday, april , 				 sometimes we have monsters and ufos, but for the most part it’s a great place to work i have coined a few biblioneologisms in my day, but the one that has had the longest legs is mpow (my place of work), a convenient, mildly-masking shorthand for one’s institution. for the last four years i haven’t had the bandwidth to coin neologisms, let alone write about mpow*. this silence could be misconstrued. i love what i do, and i love where i am. i work with a great team on a beautiful campus for a university that is undergoing a lot of good change. we are just wrapping up the first phase of a visioning project to help our large, well-lit building serve its communities well for the decades to come. we’re getting ready to join the other csu libraries on onesearch, our first-ever unified library management system. we have brought on some great hires, thrown some great events (the last one featured four black panthers talking about their life work — wow!). with a new dean (me) and a changing workforce, we are developing our own personality. it’s all good… and getting better the library was doing well when i arrived, so my job was to revitalize and switch it up. as noted in one of the few posts about mpow, the libraries in my system were undergoing their own reassessment, and that has absorbed a fair amount of our attention, but we continue to move forward. sometimes it’s the little things. you may recall i am unreasonably proud of the automated table of contents i generated for my dissertation, and i also feel that way about mpow’s slatwall book displays, which in ten areas beautifully market new materials in spaces once occupied by prison-industry bookcases or ugly carpet and unused phones (what were the phones for? perhaps we will never know). the slatwall was a small project that was a combination of expertise i brought from other libraries, good teamwork at mpow, and knowing folks. the central problem was answered quickly by an email to a colleague in my doctoral program (hi, cindy!) who manages public libraries where i saw the displays i thought would be a good fit. the team selected the locations, a staff member with an eye for design recommended the color, everyone loves it, and the books fly off the shelves. if there is any complaining, it is that we need more slatwall. installed slatwall needs to wait until we know if we are moving/removing walls as part of our building improvements. a bigger holdup is that we need to hire an access services manager, and really, anything related to collections needs the insight of a collections librarian. people… who need people… but we had failed searches for both these positions… in the case of collections, twice. *cue mournful music* we have filled other positions with great people now doing great things, and are on track to fill more positions, but these two, replacing people who have retired, are frustrating us. the access services position is a managerial role, and the collections librarian is a tenure-track position. both offer a lot of opportunity. we are relaunching both searches very soon (i’ll post a brief update when that happens), and here’s my pitch. if you think you might qualify for either position, please apply. give yourself the benefit of the doubt. if you know someone who would be a good fit for either position, ask them to apply. i recently mentored someone who was worried about applying to a position. “will that library hold it against me if i am not qualified?” the answer is of course not!  (and if they do, well, you dodged that bullet!) i have watched far too many people self-select out of positions they were qualified for (hrrrrmmmm particularly one gender…). qualification means expertise + capacity + potential. we expect this to be a bit of a stretch to you. if a job is really good, most days will have a “fake it til you make it” quality. this is also not a “sink or swim” institution. if it ever was, those days are in the dim past, long before i arrived. the climate is positive. people do great things and we do our best to support them. i see our collective responsibility as an organization as to help one another succeed. never mind me and my preoccupation with slatwall (think of it as something to keep the dean busy and happy, like a baby with a binky). we are a great team, a great library, on a great campus, and we’re a change-friendly group with a minimum of organizational issues, and i mean it. i have worked enough places to put my hand on a bible and swear to that. it has typical organizational challenges, and it’s a work in progress… as are we all. the area is crazily expensive, but it’s also really beautiful and so convenient for any lifestyle. you like city? we got city. you like suburb, or ocean, or mountain, or lake? we got that! anyway, that’s where i am with mpow: i’m happy enough, and confident enough, to use this blog post to beg you oh please help us fill these positions. the people who join us will be glad you did. ### *   sidebar: the real hilarity of coining neologisms is that quite often someone, generally of a gender i do not identify with, will heatedly object to the term, as happened in when i coined the term biblioblogosphere. then, as i noted in that post from , others will defend it. that leads me to believe that creating new words is the linguistic version of lifting one’s hind leg on a tree. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in uncategorized 					| 					 					| 					comments ( ) 				 			 			 				questions i have been asked about doctoral programs 				wednesday, march , 				 about six months ago i was visiting another institution when someone said to me, “oh, i used to read your blog, back in the day.” ah yes, back in the day, that pleistocene era when i wasn’t working on a phd while holding down a big job and dealing with the rest of life’s shenanigans. so now the phd is done–i watched my committee sign the signature page, two copies of it, even, before we broke out the champers and celebrated–and here i am again. not blogging every day, as i did once upon a time, but still freer to put virtual pen to electronic paper as the spirit moves me. i have a lot to catch up on–for example, i understand there was an election last fall, and i hear it may not have gone my way–but the first order of business is to address the questions i have had from library folk interested in doctoral programs. note that my advice is not directed at librarians whose goal is to become faculty in lis programs. dropping back in one popular question comes from people who had dropped out of doctoral programs. could they ever be accepted into a program again? i’m proof there is a patron saint for second chances. i spent one semester in a doctoral program in and dropped out for a variety of reasons–wrong time, wrong place, too many life events happening. at the time, i felt that dropping out was the academic equivalent of you’ll never eat lunch in this town again, but part of higher education is a series of head games, and that was one of them. the second time around, i had a much clearer idea of what i wanted from a program and what kind of program would work for me, and i had the confluence of good timing and good luck. the advice tom galvin gave me in , when sandy and i were living in albany and when tom–a longtime ala activist and former ala exec director–was teaching at suny albany, still seems sound: you can drop out of one program and still find your path back to a doctorate, just don’t drop out of two programs. i also have friends who suffered through a semester or two, then decided it wasn’t for them. when i started the program, i remember thinking “i need this ph.d. because i could never get a job at, for example, x without it.” then i watched as someone quite accomplished, with no interest in ever pursuing even a second masters, was hired at x. there is no shame in deciding the cost/benefit analysis isn’t there for you–though i learned, through this experience, that i was in the program for other, more sustainable reasons. selecting your program i am also asked what program to attend. to that my answer is, unless you are very young and can afford to go into, and hopefully out of, significant amounts of debt, pick the program that is most affordable and allows you to continue working as a professional (though if you are at a point in life when you can afford to take a couple years off and get ‘er done, more power to you). that could be a degree offered by your institution or in cooperation with another institution, or otherwise at least partially subsidized. i remember pointing out to an astonished colleague that the ed.d. he earned for free (plus many saturdays of sweat equity) was easily worth $ , , based on the tuition rate at his institution. speaking of which, i get asked about ph.d. versus ed.d. this can be a touchy question. my take: follow the most practical and affordable path available to you that gets you the degree you will be satisfied with and that will be the most useful to you in your career. but whether ed.d. or ph.d., it’s still more letters after your name than you had before you started. where does it hurt? what’s the hardest part of a doctoral program? for me, that was a two-way tie between the semester coursework and the comprehensive exams. the semester work was challenging because it couldn’t be set aside or compartmentalized. the five-day intensives were really seven days for me as i had to fly from the left coast to boston. the coursework had deadlines that couldn’t be put aside during inevitable crises. the second semester was the hardest, for so many reasons, not the least of which is that once i had burned off the initial adrenaline, the finish line seemed impossibly far away; meanwhile, the tedium of balancing school and work was settling in, and i was floundering in alien subjects i was struggling to learn long-distance. don’t get me wrong, the coursework was often excellent: managing in a political environment, strategic finance, human resources, and other very practical and interesting topics. but it was a bucket o’ work, and when i called a colleague with a question about chair manufacturers (as one does) and heard she was mired in her second semester, i immediately informed her this too shall pass. ah, the comprehensive exams. i would say i shall remember them always, except they destroyed so much of my frontal lobe, that will not be possible. the comps required memorizing piles of citations–authors and years, with salient points–to regurgitate during two four-hour closed-book tests.  i told myself afterwards that the comps helped me synthesize major concepts in grand theory, which is a dubious claim but at least made me feel better about the ordeal. a number of students in my program helped me with comps. my favorite memory is of colleague gary shaffer, who called me from what sounded like a windswept city corner to offer his advice. i kept hearing this crinkling sound. the crinkling became louder. “always have your cards with you,” gary said. he had brought a sound prop: the bag of index cards he used to constantly drill himself. i committed myself to continuous study until done, helped by partnering with my colleague chuck in long-distance comps prep. we didn’t study together, but we compared timelines and kept one another apprised of our progress. you can survive a doctoral program without a study buddy, but whew, is it easier if you have one. comps were an area where i started with old tech–good old paper index cards–and then asked myself, is this how it’s done these days? after research, i moved on to electronic flashcards through quizlet. when i wasn’t flipping through text cards on my phone, ipad, or computer, i was listening to the cards on my phone during my run or while driving around running errands. writing != not writing so about that dissertation. it was a humongous amount of work, but the qualifying paper that preceded it and the coursework and instruction in producing dissertation-quality research gave me the research design skills i needed to pull it off. once i had the data gathered, it was just a lot of writing. this, i can do. not everyone can. writing is two things (well, writing is many things, but we’ll stick with two for now): it is a skill, and it is a discipline. if you do not have those two things, writing will be a third thing: impossible. here is my method. it’s simple. you schedule yourself, you show up, and you write. you do not talk about how you are going to write, unless you are actually going to write. you do not tweet that you are writing (because then you are tweeting, not writing). you do not do other things and feel guilty because you are not writing. (if you do other things, embrace them fully.) i would write write write write write, at the same chair at the same desk (really, a costco folding table) facing the same wall with the same prompts secured to the wall with painter’s tape that on warm days would loosen, requiring me to crawl under my “desk” to retrieve the scattered papers, which on many days was pretty much my only form of exercise. then i would write write write write write some more, on weekends, holiday breaks, and the occasional “dissercation day,” as i referred to vacation days set aside for this purpose. dissercation days had the added value that  i was very conscious i was using vacation time to write, so i didn’t procrastinate–though in general i find procrastinating at my desk a poor use of time; if i’m going to procrastinate, let me at least get some fresh air. people will advise you when and how to write. a couple weekends ago i was rereading stephen king’s on writing–now that i can read real books again–in which king recommends writing every day. if that works for you, great. what worked for me was using weekends, holidays, or vacation days; writing early in the day, often starting as early as am; taking a short exercise break or powering through until mid-afternoon; and then stopping no later than pm, many times more like pm if i hadn’t stopped by then. when i tried to write on weekday mornings, work would distract me. not actual tasks, but the thought of work. it would creep into my brain and then i would feel the urgent need to see if the building consultant had replied to my email or if i had the agenda ready for the program and marketing meeting. it also takes me about an hour to get into a writing groove, so by the time the words were flowing it was time to get ready for work. as for evenings, a friend of mine observed that i’m a lark, not an owl. the muse flees me by mid-afternoon. (this also meant i saved the more chore-like tasks of writing for the afternoon.) the key is to find your own groove and stick to it. if your groove isn’t working, maybe it’s not your groove after all. do not take off too much time between writing sessions. i had to do that a couple of times for six to eight weeks each time, during life events such as household moves and so on, and it took some revisiting to reacquaint myself with my writing (which was stephen king’s main, and excellent, point in his recommendation to write daily). even when i was writing on a regular basis i often spent at least an hour at the start of the weekend rereading my writing from page to ensure that my most recent writing had a coherent flow of reasoning and narrative and that the writing for that day would be its logical descendant. another universal piece of advice is to turn off the technology. i see people tweeting “i’m writing my dissertation right now” and i think, no you aren’t. i used a mac app called howler timer to give me writing sieges of , , , or minutes, depending on my degree of focus for that day, during which all interruptions–email, facebook, twitter, etc.–were turned off. twitter and facebook became snack breaks, though i timed those snacks as well. i had favorite pandora stations to keep me company and drown out ambient noise, and many, many cups of herbal tea. technology will save us all a few technical notes about technology and doctoral programs. with the exception of the constant allure of social networks and work email, it’s a good thing. i used kahn academy and online flash cards to study for the math portion of the gre.  as noted earlier, i used quizlet for my comps, in part because this very inexpensive program not only allowed me to create digital flashcards but also read them aloud to me on my iphone while i exercised or ran errands. i conducted interviews using facetime with an inexpensive plug-in, call recorder, that effortlessly produced digital recordings, from which the audio files could be easily split out. i then emailed the audio files to valerie, my transcriptionist, who lives several thousand miles away but always felt as if she were in the next room, swiftly and flawlessly producing transcripts. i used dedoose, a cloud-based analytical product, to mark up the narratives, and with the justifiable paranoia of any doctoral student, exported the output to multiple secure online locations. i dimly recall life before such technology, but cannot fathom operating in such a world again, or how much longer some of the tasks would have taken.  i spent some solid coin on things like paying a transcriptionist, but when i watch friends struggling to transcribe their own recordings, i have no regrets. there are parts of my dissertation i am exceptionally proud of, but i admit particular pride for my automatically-generated table of contents, just one of many skills i learned through youtube (spoiler alert: the challenge is not marking up the text, it’s changing the styles to match your requirements. word could really use a style set called just times roman please). and of course, there were various library catalogs and databases, and hundreds of e-journals to plumb, activity i accomplished as far away from your typical “library discovery layer” as possible. you can take google scholar away from me when you pry it from my cold, dead hands. i also plowed through a lot of print books, and many times had to do backflips to get the book in that format. journal articles work great in e-format (though i do have a leaning paper pillar of printed journal articles left over from comps review and classes). books, not so much. i needed to have five to fifteen books simultaneously open during a writing session, something ebooks are lame at.  i don’t get romantic about the smell of paper blah blah blah, but when i’m writing, i need my tools in the most immediately accessible format possible, and for me that is digital for articles and paper for books. nothing succeeds like success your cohort can be very important,  and indeed i remember all of them with fondness but one with particular gratitude. nevertheless, you alone will cross the finish line. i was unnerved when one member of our cohort dropped out after the first semester, but i shouldn’t have been. doctoral student attrition happens throughout the academy, no less so in libraryland. like the military, or marriage, you really have no idea what it’s like until you’re in it, and it’s not for everyone. it should be noted that the program i graduated from has graduated, or will graduate, nearly all of the students who made it past the first two semesters, which in turn is most of the people who entered the program in its short but glorious life–another question you should investigate while looking at programs. it turned out that for a variety of reasons that made sense, the cohort i was in was the last for this particular doctoral program. that added a certain pressure since each class was the last one to ever be offered, but it also encouraged me to keep my eyes on the prize. i also, very significantly, had a very supportive committee, and most critically, i fully believed they wanted me to succeed. i also had a very supportive spouse, with whom i racked up an infinity of backlogged honey-dos and i-owe-you-for-this promises. regarding success and failure, at the beginning of the program, i asked if anyone had ever failed out of the program. the answer was no, everyone who left self-selected. i later asked the same question regarding comps: had anyone failed comps? the answer was that a student or two had retaken a section of comps in order to pass, but no one had completely failed (and you got one do-over if that happened). these were crucial questions for me. it also helped me to reflect on students who had bigger jobs, or were also raising kids, or otherwise were generally worse off than me in the distraction department. if so-and-so, with the big ivy league job, or so-and-so, with the tiny infant, could do it, couldn’t i? (there is a fallacy inherent here that more prestigious schools are harder to administer, but it is a fallacy that comforted me many a day.) onward i am asked what i will “do” with my ph.d. in higher education, a doctorate is the expected degree for administrators, and indeed, the news of my successful doctoral defense was met with comments such as “welcome to the club.” so, mission accomplished. also, i have a job i love, but having better marketability is never a bad idea, particularly in a political moment that can best be described as volatile and unpredictable. i can consult. i can teach (yes, i already could teach, but now more fancy-pants). i could make a reservation at a swanky bistro under the name dr. oatmeal and only half of that would be a fabrication. the world is my oyster! frankly, i did not enter the program with the idea that i would gain skills and develop the ability to conduct doctoral-quality research (i was really shooting for the fancy six-sided tam), but that happened and i am pondering what to do with this expertise. i already have the joy of being pedantic, if only quietly to myself. don’t tell me you are writing a “case study” unless it has the elements of a case study not to mention the components of any true research design. otherwise it’s just anecdata. and of course, when it comes to owning the area of lgtbq leadership in higher education, i am totally m.c. hammer: u can’t touch this! i would not mind being part of the solution for addressing the dubious quality of so much lis “research.” libraryland needs more programs such as the institute for research design in librarianship to address the sorry fact that basic knowledge of the fundamentals of producing industry-appropriate research is in most cases not required for a masters degree in library science, which at least for academic librarianship, given the student learning objectives we claim to support, is absurd. i also want to write a book, probably continuing the work i have been doing with documenting the working experiences of lgbtq librarians. but first i need to sort and purge my home office, revisit places such as hogwarts and narnia, and catch up on some of those honey-dos and i-owe-you-for-this promises. and buy a six-sided tam. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in uncategorized 					| 					 					| 					comments ( ) 				 			 			 				a scholar’s pool of tears, part : the pre in preprint means not done yet 				tuesday, january , 				 note, for two more days, january and , you (as in all of you) have free access to my article, to be real: antecedents and consequences of sexual identity disclosure by academic library directors. then it drops behind a paywall and sits there for a year. when i wrote part of this blog post in late september, i had keen ambitions of concluding this two-part series by discussing “the intricacies of navigating the liminal world of oa that is not born oa; the oa advocacy happening in my world; and the implications of the publishing environment scholars now work in.” since then, the world, and my priorities have changed. my goals are to prevent nuclear winter and lead our library to its first significant building upgrades since it opened close to years ago. but at some point i said on twitter, in response to a conversation about posting preprints, that i would explain why i won’t post a preprint of to be real. and the answer is very simple: because what qualifies as a preprint for elsevier is a draft of the final product that presents my writing before i incorporated significant stylistic guidance from the second reviewer, and that’s not a version of the article i want people to read. in the pre-elsevier draft, as noted before, my research is present, but it is overshadowed by clumsy style decisions that reviewer presented far more politely than the following summary suggests: quotations that were too brief; rushing into the next thought without adequately closing out the previous thought; failure to loop back to link the literature review to the discussion; overlooking a chance to address the underlying meaning of this research; and a boggy conclusion. a crucial piece of advice from reviewer was to use pseudonyms or labels to make the participants more real. all of this advice led to a final product, the one i have chosen to show the world. that’s really all there is to it. it would be better for the world if my article were in an open access publication, but regardless of where it is published, i as the author choose to share what i know is my best work, not my work in progress. the oa world–all sides of it, including those arguing against oa–has some loud, confident voices with plenty of “shoulds,” such as the guy (and so many loud oa voices are male) who on a discussion list excoriated an author who was selling self-published books on amazon by saying “people who value open access should praise those scholars who do and scorn those scholars who don’t.” there’s an encouraging appproach! then there are the loud voices announcing the death of oa when a journal’s submissions drop, followed by the people who declare all repositories are potemkin villages, and let’s not forget the fellow who curates a directory of predatory oa journals that is routinely cited as an example of what’s wrong with scholarly publishing. i keep saying, the scholarly-industrial complex is broken. i’m beyond proud that the council of library deans for the california state university–my peers–voted to encourage and advocate for open access publishing in the csu system. i’m also excited that my library has its first scholarly communications librarian who is going to bat on open access and open educational resources and all other things open–a position that in consultation with the library faculty i prioritized as our first hire in a series of retirement/moving-on faculty hires. but none of that translates to sharing work i consider unfinished. we need to fix things in scholarly publishing and there is no easy, or single, path. and there are many other things happening in the world right now. i respect every author’s decision about what they will share with the world and when and how they will share it. as for my decision–you have it here. bookmark to: 				 				 					filed in uncategorized 					| 					 					| 					comments off on a scholar’s pool of tears, part : the pre in preprint means not done yet 				 			 			 				‹ older posts 				 			 		 	 		 				 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 	recto and verso 				about free range librarian 	comment guidelines 	writing: clips & samples 			 	you were saying… 	k.g. schneider on i have measured out my life in doodle polls 	thomas dowling on i have measured out my life in doodle polls 	chad on i have measured out my life in doodle polls 	dale mcneill on i have measured out my life in doodle polls 	walter underwood on an old-skool blog post 	 		recent posts 			 					(dis)association 									 	 					i have measured out my life in doodle polls 									 	 					memento dmv 									 	 					an old-skool blog post 									 	 					keeping council 									 		 	browse by month 		browse by month 		select month may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) november  ( ) august  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) june  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) april  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) july  ( ) 			 	categories categoriesselect category american liberry ass’n annual lists another library blog association nerd bad entry titles best of frl blog problems blogging blogging and ethics blogging and rss blogher blogs and journalism blogs worth reading book reviews business . california dreamin’ car shopping cats who blog cla shenanigans conferences congrunts cooking creative nonfiction cuba customer service digital divide issues digital preservation ebooks essays from the mp ethics evergreen ils family values five minute reviews flickr fun flori-duh friends frl blogroll additions frl penalty box frl spotlight reviews gardening whatnots gay rights gender and librarianship get a grip get real! god’s grammar google gormangate hire edukayshun homebrewing homosexual agenda hot tech intellectual freedom intellectual property ipukarea katrina and libraries kudos and woo-hoos lastentries leadership lgbt librarianship librarian wisdom librarianship library . library journal librewians lies damn lies life linkalicious lita councilor memes mfa-o-rama military life movable type movie reviews mpow mpow wishlist must-read blogs nasig paper next gen catalog online learning onomies open access open data open source software our world people sitings podcasts politics postalicious prayer circle product reviews reading recipes recto and verso regency zombies regular issues religion rss-alicious santa rosa living search search standards schmandards tagging talks and tours tallahassee dining tallahassee living tanstaafl test entries the big o this and that top tech trends travel schmavel treo time twitterprose two minutes hate uncategorized upcoming gigs uppity wimmin vast stupidity war no more wogrofubico women wordpress writing writing for the web ye olde tech 			 	tags ala a mile down bacabi bush castro cil cloud tests cnf creative nonfiction crowdvine david vann defragcon defragcon defrag defragcon defragcon defrag shootingonesownfoot defragcon defragcon defrag digital preservation email environment essays flaming homophobia gay gay rights glbt harvey milk homebrew hybrid iasummit iasummit idjits journals keating lockss mccain mea culpas mullets naked emperors obama ready fire aim san francisco silly tags swift tag clouds tagging vala-caval wogrofubico writing 	scribbly stuff 			log in 	entries feed 	comments feed 	wordpress.org 		 		 	 		© k.g. schneider 		¶ 		thanks, wordpress. 		¶ 		veryplaintxt theme by scott allan wallick. 		¶ 		it's nice xhtml & css. 	 none community | my site copy   skip to main content 			 				 			 			 the justice programme a project of open knowledge foundation working to ensure public impact algorithms do no harm 	what we do 	training 	advocacy 	strategic litigation 	community 	public impact algorithms 	about 	who we work with 	press 	team 	more use tab to navigate through the menu items. 	 contact us at justice@okfn.org calling all legal practitioners. you are invited to an interactive workshop on immigration and automation what we do training advocacy strategic litigation community about community ​ we believe that the best way to achieve change is for people to work together.    that is why building community is at the heart of our mission.  ​ as the number of lawyers, policy makers and activists who work with public impact algorithms grows - we need to share our experiences.  ​ it is only by doing this that we can understand what mechanisms work.   we must work together to build the ecosystem of regulation, practices and actors that we need to ensure that public impact algorithms do no harm.  join the _justice_ _programme_ _community_ _meetups_ do you want to learn more about pias, what they are, how to spot them, and how they may affect your clients? ​ join us for series of free, monthly community meetups to talk about public impact algorithms. when ? lunch time every second thursday of the month  how ? register your interest here sign up for our newsletter here ​ the justice programme is a project of open knowledge foundation   none none none jodischneider.com/blog jodischneider.com/blog reading, technology, stray thoughts 	paid graduate hourly research position at uiuc for spring jodi schneider&# ;s information quality lab (http://infoqualitylab.org) seeks a graduate hourly student for a research project on bias in citation networks. biased citation benefits authors in the short-term by bolstering grants and papers, making them more easily accepted. however, it can have severe negative consequences for scientific inquiry. our goal is to find quantitative measures of [&# ;] 	avoiding long-haul air travel during the covid- pandemic i would not recommend long-haul air travel at this time. an epidemiological study of a . hour flight from the middle east to ireland concluded that groups ( people), traveling from continents in four groups, who used separate airport lounges, were likely infected in flight. the flight had % occupancy ( passengers/ seats; [&# ;] 	paid undergraduate research position at uiuc for fall & spring university of illinois undergraduates are encouraged to apply for a position in my lab. i particularly welcome applications from students in the new ischool bs/is degree or in the university-wide informatics minor. while i only have paid position open, i also supervise unpaid independent study projects. dr.&# ;jodi&# ;schneider and the information quality lab &# ;https://infoqualitylab.org&# ; seek [&# ;] 	#shutdownstem #strike blacklives #shutdownacademia i greatly appreciated receiving messages from senior people about their participation in the june th #shutdownstem #strike blacklives #shutdownacademia. in that spirit, i am sharing my email bounce message for tomorrow, and the message i sent to my research lab. email bounce: i am not available by email today:&# ;this june th is a day of action [&# ;] 	qotd: storytelling in protest and politics i recently read francesca polletta&# ;s book it was like a fever: storytelling in protest and politics ( , university of chicago press). i recommend it! it will appeal to researchers interested in topics such as&# ;narrative, strategic communication, (narrative) argumentation, or&# ;epistemology (here, of narrative). parts may also interest activists. the book&# ;s case studies are drawn from the [&# ;] 	knowledge graphs: an aggregation of definitions i am not aware of a consensus definition of knowledge graph. i&# ;ve been discussing this for awhile with liliana giusti serra, and the topic came up again with my fellow organizers of the knowledge graph session at us ts as we prepare for a panel. i&# ;ve proposed the following main features: rdf-compatible, has a defined schema (usually an [&# ;] 	qotd: doing more requires thinking less by the aid of symbolism, we can make transitions in reasoning almost mechanically by the eye which would otherwise call into play the higher faculties of the brain. &# ;civilization advances by extending the number of important operations that we can perform without thinking about them. operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle [&# ;] 	qotd: sally jackson on how disagreement makes arguments more explicit sally jackson explicates the notion of the &# ;disagreement space&# ; in a new topoi article: &# ;a position that remains in doubt remains in need of defense&# ; &# ; &# ;the most important theoretical consequence of seeing argumentation as a system for management of disagreement is a reversal of perspective on what arguments accomplish. are arguments the means by [&# ;] 	qotd: working out scientific insights on paper, lavoisier case study &# ;language does do much of our thinking for us, even in the sciences, and rather than being an unfortunate contamination, its influence has been productive historically, helping individual thinkers generate concepts and theories that can then be put to the test. the case made here for the constitutive power of figures [of speech] per se [&# ;] 	david liebovitz: achieving care transformation by infusing electronic health records with wisdom today i am at the health data analytics summit. the title of the keynote talk is achieving care transformation by infusing electronic health records with wisdom. it&# ;s a delight to hear from a medical informaticist: david m. liebovitz (publications in google scholar), md, facp, chief medical information officer, the university of chicago. he graduated from [&# ;] none none none none <meta http-equiv="refresh" content=" ; url=https://epadd.stanford.edu/'/epadd/"/> none none none access: not just wires. by karen coyle kcoyle.net : home  	 contact info  	 search topics: copyright  technology  libraries  privacy  more...  access: not just wires date posted: march , copyright karen coyle, by karen coyle university of california, library automation *** and *** computer professionals for social responsibility/berkeley chapter this is the written version of a talk given at the cpsr annual meeting in san diego, ca, on oct. . i have to admit that i'm really sick and tired of the information highway. i feel like i've already heard so much about it that it must be come and gone already, yet there is no sign of it. this is truly a piece of federal vaporware. i am a librarian, and it's especially strange to have dedicated much of your life to the careful tending of our current information infrastructure, our libraries, only to wake up one morning to find that the entire economy of the nation depends on making information commercially viable. there's an element of twilight zone about this because libraries are probably our most underfunded and underappreciated of institutions, with the possible exception of day care centers. it's clear to me that the information highway isn't much about information. it's about trying to find a new basis for our economy. i'm pretty sure i'm not going to like the way information is treated in that economy. we know what kind of information sells, and what doesn't. so i see our future as being a mix of highly expensive economic reports and cheap online versions of the national inquirer. not a pretty picture. this is a panel on "access." but i am not going to talk about access from the usual point of view of physical or electronic access to the futurenet. instead i am going to talk about intellectual access to materials and the quality of our information infrastructure, with the emphasis on "information." information is a social good and part of our "social responsibility" is that we must take this resource seriously. from the early days of our being a species with consciousness of its own history, some part of society has had the role of preserving this history: priests, learned scholars, archivists. information was valued; valued enough to be denied to some members of society; to be part of the ritual of belonging to an elite. so i find it particularly puzzling that as move into this new "information age" that our efforts are focused on the machinery of the information system, while the electronic information itself is being treated like just so much more flotsam and jetsam; this is not a democratization of information, but a devaluation of information. on the internet, many electronic information sources that we are declaring worthy of "universal access" are administered by part-time volunteers; graduate students who do eventually graduate, or network hobbyists. resources come and go without notice, or languish after an initial effort and rapidly become out of date. few network information resources have specific and reliable funding for the future. as a telecommunications system the internet is both modern and mature; as an information system the internet is an amateur operation. commercial information resources, of course, are only interested in information that provides revenue. this immediately eliminates the entire cultural heritage of poetry, playwriting, and theological thought, among others. if we value our intellectual heritage, and if we truly believe that access to information (and that broader concept, knowledge) is a valid social goal, we have to take our information resources seriously. now i know that libraries aren't perfect institutions. they tend to be somewhat slow-moving and conservative in their embrace of new technologies; and some seem more bent on hoarding than disseminating information. but what we call "modern librarianship" has over a century of experience in being the tender of this society's information resources. and in the process of developing and managing that resource, the library profession has understood its responsibilities in both a social and historical context. drawing on that experience, i am going to give you a short lesson on social responsibilities in an information society. here are some of our social responsibilities in relation to information: 	 collection 	 selection 	 preservation 	 organization 	 dissemination collection it is not enough to passively gather in whatever information comes your way, like a spider waiting on its web. information collection is an activity, and an intelligent activity. it is important to collect and collocate information units that support, complement and even contradict each other. a collection has a purpose and a context; it says something about the information and it says something about the gatherer of that information. it is not random, because information itself is not random, and humans do not produce information in a random fashion. too many internet sites today are a terrible hodge-podge, with little intellectual purpose behind their holdings. it isn't surprising that visitors to these sites have a hard time seeing the value of the information contained therein. commercial systems, on the other hand, have no incentive to provide an intellectual balance that might "confuse" its user. in all of the many papers that have come out of discussion of the national information infrastructure, it is interesting that there is no mention of collecting information: there is no library of congress or national archive of the electronic information world. so in the whole elaborate scheme, no one is responsbile for the collection of information. selection not all information is equal. this doesn't mean that some of it should be thrown away, though inevitably there is some waste in the information world. and this is not in support of censorship. but there's a difference between a piece on nuclear physics by a nobel laureate and a physics diorama entered into a science fair by an -year-old. and there's a difference between alpha release . and beta . of a software package. if we can't differentiate between these, our intellectual future looks grim indeed. certain sources become known for their general reliability, their timeliness, etc. we have to make these judgments because the sheer quantity of information is too large for us to spend our time with lesser works when we haven't yet encountered the greats. this kind of selection needs to be done with an understanding of a discipline and understanding of the users of a body of knowledge. the process of selection overlaps with our concept of education, where members of our society are directed to a particular body of knowledge that we hold to be key to our understanding of the world. preservation how much of what is on the net today will exist in any form ten years from now? and can we put any measure to what we lose if we do not preserve things systematically? if we can't preserve it all, at least in one safely archived copy, are we going to make decisions about preservation, or will we leave it up to a kind of information darwinianism? as we know, the true value of some information may not be immediately known, and some ideas gain in value over time. the commercial world, of course, will preserve only that which sells best. organization this is an area where the current net has some of its most visible problems, as we have all struggled through myriad gopher menus, ftp sites, and web pages looking for something that we know is there but cannot find. there is no ideal organization of information, but no organization is no ideal either. the organization that exists today in terms of finding tools is an attempt to impose order over an unorganized body. the human mind in its information seeking behavior is a much more complex question than can be answered with a keyword search in an unorganized information universe. when we were limited to card catalogs and the placement of physical items on shelves, we essentially had to choose only one way to organize our information. computer systems should allow us to create a multiplicity of organization schemes for the same information, from traditional classification, that relies on hierarchies and categories, to faceted schemes, relevance ranking and feedback, etc. unfortunately, documents do not define themselves. the idea of doing wais-type keyword searching on the vast store of textual documents on the internet is a folly. years of study of term frequency, co-occurrence and other statistical techniques have proven that keyword searching is a passable solution for some disciplines with highly specific vocabularies and nearly useless in all others. and, of course, the real trick is to match the vocabulary of the seeker of information with that of the information resource. keyword searching not only doesn't take into account different terms for the same concepts, it doesn't take into account materials in other languages or different user levels (i.e. searching for children will probably need to be different than searching done by adults, and libraries actually use different subject access schemes for childrens' materials). and non-textual items (software, graphics, sound) do not respond at all to keyword searching. there is no magical, effortless way to create an organization for information; today the best tools are a clearly defined classification scheme and a human indexer. at least a classification scheme or indexing scheme gives the searcher a chance to develop a rational strategy for searching. the importance of organizational tools cannot be overstated. what it all comes down to is that if we can't find the information we need, it doesn't matter if it exists or not. if we don't find it, we don't encounter it, then it isn't information. there are undoubtedly millions of bytes of files on the net that for all practical purposes are non-existant . my biggest fear in relation to the information highway is that intellectual organization and access will be provided by the commercial world as a value-added service. so the materials will exist, even at an affordable price, but it will cost real money to make use of the tools that will make it possible for you to find the information you need. if we don't provide these finding tools as part of the public resource, then we aren't providing the information to the public. dissemination there's a lot of talk about the "electronic library." actually, there's a lot written about the electronic library, and probably much of it ends up on paper. most of us agree that for anything longer than a one-screen email message, we'd much rather read documents off a paper page than off a screen. while we can hope that screen technologies will eventually produce something that truly substitutes for paper, this isn't true today. so what happens with all of those electronic works that we're so eager to store and make available? do we reverse the industrial revolution and return printing of documents to a cottage industry taking place in homes, offices and libraries? many people talk about their concerns for the "last mile" - for the delivery of information into every home. i'm concerned about the last yard. we can easily move information from one computer to another, but how do we get it from the computer to the human being in the proper format? not all information is suited to electronic use. think of the auto repair manuals that you drag under the car and drip oil on. think of children's books, with their drool-proof pages. even the library of congress has announced that they are undertaking a huge project to digitize million items from their collection. then what? how do they think we are going to make use of those materials? there are times when i can only conclude that we have been gripped by some strange madness. i have fantasies of kidnapping the entire membership of the administration's iitf committees and tying them down in front of " screens with really bad flicker and forcing them to read the whole of project gutenberg's electronic copy of moby dick. maybe then we'd get some concern about the last yard. in conclusion: 	 no amount of wiring will give us universal access 	 just adding more files and computers to gopherspace, webspace and ftpspace will not give us better access 	 and commercial information systems can be expected to be.... commercial thanks to meng weng wong whose html formatting i mostly stole ************************************** * copyright karen coyle, * * * * this document may be * * circulated freely on the net * * with this statement included. * * for any commercial use, or * * publication (including electronic * * journals), you must obtain the * * permission of the author * * kcoyle@kcoyle.net * ************************************** back to karen coyle's home page none none thesaurus islamicus foundation عربى the thesaurus islamicus foundation is a non-profit academic organisation that was founded to support and advance the protection, preservation and study of the islamic intellectual and artistic heritage. it specialises in scholarly publishing, fine book design, and the care and management of manuscript collections. the foundation has offices in cairo, egypt; the university of cambridge, england; and stuttgart, germany. the principal projects of the foundation are: through the sunna project the foundation seeks to assemble the entirety of hadith literature – that is, the literature comprising narrations of the sayings and actions of the prophet muhammad – and to prepare and publish definitive critical editions of every hadith collection. in the foundation’s cairo offices, nearly one hundred scholars of hadith are engaged in the study and comparison of manuscript and printed copies of hadith collections from libraries and museums around the world. to date, the sunna project has produced the nineteen-volume hadith encyclopaedia, which includes the six canonical hadith collections as well as the muwatta of imam malik ibn anas. the printed edition of the hadith encyclopaedia is supplemented by a cd-rom and the international hadith studies association network website (ihsan) – www.ihsanetwork.org these allow for the full text of the printed edition to be searched according to various criteria. the foundation has recently published a new fourteen volume edition of the musnad of imam ahmad ibn hanbal. this edition contains over hadith that have never before appeared in any printed edition of the musnad, but which are present in the earliest and most reliable manuscripts. the sunna project is affiliated with the prince alwaleed bin talal centre of islamic studies, university of cambridge. the islamic manuscript association is an international non-profit organisation dedicated to protecting islamic manuscript collections and supporting those who work with them. it was formed in response to the urgent need to address the poor preservation and inaccessibility of many islamic manuscript collections around the world. the association articulates standards and guidelines for best practice in cataloguing, conservation, digitisation and academic publishing so that islamic manuscript collections may be made more accessible and preserved for posterity. it promotes excellence in scholarship on islamic manuscripts, particularly islamic codicology and disciplines related to the care and management of islamic manuscript collections, and provides a platform for sharing this scholarship at its annual conference at the university of cambridge. the association awards grants to support the care of islamic manuscript collections and advance scholarship on islamic manuscripts. it also organises short courses in cataloguing, conservation, digitisation and academic publishing, as well as an annual workshop on islamic codicology in cooperation with cambridge university library. the islamic manuscript association is affiliated with the prince alwaleed bin talal centre of islamic studies, university of cambridge. the foundation has signed an agreement with the national library of egypt (dar al-kutub) and the egyptian ministry of culture to assist with the preservation, conservation and curation of the national library’s manuscript collection and to work with the national library to establish it as a regional leader in collection care and management. the national library possesses around , manuscript titles. it is the largest manuscript collection in the arab world and one of the most important collections of islamic manuscripts worldwide. the goals of the project include re-designing and re-equipping the national library’s two existing preservation and conservation laboratories, including imaging facilities; designing and equipping a new conservation laboratory; redesigning and reequipping the manuscript storage exhibition areas; the continued professional development of the national library’s preservation, conservation and exhibition staff; cataloguing selected areas of the manuscript collection; and preparing publications and promotional materials for and about the national library. editio electrum is the foundation’s design studio. the studio carries out the foundation’s efforts to revive the traditional arts of the islamic book. the studio combines traditional workshop techniques with the latest advances in digital design and printing technology to develop the visual language of medieval illumination in a new and exciting medium. fine art prints of qur’anic illumination produced by editio electrum have been exhibited at the museum of applied arts in frankfurt, germany; beit al qur’an in manama, bahrain; the dubai chamber of commerce in dubai, united arab emirates; the king faisal foundation in riyadh, saudi arabia; the national library and archives of egypt in cairo, egypt; and the american institute of graphic arts in new york, usa. in , the foundation’s shama’il al-nabi, designed by editio electrum, was the first arabic book to win a place in the american institute of graphic arts’ / annual book design competition. the islamic art network provides a number of important resources for islamic art and architectural historians. its online digital photo archive, which was prepared with the support and permission of egypt’s supreme council of antiquities, contains over , images of the islamic architectural monuments of cairo. in cooperation with the rare books and special collections library of the american university in cairo and dr alaa el-habashi, the network has digitised and made available online the french and arabic language issues of the bulletin of the comité de conservation des monuments de l’art arabe, the standard resource for the study of the islamic architecture of cairo. the bulletin describes the restoration work carried out on the islamic monuments of cairo from - . it includes full descriptions of the monuments and their histories as well as photographs, drawings, and plans. some of the monuments recorded in the bulletin have disappeared and others were disfigured by later restoration work. for this reason, it is invaluable. only the islamic art network and the university of pennsylvania have complete collections of the bulletin. additionally, the network has digitised important out-of-print books and rare articles on islamic art and architecture and made them available online. among these publications are max herz pasha’s monograph entitled mosquee du sultan au caire and the memoires of the institut d’egypte. onetradition is the imprint dedicated to the foundation’s publications of spiritual and metaphysical writings from all major religious traditions. the onetradition project rests on the belief that the best way to understand and learn from the great religious traditions is through their most profound exponents. current projects in production include the translation of the tao teh ching into arabic and a complete critical edition of ibn ‘arabi’s al-futuhat al-makkiya. works that the foundation hopes to publish in the future under its onetradition imprint include the serial elucidations of d.a. freher and a korean translation of the hikam of ibn ‘ata’illah al-iskandari. qirab™ is dedicated to supporting the preservation of manuscripts within the islamic cultural sphere through knowledge sharing and open source technology. we publish arabic translations of technical texts and standards as well as produce innovative hardware and software designs. © thesaurus islamicus foundation. all rights reserved. internet alchemy, the blog of ian davis internet alchemy est. · · · · · · · · · · · · ·                      mon, oct , serverless: why microfunctions > microservices 	 this post follows on from a post i wrote a couple of years back called why service architectures should focus on workflows. in that post i attempted to describe the fragility of microservice systems that were simply translating object-oriented patterns to the new paradigm. these systems were migrating domain models and their interactions from in-memory objects to separate networked processes. they were replacing in-process function calls with cross-network rpc calls, adding latency and infrastructure complexity. the goal was scalability and flexibility but, i argued, the entity modelling approach introduced new failure modes. i suggested a solution: instead of carving up the domain by entity, focus on the workflows. if i was writing that post today i would say “focus on the functions” because the future is serverless functions, not microservices. or, more brashly: microfunctions > microservices the industry has moved apace in the last years with a focus on solving the infrastructure challenges caused by running hundreds of intercommunicating microservices. containers have matured and become the de-facto standard for the unit of microservice deployment with management platforms such as kubernetes to orchestrate them and frameworks like grpc for robust interservice communication. the focus still tends to be on interacting entities though: when placing an order the “order service” talks to the “customer service” which reserves items by talking to the “stock service” and the “payment service” which talks to the “payment gateway” after first checking with the “fraud service”. when the order needs to be shipped the “shipping service” asks the “order service” for orders that need to be fulfilled and tells the “stock service” to remove the reservation, then to the “customer service” to locate the customer etc. all of these services are likely to be persisting state in various backend databases. microservices are organized as vertical slices through the domain: the same problems still exist: if the customer service is overwhelmed by the shipping service then the order service can’t take new orders. the container manager will, of course, scale up the number of customer service instances and register them with the appropriate load balancers, discovery servers, monitoring and logging. however, it cannot easily cope with a critical failure in this service, perhaps caused by a repeated bad request that panics the service and prevents multiple dependent services from operating properly. failures and slowdowns in response times are handled within client services through backoff strategies, circuit breakers and retries. the system as a whole increases in complexity but remains fragile. by contrast, in a serverless architecture, the emphasis is on the functions of the system. for this reason serverless is sometimes called faas – functions as a service. systems are decomposed into functions that encapsulate a single task in a single process. instead of each request involving the orchestration of multiple services the request uses an instance of the appropriate function. rather than the domain model being exploded into separate networked processes its entities are provided in code libraries compiled into the function at build time. calls to entity methods are in-process so don’t pay the network latency or reliability taxes. in this paradigm the “place order” function simply calls methods on customer, stock and payment objects, which may then interact with the various backend databases directly. instead of a dozen networked rpc calls, the function relies on - database calls. additionally, if a function is particularly hot it can be scaled directly without affecting the operation of other functions and, crucially, it can fail completely without taking down other functions. (modulo the reliability of databases which affect both styles of architecture identically.) microfunctions are horizontal slices through the domain: the advantages i wrote last time still hold up when translated to serverless terminology: 	deploying or retiring a function becomes as simple as switching it on or off which leads to greater freedom to experiment. 	scaling a function is limited to scaling a single type of process horizontally and the costs of doing this can be cleanly evaluated. 	the system as a whole becomes much more robust. when a function encounters problems it is limited to a single workflow such as issuing invoices. other functions can continue to operate independently. 	latency, bandwidth use and reliability are all improved because there are fewer network calls. the function still relies on the database and other support systems such as lock servers, but most of the data flow is controlled in-process. 	the unit of testing and deployment is a single function which reduces the complexity and cost of maintenance. one major advantage that i missed is the potential for extreme cost savings through scale, particularly the scale attainable by running on public shared infrastructure. since all the variability of microservice deployment configurations is abstracted away into a simple request/response interface the microfunctions can be run as isolated shared-nothing processes, billed only for the resources they use in their short lifetime. anyone who has costed for redundant microservices simply for basic resilience will appreciate the potential here. although there are number of cloud providers in this space (aws lambda, google cloud functions, azure functions) serverless is still an emerging paradigm with the problems that come with immaturity. adrian coyler recently summarized an excellent paper and presentation dealing with the challenges of building serverless systems which highlights many of these, including the lack of service level agreements and loose performance guarantees. it seems almost certain though that these will improve as the space matures and overtakes the microservice paradigm. other posts tagged as architecture, distributed-systems, technology, serverless, faas earlier posts 	gorecipes: fin wed, mar 	another blog refresh sun, feb 	why service architectures should focus on workflows mon, mar 	help me crowdfund my game amberfell mon, nov none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none none open source exile open source exile an open sourcer in exile 	#christchurchmosqueshootings 	how would we know when it was time to move from tei/xml to tei/json? 	whither tei? the next thirty years 	thoughts on the ndfnz wikipedia panel 	feedback on nlnz ‘digitalnz concepts api‘ 	bibframe 	a wikipedia strategy for the royal society of new zealand 	prep notes for ndf demonstration 	metadata vocabularies lodlam nz cares about 	unexpected advice 	goodbye 'social-media' world 	recreational authority control 	thoughts on "letter about the tei" from martin mueller 	unit testing framework for xsl transformations? 	is there a place for readers' collectives in the bright new world of ebooks? 	howto: deep linking into the nzetc site 	epubs and quality 	what librarything metadata can the nzetc reasonable stuff inside it's cc'd epubs? 	interlinking of collections: the quest continues 	ebook readers need openurl resolvers 	thoughts on koha 	data and data modelling and underlying assumptions 	learning xslt . part ; finding names 	legal māori archive 	why card-based records aren't good enough robert benchley 	 it happened in history! (go to it happened in history archives) 	 robert benchley one of america's greatest humorists just happened to have been an accomplished actor, drama critic, and author, as well.  born on september , , in worcester, massachusetts, robert benchley seemed destined for success.  in school, he built a reputation for his creative interpretation of essay assignments.  when asked to write an essay about something practical, he penned a theme entitled "how to embalm a corpse."  for an assignment concerning the dispute between the united states and canada over newfoundland fishing rights, he wrote an essay from the point of view of the fish. upon leaving harvard in , benchley joined the staff of the new york tribune.  he wasn't a very good reporter, however, and his editors soon switched him to feature writing, which served his talents better.  he wrote stories and humorous essays such as "did prehistoric man walk on his head?"  after serving in world war i, he returned to new york and accepted a position as managing editor at vanity fair magazine, where he met fellow writer and wit dorothy parker, who soon became his closest  friend.  the two developed a reputation as office pranksters.  once, after management asked its staff not to discuss their salaries, benchley and parker had them printed on placards that they wore around their necks. the two literary cut-ups formed the nucleus of a group of writers, actors, and artists who met for lunch at new york's algonquin hotel to share sparkling conversation, juicy gossip, and scathing insults.  together with alexander woollcott, george s. kaufman, marc connelly, harpo marx, and others, they became known as the algonquin round table.  benchley thought so highly of parker that he resigned from vanity fair when she was fired.  he took a position as drama critic for life magazine and the new yorker.  but, since he knew absolutely nothing about the theater, he quickly turned his reviews into humorous essays. he once wrote a review of the new york city telephone directory.  he said it had no plot.  he was also a notorious prevaricator.  when asked to provide a brief biography of himself for an encyclopedia, he wrote that he was born on the isle of wight, wrote a tale of two cities, married a princess in portugal, and was buried in westminster abbey. through his work in life magazine, as well as in books such as pluck and luck ( ) and early worm ( ), benchley emerged as one of america's most popular and well-regarded writers.  he had an uncanny knack for dissecting the comic futility of society during the roaring twenties.  his subtle, whimsical brand of humor played well against the struggles of the common man.  often his treatises spun off on whimsical, nonsensical tangents.  one of benchley's friends, donald ogden stewart (the philadelphia story), described his sense of humor as "crazy."  nevertheless, it found a receptive audience among his pre-depression era readers.  benchley began working in movies in , with a reprise of the treasurer's report in one of the earliest short films to feature sound.  in , he began writing for feature films, marking his debut with the sport parade, in which he also co-starred as a broadcaster.  he continued to play comedic supporting roles in the years to come, typically cast as a bumbling yet lovable sophisticate, a cocktail glass or cigarette-and-holder clenched firmly in hand.  in , he appeared in the alfred hitchcock thriller, foreign correspondent, a film to which he also contributed dialogue. his work was collected in many books, including from bed to worse ( ), why does nobody collect me? ( ), and my ten years in a quandary, and how it grew ( ). robert benchley, who once said, "it took me fifteen years to discover that i had no talent for writing, but i couldn't give it up because by that time i was too famous,"  died on november , , at the peak of his fame.  benchley's son, nathanial, was a well-regarded novelist and children's book author, while his grandson, peter, later became famous as author of the book that inspired the film, jaws. discover robert benchley at amazon.com 	 	 search now: 	 	 	 	 indulge yourself - check out today's best-selling fiction - nonfiction - dvds - home -   	 	 note: all material on this site is copyright protected.  no portion of this material may be copied or reproduced, either electronically,  mechanically, or by any other means, for resale or distribution without the written consent of the author.  contact the editors for right to reprint.  all copy has been dated and registered with the american society of authors and writers.  copyright by the american society of authors and writers.             sorry, pal… – the thrilling detective web site 	skip to content 	 		 			 				 					 											 							 						 													the thrilling detective web site 													come on down these mean streets… 									 						 				come fly with us (advertising rates) 		 		 									 						menu					 				 			 		 	 				 				home 	the latest posts 	this just in 	have you heard the news? 	the p.i. calendar (what’s up) 	faqs 	detectionary (glossary) 	the dick of the day 	word on the street 	the p.i. calendar 	have you heard the news? 	hardcovers 	paperbacks 	digital 	audio 	collections & anthologies 	reference, non-fiction & true crime 	video, dvd, blu-ray & streaming 	comics & graphic novels 	browse this site 	the hall of fame 	authors & creators 	private eyes/alphabetical 	films/alphabetical 	radio shows & other audio drama/alphabetical 	television/alphabetical 	television/chronological 	comic books, strips & graphic novels/alphabetical 	my back pages (trivia) 	wit & wisdom 	writers & writing 	this day in p.i. history 	murder in the library 	my scrapbook 	my bookshelf 	free books! 	fiction 	non-fiction 	essays & articles 	reviews 	support this site 	come fly with us (advertising rates) 	cough it up! 	friends of the thrilling detective web site 	follow us! 	contact us 		 	 	 	 	 		 	 		 		 			 			 			sorry, pal… 				 			 				kevinburtonsmith			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			 			 				march , august , 			 					 	 	 		 most likely it’s not your fault. you haven’t broken the internet. chances are, the page you’re looking for doesn’t exist. at least not yet. or at least not here. maybe i changed the title. maybe i simply zigged when i should have zagged. maybe the page isn’t quite ready for prime time. but most likely, you’re clicking on a link to the old site that simply needs to be updated and hasn’t migrated here yet. it’s been a long process, transferring (and updating) close to pages to our new location. even now there are still some strays waiting to be rounded up. but rest assured, we’re working on it. and hopefully, the search engines and other people’s sites will begin to catch up as well. in the mean time, if you still haven’t found what you’re looking for, don’t be a bono. you could try using our links at the top of every page. you tried and you tried, and still can’t get no satisfaction? drop me a line or fill out the comment section below, to grease the wheels. let me know what page you were on, and which link you were following, and i’ll move it to the top of my to do list. usually takes a few hours. or a few days. please be patient. and hold on to your ticket stub, just in case. same goes for errors, typos and other mistakes. let us know, and we’ll take care of it. eventually… bribes also cheerfully taken. the photo is from the film detektiv down. share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	more 	 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 like this: like loading... 	 	 			tagged 	 	error 	 	 				 			published 			march , august , 		 	 			 	 		post navigation 		previous post lin melchan next post robert bogerud (detektiv downs) 	 			 	 			 			 thoughts on “sorry, pal…”		 		 			 			 				 					 						 						claire taylor says:					 					 						april , at : am					 									 				 					followed a link to film of carvalho – tatuaje, got the error message. would be great to get more info about this loading... 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 						 						kevinburtonsmith says:					 					 						april , at : am					 									 				 					ah, one of the strays from the other site… here ya go. https://thrillingdetective.wpcomstaging.com/ / / /pepe-carvalho/ loading... 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 						 						michael d jeter says:					 					 						april , at : pm					 									 				 					i saw a post that said you had a good overview of a man called hawk. i really like the series, and would be interested. loading... 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 						 						tana cochran says:					 					 						april , at : pm					 									 				 					hi. i was trying to get to your page on the falcon with this link: http://www.thrillingdetective.com/falcon.html via a google search on the falcon. it took me to your “bum steer: page: https://thrillingdetective.wpcomstaging.com/ / / /sorry-pal/ loading... 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 						 						kevinburtonsmith says:					 					 						april , at : pm					 									 				 					it’s now at https://thrillingdetective.com/ / / /the-falcon-aka-michael-waring-gay-stanhope-falcon-gay-lawrence-tom-lawrence/, but the entire alphabetical index of eyes can be found at https://thrillingdetective.com/ / / /private-eyes-alphabetical/ loading... 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 						 						cullenbgallagher says:					 					 						april , at : pm					 									 				 					love ed and am! way overdue to re-read fredric brown. loading... 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 						 						hermajesty says:					 					 						april , at : pm					 									 				 					hmmmmm…. looking for philip marlowe….. tailed him here but he must have seen me and slipped out the back. i’ll be at the bar if you find him. loading... 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 						 						pedanther says:					 					 						may , at : am					 									 				 					philip marlowe is currently residing at https://thrillingdetective.com/ / / /philip-marlowe/ loading... 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 						 						tom tattershall says:					 					 						may , at : pm					 									 				 					link to the carrie cashin page isn’t working. get “bum steer” message. loading... 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 						 						kevinburtonsmith says:					 					 						may , at : pm					 									 				 					i’m on it! https://thrillingdetective.com/ / / /carrie-cashin/ loading... 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 						 						grokenstein says:					 					 						july , at : am					 									 				 					bookmarked “keri krane” some time ago; now it’s lost in the shuffle. tried the menus–no dice. can we get a fixed link, please? thanks! loading... 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 						 						kevinburtonsmith says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					i’ll get on it today. loading... 				 				reply 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 							leave a reply					cancel reply 				 						 				 									 									 					 					 							 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 		 		 							 					 													 								search this site 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 						 											 				 						 				a wordpress.com website. 				 							 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 	 	%d bloggers like this: 	 		 		 		 dshr's blog: hardware i/o virtualization dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, december , hardware i/o virtualization at enterprisetech.com, timothy prickett morgan has an interesting post entitled a rare peek into the massive scale of aws. it is based on a talk by amazon's james hamilton at the re:invent conference. morgan's post provides a hierarchical, network-centric view of the aws infrastructure: 	regions, of them around the world, contain availability zones (az). 	the azs are arranged so that each region contains at least and up to datacenters. 	morgan estimates that there are close to datacenters in total, each with racks, burning - mw. 	each rack holds to servers. azs are no more than ms apart measured in network latency, allowing for synchronous replication. this means the azs in a region are only a couple of kilometres apart, which is less geographic diversity than one might want, but a disaster still has to have a pretty big radius to take out more than one az. the datacenters in an az are not more than us apart in latency terms, close enough that a disaster might take all the datacenters in one az out. below the fold, some details and the connection between what amazon is doing now, and what we did in the early days of nvidia. amazon uses custom-built hardware, including network hardware, and their own network software. doing so is simpler and more efficient than generic hardware and software because they only need to support a very restricted set of configurations and services. in particular they build their own network interface cards (nics). the reason is particularly interesting to me, as it is to solve exactly the same problem that we faced as we started nvidia more than two decades ago. the state-of-the-art of pc games, and thus pc graphics, were based on windows, at that stage little more than a library on top of ms-dos. the game was the only application running on the hardware. it didn't have to share the hardware with, and thus need the operating system (os) to protect it from, any other application. coming from the unix world we knew how the os shared access to physical hardware devices, such as the graphics chip, among multiple processes while protecting them (and the operating system) from each other. processes didn't access the devices directly, they made system calls which invoked device driver code in the os kernel that accessed the physical hardware on their behalf. we understood that windows would have to evolve into a multi-process os with real inter-process protection. our problem, like amazon's, was two-fold; latency and the variance of latency. if the games were to provide arcade performance on mid- s pcs, there was no way the game software could take the overhead of calling into the os to perform graphics operations on its behalf. it had to talk directly to the graphics chip, not via a driver in the os kernel. if there would have been only a single process, such as the x server, doing graphics this would not have been a problem. using the memory management unit (mmu), the hardware provided to mediate access of multiple processes to memory, the os could have mapped the graphic chip's io registers into that process' address space. that process could access the graphics chip with no os overhead. other processes would have to use inter-process communications to request graphics operations, as x clients do. 	 	sega's virtua fighter on nv because we expected there to be many applications simultaneously doing graphics, and they all needed low, stable latency, we needed to make it possible for the os safely to map the chip's registers into multiple processes at one time. we devoted a lot of the first nvidia chip to implementing what looked to the application like independent sets of i/o registers. the os could map one of the sets into a process' address space, allowing it to do graphics by writing directly to these hardware registers. the technical name for this is hardware i/o virtualization; we pioneered this technology in the pc space. it provided the very low latency that permitted arcade performance on the pc, despite other processes doing graphics at the same time. and because the competition between the multiple process' accesses to their virtual i/o resources was mediated on-chip as it mapped the accesses to the real underlying resources, it provided very stable latency without the disruptive long tail that degrades the user experience. amazon's problem was that, like pcs running multiple graphics applications on one real graphics card, they run many virtual machines (vms) on each real server. these vms have to share access to the physical network interface card (nic). mediating this in software in the hypervisor imposes both overhead and variance. their answer was enhanced nics: the network interface cards support single root i/o virtualization (sr-iov), which is an extension to the pci-express protocol that allows the resources on a physical network device to be virtualized. sr-iov gets around the normal software stack running in the operating system and its network drivers and the hypervisor layer that they sit on. it takes milliseconds to wade down through this software from the application to the network card. it only takes microseconds to get through the network card itself, and it takes nanoseconds to traverse the light pipes out to another network interface in another server. “this is another way of saying that the only thing that matters is the software latency at either end,” explained hamilton. sr-iov is much lighter weight and gives each guest partition on a virtual machine its own virtual network interface card, which rides on the physical card. this, as shown on hamilton's graph, provides much less variance in latency: the new network, after it was virtualized and pumped up, showed about a x drop in latency compared to the old network at the th percentile for latency on data transmissions, and at the . th percentile the latency dropped by about a factor of x. the importance of reducing the variance of latency for web services at amazon scale is detailed in a fascinating, must-read paper, the tail at scale by dean and barroso. amazon had essentially the same problem we had, and came up with the same basic hardware solution - hardware i/o virtualization. posted by david. at : am labels: amazon, networking comments: 	 david. said... 	 in the first of a series rich miller at data center frontier adds a little to the timothy prickett morgan post. 	 september , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 pettyofficer 's video history of nvidia gpus is worth watching. 	 october , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  december ( ) 	crypto-currency as a basis for preservation 	economic failures of https 	hardware i/o virtualization 	"official" senate cia torture report 	talk at fall cni 	a note of thanks 	henry newman's farewell column 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. andromeda yelton andromeda yelton 	i haven’t failed, i’ve tried an ml approach that *might* work! when last we met i was turning a perfectly innocent neural net into a terribly ineffective one, in an attempt to get it to be better at face recognition in archival photos. i was also (what cultural heritage technology experience would be complete without this?) being foiled by metadata. so, uh, i stopped using metadata. &# ; continue reading i haven&# ;t failed, i&# ;ve tried an ml approach that *might*&# ;work! &# ; 	i haven’t failed, i’ve just tried a lot of ml approaches that don’t work &# ;let&# ;s blog every friday,&# ; i thought. &# ;it&# ;ll be great. people can see what i&# ;m doing with ml, and it will be a useful practice for me!&# ; and then i went through weeks on end of feeling like i had nothing to report because i was trying approach after approach to this one problem that simply &# ; continue reading i haven&# ;t failed, i&# ;ve just tried a lot of ml approaches that don&# ;t&# ;work &# ; 	this time: speaking about machine learning no tech blogging this week because most of my time was taken up with telling people about ml instead! one talk for an internal harvard audience, &# ;alice in dataland&# ;, where i explained some of the basics of neural nets and walked people through the stories i found through visualizing hamlet data. one talk for the &# ; continue reading this time: speaking about machine&# ;learning &# ; 	archival face recognition for fun and nonprofit in , dominique luster gave a super good code lib talk about applying ai to metadata for the charles &# ;teenie&# ; harris collection at the carnegie museum of art &# ; more than , photographs of black life in pittsburgh. they experimented with solutions to various metadata problems, but the one that&# ;s stuck in my head since &# ; continue reading archival face recognition for fun and&# ;nonprofit &# ; 	sequence models of language: slightly irksome not much ai blogging this week because i have been buried in adulting all week, which hasn&# ;t left much time for machine learning. sadface. however, i&# ;m in the last week of the last deeplearning.ai course! (well. of the deeplearning.ai sequence that existed when i started, anyway. they&# ;ve since added an nlp course and a gans &# ; continue reading sequence models of language: slightly&# ;irksome &# ; 	adapting coursera’s neural style transfer code to localhost last time, when making cats from the void, i promised that i&# ;d discuss how i adapted the neural style transfer code from coursera&# ;s convolutional neural networks course to run on localhost. here you go! step : first, of course, download (as python) the script. you&# ;ll also need the nst_utils.py file, which you can access via &# ; continue reading adapting coursera&# ;s neural style transfer code to&# ;localhost &# ; 	dear internet, merry christmas; my robot made you cats from the void recently i learned how neural style transfer works. i wanted to be able to play with it more and gain some insights, so i adapted the coursera notebook code to something that works on localhost (more on that in a later post), found myself a nice historical cat image via dpla, and started mashing it &# ; continue reading dear internet, merry christmas; my robot made you cats from the&# ;void &# ; 	this week in my ai after visualizing a whole bunch of theses and learning about neural style transfer and flinging myself at t-sne i feel like i should have something meaty this week but they can&# ;t all be those weeks, i guess. still, i&# ;m trying to hold myself to friday ai blogging, so here are some work notes: finished course &# ; continue reading this week in my&# ;ai &# ; 	though these be matrices, yet there is method in them. when i first trained a neural net on , theses to make hamlet, one of the things i most wanted to do is be able to visualize them. if word vec places documents &# ;near&# ; each other in some kind of inferred conceptual space, we should be able to see some kind of map of them, yes? &# ; continue reading though these be matrices, yet there is method in&# ;them. &# ; 	of such stuff are (deep)dreams made: convolutional networks and neural style transfer skipped fridai blogging last week because of thanksgiving, but let&# ;s get back on it! top-of-mind today are the firing of ai queen timnit gebru (letter of support here) and a couple of grant applications that i&# ;m actually eligible for (this is rare for me! i typically need things for which i can apply in my &# ; continue reading of such stuff are (deep)dreams made: convolutional networks and neural style&# ;transfer &# ; zbw labs zbw labs 	data donation to wikidata, part : country/subject dossiers of the th century press archives the world's largest public newspaper clippings archive comprises lots of material of great interest particularly for authors and readers in the wikiverse. zbw has digitized the material from the first half of the last century, and has put all available metadata under a cc license. more so, we are donating that data to wikidata, by adding or enhancing items and providing ways to access the dossiers (called "folders") and clippings easily from there. challenges of modelling a complex faceted classification in wikidata that had been done for the persons' archive in - see our prior blog post. for persons, we could just link from existing or a few newly created person items to the biographical folders of the archive. the countries/subjects archives provided a different challenge: the folders there were organized by countries (or continents, or cities in a few cases, or other geopolitical categories), and within the country, by an extended subject category system (available also as skos). to put it differently: each folder was defined by a geo and a subject facet - a method widely used in general purpose press archives, because it allowed a comprehensible and, supported by a signature system, unambiguous sequential shelf order, indispensable for quick access to the printed material.folders specifically about one significant topic (like the treaty of sèvres) are rare in the press archives, whereas country/subject combinations are rare among wikidata items - so direct linking between existing items and pm folders was hardly achievable. the folders in themselves had to be represented as wikidata items, just like other sources used there. here however we did not have works or scientific articles, but thematic mini-collections of press clippings, often not notable in themselves and normally without further formal bibliographic data. so a class of pm country/subject folder was created (as subclass of dossier, a collection of documents). aiming at items for each folder - and having them linked via pm folder id (p ) to the actual press archive folders was yet only part of the solution.in order to represent the faceted structure of the archive, we needed anchor points for both facets. that was easy for the geographical categories: the vast majority of them already existed as items in wikidata, a few historical ones, such as russian peripheral countries, had to be created. for the subject categories, the situation was much different. categories such as the country and its people, politics and economy, general or postal services, telegraphy and telephony were constructed as baskets for collecting articles on certain broader topics. they do not have an equivalent in wikidata, which tries to describe real world entities or clear-cut concepts. we decided therefore to represent the categories of the subject category system with their own items of type pm subject category. each of the about categories is connected to the upper one via a "part of" (p ) property, thus forming a five-level hierarchy.more implementation subtletiesfor both facets, according wikidata properties where created as "pm geo code" (p ) and "pm subject code" (p ). as external identifiers, they link directly to lists of subjects (e.g., for japan) or geographical entities (e.g., for the country ..., general). for all countries where the press archives material has been processed - this includes the tedious task of clarifying the intellectual property rights status of each article -, the wikidata item for the country includes now a link to a list of all press archives dossiers about this country, covering the first half of the th century. the folders represented in wikidata (e.g., japan : the country ..., general) use "facet of" (p ) and "main subject" (p ) properties to connect to the items for the country and subject categories. thus, not only each of the , accessible folders of the pm country/subject archive is accessible via wikidata. since the structural metadata of pm is available, too, it can be queried in its various dimensions - see for example the list of top level subject categories with the number of folders and documents, or a list of folders per country, ordered by signature (with subtleties covered by a "series ordial" (p ) qualifier). the interactive map of subject folders as shown above is also created by a sparql query, and gives a first impression of the geographical areas covered in depth - or yet only sparsely - in the online archive.core areas: worldwide economy, worldwide colonialismthe online data reveals core areas of attention during years of press clippings collection until . economy, of course, was in the focus of the former hwwa (hamburg archive for the international economy), in germany and namely hamburg, as well as in every other country. more than half of all subject categories are part of the n economy section of the category system and give in , folders very detailed access to the field. about , of the almost , online documents of the archive are part of this section, followed by history and general politics, foreign policy, and public finance, down to more peripheral topics like settling and migration, minorities, justice or literature. originating in the history of the institution (which was founded as "zentralstelle des hamburgischen kolonialinstituts", the central office of the hamburg colonial institute) colonial efforts all over the world were monitored closely. we published with priority the material about the former german colonies, listed in the archivführer deutsche kolonialgeschichte (archive guide to the german colonial past, also interconnected to wikidata). originally collected to support the aggressive and inhuman policy of the german empire, it is now available to serve as research material for critical analysis in the emerging field of colonial and postcolonial studies.enabling future community effortswhile all material about the german colonies (and some about the italian ones) is online, and accessible now via wikidata, this is not true for the former british/french/dutch/belgian colonies. while japan or argentina are accessible completely, china, india or the us are missing, as well as most of the european countries. and while + folders about hamburg cover it's contemporary history quite well, the vast majority of the material about germany as a whole is only accessible "on premises" within zbw's locations. it however is available as digital images, and can be accessed through finding aids (in german), which in the reading rooms directly link to a document viewer. the metadata for this material is now open data and can be changed and enhanced in wikidata. a very selective example how that could work is a topic in german-danish history - the schleswig plebiscites. the pm folder about these events was not part of the published material, but got some interest with last year's centenary. the pm metadata on wikidata made it possible to create an according folder completely in wikidata, nordslesvig : historical events, with a (provisional) link to a stretch of images on a digitized film. while the checking and activation of these images for the public was a one-time effort in the context of an open science event, the creation of a new pm folder on wikidata may demonstrate how open metadata can be used by a dedicated community of knowledge to enable access to not-yet-open knowledge. current intellectual property law in the eu forbids open access to all digitized clippings from newspapers published in until , and all where the death date of a named author is not known until after . of course, we hope for a change in that obstrusive legislation in a not-so-far future. we are confident that the metadata about the material, now in wikidata, will help bridging the gap until it will finally be possible to use all digitized press archives contents as open scientific and educational resources, within and outside of the wikimedia projects. more information at wikiproject th century press archives, which links also to the code for creating this data donation. pressemappe . jahrhundert wikidata &# ; 	building the swib participants map   here we describe the process of building the interactive swib participants map, created by a query to wikidata. the map was intended to support participants of swib to make contacts in the virtual conference space. however, in compliance with gdpr we want to avoid publishing personal details. so we choose to publish a map of institutions, to which the participants are affiliated. (obvious downside: the un-affiliated participants could not be represented on the map). we suppose that the method can be applied to other conferences and other use cases - e.g., the downloaders of scientific software or the institutions subscribed to an academic journal. therefore, we describe the process in some detail. we started with a list of institution names (with country code and city, but without person ids), extracted and transformed from our conftool registration system, saved it in csv format. country names were normalized, cities were not (and only used for context information). we created an openrefine project, and reconciled the institution name column with wikidata items of type q (organization, and all its subtypes). we included the country column (-&gt; p , country) as relevant other detail, and let openrefine “auto-match candidates with high confidence”. of our original set of country/institution entries, were automaticaly matched via the wikidata reconciliation service. at the end of the conference, institutions were identified and put on the map (data set). we went through all un-matched entries and either a) selected one of the suggested items, or b) looked up and tweaked the name string in wikidata, or in google, until we found an according wikipedia page, openend the linked wikidata object from there, and inserted the qid in openrefine, or c) created a new wikidata item (if the institution seemed notable), or d) attached “not yet determined” (q ) where no wikidata item (yet) exists, or e) attached “undefined value” (q ) where no institution had been given the results were exported from openrefine into a .tsv file (settings) again via a script, we loaded conftool participants data, built a lookup table from all available openrefine results (country/name string -&gt; wd item qid), aggregated participant counts per qid, and loaded that data into a custom sparql endpoint, which is accessible from the wikidata query service. as in step , for all (new) institution name strings, which were not yet mapped to wikidata, a .csv file was produced. (an additional remark: if no approved custom sparql endpoint is available, it is feasible to generate a static query with all data in it’s “values” clause.) during the preparation of the conference, more and more participants registered, which required multiple loops: use the csv file of step and re-iterate, starting at step . (since i found no straightforward way to update an existing openrefine project with extended data, i created a new project with new input and output files for every iteration.) finally, to display the map we could run a federated query on wdqs. it fetches the institution items from the custom endpoint and enriches them from wikidata with name, logo and image of the institution (if present), as well as with geographic coordinates, obtained directly or indirectly as follows: a) item has “coodinate location” (p ) itself, or b) item has “headquarters location” item with coordinates (p /p ), or c) item has “located in administrative entity” item with coordinates (p /p ), or c) item has “country” item (p /p ) applying this method, only one institution item could not be located on the map. data improvements the way to improve the map was to improve the data about the items in wikidata - which also helps all future wikidata users. new items for a few institutions, new items were created: burundi association of librarians, archivists and documentalists fao representation in kenya aurora information technology istituto di informatica giuridica e sistemi giudiziari for another institutions, mostly private companies, no items were created due to notability concerns. everything else already had an item in wikidata! improvement of existing items in order to improve the display on the map, we enhanced selected items in wikidata in various ways: add english label add type (instance of) add headquarter location add image and/or logo and we hope, that participants of the conference also took the opportunity to make their institution “look better”, by adding for example an image of it to the wikidata knowledge base. putting wikidata into use for a completely custom purpose thus created incentives for improving “the sum of all human knowledge” step by tiny step.       wikidata for authorities linked data &# ; deutsch 	journal map: developing an open environment for accessing and analyzing performance indicators from journals in economics by franz osorio, timo borst introduction bibliometrics, scientometrics, informetrics and webometrics have been both research topics and practical guidelines for publishing, reading, citing, measuring and acquiring published research for a while (hood ). citation databases and measures had been introduced in the s, becoming benchmarks both for the publishing industry and academic libraries managing their holdings and journal acquisitions that tend to be more selective with a growing number of journals on the one side, budget cuts on the other. due to the open access movement triggering a transformation of traditional publishing models (schimmer ), and in the light of both global and distributed information infrastructures for publishing and communicating on the web that have yielded more diverse practices and communities, this situation has dramatically changed: while bibliometrics of research output in its core understanding still is highly relevant to stakeholders and the scientific community, visibility, influence and impact of scientific results has shifted to locations in the world wide web that are commonly shared and quickly accessible not only by peers, but by the general public (thelwall ). this has several implications for different stakeholders who are referring to metrics in dealing with scientific results:   with the rise of social networks, platforms and their use also by academics and research communities, the term 'metrics' itself has gained a broader meaning: while traditional citation indexes only track citations of literature published in (other) journals, 'mentions', 'reads' and 'tweets', albeit less formal, have become indicators and measures for (scientific) impact. altmetrics has influenced research performance, evaluation and measurement, which formerly had been exclusively associated with traditional bibliometrics. scientists are becoming aware of alternative publishing channels and both the option and need of 'self-advertising' their output. in particular academic libraries are forced to manage their journal subscriptions and holdings in the light of increasing scientific output on the one hand, and stagnating budgets on the other. while editorial products from the publishing industry are exposed to a global competing market requiring a 'brand' strategy, altmetrics may serve as additional scattered indicators for scientific awareness and value. against this background, we took the opportunity to collect, process and display some impact or signal data with respect to literature in economics from different sources, such as 'traditional' citation databases, journal rankings and community platforms resp. altmetrics indicators: citec. the long-standing citation service maintainted by the repec community provided a dump of both working papers (as part of series) and journal articles, the latter with significant information on classic impact factors such as impact factor ( and years) and h-index. rankings of journals in economics including scimago journal rank (sjr) and two german journal rankings, that are regularly released and updated (vhb jourqual, handelsblatt ranking). usage data from altmetric.com that we collected for those articles that could be identified via their digital object identifier. usage data from the scientific community platform and reference manager mendeley.com, in particular the number of saves or bookmarks on an individual paper. requirements a major consideration for this project was finding an open environment in which to implement it. finding an open platform to use served a few purposes. as a member of the "leibniz research association," zbw has a commitment to open science and in part that means making use of open technologies to as great extent as possible (the zbw - open scienc...). this open system should allow direct access to the underlying data so that users are able to use it for their own investigations and purposes. additionally, if possible the user should be able to manipulate the data within the system. the first instance of the project was created in tableau, which offers a variety of means to express data and create interfaces for the user to filter and manipulate data. it also can provide a way to work with the data and create visualizations without programming skills or knowledge. tableau is one of the most popular tools to create and deliver data visualization in particular within academic libraries (murphy ). however, the software is proprietary and has a monthly fee to use and maintain, as well as closing off the data and making only the final visualization available to users. it was able to provide a starting point for how we wanted to the data to appear to the user, but it is in no way open. challenges the first technical challenge was to consolidate the data from the different sources which had varying formats and organizations. broadly speaking, the bibliometric data (citec and journal rankings) existed as a spread sheet with multiple pages, while the altmetrics and mendeley data came from a database dumps with multiple tables that were presented as several csv files. in addition to these different formats, the data needed to be cleaned and gaps filled in. the sources also had very different scopes. the altmetrics and mendeley data covered only journals, the bibliometric data, on the other hand, had more than , journals. transitioning from tableau to an open platform was big challenge. while there are many ways to create data visualizations and present them to users, the decision was made to use r to work with the data and shiny to present it. r is used widely to work with data and to present it (kläre ). the language has lots of support for these kinds of task over many libraries. the primary libraries used were r plotly and r shiny. plotly is a popular library for creating interactive visualizations. without too much work plotly can provide features including information popups while hovering over a chart and on the fly filtering. shiny provides a framework to create a web application to present the data without requiring a lot of work to create html and css. the transition required time spent getting to know r and its libraries, to learn how to create the kinds of charts and filters that would be useful for users. while shiny alleviates the need to create html and css, it does have a specific set of requirements and structures in order to function. the final challenge was in making this project accessible to users such that they would be able to see what we had done, have access to the data, and have an environment in which they could explore the data without needing anything other than what we were providing. in order to achieve this we used binder as the platform. at it's most basic binder makes it possible to share a jupyter notebook stored in a github repository with a url by running the jupyter notebook remotely and providing access through a browser with no requirements placed on the user. additionally, binder is able to run a web application using r and shiny. to move from a locally running instance of r shiny to one that can run in binder, instructions for the runtime environment need to be created and added to the repository. these include information on what version of the language to use,  which packages and libraries to install for the language, and any additional requirements there might be to run everything. solutions given the disparate sources and formats for the data, there was work that needed to be done to prepare it for visualization. the largest dataset, the bibliographic data, had several identifiers for each journal but without journal names. having the journals names is important because in general the names are how users will know the journals. adding the names to the data would allow users to filter on specific journals or pull up two journals for a comparison. providing the names of the journals is also a benefit for anyone who may repurpose the data and saves them from having to look them up. in order to fill this gap, we used metadata available through research papers in economics (repec). repec is an organization that seeks to "enhance the dissemination of research in economics and related sciences". it contains metadata for more than million papers available in different formats. the bibliographic data contained repec handles which we used to look up the journal information as xml and then parse the xml to find the title of the journal.  after writing a small python script to go through the repec data and find the missing names there were only journals whose names were still missing. for the data that originated in an mysql database, the major work that needed to be done was to correct the formatting. the data was provided as csv files but it was not formatted such that it could be used right away. some of the fields had double quotation marks and when the csv file was created those quotes were put into other quotation marks resulting doubled quotation marks which made machine parsing difficult without intervention directly on the files. the work was to go through the files and quickly remove the doubled quotation marks. in addition to that, it was useful for some visualizations to provide a condensed version of the data. the data from the database was at the article level which is useful for some things, but could be time consuming for other actions. for example, the altmetrics data covered only journals but had almost , rows. we could use the python library pandas to go through the all those rows and condense the data down so that there are only rows with the data for each column being the sum of all rows. in this way, there is a dataset that can be used to easily and quickly generate summaries on the journal level. shiny applications require a specific structure and files in order to do the work of creating html without needing to write the full html and css. at it's most basic there are two main parts to the shiny application. the first defines the user interface (ui) of the page. it says what goes where, what kind of elements to include, and how things are labeled. this section defines what the user interacts with by creating inputs and also defining the layout of the output. the second part acts as a server that handles the computations and processing of the data that will be passed on to the ui for display. the two pieces work in tandem, passing information back and forth to create a visualization based on user input. using shiny allowed almost all of the time spent on creating the project to be concentrated on processing the data and creating the visualizations. the only difficulty in creating the frontend was making sure all the pieces of the ui and server were connected correctly. binder provided a solution for hosting the application, making the data available to users, and making it shareable all in an open environment. notebooks and applications hosted with binder are shareable in part because the source is often a repository like github. by passing a github repository to binder, say one that has a jupyter notebook in it, binder will build a docker image to run the notebook and then serve the result to the user without them needing to do anything. out of the box the docker image will contain only the most basic functions. the result is that if a notebook requires a library that isn't standard, it won't be possible to run all of the code in the notebook. in order to address this, binder allows for the inclusion in a repository of certain files that can define what extra elements should be included when building the docker image. this can be very specific such as what version of the language to use and listing various libraries that should be included to ensure that the notebook can be run smoothly. binder also has support for more advanced functionality in the docker images such as creating a postgres database and loading it with data. these kinds of activities require using different hooks that binder looks for during the creation of the docker image to run scripts. results and evaluation the final product has three main sections that divide the data categorically into altmetrics, bibliometrics, and data from mendeley. there are additionally some sections that exist as areas where something new could be tried out and refined without potentially causing issues with the three previously mentioned areas. each section has visualizations that are based on the data available. considering the requirements for the project, the result goes a long way to meeting the requirements. the most apparent area that the journal map succeeds in is its goals is of presenting data that we have collected. the application serves as a dashboard for the data that can be explored by changing filters and journal selections. by presenting the data as a dashboard, the barrier to entry for users to explore the data is low. however, there exists a way to access the data directly and perform new calculations, or create new visualizations. this can be done through the application's access to an r-studio environment. access to r-studio provides two major features. first, it gives direct access to the all the underlying code that creates the dashboard and the data used by it. second, it provides an r terminal so that users can work with the data directly. in r-studio, the user can also modify the existing files and then run them from r-studio to see the results. using binder and r as the backend of the applications allows us to provide users with different ways to access and work with data without any extra requirements on the part of the user. however, anything changed in r-studio won't affect the dashboard view and won't persist between sessions. changes exist only in the current session. all the major pieces of this project were able to be done using open technologies: binder to serve the application, r to write the code, and github to host all the code. using these technologies and leveraging their capabilities allows the project to support the open science paradigm that was part of the impetus for the project. the biggest drawback to the current implementation is that binder is a third party host and so there are certain things that are out of our control. for example, binder can be slow to load. it takes on average + minutes for the docker image to load. there's not much, if anything, we can do to speed that up. the other issue is that if there is an update to the binder source code that breaks something, then the application will be inaccessible until the issue is resolved. outlook and future work the application, in its current state, has parts that are not finalized. as we receive feedback, we will make changes to the application to add or change visualizations. as mentioned previously, there a few sections that were created to test different visualizations independently of the more complete sections, those can be finalized. in the future it may be possible to move from binderhub to a locally created and administered version of binder. there is support and documentation for creating local, self hosted instances of binder. going that direction would give more control, and may make it possible to get the docker image to load more quickly. while the application runs stand-alone, the data that is visualized may also be integrated in other contexts. one option we are already prototyping is integrating the data into our subject portal econbiz, so users would be able to judge the scientific impact of an article in terms of both bibliometric and altmetric indicators.   references william w. hood, concepcion s. wilson. the literature of bibliometrics, scientometrics, and informetrics. scientometrics , – springer science and business media llc, . link r. schimmer. disrupting the subscription journals’ business model for the necessary large-scale transformation to open access. ( ). link mike thelwall, stefanie haustein, vincent larivière, cassidy r. sugimoto. do altmetrics work? twitter and ten other social web services. plos one , e public library of science (plos), . link the zbw - open science future. link sarah anne murphy. data visualization and rapid analytics: applying tableau desktop to support library decision-making. journal of web librarianship , – informa uk limited, . link christina kläre, timo borst. statistic packages and their use in research in economics | edawax - blog of the project ’european data watch extended’. edawax - european data watch extended ( ). link   journal map - binder application for displaying and analyzing metrics data about scientific journals 	integrating altmetrics into a subject repository - econstor as a use case back in the zbw leibniz information center for economics (zbw) teamed up with the göttingen state and university library (sub), the service center of götting library federation (vzg) and gesis leibniz institute for the social sciences in the *metrics project funded by the german research foundation (dfg). the aim of the project was: “… to develop a deeper understanding of *metrics, especially in terms of their general significance and their perception amongst stakeholders.” (*metrics project about). in the practical part of the project the following dspace based repositories of the project partners participated as data sources for online publications and – in the case of econstor – also as implementer for the presentation of the social media signals: econstor - a subject repository for economics and business studies run by the zbw, currently (aug. ) containing round about , downloadable files, goescholar - the publication server of the georg-august-universität göttingen run by the sub göttingen, offering approximately , publicly browsable items so far, ssoar - the “social science open access repository” maintained by gesis, currently containing about , publicly available items. in the work package “technology analysis for the collection and provision of *metrics” of the project an analysis of currently available *metrics technologies and services had been performed. as stated by [wilsdon ], currently suppliers of altmetrics “remain too narrow (mainly considering research products with dois)”, which leads to problems to acquire *metrics data for repositories like econstor with working papers as the main content. as up to now it is unusual – at least in the social sciences and economics – to create dois for this kind of documents. only the resulting final article published in a journal will receive a doi. based on the findings in this work package, a test implementation of the *metrics crawler had been built. the crawler had been actively deployed from early to spring at the vzg. for the aggregation of the *metrics data the crawler had been fed with persistent identifiers and metadata from the aforementioned repositories. at this stage of the project, the project partners still had the expectation, that the persistent identifiers (e.g. handle, urns, …), or their local url counterparts, as used by the repositories could be harnessed to easily identify social media mentions of their documents, e.g. for econstor: handle: “hdl: /…” handle.net resolver url: “http(s)://hdl.handle.net/ /…” econstor landing page url with handle: “http(s)://www.econstor.eu/handle/ /…” econstor bitstream (pdf) url with handle: “http(s)://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/ /…” this resulted in two datasets: one for publications identified by dois (doi: .xxxx/yyyyy) or the respective metadata from crossref and one for documents identified by the repository urls (https://www.econstor.eu/handle/ /xxxx) or the items metadata stored in the repository. during the first part of the project several social media platforms had been identified as possible data sources for the implementation phase. this had been done by interviews and online surveys. for the resulting ranking see the social media registry. additional research examined which social media platforms are relevant to researchers at different stages of their career and if and how they use them (see: [lemke ], [lemke ] and [mehrazar ]). this list of possible sources for social media citations or mentions had then been further reduced to the following six social media platforms which are offering free and open available online apis: facebook mendeley reddit twitter wikipedia youtube of particular interest to the econstor team were the social media services mendeley and twitter, as those had been found being among the “top most used altmetric sources …” for economic and business studies (ebs) journals “… - with mendeley being the most complete platform for ebs journals” [nuredini ]. *metrics integration in econstor in early the econstor team finally received a mysql data dump of the compiled data which had been collected by the *metrics crawler. in consultations between the project partners and based on the aforementioned research, it became clear, that only the collected data from mendeley, twitter and wikipedia were suitable to be embedded into econstor. it was also made clear, by the vzg, that it had been nearly impossible to use handle or respective local urls to extract social media mentions from the free of charge provided apis of the different social media services. instead, in case of wikipedia isbns had been used and for mendeley the title and author(s) as provided in the repository’s metadata. only for the search via the twitter api the handle urls had been used. the datasets used by the *metrics crawler to identify works from econstor included a dataset of , dois (~ % of the econstor content back then), sometimes representing other manifestations of the documents stored in econstor (e.g. pre- or postprint versions of an article), their respective metadata from the crossref doi registry and also a dataset of , econstor documents identified by the handle/url and metadata stored in the repository itself. this second dataset also included the documents related to the publications identified by the doi set. the following table (table ) shows the results of the *metrics crawler for items in econstor. it displays one row for each service and the used identifier set. each row also shows the time period during which the crawler harvested the service and how many unique items per identifier set were found during that period. social media service (set) harvested from harvested until unique econstor items mentioned mendeley (doi) - - - - , mendeley (url) - - - - , twitter (doi) - - (date of first captured tweet - - ) - - (date of last captured tweet - - ) twitter (url) - - (date of first captured tweet - - ) - - (date of last captured tweet - - ) wikipedia (doi) - - - - wikipedia (url) - - - - table : unique econstor items found per identifier set and social media service the following table (table ) shows how many of the econstor items were found with identifiers from both sets. as you can see, only for the service mendeley the sets have a significant overlap. which shows, that it is desirable for a service such as econstor, to expand the captured coverage of its items in social media by the use of other identifies than just dois. social media site unique items identified by both doi and url mendeley , twitter wikipedia table : overlap in found identifiers as a result of the project, the landing pages of econstor items, which have been mentioned on mendeley, twitter or wikipedia during the time of data gathering, have now, for the time being, a listing of “social media mentions”. this is in addition to the already existing cites and citations, based on the repec - citec service and the download statistics, which is displayed on separate pages. image : “econstor item landing page” the back end on the econstor server is realized as a small restful web service programmed in java that returns json formatted data (see figure ). given a list of identifiers (dois/handle) it returns the sum of mentions for mendeley, twitter and wikipedia in the database, per specified econstor item, as well as the links to the counted tweets and wikipedia articles. in case of wikipedia this is also grouped by the language of the wikipedia the mention was found in.   { "_metrics": { "sum_mendeley": , "sum_twitter": , "sum_wikipedia": }, "identifier": " / ", "identifiertype": "handle", "repository": "econstor", "tweetdata": { " ": { "created_at": "wed dec : : + ", "description": "economist wettbewerb regulierung monopole economics @dicehhu @hhu_de vwl antitrust düsseldorf quakenbrück berlin fc st. pauli", "id_str": " ", "name": "justus haucap", "screen_name": "haucap" }, " ": { "created_at": "wed dec : : + ", "description": "twitterkanal des wirtschaftsdienst - zeitschrift für wirtschaftspolitik, hrsg. von @zbw_news; rt ≠ zustimmung; impressum: https://t.co/x gevzb lr", "id_str": " ", "name": "wirtschaftsdienst", "screen_name": "zeitschrift_wd" }, " ": { "created_at": "wed dec : : + ", "description": "professor for international economics at htw berlin - university of applied sciences; senior policy fellow at the european council on foreign relations", "id_str": " ", "name": "sebastian dullien", "screen_name": "sdullien" } }, "twitterids": [ " ", " ", " " ], "wikipediaquerys": {} } figure : “example json returned by webservice - twitter mentions”   image : “mendeley and twitter mentions” during the creation of the landing page of an econstor item (see image ), a java servlet queries the web service and, if some social media mentions is detected, renders the result into the web page. for each of the three social media platforms the sum of the mentions is displayed and for twitter and wikipedia even backlinks to the mentioning tweets/articles are provided as a drop-down list, below the number of mentions (see image ). in case of wikipedia this is also grouped by the languages of the articles in wikipedia in which the isbn of the corresponding work has been found. conclusion while being an interesting addition to the existing download statistics and citations by repec/citec, that are already integrated into econstor, currently the gathered “social media mentions” offer only a limited additional value to the econstor landing pages. one reason might be, that only a fraction of all the documents of econstor are covered. another reason might be according to [lemke ], that there is currently a great reluctance to use social media services among economists and social scientists, as it is perceived as: “unsuitable for academic discourse; … to cost much time; … separating personal from professional matters is bothersome; … increases the efforts necessary to handle information overload.” theoretically, the prospect of a tool for the measurement of the scientific uptake, with a quicker response time than classical bibliometrics, could be very rewarding, especially for a repository like econstor with its many preprints (e.g. working papers) provided in open access. as [thelwall ] has stated: “in response, some publishers have turned to altmetrics, which are counts of citations or mentions in specific social web services because they can appear more rapidly than citations. for example, it would be reasonable to expect a typical article to be most tweeted on its publication day and most blogged within a month of publication.” and “social media mentions, being available immediately after publication—and even before publication in the case of preprints…”. but especially these preprints, that come without a doi, are still a challenge to be correctly identified, and therefore to be counted as social media mentions. this is something the *metrics crawler has not changed, since it is using title and author metadata to search in mendeley, which does not give a % sure identification and isbns to search in wikipedia. even though a quick check revealed that at the time of writing this article (aug. ) at least wikipedia offers a handle search. a quick search for econstor handles in the english wikipedia returns now a list of pages with mentions of “hdl: /”, the german wikipedia - but these are still very small numbers (aug. nd, : currently , full texts are available in econstor). https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&amp;list=search&amp;srlimit= &amp;srsearch=% hdl: % f% &amp;srwhat=text&amp;srprop&amp;srinfo=totalhits&amp;srenablerewrites= &amp;format=jsonsearch via api in english wikipedia another problem is, that at the time of this writing, the *metrics crawler is not continuously operated, therefore our analysis is based on a data dump of social media mentions from spring to early . since it is one of the major benefits of altmetrics that it can be obtained much faster and is more recent then classical citation-based metrics, it reduces the value of the continued integration of this static and continuously getting older dataset being integrated into econstor landing pages. hence, we are looking for more recent and regular updates of social media data that could serve as a ‘real-time’ basis for monitoring social media usage in economics. as a consequence, we are currently looking for: a) an institution to commit itself to run the *metrics crawler and b) a more active social media usage in the sciences of economics and business studies. references [lemke ] lemke, steffen; mehrazar, maryam; mazarakis, athanasios; peters, isabella ( ): are there different types of online research impact?, in: building &amp; sustaining an ethical future with emerging technology. proceedings of the st annual meeting, vancouver, canada, – november , isbn - - - - , association for information science and technology (asis&amp;t), silver spring, pp. - http://hdl.handle.net/ / [lemke ] lemke, steffen; mehrazar, maryam; mazarakis, athanasios; peters, isabella ( ): “when you use social media you are not working”: barriers for the use of metrics in social sciences, frontiers in research metrics and analytics, issn - , vol. , iss. [article] , pp. - , http://dx.doi.org/ . /frma. . [mehrazar ] maryam mehrazar, christoph carl kling, steffen lemke, athanasios mazarakis, and isabella peters ( ): can we count on social media metrics? first insights into the active scholarly use of social media, websci ’ : th acm conference on web science, may – , , amsterdam, netherlands. acm, new york, ny, usa, article , pages, https://doi.org/ . / . [metrics ] einbindung von *metrics in econstor, https://metrics-project.net/downloads/ - - -econstor-metrics-abschluss-ws-sub-g%c %b .pptx [nuredini ] nuredini, kaltrina; peters, isabella ( ): enriching the knowledge of altmetrics studies by exploring social media metrics for economic and business studies journals, proceedings of the st international conference on science and technology indicators (sti conference ), valència (spain), september - , , http://hdl.handle.net/ / [or ] relevance and challenges of altmetrics for repositories - answers from the *metrics project. https://www.conftool.net/or /index.php/paper-p a- orth% cweiland_b.pdf?page=downloadpaper&amp;filename=paper-p a- orth% cweiland_b.pdf&amp;form_id= &amp;form_index= &amp;form_version=final [social media registry] social media registry - current status of social media plattforms and *metrics, https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/ oals kxtmml naf shxh ctmone q efhtzmgpinv /edit?usp=sharing [thelwall ] thelwall m, haustein s, larivie`re v, sugimoto cr ( ): do altmetrics work? twitter and ten other social web services. plos one ( ): e . http://dx.doi.org/ . /journal.pone. [wilsdon ] wilsdon, james et al. ( ): next-generation metrics: responsible metrics and evaluation for open science. report of the european commission expert group on altmetrics, isbn - - - - , http://dx.doi.org/ . / integrating altmetrics data into econstor 	 th century press archives: data donation to wikidata zbw is donating a large open dataset from the th century press archives to wikidata, in order to make it better accessible to various scientific disciplines such as contemporary, economic and business history, media and information science, to journalists, teachers, students, and the general public. the th century press archives (pm ) is a large public newspaper clippings archive, extracted from more than different sources published in germany and all over the world, covering roughly a full century ( - ). the clippings are organized in thematic folders about persons, companies and institutions, general subjects, and wares. during a project originally funded by the german research foundation (dfg), the material up to has been digitized. , folders with more than two million pages up to are freely accessible online.  the fine-grained thematic access and the public nature of the archives makes it to our best knowledge unique across the world (more information on wikipedia) and an essential research data fund for some of the disciplines mentioned above. the data donation does not only mean that zbw has assigned a cc license to all pm metadata, which makes it compatible with wikidata. (due to intellectual property rights, only the metadata can be licensed by zbw - all legal rights on the press articles themselves remain with their original creators.) the donation also includes investing a substantial amount of working time (during, as planned, two years) devoted to the integration of this data into wikidata. here we want to share our experiences regarding the integration of the persons archive metadata. folders from the persons archive, in (credit: max-michael wannags) linking our folders to wikidatathe essential bit for linking the digitized folders was in place before the project even started: an external identifier property (pm folder id, p ), proposed by an administrator of the german wikipedia in order to link to pm person and company folders. we participated in the property proposal discussion and made sure that the links did not have to reference our legacy coldfusion application. instead, we created a "partial redirect" on the purl.org service (maintained formerly by oclc, now by the internet archive) for persistent urls which may redirect to another application on another server in future. secondly, the identifier and url format was extended to include subject and ware folders, which are defined by a combination of two keys, one for the country and another for the topic. the format of the links in wikidata is controlled by a regular expression, which covers all four archives mentioned above. that works pretty well -  very few format errors occurred so far -, and it relieved us from creating four different archive-specific properties.shortly after the property creation, magnus manske, the author of the original mediawiki software and lots of related tools, scraped our web site and created a mix-n-match catalog from it. during the following two years, more than wikidata users contributed to matching wikidata items for humans to pm folder ids. for a start, deriving links from gnd many of the pm person and company folders were already identified by an identifier from the german integrated authority file (gnd). so, our first step was creating pm links for all wikidata items which had matching gnd ids. for all these items and folders, disambiguation had already taken place, and we could safely add all these links automatically. infrastructure: pm endpoint, federated queries and quickstatements to make this work, we relied heavily on linked data technologies. a pm sparql endpoint had already been set up for our contribution to coding da vinci (a "kultur-hackathon" in germany). almost all automated changes to wikidata we made are based on federated queries on our own endpoint, reaching out to the wikidata endpoint, or vice versa, from wikidata to pm . in the latter case, the external endpoint has to be registered at wikidata. wikidata maintains a help page for this type of queries. for our purposes, federated queries allow extracting current data from both endpoints. in the case of the above-mentioned missing_pm _id_via_gnd.rq query, this way we can skip all items, where a link to pm already exists. within the query itself, we create a statement string which we can feed into the quickstatements tool. that includes, for every single statement, a reference to pm with link to the actual folder, so that the provenance of these statements is always clear and traceable. via script, a statement file is extracted and saved with a timestamp. data imports via quickstatements are executed in batch mode, and an activity log keeps track of all data imports and other activities related to pm . creating missing items after the matching of about % of the person folders which include free documents in mix-n-match, and some efforts to discover more pre-existing wikidata items, we decided to create the missing person items, again via quickstatements input. we used the description field in wikidata by importing the content of the free-text "occupation" field in pm for better disambiguation of the newly created items. (here a rather minimal example of such an item created from pm metadata.) thus, all pm person folders which have digitized content were linked to wikidata in june . supplementing wikidata with pm metadata a second part of the integration of pm metadata into wikidata was the import of missing property values to the according items. this comprised simple facts like "date of birth/death", occupations such as "economist", "business economist", "social scientist", "earth scientist", which we could derive from the "field of activity" in pm , up to relations between existing items, e.g. a family member to the according family, or a board member to the according company. a few other source properties have been postponed, because alternative solutions exist, and the best one may depend on the intended use in future applications. the steps of this enrichment process and links to the code used - including the automatic generation of references - are online, too. complex statement added to wikidata item for friedrich krupp ag again, we used federated queries. often the target of a wikidata property is an item in itself. sometimes, we could directly get this via the target item's pm folder id (families, companies); sometimes we had to create lookup tables. for the latter, we used "values" clauses in the query (in case of "occupation"), or (in case of "country of citizenship"), we have to match countries from our internal classification in advance - a process for which we use openrefine. other than pm folder ids, which we avoided adding when folders do not contain digitized content, we added the metadata to all items which were linked to pm , and intend to repeat this process periodically when more items (e.g., companies) are identified by pm folder ids. in some housekeeping activity, we also add periodically the numbers of documents (online and total) and the exact folder names as qualifiers to newly emerging pm links in items. results of the data donation so far with all persons folder with digitized documents linked to wikidata, the data donation of the person folders metadata is completed. besides the folder links, which have already heavily been used to create links in wikipedia articles, we have got - more than statements which are sourced in pm (from "date of birth" to the track gauge of a brazilian railway line) - more than items, for which pm id is the only external identifier the data donation will be presented on the wikidatacon in berlin ( .- . . ) as a "birthday present" on the occasion wikidata's seventh birthday. zbw will further keep the digital content available, amended with a static landing page for every folder, which also will serve as source link for the metadata we have integrated into wikidata. but in future, wikidata will be the primary access path to our data, providing further metadata in multiple languages and links to a plethora of other external sources. and the best is, different from our current application, everybody will be able to enhance this open data through the interactive tools and data interfaces provided by wikidata.participate in wikiproject th century press archives for the topics, wares and companies archives, there is still a long way to go. the best structure for representing these archives and their folders - often defined by the combination of a country within a geographical hierarchy with a subject heading in a deeply nested topic classification -, has to be figured out. existing items have to be matched, and lots of other work is to be done. therefore, we have created the wikiproject th century press archives in wikidata to keep track of discussions and decisions, and to create a focal point for participation. everybody on wikidata is invited to participate - or just kibitz. it could be challenging particularly for information scientists, and people interested in historic systems for the organization of knowledge about the whole world, to take part in the mapping of one of these systems to the emerging wikidata knowledge graph.   linked data &# ; open data &# ; 	zbw's contribution to "coding da vinci": dossiers about persons and companies from th century press archives at th and th of october, the kick-off for the "kultur-hackathon" coding da vinci is held in mainz, germany, organized this time by glam institutions from the rhein-main area: "for five weeks, devoted fans of culture and hacking alike will prototype, code and design to make open cultural data come alive." new software applications are enabled by free and open data. for the first time, zbw is among the data providers. it contributes the person and company dossiers of the th century press archive. for about a hundred years, the predecessor organizations of zbw in kiel and hamburg had collected press clippings, business reports and other material about a wide range of political, economic and social topics, about persons, organizations, wares, events and general subjects. during a project funded by the german research organization (dfg), the documents published up to (about , million pages) had been digitized and are made publicly accessible with according metadata, until recently solely in the "pressemappe . jahrhundert" (pm ) web application. additionally, the dossiers - for example about mahatma gandhi or the hamburg-bremer afrika linie - can be loaded into a web viewer. as a first step to open up this unique source of data for various communities, zbw has decided to put the complete pm metadata* under a cc-zero license, which allows free reuse in all contexts. for our coding da vinci contribution, we have prepared all person and company dossiers which already contain documents. the dossiers are interlinked among each other. controlled vocabularies (for, e.g., "country", or "field of activity") provide multi-dimensional access to the data. most of the persons and a good share of organizations were linked to gnd identifiers. as a starter, we had mapped dossiers to wikidata according to existing gnd ids. that allows to run queries for pm dossiers completely on wikidata, making use of all the good stuff there. an example query shows the birth places of pm economists on a map, enriched with images from wikimedia commons. the initial mapping was much extended by fantastic semi-automatic and manual mapping efforts by the wikidata community. so currently more than % of the dossiers about - often rather prominent - pm persons are linked not only to wikidata, but also connected to wikipedia pages. that offers great opportunities for mash-ups to further data sources, and we are looking forward to what the "coding da vinci" crowd may make out of these opportunities. technically, the data has been converted from an internal intermediate format to still quite experimental rdf and loaded into a sparql endpoint. there it was enriched with data from wikidata and extracted with a construct query. we have decided to transform it to json-ld for publication (following practices recommended by our hbz colleagues). so developers can use the data as "plain old json", with the plethora of web tools available for this, while linked data enthusiasts can utilize sophisticated semantic web tools by applying the provided json-ld context. in order to make the dataset discoverable and reusable for future research, we published it persistently at zenodo.org. with it, we provide examples and data documentation. a github repository gives you additional code examples and a way to address issues and suggestions. * for the scanned documents, the legal regulations apply - zbw cannot assign licenses here.     pressemappe . jahrhundert linked data &# ; 	wikidata as authority linking hub: connecting repec and gnd researcher identifiers in the econbiz portal for publications in economics, we have data from different sources. in some of these sources, most notably zbw's "econis" bibliographical database, authors are disambiguated by identifiers of the integrated authority file (gnd) - in total more than , . data stemming from "research papers in economics" (repec) contains another identifier: repec authors can register themselves in the repec author service (ras), and claim their papers. this data is used for various rankings of authors and, indirectly, of institutions in economics, which provides a big incentive for authors - about , have signed into ras - to keep both their article claims and personal data up-to-date. while gnd is well known and linked to many other authorities, ras had no links to any other researcher identifier system. thus, until recently, the author identifiers were disconnected, which precludes the possibility to display all publications of an author on a portal page. to overcome that limitation, colleagues at zbw have matched a good , authors with ras and gnd ids by their publications (see details here). making that pre-existing mapping maintainable and extensible however would have meant to set up some custom editing interface, would have required storage and operating resources and wouldn't easily have been made publicly accessible. in a previous article, we described the opportunities offered by wikidata. now we made use of it. v\:* {behavior:url(#default#vml);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#vml);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#vml);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#vml);} normal false false false false de x-none x-none defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority=" " latentstylecount=" "> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="normal"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading "> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="title"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="subtitle"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="strong"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="emphasis"> unhidewhenused="false" name="table grid"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="no spacing"> unhidewhenused="false" name="light shading"> unhidewhenused="false" name="light list"> unhidewhenused="false" name="light grid"> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid "> unhidewhenused="false" name="dark list"> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful shading"> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful list"> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful grid"> unhidewhenused="false" name="light shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="list paragraph"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="quote"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="intense quote"> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="dark list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="dark list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="dark list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="dark list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="dark list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="light grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="medium grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="dark list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful shading accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful list accent "> unhidewhenused="false" name="colorful grid accent "> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="subtle emphasis"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="intense emphasis"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="subtle reference"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="intense reference"> unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="book title"> /* style definitions */ table.msonormaltable 	{mso-style-name:"normale tabelle"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size: ; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size: ; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority: ; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt: cm . pt cm . pt; 	mso-para-margin: cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:. pt; 	line-height: . pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size: . pt; 	font-family:"times new roman","serif";} initial situation in wikidata economists were, at the start of this small project in april , already well represented among the . million persons in wikidata - though the precise extent is difficult to estimate. furthermore, properties for linking gnd and repec author identifiers to wikidata items were already in place: p “gnd id”, in ~ , items p “repec short-id” (further-on: ras id), in ~ , items both properties in ~ items for both properties, “single value” and “distinct values” constraints are defined, so that (with rare exceptions) a : relation between the authority entry and the wikidata item should exist. that, in turn, means that a : relation between both authority entries can be assumed. the relative amounts of ids in econbiz and wikidata is illustrated by the following image. person identifiers in wikidata and econbiz, with unknown overlap at the beginning of the project (the number of . million persons in econbiz is a very rough estimate, because most names – outside gnd and ras – are not disambiguated) since many economists have wikipedia pages, from which wikidata items have been created routinely, the first task was finding these items and adding gnd and/or ras identifiers to them. the second task was adding items for persons which did not already exist in wikidata. adding mapping-derived identifiers to wikidata items for items already identified by either gnd or ras, the reciprocal identifiers where added automatically: a federated sparql query on the mapping and the public wikidata endpoint retrieved the items and the missing ids. a script transformed that into input for wikidata’s quickstatements tool, which allows adding statements (as well as new items) to wikidata. the tool takes csv-formatted input via a web form and applies it in batch to the live dataset. import statements for quickstatements . the first input line adds the ras id “pan ” to the item for the economist james andreoni. the rest of the input line creates a reference to zbws mapping for this statement and so allows tracking its provenance in wikidata. that step resulted in added gnd ids to items identified by ras id, and, in the reverse direction, added ras ids to items identified by gnd id. for the future, it is expected that tools like wdmapper will facilitate such operations. identifying more wikidata items obviously, the previous step left out the already existing economists in wikidata, which up to then had neither a gnd nor a ras id. therefore, these items had to be identified by adding one of the identifiers. a semi-automatic approach was applied to that end, starting with the “most important” persons from repec and econbiz datasets. that was extended in an automatic step, taking advantage of existing viaf identifiers (a step which could have been also the first one). for repec, the “top economists” ranking page (~ , authors) was scraped and cross-linked to a custom-created basic rdf dataset of the repec authors. the result was transformed to an input file for wikidata’s mix’n’match tool, which had been developed for the alignment of external catalogs with wikidata. the tool takes a simple csv file, consisting of a name, a description and an identifier, and tries to automatically match against wikidata labels. in a subsequent interactive step, it allows to confirm or remove every match. if confirmed, the identifier is automatically added as value to the according property of the matched wikidata item. for gnd, all authors with more than publications in econbiz where selected in a custom sparql endpoint. just as the “repec top” matchset, a “gnd economists (de)” matchset with ~ , gnd ids, names and descriptions was loaded into mix’n’match and aligned to wikidata. becoming more familiar with the wikidata-related tools, policies and procedures, existing viaf property values were exploited as another opportunity for seeding gnd ids in wikidata. in a federated sparql query on a custom viaf and the public wikidata endpoint, about , missing gnd ids were determined and added to wikidata items which had been identified by viaf id. after each of these steps, the first task – adding mapping-derived gnd or ras identifiers – was repeated. that resulted in wikidata items carrying both ids. since zbws author mapping based on at least matching publications, the alignment of high-frequency resp. highly-ranked gnd and repec authors made it highly probable that authors already present in wikidata were identified in the previous steps. that reduced the danger of creating duplicates in the following task. creating new wikidata items from the mapped authorities for the rest of the authors in the mapping, new wikidata items were created. this task was carried out again by the quickstatements tool, for which the input statements were created by a script, based on a sparql query on the afore-mentioned endpoints for repec authors and gnd entries. the input statements were derived from both authorities, in the following fashion: the label (name of the person) was taken from gnd the occupation “economist” was derived from repec (and in particular from the occurrence in its “top economists” list) gender and date of birth/death were taken from gnd (if available) the english description was a concatenated string “economist” plus the affiliations from repec the german description was a concatenated string “wirtschaftswissenschaftler/in” plus the affiliations from gnd the use of wikidata’s description field for affiliations was a makeshift: in the absence of an existing mapping of repec (and mostly also gnd) organizations to wikidata, it allows for better identification of the individual researchers. in a later step, when according organization/institute items exist in wikidata and mappings are in place, the items for authors can be supplemented step-by-step by formal “affiliation” (p ) statements. according to wikidata’s policy, an extensive reference to the source for each statement in the synthesized new wikidata item was added. the creation of items in an automated fashion involves the danger of duplicates. however, such duplicates turned up only in very few cases. they have been solved by merging items, which technically is very easy in wikidata. interestingly, a number of “fake duplicates” indeed revealed multifarious quality issues, in wikidata and in both of the authority files, which, too, have been subsequently resolved. ... and even more new items for economists ... the good experiences so far let us get bolder, and we considered creating wikidata items for the still missing "top economists" (according to repec). for item creation, one aspect we had to consider was the compliance with wikidata's notability policy. this policy is much more relaxed than the policies of the large wikipedias. it states as one criterion sufficient for item creation that the item "refers to an instance of a clearly identifiable conceptual or material entity. the entity must be notable, in the sense that it can be described using serious and publicly available references." there seems to be some consensus in the community that authority files such as gnd or repec authors count as "serious and publicly available references". this of course should hold even more for a bibliometric ranked subset of these external identifiers. we thus inserted another , wikidata items for the rest of the repec top % list. additionally - to mitigate the immanent gender bias such selections often bear - we imported all missing researchers from repec's "top % female economists" list. again, we added reference statements to repec which allow wikidata users to keep track of the source of the information. results the immediate result of the project was: all of the pairs of identifiers from the initial mapping by zbw is incorporated now in wikidata items wikidata items in addition to these also have both identifiers (created by individual wikidata editors, or the efforts described above) (all numbers in this section as of - - .) while that still is only a beginning, given the total amount of authors represented in econbiz, it is a significant share of the “most important” ones: top % ras and frequent gnd in econbiz (&gt; publications). “wikidata economists” is a rough estimate of the amount of persons in the field of economics (twice the number of those with the explicit occupation “economist”) while the top repec economists are now completely covered by wikidata, for gnd the overlap has been improved significantly during the last year. this occured in parts as a side-effect of the efforts described above, in parts it is caused by the genuine growth of wikidata in regard to the number of items as well as the increasing density of external identifiers. here the current percentages, compared to those one year earlier, which were presented in our previous article: large improvements in the coverage of the most frequent authors by wikidata (query, result) while the improvements in absolute numbers are impressive, too - the number of gnd ids for all econbiz persons (with at least one publication) has increased from , to , - the image demonstrates that particularly the coverage for our most frequent authors has risen largely. the addition of all repec top economists has created further opportunities for matching these items from the afore-mentioned gnd mix-n-match set, which will again will add up to the mapping. all matching and duplicates checking done, we may re-consider the option of adding the remaining frequent gnd persons (&gt; publications in econbiz) automatically to wikidata. the mapping data can be retrieved by everyone, via sparql queries, by specialized tools such as wdmapper, or as part of the wikidata dumps. what is more, it can be extended by everybody – either as a by-product of individual edits adding identifiers to persons in wikidata, or by a directed approach. for directed extensions, any subset can be used as a starting point: either a new version of the above mentioned ranking, or other rankings also published by repec, covering in particular female, or economists from e.g. latin america; or all identifiers from a particular institution, either derived from gnd or ras. the results of all such efforts are available at once and add up continuously. yet, the benefits of using wikidata cannot be reduced to the publication and maintenance of mapping itself. in many cases it offers much more than just a linking point for two identifiers: links to wikipedia pages about the authors, possibly in multiple languages rich data about the authors in defined formats, sometimes with explicit provenance information access to pictures etc. from wikimedia commons, or quotations from wikiquote links to multiple other authorities as an example for the latter, the in total ras identifiers in wikidata are already mapped to viaf and loc authority ids (while orcid with ids is still remarkably low). at the same time, these repec-connected items were linked to english, german and  spanish wikipedia pages which provide rich human-readable information. in turn, when we take the gnd persons in econbiz as a starting point, roughly , are already represented in wikidata. besides large amounts of other identifiers, the according wikidata items offer more than , links to german and more than , links to english wikipedia pages (query). for zbw, “releasing” the dataset into wikidata as a trustworthy and sustainable public database not only saves the “technical” costs of data ownership (programming, storage, operating, for access and for maintenance). responsibility for - and fun from - extending, amending and keeping the dataset current can be shared with many other interested parties and individuals.   wikidata for authorities authority control &# ; wikidata &# ; deutsch 	new version of multi-lingual jel classification published in lod the journal of economic literature classification scheme (jel) was created and is maintained by the american economic association. the aea provides this widely used resource freely for scholarly purposes. thanks to andré davids (ku leuven), who has translated the originally english-only labels of the classification to french, spanish and german, we provide a multi-lingual version of jel. it's lastest version (as of - ) is published in the formats rdfa and rdf download files. these formats and translations are provided "as is" and are not authorized by aea. in order to make changes in jel tracable more easily, we have created lists of inserted and removed jel classes in the context of the skos-history project. jel klassifikation für linked open dataskos-history linked data &# ; 	economists in wikidata: opportunities of authority linking wikidata is a large database, which connects all of the roughly wikipedia projects. besides interlinking all wikipedia pages in different languages about a specific item – e.g., a person -, it also connects to more than different sources of authority information. the linking is achieved by a „authority control“ class of wikidata properties. the values of these properties are identifiers, which unambiguously identify the wikidata item in external, web-accessible databases. the property definitions includes an uri pattern (called „formatter url“). when the identifier value is inserted into the uri pattern, the resulting uri can be used to look up the authoritiy entry. the resulting uri may point to a linked data resource - as it is the case with the gnd id property. this, on the one hand, provides a light-weight and robust mechanism to create links in the web of data. on the other hand, these links can be exploited by every application which is driven by one of the authorities to provide additional data: links to wikipedia pages in multiple languages, images, life data, nationality and affiliations of the according persons, and much more. wikidata item for the indian economist bina agarwal, visualized via the sqid browser in , a group of students under the guidance of jakob voß published a handbook on "normdaten in wikidata" (in german), describing the structures and the practical editing capabilities of the the standard wikidata user interface. the experiment described here focuses on persons from the subject domain of economics. it uses the authority identifiers of the about , economists referenced by their gnd id as creators, contributors or subjects of books, articles and working papers in zbw's economics search portal econbiz. these gnd ids were obtained from a prototype of the upcoming econbiz research dataset (ebds). to , of these persons, or . %, a person in wikidata is connected by gnd. if we consider the frequent (more than publications) and the very frequent (more than publications) authors in econbiz, the coverage increases significantly: economics-related persons in econbiz number of publications total in wikidata percentage datasets: ebds as of - - ; wikidata as of - - (query, result) &gt; , , . % &gt; , , . % &gt; , . % these are numbers "out of the box" - ready-made opportunities to link out from existing metadata in econbiz and to enrich user interfaces with biographical data from wikidata/wikipedia, without any additional effort to improve the coverage on either the econbiz or the wikidata side. however: we can safely assume that many of the econbiz authors, particularly of the high-frequency authors, and even more of the persons who are subject of publications, are "notable" according the wikidata notablitiy guidelines. probably, their items exist and are just missing the according gnd property. to check this assumption, we take a closer look to the wikidata persons which have the occupation "economist" (most wikidata properties accept other wikidata items - instead of arbitrary strings - as values, which allows for exact queries and is indispensible in a multilingual environment).  of these approximately , persons, less than % have a gnd id property! even if we restrict that to the , "internationally recognized economists" (which we define here as having wikipedia pages in three or more different languages), almost half of them lack a gnd id property. when we compare that with the coverage by viaf ids, more than % of all and % the internationally recognized wikidata economists are linked to viaf (sparql lab live query). therefore, for a whole lot of the persons we have looked at here, we can take it for granted the person exists in wikidata as well as in the gnd, and the only reason for the lack of a gnd id is that nobody has added it to wikidata yet. as an aside: the information about the occupation of persons is to be taken as a very rough approximation: some wikidata persons were economists by education or at some point of their career, but are famous now for other reasons (examples include vladimir putin or the president of liberia, ellen johnson sirleaf). on the other hand, econbiz authors known to wikidata are often qualified not as economist, but as university teacher, politican, historican or sociologist. nevertheless, their work was deemed relevant for the broad field of economics, and the conclusions drawn at the "economists" in wikidata and gnd will hold for them, too: there are lots of opportunities for linking already well defined items. what can we gain? the screenshot above demonstrates, that not only data about the person itself, her affiliations, awards received, and possibly many other details can be obtained. the "identifiers" box on the bottom right shows authoritiy entries. besides the gnd id, which served as an entry point for us, there are links to viaf and other national libraries' authorities, but also to non-library identifier systems like isni and orcid. in total, wikidata comprises more than million authority links, more than millions of these for persons. when we take a closer look at the , econbiz persons which we can look up by their gnd id in wikidata, an astonishing variety of authorities is addressed from there: different authorities are linked from the subset, ranging from "almost complete" (viaf, library of congress name authority file) to - in the given context- quite exotic authorities of, e.g., members of the belgian senate, chess players or swedish olympic committee athletes. some of these entries link to carefully crafted biographies, sometimes behind a paywall  (notable names database, oxford dictionary of national biography, munzinger archiv, sächsische biographie, dizionario biografico degli italiani), or to free text resources (project gutenberg authors). links to the world of museums and archives are also provided, from the getty union list of artist names to specific links into the british museum or the musée d'orsay collections. a particular use can be made of properties which express the prominence of the according persons: nobel prize ids, for example, definitivly should be linked to according gnd ids (and indeed, they are). but also ted speakers or persons with an entry in the munzinger archive (a famous and long-established german biographical service) are assumed to have gnd ids. that opens a road to a very focused improvement of the data quality: a list of persons with that properties, restricted to the subject field (e.g., "occupation economist"), can be easily generated from wikidata's sparql query service. in wikidata, it is very easy to add the missing id entries discovered during such cross-checks interactively. and if it turns out that an "very important" person from the field is missing from the gnd at all, that is a all-the-more valuable opportunity to improve the data quality at the source. how can we start improving? as a prove of concept, and as a practical starting point, we have developed a micro-application for adding missing authority property values. it consists of two sparql lab scripts: missing_property creates a list of wikidata persons, which have a certain authority property (by default: ted speaker id) and lacks another one (by default: gnd id). for each entry in the list, a link to an application is created, which looks up the name in the according authority file (by default: search_person, for a broad yet ranked full-text search of person names in gnd). if we can identify the person in the gnd list, we can copy its gnd id, return to the first one, click on the link to the wikidata item of the person and add the property value manually through wikidata's standard edit interface. (wikidata is open and welcoming such contributions!) it takes effect within a few seconds - when we reload the missing_property list, the improved item should not show up any more. instead of identifying the most prominent economics-related persons in wikidata, the other way works too: while most of the gnd-identified persons are related to only one or twe works, as an according statistics show, few are related to a disproportionate amount of publications. of the , persons related to more than publications, less than are missing links to wikidata by their gnd id. by adding this property (for the vast majority of these persons, a wikidata item should already exist), we could enrich, at a rough estimate, more than , person links in econbiz publications. another micro-application demonstrates, how the work could be organized: the list of econbiz persons by descending publication count provides "search in wikidata" links (functional on a custom endpoint): each link triggers a query which looks up all name variants in gnd and executes a search for these names in a full-text indexed wikidata set, bringing up an according ranked list of suggestions (example with the gnd id of john h. dunning). again, the gnd id can be added - manually but straightforward - to an identified wikidata item. while we can not expect to reduce the quantitative gap between the , persons in econbiz and the , of them linked to wikidata significantly by such manual efforts, we surely can step-by-step improve for the most prominent persons. this empowers applications to show biographical background links to wikipedia where our users expect them most probably. other tools for creating authority links and more automated approaches will be covered in further blog posts. and the great thing about wikidata is: all efforts add up - while we are doing modest improvements in our field of interest, many others do the same, so wikidata already features an impressive overall amont of authority links. ps. all queries used in this analysis are published at github. the public wikidata endpoint cannot be used for research involving large datasets due to its limitations (in particular the second timeout, the preclusion of the "service" clause for federated queries, and the lack of full-text search). therefore, we’ve loaded the wikidata dataset (along with others) into custom apache fuseki endpoints on a performant machine. even there, a „power query“ like the one on the number of all authority links in wikidata takes about minutes. therefore, we publish the according result files in the github repository alongside with the queries. wikidata for authorities wikidata &# ; authority control &# ; linked data &# ; 	integrating a research data repository with established research practices authors: timo borst, konstantin ott in recent years, repositories for managing research data have emerged, which are supposed to help researchers to upload, describe, distribute and share their data. to promote and foster the distribution of research data in the light of paradigms like open science and open access, these repositories are normally implemented and hosted as stand-alone applications, meaning that they offer a web interface for manually uploading the data, and a presentation interface for browsing, searching and accessing the data. sometimes, the first component (interface for uploading the data) is substituted or complemented by a submission interface from another application. e.g., in dataverse or in ckan data is submitted from remote third-party applications by means of data deposit apis [ ]. however the upload of data is organized and eventually embedded into a publishing framework (data either as a supplement of a journal article, or as a stand-alone research output subject to review and release as part of a ‘data journal’), it definitely means that this data is supposed to be made publicly available, which is often reflected by policies and guidelines for data deposit. in clear contrast to this publishing model, the vast majority of current research data however is not supposed to be published, at least in terms of scientific publications. several studies and surveys on research data management indicate that at least in the social sciences there is a strong tendency and practice to process and share data amongst peers in a local and protected environment (often with several local copies on different personal devices), before eventually uploading and disseminating derivatives from this data to a publicly accessible repository. e.g., according to a survey among austrian researchers, the portion of researchers agreeing to share their data either on request or among colleagues is % resp. %, while the agreement to share on a disciplinary repository is only % [ ]. and in another survey among researchers from a local university and cooperation partner, almost % preferred an institutional local archive, while only % agreed on a national or international archive. even if there is data planned to be published via a publicly accessible repository, it will first be stored and processed in a protected environment, carefully shared with peers (project members, institutional colleagues, sponsors) and often subject to access restrictions – in other words, it is used before being published.with this situation in mind, we designed and developed a central research data repository as part of a funded project called ‘sowidatanet’ (sdn - network of data from social sciences and economics) [ ]. the overall goal of the project is to develop and establish a national web infrastructure for archiving and managing research data in the social sciences, particularly quantitative (statistical) data from surveys. it aims at smaller institutional research groups or teams, which often do lack an institutional support or infrastructure for managing their research data. as a front-end application, the repository based on dspace software provides a typical web interface for browsing, searching and accessing the content. as a back-end application, it provides typical forms for capturing metadata and bitstreams, with some enhancements regarding the integration of authority control by means of external webservices. from the point of view of the participating research institutions, a central requirement is the development of a local view (‘showcase’) on the repository’s data, so that this view can be smoothly integrated into the website of the institution. the web interface of the view is generated by means of the play framework in combination with the bootstrap framework for generating the layout, while all of the data is retrieved and requested from the dspace backend via its discover interface and rest-api. sdn architecturediagram: sowidatanet software componentsthe purpose of the showcase application is to provide an institutional subset and view of the central repository’s data, which can easily be integrated into any institutional website, either as an iframe to be embedded by the institution (which might be considered as an easy rather than a satisfactory technical solution), or as a stand-alone subpage being linked from the institution’s homepage, optionally using a proxy server for preserving the institutional domain namespace. while these solutions imply the standard way of hosting the showcase software, a third approach suggests the deployment of the showcase software on an institution’s server for customizing the application. in this case, every institution can modify the layout of their institutional view by customizing their institutional css file. because using bootstrap and less compiling the css file, a lightweight possibility might be to modify only some less variables compiling to an institutional css file.as a result from the requirement analysis conducted with the project partners (two research institutes from the social sciences), and in accordance with the survey results cited, there is a strong demand for managing not only data which is to be published in the central repository, but also data which is protected and circulating only among the members of the institution. moreover, this data is described by additional specific metadata containing internal hints on the availability restrictions and access conditions. hence, we had to distinguish between the following two basic use cases to be covered by the showcase: to provide a view on the public sdn data (‘data published’) to provide a view on the public sdn data plus the internal institutional data resp. their corresponding metadata records, the latter only visible and accessible for institutional members (‘data in use’) from the perspective of a research institution and data provider, the second use case turned out to be the primary one, since it covers more the institutional practices and workflows than the publishing model does. as a matter of fact, research data is primarily generated, processed and shared in a protected environment, before it may eventually be published and distributed to a wider, potentially abstract and unknown community – and this fact must be acknowledged and reflected by a central research data repository aiming at the contributions from researchers which are bound to an institution.if ‘data in use’ is to be integrated into the showcase as an internal view on protected data to be shared only within an institution, it means to restrict the access to this data on different levels. first, for every community (in the sense of an institution), we introduce a dspace collection for just those internal data, and protect it by assigning it to a dspace user role ‘internal[community_name]’. this role is associated with an ip range, so that only requests from that range will be assigned to the role ‘internal’ and granted access to the internal collection. in the context of our project, we enter only the ip of the showcase application, so that every user of this application will see the protected items. depending on the locality of the showcase application resp. server, we have to take further steps: if the application resp. server is located in the institution’s intranet, the protected items are only visible and accessible from the institution’s network. if the application is externally hosted and accessible via the world wide web – which is expected to be the default solution for most of the research institutes –, then the showcase application needs an authentication procedure, which is preferably realized by means of the central dspace sowidatanet repository, so that every user of the showcase application is granted access by becoming a dspace user.in the context of an r&amp;d project where we are partnering with research institutes, it turned out that the management of research data is twofold: while repository providers are focused on the publishing and unrestricted access to research data, researchers are mainly interested in local archiving and sharing of their data. in order to manage this data, the researchers’ institutional practices need to be reflected and supported. for this purpose, we developed an additional viewing and access component. when it comes to their integration with existing institutional research practices and workflows, the implementation of research data repositories requires concepts and actions which go far beyond the original idea of a central publishing platform. further research and development is planned in order to understand and support better the sharing of data in both institutional and cross-institutional subgroups, so the integration with a public central repository will be fostered.link to prototype references[ ] dataverse deposit-api. retrieved may , from http://guides.dataverse.org/en/ . . /dataverse-api-main.html#data-deposit-api[ ] forschende und ihre daten. ergebnisse einer österreichweiten befragung – report . version . - zenodo. ( ). retrieved may , from https://zenodo.org/record/ #.vrhmkea pmm[ ] project homepage: https://sowidatanet.de/. retrieved may .[ ] research data management survey: report - nottingham eprints. ( ). retrieved may , from http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/ /[ ] university of oxford research data management survey  : the results | damaro. ( ). retrieved may , from https://blogs.it.ox.ac.uk/damaro/ / / /university-of-oxford-research-data-management-survey- -the-results/ institutional view on research data dshr's blog: stablecoins part dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, august , stablecoins part i wrote stablecoins about tether and its "magic money pump" seven months ago. a lot has happened and a lot has been written about it since, and some of it explores aspects i didn't understand at the time, so below the fold at some length i try to catch up. 	 	source in the postscript to stablecoins i quoted david gerard's account of the december th pump that pushed btc over $ k: we saw about million tethers being lined up on binance and huobi in the week previously. these were then deployed en masse. you can see the pump starting at : utc on december. btc was $ , . on coinbase at : utc. notice the very long candles, as bots set to sell at $ , sell directly into the pump. in btc had dropped from around $ . k on march th to under $ k on march th. it spiked back up on march th, then gradually rose to just under $ k by october th. 	 	source during that time tether issuance went from $ . b to $ . b, an increase of over % with large jumps on four occasions: 	march - th: $ . b = $ . b to $ . b (a weekend) 	may - th $ . b = $ . b to $ . b 	july th- st $ . b = $ . b to $ b (a weekend) 	august - th $ . b = $ b to $ . b (a weekend) 	 	source then both btc and usdt really took off, with btc peaking april th at $ . k, and usdt issuing more than $ b. btc then started falling. tether continued to issue usdt, peaking days later on may th after nearly another $ b at $ . b. issuance slowed dramatically, peaking days later on june th at $ . b when btc had dropped to $$ . k, % of the peak. since then usdt has faced gradual redemptions; it is now down to $ , b. what on earth is going on? how could usdt go from around $ b to around $ b in just over a year? tether 	 	source in crypto and the infinite ladder: what if tether is fake?, the first of a two-part series, fais kahn asks the same question: tether (usdt) is the most used cryptocurrency in the world, reaching volumes significantly higher than bitcoin. each coin is supposed to be backed by $ , making it “stable.” and yet no one knows if this is true. even more odd: in the last year, usdt has exploded in size even faster than bitcoin - going from $ b in market cap to over $ b in less than a year. this includes $ b of new supply - a straight line up - after the new york attorney general accused tether of fraud. i and many others have considered a scenario in which the admitted fact that usdt is not backed -for- by usd causes a "run on the bank". among the latest is taming wildcat stablecoins by gary gorton and jeffery zhang. zhang is one of the federal reserve's attorney, but who is gary gorton? izabella kaminska explains: over the course of his career, gary gorton has gained a reputation for being something of an experts’ expert on financial systems. despite being an academic, this is in large part due to what might be described as his practitioner’s take on many key issues. the yale school of management professor is, for example, best known for a highly respected (albeit still relatively obscure) theory about the role played in bank runs by information-sensitive assets. ... the two authors make the implicit about stablecoins explicit: however you slice them, dice them or frame them in new technology, in the grand scheme of financial innovation stablecoins are actually nothing new. what they really amount to, they say, is another form of information sensitive private money, with stablecoin issuers operating more like unregulated banks. gorton and zhang write: the goal of private money is to be accepted at par with no questions asked. this did not occur during the free banking era in the united states—a period that most resembles the current world of stablecoins. state-chartered banks in the free banking era experienced panics, and their private monies made it very hard to transact because of fluctuating prices. that system was curtailed by the national bank act of , which created a uniform national currency backed by u.s. treasury bonds. subsequent legislation taxed the state-chartered banks’ paper currencies out of existence in favor of a single sovereign currency. unlike me, kahn is a "brown guy in fintech", so he is better placed to come up with answers than i am. for a start, he is skeptical of the usdt "bank run" scenario: the unbacked scenario is what concerns investors. if there were a sudden drop in the market, and investors wanted to exchange their usdt for real dollars in tether’s reserve, that could trigger a “bank run” where the value dropped significantly below one dollar, and suddenly everyone would want their money. that could trigger a full on collapse. but when that might actually happen? when bitcoin falls in the frequent crypto bloodbaths, users actually buy tether - fleeing to the safety of the dollar. this actually drives tether’s price up! the only scenario that could hurt is when bitcoin goes up, and tether demand drops. but hold on. it’s extremely unlikely tether is simply creating tokens out of thin air - at worst, there may be some fractional reserve (they themselves admitted at one point it was only % backed) that is split between usd and bitcoin. the ny ag’s statement that tether had “no bank anywhere in the world” strongly suggests some money being held in crypto (tether has stated this is true, but less than %), and tether’s own bank says they use bitcoin to hold customer funds! that means in the event of a tether drop/bitcoin rise, they are hedged. tether’s own terms of service say users may not be redeemed immediately. forced to wait, many users would flee to bitcoin for lack of options, driving the price up again. kahn agrees with me that tether may have a magic "money" pump: it’s possible tether didn’t have the money at some point in the past. and it’s just as possible that, with the massive run in bitcoin the last year tether now has more than the $ b they claim! in that case tether would seem to have constructed a perfect machine for printing money. (and america has a second central bank.) of course, the recent massive run down in bitcoin will have caused the "machine for printing money" to start running in reverse. matt levine listened to an interview with tether's cto paolo ardoino and general counsel stuart hoegner, and is skeptical about tether's backing: tether is a stablecoin that we have talked about around here because it was sued by the new york attorney general for lying about its reserves, and because it subsequently disclosed its reserves in a format that satisfied basically no one. tether now says that its reserves consist mostly of commercial paper, which apparently makes it one of the largest commercial paper holders in the world. there is a fun game among financial journalists and other interested observers who try to find anyone who has actually traded commercial paper with tether, or any of its actual holdings. the game is hard! as far as i know, no one has ever won it, or even scored a point; i have never seen anyone publicly identify a security that tether holds or a counterparty that has traded commercial paper with it. 	 	usdt reserve disclosure levine contrasts tether's reserve disclosure with that of another instrument that is supposed to maintain a stable value, a money market fund: here is the website for the jpmorgan prime money market fund. if you click on the tab labeled “portfolio,” you can see what the fund owns. the first item alphabetically is $ million face amount of asset-backed commercial paper issued by alpine securitization corp. and maturing on oct. . its cusip — its official security identifier — is xmg . there are certificates of deposit at big banks, repurchase agreements, even a little bit of non-financial commercial paper. ... you can see exactly how much (both face amount and market value), and when it matures, and the cusip for each holding. jpmorgan is not on the bleeding edge of transparency here or anything; this is just how money market funds work. you disclose your holdings. binance but the big picture is that usdt pumped $ b into cryptocurrencies. where did the demand for the $ b come from? in my view, some of it comes from whales accumulating dry powder to use in pump-and-dump schemes like the one illustrated above. but kahn has two different suggestions. first: one of the well-known uses for usdt is “shadow banking” - since real us dollars are highly regulated, opening an account with binance and buying usdt is a straightforward way to get a dollar account. the ceo of usdc himself admits in this coindesk article: “in particular in asia where, you know, these are dollar-denominated markets, they have to use a shadow banking system to do it...you can’t connect a bank account in china to binance or huobi. so you have to do it through shadow banking and they do it through tether. and so it just represents the aggregate demand. investors and users in asia – it’s a huge, huge piece of it.” 	 	source second: binance also hosts a massive perpetual futures market, which are “cash-settled” using usdt. this allows traders to make leveraged bets of x margin or more...which, in laymen’s terms, is basically a speculative casino. that market alone provides around ~$ b of daily volume, where users deposit usdt to trade on margin. as a result, binance is by far the biggest holder of usdt, with $ b sitting in its wallet. wikipedia describes "perpetual futures" thus: in finance, a perpetual futures contract, also known as a perpetual swap, is an agreement to non-optionally buy or sell an asset at an unspecified point in the future. perpetual futures are cash-settled, and differ from regular futures in that they lack a pre-specified delivery date, and can thus be held indefinitely without the need to roll over contracts as they approach expiration. payments are periodically exchanged between holders of the two sides of the contracts, long and short, with the direction and magnitude of the settlement based on the difference between the contract price and that of the underlying asset, as well as, if applicable, the difference in leverage between the two sides in is tether a black swan? bernhard mueller goes into more detail about binance's market: according to tether’s rich list, billion tron usdt are held by binance alone. the list also shows . b usdt in huobi’s exchange wallets. that’s almost b usdt held by two exchanges. considering those numbers, the value given by cryptoquant appears understated. a more realistic estimate is that ~ % of the tether supply ( . b usdt) is located on centralized exchanges. interestingly, only a small fraction of those usdt shows up in spot order books. one likely reason is that a large share is sitting on wallets to collateralize derivative positions, in particular perpetual futures. the cex futures market is essentially a casino where traders bet on crypto prices with insane amounts of leverage. and it’s a massive market: futures trading on binance alone generated $ billion in volume over the last hours. it’s important to understand that usdt perpetual futures implementations are % usdt-based, including collateralization, funding and settlement. prices are tied to crypto asset prices via clever incentives, but in reality, usdt is the only asset that ever changes hands between traders. this use-case generates significant demand for usdt. why is this "massive perpetual futures market" so popular? kahn provides answers: that crazed demand for margin trading is how we can explain one of the enduring mysteries of crypto - how users can get . % interest on their holdings when banks offer less than %. 	 	source the high interest is possible because: the massive supply of usdt, and the host of other dollar stablecoins like usdc, pax, and dai, creates an arbitrage opportunity. this brings in capital from outside the ecosystem seeking the “free money” making trades like this using a combination of x leverage and and . % variance between stablecoins to generate an % profit in just a few seconds. if you’re only holding the bag for a minute, who cares if usdt is imaginary dollars? rollicking good times like these attract the attention of regulators, as amy castor reported on july nd in binance: a crypto exchange running out of places to hide: binance, the world’s largest dark crypto slush fund, is struggling to find corners of the world that will tolerate its lax anti-money laundering policies and flagrant disregard for securities laws. as a result, laurence fletcher, eva szalay and adam samson report that hedge funds back away from binance after regulatory assault : the global regulatory pushback “should raise red flags for anyone keeping serious capital at the exchange”, said ulrik lykke, executive director at ark , adding that the fund has “scaled down” exposure. ... lykke described it as “especially concerning” that the recent moves against binance “involve multiple entities from across the financial sphere”, such as banks and payments groups. this leaves some serious money looking for an off-ramp from usdt to fiat. these are somewhat scarce: if usdt holders on centralized exchanges chose to run for the exits, usd/usdc/busd liquidity immediately available to them would be relatively small. ~ billion usdt held on exchanges would be matched with perhaps ~ billion in fiat currency and usdc/busd this, and the addictive nature of "a casino ... with insane amounts of leverage", probably account for the relatively small drop in usdt market cap since june th. amy castor reported july th on another reason in binance: fiat off-ramps keep closing, reports of frozen funds, what happened to catherine coley?: binance customers are becoming trapped inside of binance — or at least their funds are — as the fiat exits to the world’s largest crypto exchange close around them. you can almost hear the echoes of doors slamming, one by one, down a long empty corridor leading to nowhere. in the latest bit of unfolding drama, binance told its customers today that it had disabled withdrawals in british pounds after its key payment partner, clear junction, ended its business relationship with the exchange. ... there’s a lot of unhappy people on r/binanceus right now complaining their withdrawals are frozen or suspended — and they can’t seem to get a response from customer support either. ... binance is known for having “maintenance issues” during periods of heavy market volatility. as a result, margin traders, unable to exit their positions, are left to watch in horror while the exchange seizes their margin collateral and liquidates their holdings. and it isn't just getting money out of binance that is getting hard, as david gerard reports: binance is totally not insolvent! they just won’t give anyone their cryptos back because they’re being super-compliant. kyc/aml laws are very important to binance, especially if you want to get your money back after suspicious activity on your account — such as pressing the “withdraw” button. please send more kyc. [binance] issues like these tend to attract the attention of the mainstream press. on july rd the new york times' eric lipton and ephrat livni profiled sam bankman-fried of the ftx exchange in crypto nomads: surfing the world for risk and profit: the highly leveraged form of trading these platforms offer has become so popular that the overall value of daily purchases and sales of these derivatives far surpasses the daily volume of actual cryptocurrency transactions, industry data analyzed by researchers at carnegie mellon university shows. ... ftx alone has one million users across the world and handles as much as $ billion a day in transactions, most of them derivatives trades. like their customers, the platforms compete. mr. bankman-fried from ftx, looking to out promote bitmex, moved to offer up to times leverage on derivatives trades. mr. zhao from binance then bested them both by taking it to . then on the th, as the regulators' seriousness sank in, the same authors reported leaders in cryptocurrency industry move to curb the highest-risk trades: two of the world’s most popular cryptocurrency exchanges announced on sunday that they would curb a type of high-risk trading that has been blamed in part for sharp fluctuations in the value of bitcoin and the casino-like atmosphere on such platforms globally. the first move came from the exchange, ftx, which said it would reduce the size of the bets investors can make by lowering the amount of leverage it offers to times from times. leverage multiplies the traders’ chance for not only profit, but also loss. ... about hours later, changpeng zhao [cz], the founder of binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, echoed the move by ftx, announcing that his company had already started to limit leverage to times for new users and it would soon expand this limit to other existing clients. early the next day, tom schoenberg, matt robinson, and zeke faux reported for bloomberg that tether executives said to face criminal probe into bank fraud: u.s. probe into tether is homing in on whether executives behind the digital token committed bank fraud, a potential criminal case that would have broad implications for the cryptocurrency market. tether’s pivotal role in the crypto ecosystem is now well known because the token is widely used to trade bitcoin. but the justice department investigation is focused on conduct that occurred years ago, when tether was in its more nascent stages. specifically, federal prosecutors are scrutinizing whether tether concealed from banks that transactions were linked to crypto, said three people with direct knowledge of the matter who asked not to be named because the probe is confidential. federal prosecutors have been circling tether since at least . in recent months, they sent letters to individuals alerting them that they’re targets of the investigation, one of the people said. 	 	source once again, david gerard pointed out the obvious market manipulation: this week’s “number go up” happened several hours before the report broke — likely when the bloomberg reporter contacted tether for comment. btc/usd futures on binance spiked to $ , , and the btc/usd price on coinbase spiked at $ , shortly after. here’s the one-minute candles on coinbase btc/usd around : utc ( am bst on this chart) on july — the price went up $ , in three minutes. you’ve never seen something this majestically organic and so did amy castor in the doj’s criminal probe into tether — what we know: last night, before the news broke, bitcoin was pumping like crazy. the price climbed nearly %, topping $ , . on coinbase, the price of btc/usd went up $ , in three minutes, a bit after : utc. after a user placed a large number of buy orders for bitcoin perpetual futures denominated in tethers (usdt) on binance — an unregulated exchange struggling with its own banking issues — the btc/usdt perpetual contract hit a high of $ , at around : utc on the exchange. bitcoin pumps are a good way to get everyone to ignore the impact of bad news and focus on number go up. “hey, this isn’t so bad. bitcoin is going up in price. i’m rich!” 	 	source as shown in the graph, the perpetual futures market is at least an order of magnitude larger than the spot market upon which it is based. and as we saw for example on december th and july th, the spot market is heavily manipulated. pump-and-dump schemes in the physical market are very profitable, and connecting them to the casino in the futures market with its insane leverage can juice profitability enormously. tether and binance fais kahn's second part, bitcoin's end: tether, binance and the white swans that could bring it all down, explores the mutual dependency between tether and binance: there are $ b tokens for usdt in circulation, much of which exists to fuel the massive casino that is the perpetual futures market on binance. these complex derivatives markets, which are illegal to trade in the us, run in the tens of billions and help drive up the price of bitcoin by generating the basis trade. the "basis trade": involves buying a commodity at spot (taking a long position) and simultaneously establishing a short position through derivatives like options or futures contracts kahn continues: for binance to allow traders to make such crazy bets, it needs collateral to make sure if traders get wiped out, binance doesn’t go bankrupt. that collateral is now an eye-popping $ b, having grown from $ b in february and $ b in may: but for that market to work, binance needs usdt. and getting fresh usdt is a problem now that the exchange, which has always been known for its relaxed approach to following the laws, is under heavy scrutiny from the us department of justice and irs: so much so that their only us dollar provider, silvergate bank, recently terminated their relationship, suggesting major concerns about the legality of some of binance’s activities. this means users can no longer transfer us dollars from their bank to binance, which were likely often used to fund purchases of usdt. since that shutdown, the linkages between binance, usdt, and the basis trade are now clearer than ever. in the last month, the issuance of usdt has completely stopped: likewise, futures trading has fallen significantly. this confirms that most of the usdt demand likely came from leveraged traders who needed more and more chips for the casino. meanwhile, the basis trade has completely disappeared at the same time. which is the chicken and which is the egg? did the massive losses in bitcoin kill all the craziest players and end the free money bonanza, or did binance’s banking troubles choke off the supply of dollars, ending the game for everyone? either way, the link between futures, usdt, and the funds flooding the crypto world chasing free money appears to be broken for now. this is a problem for binance: right now tether is binance’s $ b problem. at this point, binance is holding so much tether the exchange is far more dependent on usdt’s peg staying stable than it is on any of its banking relationships. if that peg were to break, binance would likely see capital flight on a level that would wreak untold havoc in the crypto markets ... regulators have been increasing the pace of their enforcements. in other words, they are getting pissed, and the bitmex founders going to jail is a good example of what might await. binance has been doing all it can to avoid scrutiny, and you have to award points for creativity. the exchange was based in malta, until malta decided binance had “no license” to operate there, and that malta did not have jurisdiction to regulate them. as a result, cz began to claim that binance “doesn’t have” a headquarters. wonder why? perhaps to avoid falling under anyone’s direct jurisdiction, or to avoid a paper trail? cz went on to only reply that he is based in “asia.” given what china did to jack ma recently, we can empathize with a desire to stay hidden, particularly when unregulated exchanges are a key rail for evading china’s strict capital controls. any surprise that the cfo quit last month? but it is also a problem for tether: here’s what could trigger a cascade that could bring the exchange down and much of crypto with it: the doj and irs crack down on binance, either by filing charges against cz or pushing biden and congress to give them the death penalty: full on sanctions. this would lock them out of the global financial system, cause withdrawals to skyrocket, and eventually drive them to redeem that $ b of usdt they are sitting on. and what will happen to tether if they need to suddenly sell or redeem those billions? we have no way of knowing. even if fully collateralized, tether would need to sell billions in commercial paper on short notice. and in the worst case, the peg would break, wreaking absolute havoc and crushing crypto prices. alternatively it’s possible that regulators will move as slow as they have been all along - with one country at a time unplugging binance from its banking system until the exchange eventually shrinks down to be less of a systemic risk than it is. that's my guess — it will become increasingly difficult either to get usd or cryptocurrency out of binance's clutches, or to send them fiat, as banks around the world realize that doing business with binance is going to get them in trouble with their regulators. once customers realize that binance has become a "roach motel" for funds, and that about % of usdt is locked up there, things could get quite dynamic. kahn concludes: everything around binance and tether is murky, even as these entities two dominate the crypto world. tether redemptions are accelerating, and binance is in trouble, but why some of these things are happening is guesswork. and what happens if something happens to one of those two? we’re entering some uncharted territory. but if things get weird, don’t say no one saw it coming. policy responses gorton and zhang argue that the modern equivalent of the "free banking" era is fraught with too many risks to tolerate. david gerard provides an overview of the era in stablecoins through history — michigan bank commissioners report, : the wildcat banking era, more politely called the “free banking era,” ran from to . banks at this time were free of federal regulation — they could launch just under state regulation. under the gold standard in operation at the time, these state banks could issue notes, backed by specie — gold or silver — held in reserve. the quality of these reserves could be a matter of some dispute. the wildcat banks didn’t work out so well. the national bank act was passed in , establishing the united states national banking system and the office of the comptroller of the currency — and taking away the power of state banks to issue paper notes. gerard's account draws from a report of michigan's state banking commissioners, documents accompanying the journal of the house of representatives of the state of michigan, pp. – , which makes clear that tether's lack of transparency as to its reserves isn't original. banks were supposed to hold "specie" (money in the form of coin) as backing but: the banking system at the time featured barrels of gold that were carried to other banks, just ahead of the inspectors for example, the commissioners reported that: the farmers’ and mechanics’ bank of pontiac, presented a more favorable exhibit in point of solvency, but the undersigned having satisfactorily informed himself that a large proportion of the specie exhibited to the commissioners, at a previous examination, as the bona fide property of the bank, under the oath of the cashier, had been borrowed for the purpose of exhibition and deception; that the sum of ten thousand dollars which had been issued for “exchange purposes,” had not been entered on the books of the bank, reckoned among its circulation, or explained to the commissioners. gorton and zhang summarize the policy choices thus: based on historical lessons, the government has a couple of options: ( ) transform stablecoins into the equivalent of public money by (a) requiring stablecoins to be issued through fdic- insured banks or (b) requiring stablecoins to be backed one-for-one with treasuries or reserves at the central bank; or ( ) introduce a central bank digital currency and tax private stablecoins out of existence. their suggestions for how to implement the first option include: 	the interpretation of section of the glass-steagall act, under which "it is unlawful for a non-bank entity to engage in deposit-taking" 	the interpretation of title viii of the dodd-frank act, under which the financial stability oversight council could "designate stablecoin issuance as a systemic payment activity". this "would give the federal reserve the authority to regulate the activity of stablecoin issuance by any financial institution." 	congress could pass legislation that requires stablecoin issuers to become fdic-insured banks or to run their business out of fdic-insured banks. as a result, stablecoin issuers would be subject to regulations and supervisory activities that come along with being an fdic-insured bank. alternatively, the second option would involve: congress could require the federal reserve to issue a central bank digital currency as a substitute to privately produced digital money like stablecoins ... the question then becomes whether policymakers would want to have central bank digital currencies coexist with stablecoins or to have central bank digital currencies be the only form of money in circulation. as discussed previously, congress has the legal authority to create a fiat currency and to tax competitors of that uniform national currency out of existence. they regard the key attribute of an instrument that acts as money to be that it is accepted at face value "no questions asked" (nqa). thus, based on history they ask: in other words, should the sovereign have a monopoly on money issuance? as shown by revealed preference in the table below, the answer is yes. the provision of nqa money is a public good, which only the government can supply. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 katanga johnson reports for reuters that u.s. sec chair gensler calls on congress to help rein in crypto 'wild west': "gary gensler said the crypto market involves many tokens which may be unregistered securities and leaves prices open to manipulation and millions of investors vulnerable to risks. "this asset class is rife with fraud, scams and abuse in certain applications," gensler told a global conference. "we need additional congressional authorities to prevent transactions, products and platforms from falling between regulatory cracks." ... he also called on lawmakers to give the sec more power to oversee crypto lending, and platforms like peer-to-peer decentralized finance (defi) sites that allow lenders and borrowers to transact in cryptocurrencies without traditional banks." 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 carol alexander's binance’s insurance fund is a fascinating, detailed examination of binance's extremely convenient "outage" as btc crashed on may : "how insufficient insurance funds might explain the outage of binance’s futures platform on may and the potentially toxic relationship between binance and tether." 	 august , at : am 	 david. said... 	 gary gensler's "wild west" comment is refuted in david segal's hysterically funny going for broke in cryptoland: "cryptoland is often likened to the wild west, but that’s unfair to the wild west. it had sheriffs, courts, the occasional posse. there isn’t a cop in sight in cryptoland. if someone steals your crypto, tough." other snippets include: "the journey from pancakeswap to my crypto wallet took four and a half hours. which pointed up another surprise about cryptoland. it’s absurdly slow." and: "crypto also offers something deeper and more gratifying than a regular investment. it offers meaning. the more time you spend in a cryptocurrency chat the more elements it seems to share with a religious sect. belief is required. heretics, in the form of those telegram dissenters, are banished. and if you stick around long enough, the proselytizing begins. “once you start seeing the potential of this project for the rest of the world,” mr. danci told me during the telegram chat, “you will want to start promoting it yourself because it is really game changing.” “resistance is futile!” someone piped up, with a laugh. investing in crypto holds out the prospect of a jackpot and the chance to bond over a shared catechism. it’s like a church social in a casino. one attendee said he spent about hours a day on the feg chat. “i talk to these people more than i talk to the friends i grew up with,” he said." 	 august , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  august ( ) 	the economist on cryptocurrencies 	stablecoins part 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. recent uploads tagged code lib recent uploads tagged code lib 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ 	img_ <br /> <b>fatal error</b>: cannot declare class wp_block_template, because the name is already in use in <b>/home/customer/www/acrl.ala.org/public_html/techconnect/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/lib/full-site-editing/class-wp-block-template.php</b> on line <b> </b><br /> getting real: the smarter, faster, easier way to build a successful web application | basecamp skip to content 	how it works 	before & after 	got clients? 	pricing 	support 	sign in 	try it free 	how it works 	before & after 	got clients? 	pricing 	support 	sign in 	try basecamp free getting real a must read for anyone building a web app. getting real is packed with keep-it-simple insights, contrarian points of view, and unconventional approaches to software design. this isn't a technical book or a design tutorial, it's a book of ideas. anyone working on a web app - including entrepreneurs, designers, programmers, executives, or marketers - will find value and inspiration in this book. read it online download a pdf “i got more out of reading this little e-book than just about any other computer-related book i’ve ever read on any topic that i can possibly think of. whoa.” -jared white “getting real is now officially our ‘bible.’” -bill emmack “i can honestly say that this is the first book i’ve read about software development that has been able to reignite my passion for the process. it is an incredible and very relevant book. thank you guys for publishing it.” -anthony papillion full list of essays included in the book introduction 	what is getting real? 	about basecamp 	caveats, disclaimers, and other preemptive strikes the starting line 	build less 	what’s your problem? 	fund yourself 	fix time and budget, flex scope 	have an enemy 	it shouldn’t be a chore stay lean 	less mass 	lower your cost of change 	the three musketeers 	embrace constraints 	be yourself priorities 	what’s the big idea? 	ignore details early on 	it’s a problem when it’s a problem 	hire the right customers 	scale later 	make opinionated software feature selection 	half, not half-assed 	it just doesn’t matter 	start with no 	hidden costs 	can you handle it? 	human solutions 	forget feature requests 	hold the mayo process 	race to running software 	rinse and repeat 	from idea to implementation 	avoid preferences 	“done!” 	test in the wild 	shrink your time the organization 	unity 	alone time 	meetings are toxic 	seek and celebrate small victories staffing 	hire less and hire later 	kick the tires 	actions, not words 	get well rounded individuals 	you can’t fake enthusiasm 	wordsmiths interface design 	interface first 	epicenter design 	three state solution 	the blank slate 	get defensive 	context over consistency 	copywriting is interface design 	one interface code 	less software 	optimize for happiness 	code speaks 	manage debt 	open doors words 	there’s nothing functional about a functional spec 	don’t do dead documents 	tell me a quick story 	use real words 	personify your product pricing and signup chapter 	free samples 	easy on, easy off 	silly rabbit, tricks are for kids 	a softer bullet promotion 	hollywood launch 	a powerful promo site 	ride the blog wave 	solicit early 	promote through education 	feature food 	track your logs 	inline upsell 	name hook support 	feel the pain 	zero training 	answer quick 	tough love 	in fine forum 	publicize your screwups post-launch 	one month tuneup 	keep the posts coming 	better, not beta 	all bugs are not created equal 	ride out the storm 	keep up with the joneses 	beware the bloat monster 	go with the flow other books by basecamp shape up it doesn't have to be crazy at work rework remote: office not required basecamp apps: ios, android, mac, and pc, integrations. company: about us, podcast, blog, books, handbook, newsletter. guides: going remote, team communication, group chat: group stress. our new app: hey - email at its best. fine print: customer rights, privacy & terms, uptime, system status. copyright © - basecamp. all rights reserved. enjoy the rest of your day! binance: a crypto exchange running out of places to hide – amy castor 	 		 		primary menu 	 	 		 		amy castor 		independent journalist 		 					 					about me 	selected clips 	contact me 	blog 			 		 			 		subscribe to blog via email 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join , other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 subscribe 			 twitter updates 	 				fyi - i'm taking an actual vacation for the next week, so i'll be quiet on twitter and not following the news so mu… twitter.com/i/web/status/ … 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @davidgerard: news: the senate hates bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @franciskim_co: @wublockchain translation https://t.co/hpqefljhpu 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @wublockchain: the chinese government is cracking down on fraud. they posted a fraud case involving usdt on the wall to remind the publi… 				  day ago 			 	 				rt @patio : the core use case for stablecoins is non-correlated collateral for making margin-intensive trades, particularly via levered us… 				  days ago 			 recent comments 						cryptobuy on binance: fiat off-ramps keep c… 		steve on binance: a crypto exchange run… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		amy castor on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 		clearwell trader on el salvador’s bitcoin plan: ta… 					 	 	skip to content 	 		 						amy castor 		 	 	 			 			binance: a crypto exchange running out of places to hide 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 		 		 binance, the world’s largest dark crypto slush fund, is struggling to find corners of the world that will tolerate its lax anti-money laundering policies and flagrant disregard for securities laws.  on thursday, the cayman islands monetary authority issued a statement that binance, the binance group and binance holdings limited are not registered, licensed, regulated, or otherwise authorized to operate a crypto exchange in the cayman islands. “following recent press reports that have referred to binance, the binance group and binance holdings limited as being a crypto-currency company operating an exchange based in the cayman islands, the authority reiterates that binance, the binance group or binance holdings limited are not subject to any regulatory oversight by the authority,” the statement said. this is clearly cima reacting to everyone else blaming binance on the caymans, where it’s been incorporated since .  on friday, thailand’s security and exchange commission filed a criminal complaint against the crypto exchange for operating a digital asset business without a license within its borders.  last week, binance opted to close up shop in ontario rather than meet the fate of other cryptocurrency exchanges that have had actions filed against them for allegedly failing to comply with ontario securities laws. singapore’s central bank, the monetary authority of singapore, said thursday that it would look into binance asia services pte., the local unit of binance holdings, bloomberg reported.  the binance subsidiary applied for a license to operate in singapore. while it awaits a review of its license application, binance asia services has a grace period that allows it to continue to operate in the city-state.  “we are aware of the actions taken by other regulatory authorities against binance and will follow up as appropriate,” the mas said in a statement. on june , the uk’s financial conduct authority issued a consumer warning that binance’s uk entity, binance markets limited, was prohibited from doing business in the country.  “due to the imposition of requirements by the fca, binance markets limited is not currently permitted to undertake any regulated activities without the prior written consent of the fca,” the regulator said. it continued: “no other entity in the binance group holds any form of uk authorisation, registration or licence to conduct regulated activity in the uk.”  following the uk’s financial watchdog crackdown, binance customers were temporarily frozen out of faster payments, a major uk interbank payments platform. withdrawals were reinstated a few days later. only a few days before, japan’s financial services agency issued a warning that binance was operating in the country without a license. (as i explain below, this is the second time the fsa has issued such a warning.) last summer, malaysia’s securities commission also added binance to its list of unauthorised entities, indicating binance was operating without a license in the malaysian market. a history of bouncing around binance offers a wide range of services, from crypto spot and derivatives trading to tokenized versions of corporate stocks. it also runs a major crypto exchange and has its own cryptocurrency, binance coin (bnb), currently the fifth largest crypto by market cap, according to coinmarketcap.  the company was founded in hong kong in the summer of by changpeng zhao, more commonly known as “cz.”  china banned bitcoin exchanges a few months later, and ever since, binance has been bouncing about in search of a more tolerant jurisdiction to host its offices and servers.   its first stop after hong kong was japan, but japan was quick to put up the “you’re not welcome here” sign. the country’s financial services agency sent binance its first warning in march .  “the exchange has irked the fsa by failing to verify the identification of japanese investors at the time accounts are opened. the japanese officials suspect binance does not have effective measures to prevent money laundering; the exchange handles a number of virtual currencies that are traded anonymously,” nikkei wrote.  binance responded by moving its corporate registration to the cayman islands and opening a branch office in malta, the ft reported in march . in february , however, maltese authorities announced binance was not licensed to do business in the island country.  “following a report in a section of the media referring to binance as a ‘malta-based cryptocurrency’ company, the malta financial services authority (mfsa) reiterates that binance is not authorised by the mfsa to operate in the crypto currency sphere and is therefore not subject to regulatory oversight by the mfsa.” the ‘decentralized’ excuse cz lives in singapore but has continually refused to say where his company is headquartered, insisting over and over again that binance is decentralized. this is absolute nonsense, of course. the company is run by real people and its software runs on real servers. the problem is, cz, whose net worth forbes estimated to be $ billion in , doesn’t want to abide by real laws.  as a result, his company faces a slew of other problems.  binance is currently under investigation by the us department of justice and the internal revenue service, bloomberg reported in may. it’s also being probed by the commodity futures trading commission over whether it allowed us residents to place wagers on the exchange, according to another bloomberg report.  also in may, germany’s financial regulator bafin warned that binance risked being fined for offering its securities-tracking tokens without publishing an investor prospectus. binance offers “stock tokens” representing microstrategy, microsoft, apple, tesla, and coinbase global.   binance has for five years done whatever it pleases, all the while using the excuse of “decentralization” to ignore laws and regulations. regulators are finally putting their collective foot down. enough is enough. image: changpeng zhao, youtube if you like my work, please subscribe to my patreon account for as little as $ a month.  share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	linkedin 	 like this: like loading... 			 	 				 			bafinbinanceczfinancial conduct authoritymonetary authority of singapore		 				 			posted on july , july , by amy castor in blogging			 								 							 		 	 			 	 		post navigation 		previous postnotes on nfts, the high-art trade, and money laundering next postrsa conference goes full blockchain, for a moment 	 			 	 			 			one thought on “binance: a crypto exchange running out of places to hide”		 			 			 				 					 												steve says:					 					 						july , at : am					 									 				 					the sooner cz is out of the crypto space the better! 				 				reply 			 		 		 	 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				create a website or blog at wordpress.com 				 			 			 					 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 none dshr's blog: economics of evil revisited dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, july , economics of evil revisited eight years ago i wrote economics of evil about the death of google reader and google's habit of leaving its customers users in the lurch. in the comments to the post i started keeping track of accessions to le petit musée des projets google abandonnés. so far i've recorded at least dead products, an average of more than a year. two years ago ron amadeo wrote about the problem this causes in google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand: we are days into the year, and so far, google is racking up an unprecedented body count. if we just take the official shutdown dates that have already occurred in , a google-branded product, feature, or service has died, on average, about every nine days. below the fold, some commentary on amadeo's latest report from the killing fields, in which he detects a little remorse. belatedly, someone at google seems to have realized that repeatedly suckering people into using one of your products then cutting them off at the knees, in some cases with one week's notice, can reduce their willingness to use your other products. and they are trying to do something about it, as amadeo writes in google cloud offers a model for fixing google’s product-killing reputation: a google division with similar issues is google cloud platform, which asks companies and developers to build a product or service powered by google's cloud infrastructure. like the rest of google, cloud platform has a reputation for instability, thanks to quickly deprecating apis, which require any project hosted on google's platform to be continuously updated to keep up with the latest changes. google cloud wants to address this issue, though, with a new "enterprise api" designation. what google means by "enterprise api" is: our working principle is that no feature may be removed (or changed in a way that is not backwards compatible) for as long as customers are actively using it. if a deprecation or breaking change is inevitable, then the burden is on us to make the migration as effortless as possible. they then have this caveat: the only exception to this rule is if there are critical security, legal, or intellectual property issues caused by the feature. and go on to explain what should happen: customers will receive a minimum of one year’s notice of an impending change, during which time the feature will continue to operate without issue. customers will have access to tools, docs, and other materials to migrate to newer versions with equivalent functionality and performance. we will also work with customers to help them reduce their usage to as close to zero as possible. this sounds good, but does anyone believe if google encountered "critical security, legal, or intellectual property issues" that meant they needed to break customer applications they'd wait a year before fixing them? amadeo points out that: despite being one of the world's largest internet companies and basically defining what modern cloud infrastructure looks like, google isn't doing very well in the cloud infrastructure market. analyst firm canalys puts google in a distant third, with percent market share, behind microsoft azure ( percent) and market leader amazon web services ( percent). rumor has it (according to a report from the information) that google cloud platform is facing a deadline to beat aws and microsoft, or it will risk losing funding. the linked story from actually says: while the company has invested heavily in the business since last year, google wants its cloud group to outrank those of one or both of its two main rivals by on canalys numbers, the "and" target to beat (aws plus azure) has happy customers forming % of the market. so there is % of the market up for grabs. if google added every single one of them to its % they still wouldn't beat a target of "both". adding six times their customer base in years isn't a realistic target. even the "or" target of azure is unrealistic. since google's market share has been static while azure's has been growing slowly. catching up in the years remaining would involve adding % of google's current market share. so le petit musée better be planning to enlarge its display space to make room for a really big new exhibit in . posted by david. at : am labels: cloud economics comment: 	 david. said... 	 writing about gartner's latest cloud report, tim anderson recounts google's customers unhappiness: "expressed concern about low post-sales satisfaction when dealing with google cloud platform (gcp), aggressive pricing that may not be maintained, and that gcp is the only hyperscale provider reporting a financial loss for this part of its business ($ m)." 	 august , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ▼  july ( ) 	economics of evil revisited 	yet another dna storage technique 	alternatives to proof-of-work 	a modest proposal about ransomware 	intel did a boeing 	graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. none dshr's blog: a modest proposal about ransomware dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, july , a modest proposal about ransomware on the evening of july nd the revil ransomware gang exploited a -day vulnerability to launch a supply chain attack on customers of kaseya's virtual system administrator (vsa) product. the timing was perfect, with most system administrators off for the july th long weekend. by the th alex marquardt reported that kaseya says up to , businesses compromised in massive ransomware attack. revil, which had previously extorted $ m from meat giant jbs, announced that for the low, low price of only $ m they would provide everyone with a decryptor. the us government's pathetic response is to tell the intelligence agencies to investigate and to beg putin to crack down on the ransomware gangs. good luck with that! it isn't his problem, because the gangs write their software to avoid encrypting systems that have default languages from the former ussr. i've writtten before (here, here, here) about the importance of disrupting the cryptocurrency payment channel that enables ransomware, but it looks like the ransomware crisis has to get a great deal worse before effective action is taken. below the fold i lay out a modest proposal that could motivate actions that would greatly reduce the risk. it turns out that the vulnerability that enabled the revil attack didn't meet the strict definition of a -day. gareth corfield's white hats reported key kaseya vsa flaw months ago. ransomware outran the patch explains: rewind to april, and the dutch institute for vulnerability disclosure (divd) had privately reported seven security bugs in vsa to kaseya. four were fixed and patches released in april and may. three were due to be fixed in an upcoming release, version . . . unfortunately, one of those unpatched bugs – cve- - , a credential-leaking logic flaw discovered by divd's wietse boonstra – was exploited by the ransomware slingers before its fix could be emitted. divd praised kaseya's response: once kaseya was aware of our reported vulnerabilities, we have been in constant contact and cooperation with them. when items in our report were unclear, they asked the right questions. also, partial patches were shared with us to validate their effectiveness. during the entire process, kaseya has shown that they were willing to put in the maximum effort and initiative into this case both to get this issue fixed and their customers patched. they showed a genuine commitment to do the right thing. unfortunately, we were beaten by revil in the final sprint, as they could exploit the vulnerabilities before customers could even patch. but if kaseya's response to divd's disclosure was praisworthy, it turns out it was the exception. in kaseya was warned about security flaws years ahead of ransomware attack by j., fingas reports that: the giant ransomware attack against kaseya might have been entirely avoidable. former staff talking to bloomberg claim they warned executives of "critical" security flaws in kaseya's products several times between and , but that the company didn't truly address them. multiple staff either quit or said they were fired over inaction. employees reportedly complained that kaseya was using old code, implemented poor encryption and even failed to routinely patch software. the company's virtual system administrator (vsa), the remote maintenance tool that fell prey to ransomware, was supposedly rife with enough problems that workers wanted the software replaced. one employee claimed he was fired two weeks after sending executives a -page briefing on security problems. others simply left in frustration with a seeming focus on new features and releases instead of fixing basic issues. kaseya also laid off some employees in in favor of outsourcing work to belarus, which some staff considered a security risk given local leaders' partnerships with the russian government. ... the company's software was reportedly used to launch ransomware at least twice between and , and it didn't significantly rethink its security strategy. to reiterate: 	 the july nd attack was apparently at least the third time kaseya had infected customers with ransomware! 	 kaseya outsourced development to belarus, a country where ransomware gangs have immunity!. 	 kaseya fired security whistleblowers! the first two incidents didn't seem to make either kaseya or its customers re-think what they were doing. clearly, the only reason kaseya responded to divd's warning was the threat of public disclosure. without effective action to change this attitude the ransomware crisis will definitely result in what stephen diehl calls the oncoming ransomware storm: imagine a hundred new stuxnet-level exploits every day, for every piece of a equipment in public works and health care. where every day your check your phone for the level of ransomware in the wild just like you do the weather. entire cities randomly have their metro systems, water, power grids and internet shut off and on like a sudden onset of bad cybersecurity “weather”. or a time in business in which every company simply just allocates a portion of its earnings upfront every quarter and pre-pays off large ransomware groups in advance. it’s just a universal cost of doing business and one that is fully sanctioned by the government because we’ve all just given up trying to prevent it and it’s more efficient just to pay the protection racket. to make things worse, companies can insure against the risk of ransomware, essentially paying to avoid the hassle of maintaining security. insurance companies can't price these policies properly, because they can't do enough underwriting to know, for example, whether the customer's backups actually work and whether they are offline enough so the ransomware doesn't encrypt them too. in cyber insurance model is broken, consider banning ransomware payments, says think tank gareth corfield reports on the royal united services institute's (rusi) latest report, cyber insurance and the cyber security challenge: unfortunately, rusi's researchers found that insurers tend to sell cyber policies with minimal due diligence – and when the claims start rolling in, insurance company managers start looking at ways to escape an unprofitable line of business. ... rusi's position on buying off criminals is unequivocal, with [jason] nurse and co-authors jamie maccoll and james sullivan saying in their report that the uk's national security secretariat "should conduct an urgent policy review into the feasibility and suitability of banning ransom payments." the fundamental problem is that neither the software vendors nor the insurers nor their customers are taking security seriously enough because it isn't a big enough crisis yet. the solution? take control of the crisis and make it big enough that security gets taken seriously. the us always claims to have the best cyber-warfare capability on the planet, so presumably they could do ransomware better and faster than gangs like revil. the us should use this capability to mount ransomware attacks against us companies as fast as they can. victims would see, instead of a screen demanding a ransom in monero to decrypt their data, a screen saying: us government cybersecurity agency patch the following vulnerabilities immediately! the cybersecurity agency (csa) used some or all of the following vulnerabilities to compromise your systems and display this notice: 	cve- -xxxxx 	cve- -yyyyy 	cve- -zzzzz three days from now if these vulnerabilities are still present, the csa will encrypt your data. you will be able to obtain free decryption assistance from the csa once you can prove that these vulnerabilities are no longer present. if the victim ignored the notice, three days later they would see: us government cybersecurity agency the cybersecurity agency (csa) used some or all of the following vulnerabilities to compromise your systems and encrypt your data: 	cve- -xxxxx 	cve- -yyyyy 	cve- -zzzzz once you have patched these vulnerabilities, click here to decrypt your data three days from now if these vulnerabilities are still present, the csa will re-encrypt your data. for a fee you will be able to obtain decryption assistance from the csa once you can prove that these vulnerabilities are no longer present. the program would start out fairly gentle and ramp up, shortening the grace period to increase the impact. the program would motivate users to keep their systems up-to-date with patches for disclosed vulnerabilities, which would not merely help with ransomware, but also with botnets, data breaches and other forms of malware. it would also raise the annoyance factor customers face when their supplier fails to provide adequate security in their products. this in turn would provide reputational and sales pressure on suppliers to both secure their supply chain and, unlike kaseya, prioritize security in their product development. of course, the program above only handles disclosed vulnerabilities, not the -days revil used. there is an flourishing trade in -days, of which the nsa is believed to be a major buyer. the supply in these markets is increasing, as dan goodin reports in ios zero-day let solarwinds hackers compromise fully updated iphones: in the first half of this year, google’s project zero vulnerability research group has recorded zero-day exploits used in attacks— more than the total number from . the growth has several causes, including better detection by defenders and better software defenses that require multiple exploits to break through. the other big driver is the increased supply of zero-days from private companies selling exploits. “ -day capabilities used to be only the tools of select nation-states who had the technical expertise to find -day vulnerabilities, develop them into exploits, and then strategically operationalize their use,” the google researchers wrote. “in the mid-to-late s, more private companies have joined the marketplace selling these -day capabilities. no longer do groups need to have the technical expertise; now they just need resources.” the ios vulnerability was one of four in-the-wild zero-days google detailed on wednesday. ... based on their analysis, the researchers assess that three of the exploits were developed by the same commercial surveillance company, which sold them to two different government-backed actors. as has been true since the cold-war era and the "crypto wars" of the s when cryptography was considered a munition, the us has prioritized attack over defense. the nsa routinely hoards -days, preferring to use them to attack foreigners rather than disclose them to protect us citizens (and others). this short-sighted policy has led to several disasters, including the juniper supply-chain compromise and notpetya. senators wrote to the head of the nsa, and the eff sued the director of national intelligence, to obtain the nsa's policy around -days: since these vulnerabilities potentially affect the security of users all over the world, the public has a strong interest in knowing how these agencies are weighing the risks and benefits of using zero days instead of disclosing them to vendors, it would be bad enough if the nsa and other nations' security services were the only buyers of -days. but the $ m revil received from jbs buys a lot of them, and if each could net $ m they'd be a wonderful investment. forcing ransomware gangs to use -days by getting systems up-to-date with patches is good, but the gangs will have -days to use. so although the program above should indirectly reduce the supply (and thus increase the price) of -days by motivating vendors to improve their development and supply chain practices, something needs to be done to reduce the impact of -days on ransomware. the colonial pipeline and jbs attacks, not to mention the multiple hospital chains that have been disrupted, show that it is just a matter of time before a ransomware attack has a major impact on us gdp (and incidentally on us citizens). in this light, the idea that nsa should stockpile -days for possible future use is counter-productive. at any time -days in the hoard might leak, or be independently discovered. in the past the fallout from this was limited, but no longer; they might be used for a major ransomware attack. is the national security agency's mission to secure the united states, or to have fun playing team america: world police in cyberspace? unless they are immediately required for a specific operation, the nsa should disclose -days it discovers or purchases to the software vendor, and once patched, add them to the kit it uses to run its "ransomware" program. to do less is to place the us economy at risk. ps: david sanger reported tuesday that russia’s most aggressive ransomware group disappeared. it’s unclear who disabled them.: just days after president biden demanded that president vladimir v. putin of russia shut down ransomware groups attacking american targets, the most aggressive of the groups suddenly went off-line early tuesday. ... a third theory is that revil decided that the heat was too intense, and took the sites down itself to avoid becoming caught in the crossfire between the american and russian presidents. that is what another russian-based group, darkside, did after the ransomware attack on colonial pipeline, ... but many experts think that darkside’s going-out-of-business move was nothing but digital theater, and that all of the group’s key ransomware talent will reassemble under a different name. this is by far the most likely explanation for revil's disappearance, leaving victims unable to pay. the same day, bogdan botezatu and radu tudorica reported that trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar: the trickbot group, which has infected millions of computers worldwide, has recently played an active role in disseminating ransomware. we have been reporting on notable developments in trickbot’s lifecycle, with highlights including the analysis in of one of its modules used to bruteforce rdp connections and an analysis of its new c infrastructure in the wake of the massive crackdown in october . despite the takedown attempt, trickbot is more active than ever. in may , our systems started to pick up an updated version of the vncdll module that trickbot uses against select high-profile targets. as regards the "massive crackdown", ravie lakshmanan notes: the botnet has since survived two takedown attempts by microsoft and the u.s. cyber command, update: 	 	source via barry ritholtz we find this evidence of willie sutton's law in action. when asked "why do you rob banks?", sutton replied "because that's where the money is." 	 	source and, thanks to jack cable, there's now ransomwhe.re, which tracks ransomware payments in real time. it suffers a bit from incomplete data. because it depends upon tracking bitcoin addresses, it will miss the increasing proportion of demands that insist on monero. posted by david. at : am labels: malware, security comments: 	 unknown said... 	 companies could also stop creating monoculture networks that are easy to manage and also easy to compromise. when every device is a domain joined windows machine running some low level centralized remote management system, it's just a matter of time before you are completely owned. this is the "encryption backdoor" problem in computer science (aka "exceptional access systems"). it is impossible to build an exceptional access system and then ensure it is only used by good people to do good things. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 lorenzo franceschi-bicchierai reports on today's -day news in mysterious israeli spyware vendor’s windows zero-days caught in the wild: "citizen lab concluded that the malware and the zero-days were developed by candiru, a mysterious israel-based spyware vendor that offers “high-end cyber intelligence platform dedicated to infiltrate pc computers, networks, mobile handsets," according to a document seen by haaretz. candiru was first outed by the israeli newspaper in , and has since gotten some attention from cybersecurity companies such as kaspersky lab." 	 july , at : pm 	 alwyn schoeman said... 	 how could we exploit the russian locale exception? 	 july , at : pm 	 unknown said... 	 the correct response is to copy the law that the eu passed that can fine companies up to % of revenue for lax cyber security. equifax, solarwinds and kaseya all had lax security that caused untold damage to businesses and the public. i do not support letting cyber criminals get away without punishment, but i do support holding companies liable for gross negligence in cyber security. 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 brian krebs originally suggested to try this one weird trick russian hackers hate by installing russian keyboard support, but the bad guys figured out quickly that what they needed to test was not the keyboard support but the default language. so unless you want your machine to talk to you in cyrillic, forget it. hat tip to bruce schneier. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 i can't find anything that says the eu can impose % of revenue. when the uk implemented the eu regulations in (my emphasis): "some of these organisations could be liable for fines of up to £ million - or four per cent of global turnover - if lax cyber security standards result in loss of service under the government’s proposals to implement the eu's network and information systems (nis) directive from may ." £ m is chickenfeed compared to the damage, this only applies to critical infrastructure, and i don't see any evidence that the eu has levied any such fines. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 all i could find for the us was this from : "the u.s department of health and human services has fined fresenius medical care holdings inc., a major supplier of medical equipment, $ . million for five separate data breaches that occurred in ." a derisory fine, years late, for losing control of physical devices containing health information. not exactly impressive. 	 july , at : am 	 hmtksteve said... 	 how about keeping an air gap between critical systems and the internet? when companies used dedicated data circuits this kind of thing did not happen. too many accountants have veto powers over it and it shows. 	 july , at : pm 	 static said... 	 the government has no business patronizing anyone to keep their it secure anymore than it has business telling them to lock their front door. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 static, tell that to the fbi. alex hern reported april that fbi hacks vulnerable us computers to fix malicious malware: "the fbi has been hacking into the computers of us companies running insecure versions of microsoft software in order to fix them, the us department of justice has announced. the operation, approved by a federal court, involved the fbi hacking into “hundreds” of vulnerable computers to remove malware placed there by an earlier malicious hacking campaign, which microsoft blamed on a chinese hacking group known as hafnium." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the washington post's gerrit de vynck, rachel lerman, ellen nakashima and chris alcantara have a excellent explainer from days ago entitled the anatomy of a ransomware attack. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 and the class action lawyers get in on the ransomware act. in first came the ransomware attacks, now come the lawsuits, gerrit de vynck reports on eddie darwich, a pioneering plaintiff: "now he’s suing colonial pipeline over those lost sales, accusing it of lax security. he and his lawyers are hoping to also represent the hundreds of other small gas stations that were hurt by the hack. it’s just one of several class-action lawsuits that are popping up in the wake of high-profile ransomware attacks. another lawsuit filed against colonial in georgia in may seeks damages for consumers who had to pay higher gas prices. a third is in the works, with law firm chimicles schwartz kriner & donaldson-smith llp pursuing a similar effort. and colonial isn’t the only company being sued. san diego-based hospital system scripps health is facing class-action lawsuits stemming from a ransomware attack in april." 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 charlie osborne's updated kaseya ransomware attack faq: what we know now is a useful overview. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 in the wake of major attacks, ransomware groups avaddon, darkside and revil went dark. now dan gooding reports that they may be re-branding themselves in haron and blackmatter are the latest groups to crash the ransomware party: "both groups say they are aiming for big-game targets, meaning corporations or other large businesses with the pockets to pay ransoms in the millions of dollars. ... as s w lab pointed out, the layout, organization, and appearance of [haron's] site are almost identical to those for avaddon, the ransomware group that went dark in june after sending a master decryption key to bleepingcomputer that victims could use to recover their data. ... recorded future, the record, and security firm flashpoint, which also covered the emergence of blackmatter, have questioned if the group has connections to either darkside or revil." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 just a reminder that the ransomware threat has been being ignored for a long time. nearly five years ago i wrote asymmetric warfare. the first comment was: "ransomware is another example. sf muni has been unable to collect fares for days because their systems fell victim to ransomware. the costs to mount this attack are insignificant in comparison to the costs imposed on the victim. quinn norton reports: 'the pre­dic­tions for this year from some analy­sis is that we’ll hit seventy-five bil­lion in ran­somware alone by the end of the year. some esti­mates say that the loss glob­al­ly could be well over a tril­lion this year, but it’s hard to say what a real num­ber is.'" 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 catalin cimpanu reports that accenture downplays ransomware attack as lockbit gang leaks corporate data: "fortune company accenture has fell victim to a ransomware attack but said today the incident did not impact its operations and has already restored affected systems from backups. news of the attack became public earlier this morning when the company’s name was listed on the dark web blog of the lockbit ransomware cartel. the lockbit gang claimed it gained access to the company’s network and was preparing to leak files stolen from accenture’s servers at : : gmt. ... just before this article was published, the countdown timer on the lockbit gang’s leak site also reached zero. following this event, the lockbit gang leaked accenture’s files, which, following a cursory review, appeared to include brochures for accenture products, employee training courses, and various marketing materials. no sensitive information appeared to be included in the leaked files." 	 august , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ▼  july ( ) 	economics of evil revisited 	yet another dna storage technique 	alternatives to proof-of-work 	a modest proposal about ransomware 	intel did a boeing 	graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: economic model of long-term storage dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, august , economic model of long-term storage 	 	cost vs. kryder rate as i wrote last month in patting myself on the back, i started working on economic models of long-term storage six years ago. i got a small amount of funding from the library of congress; when that ran out i transferred the work to students at uc santa cruz's storage systems research center. this work was published here in and in later papers (see here). what i wanted was a rough-and-ready web page that would allow interested people to play "what if" games. what the students wanted was something academically respectable enough to get them credit. so the models accumulated lots of interesting details. but the details weren't actually useful. the extra realism they provided was swamped by the uncertainty from the "known unknowns" of the future kryder and interest rates. so i never got the rough-and-ready web page. below the fold, i bring the story up-to-date and point to a little web site that may be useful. earlier this year the internet archive asked me to update the numbers we had been working with all those years ago. and, being retired with time on my hands (not!), i decided instead to start again. i built an extremely simple version of my original economic model, eliminating all the details that weren't relevant to the internet archive and everything else that was too complex to implement at short notice, and put it behind an equally simple web site running on a raspberry pi (so please don't beat up on it). what this model does for a single terabyte of data, the model computes the endowment, the money which deposited with the terabyte and invested at interest would suffice to pay for the storage of the data "for ever" (actually years in this model). assumptions these are the less than totally realistic assumptions underlying the model: 	drive cost is constant, although each year the same cost buys drives with more capacity as given by the kryder rate. 	the interest rate and the kryder rate do not vary for the duration. 	the storage infrastructure consists of multiple racks, containing multiple slots for drives. i.e. the terabyte occupies a very small fraction of the infrastructure. 	the number of drive slots per rack is constant. 	ingesting the terabyte into the infrastructure incurs no cost. 	the failure rate of drives is constant and known in advance, so that exactly the right number of spare drives is included in each purchase to ensure that failed drives can be replaced by an identical drive. 	drives are replaced after their specified life although they are still working. some of these assumptions may get removed in the future (see below). parameters this model's adjustable parameters are as follows. media cost factors 	drivecost: the initial cost per drive, assumed constant in real dollars. 	driveterabyte: the initial number of tb of useful data per drive (i.e. excluding overhead). 	kryderrate: the annual percentage by which driveterabyte increases. 	drivelife: working drives are replaced after this many years. 	drivefailrate: percentage of drives that fail each year. infrastructure cost factors 	slotcost: the initial non-media cost of a rack (servers, networking, etc) divided by the number of drive slots. 	slotrate: the annual percentage by which slotcost decreases in real terms. 	slotlife: racks are replaced after this many years running cost factors 	slotcostperyear: the initial running cost per year (labor, power, etc) divided by the number of drive slots. 	laborpowerrate: the annual percentage by which slotcostperyear increases in real terms. 	replicationfactor: the number of copies. this need not be an integer, to account for erasure coding. financial factors 	discountrate: the annual real interest obtained by investing the remaining endowment. defaults the defaults are my invention for a rack full of tb drives. they should not be construed as representing the reality of your storage infrastructure. if you want to use the output of this model, for example for budgeting purposes, you need to determine your own values for the various parameters. default values 	parameter	value	units 	drivecost	 . 	initial $ 	driveterabyte	 . 	usable tb per drive 	kryderrate	 	% per year 	drivelife	 	years 	drivefailrate	 	% per year 	slotcost	 . 	initial $ 	slotrate	 	% per year 	slotlife	 	years 	slotcostperyear	 . 	initial $ per year 	laborpowerrate	 	% per year 	discountrate	 	% per year 	replicationfactor	 	# of copies unlike the kryderrate and the slotrate, the laborpowerrate reflects that the real cost of staff increases over time. of course, the capacity of the slots is typically increasing faster than the laborpowerrate, so the per-terabyte cost from the laborpowerrate still decreases over time. nevertheless, the endowment calculated is quite sensitive to the value of the laborpowerrate. calculation the model works through the -year duration year by year. each year it figures out the payments needed to keep the terabyte stored, including running costs and equipment purchases. it then uses the discountrate to figure out how much would have to have been invested at the start to supply that amount at that time. in other words, it computes the net present value of each year's expenditure and sums them to compute the endowment needed to pay for storage over the full duration. usage 	 	sample model output the web site provides two ways to use the model: 	provide a set of parameters including a discountrate and a kryderrate, and compute the model's estimate of the endowment. 	provide a set of parameters excluding the discountrate and the kryderrate, and draw a graph of how the model's estimate of the endowment varies with the discountrate and kryderrate for reasonable ranges of these two parameters. the sample graph shows why adding lots of detail to the model isn't really useful, because the effects of the unknowable future discountrate and kryderrate parameters are so large. code the code is here under an apache . license. what this model doesn't (yet) do if i can find the time, some of these deficiencies in the model may be removed: 	unlike earlier published research, this model ignores the cost of ingesting the data in the first place, and accessing it later. experience suggests the following rule of thumb: ingest is half the total lifetime cost, storage is one-third the total lifetime cost, and access is one-sixth. thus a reasonable estimate of the total preservation cost of a terabyte is three times the result of this model. 	the model assumes that the parameters are constant through time. historically, interest rates, the kryder rate, labor costs, etc. have varied, and thus should be modeled using monte carlo techniques and a probability distribution for each such parameter. it is possible for real interest rates to go negative, disk cost per terabyte to spike upwards, as it did after the thai floods, and so on. these low-probability events can have a large effect on the endowment needed, but are excluded from this model. fixing this needs more cpu power than a raspberry pi. 	there are a number of different possible policies for handling the inevitable drive failures, and different ways to model each of them. this model assumes that it is possible to predict at the time a batch of drives is purchased what proportion of them will fail, and inflates the purchase cost by that factor. this models the policy of buying extra drives so that failures can be replaced by the same drive model. 	the model assumes that drives are replaced after drivelife years even though they are working. continuing to use the drives beyond this can have significant effects on the endowment (see this paper). posted by david. at : am labels: storage costs comments: 	 unknown said... 	 nice post, and model, even if it can't be predictive. might want to throw in inflation. effect might be large, given the decade average in the us hasn't been lower than % for the last years. revised code, assumed to be buggy, here. rick 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 rick, please read the post more carefully: "constant in real dollars" and: "annual real interest" the model works in real dollars, that is after adjusting for inflation. in other words, your idea of the average future rate of inflation needs to be subtracted from your idea of the kryderrate, slotrate and laborpowerrate in nominal dollars. adding an inflation parameter would be double-counting. 	 august , at : pm 	 unknown said... 	 oops. apologies. i should've caught that by inference from your straw-man % discount rate, as well. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 i want to use the pi for something else, so i have taken the model down. if you need to use the model please install it on your own hardware from github: https://github.com/dshrosenthal/economicmodel if this isn't possible, post a comment and i'll see if i can resurrect the model. 	 february , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ▼  august ( ) 	don't own cryptocurrencies 	recent comments widget 	why is the web "centralized"? 	economic model of long-term storage 	approaching the physical limits 	preservation is not a technical problem 	disk media market update 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. bibliographic wilderness bibliographic wilderness 	logging uri query params with lograge the lograge gem for taming rails logs by default will lot the path component of the uri, but leave out the query string/query params. for instance, perhaps you have a url to your app /search?q=libraries. lograge will log something like: method=get path=/search format=html&# ; the q=libraries part is completely left out of the log. i kinda &# ; continue reading logging uri query params with&# ;lograge &# ; 	notes on cloudfront in front of rails assets on heroku, with cors heroku really recommends using a cdn in front of your rails app static assets &# ; which, unlike in non-heroku circumstances where a web server like nginx might be taking care of it, otherwise on heroku static assets will be served directly by your rails app, consuming limited/expensive dyno resources. after evaluating a variety of options &# ; continue reading notes on cloudfront in front of rails assets on heroku, with&# ;cors &# ; 	activesupport::cache via activerecord (note to self) there are a variety of things written to use flexible back-end key/value datastores via the activesupport::cache api. for instance, say, activejob-status. i have sometimes in the past wanted to be able to use such things storing the data in an rdbms, say vai activerecord. make a table for it. sure, this won&# ;t be nearly as &# ; continue reading activesupport::cache via activerecord (note to&# ;self) &# ; 	heroku release phase, rails db:migrate, and command failure if you use capistrano to deploy a rails app, it will typically run a rails db:migrate with every deploy, to apply any database schema changes. if you are deploying to heroku you might want to do the same thing. the heroku &# ;release phase&# ; feature makes this possible. (introduced in , the release phase feature is &# ; continue reading heroku release phase, rails db:migrate, and command&# ;failure &# ; 	code that lasts: sustainable and usable open source code a presentation i gave at online conference code lib , on monday march . i have realized that the open source projects i am most proud of are a few that have existed for years now, increasing in popularity, with very little maintenance required. including traject and bento_search. while community aspects matter for open source sustainability, &# ; continue reading code that lasts: sustainable and usable open source&# ;code &# ; 	product management in my career working in the academic sector, i have realized that one thing that is often missing from in-house software development is &# ;product management.&# ; but what does that mean exactly? you don&# ;t know it&# ;s missing if you don&# ;t even realize it&# ;s a thing and people can use different terms to mean different roles/responsibilities. basically, &# ; continue reading product management &# ; 	rails auto-scaling on heroku we are investigating moving our medium-small-ish rails app to heroku. we looked at both the rails autoscale add-on available on heroku marketplace, and the hirefire.io service which is not listed on heroku marketplace and i almost didn&# ;t realize it existed. i guess hirefire.io doesn&# ;t have any kind of a partnership with heroku, but still uses &# ; continue reading rails auto-scaling on&# ;heroku &# ; 	managed solr saas options i was recently looking for managed solr &# ;software-as-a-service&# ; (saas) options, and had trouble figuring out what was out there. so i figured i&# ;d share what i learned. even though my knowledge here is far from exhaustive, and i have only looked seriously at one of the ones i found. the only managed solr options i &# ; continue reading managed solr saas&# ;options &# ; 	gem authors, check your release sizes most gems should probably be a couple hundred kb at most. i&# ;m talking about the package actually stored in and downloaded from rubygems by an app using the gem. after all, source code is just text, and it doesn&# ;t take up much space. ok, maybe some gems have a couple images in there. but if &# ; continue reading gem authors, check your release&# ;sizes &# ; 	every time you decide to solve a problem with code… every time you decide to solve a problem with code, you are committing part of your future capacity to maintaining and operating that code. software is never done. software is drowning the world by james abley 	updating solrcloud configuration in ruby we have an app that uses solr. we currently run a solr in legacy &# ;not cloud&# ; mode. our solr configuration directory is on disk on the solr server, and it&# ;s up to our processes to get our desired solr configuration there, and to update it when it changes. we are in the process of moving &# ; continue reading updating solrcloud configuration in&# ;ruby &# ; 	are you talking to heroku redis in cleartext or ssl? in &# ;typical&# ; redis installation, you might be talking to redis on localhost or on a private network, and clients typically talk to redis in cleartext. redis doesn&# ;t even natively support communications over ssl. (or maybe it does now with redis ?) however, the heroku redis add-on (the one from heroku itself) supports ssl connections via &# ;stunnel&# ;, &# ; continue reading are you talking to heroku redis in cleartext or&# ;ssl? &# ; 	comparing performance of a rails app on different heroku formations i develop a &# ;digital collections&# ; or &# ;asset management&# ; app, which manages and makes digitized historical objects and their descriptions available to the public, from the collections here at the science history institute. the app receives relatively low level of traffic (according to google analytics, around k pageviews a month), although we want it to be &# ; continue reading comparing performance of a rails app on different heroku&# ;formations &# ; 	deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for ci so this is one of my super wordy posts, if that&# ;s not your thing abort now, but some people like them. we&# ;ll start with a bit of context, then get to some detailed looks at github actions features i used to replace my travis builds, with example config files and examination of options available. for &# ; continue reading deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for&# ;ci &# ; 	unexpected performance characteristics when exploring migrating a rails app to heroku i work at a small non-profit research institute. i work on a rails app that is a &# ;digital collections&# ; or &# ;digital asset management&# ; app. basically it manages and provides access (public as well as internal) to lots of files and description about those files, mostly images. it&# ;s currently deployed on some self-managed amazon ec instances &# ; continue reading unexpected performance characteristics when exploring migrating a rails app to&# ;heroku &# ; 	faster_s _url: optimized s url generation in ruby subsequent to my previous investigation about s url generation performance, i ended up writing a gem with optimized implementations of s url generation. github: faster_s _url it has no dependencies (not even aws-sdk). it can speed up both public and presigned url generation by around an order of magnitude. in benchmarks on my macbook compared &# ; continue reading faster_s _url: optimized s url generation in&# ;ruby &# ; 	delete all s key versions with ruby aws sdk v if your s bucket is versioned, then deleting an object from s will leave a previous version there, as a sort of undo history. you may have a &# ;noncurrent expiration lifecycle policy&# ; set which will delete the old versions after so many days, but within that window, they are there. what if you were deleting &# ; continue reading delete all s key versions with ruby aws sdk&# ;v &# ; 	github actions tutorial for ruby ci on drifting ruby i&# ;ve been using travis for free automated testing (&# ;continuous integration&# ;, ci) on my open source projects for a long time. it works pretty well. but it&# ;s got some little annoyances here and there, including with github integration, that i don&# ;t really expect to get fixed after its acquisition by private equity. they also seem to &# ; continue reading github actions tutorial for ruby ci on drifting&# ;ruby &# ; 	more benchmarking optimized s presigned_url generation in a recent post, i explored profiling and optimizing s presigned_url generation in ruby to be much faster. in that post, i got down to using a aws::sigv ::signer instance from the aws sdk, but wondered if there was a bunch more optimization to be done within that black box. julik posted a comment on that &# ; continue reading more benchmarking optimized s presigned_url&# ;generation &# ; 	delivery patterns for non-public resources hosted on s i work at the science history institute on our digital collections app (written in rails), which is kind of a &# ;digital asset management&# ; app combined with a public catalog of our collection. we store many high-resolution tiff images that can be mb+ each, as well as, currently, a handful of pdfs and audio files. we &# ; continue reading delivery patterns for non-public resources hosted on&# ;s &# ; learning (lib)tech learning (lib)tech stories from my life as a technologist 	reflection: my third year at gitlab and becoming a non-manager leader wow, years at gitlab. since i left teaching, because almost all my jobs were contracts, i haven't been anywhere for more than years, so i find it interesting that my longest term is not only post-librarian-positions, but at a startup! year was full on pandemic year and it was a busy one. due to the travel restrictions, i took less vacation than previous years, and i'll be trying to make up for that a little by taking this week off. 	ubc ischool career talk series: journey from libtech to tech the ubc ischool reached out to me recently asking me to talk about my path from getting my library degree to ending up working in a tech company. below is the script for my portion of the talk, along with a transcription of the questions i answered. context to provide a bit of context (and &# ; continue reading "ubc ischool career talk series: journey from libtech to&# ;tech" 	choosing not to go into management (again) often, to move up and get a higher pay, you have to become a manager, but not everyone is suited to become a manager, and sometimes given the preference, it&# ;s not what someone wants to do. thankfully at gitlab, in every engineering team including support, we have two tracks: technical (individual contributor), and management. progression &# ; continue reading "choosing not to go into management&# ;(again)" 	prioritization in support: tickets, slack, issues, and more i mentioned in my gitlab reflection that prioritization has been quite different working in support compared to other previous work i&# ;ve done. in most of my previous work, i&# ;ve had to take &# ;desk shifts&# ; but those are discreet where you&# ;re focused on providing customer service during that period of time and you can focus on &# ; continue reading "prioritization in support: tickets, slack, issues, and&# ;more" 	reflection part : my second year at gitlab and on becoming senior again this reflection is a direct continuation of part of my time at gitlab so far. if you haven&# ;t, please read the first part before beginning this one. becoming an engineer ( months) the more time i spent working in support, the more i realized that the job was much more technical than i originally &# ; continue reading "reflection part : my second year at gitlab and on becoming senior&# ;again" 	reflection part : my first year at gitlab and becoming senior about a year ago, i wrote a reflection on summit and contribute, our all staff events, and later that year, wrote a series of posts on the gitlab values and culture from my own perspective. there is a lot that i mention in the blog post series and i&# ;ll try not to repeat myself (too &# ; continue reading "reflection part : my first year at gitlab and becoming&# ;senior" 	is blog reading dead? there was a bit more context to the question, but a friend recently asked me: what you do think? is blogging dead? i think blogging the way it used to work is (mostly) dead. back in the day, we had a bunch of blogs and people who subscribe to them via email and rss feeds. &# ; continue reading "is blog reading&# ;dead?" 	working remotely at home as a remote worker during a pandemic i&# ;m glad that i still have a job, that my life isn&# ;t wholly impacted by the pandemic we&# ;re in, but to say that nothing is different just because i was already a remote worker would be wrong. the effect the pandemic is having on everyone around you has affects your life. it seems obvious to &# ; continue reading "working remotely at home as a remote worker during a&# ;pandemic" 	code libbc lightning talk notes: day code libbc day lightning talk notes! code club for adults/seniors &# ; dethe elza richmond public library, digital services technician started code clubs, about years ago used to call code and coffee, chain event, got little attendance had code codes for kids, teens, so started one for adults and seniors for people who have done &# ; continue reading "code libbc lightning talk notes: day&# ; " 	code libbc lightning talk notes: day code libbc day lightning talk notes! scraping index pages and vufind implementation &# ; louise brittain boisvert systems librarian at legislative collection development policy: support legislators and staff, receive or collect publications, many of them digital but also some digitized (mostly pdf, but others) accessible via link in marc record previously, would create an index page &# ; continue reading "code libbc lightning talk notes: day&# ; " the open library blog the open library blog a web page for every book 	open library tags explained—for readers seeking buried treasure as part of an open-source project, the open library blog has a growing number of contributors: from librarians and developers to designers, researchers, and book lovers. each contributor writes from their perspective, sharing contributions they&# ;re making to the open library catalog. as such, the open library blog has a versatile tagging system to help patrons [&# ;] 	introducing the open library explorer try it here! if you like it, share it. bringing years of librarian-knowledge to life by nick norman with drini cami &# ; mek at the library leaders forum (demo), open library unveiled the beta for what it&# ;s calling the library explorer: an immersive interface which powerfully recreates and enhances the experience of navigating [&# ;] 	importing your goodreads & accessing them with open library’s apis by mek today joe alcorn, founder of readng, published an article (https://joealcorn.co.uk/blog/ /goodreads-retiring-api) sharing news with readers that amazon&# ;s goodreads service is in the process of retiring their developer apis, with an effective start date of last tuesday, december th, . the topic stirred discussion among developers and book lovers alike, making the front-page of the [&# ;] 	on bookstores, libraries & archives in the digital age the following was a guest post by brewster kahle on against the grain (atg) &# ; linking publishers, vendors, &# ; librarians by: brewster kahle, founder &# ; digital librarian, internet archive ​​​back in ,&# ;i was honored to give a keynote at the meeting of the&# ;society of american archivists, when the president of the society presented me with a [&# ;] 	amplifying the voices behind books with the power of data exploring how open library uses author data to help readers move from imagination to impact by nick norman, edited by mek &# ; drini according to rené descartes, a creative mathematician, “the reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest [people] of past centuries.” if that’s true, then who are some of [&# ;] 	giacomo cignoni: my internship at the internet archive this summer, open library and the internet archive took part in google summer of code (gsoc), a google initiative to help students gain coding experience by contributing to open source projects. i was lucky enough to mentor giacomo while he worked on improving our bookreader experience and infrastructure. we have invited giacomo to write a [&# ;] 	google summer of code : adoption by book lovers by tabish shaikh &# ; mek openlibrary.org,the world’s best-kept library secret: let’s make it easier for book lovers to discover and get started with open library. hi, my name is tabish shaikh and this summer i participated in the google summer of code program with open library to develop improvements which will help book lovers discover [&# ;] 	open library for language learners by guyrandy jean-gilles - - a quick browse through the app store and aspiring language learners will find themselves swimming in useful programs. but for experienced linguaphiles, the never-ending challenge is finding enough raw content and media to consume in their adopted tongue. open library can help. earlier this year, open library added reading levels to [&# ;] 	meet the librarians of open library by lisa seaberg are you a book lover looking to contribute to a warm, inclusive library community? we’d love to work with you: learn more about volunteering @ open library behind the scenes of open library is a whole team of developers, data scientists, outreach experts, and librarians working together to make open library better [&# ;] 	re-thinking open library’s book pages by mek karpeles, tabish shaikh we&# ;ve redesigned our book pages: before →after. please share your feedback with us. a web page for every book&# ; this is the mission of open library: a free, inclusive, online digital library catalog which helps readers find information about any book ever published. millions of books in open library&# ;s catalog [&# ;] the thingology blog the thingology blog 	new syndetics unbound feature: mark and boost electronic resources proquest and librarything have just introduced a major new feature to our catalog-enrichment suite, syndetics unbound, to meet the needs of libraries during the covid- crisis. our friends at proquest blogged about it briefly on the proquest blog. this blog post goes into greater detail about what we did, how we did it, and what [&# ;] 	introducing syndetics unbound short version today we&# ;re going public with a new product for libraries, jointly developed by librarything and proquest. it&# ;s called syndetics unbound, and it makes library catalogs better, with catalog enrichments that provide information about each item, and jumping-off points for exploring the catalog. to see it in action, check out the hartford public library [&# ;] 	alamw in boston (and free passes)! abby and kj will be at ala midwinter in boston this weekend, showing off librarything for libraries. since the conference is so close to librarything headquarters, chances are good that a few other lt staff members may appear, as well! visit us. stop by booth # to meet abby &# ; kj (and potential mystery guests!), [&# ;] 	for ala : three free opac enhancements for a limited time, librarything for libraries (ltfl) is offering three of its signature enhancements for free! there are no strings attached. we want people to see how librarything for libraries can improve your catalog. check library. the check library button is a &# ;bookmarklet&# ; that allows patrons to check if your library has a book [&# ;] 	ala in san francisco (free passes) our booth. but this is kate, not tim or abby. she had the baby. tim and i are headed to san francisco this weekend for the ala annual conference. visit us. stop by booth # to talk to us, get a demo, and learn about all the new and fun things we&# ;re up to with [&# ;] 	new &# ;more like this&# ; for librarything for libraries we&# ;ve just released &# ;more like this,&# ; a major upgrade to librarything for libraries’ &# ;similar items&# ; recommendations. the upgrade is free and automatic for all current subscribers to librarything for libraries catalog enhancement package. it adds several new categories of recommendations, as well as new features. we&# ;ve got text about it below, but here&# ;s a short [&# ;] 	subjects and the ship of theseus i thought i might take a break to post an amusing photo of something i wrote out today: the photo is a first draft of a database schema for a revamp of how librarything will do library subjects. all told, it has tables. gulp. about eight of the tables do what a good cataloging [&# ;] 	librarything recommends in bibliocommons does your library use bibliocommons as its catalog? librarything and bibliocommons now work together to give you high-quality reading recommendations in your bibliocommons catalog. you can see some examples here. look for &# ;librarything recommends&# ; on the right side. not that kind of girl (daniel boone regional library) carthage must be destroyed (ottowa public library) the [&# ;] 	new: annotations for book display widgets our book display widgets is getting adopted by more and more libraries, and we&# ;re busy making it better and better. last week we introduced easy share. this week we&# ;re rolling out another improvement—annotations! book display widgets is the ultimate tool for libraries to create automatic or hand-picked virtual book displays for their home page, blog, [&# ;] 	send us a programmer, win $ , in books. we just posted a new job post job: library developer at librarything (telecommute). to sweeten the deal, we are offering $ , worth of books to the person who finds them. that&# ;s a lot of books. rules! you get a $ , gift certificate to the local, chain or online bookseller of your choice. to qualify, you [&# ;] on stake | ethereum foundation blog created with sketch. search categories 	 r&d research & development 	 devcon devcon 	 org organizational 	 esp ecosystem support 	 eth.org ethereum.org 	 sec security archive 	 aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec on stake posted by vitalik buterin on july , 	 research & development the topic of mining centralization has been a very important one over the past few weeks. ghash.io, the bitcoin network’s largest mining pool, has for the past month directed over % of the bitcoin network’s hashpower, and two weeks ago briefly spiked over %, theoretically giving it monopoly control over the bitcoin network. although miners quidkly left the pool and reduced its hashpower to %, it’s clear that the problem is not solved. at the same time, asics threaten to further centralize the very production . one approach to solving the problem is the one i advocated in my previous post: create a mining algorithm that is guaranteed to remain cpu-friendly in the long term. another, however, is to abolish mining entirely, and replace it with a new model for seeking consensus. the primary second contender to date has been a strategy called “proof of stake”, the intuition behind which is as follows. in a traditional proof-of-work blockchain, miners “vote” on which transactions came at what time with their cpu power, and the more cpu power you have the proportionately larger your influence is. in proof-of-stake, the system follows a similar but different paradigm: stakeholders vote with their dollars (or rather, the internal currency of the particular system). in terms of how this works technically, the simplest setup is a model that has been called the “simulated mining rig”: essentially, every account has a certain chance per second of generating a valid block, much like a piece of mining hardware, and this chance is proportional to the account’s balance. the simplest formula for this is: sha (prevhash + address + timestamp) <= ^ * balance / diff prevhash is the hash of the previous block, address is the address of the stake-miner, timestamp is the current unix time in second, balance is the account balance of the stack-miner and diff is an adjustable global difficulty parameter. if a given account satisfies this equation at any particular second, it may produce a valid block, giving that account some block reward. another approach is to use not the balance, but the “coin age” (ie. the balance multiplied by the amount of time that the coins have not been touched), as the weighting factor; this guarantees more even returns but at the expense of potentially much easier collusion attacks, since attackers have the ability to accumulate coin age, and possible superlinearity; for these reasons, i prefer the plain balance-based approach in most cases, and we will use this as our baseline for the rest of this discussion. other solutions to “proof of x” have been proposed, including excellence, bandwidth, storage and identity, but none are particularly convenient as consensus algorithms; rather, all of these systems have many of the same properties of proof of stake, and are thus best implemented indirectly - by making them purely mechanisms for currency distribution, and then using proof of stake on those distributed coins for the actual consensus. the only exception is perhaps the social-graph-theory based ripple, although many cryptocurrency proponents consider such systems to be far too trust-dependent in order to be considered truly “decentralized”; this point can be debated, but it is best to focus on one topic at a time and so we will focus on stake. strengths and weaknesses if it can be implemented correctly, in theory proof of stake has many advantages. in particular are three: 	it does not waste any significant amount of electicity. sure, there is a need for stakeholders to keep trying to produce blocks, but no one gains any benefit from making more than one attempt per account per second; hence, the electricity expenditure is comparable to any other non-wasteful internet protocol (eg. bittorrent) 	it can arguably provide a much higher level of security. in proof of work, assuming a liquid market for computing power the cost of launching a % attack is equal to the cost of the computing power of the network over the course of two hours - an amount that, by standard economic principles, is roughly equal to the total sum of block rewards and transaction fees provided in two hours. in proof of stake, the threshold is theoretically much higher: % of the entire supply of the currency. 	depending on the precise algorithm in question it can potentially allow for much faster blockchains (eg. nxt has one block every few seconds, compared to one per minute for ethereum and one per ten minutes for bitcoin) note that there is one important counterargument that has been made to # : if a large entity credibly commits to purchasing % of currency units and then using those funds to repeatedly sabotage the network, then the price will fall drastically, making it much easier for that entity to puchase the tokens. this does somewhat mitigate the benefit of stake, although not nearly fatally; an entity that can credibly commit to purchasing % of coins is likely also one that can launch % attacks against proof of work. however, with the naive proof of stake algorithm described above, there is one serious problem: as some bitcoin developers describe it, “there is nothing at stake”. what that means is this: in the context of a proof-of-work blockchain, if there is an accidental fork, or a deliberate transaction reversal (“double-spend”) attempt, and there are two competing forks of the blockchain, then miners have to choose which one they contribute to. their three choices are either: 	mine on no chain and get no rewards 	mine on chain a and get the reward if chain a wins 	mine on chain b and get the reward if chain b wins as i have commented in a previous post, note the striking similarity to schellingcoin/truthcoin here: you win if you go with what everyone else goes with, except in this case the vote is on the order of transactions, not a numerical (as in schellingcoin) or binary (as in truthcoin) datum. the incentive is to support the chain that everyone else supports, forcing rapid convergence, and preventing successful attacks provided that at least % of the network is not colluding. in the naive proof of stake algorithm, on the other hand, the choices of whether or not to vote on a and whether or not to vote on b are independent; hence, the optimal strategy is to mine on any fork that you can find. thus, in order to launch a successful attack, an attacker need only overpower all of the altruists who are willing to vote only on the correct chain. the problem is, unfortunately, somewhat fundamental. proof of work is nice because the property of hash verification allows the network to be aware of something outside of itself - namely, computing power, and that thing serves as a sort of anchor to ensure some stability. in a naive proof of stake system, however, the only thing that each chain is aware of is itself; hence, one can intuitively see that this makes such systems more flimsy and less stable. however, the above is merely an intuitive argument; it is by no means a mathematical proof that a proof-of-stake system cannot be incentive-compatible and secure, and indeed there are a number of potential ways to get around the issue. the first strategy is the one that is employed in the slasher algorithm, and it hinges on a simple realization: although, in the case of a fork, chains are not aware of anything in the outside world, they are aware of each other. hence, the way the protocol prevents double-mining is this: if you mine a block, the reward is locked up for blocks, and if you also mine on any other chain then anyone else can submit the block from the other chain into the original chain in order to steal the mining reward. note, however, that things are not quite so simple, and there is one catch: the miners have to be known in advance. the problem is that if the algorithm given above is used directly, then the issue arises that, using a probabilistic strategy, double mining becomes very easy to hide. the issue is this: suppose that you have % stake, and thus every block there is a % chance that you will be able to produce (hereinafter, “sign”) it. now, suppose there is a fork between chain a and chain b, with chain a being the “correct” chain. the “honest” strategy is to try to generate blocks just on a, getting an expected . a-coins per block. an alternative strategy, however, is to try to generate blocks on both a and b, and if you find a block on both at the same time then discarding b. the payout per block is one a-coin if you get lucky on a ( . % chance), one b-coin if you get lucky on b ( . % chance) and one a-coin, but no b-coins, if you get lucky on both; hence, the expected payout is . a-coins plus . b-coins if you double-vote. if the stakeholders that need to sign a particular block are decided in advance, however (ie. specifically, decided before a fork starts), then there is no possibility of having the opportunity to vote on a but not b; you either have the opportunity on both or neither. hence, the “dishonest” strategy simply collapses into being the same thing as the “honest” strategy. the block signer selection problem but then if block signers are decided in advance, another issue arises: if done wrong, block signers could “mine” their blocks, repeatedly trying to create a block with different random data until the resulting block triggers that same signer having the privilege to sign a block again very soon. for example, if the signer for block n+ was simply chosen from the hash of block n, and an attacker had % stake, then the attacker could keep rebuilding the block until block n+ also had the attacker as its signer (ie. an expected iterations). over time, the attacker would naturally gain signing privilege on other blocks, and thus eventually come to completely saturate the blockchain with length- cycles controlled by himself. even if the hash of blocks put together is used, it’s possible to manipulate the value. thus, the question is, how do we determine what the signers for future blocks are going to be? the solution used in slasher is to use a secure decentralized random number generator protocol: many parties come in, first submit to the blockchain the hashes of their values, and then submit their values. there is no chance of manipulation this way, because each submitter is bound to submit in the second round the value whose hash they provided in the first round, and in the first round no one has enough information in order to engage in any manipulation. the player still has a choice of whether or not to participate in the second round, but the two countervailing points are that ( ) this is only one bit of freedom, although it becomes greater for large miners that can control multiple accounts, and ( ) we can institute a rule that failing to participate causes forfeiture of one’s mining privilege (miners in round n choose miners for round n+ during round n- , so there is an opportunity to do this if certain round-n miners misbehave during this selection step). another idea, proposed by iddo bentov and others in their “cryptocurrencies without proof of work” paper, is to use something called a “low-influence” function - essentially, a function such that there is only a very low chance that a single actor will be able to change the result by changing the input. a simple example of an lif over small sets is majority rule; here, because we are trying to pick a random miner, we have a very large set of options to choose from, so majority rule per bit is used (eg. if you have parties and you want to pick a random miner out of a billion, assign them into thirty groups of , and have each group vote on whether their particular bit is zero or one, and then recombine the bits as a binary number at the end). this removes the need for a complicated two-step protocol, allowing it to potentially be done much more quickly and even in parallel, reducing the risk that the pre-chosen stake-miners for some particular block will get together and collude. a third interesting strategy, used by nxt, is to use the addresses of the stake-miners for blocks n and n+ to choose the miner for block n+ ; this by definition gives only one choice for the next miner in each block. adding a criterion that every miner needs to be locked in for blocks in order to participate prevents sending transactions as a form of double-mining. however, having such rapid stake-miner selection also compromises the nothing-at-stake resistance property due to the probabilistic double-mining problem; this is the reason why clever schemes to make miner determination happen very quickly are ultimately, beyond a certain point, undesirable. long-range attacks while the slasher approach does effectively solve the nothing-at-stake problem against traditional % attacks, a problem arises in the case of something called a “long-range attack”: instead of an attacker starting mining from ten blocks before the current block, the attacker starts ten thousand blocks ago. in a proof-of-work context, this is silly; it basically means doing thousands of times as much work as is necessary to launch an attack. here, however, creating a block is nearly computationally free, so it’s a reasonable strategy. the reason why it works is that slasher’s process for punishing multi-mining only lasts for blocks, and its process for determining new miners lasts blocks, so outside the “scope” of that range slasher functions exactly like the naive proof-of-stake coin. note that slasher is still a substantial improvement; in fact, assuming users never change it can be made fully secure by introducing a rule into each client not to accept forks going back more than blocks. the problem is, however, what happens when a new user enters the picture. when a new user downloads a proof-of-stake-coin client for the first time, it will see multiple versions of the blockchain: the longest, and therefore legitimate, fork, and many pretenders trying to mine their own chains from the genesis. as described above, proof-of-stake chains are completely self-referential; hence, the client seeing all of these chains has no idea about any surrounding context like which chain came first or which has more value (note: in a hybrid proof-of-stake plus social graph system, the user would get initial blockchain data from a trusted source; this approach is reasonable, but is not fully decentralized). the only thing that the client can see is the allocation in the genesis block, and all of the transactions since that point. thus, all “pure” proof-of-stake systems are ultimately permanent nobilities where the members of the genesis block allocation always have the ultimate say. no matter what happens ten million blocks down the road, the genesis block members can always come together and launch an alternate fork with an alternate transaction history and have that fork take over. if you understand this, and you are still okay with pure proof of stake as a concept (the specific reason why you might still be okay is that, if the initial issuance is done right, the “nobility” should still be large enough that it cannot practically collude), then the realization allows for some more imaginative directions in terms of how proof of stake can play out. the simplest idea is to have the members of the genesis block vote on every block, where double-mining is punished by permanent loss of voting power. note that this system actually solves nothing-at-stake issues completely, since every genesis block holder has a mining privilege that has value forever into the future, so it will always not be worth it to double-mine. this system, however, has a finite lifespan - specifically, the maximum life (and interest) span of the genesis signers, and it also gives the nobility a permanent profit-making privilege, and not just voting rights; however, nevertheless the existence of the algorithm is encouraging because it suggests that long-range-nothing-at-stake might be fundamentally resolvable. thus, the challenge is to figure out some way to make sure voting privileges transfer over, while still at the same time maintaining security. changing incentives another approach to solving nothing-at-stake comes at the problem from a completely different angle. the core problem is, in naive proof-of-stake, rational individuals will double-vote. the slasher-like solutions all try to solve the problem by making it impossible to double-vote, or at the very least heavily punishing such a strategy. but what if there is another approach; specifically, what if we instead remove the incentive to do so? in all of the proof of stake systems that i described above, the incentive is obvious, and unfortunately fundamental: because whoever is producing blocks needs an incentive to participate in the process, they benefit if they include a block in as many forks as possible. the solution to this conundrum comes from an imaginative, out-of-the-box proposal from daniel larimer: transactions as proof of stake. the core idea behind transactions as proof-of-stake is simple: instead of mining being done by a separate class of individuals, whether computer hardware owners or stakeholders, mining and transaction sending are merged into one. the naive tapos algorithm is as follows: 	every transaction must contain a reference (ie. hash) to the previous transaction 	a candidate state-of-the-system is obtained by calculating the result of a resulting transaction chain 	the correct chain among multiple candidates is the one that has either (i) the longest coin-days-destroyed (ie. number of coins in the account * time since last access), or (ii) the highest transaction fees (these are two different options that we will analyze separately) this algorithm has the property that it is extremely unscalable, breaking down beyond about transaction per - seconds, and it is not the one that larimer suggests or the one that will actually be used; rather, it’s simply a proof of concept that we will analyze to see if this approach is valid at all. if it is, then there are likely ways to optimize it. now, let’s see what the economics of this are. suppose that there is a fork, and there are two competing versions of the tapos chain. you, as a transaction sender, made a transaction on chain a, and there is now an upcoming chain b. do you have the incentive to double-mine and include your transaction in chain b as well? the answer is no - in fact you actually want to double-spend your recipient so you would not put the transaction on another chain. this argument is especially potent in the case of long-range attacks, where you already received your product in exchange for the funds; in the short term, of course, the incentive still exists to make sure the transaction is sent, so senders do have the incentive to double-mine; however, because the worry is strictly time-limited this can be resolved via a slasher-like mechanism. one concern is this: given the presence of forks, how easy is it to overwhelm the system? if, for example, there is a fork, and one particular entity wants to double-spend, under what circumstances is that possible? in the transaction-fee version, the requirement is pretty simple: you need to spend more txfees than the rest of the network. this seems weak, but in reality it isn’t; we know that in the case of bitcoin, once the currency supply stops increasing mining will rely solely on transaction fees, and the mechanics are exactly the same (since the amount that the network will spend on mining will roughly correspond to the total number of txfees being sent in); hence, fee-based tapos is in this regard at least as secure as fee-only pow mining. in the second case, we have a different model: instead of mining with your coins, you are mining with your liquidity. anyone can % attack the system if and only if they have a sufficiently large quantity of coin-days-destroyed on them. hence, the cost of spending a large txfee after the fact is replaced by the cost of sacrificing liquidity before the fact. cost of liquidity the discussion around liquidity leads to another important philosophical point: security cannot be cost-free. in any system where there is a block reward, the thing that is the prerequisite for the reward (whether cpu, stake, or something else) cannot be free, since otherwise everyone would be claiming the reward at infinitum, and in tapos transaction senders need to be providing some kind of fee to justify security. furthermore, whatever resource is used to back the security, whether cpu, currency sacrifices or liquidity sacrifices, the attacker need only get their hands on the same quantity of that resource than the rest of the network. note that, in the case of liquidity sacrifices (which is what naive proof of stake is), the relevant quantity here is actually not % of coins, but rather the privilege of accessing % of coins for a few hours - a service that, assuming a perfectly efficient market, might only cost a few hundred thousand dollars. the solution to this puzzle is that marginal cost is not the same thing as average cost. in the case of proof of work, this is true only to a very limited extent; although miners do earn a positive nonzero profit from mining, they all pay a high cost (unless they’re cpu miners heating their homes, but even there there are substantial efficiency losses; laptops running hash functions at %, though effective at heating, are necessarily less effective than systems designed for the task). in the case of currency sacrifices, everyone pays the same, but the payment is redistributed as a dividend to everyone else, and this profit is too dispersed to be recovered via market mechanisms; thus, although the system is costly from a local perspective, it is costless from a global perspective. the last option, liquidity sacrifice, is in between the two. although liquidity sacrifice is costly, there is a substantial amount of disparity in how much people value liquidity. some people, like individual users or businesses with low savings, heavily value liquidity; others, like savers, do not value liquidity at all (eg. i could not care less if i lost the ability to spend ten of my bitcoins for some duration). hence, although the marginal cost of liquidity will be high (specifically, necessarily equal to either the mining reward or the transaction fee), the average cost is much lower. hence, there is a leverage effect that allows the cost of an attack to be much higher than the inefficiency of the network, or the amount that senders spend on txfees. additionally, note that in larimer’s scheme specifically, things are rigged in such a a way that all liquidity that is sacrificed in consensus is liquidity that was being sacrificed anyway (namely, by not sending coins earlier), so the practical level of inefficiency is zero. now, tapos does have its problems. first, if we try to make it more scalable by reintroducing the concept of blocks, then there ideally needs to be some reason to produce blocks that is not profit, so as not to reintroduce the nothing-at-stake problem. one approach may be to force a certain class of large transaction senders to create blocks. second, attacking a chain is still theoretically “cost-free”, so the security assurances are somewhat less nice than they are in proof-of-work. third, in the context of a more complicated blockchain like ethereum, and not a currency, some transactions (eg. finalizing a bet) are actually profitable to send, so there will be incentive to double-mine on at least some transactions (though not nearly all, so there is still some security). finally, it’s a genesis-block-nobility system, just like all proof-of-stake necessarily is. however, as far as pure proof-of-stake systems go, it does seem a much better backbone than the version of proof of stake that emulated bitcoin mining. hybrid proof of stake given the attractiveness of proof of stake as a solution for increasing efficiency and security, and its simultaneous deficiencies in terms of zero-cost attacks, one moderate solution that has been brought up many times is hybrid proof of stake, in its latest incantation called “proof of activity”. the idea behind proof of activity is simple: blocks are produced via proof of work, but every block randomly assigns three stakeholders that need to sign it. the next block can only be valid once those signatures are in place. in this system, in theory, an attacker with % stake would see of his blocks not being signed, whereas in the legitimate network out of blocks would be signed; hence, such an attacker would be penalized in mining by a factor of . however, there is a problem: what motivates signers to sign blocks on only one chain? if the arguments against pure proof of stake are correct, then most rational stake-miners would sign both chains. hence, in hybrid pos, if the attacker signs only his chain, and altruists only sign the legitimate chain, and everyone else signs both, then if the attacker can overpower the altruists on the stake front that means that the attacker can overtake the chain with less than a % attack on the mining front. if we trust that altruists as a group are more powerful in stake than any attacker, but we don’t trust that too much, then hybrid pos seems like a reasonable hedge option; however, given the reasoning above, if we want to hybridize one might ask if hybrid pow + tapos might not be the more optimal way to go. for example, one could imagine a system where transactions need to reference recent blocks, and a blockchain’s score is calculated based on proof of work and coin-days-destroyed counts. conclusion will we see proof of stake emerge as a viable alternative to proof of work in the next few years? it may well be. from a pure efficiency perspective, if bitcoin, or ethereum, or any other pow-based platform get to the point where they have similar market cap to gold, silver, the usd, eur or cny, or any other mainstream asset, then over a hundred billion dollars worth of new currency units will be produced per year. under a pure-pow regime, an amount of economic power approaching that will be spent on hashing every year. thus, the cost to society of maintaining a proof-of-work cryptocurrency is about the same as the cost of maintaining the russian military (the analogy is particularly potent because militaries are also proof of work; their only value to anyone is protecting against other militaries). under hybrid-pos, that might safely be dropped to $ billion per year, and under pure pos it would be almost nothing, except depending on implementation maybe a few billion dollars of cost from lost liquidity. ultimately, this boils down to a philosophical question: exactly how much does decentralization mean to us, and how much are we willing to pay for it? remember that centralized databases, and even quasi-centralized ones based on ripple consensus, are free. if perfect decentralization is indeed worth $ billion, then proof of work is definitely the right way to go. but arguably that is not the case. what if society does not see decentralization as a goal in itself, and the only reason why it’s worth it to decentralize is to get the increased benefits of efficiency that decentralization brings? in that case, if decentralization comes with a $ billion price tag, then we should just centralize and let a few governments run the databases. but if we have a solid, viable proof of stake algorithm, then we have a third option: a system which is both decentralized and cost-free (note that useful proof of work also fits this criterion, and may be easier); in that case, the dichotomy does not exist at all and decentralization becomes the obvious choice. 	 previous post 	 next post 	 rss 	 email me 	 facebook 	 github 	 twitter ethereum foundation • ethereum.org • esp • bug bounty program • do-not-track • archive categories: research & development • devcon • organizational • ecosystem support • ethereum.org • security original theme by beautiful-jekyll, modified by the ethereum foundation team. 	 	 what i learned today… 		skip to the content 		 			 				 					 						 							 								 																	 								search 							 						 					 					 						what i learned today... 					 					 						 							 															 							menu 						 					 				 				 					 							 									about me 	publications & presentations 	library mashups 	the accidental systems librarian 	open source software for libraries 	my presenting/learning calendar 	blog archives 							 						 						 						 							 								 									 																				search 									 								 							 							 						 						 				 			 			 	 		 			 	 		search for: 		 	 	 			 				close search 							 		 	 		 		 	 		 			 				 					close menu 									 				 					 							about me 	publications & presentationsshow sub menu 	library mashups 	the accidental systems librarian 	open source software for libraries 	my presenting/learning calendar 	blog archives 					 					 			 			 				 					 							facebook 	twitter 	linkedin 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					about me				 			 			taking a break 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							may , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on taking a break						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			i’m sure those of you who are still reading have noticed that i haven’t been updating this site much in the past few years. i was sharing my links with you all but now delicious has started adding ads to that. i’m going to rethink how i can use this site effectively going forward. for now you can read my regular content on opensource.com at https://opensource.com/users/nengard. share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for may , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							may , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for may , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	start a fire grow and expand your audience by recommending your content within any link you share digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for april , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							april , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for april , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	mattermost mattermost is an open source, self-hosted slack-alternative 	mblock program your app, arduino projects and robots by dragging & dropping 	fidus writer fidus writer is an online collaborative editor especially made for academics who need to use citations and/or formulas. 	beek social network for booklovers 	open ebooks open ebooks is a partnership between digital public library of america, the new york public library, and first book, with content support from digital books distributor baker & taylor. digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for february , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							february , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for february , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	connfa open source ios & android app for conferences & events 	paperless scan, index, and archive all of your paper documents 	foss serve foss serve promotes student learning via participation in humanitarian free and open source software (foss) projects. 	disk inventory x disk inventory x is a disk usage utility for mac os x . (and later). it shows the sizes of files and folders in a special graphical way called “treemaps”. 	loomio loomio is the easiest way to make decisions together. loomio empowers organisations and communities to turn discussion into action, wherever people are. 	democracyos democracyos is an online space for deliberation and voting on political proposals. it is a platform for a more open and participatory government. the software aims to stimulate better arguments and come to better rulings, as peers. digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for january , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							january , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for january , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	superpowers the open source, extensible, collaborative html d+ d game maker 	sequel pro sequel pro is a fast, easy-to-use mac database management application for working with mysql databases. digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for december , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							december , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for december , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	open broadcaster software free, open source software for live streaming and recording digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for november , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							november , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for november , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	numfocus foundation numfocus promotes and supports the ongoing research and development of open-source computing tools through educational, community, and public channels. digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for november , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							november , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for november , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	smore smore makes it easy to design beautiful and effective online flyers and newsletters. 	ninite install and update all your programs at once digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for november , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							november , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for november , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	vim adventures learning vim while playing a game digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				categories 				 					link sharing				 			 			bookmarks for november , 		 				 						 							post author 													 						 							by nicole c. baratta						 					 	 						 							post date 													 						 							november , 						 					 	 						 													 						 							no comments on bookmarks for november , 						 					 		 		 	 	 		 			today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. 	star wars: building a galaxy with code digest powered by rss digest share this: 	email 	twitter 	facebook 	tumblr 	linkedin 	reddit 	pocket 	pinterest 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 	 		posts navigation 		← newer posts … older posts → 	 	 	 	 		 							 										 						 								facebook 	twitter 	linkedin 						 									 			 			 				 					 						 							 								 	 		search for: 		 	 	 tags amazon android ato blogging chrome cil cil cil cil cil code lib facebook feedburner firefox gmail google il il il il il koha kohacon kohacon kohacon libraries mapping nfais njla open source oscon oscon php pinterest rss sla sla special libraries association sxsw twitter valenj webinar windows wordpress zotero learn library mashups 			 		 learn systems librarianship 			 		 learn open source 			 		 my sites 		library mashups 	practical open source for libraries 	the accidental systems librarian 							 						 						 					 				 			 		 	 			 				 					 						© 							 							what i learned today… 						 						 							 								powered by wordpress							 						 					 					 						 							to the top ↑						 						 							up ↑						 					 				 			 		 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 		 	 	 	 dshr's blog: the economist on cryptocurrencies dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, august , the economist on cryptocurrencies the economist edition dated august th has a leader (unstablecoins) and two articles (in the finance section (the disaster scenario and here comes the sheriff). 	 	source the leader argues that: regulators must act quickly to subject stablecoins to bank-like rules for transparency, liquidity and capital. those failing to comply should be cut off from the financial system, to stop people drifting into an unregulated crypto-ecosystem. policymakers are right to sound the alarm, but if stablecoins continue to grow, governments will need to move faster to contain the risks. but even the economist gets taken in by the typical cryptocurrency hype, balancing current actual risks against future possible benefits: yet it is possible that regulated private-sector stablecoins will eventually bring benefits, such as making cross-border payments easier, or allowing self-executing “smart contracts”. regulators should allow experiments whose goal is not merely to evade financial rules. they don't seem to understand that, just as the whole point of uber is to evade the rules for taxis, the whole point of cryptocurrency is to "evade financial rules". below the fold i comment on the two articles. here comes the sheriff this article is fairly short and mostly describes the details of gary gensler's statement in three "buckets": 	the first is about investor protection: the regulator claims jurisdiction over the crypto assets that it defines as securities; issuers of these must provide disclosures and abide by other rules. the sec‘s definition uses a number of criteria, including the “howey test”, which asks whether investors have a stake in a common enterprise and are led to expect profits from the efforts of a third party. bitcoin and ether, the two biggest cryptocurrencies, do not meet this criterion (they are commodities, under american law). but mr gensler thinks that ... a fair few probably count as securities—and do not follow the rules. these, he said, may include stablecoins ... some of which may represent a stake in a crypto platform. mr gensler asked congress for more staff to police them. 	the second is about new products: for months the sec has sat on applications for bitcoin etfs and related products, filed by big wall street names like goldman sachs and fidelity. mr gensler hinted that, in order to be approved, these may have to comply with the stricter laws governing mutual funds. 	the third is a request for new legal powers needed to pave over cracks in regulation that cryptocurrencies, whose whole point is to "evade financial rules", are exploiting: mr gensler is chiefly concerned with platforms engaged in crypto trading or lending as well as in decentralised finance (defi), where smart contracts replicate financial transactions without a trusted intermediary. some of these, he said, may host tokens that should be regulated as securities; others could be riddled with scams. the sec is likely to encounter massive opposition to these ideas. how cryptocurrency became a powerful force in washington by todd c. frankel et al reports on the flow of lobbying dollars from cryptocurrency insiders to capitol hill and how it is blocking progress on the current infrastructure bill: and after years of debate over how to improve america’s infrastructure, and months of sensitive negotiations between the white house and lawmakers, the $ trillion bipartisan infrastructure proposal suddenly stalled in part because of concerns about how government would regulate an industry best known for wild financial speculation, memes — and its role in ransomware attacks. ... regardless of the measure’s ultimate fate, the fact that crypto regulation has become one of the biggest stumbling blocks to passage of the bill underscored how the industry has become a political force in washington — and previewed a series of looming battles over a financial technology attracting billions of dollars of interest from wall street, silicon valley and financial players around the world, but that few still understand. it gets worse. kate riga reports that in fit of pique, shelby kills crypto compromise: sen. richard shelby (r-al) killed a hard-earned cryptocurrency compromise amendment to the bipartisan infrastructure bill because his own amendment, to beef up the defense budget another $ billion, was rejected by sen. bernie sanders (i-vt). shelby had tried to tack it on to the cryptocurrency amendment. ... so that’s basically it for the crypto amendment, which took the better part of the weekend for senators and the white house and hammer into a compromise. the issue here was that the un-amended bill would require: some cryptocurrency companies that provide a service “effectuating” the transfer of digital assets to report information on their users, as some other financial firms are required to do, in an effort to enforce tax compliance. crypto supporters said the provision’s wording would seemingly apply to companies that have no ability to collect data on users, such as cryptocurrency miners, and could push a swath of the industry overseas. so maybe by accident mining is money transmission. the disaster scenario this article is far longer and far more interesting. it takes the form of a "stress test", discussing a scenario in which bitcoin's "price" goes to zero and asking what the consequences for the broader financial markets and investors would be. it is hard to argue with the conclusion: still, our extreme scenario suggests that leverage, stablecoins, and sentiment are the main channels through which any crypto-downturn, big or small, will spread more widely. and crypto is only becoming more entwined with conventional finance. goldman sachs plans to launch a crypto exchange-traded fund; visa now offers a debit card that pays customer rewards in bitcoin. as the crypto-sphere expands, so too will its potential to cause wider market disruption. the article identifies a number of channels by which a bitcoin collapse could "cause market disruption": 	via the direct destruction of paper wealth for hodl-ers and actual losses for more recent purchasers. 	via the stock price of companies, including cryptocurrency exchanges, payments companies, and chip companies such as nvidia. 	via margin calls on leveraged investments, either direct purchases of bitcoin or derivatives. 	via redemptions of stablecoins causing reserves to be liquidated. 	via investor sentiment contagion from cryptocurrencies to other high-risk assets such as meme stocks, junk bonds, and spacs. i agree that these are all plausible channels, but i have two main issues with the article. issue # : tether 	 	source first, it fails to acknowledge that the spot market in bitcoin is extremely thin (a sell order for btc crashed the "price" by %), especially compared to the x larger market in bitcoin derivatives, and that the "price" of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is massively manipulated, probably via the "wildcat bank" of tether. the article contains, but doesn't seem to connect, these facts: fully % of the money invested in bitcoin is spent on derivatives like “perpetual” swaps—bets on future price fluctuations that never expire. most of these are traded on unregulated exchanges, such as ftx and binance, from which customers borrow to make bets even bigger. ... the extent of leverage in the system is hard to gauge; the dozen exchanges that list perpetual swaps are all unregulated. but “open interest” ... has grown from $ . bn in march to $ bn today. this is not a perfect proxy for total leverage, as it is not clear how much collateral stands behind the various contracts. but forced liquidations of leveraged positions in past downturns give a sense of how much is at risk. on may th alone, as bitcoin lost nearly a third of its value, they came to $ bn. ... because changing dollars for bitcoin is slow and costly, traders wanting to realise gains and reinvest proceeds often transact in stablecoins, which are pegged to the dollar or the euro. such coins, the largest of which are tether and usd coin, are now worth more than $ bn. on some crypto platforms they are the main means of exchange. 	 	source that last paragraph is misleading. fais kahn writes: binance also hosts a massive perpetual futures market, which are “cash-settled” using usdt. this allows traders to make leveraged bets of x margin or more...which, in laymen’s terms, is basically a speculative casino. that market alone provides around ~$ b of daily volume, where users deposit usdt to trade on margin. as a result, binance is by far the biggest holder of usdt, with $ b sitting in its wallet. bernhard meuller writes: a more realistic estimate is that ~ % of the tether supply ( . b usdt) is located on centralized exchanges. interestingly, only a small fraction of those usdt shows up in spot order books. one likely reason is that a large share is sitting on wallets to collateralize derivative positions, in particular perpetual futures. ... it’s important to understand that usdt perpetual futures implementations are % usdt-based, including collateralization, funding and settlement. so on the exchange that dominates bitcoin derivative trading, where the majority of "fully % of the money invested in bitcoin" lives, usdt is the exclusive means of exchange. the entire market's connection to the underlying spot market is that: prices are tied to crypto asset prices via clever incentives, but in reality, usdt is the only asset that ever changes hands between traders. other than forced liquidations, the article does not analyze how the derivative market would respond to a massive drop in the bitcoin "price", and whether tether could continue to pump the "price". as money market funds did in the global financial crisis, the article suggests that stablecoins would have problems: issuers back their stablecoins with piles of assets, rather like money-market funds. but these are not solely, or even mainly, held in cash. tether, for instance, says % of its assets were held in commercial paper, % in secured loans and % in corporate bonds, funds and precious metals at the end of march. a cryptocrash could lead to a run on stablecoins, forcing issuers to dump their assets to make redemptions. in july fitch, a rating agency, warned that a sudden mass redemption of tethers could “affect the stability of short-term credit markets”. it is certainly true that the off-ramps from cryptocurrencies to fiat are constricted; that is a major reason for the existence of stablecoins. but fais kahn makes two points: if there were a sudden drop in the market, and investors wanted to exchange their usdt for real dollars in tether’s reserve, that could trigger a “bank run” where the value dropped significantly below one dollar, and suddenly everyone would want their money. that could trigger a full on collapse. but when that might actually happen? when bitcoin falls in the frequent crypto bloodbaths, users actually buy tether - fleeing to the safety of the dollar. this actually drives tether’s price up! and: tether’s own terms of service say users may not be redeemed immediately. forced to wait, many users would flee to bitcoin for lack of options, driving the price up again. it isn't just tether that doesn't allow winnings out. carol alexander's binance’s insurance fund is a fascinating, detailed examination of binance's extremely convenient "outage" as btc crashed on may . her subhead reads: how insufficient insurance funds might explain the outage of binance’s futures platform on may and the potentially toxic relationship between binance and tether. i certainly don't understand all the ramifications of the "toxic relationship between binance and tether", but the article's implicit assumption that they, and similar market particiapants, behave like properly regulated financial institutions is implausible. alexander's take on the relationship, on the other hand, is alarmingly plausible: in may ... tether reported that only . % of all tokens are actually backed by cash reserves and about % is in commercial paper, a form of unsecured debt that is normally only issued by firms with high-quality debt ratings. he simultaneous growth of binance and tether begs the question whether binance itself is the issuer of a large fraction of tether’s $ billion commercial paper. binance's b b platform is the main online broker for tether. suppose binance is in financial difficulties (possibly precipitated by using its own money rather than insurance funds to cover payment to counterparties of liquidated positions). then the tether it orders and gives to customers might not be paid for with dollars, or bitcoin or any other form of cash, but rather with an iou. that is, commerical paper on which it pays tether interest, until the term of the loan expires. no new tether has been issued since binance's order of $ bn [correction aug: net $ bn transfer] was made highly visible to the public on may. [correction: aug: another $ bn tether was issued on aug]. maybe this is because tether's next audit is imminent, and the auditers may one day investigate the identity of the issuers of the % (or more, now) of commercial paper it has for reserves. if it were found that the main issuer was binance (maybe followed by ftx) then the entire crypto asset market place would have been holding itself up with its own bootstraps! this would certainly explain why matt levine wrote: there is a fun game among financial journalists and other interested observers who try to find anyone who has actually traded commercial paper with tether, or any of its actual holdings. the game is hard! as far as i know, no one has ever won it, or even scored a point; i have never seen anyone publicly identify a security that tether holds or a counterparty that has traded commercial paper with it. if tether's reserves were % composed of unsecured debt from unregulated exchanges like binance ... issue # : dynamic effects my second problem with the article is that this paragraph shows the economist sharing two common misconceptions about blockchain technology: a crash would puncture the crypto economy. bitcoin miners—who compete to validate transactions and are rewarded with new coins—would have less incentive to carry on, bringing the verification process, and the supply of bitcoin, to a halt. first, it is true that, were the "price" of bitcoin zero, mining would stop. but if mining stops, it is transactions that stop. bitcoin hodl-ings would be frozen in place, not just worth zero on paper but actually useless because nothing could be done with them. second, the idea that the goal of mining is to create new bitcoin is simply wrong. the goal of mining is to secure the blockchain by making sybil attacks implausibly expensive. the creation of new bitcoin is a side-effect, intended to motivate miners to make the blockchain secure by making sybil attacks implausibly expensive. the fact that nakamoto intended mining to continue after the final bitcoin had been created clearly demonstrates this. the article is based on this scenario: in order to grasp the growing links between the crypto-sphere and mainstream markets, imagine that the price of bitcoin crashes all the way to zero. a rout could be triggered either by shocks originating within the system, say through a technical failure, or a serious hack of a big cryptocurrency exchange. or they could come from outside: a clampdown by regulators, for instance, or an abrupt end to the “everything rally” in markets, say in response to central banks raising interest rates. but, as the article admits, a discontinuous change from $ k or so to $ is implausible. a rapid but continuous drop over, say, a month is more plausible, and it could bring issues that the article understandably fails to address. 	 	source as the "price" drops two effects take place. first, the value of the mining reward in fiat currency decreases. the least efficient and least profitable miners become uneconomic and drop out, decreasing the hash rate and thus increasing the block time and reducing the rate at which transactions can be processed: typically, it takes about minutes to complete a block, but feinstein told cnbc the bitcoin network has slowed down to - to -minute block times. this effect occurred during the chinese government's crackdown, as shown in the graph of hash rate. 	 	source second, every blocks (about two weeks) the algorithm adjusts, in this case decreases, the difficulty and thus the cost of mining the next blocks. the idea is to restore the block time to about minutes despite the reduction in the hash rate. when the chinese crackdown took . % of bitcoin's hash power off-line, the algorithm made the biggest reduction in difficulty in bitcoin's history. in our scenario, bitcoin plunges over a month. lets assume it starts just after a difficulty adjustment. the month is divided into two parts, with the initial difficulty for the first part, and a much reduced difficulty for the second part. in the first part the rapid "price" decrease makes all but the most efficient miners uneconomic, so the hash rate decreases rapidly and block production slows rapidly. producing the -th block takes a lot more than two weeks. this is a time when the demand for transactions will be extreme, but during this part the supply of transactions is increasingly restricted. this, as has happened in other periods of high transaction demand, causes transaction fees to spike to extraordinary levels. in normal times fees are less than % of miner income, but it is plausible that they would spike an order of magnitude or more, counteracting the drop in the economics of mining. but median fees of say $ would increase the sense of panic in the spot market. lets assume that, by the -th block, that more than half the mining power has been rendered uneconomic, so that the block time is around minutes. thus the adjustment comes after three weeks. when it happens, the adjustment, being based on the total time taken in the first part, will be large but inadequate to correct for the reduced hash rate at the end of the first part. with our assumptions the adjustment will be for a % drop in hash power, but the actual drop will have been %. block production will speed up, but only to about minutes/block. given the panic, fees will drop somewhat but remain high. as the adjustment appraoches there are a lot of disgruntled miners, whose investment in asic mining rigs has been rendered uneconomic. the rigs can't be repurposed for anything but other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies, which have all crashed because, as the article notes: investors would probably also dump other cryptocurrencies. recent tantrums have shown that where bitcoin goes, other digital monies follow, says philip gradwell of chainalysis, a data firm. recall that what the mining power is doing is securing the blockchain against attack. once it became possible to rent large amounts of mining power, % attacks on minor alt-coins became endemic. for example, there were three successful attacks on ethereum classic in a single month. before the adjustment, some fraction of the now-uneconomic bitcoin mining power has migrated to the rental market. even a small fraction can overwhelm other cryptocurrencies. as i write, the bitcoin hash rate is around m th/s. dogecoin is the next largest "market cap" coin using bitcoin-like proof-of-work. its hash rate is around th/s, or , times smaller. thus during the first part there was a tidal wave of attacks against every other proof-of-work cryptocurrency. it has never been possible to rent enugh mining power to attack a major cryptocurrency. but now we have more than % of the bitcoin mining power sitting idle on the sidelines desperate for income. these miners have choices: 	they can resume mining bitcoin. the more efficient of them can do so and still make a profit, but if they all do most will find it uneconomic. 	they can mine other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies. but even if only a tiny fraction of them do so, it will be uneconomic. and trust in the alt-coins has been destroyed by the wave of attacks. 	they can collaborate to mount double-spend attacks against bitcoin, since they have more than half the mining power. 	they can collaborate to mount the kind of sabotage attack described by eric budish in the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain, aiming to profit by shorting bitcoin in the derivative market and destroying confidence in the asset's security. the security of proof-of-work blockchains depends upon the unavailability of enough mining power to mount an attack. a massive, sustained drop in the value of bitcoin would free up enormous amounts of mining power, far more than enough to destroy any smaller cryptocurrency, and probably enough to destroy bitcoin. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 barbie says "smart contracts are hard". cross-chain defi site poly network hacked; hundreds of millions potentially lost by eliza gkritsi and muyao shen starts: "cross-chain decentralized finance (defi) platform poly network was attacked on tuesday, with the alleged hacker draining roughly $ million in crypto. poly network, a protocol launched by the founder of chinese blockchain project neo, operates on the binance smart chain, ethereum and polygon blockchains. tuesday’s attack struck each chain consecutively, with the poly team identifying three addresses where stolen assets were transferred." 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in poly network hack analysis – largest crypto hack, mudit gupyta provides a detailed analysis of the poly network heist: "poly network is a blockchain interoperability project that allows people to send transactions across blockchains. one of their key use case is a cross-blockchain bridge that allows you to move assets from one blockchain to another by locking tokens on one blockchain and unlocking them on a different one. the attacker managed to unlock tokens on various blockchains without locking the corresponding amounts on other blockchains." david gerard comments: "poly network asked ethereum miners and exchanges to intercede and block the hacker’s addresses for them — sort of giving the game away that crypto miners are transaction processors." nicholas weaver would agree. according to tim copeland's at least $ million stolen in massive cross-chain hack: "blockchain security firm slowmist has sent out a news alert that says they have already tracked down the attacker's id. it claims to know their email address, ip information and device fingerprint. the firm said that the attacker's original funds were in monero (xmr), which were exchanged for bnb, eth and matic and other tokens that were used to fund the attack." 	 august , at : pm post a comment older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  august ( ) 	the economist on cryptocurrencies 	stablecoins part 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: the optimist's telescope: review dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, september , the optimist's telescope: review the fundamental problem of digital preservation is that, although it is important and we know how to do it, we don't want to pay enough to have it done. it is an example of the various societal problems caused by rampant short-termism, about which i have written frequently. bina venkataraman has a new book on the topic entitled the optimist's telescope: thinking ahead in a reckless age. robert h. frank reviews it in the new york times: how might we mitigate losses caused by shortsightedness? bina venkataraman, a former climate adviser to the obama administration, brings a storyteller’s eye to this question in her new book, “the optimist’s telescope.” she is also deeply informed about the relevant science. the telescope in her title comes from the economist a.c. pigou’s observation in that shortsightedness is rooted in our “faulty telescopic faculty.” as venkataraman writes, “the future is an idea we have to conjure in our minds, not something that we perceive with our senses. what we want today, by contrast, we can often feel in our guts as a craving.” she herself is the optimist in her title, confidently insisting that impatience is not an immutable human trait. her engaging narratives illustrate how people battle and often overcome shortsightedness across a range of problems and settings. below the fold, some thoughts upon reading the book. the plot of isaac asimov's foundation trilogy evolves as a series of "seldon crises", in which simultaneous internal and external crises combine to force history into the path envisioned by psychohistorian hari seldon and the foundations he established with the aim of reducing the duration of the dark ages after the fall of the galactic empire from , to , years. the world today feels as though it is undergoing a seldon crisis, with external (climate change) and internal (inequality, the rise of quasi-fascist leaders of "democracies") crises reinforcing each other.  what is lacking is a foundation charting a long-term future that minimizes the dark ages to come after the fall of civilization. what ties the various current crises together is short-termism; all levels of society being incapable of long-term thinking, and failing to resist eating the marshmallow. in her introduction venkataraman writes: i argue in this book that many decisions are made in the presence of information about future consequences but in the absence of good judgement. we try too hard to know the exact future and do too little to be ready for its many possibilities. the result is an epidemic of recklessness, a colossal failure to plan ahead. ... to act on behalf of our future selves can be hard enough; to act on behalf of future neighbors, communities, countries of the planet can seem impossible, even if we aspire to that ideal. by contrast, it is far easier to respond to an immediate threat. she divides her book into three parts, and in each deploys an impressive range of examples of the problems caused by lack of foresight. but it is an optimistic book, because in each part she provides techniques for applying foresight and examples of their successful application. part : individual and family dorian, the second-worst north atlantic hurricane ever, was ravaging the bahamas as i read part 's discussion of why, despite early and accurate warnings, people fail to evacuate or take appropriate precautions for hurricanes and other natural disasters: it is human nature to rely on mental shortcuts and gut feelings - more than gauges of the odds - to make decisions. ... these patterns of thinking, i have learned, explain why all the investment on better predictions can fall short of driving decisions about the future ... the threats that people take most seriously turn out to be those we can most vividly imagine. she illustrates why this is hard using the collapse of microfinance in andra pradesh: a person who might look reckless when poor could look smart and strategic when flush. realizing that people who are lacking resources often have a kind of tunnel vision for the present helped me understand why many women involved in india's microfinance crisis went against their own future interest, taking on too many loans and falling deep into debt. it also explains why the poorest families have more trouble heeding hurricane predictions. the problem on the lending side of the collapse was "be careful what you measure". the microfinance companies were measuring the number of new loans, and the low default rate, not noticing that the new loans were being used to pay off old ones. the same phenomenon of scarcity causing recklessness helps explain why black kids in schools suffer more severe discipline: in exasperated moments, impulsive decisions reflecting ingrained biases become more likely. teachers, like all of us, are exposed to portrayals in the media and popular culture of black people as criminals, and those images shape unconscious views and actions. university of oregon professors kent mcintosh and erik girvan call these moments of discipline in schools "vulnerable decision points." they track discipline incidents in schools around the country and analyze the data to show school administrators and teachers are often predictable. when teachers are fatigued at the end of a school day  or week, or hungry after skipping lunch for meetings, they are more likley to make rash decisions. ... this bears out the link eldar shafir and sendhil mullainathan have shown between scarcity - in this case, of time and attention - and reckless decision making. it is similar to the pattern that hamstrings the poor from saving for their future. among the techniques she discusses for imagining the future are virtual reality experiences, and simpler techniques such as: an annual gathering where each person writes his own obituary and reads it aloud to the group. 	 	prototype clock another is danny hillis' , year clock: the clock idea captivated those whom hillis told about it, including futurist and technology guru stewart brand and the musician brian eno. and me. iirc it was at the hacker's conference where hillis and brand talked about the idea of the clock. the presentation set me thinking about the long-term future of digital information, and about how systems to provide it needed to be ductile rather than, like byzantine fault tolerance, brittle. the lockss program was the result a couple of years later. 	 	ernie via wikipedian geni another technique she calls "glitter bombs" - you'll need to read the book to find out why. the uk's premium bonds and other prize-linked savings schemes are examples: the british government launched its premium bonds program in , to encourage savings after world war ii. for the past seven decades, between and percent of uk citizens have held the bonds at any given time. the savers accept lower guaranteed returns than comparable government bonds in exchange for the prospect of winning cash prizes during monthly drawings. tufano's research shows that people who save under these schemes typically do so not instead of saving elsewhere but instead of gambling. as kids, my brother and i routinely received small premium bonds as birthday or christmas gifts. i recall watching on tv as "ernie" chose winners, but i don't recall ever being one. part : businesses and organizations venkataraman introduces this part thus: the unwitting ways that organizations encourage reckless decisions may pose an even greater threat, however, than the cheating we find so repulsive. the work of john graham at the national bureau of economic research puts eye-popping scandals into perspective. he has shown that more money is lost for shareholders of corporations ... by the routine, legal habit of executives making bad long-term decisions to boost near-term profits than what is siphoned off by corporate fraud. among her examples of organizational short-termism are the dust bowl, gaming no child left behind by "teaching to the test", over-prescribing of antibiotics, over-fishing, and the global financial crisis (gfc). for each, she discusses examples of successful, albeit small-scale, mitigations: 	the dust bowl was caused by the economic incentives, still in place, for farmers to aggressively till their soil to produce more annual crops. she describes how people are developing perennial crops, needing much less tilling and irrigation: perennial grains, unlike annuals, burrow thick roots ten to twenty feet deep into the ground. plants with such entrenched roots don't require much irrigation and they withstand drought better. perennial roots clench the fertile topsoil like claws and keep it from washing away. this makes it possible for a rich soil microbiome to thrive that helps crops use nutrients more efficiently. a field of perennials does not need to be plowed each year, and so more carbon remains trapped in its soil instead of escaping to the atmosphere but: to get perennial grains into production, jackson also had to figure out how to overcome farmers' aversion to taking risks on unknown crops, and their immediate fears of not having buyers for their product. researchers from the land institute and university of minnesota have brokered deals for twenty farmers to plant fields with a perennial grain that resembles wheat. they persuaded the farmers by securing buyers willing to pay a premium for the grain this is an impressive demonstration of making "what lasts over time pay in the short run", but scaling up to displace annual grains in the market is an exercise left to the reader. 	montessori and similar educational philosophies (e.g. reggio emilia early childhood education) are known to be effective alternatives to the testing-based no child left behind. but they aren't as easy to measure, and thus to justify deploying widely. so this is what we get: other reports have documented how "teaching to the test" curtails student curiosity, and how it has even driven some teachers and principals to cheat by correcting student answers. the metric might work for organizations at the bottom of the heap, but not for those near the top. organizations at the bottom of the heap have low-hanging fruit, so they can see how to improve. it is much more difficult for organizations near the top to see how to improve, so the temptation to cheat is greater. 	 doctors have been effective at curbing over-prescribing by their colleagues using an in-person, patient-specific "postgame rehash" when suspect prescriptions are detected. but: the drawback is that it requires a lot of time and legwork, and even hospitals with antibiotic stewardship teams lack the resources to do this across an entire hospital year-round. so although this approach works, it can't scale up to match the problem of over-prescribing in hospitals, let alone by gps. and it clearly can't deal with the even more difficult problem of agricultural over-use of antibiotics. 	attempts to reduce over-fishing by limiting fishing days and landings haven't been effective. they lead to intensive, highly competitive "derby days" during which immature fish are killed and dumped, and prices are crashed because the entire quota arrives on the market at the same time. instead, the approach of "catch shares", in effect giving the fishermen equity in the fishery, has driven the gulf coast red snapper fishery back from near-extinction: the success of catch shares shows that agreements to organize businesses - and wise policy - can encourage collective foresight. programs that align future interests with the present can, in the words of buddy guindon, turn pirates into stewards. it isn't clear that it would have been possible to implement catch shares before the fishery faced extinction. 	the global financial crisis of was driven by investors' monomaniacal focus on quarterly results, and thus executives monomaniacal focus on manipulating them to enhance their stock options and annual bonuses. she responds with the story of eagle capital management, a patient value investment firm which, after enduring years of sub-par performance, flourished during and after the dot-com bust: eagle fared well and way outperformed the plummeting markets in and . in just those two years, the gains more than made up for the losses of the previous five. today, the company has grown to manage more than $ billion in assets and, on average, earned an annual return of more than percent on its investments between and . that's more than double the annual return from the s&p during that time. some of my money is managed by a firm with a similar investment strategy, so i can testify to the need for patience and a long-term view. value investing has been out of favor during the recovery from the gfc. note that the whole reason for eagle's success was that most competitors were doing something different; if everyone had been taking eagle's long view the gfc wouldn't have happened but eagle would have been a run-of-the-mill performer. 	 	source she examines long-lived biological systems, including: the pando aspen colony in utah, ... is more than eighty thousand years old, and it has persisted by virtue of self-propogation - cloning itself - and by slow migration to fulfill its needs for water and nutrients from the soil. it even survived the volcaninic winter spurred by the massive eruption seventy-five thousand years ago on sumatra. ... its strategy - making lots of copies of itself - is one echoed by digital archivist david rosenthal ... lots of copies dispersed to different environments and organizations, rosenthal told me, is the only viable survival route for the ideas and records of the digital age, 	 	rhizocarpon geographicum source she is right that systems intended to survive for the long term needs high levels of redundancy, and low levels of correlation. she also points out another thing they need: another secret of some of the oldest living things on earth is slow growth. sussman documents what are known as map lichens in greenland, specimens at least three thousand years old that have grown one centimeter every hundred years - a hundred times slower than the pace of continental drift. the need to force systems to operate relatively slowly by imposing rate limits is something that i've written about several times (as has paul vixie), for example in brittle systems: the design goal of almost all systems is to do what the user wants as fast as possible. this means that when the bad guy wrests control of the system from the user, the system will do what the bad guy wants as fast as possible. doing what the bad guy wants as fast as possible pretty much defines brittleness in a system; failures will be complete and abrupt. rate limits are essential in the lockss system. another of her examples is also about rate limits. gregg popovich, coach of the san antonio spurs: pioneered the practice of keeping star players out of games for rest to prevent later injuries. 	 	harrison's h phantom photographer the equivalent of "glitter bombs" in this part are prizes, the earliest success and perhaps the most famous is the longitude prize, a £ , prize that motivated john harrison's succession of marine chronometers (preserved in working order at the royal greenwich observatory). more recent successful prizes include the x-prize spaceship and darpa's prizes kick-starting autonomous car technology. but note that none of the recent successful prizes have spawned technologies relevant to solving the seldon crisis we face. one interesting technique she details is "prospective hindsight": in contrast to the more common practice of describing what will happen in the future, prospective hindsight requires assuming something already happened and trying to explain why. this shifts people's focus away from mere prediction of future events and toward evaluating the consequences of their current choices. in the early days of vitria technology, my third startup, we worked with fedex. on of the many impressive things about the company was their morning routine of reviewing the events of the previous hours to enumerate everything that had gone wrong, and identify the root causes. explaining why is an extremely valuable process. part : communities and society some of the examples in this part, such as the warnings of potential for terrorism at the munich olympics, the siting of the fukushima reactors, the extraordinary delay in responding to the ebola outbreak: e-mails later published by the associated press revealed that officials knew of the potential danger and scope of the epidemic months before the designation [of a global emergency], and were warned of its scale by doctors without borders .. the world health organization's leaders, however, were worried about declaring the emergency because of the possible damage to the economies of the countries at the epicenter of the outbreak. and the indian ocean tsunami: after dr. smith dharmasaroja, the head meteorologist of thailand, advocated in for creating a network of sirens to warn of incoming tsunamis in the indian ocean, the ruling government replaced him. his superiors argued that a coastal warning system might deter tourists, as they would see thailand as unsafe. six years later, a massive indian ocean tsunami killed more than , people including thousands in coastal thailand, many of them tourists. show how the focus on short-term costs has fatal consequences. one reason is "social discounting", the application of a discount rate to estimated future costs to reduce them to a "net present value". this technique might have value in purely economic computations, although as i pointed out in two sidelights on short-termism: in practice it gives wrong answers: i've often referred to the empirical work of haldane & davies and the theoretical work of farmer and geanakoplos, both of which suggest that investors using discounted cash flow (dcf) to decide whether an investment now is justified by returns in the future are likely to undervalue the future. ... now harvard's greenwood & shleifer, in a paper entitled expectations of returns and expected returns, reinforce this ... they compare investors' beliefs about the future of the stock market as reported in various opinion surveys, with the outputs of various models used by economists to predict the future based on current information about stocks. they find that when these models, all enhancements to dcf of one kind or another, predict low performance investors expect high performance, and vice versa. if they have experienced poor recent performance and see a low market, they expect this to continue and are unwilling to invest. if they see good recent performance and a high market they expect this to continue. their expected return from investment will be systematically too high, or in other words they will suffer from short-termism. but as applied to investments in preventing future death and disaster these techniques uniformly fail, partly because they undervalue human life, and partly because they underestimate the risk of death and disaster, because they cannot enumerate all the potential risks. peter schwartz founded the global business network, which has decades of experience running scenario planning exercises for major corporations. he: has discovered that people are tempted to try to lock in on a single possible scenario that they prefer or see as the most likely and simply plan for that - defeating the purpose of scenario generation. the purpose being, of course, to get planners to think about the long tail of "black swan" events. the optimistic examples in this part are interesting, especially her account of the fight against the proposed green diamond development in the floodplain of richland county, south carolina, and jared watson's eagle scout project to educate the citizens of mattapoisett, massachusetts about the risk of flooding. but, as she recounts: in each of these instances, a community's size, or at least its cultural continuity between past and present, has made it easier to create and steward collective heirlooms. similarly, of the hundreds of stone markers dedicated to past tsunamis in japan, the two that were heeded centuries later were both in small villages, where oral tradition and school education reinforced the history and passed down the warning over time. coda venkataraman finishes with an optimistic coda pointing to the work of paul bain and his colleagues who: demonstrated that even climate deniers could be persuaded of the need for "environmental citizenship" if the actions to be taken, such as reducing carbon emissions, were framed as improvements in the way people would treat one another in the imagined future. a collective idea of the future in which people work together on environmental problems, and are more caring and considerate - or a future with greater economic and technological progress - motivated the climate change deniers to support such actions even when they didn't believe that human-caused climate change was a problem. she enumerates the five key lessons she takes away from her work on the book: 	look beyond near-term targets. we can avoid being distracted by short-term noise and cultivate patience by measuring more than immediate results. 	stoke the imagination. we can boost our ability to envision the range of possibilities that lie ahead. 	create immediate rewards for future goals. we can find ways to make what's best for us over time pay off in the present. 	direct attention away from immediate urges. we can reengineer cultural and environmental cues that condition us for urgency and instant gratification. 	demand and design better institutions. we can create practices, laws and institutions that foster foresight. my reaction it is hard not to be impressed by the book's collection of positive examples, but it is equally hard not to observe that in each case there are great difficulties in scaling them up to match the threats we face. and, in particular, there is a difficulty they all share that is inherent in venkataraman's starting point: i argue in this book that many decisions are made in the presence of information about future consequences but in the absence of good judgement. the long history of first the tobacco industry's and subsequently the fossil fuel industry's massive efforts to pollute the information environment cast great doubt on the idea that "decisions are made in the presence of information about future consequences" if those consequences affect oligopolies. and research is only now starting to understand how much easier it is for those who have benefited from the huge rise in economic inequality to use social media to the same ends. as just one example: now researchers led by penn biologist joshua b. plotkin and the university of houston’s alexander j. stewart have identified another impediment to democratic decision making, one that may be particularly relevant in online communities. in what the scientists have termed “information gerrymandering,” it’s not geographical boundaries that confer a bias but the structure of social networks, such as social media connections. reporting in the journal nature, the researchers first predicted the phenomenon from a mathematical model of collective decision making, and then confirmed its effects by conducting social network experiments with thousands of human subjects. finally, they analyzed a variety of real-world networks and found examples of information gerrymandering present on twitter, in the blogosphere, and in u.s. and european legislatures. “people come to form opinions, or decide how to vote, based on what they read and who they interact with,” says plotkin. “and in today’s world we do a lot of sharing and reading online. what we found is that the information gerrymandering can induce a strong bias in the outcome of collective decisions, even in the absence of ‘fake news.’ in this light nathan j. robinson's the scale of what we're up against makes depressing reading: it can be exhausting to realize just how much money is being spent trying to make the world a worse place to live in. the koch brothers are often mentioned as bogeymen, and invoking them can sound conspiratorial, but the scale of the democracy-subversion operation they put together is genuinely quite stunning. jane mayer, in dark money, put some of the pieces together, and found that the charles koch foundation had subsidized “pro-business, antiregulatory, and antitax” programs at over institutes of higher education. that is to say, they endowed professorships and think tanks that pumped out a constant stream of phony scholarship. they established the mercatus center at george mason university, a public university in virginia. all of these professors, “grassroots” groups, and think tanks are dedicated to pushing a libertarian ideology that is openly committed to creating a neo-feudal dystopia. the kochs provide just a small part of the resources devoted to polluting the information environment. social networks, as the cambridge analytica scandal shows, have greatly improved the productivity of these resources. i'm sorry to end my review of an optimistic book on a pessimistic note. but i'm an engineer, and much of engineering is about asking what could possibly go wrong? posted by david. at : am comments: 	 david. said... 	 facing the great reckoning head-on, danah boyd's speech accepting one of this year's barlow awards from the eff, is a must-read. it is in its own way another plea for longer-term thinking: "whether we like it or not, the tech industry is now in the business of global governance. “move fast and break things” is an abomination if your goal is to create a healthy society. taking short-cuts may be financially profitable in the short-term, but the cost to society is too great to be justified. in a healthy society, we accommodate differently abled people through accessibility standards, not because it’s financially prudent but because it’s the right thing to do. in a healthy society, we make certain that the vulnerable amongst us are not harassed into silence because that is not the value behind free speech. in a healthy society, we strategically design to increase social cohesion because binaries are machine logic not human logic." 	 september , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 last october, alex nevala-lee made the same point about hari seldon in what isaac asimov taught us about predicting the future: "asimov later acknowledged that psychohistory amounted to a kind of emotional reassurance: “hitler kept winning victories, and the only way that i could possibly find life bearable at the time was to convince myself that no matter what he did, he was doomed to defeat in the end.” the notion was framed as a science that could predict events centuries in advance, but it was driven by a desire to know what would happen in the war over the next few months — a form of wishful thinking that is all but inevitable at times of profound uncertainty. before the last presidential election, this impulse manifested itself in a widespread obsession with poll numbers and data journalism" 	 september , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ▼  september ( ) 	boeing max: two competing views 	promising new hard disk technology 	google's fenced garden 	interesting articles from usenix 	the optimist's telescope: review 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. coffee|code: dan scott's blog - coding coffee|code: dan scott's blog - coding librarian · developer 	our nginx caching proxy setup for evergreen details of our nginx caching proxy settings for evergreen 	enriching catalogue pages in evergreen with wikidata an openly licensed javascript widget that enriches library catalogues with wikidata data 	wikidata, canada , and music festival data at caml , stacy allison-cassin and i presented our arguments in favour of using wikidata is a good fit for communities who want to increase the visibility of canadian music in wikimedia foundation projects. 	wikidata workshop for librarians interested in learning about wikidata? i delivered a workshop for librarians and archivists at the caml preconference. perhaps you will find the materials i developed useful for your own training purposes. 	truly progressive webvr apps are available offline! i've been dabbling with the a-frame framework for creating webvr experiences for the past couple of months, ever since patrick trottier gave a lightning talk at the gdg sudbury devfest in november and a hands-on session with aframe in january. the &# ;aframevr twitter feed regularly highlights cool new webvr apps … 	schema.org, wikidata, knowledge graph: strands of the modern semantic web my slides from ohio devfest : schema.org, wikidata, knowledge graph: strands of the modern semantic web and the video, recorded and edited by the incredible amazing patrick hammond: in november, i had the opportunity to speak at ohio devfest . one of the organizers, casey borders, had invited me … 	google scholar's broken recaptcha hurts libraries and their users update - - : the brilliant folk at unc figured out how to fix google scholar using a pre-scoped search so that, if a search is launched from the library web site, it will automatically associate that search with the library's licensed resources. no ezproxy required! for libraries, proxying user requests is … 	php's file_marc gets a new release ( . . ) yesterday, just one day before the anniversary of the . . release, i published the . . release of the pear file_marc library. the only change is the addition of a convenience method for fields called getcontents() that simply concatenates all of the subfields together in order, with … 	php's file_marc gets a new release ( . . ) yesterday, just one day before the anniversary of the . . release, i published the . . release of the pear file_marc library. the only change is the addition of a convenience method for fields called getcontents() that simply concatenates all of the subfields together in order, with … 	chromebooks and privacy: not always at odds on friday, june th i gave a short talk at the olita digital odyssey conference, which had a theme this year of privacy and security. my talk addressed the evolution of our public and loaner laptops over the past decade, from bare windows xp, to linux, windows xp with … 	chromebooks and privacy: not always at odds on friday, june th i gave a short talk at the olita digital odyssey conference, which had a theme this year of privacy and security. my talk addressed the evolution of our public and loaner laptops over the past decade, from bare windows xp, to linux, windows xp with … 	library stories: vision: "professional research tools" for a recent strategic retreat, i was asked to prepare (as homework) a story about a subject that i'm passionate about, with an idea of where we might see the library in the next three to five years. here's one of the stories i came up with, in the form … 	library stories: vision: "professional research tools" for a recent strategic retreat, i was asked to prepare (as homework) a story about a subject that i'm passionate about, with an idea of where we might see the library in the next three to five years. here's one of the stories i came up with, in the form … 	querying evergreen from google sheets with custom functions via apps script our staff were recently asked to check thousands of isbns to find out if we already have the corresponding books in our catalogue. they in turn asked me if i could run a script that would check it for them. it makes me happy to work with people who believe … 	querying evergreen from google sheets with custom functions via apps script our staff were recently asked to check thousands of isbns to find out if we already have the corresponding books in our catalogue. they in turn asked me if i could run a script that would check it for them. it makes me happy to work with people who believe … 	that survey about ezproxy oclc recently asked ezproxy clients to fill out a survey about their experiences with the product and to get feedback on possible future plans for the product. about half-way through, i decided it might be a good idea to post my responses. because hey, if i'm working to help them … 	that survey about ezproxy oclc recently asked ezproxy clients to fill out a survey about their experiences with the product and to get feedback on possible future plans for the product. about half-way through, i decided it might be a good idea to post my responses. because hey, if i'm working to help them … 	"the librarian" - an instruction session in the style of "the martian" i had fun today. a colleague in computer science has been giving his c++ students an assignment to track down an article that is only available in print in the library. when we chatted about it earlier this year, i suggested that perhaps he could bring me in as a … 	"the librarian" - an instruction session in the style of "the martian" i had fun today. a colleague in computer science has been giving his c++ students an assignment to track down an article that is only available in print in the library. when we chatted about it earlier this year, i suggested that perhaps he could bring me in as a … 	we screwed up: identities in loosely-coupled systems a few weeks ago, i came to the startling and depressing realization that we had screwed up. it started when someone i know and greatly respect ran into me in the library and said &quot;we have a problem&quot;. i'm the recently appointed chair of our library and archives department, so … 	we screwed up: identities in loosely-coupled systems a few weeks ago, i came to the startling and depressing realization that we had screwed up. it started when someone i know and greatly respect ran into me in the library and said &quot;we have a problem&quot;. i'm the recently appointed chair of our library and archives department, so … 	research across the curriculum the following post dates back to january , , when i had been employed at laurentian for less than a year and was getting an institutional repository up and running.... i think old me had some interesting thoughts! abstract the author advocates an approach to university curriculum that re-emphasizes the … 	research across the curriculum the following post dates back to january , , when i had been employed at laurentian for less than a year and was getting an institutional repository up and running.... i think old me had some interesting thoughts! abstract the author advocates an approach to university curriculum that re-emphasizes the … 	library and archives canada: planning for a new union catalogue update - - : clarified (in the privacy section) that only nrcan runs evergreen. i attended a meeting with library and archives canada today in my role as an ontario library association board member to discuss the plans around a new canadian union catalogue based on oclc's hosted services. following are some … 	library and archives canada: planning for a new union catalogue update - - : clarified (in the privacy section) that only nrcan runs evergreen. i attended a meeting with library and archives canada today in my role as an ontario library association board member to discuss the plans around a new canadian union catalogue based on oclc's hosted services. following are some … 	library catalogues and http status codes i noticed in google's webmaster tools that our catalogue had been returning some soft s. curious, i checked into some of the uris suffering from this condition, and realized that evergreen returns an http status code of ok when it serves up a record details page for a record … 	library catalogues and http status codes i noticed in google's webmaster tools that our catalogue had been returning some soft s. curious, i checked into some of the uris suffering from this condition, and realized that evergreen returns an http status code of ok when it serves up a record details page for a record … 	dear database vendor: defending against sci-hub.org scraping is going to be very difficult our library receives formal communications from various content/database vendors about &quot;serious intellectual property infringement&quot; on a reasonably regular basis, that urge us to &quot;pay particular attention to proxy security&quot;. here is part of the response i sent to the most recent such request: we use the usagelimit directives that … 	dear database vendor: defending against sci-hub.org scraping is going to be very difficult our library receives formal communications from various content/database vendors about &quot;serious intellectual property infringement&quot; on a reasonably regular basis, that urge us to &quot;pay particular attention to proxy security&quot;. here is part of the response i sent to the most recent such request: we use the usagelimit directives that … 	putting the "web" back into semantic web in libraries i was honoured to lead a workshop and speak at this year's edition of semantic web in bibliotheken (swib) in bonn, germany. it was an amazing experience; there were so many rich projects being described with obvious dividends for the users of libraries, once again the european library community fills … 	putting the "web" back into semantic web in libraries i was honoured to lead a workshop and speak at this year's edition of semantic web in bibliotheken (swib) in bonn, germany. it was an amazing experience; there were so many rich projects being described with obvious dividends for the users of libraries, once again the european library community fills … 	social networking for researchers: researchgate and their ilk the centre for research in occupational safety and health asked me to give a lunch'n'learn presentation on researchgate today, which was a challenge i was happy to take on... but i took the liberty of stretching the scope of the discussion to focus on social networking in the context of … 	social networking for researchers: researchgate and their ilk the centre for research in occupational safety and health asked me to give a lunch'n'learn presentation on researchgate today, which was a challenge i was happy to take on... but i took the liberty of stretching the scope of the discussion to focus on social networking in the context of … 	how discovery layers have closed off access to library resources, and other tales of schema.org from lita forum at the lita forum yesterday, i accused (presentation) most discovery layers of not solving the discoverability problems of libraries, but instead exacerbating them by launching us headlong to a closed, unlinkable world. coincidentally, lorcan dempsey's opening keynote contained a subtle criticism of discovery layers. i wasn't that subtle. here's why … 	how discovery layers have closed off access to library resources, and other tales of schema.org from lita forum at the lita forum yesterday, i accused (presentation) most discovery layers of not solving the discoverability problems of libraries, but instead exacerbating them by launching us headlong to a closed, unlinkable world. coincidentally, lorcan dempsey's opening keynote contained a subtle criticism of discovery layers. i wasn't that subtle. here's why … 	dcmi : schema.org holdings in open source library systems my slides from dcmi : schema.org in the wild: open source libraries++. last week i was at the dublin core metadata initiative conference, where richard wallis, charles maccathie nevile and i were slated to present on schema.org and the work of the w c schema.org bibliographic extension … 	my small contribution to schema.org this week version . of the http://schema.org vocabulary was released a few days ago, and i once again had a small part to play in it. with the addition of the workexample and exampleofwork properties, we (richard wallis, dan brickley, and i) realized that examples of these creativework example … 	my small contribution to schema.org this week version . of the http://schema.org vocabulary was released a few days ago, and i once again had a small part to play in it. with the addition of the workexample and exampleofwork properties, we (richard wallis, dan brickley, and i) realized that examples of these creativework example … 	posting on the laurentian university library blog since returning from my sabbatical, i've felt pretty strongly that one of the things our work place is lacking is open communication about the work that we do--not just outside of the library, but within the library as well. i'm convinced that the more that we know about the demands … 	posting on the laurentian university library blog since returning from my sabbatical, i've felt pretty strongly that one of the things our work place is lacking is open communication about the work that we do--not just outside of the library, but within the library as well. i'm convinced that the more that we know about the demands … 	cataloguing for the open web: schema.org in library catalogues and websites tldr; my slides are href=&quot;http://stuff.coffeecode.net/ /understanding_schema&quot;&gt;here, and the slides from jenn and jason are also available from href=&quot;http://connect.ala.org/node/ &quot;&gt;ala connect. on sunday, june th jenn riley, jason clark, and i presented at the alcts/lita jointly sponsored session … 	cataloguing for the open web: schema.org in library catalogues and websites tldr; my slides are href=&quot;http://stuff.coffeecode.net/ /understanding_schema&quot;&gt;here, and the slides from jenn and jason are also available from href=&quot;http://connect.ala.org/node/ &quot;&gt;ala connect. on sunday, june th jenn riley, jason clark, and i presented at the alcts/lita jointly sponsored session … 	linked data interest panel, part good talk by richard wallis this morning at the ala annual conference on publishing entities on the web. many of his points map extremely closely to what i've been saying and will be saying tomorrow during my own session (albeit with ten fewer minutes). i was particularly heartened to hear … 	linked data interest panel, part good talk by richard wallis this morning at the ala annual conference on publishing entities on the web. many of his points map extremely closely to what i've been saying and will be saying tomorrow during my own session (albeit with ten fewer minutes). i was particularly heartened to hear … 	rdfa introduction and codelabs for libraries my rdfa introduction and codelab materials for the ala preconference on practical linked data with open source are now online! and now i've finished leading the rdfa + schema.org codelab that i've been stressing over and refining for about a month at the american library association annual conference practical … 	rdfa introduction and codelabs for libraries my rdfa introduction and codelab materials for the ala preconference on practical linked data with open source are now online! and now i've finished leading the rdfa + schema.org codelab that i've been stressing over and refining for about a month at the american library association annual conference practical … 	dropping back into the semantic web i've been at the extended (formerly european) semantic web conference ( eswc) in anissaras, greece for four days now. my reason for attending was to present my paper seeding structured data by default in open source library systems (presentation) (paper). it has been fantastic. as a librarian attending a conference … 	dropping back into the semantic web i've been at the extended (formerly european) semantic web conference ( eswc) in anissaras, greece for four days now. my reason for attending was to present my paper seeding structured data by default in open source library systems (presentation) (paper). it has been fantastic. as a librarian attending a conference … 	rdfa, schema.org, and open source library systems two things of note: i recently submitted the camera-ready copy for my eswc paper, seeding structured data by default via open source library systems (**preprint**). the paper focuses on the work i've done with evergreen, koha, and vufind to use emerging web standards such as rdfa lite and schema … 	rdfa, schema.org, and open source library systems two things of note: i recently submitted the camera-ready copy for my eswc paper, seeding structured data by default via open source library systems (**preprint**). the paper focuses on the work i've done with evergreen, koha, and vufind to use emerging web standards such as rdfa lite and schema … 	mapping library holdings to the product / offer mode in schema.org back in august, i mentioned that i taught evergreen, koha, and vufind how to express library holdings in schema.org via the http://schema.org/offer class. what i failed to mention was how others can do the same with their own library systems (well, okay, i linked to the … 	mapping library holdings to the product / offer mode in schema.org back in august, i mentioned that i taught evergreen, koha, and vufind how to express library holdings in schema.org via the http://schema.org/offer class. what i failed to mention was how others can do the same with their own library systems (well, okay, i linked to the … 	what would you understand if you read the entire world wide web? on tuesday, february th, i'll be participating in laurentian university's research week lightning talks. unlike most five-minute lightning talk events in which i've participated, the time limit for each talk tomorrow will be one minute. imagine different researchers getting up to summarize their research in one minute each, and … 	what would you understand if you read the entire world wide web? on tuesday, february th, i'll be participating in laurentian university's research week lightning talks. unlike most five-minute lightning talk events in which i've participated, the time limit for each talk tomorrow will be one minute. imagine different researchers getting up to summarize their research in one minute each, and … 	ups and downs tuesday was not the greatest day, but at least each setback resulted in a triumph... first, the periodical proposal for schema.org--that i have poured a good couple of months of effort into--took a step closer to reality when dan brickley announced on the public-vocabs list that he had … 	ups and downs tuesday was not the greatest day, but at least each setback resulted in a triumph... first, the periodical proposal for schema.org--that i have poured a good couple of months of effort into--took a step closer to reality when dan brickley announced on the public-vocabs list that he had … 	broadening support for linked data in marc the following is an email that i sent to the marc mailing list on january , that might be of interest to those looking to provide better support for linked data in marc (hopefully as just a transitional step): in the spirit of making it possible to express linked … 	broadening support for linked data in marc the following is an email that i sent to the marc mailing list on january , that might be of interest to those looking to provide better support for linked data in marc (hopefully as just a transitional step): in the spirit of making it possible to express linked … 	want citations? release your work! last week i was putting the finishing touches on the first serious academic paper i have written in a long time, and decided that i wanted to provide backup for some of the assertions i had made. naturally, the deadline was tight, so getting any articles via interlibrary loan was … 	want citations? release your work! last week i was putting the finishing touches on the first serious academic paper i have written in a long time, and decided that i wanted to provide backup for some of the assertions i had made. naturally, the deadline was tight, so getting any articles via interlibrary loan was … 	file_marc: . . release fixes data corruption bug i released file_marc . . yesterday after receiving a bug report from the most excellent mark jordan about a basic (but data corrupting) problem that had existed since the very early days (almost seven years ago). if you generate marc binary output from file_marc, you should upgrade immediately. in … 	file_marc: . . release fixes data corruption bug i released file_marc . . yesterday after receiving a bug report from the most excellent mark jordan about a basic (but data corrupting) problem that had existed since the very early days (almost seven years ago). if you generate marc binary output from file_marc, you should upgrade immediately. in … 	talk proposal: structuring library data on the web with schema.org: we're on it! i submitted the following proposal to the library technology conference and thought it might be of general interest. structuring library data on the web with schema.org: we're on it! abstract until recently, there has been a disappointing level of adoption of schema.org structured data in traditional core … 	talk proposal: structuring library data on the web with schema.org: we're on it! i submitted the following proposal to the library technology conference and thought it might be of general interest. structuring library data on the web with schema.org: we're on it! abstract until recently, there has been a disappointing level of adoption of schema.org structured data in traditional core … 	file_marc makes it to stable . . release (finally!) way back in , i thought &quot;it's a shame there is no php library for parsing marc records!&quot;, and given that much of my most recent coding experience was in the php realm, i thought it would be a good way of contributing to the world of code lib. thus file_marc … 	file_marc makes it to stable . . release (finally!) way back in , i thought &quot;it's a shame there is no php library for parsing marc records!&quot;, and given that much of my most recent coding experience was in the php realm, i thought it would be a good way of contributing to the world of code lib. thus file_marc … 	finally tangoed with reveal.js to create presentations ... and i have enjoyed the dance. yes, i know i'm way behind the times. over the past few years i was generating presentations via asciidoc, and i enjoyed its very functional approach and basic output. however, recently i used google drive to quickly create a few slightly prettier but much … 	finally tangoed with reveal.js to create presentations ... and i have enjoyed the dance. yes, i know i'm way behind the times. over the past few years i was generating presentations via asciidoc, and i enjoyed its very functional approach and basic output. however, recently i used google drive to quickly create a few slightly prettier but much … 	rdfa and schema.org all the library things tldr: the evergreen and koha integrated library systems now express their record details in the schema.org vocabulary out of the box using rdfa. individual holdings are expressed as offer instances per the w c schema bib extension community group proposal to parallel commercial sales offers. and i have published a … 	rdfa and schema.org all the library things tldr: the evergreen and koha integrated library systems now express their record details in the schema.org vocabulary out of the box using rdfa. individual holdings are expressed as offer instances per the w c schema bib extension community group proposal to parallel commercial sales offers. and i have published a … 	a flask of full-text search in postgresql update: more conventional versions of the slides are available from google docs or in on speakerdeck (pdf) . on august , , i gave the following talk at the pycon canada conference: i’m a systems librarian at laurentian university. for the past six years, my day job and research … 	a flask of full-text search in postgresql update: more conventional versions of the slides are available from google docs or in on speakerdeck (pdf) . on august , , i gave the following talk at the pycon canada conference: i’m a systems librarian at laurentian university. for the past six years, my day job and research … 	parsing the schema.org vocabulary for fun and frustration for various reasons i've spent a few hours today trying to parse the schema.org vocabulary into a nice, searchable database structure. unfortunately, for a linked data effort that's two years old now and arguably one of the most important efforts out there, it's been an exercise in frustration. owl … 	parsing the schema.org vocabulary for fun and frustration for various reasons i've spent a few hours today trying to parse the schema.org vocabulary into a nice, searchable database structure. unfortunately, for a linked data effort that's two years old now and arguably one of the most important efforts out there, it's been an exercise in frustration. owl … 	linked data irony, example one of probably many i'm currently ramping up my knowledge of the linked dataworld, and ran across the proceedings of the www workshop on linked data on the web. which are published on the web (yay!) as open access (yay!) in pdf (what?). thus, the papers from the linked data workshop at the w … 	linked data irony, example one of probably many i'm currently ramping up my knowledge of the linked dataworld, and ran across the proceedings of the www workshop on linked data on the web. which are published on the web (yay!) as open access (yay!) in pdf (what?). thus, the papers from the linked data workshop at the w … 	pycon canada - postgresql full-text search and flask on august , , i'll be giving a twenty-minute talk at pycon canada on a flask of full-text search with postgresql. i'm very excited to be talking about python, at a python conference, and to be giving the python audience a peek at postgresql's full-text search capabilities. with a twenty … 	pycon canada - postgresql full-text search and flask on august , , i'll be giving a twenty-minute talk at pycon canada on a flask of full-text search with postgresql. i'm very excited to be talking about python, at a python conference, and to be giving the python audience a peek at postgresql's full-text search capabilities. with a twenty … 	carlcore metadata application profile for institutional repositories a long time ago, in what seemed like another life, i attended the access conference as a relatively new systems librarian at laurentian university. the subject of the preconference was this totally new-to-me thing called &quot;institutional repositories&quot;, which i eventually worked out were basically web applications oriented towards content … 	carlcore metadata application profile for institutional repositories a long time ago, in what seemed like another life, i attended the access conference as a relatively new systems librarian at laurentian university. the subject of the preconference was this totally new-to-me thing called &quot;institutional repositories&quot;, which i eventually worked out were basically web applications oriented towards content … 	making the evergreen catalogue mobile-friendly via responsive css back in november the evergreen community was discussing the desire for a mobile catalogue, and expressed a strong opinion that the right way forward would be to teach the current catalogue to be mobile-friendly by applying principles of responsive design. in fact, i stated: almost all of this can be … 	making the evergreen catalogue mobile-friendly via responsive css back in november the evergreen community was discussing the desire for a mobile catalogue, and expressed a strong opinion that the right way forward would be to teach the current catalogue to be mobile-friendly by applying principles of responsive design. in fact, i stated: almost all of this can be … 	structured data: making metadata matter for machines update - - : now with video of the presentation, thanks to the awesome #egcon volunteers! i've been attending the evergreen conference in beautiful vancouver. this morning, i was honoured to be able to give a presentation on some of the work i've been doing on implementing linked data via schema … 	structured data: making metadata matter for machines update - - : now with video of the presentation, thanks to the awesome #egcon volunteers! i've been attending the evergreen conference in beautiful vancouver. this morning, i was honoured to be able to give a presentation on some of the work i've been doing on implementing linked data via schema … 	introducing version control & git in . hours to undergraduates our university offers a computer science degree, but the formal curriculum does not cover version control (or a number of other common tools and practices in software development). students that have worked for me in part-time jobs or summer positions have said things like: if it wasn't for that one … 	introducing version control & git in . hours to undergraduates our university offers a computer science degree, but the formal curriculum does not cover version control (or a number of other common tools and practices in software development). students that have worked for me in part-time jobs or summer positions have said things like: if it wasn't for that one … 	triumph of the tiny brain: dan vs. drupal / panels a while ago i inherited responsibility for a drupal instance and a rather out-of-date server. (you know it's not good when your production operating system is so old that it is no longer getting security updates). i'm not a drupal person. i dabbled with drupal years and years ago … 	triumph of the tiny brain: dan vs. drupal / panels a while ago i inherited responsibility for a drupal instance and a rather out-of-date server. (you know it's not good when your production operating system is so old that it is no longer getting security updates). i'm not a drupal person. i dabbled with drupal years and years ago … 	finding drm-free books on the google play store john mark ockerbloom recently said, while trying to buy a drm-free copy of john scalzi's redshirts on the google play store: “the catalog page doesn’t tell me what format it’s in, or whether it has drm; it instead just asks me to sign in to buy it.” i … 	finding drm-free books on the google play store john mark ockerbloom recently said, while trying to buy a drm-free copy of john scalzi's redshirts on the google play store: “the catalog page doesn’t tell me what format it’s in, or whether it has drm; it instead just asks me to sign in to buy it.” i … 	first go program: converting google scholar xml holdings to ebsco discovery service holdings update - - : and here's how to implement stream-oriented xml parsing many academic libraries are already generating electronic resource holdings summaries in the google scholar xml holdingsformat, and it seems to provide most of the metadata you would need to provide a discovery layer summary in a nice, granular format … 	first go program: converting google scholar xml holdings to ebsco discovery service holdings update - - : and here's how to implement stream-oriented xml parsing many academic libraries are already generating electronic resource holdings summaries in the google scholar xml holdingsformat, and it seems to provide most of the metadata you would need to provide a discovery layer summary in a nice, granular format … 	what does a system librarian do? preface: i'm talking to my daughter's kindergarten class tomorrow about my job. exciting! so i prepped a little bit; it will probably go entirely different, but here's how it's going to go in my mind... my name is dan scott. i’m amber’s dad. i’m a systems librarian … 	farewell, old google books apis since the announcement of the new v google books api, i've been doing a bit of work with it in python (following up on my part of the conversation). today, google announced that many of their older apis were now officially deprecated. included in that list are the google books … 	the new google books api and possibilities for libraries on the subject of the new google books api that was unveiled during the google io conference last week, jonathan rochkind states: once you have an api key, it can keep track of # requests for that key — it’s not clear to me if they rate limit you, and … 	creating a marc record from scratch in php using file_marc in the past couple of days, two people have written me email essentially saying: &quot;dan, this file_marc library sounds great - but i can't figure out how to create a record from scratch with it! can you please help me?&quot; yes, when you're dealing with marc, you'll quickly get all weepy … 	access conference in beautiful british columbia the official announcement for the canadian library association (cla) emerging technology interest group (etig)-sponsored access conference for went out back in november, announcing vancouver, british columbia, as the host. note that the schedule has changed from its original dates to october - ! i've told a number of people … 	troubleshooting ariel send and receive functionality i'm posting the following instructions for testing the ports required by ariel interlibrary loan software. i get requests for this information a few times a year, and at some point it will be easier to find on my blog than to dig through my email archives from over years … 	chilifresh-using libraries: are you violating copyright? when i was preparing my access presentation about social sharing and aggregation in library software, i came across chilifresh, a company that aggregates reviews written by library patrons from across libraries that subscribe to the company's review service. i was a bit disappointed to see that the service almost … 	on avoiding accusations of forking a project sometimes forking a project is necessary to reassert community control over a project that has become overly dominated by a single corporate rules: see openindiana and libreoffice for recent examples. and in the world of distributed version control systems, forking is viewed positively; it's a form of evolution, where experimental … 	library hackers want you to throw down the gauntlet on october th, a very special event is happening: the access hackfest. a tradition since access , the hackfest brings together library practitioners of all kinds to tackle challenges and problems from the mundane to the sublime to the ridiculous. if you can imagine a spectrum with three axes, you … 	file_marc . . - now offering two tasty flavours of marc-as-json output i've just released the php pear library file_marc . . . this release brings two json serialization output methods for marc to the table: tojsonhash() returns json that adheres to bill dueber's proposal for the array-oriented marc-hash json format at new interest in marc-hash json tojson() returns json that adheres … 	in which i perceive that gossip is not science marshall breeding published the results of his international survey of library automation a few days ago. juicy stuff, with averages, medians, and modes for the negative/positive responses on a variety of ils and vendor-related questions, and some written comments from the respondents. one would expect the library geek … 	pkg_check_modules syntax error near unexpected token 'deps,' the next time you bash your brains against autotools for a while wondering why your perfectly good pkg_check_modules() macro, as cut and paste directly from the recommended configure.ac entry for the package you're trying to integrate (in this case libmemcached), and you get the error message pkg_check_modules syntax error … 	marc library for c# coders c# isn't in my go-to list of programming languages, but i can understand why others would be interested in developing applications in c#. so it's good news to the c# community of library developers (it would be interesting to find out how many of you are out there) that there … 	doing useful things with the txt dump of sfx holdings, part : database there must be other people who have much more intelligent things than me with the txt dump of sfx holdings that you can generate via the web administration interface, but as i've gone through this process at least twice and rediscovered it each time, perhaps i'll save myself an hour … 	transparent acquisitions budgets and expenditures for academic libraries in my most recent post over at the academic matters site, after a general discussion about &quot;new books lists&quot; in academic libraries, i tackle one of the dirty laundry areas for academic libraries: exposing how collection development funds are allocated to departments. here's a relevant quote: for - , we decided … 	making skype work in a windows xp virtualbox guest instance if you, like me, install skype in a windows xp virtualbox guest instance running on an ubuntu host on a thinkpad t with an intel dual-core -bit processor, it might throw windows exceptions and generate error reports as reported in virtualbox ticket # . if you then go into your … 	in which my words also appear elsewhere i'm excited to announce the availability of my first post as an invited contributor to the more than bookends blog over at the revamped academic matters web site. my fellow contributors are anne fullerton and amy greenberg, and i'm delighted to be included with them in our appointed task of … 	presentation: libx and zotero direct link to the instructional presentation on libx and zotero at laurentian university (odt) (pdf) i had the pleasure of giving an instructional session to a class of graduate students on monday, november th. the topic i had been asked to present was an extended version of the artificially enhanced … 	archive of oclc worldcat policy as posted - - i noticed last night (sunday, november nd, ) that the new and much-anticipated / feared oclc worldcat policy had been posted. as far as the clarified terms went, i was willing to give them the benefit of the doubt until they were actually posted. i was first alerted to the freshly … 	dear dan: why is using flash for navigation a bad idea? i received the following email late last week, and took the time to reply to it tonight. i had originally been asked by a friend to help diagnose why his organization's site navigation wasn't working in some of his browsers. i noticed that the navigation bar was implemented in flash … 	boss me around, s'il vous plait my place of work, laurentian university, is looking for a new director of the j.n. desmarais library. the call for applications closes october th. i think our library has done some impressive work (participating in the food security project for the democratic republic of congo, building the mining environment … 	software freedom day - sudbury i opted to do something out of the unusual (for me) this year when i learned about software freedom day; i signed up to organize an event in sudbury. given everything that was already on my plate, it was pure foolishness to do so - but it was also important to … 	in which digital manifestations of myself plague the internets over the past few months, i've been fortunate enough to participate in a few events that have been recorded and made available on the 'net for your perpetual amusement. well - amusing if you're a special sort of person. following are the three latest such adventures, in chronological order: couchdb: delicious … 	test server strategies occasionally on the #openils-evergreen irc channel, a question comes up what kind of hardware a site should buy if they're getting serious about trying out evergreen. i had exactly the same chat with mike rylander back in december, so i thought it might be useful to share the strategy we … 	inspiring confidence that my problem will be solved hmm. i think i'm in trouble if the support site itself is incapable of displaying accented characters properly. corrupted characters in a problem report about corrupted characters. oh dear. my analysis of the problem is that the content in the middle is contained within a frame, and is actually encoded … 	couchdb: delicious sacrilege well, the talk about couchdb (an open-source document database similar in concept to lotus notes, but with a restful api and json as an interchange format) wasn't as much of a train wreck as it could have been. i learned a lot putting it together, and had some fun with … 	oooh... looks like i've got (even more) work cut out for me php is getting a native doubly-linked list structure. this is fabulous news; when i wrote the file_marc pear package, i ended up having to implement a linked list class in pear to support it. file_marc does its job today (even though i haven't taken it out of alpha yet), but … 	geek triumph what a night. i upgraded serendipity, dokuwiki, drupal, involving four different servers and three different linux distros, and shifted one application from one server to another (with seamless redirects from the old server to the new) with close to no downtime. i think this is the first time i've completed … 	a chance to work at laurentian university library hey folks, if you're interested in working at laurentian university, we've got a couple of tenure-track positions looking for qualified people who can stand the thought of working with me... (nothing like narrowing the field dramatically, ah well). the following position descriptions are straight out of the employment vacancies page … 	ariel: go back to your room, now! i've been working on automating the delivery of electronic documents to our patrons; most of the work over the summer was spent in ensuring that we had our legal and policy bases covered. i read through the documentation for ariel, our chosen ill software, to ensure that everything we wanted … 	"a canonical example of a next-generation opac?" ooh, yes, i remember writing that now. not about evergreen, which has book bags and format limiters and facets and whiz-bangy unapi goodness whose potential for causing mayhem has barely been scratched - but about fac-back-opac, the django-and-solr-and-jython beast that mike beccaria and i picked up from casey durfee's scraps pile … 	the pain: discovery layer selection i returned from a week of vacation to land solidly in the middle of a discovery layer selection process -- not for our library, yet, but from a consortial perspective clearly having some impact on possible decisions for us further on down the road. as the systems librarian, i was nominated … 	access draft program is online! i had been getting anxious about the lack of news on the access conference front, but just saw in my trusty rss feed that the draft program schedule is now available. i'm already looking forward to jessamyn west's opening keynote and roy tennant's closing keynote. they always bring … 	evergreen vmware image available for download after much iteration and minor bug-squashing in my configuration, i am pleased to announce the evergreen on gentoo vmware image is available for download. the download itself is approximately mb as a zipped image; when you unzip the image, it will require approximately gb of disk space. ( ) basic instructions … 	in which i make one apology, and two lengthy explanations i recently insulted richard wallis and rob styles of talis by stating on dan chudnov's blog: to me it felt like talis was in full sales mode during both richard's api talk and rob's lightning talk i must apologize for using the terms &quot;sales mode&quot; and &quot;sales pitch&quot; to describe … 	facbackopac: making casey durfee's code talk to unicorn for the past couple of days, i've been playing with casey durfee's code that uses solr and django to offer a faceted catalogue. my challenge? turn a dense set of code focused on dewey and horizon ils into a catalogue that speaks lc and unicorn. additionally, i want it to … 	lightning talk: file_marc for php i gave a lightning talk at the code lib conference today on “file_marc for php” introducing the file_marc library to anybody who hasn't already heard about it. i crammed nine slides of information into five minutes, which was hopefully enough to convince people to start using it and provide feedback on … 	google summer of code lib? google just announced that they will start accepting applications in march for the google summer of code (gsoc) . in , over organizations participated in the gsoc, and google expects to have a similar number participating in . there are no lack of potential open-source development projects in the … 	long time, no wild conjecture so here's the first of two posts based on purely wild conjecture. in a lengthening chain of trackbacks, ryan eby mentioned christina's observation that springlink has started displaying google ads, presumably to supplement their subscription and pay-per-article income. ryan goes on to wonder: will vendors continue with the subscription model … 	a short-term sirsidynix prediction the second of tonight's wild conjecture-based predictions. one of the things that i was thinking about as i was shovelling the snow off our driveway on monday (other than yes! finally some snow... one of these days amber is going to go rolling around in it) was the position that … 	reflections at the start of was a year full of change - wonderful, exhausting change. here's a month-by-month summary of the highlights of : january i did a whole lot of work on the pecl ibm_db extension, reviewed a good book on xml and php, and finally fixed up my blog a little bit. i've … 	oh, vista has _acquired_ sirsidynix... a little over a week ago, i made the following prediction following the extremely under-the-radar press release on december nd that vista equity partners was investing in sirsidynix: i'll go out on a limb and say that a merger or acquisition of sirsidynix in is unlikely ( % confidence), but … 	musing about sirsidynix's new investment partner sirsi corporation merged with dynix corporation in june . now sirsidynix has announced that vista equity partners is investing in their company. let's take a look at vista's investment philosophy: *we invest in companies that uniquely leverage technology to deliver best-of-class products or services.* i wonder if vista confused &quot;most … 	save your forehead from flattening prematurely i gave up on trying to get ubuntu . (edgy eft) to run ejabberd today; it looks like there are some fundamental issues going on between the version of erlang and the version of ejabberd that get bundled together. that was a fairly serious setback to my &quot;evergreen on … 	bibliocommons wireframe walk-through after the future of the ils symposium wrapped up, beth jefferson walked some of us through the current state of the bibliocommons mocked-up web ui for public library catalogs; the project grew out of a youth literacy project designed to encourage kids to read through the same sort of social … 	future of the ils symposium: building our community and a business case i headed down to windsor early on tuesday morning for the future of the ils symposium hosted by the leddy library at the university of windsor. it was a good thing i decided to take the hours of bus + train approach to getting there, as sudbury's airport was completely … 	neat-o: archimède uses apache derby a while back i mentioned on the dspace-devel mailing list that i was interested in adapting dspace to use embedded apache derby as the default database, rather than postgresql, as a means of lowering the installation and configuration barriers involved with setting up access to an external database. i haven't … 	pear file_marc . . alpha officially released just a short note to let y'all know that i received the thumbs-up from my fellow pear developers to add file_marc as an official pear package. what does this mean? well, assuming you have php . + and pear installed, you can now download and install file_marc and its prerequisite … 	belated access notes: saturday, oct. th final entry in publishing my own hastily jotted access conference notes--primarily for my own purposes, but maybe it will help you indirectly find some real content relating to your field of interest at the official podcast/presentation web site for access . contents include: consortial updates from asin, quebec … 	getting the goods: libraries and the last mile in my continuing series of publishing my access notes, roy tennant's keynote on finishing the task of connecting our users to the information they need is something to which every librarian should pay attention. if you don't understand something i've written, there's always the podcast of roy's talk. in … 	access notes: october my continuing summaries from access . thursday, october th was the first &quot;normal&quot; day of the conference featuring the following presentations: open access, open source, content deals: who pays? (leslie weir) our ontario: yours to recover (art rhyno, walter lewis) improving the catalogue interface using endeca (tito sierra) lightning talks … 	library geeks in human form so, i think i read somewhere on #code lib that dan chudnov, the most excellent host of the library geeks podcast, refused to make human-readable links to the mp files for the podcasts available in plain old html because he had bought into the stodgy old definition of podcasts (hah! &quot;stodgy … 	double-barreled php releases i'm the proud parent of two new releases over the past couple of days: one official pear release for linked list fans, and another revision of the file_marc proposal for library geeks. structures_linkedlist a few days ago marked the first official pear release of the structures_linkedlist. yes, it's only at … 	feeling sorry for our vendor so i'm here in rainy alabama (the weather must have followed me from ottawa) taking a training course from our ils vendor. i'm getting some disturbing insights into the company that are turning my general state of disbelief at the state of the system that we're paying lots of money … 	backlog of access notes following on my plea for access to access presentations, i'm in the process of posting the notes i took at the carl instutitional repository pre-conference and access . i probably should have posted these to a wiki so that others (like the presenters) could go ahead and make corrections/additions … 	calling for access to all future access presentations it's a bit late now, but as the guy in the corner with the clicky keyboard desperately trying to take notes during the presentations (when not stifling giggles and snorts from #code lib), i would be a lot more relaxed if i was certain that the presentations were going to be … 	secretssss of free wifi at access the bulk of the access conference is being held at a hotel-that-shall-not-be-named-for-reasons-that-will-become-apparent-shortly in ottawa this week. i was at the carl pre-conference on institutional repositories today and a kind man (wayne johnston from the university of guelph) tipped me off that the hotel's pay-for-wifi system is a little bit … 	laundry list systems librarians on the always excellent techessence, dorothea salo posted hiring a systems librarian. the blog post warned against libraries who put together a “laundry-list job description” for systems librarians: sure, it'd be nice to have someone who can kick-start a printer, put together a desktop machine from scraps, re-architect a website … 	file_marc and structure_linked_list: new alpha releases earlier in the month i asked for feedback on the super-alpha marc package for php. most of the responses i received were along the lines of &quot;sounds great!&quot; but there hasn't been much in the way of real suggestions for improvement. in the mean time, i've figured out (with lukas … 	super-alpha marc package for php: comments requested okay, i've been working on this project (let's call it pear_marc, although it's not an official pear project yet) in my spare moments over the past month or two. it's a new php package for working with marc records. the package tries to follow the pear project standards (coding, documentation … tether price today, usdt live marketcap, chart, and info | coinmarketcap cryptos:   , exchanges:   market cap:  $ , , , , h vol:  $ , , , dominance:  btc: . % eth: . %eth gas:   gwei 	cryptocurrencies 	exchanges 	nft 	portfolio 	watchlist 	calendars 	products 	learn cryptos:   , exchanges:   market cap:  $ , , , , h vol:  $ , , , dominance:  btc: . % eth: . %eth gas:   gwei cryptocurrenciestokenstether tetherusdt rank # token on , watchlists tether price (usdt) $ . . % . btc . % . eth . % low:$ . high:$ . h   tether usdtprice: $ .   . % add to main watchlist   market cap $ , , , . % fully diluted market cap $ , , , . % volume h $ , , , . % volume / market cap . circulating supply . b usdt max supply -- total supply , , , more stats buyexchangegamingearn crypto sponsored links website, explorers, socials etc. 	tether.to 	explorers 	community 	chat 	 	whitepaper tether links links tether.to whitepaper chat explorers www.omniexplorer.info etherscan.io algoexplorer.io tronscan.org bscscan.com community twitter contracts ethereum xdac ...d ec more ethereum xdac ...d ec tether contracts 	ethereum xdac ...d ec 	binance smart chain x d ... 	trontr nhq...zgjlj t 	tomochain x b... a e 	solanabqcdhd...bbbdiq 	algorand 	heco xa e... c e a 	xdai chain x eca...ed c 	fantom x d... a c a 	polygon xc ... b e f 	avalanche contract chain xde a... b 	okexchain x b... c c 	bitcoin cash fc d... c 	kcc x ... baf please change the wallet network change the wallet network in the metamask application to add this contract. i understand audits certik certik tether audits 	certik tags 	payments 	stablecoin 	+ 	 	payments 	stablecoin 	stablecoin - asset-backed 	binance smart chain 	view all tether tags property payments stablecoin stablecoin - asset-backed binance smart chain avalanche ecosystem solana ecosystem overviewmarkethistorical dataholderswalletsnewssocialsratingsanalysisshare tether chart loading data please wait, we are loading chart data usdt price live data the live tether price today is $ . usd with a -hour trading volume of $ , , , usd. tether is down . % in the last hours. the current coinmarketcap ranking is # , with a live market cap of $ , , , usd. it has a circulating supply of , , , usdt coins and the max. supply is not available. if you would like to know where to buy tether, the top exchanges for trading in tether are currently binance, tokocrypto, okex, cointiger, and huobi global. you can find others listed on our crypto exchanges page. what is tether (usdt)? usdt is a stablecoin (stable-value cryptocurrency) that mirrors the price of the u.s. dollar, issued by a hong kong-based company tether. the token’s peg to the usd is achieved via maintaining a sum of commercial paper, fiduciary deposits, cash, reserve repo notes, and treasury bills in reserves that is equal in usd value to the number of usdt in circulation. originally launched in july as realcoin, a second-layer cryptocurrency token built on top of bitcoin’s blockchain through the use of the omni platform, it was later renamed to ustether, and then, finally, to usdt. in addition to bitcoin’s, usdt was later updated to work on the ethereum, eos, tron, algorand, and omg blockchains. the stated purpose of usdt is to combine the unrestricted nature of cryptocurrencies — which can be sent between users without a trusted third-party intermediary — with the stable value of the us dollar. who are the founders of tether? usdt — or as it was known at the time, realcoin — was launched in by brock pierce, reeve collins and craig sellars. brock pierce is a well-known entrepreneur who has co-founded a number of high-profile projects in the crypto and entertainment industries. in , he co-founded a venture capital firm blockchain capital, which by had raised over $ million in funding. in , pierce became the director of the bitcoin foundation, a nonprofit established to help improve and promote bitcoin. pierce has also co-founded block.one, the company behind eos, one of the largest cryptocurrencies on the market. reeve collins was the ceo of tether for the first two years of its existence. prior to that, he had co-founded several successful companies, such as the online ad network traffic marketplace, entertainment studio redlever and gambling website pala interactive. as of , collins is heading smarmedia technologies, a marketing and advertising tech company. other than working on tether, craig sellars has been a member of the omni foundation for over six years. its omni protocol allows users to create and trade smart-contract based properties and currencies on top of bitcoin’s blockchain. sellars has also worked in several other cryptocurrency companies and organizations, such as bitfinex, factom, synereo and the maidsafe foundation. what makes tether unique? usdt’s unique feature is the fact that its value is guaranteed by tether to remain pegged to the u.s. dollar. according to tether, whenever it issues new usdt tokens, it allocates the same amount of usd to its reserves, thus ensuring that usdt is fully backed by cash and cash equivalents. the famously high volatility of the crypto markets means that cryptocurrencies can rise or fall by - % within a single day, making them unreliable as a store of value. usdt, on the other hand, is protected from these fluctuations. this property makes usdt a safe haven for crypto investors: during periods of high volatility, they can park their portfolios in tether without having to completely cash out into usd. in addition, usdt provides a simple way to transact a u.s. dollar equivalent between regions, countries and even continents via blockchain — without having to rely on a slow and expensive intermediary, like a bank or a financial services provider. however, over the years, there have been a number of controversies regarding the validity of tether’s claims about their usd reserves, at times disrupting usdt’s price, which went down as low as $ . at one point in its history. many have raised concerns about the fact that tether’s reserves have never been fully audited by an independent third party. related pages: looking for market and blockchain data for btc? visit our block explorer. want to buy crypto? use coinmarketcap’s guide. how many tether (usdt) coins are there in circulation? there is no hard-coded limit on the total supply of usdt — given the fact that it belongs to a private company, theoretically, its issuance is limited only by tether’s own policies. however, because tether claims that every single usdt is supposed to be backed by one u.s. dollar, the amount of tokens is limited by the company’s actual cash reserves. moreover, tether does not disclose its issuance schedules ahead of time. instead, they provide daily transparency reports, listing the total amount of their asset reserves and liabilities, the latter corresponding to the amount of usdt in circulation. as of september , there are over . billion usdt tokens in circulation, which are backed by $ . billion in assets, according to tether. how is the tether network secured? usdt does not have its own blockchain — instead, it operates as a second-layer token on top of other cryptocurrencies’ blockchains: bitcoin, ethereum, eos, tron, algorand, bitcoin cash and omg, and is secured by their respective hashing algorithms. where can you buy tether (usdt)? it is possible to buy tether / usdt on a large number of cryptocurrency exchanges. in fact, usdt’s average daily trading volume is often on par or even exceeds that of bitcoin. it is especially prominent on those exchanges where fiat-to-crypto trading pairs are unavailable, as it provides a viable alternative to usd. here are some of the most popular exchanges that support tether trading: 	binance 	okex 	hitbtc 	huobi global our most recent articles about tether: 	what is yield farming? 	is tether untouchable? the latest twist in a long-running drama 	u.s. examining whether tether committed bank fraud, bloomberg says 	pancake bunny price crashes after defi token targeted in flash loan attack 	tether releases breakdown of reserves for the first time ever read more usdt tether usd united states dollar usdt price statistics tether price today	tether price	$ . 	price change h	$- . . % 	 h low / h high	$ . / $ . 	trading volume h	$ , , , . . % 	volume / market cap	 . 	market dominance	 . % 	market rank	# tether market cap	market cap	$ , , , . . % 	fully diluted market cap	$ , , , . . % tether price yesterday	yesterday's low / high	$ . / $ . 	yesterday's open / close	$ . / $ . 	yesterday's change	 . % 	yesterday's volume	$ , , , . tether price history	 d low / d high	$ . / $ . 	 d low / d high	$ . / $ . 	 d low / d high	$ . / $ . 	 week low / week high	$ . / $ . 	all time high may , ( years ago)	$ . . % 	all time low jun , ( months ago)	$ . . % 	tether roi 	 . % tether supply	circulating supply	 , , , usdt 	total supply	 , , , usdt 	max supply	no data show more trending coins and tokens 🔥 hold bnb on binanceand get % off trading fees. trade nowsponsored 	pornrocketpornrocket# 	cumrocketcummies# 	polyplayplay# 	minifootballminifootball# 	minamina# people also watch efforce $ . . % polkadot $ . . % uniswap $ . . % power ledger $ . - . % perl.eco $ . . % mirrored google $ , . . % products	blockchain explorer 	crypto api 	crypto indices 	interest 	jobs board 	sitemap company	about us 	terms of use 	privacy policy 	disclaimer 	methodology 	careerswe’re hiring! support	request form 	contact support 	faq 	glossary socials	facebook 	twitter 	telegram 	instagram 	interactive chat © coinmarketcap. all rights reserved the co-op cloud docs blog public interest infrastructure. an alternative to corporate clouds built by tech co-ops. learn more benefits collaborative democratic development process, centred on libre software licenses, community governance and a configuration commons. simple quick, flexible, and intuitive with low resource requirements, minimal overhead, and extensive documentation. private control your hosting: use on-premise or virtual servers to suit your needs. encryption as standard. transparent following established open standards, best practices, and builds on existing tools. faq what is co-op cloud? co-op cloud aims to make hosting libre software applications simple for small service providers such as tech co-operatives who are looking to standardise around an open, transparent and scalable infrastructure. it uses the latest container technologies and configurations are shared into the commons for the benefit of all. is this a good long-term choice? co-op cloud re-uses upstream libre software project packaging efforts (containers) so that we can meet projects where they are at and reduce duplication of effort. the project proposes the notion of more direct coordination between distribution methods (app packagers) and production methods (app developers). what libre apps are available? co-op cloud helps deploy and maintain applications that you may already use in your daily life: nextcloud, jitsi, mediawiki, rocket.chat and many more! these are tools that are created by volunteer communities who use libre software licenses in order to build up the public software commons and offer more digital alternatives. what about other alternatives? co-op cloud helps fill a gap between the personal and the industrial-scale: it’s easier to use than kubernetes or ansible, does more to support multi-server, multi-tenant deployments than cloudron, and is much easier than manual deployments. see all the comparisons with other tools. read all frequently asked questions who is involved autonomic is a worker‑owned co‑operative, dedicated to using technology to empower people making a positive difference in the world. we offer service hosting using co‑op cloud and other platforms, custom development, and infrastructure set‑up. visit: autonomic.zone 🏠 this is a community project. get involved source code |documentation |public matrix chat |mastodon |twitter copyleft autonomic cooperative planned maintenance: classify api javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	research 	support & training 	community center 	webjunction skip to page content. 	 about us 	 contact us 	 get started 	 develop 	 collaborate 	 gallery 	 news 	 events 		settings 	menu 	search 	 home 	 news 	 wms ncip api changes planned maintenance for the classify application, august august oclc will be performing maintenance on the classify user interface on  august at : am edt (utc - ).  maintenance is expected to take approximately minutes.  during this time the classify application and api will be unavailable. please contact oclc customer support with any questions. 	 karen coombs senior product analyst 		 					oclc headquarters 					 						 							 kilgour place 							dublin, 							ohio 							 - 							us 						 					 					 						 							oclc@oclc.org 							 - - 							 - - 							(usa / canada only) 						 					 				 find information for 	developers 	librarians 	partners visit related sites 	oclc.org 	oclc research 	support & training 	oclc system alerts 	contact the developer network 	browse the api explorer 	request a web service key 	subscribe to wc-devnet-l 	 						 						 						 get started 						 						 	 						 						 						 develop 						 						 	 						 						 						 collaborate 						 						 	 						 						 						 gallery 						 						 	 						 						 						 news 						 						 	 						 						 						 events 						 						 follow the oclc developer network: 	 	 	 	 twitter 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 youtube 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 flickr 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 github 	 	 	 © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates this site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. find out more about oclc's cookie notice. 	feedback 	privacy statement 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate dshr's blog: yet another dna storage technique dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, july , yet another dna storage technique 	 	source an alternative approach to nucleic acid memory by george d. dickinson et al from boise state university describes a fundamentally different way to store and retrieve data using dna strands as the medium. will hughes et al have an accessible summary in dna ‘lite-brite’ is a promising way to archive data for decades or longer: we and our colleagues have developed a way to store data using pegs and pegboards made out of dna and retrieving the data with a microscope – a molecular version of the lite-brite toy. our prototype stores information in patterns using dna strands spaced about nanometers apart. below the fold i look at the details of the technique they call digital nucleic acid memory (dnam). the traditional way to use dna as a storage medium is to encode the data in the sequence of bases in a synthesized strand, then use sequencing to retrieve the data. instead: dnam uses advancements in super-resolution microscopy (srm) to access digital data stored in short oligonucleotide strands that are held together for imaging using dna origami. in dnam, non-volatile information is digitally encoded into specific combinations of single-stranded dna, commonly known as staple strands, that can form dna origami nanostructures when combined with a scaffold strand. when formed into origami, the staple strands are arranged at addressable locations ... that define an indexed matrix of digital information. this site-specific localization of digital information is enabled by designing staple strands with nucleotides that extend from the origami. writing in dnam, writing their character message "data is in our dna!\n" involved encoding it into -bit fountain code droplets then synthesizing two different types of dna sequences: 	origami: there is one origami for each bits of data to be stored. it forms a x matrix holding a bit index, the bits of droplet data, bits of parity, bits of checksum, and orientation bits. each of the cells thus contains a unique, message-specific dna sequence. 	staples: there is one staple for each of the x matrix cells, with one end of the strand matching the matrix cell's sequence, and the other indicating a or a by the presence or absence of a sequence that binds to the flourescent dna used for reading. when combined, the staple strands bind to the appropriate cells in the origami, labelling each cell as a or a . reading the key difference between dnam and traditional dna storage techniques is that dnam reads data without sequencing the dna. instead, it uses optical microscopy to identify each "peg" (staple strand) in each matrix cell as either a or a : the patterns of dna strands – the pegs – light up when fluorescently labeled dna bind to them. because the fluorescent strands are short, they rapidly bind and unbind. this causes them to blink, making it easier to separate one peg from another and read the stored information. the difficulty in doing so is that the pegs are on a nanometer grid: because the dna pegs are positioned closer than half the wavelength of visible light, we used super-resolution microscopy, which circumvents the diffraction limit of light. the technique is called "dna-points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (dna-paint)". the process to recover the character message was: , frames from a single field of view were recorded using dna-paint (~ origami identified in  µm ). the super-resolution images of the hybridized imager strands were then reconstructed from blinking events identified in the recording to map the positions of the data domains on each origami ... using a custom localization processing algorithm, the signals were translated to a  ×  grid and converted back to a -bit binary string — which was passed to the decoding algorithm for error correction, droplet recovery, and message reconstruction ... the process enabled successful recovery of the dnam encoded message from a single super-resolution recording. analysis the first thing to note is that whereas traditional dna storage techniques are volumetric, dnam like hard disk or tape is areal. it will therefore be unable to match the extraordinary data density potentially achievable using the traditional approach. dnam claims: after accounting for the bits used by the algorithms, our prototype was able to read data at a density of gigabits per square centimeter. current hard disks have an areal density of . tbit/inch , or about gbit/cm , so for a prototype this is good but not revolutionary, the areal density is set by the nm grid space, so it may not be possible to greatly reduce it. hard disk vendors have demonstrated gbit/cm and have roadmaps to around gbit/cm . dnam's writing process seems more complex than the traditional approach, so is unlikely to be faster or cheaper. the read process is likely to be both faster and cheaper, because dna-paint images a large number of origami in parallel, whereas sequencing is sequential (duh!). but, as i have written, the big barrier to adoption of dna storage is the low bandwidth and high cost of writing the data. posted by david. at : am labels: storage media no comments: post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ▼  july ( ) 	economics of evil revisited 	yet another dna storage technique 	alternatives to proof-of-work 	a modest proposal about ransomware 	intel did a boeing 	graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: the death of corporate research labs dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, may , the death of corporate research labs in american innovation through the ages, jamie powell wrote: who hasn’t finished a non-fiction book and thought “gee, that could have been half the length and just as informative. if that.” yet every now and then you read something that provokes the exact opposite feeling. where all you can do after reading a tweet, or an article, is type the subject into google and hope there’s more material out there waiting to be read. so it was with alphaville this tuesday afternoon reading a research paper from last year entitled the changing structure of american innovation: some cautionary remarks for economic growth by arora, belenzon, patacconi and suh (h/t to kpmg’s ben southwood, who highlighted it on twitter). the exhaustive work of the duke university and uea academics traces the roots of american academia through the golden age of corporate-driven research, which roughly encompasses the postwar period up to ronald reagan’s presidency, before its steady decline up to the present day. arora et al argue that a cause of the decline in productivity is that: the past three decades have been marked by a growing division of labor between universities focusing on research and large corporations focusing on development. knowledge produced by universities is not often in a form that can be readily digested and turned into new goods and services. small firms and university technology transfer offices cannot fully substitute for corporate research, which had integrated multiple disciplines at the scale required to solve significant technical problems. as someone with many friends who worked at the legendary corporate research labs of the past, including bell labs and xerox parc, and who myself worked at sun microsystems' research lab, this is personal. below the fold i add my c-worth to arora et al's extraordinarily interesting article. the authors provide a must-read, detailed history of the rise and fall of corporate research labs. i lived through their golden age; a year before i was born the transistor was invented at bell labs: the first working device to be built was a point-contact transistor invented in by american physicists john bardeen and walter brattain while working under william shockley at bell labs. they shared the nobel prize in physics for their achievement.[ ] the most widely used transistor is the mosfet (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the mos transistor, which was invented by egyptian engineer mohamed atalla with korean engineer dawon kahng at bell labs in .[ ][ ][ ] the mosfet was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses.[ ] 	 	arora et al fig . before i was bell labs had been euthanized as part of the general massacre of labs: bell labs had been separated from its parent company at&t and placed under lucent in ; xerox parc had also been spun off into a separate company in . others had been downsized: ibm under louis gerstner re-directed research toward more commercial applications in the mid- s ... a more recent example is dupont’s closing of its central research & development lab in . established in , dupont research rivaled that of top academic chemistry departments. in the s, dupont’s central r&d unit published more articles in the journal of the american chemical society than mit and caltech combined. however, in the s, dupont’s attitude toward research changed and after a gradual decline in scientific publications, the company’s management closed its central research and development lab in . arora et al point out that the rise and fall of the labs coincided with the rise and fall of anti-trust enforcement: historically, many large labs were set up partly because antitrust pressures constrained large firms’ ability to grow through mergers and acquisitions. in the s, if a leading firm wanted to grow, it needed to develop new markets. with growth through mergers and acquisitions constrained by anti-trust pressures, and with little on offer from universities and independent inventors, it often had no choice but to invest in internal r&d. the more relaxed antitrust environment in the s, however, changed this status quo. growth through acquisitions became a more viable alternative to internal research, and hence the need to invest in internal research was reduced. lack of anti-trust enforcement, pervasive short-termism, driven by wall street's focus on quarterly results, and management's focus on manipulating the stock price to maximize the value of their options killed the labs: large corporate labs, however, are unlikely to regain the importance they once enjoyed. research in corporations is difficult to manage profitably. research projects have long horizons and few intermediate milestones that are meaningful to non-experts. as a result, research inside companies can only survive if insulated from the short-term performance requirements of business divisions. however, insulating research from business also has perils. managers, haunted by the spectre of xerox parc and dupont’s “purity hall”, fear creating research organizations disconnected from the main business of the company. walking this tightrope has been extremely difficult. greater product market competition, shorter technology life cycles, and more demanding investors have added to this challenge. companies have increasingly concluded that they can do better by sourcing knowledge from outside, rather than betting on making game-changing discoveries in-house. they describe the successor to the labs as: a new division of innovative labor, with universities focusing on research, large firms focusing on development and commercialization, and spinoffs, startups, and university technology licensing offices responsible for connecting the two. an unintended consequence of abandoning anti-trust enforcement was thus a slowing of productivity growth, because the this new division of labor wasn't as effective as the labs: the translation of scientific knowledge generated in universities to productivity enhancing technical progress has proved to be more difficult to accomplish in practice than expected. spinoffs, startups, and university licensing offices have not fully filled the gap left by the decline of the corporate lab. corporate research has a number of characteristics that make it very valuable for science-based innovation and growth. large corporations have access to significant resources, can more easily integrate multiple knowledge streams, and direct their research toward solving specific practical problems, which makes it more likely for them to produce commercial applications. university research has tended to be curiosity-driven rather than mission-focused. it has favored insight rather than solutions to specific problems, and partly as a consequence, university research has required additional integration and transformation to become economically useful. in sections . . through . . arora et al discuss in detail four reasons why the corporate labs drove faster productivity growth: 	corporate labs work on general purpose technologies. because the labs were hosted the leading companies in their market, they believed that technologies that benefited their product space would benefit them the most: claude shannon’s work on information theory, for instance, was supported by bell labs because at&t stood to benefit the most from a more efficient communication network ... ibm supported milestones in nanoscience by developing the scanning electron microscope, and furthering investigations into electron localization, non-equilibrium superconductivity, and ballistic electron motions because it saw an opportunity to pre-empt the next revolutionary chip design in its industry ... finally, a recent surge in corporate publications in machine learning suggests that larger firms such as google and facebook that possess complementary assets (user data) for commercialization publish more of their research and software packages to the academic community, as they stand to benefit most from advances in the sector in general. my experience of open source supports this. sun was the leading player in the workstation market and was happy to publish and open source infrastructure technologies such as nfs that would buttress that position. on the desktop it was not a dominant player, which (sadly) led to news being closed-source. 	corporate labs solve practical problems. they quote andrew odlyzko: “it was very important that bell labs had a connection to the market, and thereby to real problems. the fact that it wasn’t a tight coupling is what enabled people to work on many long-term problems. but the coupling was there, and so the wild goose chases that are at the heart of really innovative research tended to be less wild, more carefully targeted and less subject to the inertia that is characteristic of university research.” again, my experience supports this contention. my work at sun labs was on fault-tolerance. others worked on, for example, ultra high-bandwidth backplane bus technology, innovative cooling materials, optical interconnect, and asynchronous chip architectures, all of which are obviously "practical problems" with importance for sun's products, but none of which could be applied to the products under development at the time. 	corporate labs are multi-disciplinary and have more resources. as regards the first of these, the authors use google as an example: researching neural networks requires an interdisciplinary team. domain specialists (e.g. linguists in the case of machine translation) define the problem to be solved and assess performance; statisticians design the algorithms, theorize on their error bounds and optimization routines; computer scientists search for efficiency gains in implementing the algorithms. not surprisingly, the “google translate” paper has coauthors, many of them leading researchers in their respective fields again, i would agree. a breadth of disciplines was definitely a major contributor to parc's successes. as regards extra resources, i think this is a bigger factor than arora et al do. as i wrote in falling research productivity revisited: the problem of falling research productivity is like the "high energy physics" problem - after a while all the experiments at a given energy level have been done, and getting to the next energy level is bound to be a lot more expensive and difficult each time. information technology at all levels is suffering from this problem. for example, nvidia got to its first working silicon of a state-of-the-art gpu on $ . m from the vcs, which today wouldn't even buy you a mask set. even six years ago system architecture research, such as berkeley's aspire project, needed to build (or at least simulate) things like this: firebox is a kw wsc building block containing a thousand compute sockets and petabytes ( ^ b) of non-volatile memory connected via a low-latency, high-bandwidth optical switch. ... each compute socket contains a system-on-a-chip (soc) with around cores connected to high-bandwidth on-package dram. clearly, ai research needs a scale of data and computation that only a very large company can afford. for example, waymo's lead in autonomous vehicles is based to a large extent on the enormous amount of data that has taken years of a fleet of vehicles driving all day, every day to accumulate. 	large corporate labs may generate significant external benefits. by "external benefits", arora et al mean benefits to society and the broader economy, but not to the lab's host company: one well-known example is provided by xerox parc. xerox parc developed many fundamental inventions in pc hardware and software design, such as the modern personal computer with graphical user interface. however, it did not significantly benefit from these inventions, which were instead largely commercialized by other firms, most notably apple and microsoft. while xerox clearly failed to internalize fully the benefits from its immensely creative lab ... it can hardly be questioned that the social benefits were large, with the combined market capitalization of apple and microsoft now exceeding . trillion dollars. two kinds of company form these external benefits. parc had both spin-offs, in which xerox had equity, and startups that built on their ideas and hired their alumni but in which they did not. xerox didn't do spin-offs well: as documented by chesbrough ( , ), the key problem there was not xerox’s initial equity position in the spin-offs, but xerox’s practices in managing the spin-offs, which discouraged experimentation by forcing xerox researchers to look for applications close to xerox’s existing businesses. but cisco is among the examples of how spin-offs can be done well, acting as an internal vc to incentivize a team by giving them equity in a startup. if it was successful, cisco would later acquire it. sun microsystems is an example of exceptional fertility in external startups. nvidia was started by a group of frustrated sun engineers. it is currently worth almost times what oracle paid to acquire sun. it is but one entry in a long list of such startups whose aggregate value dwarfs that of sun at its peak. as arora et al write: a surprising implication of this analysis is that the mismanagement of leading firms and their labs can sometimes be a blessing in disguise. the comparison between fairchild and texas instruments is instructive. texas instruments was much better managed than fairchild but also spawned far fewer spin-offs. silicon valley prospered as a technology hub, while the cluster of dallas-fort worth semiconductor companies near texas instruments, albeit important, is much less economically significant. an important additional external benefit that arora et al ignore is the open source movement, which was spawned by bell labs and the at&t consent decree. at&t was forced to license the unix source code. staff at institutions, primarily universities, which had signed the unix license could freely share code enhancements. this sharing culture grew and led to the bsd and gnu licenses that underlie the bulk of today's computational ecosystem. jamie powell was right that arora et al have produced an extremely valuable contribution to the study of the decay of the vital link between r&d and productivity of the overall economy. posted by david. at : am labels: anti-trust, big data, intellectual property, unix, venture capital comments: 	 miguel said... 	 a lab is a cost, so it's externalized and sold, until someone buys it, and on again waiting for the next buyer. probably the way to account it should be different, taking into account other non-appearing benefits for the mother company (brand/know-how/reputation/etc...) rgds!m 	 may , at : am 	 unknown said... 	 a thought ... the business model changing to "providing services" instead of "selling products" will, perhaps, again shift the research back to corporations. r&d in that case makes a more visible contribution to the bottom line profits within the company. i also would like to add my opinion that the academia cannot fully be of service to the large economy when their funding is so tightly controlled and directed to whatever political idea is flying around for the moment. however,,, this was a great read! 	 may , at : am 	 alang said... 	 i worked in corporate r&d labs for years in the 's and early 's at gte labs and digital equipment corporation. a large issue we constantly dealt with was technology transfer to other more business-oriented parts of the company. the technology we were trying to transfer was ground breaking and state-of-the-art, but was also often not at a production usage level. and the staff in the receiving organizations often did not have masters or phd level computer science training, though they were quite proficient oat mis. as a result, they were not well equipped to receive k of lisp code written within an object-oriented framework that ran on this "weird (to them) lisp machine. so there was always this technology transfer disconnect. as researchers, we published extensively, so we contributed to the greater good of computer science advancement. and the level of publication was a large part of how we ere measured, as in academia. but it would have also been gratifying to see more use made of the cool technology we were producing. usage was not zero percent, but i don't think it exceeded - % either. 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 matthew hutson reports more evidence for falling research productivity, this time in ai, in eye-catching advances in some ai fields are not real: "researchers are waking up to the signs of shaky progress across many subfields of ai. a meta-analysis of information retrieval algorithms used in search engines concluded the “high-water mark … was actually set in .” another study in reproduced seven neural network recommendation systems, of the kind used by media streaming services. it found that six failed to outperform much simpler, nonneural algorithms developed years before, when the earlier techniques were fine-tuned, revealing “phantom progress” in the field. in another paper posted on arxiv in march, kevin musgrave, a computer scientist at cornell university, took a look at loss functions, the part of an algorithm that mathematically specifies its objective. musgrave compared a dozen of them on equal footing, in a task involving image retrieval, and found that, contrary to their developers’ claims, accuracy had not improved since . 	 may , at : am 	 cem kaner said... 	 i worked in silicon valley (software industry) for years, then as a full professor of software engineering for years. i retired at the end of . i ran a research lab at school and spent a lot of time arranging funding. my lab, and several others that i knew, were perfectly willing to create a research stream that applied / extended our work in a direction needed by a corporation. the government grants kept us at a pretty theoretical level. mixing corporate and government work let us explore some ideas much more thoroughly. the problem with corporate funding was that almost every corporate representative who wanted to contract with us wanted to pay minimum wage to my students and nothing to me--and they wanted all rights (with the scope "all" very broadly defined). they seemed to assume that i was so desperate for funding that i would agree to anything. negotiating with these folks was unpleasant and unproductive. several opportunities for introducing significant improvements in the efficiency and effectiveness of software engineering efforts were squandered because the large corporations who contacted me wanted the equivalent of donations, not research contracts. i heard similar stories from faculty members at my school and other schools. it is possible for university researchers to steer some of their work into directions that are immediately commercially useful. but we can't do it with government research money because that's not what they agree to pay for. and we can't do it for free. and we can't agree to terms that completely block graduate students from continuing to work on the research that they focused their graduate research on because that would destroy their careers. companies that won't make a serious effort to adddress those issues won't get much from university researchers. but don't pin that failure on the university. 	 june , at : am 	 godfree roberts said... 	 meanwhile, no-one cares that china outspends us : on research. we have a real missile gap opportunity to get our r&d back on track. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 why corporate america gave up on r&d by kaushik viswanath is an interview with ashish arora and sharon belenzon, the authors of the paper behind this post. 	 july , at : am 	 jrminter said... 	 i spent years in an analytical sciences division that, depending upon the whim of manamagement, was either loosely or tightly integrated with the research labs. our mission was to help researchers and technologists understand the chemistry and performance of the materials that they were integrating into products. it was facinating and rewarding work. the instruments and the skills needed to properly interpret the results made it a frequent target for budget cuts when money was tight. our clients valued the data because it helped understand the chemistry and materials science that determined how well the final product would perform. 	 august , at : pm 	 dwarkesh patel said... 	 excellent post! i'm still not sure how antitrust plays into this. doesn't the value of research increase to a firm if they have many acquired companies which could make use of that research? 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in the long-gone days when anti-trust was enforced, firms could not buy competitors to acquire their newly-developed products. so they had to invest in their own internal research and development, or they wouldn't have any new products. now that there is no anti-trust enforcement, there's no point in spending dollars that could go to stock buybacks on internal research labs or developing new products. instead, you let the vcs fund r&d, and if their bets pay off, you buy the company. see for example the pharma industry. in software it is particularly effective, because you can offer the vc-funded startup a choice between being bought at a low valuation, or facing a quick-and-dirty clone backed by a much bigger company with a much bigger user base. see for example facebook. 	 august , at : pm 	 unknown said... 	 after spending years in silicon valley r&d, i am working for toyota on zero emission vehicle technology, and i can tell you that the japanese have not abandoned the corporate research model. i don't know if it is tradition or necessity, or simply that it works for them, but it is refreshingly old fashioned. in my mind, economics as a measure of success is as good as any other metric, because it represents a sort of minimization of effort, energy, what have you. r&d will always be resource limited in some way, electricity, money, time, personnel; and so we have to learn to be efficient within our constraints. the yin to that yang, is that innovation can not happen outside of a creative environment. it is the responsibility, and the sole responsibility, of leadership to maintain a dynamic balance between creativity/innovation and resource constraint. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 rob beschizza's explore an abandoned research lab points to this video, which provides a suitable coda for the post. 	 september , at : am 	 david. said... 	 ex-google boss eric schmidt: us 'dropped the ball' on innovation by karishma vaswani starts: "in the battle for tech supremacy between the us and china, america has "dropped the ball" in funding for basic research, according to former google chief executive eric schmidt. ... for example, chinese telecoms infrastructure giant huawei spends as much as $ bn (£ . bn) on research and development - one of the highest budgets in the world. this r&d is helping chinese tech firms get ahead in key areas like artificial intelligence and g." 	 september , at : am 	 david. said... 	 daron acemoglu makes good points in antitrust alone won’t fix the innovation problem, including: "in terms of r&d, the mckinsey global institute estimates that just a few of the largest us and chinese tech companies account for as much as two-thirds of global spending on ai development. moreover, these companies not only share a similar vision of how data and ai should be used (namely, for labor-replacing automation and surveillance), but they also increasingly influence other institutions, such as colleges and universities catering to tens of thousands of students clamoring for jobs in big tech. there is now a revolving door between leading institutions of higher education and silicon valley, with top academics often consulting for, and sometimes leaving their positions to work for, the tech industry." 	 october , at : pm 	 blissex said... 	 as a late comment, most corporate management realized that researchers in corporate labs were too old and too expensive, with permanent positions, plus benefits, pensions, etc. and decided to go for much lower cost alternatives: * a lot of research labs in cheaper offshore locations, with younger researcher not demanding high wages and pensions and benefits, and much easier to fire. * a lot of research was outsourced, via research grants, to universities, casualizing research work, because universities can put together very cheaply teams of young, hungry phds and postdocs on low pay and temporary contracts, also thanks to an enormous increase in the number of phd and postdoc positions, also thanks to industry outsourcing contracts. 	 january , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ▼  may ( ) 	the death of corporate research labs 	economics of decentralized storage 	carl malamud wins (mostly) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. google cloud offers a model for fixing google’s product-killing reputation | ars technica 	 skip to main content 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums subscribe close navigate 	store 	subscribe 	videos 	features 	reviews 	rss feeds 	mobile site 	about ars 	staff directory 	contact us 	advertise with ars 	reprints filter by topic 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums settings front page layout grid list site theme black on white white on black sign in comment activity sign up or login to join the discussions! stay logged in | having trouble? sign up to comment and more sign up google's learning! — google cloud offers a model for fixing google’s product-killing reputation gcp offers a stability promise that the rest of the company could learn from. ron amadeo - jul , : pm utc enlarge / google cloud platform, no longer perpetually under construction? reader comments with posters participating share this story 	share on facebook 	share on twitter 	share on reddit google's reputation for aggressively killing products and services is hurting the company's brand. any new product launch from google is no longer a reason for optimism; instead, the company is met with questions about when the product will be shut down. it's a problem entirely of google's own making, and it's yet another barrier that discourages customers from investing (either time, money, or data) in the latest google thing. the wide public skepticism of google stadia is a great example of the problem. a google division with similar issues is google cloud platform, which asks companies and developers to build a product or service powered by google's cloud infrastructure. like the rest of google, cloud platform has a reputation for instability, thanks to quickly deprecating apis, which require any project hosted on google's platform to be continuously updated to keep up with the latest changes. google cloud wants to address this issue, though, with a new "enterprise api" designation. further reading google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand enterprise apis basically get a roadmap that promises stability for certain apis. google says, "the burden is on us: our working principle is that no feature may be removed (or changed in a way that is not backwards compatible) for as long as customers are actively using it. if a deprecation or breaking change is inevitable, then the burden is on us to make the migration as effortless as possible." if google needs to change an api, customers will now get a minimum of one year's notice, along with tools, documentation, and other materials. google goes on to say, "to make sure we follow these tenets, any change we introduce to an api is reviewed by a centralized board of product and engineering leads and follows a rigorous product lifecycle evaluation." despite being one of the world's largest internet companies and basically defining what modern cloud infrastructure looks like, google isn't doing very well in the cloud infrastructure market. analyst firm canalys puts google in a distant third, with percent market share, behind microsoft azure ( percent) and market leader amazon web services ( percent). rumor has it (according to a report from the information) that google cloud platform is facing a deadline to beat aws and microsoft, or it will risk losing funding. advertisement ex-googler steve yegge laid out the problems with google cloud platform last year in a post titled "dear google cloud: your deprecation policy is killing you." google's announcement seems to hit most of what that post highlights, like a lack of documentation and support, an endless treadmill of api upgrades, and google cloud's general disregard for backward compatibility. yegge argues that successful platforms like windows, java, and android (a group yegge says is isolated from the larger google culture) owe much of their success to their commitment to platform stability. aws is the market leader partly because it's considered a lot more stable than google cloud platform. google cloud gets it protocol reports that google vp kripa krishnan was asked during the announcement if she is familiar with the "killed by google" website and twitter account, both run by cody ogden. the report says krishnan "couldn't help but laugh," and she said, "it was pretty apparent to us from many sources on the internet that we were not doing well." google cloud platform's awareness of google's reputation, its steps to limit disruption to customers, and its communication of which offerings are more stable than others have created a model for the rest of the company. many google products suffer from the specter of unceremonious shutdowns, and that's enough to force customers to seek alternatives. the primary fix to the problem is simply mitigation—i.e., stop shutting so many things down all the time. but a close second would be communication—just tell customers your plans for future support. google seems to have no problem offering a public roadmap for the software it ships on hardware devices. pixel phones and chromebooks both have public support statements for their software, showing a minimum date for which the devices can count on support. for instance, we know a pixel will continue to receive updates until at least october . google can't do anything to immediately solve its reputation for killing products and services, but communication can help relieve some of the hesitation users and companies increasingly feel when investing in a google product. if the company doesn't plan on killing a product for a long time, it should say so! google should tell users and company partners which products are stable and which ones are fly-by-night experiments. of course, for this idea to work, google has to actually stick to any public commitments it makes so people can trust it will follow through. recently, the company has not done this. it promised three years of support for android things, the internet-of-things version of android. instead, google ended os updates after only one year. if the company really wants to fix its reputation for instability, it will need to prove itself to customers over time. reader comments with posters participating share this story 	share on facebook 	share on twitter 	share on reddit ron amadeo ron is the reviews editor at ars technica, where he specializes in android os and google products. he is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. email ron@arstechnica.com // twitter @ronamadeo advertisement you must login or create an account to comment. channel ars technica ← previous story next story → related stories today on ars 	store 	subscribe 	about us 	rss feeds 	view mobile site 	contact us 	staff 	advertise with us 	reprints newsletter signup join the ars orbital transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. sign me up → cnmn collection wired media group © condé nast. all rights reserved. use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated / / ) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated / / ) and ars technica addendum (effective / / ). ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. read our affiliate link policy. your california privacy rights | do not sell my personal information the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of condé nast. ad choices dshr's blog: gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, october , gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies the gini coefficient expresses a system's degree of inequality or, in the blockchain context, centralization. it therefore factors into arguments, like mine, that claims of blockchains' decentralization are bogus. in his testimony to the us senate committee on banking, housing and community affairs' hearing on “exploring the cryptocurrency and blockchain ecosystem" entitled crypto is the mother of all scams and (now busted) bubbles while blockchain is the most over-hyped technology ever, no better than a spreadsheet/database, nouriel roubini wrote: wealth in crypto-land is more concentrated than in north korea where the inequality gini coefficient is . (it is . in the quite unequal us): the gini coefficient for bitcoin is an astonishing . . the link is to joe weisenthal's how bitcoin is like north korea from nearly five years ago, which was based upon a stack exchange post, which in turn was based upon a post by the owner of the bitcoinica exchange from ! which didn't look at all holdings of bitcoin, let alone the whole of crypto-land, but only at bitcoinica's customers! follow me below the fold as i search for more up-to-date and comprehensive information. i'm not even questioning how roubini knows the gini coefficient of north korea to two decimal places. most cryptocurrencies will start with a gini coefficient of ; satoshi nakamoto mined the first million bitcoin. as adoption spreads, the gini coefficient will decrease naturally. the question isn't whether, but how fast it will decrease. on steem, ckfrpark is concerned that it hasn't decreased anything like quickly enough: cryptocurrency as of september , has not been narrowing the gap between the rich and poor but also is aggravating the inequality in our society. based on the three major cryptocurrency wallets, bitcoin, ethereum and ripple, top % shares the property value of the rest %, resulting in a drastic figure of gini coefficient of . . if we consider those who do not own a cryptocurrency wallet, it would result as radical figure of over . gini coefficient. ... the greater the value of cryptocurrency, the greater the gap between rich and poor, which governments and people will not tolerate. it is a prophecy that existing cryptocurrencies will fail. balaji s. srinivasan is cto of coinbase, a cryptocurrency insider. in july last year, together with leland lee, he wrote quantifying decentralization, arguing for the importance of measuring decentralization: the primary advantage of bitcoin and ethereum over their legacy alternatives is widely understood to be decentralization. however, despite the widely acknowledged importance of this property, most discussion on the topic lacks quantification. if we could agree upon a quantitative measure, it would allow us to: 	measure the extent of a given system’s decentralization 	determine how much a given system modification improves or reduces decentralization 	design optimization algorithms and architectures to maximize decentralization 	 	source srinivasan and lee start with an explanation of the gini coefficient and the lorenz curve from which it is derived. they go on to make the important point that a decentralized system is compromised if any of its decentralized subsystems is compromised, identifying six subsystems of cryptocurrencies; mining, exchanges, client, nodes, developers and ownership. only the last has been the focus of most discussion of cryptocurrency gini coefficients. 	 	source they plot lorenz curves for each of their six subsystems for bitcoin and ethereum, and derive these gini coefficients: 	subsystem	bitcoin	ethereum 	mining	 . 	 . 	client	 . 	 . 	developer	 . 	 . 	exchange	 . 	 . 	node	 . 	 . 	owner	 . 	 . these are rather large gini coefficients, but in the case of the only one that roubini and others have focused on, the distribution of wealth, it vastly underestimates the problem: one important point: if we actually include all billion people on the earth, most of whom have zero btc or ethereum, the gini coefficient is essentially . +. and if we just include all balances, we include many dust balances which would again put the gini coefficient at . +. thus, we need some kind of threshold here. the imperfect threshold we picked was the gini coefficient among accounts with ≥ btc per address, and ≥ eth per address. so this is the distribution of ownership among the bitcoin and ethereum rich with >$ k as of july . in other words, even among the "whales" the distribution of wealth is extremely unequal (though not actually as unequal as north korea). this, incidentally, explains the enthusiasm of the whalier ethereum whales for "proof of stake" as a consensus mechanism. they could afford to control etherum's blockchain by staking a small fraction of their wealth. the reason why decentralization is attractive is that, if it were actually achieved in practice, it would make compromising the system very difficult. srinivasan and lee go on to point out that the gini coefficient, while indicative, isn't a good measure of the vulnerability of a decentralized system to compromise. instead, they propose: the nakamoto coefficient is the number of units in a subsystem you need to control % of that subsystem. 	it’s not clear that % is the number to worry about for each system, so you can pick a number and calculate it based on what you believe the critical threshold is. 	it’s also not clear which subsystems matter. regardless, having a measure is an essential first step and here are the nakamoto coefficients of each subsystem: 	 	source they compute the nakamoto coefficients of bitcoin and ethereum, as shown in this table. 	subsystem	bitcoin	ethereum 	mining	 	 	client	 	 	developer	 	 	exchange	 	 	node	 	 	owner	 	 these are interesting numbers: 	 	 	source they show that ethereum ("market cap" $ b) is significantly more vulnerable than bitcoin ("market cap" $ b), reinforcing the observation that the gini coefficient of the top cryptocurrencies' "market cap" at . is extremely high. the smaller cryptocurrencies are very vulnerable to % attacks. even ethereum  currently suffers from the "selfish mining" attack, which has been known since . 	they show the risk posed by software monocultures, driven by network effects and economies of scale. these risks were illustrated by the recent major bug in bitcoin core. 	 	 	ether miners / / even ignoring the fact that bitmain: operates the world’s largest and second largest bitcoin mining pools in terms of computing power, btc.com and antpool. so the for bitcoin mining should be , and that: two major mining pools, ethpool and ethermine, publicly reveal that they share the same admin they show that economies of scale mean mining pools are very concentrated. and that proving the or pools aren't colluding is effectively impossible. 	only the top wallets hold % of the bitcoin held by the whales, and only the top wallets hold % of the ether held by the whales. there just aren't a lot of whales. gini coefficient based wealth distribution in the bitcoin network: a case study by manas gupta and parth gupta was published behind springer's obnoxious paywall last july. alas, the data upon which it is based is from , so it despite its recent publication it is only slightly less out-of-date than the data that roubini quoted. an important, and much more up-to-date study of several different measures of decentralization (but that doesn't use the gini coefficient) is decentralization in bitcoin and ethereum networks by adem efe gencer, soumya basu, ittay eyal, robbert van renesse and emin gün sirer: in bitcoin, the weekly mining power of a single entity has never exceeded % of the overall power. in contrast, the top ethereum miner has never had less than % of the mining power. moreover, the top four bitcoin miners have more than % of the average mining power. on average, % of the weekly power was shared by only three ethereum miners. these observations suggest a slightly more centralized mining process in ethereum. although miners do change ranks over the observation period, each spot is only contested by a few miners. in particular, only two bitcoin and three ethereum miners ever held the top rank. the same mining pool has been at the top rank for % of the time in bitcoin and % of the time in ethereum. over % of the mining power has exclusively been shared by eight miners in bitcoin and five miners in ethereum throughout the observed period. even % of the mining power seems to be controlled by only miners in bitcoin and only miners in ethereum. this shows how incredibly poor proof-of-work is at decentralization compared with conventional distributed database technology: these results show that a byzantine quorum system of size could achieve better decentralization than proof-of-work mining at a much lower resource cost. this shows that further research is necessary to create a permissionless consensus protocol without such a high degree of centralization 	 	source raul at howmuch.net published an analysis of the wealth distribution among bitcoin wallets a year ago. it didn't compute a gini coefficient but it did claim that only wallets owned . % of bitcoin: there are a couple limitations in our data. most importantly, each address can represent more than one individual person. an obvious example would be a bitcoin exchange or wallet, which hold the currency for a lot of different people. another limitation has to do with anonymity. if you want to remain completely anonymous, you can use something called coinjoin, a process that allows users to group similar transactions together. this makes it seem like two people are using the same address, when in reality they are not. bambouclub tweeted a superficially similar analysis at about the same time, again without computing a gini coefficient,  but you had to read down into the tweet chain to discover it wasn't based on analyzing wallets at all. but on assuming that the bitcoin distribution matched the global distribution of wealth. hannah murphy's bitcoin: who really owns it, the whales or small fry? reports, based on data from chainalysis, that in the december "pump and dump": 	 	$ b pump and dump longer-term holders sold at least $ billion worth of bitcoin to new speculators over the december to april period, with half of this movement taking place in december alone. “this was an exceptional transfer of wealth,” says philip gradwell, chainalysis’ chief economist, who dubs the past six months as bitcoin’s “liquidity event”. 	 	echo in icos gradwell argues that this sudden injection of liquidity – the amount of bitcoin available for trading rose by close to per cent over that period – has been a “fundamental driver” behind the recent price decline. at the same time, bitcoin trading volumes have now fallen in tandem with the prices, from close to $ billion daily in december to $ billion today. as far as i know no-one has measured by how much this transfer of wealth from later to early adopters, and bitcoin in the reverse direction, will have decreased the gini coefficient. or how much the transfer of cryptocurrency from speculators to ico promoters will have increased it. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin, fault tolerance comment: 	 david. said... 	 analyzing etheruem's contract topology by lucianna kiffer, dave levin and alan mislove (also here) reinforces the message of the nakamoto coefficient: "ethereum’s smart contract ecosystem has a considerable lack of diversity. most contracts reuse code extensively, and there are few creators compared to the number of overall contracts. ... the high levels of code reuse represent a potential threat to the security and reliability. ethereum has been subject to high-profile bugs that have led to hard forks in the blockchain (also here) or resulted in over $ million worth of ether being frozen; like with dns’s use of multiple implementations, having multiple implementations of core contract functionality would introduce greater defense-in-depth to ethereum." 	 november , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ▼  october ( ) 	controlled digital lending 	syndicating journal publisher content 	gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies 	betteridge's law violation 	software heritage foundation update 	i'm shocked, shocked to find collusion going on 	click on the llama 	i don't really want to stop the show 	brief talk at internet archive event 	bitcoin's academic pedigree 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: china's cryptocurrency crackdown dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, june , china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	 	btc "price" cryptocurrency mining in sichuan, especially in the rainy season, is hydro-powered, so miners thought they'd be spared the chinese government's crackdown, for example in qinghai, xinjiang and yunnan. but they were rapidly disabused of this idea, as matt novak reports in bitcoin plunges as china's sichuan province pulls plug on crypto mining: 	 	btc miners' revenue bitcoin continued its dramatic plunge to $ , monday morning, down . % from a week earlier as some of china’s largest bitcoin mining farms were shut down over the weekend. the bitcoin mining facilities of sichuan province received an order on friday to stop doing business by sunday, according to chinese state media outlet the global times. the sichuan provincial development and reform commission and the sichuan energy bureau issued an order to all electricity companies in the region on friday to stop supplying electricity to any known crypto mining organizations, including firms that had already been publicly identified, 	 	btc hash rate as the "price" chart shows, the crackdown is having an impact. the result of this is that miners' revenue has taken a hit. the result of this is to squeeze uneconomic mining out of the mining pools, decreasing the hash rate. the result of that is that the network has to adapt, by reducing the difficulty of mining the next block in order to maintain the six blocks an hour target for the bitcoin blockchain, averaged over time. below the fold, more details and graphs. 	 	btc difficulty clearly, the decline of miners' revenue, and thus the hash rate, and thus the difficulty of mining blocks, has a long way to go before it significantly decreases the security of the bitcoin blockchain. but this could be the start of a self-reinforcing cycle leading in that direction as the current uncertainty and the decline in the "price" as the dump follows the pump cause hodl-ers to hodl. 	 	avg transaction fee this decrease in the demand for transactions can be seen from the collapse in average fee per transaction since the peak around $ to under $ . this in itself contributes to the drop in miners' revenue, and thus to the drop in the hash rate, and so on. miners desperate to recoup some of their investment in hardware are shipping it to destinations outside china: videos on social media sites purported to show miners in sichuan turning off their mining machines and packing up their businesses. miners in china are now looking to sell their equipment overseas, and it appears many have already found buyers. cnbc’s eunice yoon tweeted early monday that a chinese logistics firm was shipping , lbs ( , kilograms) of crypto mining equipment to an unnamed buyer in maryland for just $ . per kilogram. the more of the hash rate that is located in western countries, using power that is much more expensive than under-the-counter hydro-power in china, the worse the economics of mining. the more of the hash rate that is located in countries that follow fincen's guidance, the more effective nicholas weaver's suggestion: it is time to seriously disrupt the cryptocurrency ecology. directly attacking mining as incompatible with the bank secrecy act is one potentially powerful tool. weaver means that classifying mining as money transmission would force miners in countries that follow fincen to adhere to the anti-money laundering/know your customer (aml/kyc) rules. this would make mining in these countries effectively illegal, as being either legally risky or impossibly expensive, and thereby help to suppress ransomware. postscript: if you think that bitcoin makes sense as a currency used to buy and sell you need to justify the graph below, which shows the total cost of making a single transaction, the average value transferred to the miners for each transaction, has been over $ for a year and peaked at $ . 	 	source posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin no comments: post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ▼  june ( ) 	taleb on cryptocurrency economics 	china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	dna data storage: a different approach 	mining is money transmission (updated) 	mempool flooding 	meta: apology to commentors 	unreliability at scale 	unstoppable code? 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: blockchain briefing for dod dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, july , blockchain briefing for dod i was asked to deliver blockchain: what's not to like? version . to a department of defense conference-call. i took the opportunity to update the talk, and expand it to include some of the "additional material" from the original, and from the podcast. below the fold, the text of the talk with links to the sources. the yellow boxes contain material that was on the slides but was not spoken. [slide ] it’s one of these things that if people say it often enough it starts to sound like something that could work, sadhbh mccarthy i'd like to thank jen snow for giving me the opportunity to talk about blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. the text of my talk with links to the sources is up on my blog, so you don't need to take notes. there's been a supernova of hype about them. almost everything positive you have heard is paid advertising, and should be completely ignored. why am i any more credible? first, i'm retired. no-one is paying me to speak, and i have no investments in cryptocurrencies or blockchain companies. [slide ] this is not to diminish nakamoto's achievement but to point out that he stood on the shoulders of giants. indeed, by tracing the origins of the ideas in bitcoin, we can zero in on nakamoto's true leap of insight—the specific, complex way in which the underlying components are put together. bitcoin's academic pedigree, arvind narayanan and jeremy clark second, i've been writing skeptically about cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology for more than five years. what are my qualifications for such a long history of pontification? nearly sixteen years ago, about five years before satoshi nakamoto published the bitcoin protocol, a cryptocurrency based on a decentralized consensus mechanism using proof-of-work, my co-authors and i won a "best paper" award at the prestigious sosp workshop for a decentralized consensus mechanism using proof-of-work. it is the protocol underlying the lockss system. the originality of our work didn't lie in decentralization, distributed consensus, or proof-of-work. all of these were part of the nearly three decades of research and implementation leading up to the bitcoin protocol, as described by arvind narayanan and jeremy clark in bitcoin's academic pedigree. our work was original only in its application of these techniques to statistical fault tolerance; nakamoto's only in its application of them to preventing double-spending in cryptocurrencies. we're going to start by walking through the design of a system to perform some function, say monetary transactions, storing files, recording reviewers' contributions to academic communication, verifying archival content, whatever. my goal is to show you how the pieces fit together in such a way that the problems the technology encounters in practice aren't easily fixable; they are inherent in the underlying requirements. being of a naturally suspicious turn of mind, you don't want to trust any single central entity, but instead want a decentralized system. you place your trust in the consensus of a large number of entities, which will in effect vote on the state transitions of your system (the transactions, reviews, archival content, ...). you hope the good entities will out-vote the bad entities. in the jargon, the system is trustless (a misnomer). techniques using multiple voters to maintain the state of a system in the presence of unreliable and malign voters were first published in the byzantine generals problem by lamport et al in . alas, byzantine fault tolerance (bft) requires a central authority to authorize entities to take part. in the blockchain jargon, it is permissioned. you would rather let anyone interested take part, a permissionless system with no central control. [slide ] in the case of blockchain protocols, the mathematical and economic reasoning behind the safety of the consensus often relies crucially on the uncoordinated choice model, or the assumption that the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently. the meaning of decentralization, vitalik buterin, co-founder of ethereum the security of your permissionless system depends upon the assumption of uncoordinated choice, the idea that each voter acts independently upon its own view of the system's state. if anyone can take part, your system is vulnerable to sybil attacks, in which an attacker creates many apparently independent voters who are actually under his sole control. if creating and maintaining a voter is free, anyone can win any vote they choose simply by creating enough sybil voters. [slide ] from a computer security perspective, the key thing to note ... is that the security of the blockchain is linear in the amount of expenditure on mining power, ... in contrast, in many other contexts investments in computer security yield convex returns (e.g., traditional uses of cryptography) ... analogously to how a lock on a door increases the security of a house by more than the cost of the lock. the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain, eric budish, booth school, university of chicago so creating and maintaining a voter has to be expensive. permissionless systems can defend against sybil attacks by requiring a vote to be accompanied by a proof of the expenditure of some resource. this is where proof-of-work comes in; a concept originated by cynthia dwork and moni naor in . in a bft system, the value of the next state of the system is that computed by the majority of the nodes. in  a proof-of-work system such as bitcoin, the value of the next state of the system is that computed by the first node to solve a puzzle. there is no guarantee that any other node computed that value; bft is a consensus system whereas bitcoin-type systems select a winning node. proof-of-work is a random process, but at scale the probability of being selected is determined by how quickly you can compute hashes. the idea is that the good voters will spend more on hashing power, and thus compute more useless hashes, than the bad voters. [slide ] 	 	the blockchain trilemma much of the innovation in blockchain technology has been aimed at wresting power from centralised authorities or monopolies. unfortunately, the blockchain community’s utopian vision of a decentralised world is not without substantial costs. in recent research, we point out a ‘blockchain trilemma’ – it is impossible for any ledger to fully satisfy the three properties shown in [the diagram] simultaneously ... in particular, decentralisation has three main costs: waste of resources, scalability problems, and network externality inefficiencies. the economics of blockchains, markus k brunnermeier & joseph abadi, princeton brunnermeir and abadi's blockchain trilemma shows that a blockchain has to choose at most two of the following three attributes: 	correctness 	decentralization 	cost-efficiency obviously, your system needs the first two, so the third has to go. running a voter (mining in the jargon) in your system has to be expensive if the system is to be secure. no-one will do it unless they are rewarded. they can't be rewarded in "fiat currency", because that would need some central mechanism for paying them. so the reward has to come in the form of coins generated by the system itself, a cryptocurrency. to scale, permissionless systems need to be based on a cryptocurrency; the system's state transitions will need to include cryptocurrency transactions in addition to records of files, reviews, archival content, whatever. your system needs names for the parties to these transactions. there is no central authority handing out names, so the parties need to name themselves. as proposed by david chaum in they can do so by generating a public-private key pair, and using the public key as the name for the source or sink of each transaction. [slide ] we created a small bitcoin wallet, placed it on images in our honeyfarm, and set up monitoring routines to check for theft. two months later our monitor program triggered when someone stole our coins. this was not because our bitcoin was stolen from a honeypot, rather the graduate student who created the wallet maintained a copy and his account was compromised. if security experts can't safely keep cryptocurrencies on an internet-connected computer, nobody can. if bitcoin is the "internet of money," what does it say that it cannot be safely stored on an internet connected computer? risks of cryptocurrencies, nicholas weaver, u.c. berkeley in practice this is implemented in wallet software, which stores one or more key pairs for use in transactions. the public half of the pair is a pseudonym. unmasking the person behind the pseudonym turns out to be fairly easy in practice. the security of the system depends upon the user and the software keeping the private key secret. this can be difficult, as nicholas weaver's computer security group at berkeley discovered when their wallet was compromised and their bitcoins were stolen. [slide ] 	 	 -yr bitcoin "price" history the capital and operational costs of running a miner include buying hardware, power, network bandwidth, staff time, etc. bitcoin's volatile "price", high transaction fees, low transaction throughput, and large proportion of failed transactions mean that almost no legal merchants accept payment in bitcoin or other cryptocurrency. thus one essential part of your system is one or more exchanges, at which the miners can sell their cryptocurrency rewards for the "fiat currency" they need to pay their bills. who is on the other side of those trades? the answer has to be speculators, betting that the "price" of the cryptocurrency will increase. thus a second essential part of your system is a general belief in the inevitable rise in "price" of the coins by which the miners are rewarded. if miners believe that the "price" will go down, they will sell their rewards immediately, a self-fulfilling prophesy. over time, permissionless blockchains require an inflow of speculative funds at an average rate greater than the current rate of mining rewards if the "price" is not to collapse. to maintain bitcoin's price at $ k would require an inflow of $ k/hour, or about $ b from now until the next reward halving around may th .  [slide ] 	 	ether miners / / can we really say that the uncoordinated choice model is realistic when % of the bitcoin network’s mining power is well-coordinated enough to show up together at the same conference? the meaning of decentralization, vitalik buterin in order to spend enough to be secure, say $ k/hour, you need a lot of miners. it turns out that a third essential part of your system is a small number of “mining pools”. a year ago bitcoin had the equivalent of around m antminer s s, and a block time of minutes. each s , costing maybe $ k, could expect a reward about once every years. it would be obsolete in about a year, so only in would ever earn anything. to smooth out their income, miners join pools, contributing their mining power and receiving the corresponding fraction of the rewards earned by the pool. these pools have strong economies of scale, so successful cryptocurrencies end up with a majority of their mining power in - pools. each of the big pools can expect a reward every hour or so. these blockchains aren’t decentralized, but centralized around a few large pools. at multiple times in one mining pool controlled more than % of the bitcoin mining power. at almost all times since - pools have controlled the majority of the bitcoin mining power. currently two of them, with . % of the power, are controlled by bitmain, the dominant supplier of mining asics. with the advent of mining-as-a-service, % attacks have become endemic among the smaller alt-coins. the security of a blockchain depends upon the assumption that these few pools are not conspiring together outside the blockchain; an assumption that is impossible to verify in the real world (and by murphy's law is therefore false). [slide ] since then there have been other catastrophic bugs in these smart contracts, the biggest one in the parity ethereum wallet software ... the first bug enabled the mass theft from "multisignature" wallets, which supposedly required multiple independent cryptographic signatures on transfers as a way to prevent theft. fortunately, that bug caused limited damage because a good thief stole most of the money and then returned it to the victims. yet, the good news was limited as a subsequent bug rendered all of the new multisignature wallets permanently inaccessible, effectively destroying some $ m in notional value. this buggy code was largely written by gavin wood, the creator of the solidity programming language and one of the founders of ethereum. again, we have a situation where even an expert's efforts fell short. risks of cryptocurrencies, nicholas weaver, u.c. berkeley in practice the security of a blockchain depends not merely on the security of the protocol itself, but on the security of both the core software, and the wallets and exchanges used to store and trade its cryptocurrency. this ancillary software has bugs, such as last september's major vulnerability in bitcoin core, the parity wallet fiasco, the routine heists using vulnerabilities in exchange software, and the wallet that was sending user's pass-phrases to the google spell-checker over http. who doesn't need their pass-phrase spell-checked? recent game-theoretic analysis suggests that there are strong economic limits to the security of cryptocurrency-based blockchains. to guarantee safety, the total value of transactions in a block needs to be less than the value of the block reward, which kind of spoils the whole idea. your system needs an append-only data structure to which records of the transactions, files, reviews, archival content, whatever are appended. it would be bad if the miners could vote to re-write history, undoing these records. in the jargon, the system needs to be immutable (another misnomer). [slide ] 	 	merkle tree (source) the necessary data structure for this purpose was published by stuart haber and w. scott stornetta in . a company using their technique has been providing a centralized service of securely time-stamping documents for nearly a quarter of a century. it is a form of merkle or hash tree, published by ralph merkle in . for blockchains it is a linear chain to which fixed-size blocks are added at regular intervals. each block contains the hash of its predecessor; a chain of blocks. the blockchain is mutable, it is just rather hard to mutate it without being detected, because of the merkle tree’s hashes, and easy to recover, because there are lots of copies keeping stuff safe. but this is a double-edged sword. immutability makes systems incompatible with the gdpr, and immutable systems to which anyone can post information will be suppressed by governments. [slide ] 	 	btc transaction fees cryptokitties’ popularity exploded in early december and had the ethereum network gasping for air. ... ethereum has historically made bold claims that it is able to handle unlimited decentralized applications  ... the crypto-kittie app has shown itself to have the power to place all network processing into congestion. ... at its peak [cryptokitties] likely only had about , daily users. neopets, a game to which cryptokitties is often compared, once had as many as million users. how crypto-kitties disrupted the ethereum network, open trading network a user of your system wanting to perform a transaction, store a file, record a review, whatever, needs to persuade miners to include their transaction in a block. miners are coin-operated; you need to pay them to do so. how much do you need to pay them? that question reveals another economic problem, fixed supply and variable demand, which equals variable "price". each block is in effect a blind auction among the pending transactions. so lets talk about cryptokitties, a game that bought the ethereum blockchain to its knees despite the bold claims that it could handle unlimited decentralized applications. how many users did it take to cripple the network? it was far fewer than non-blockchain apps can handle with ease; cryptokitties peaked at about k users. neopets, a similar centralized game, peaked at about , times as many. cryptokitties average "price" per transaction spiked % between november and december as the game got popular, a major reason why it stopped being popular. the same phenomenon happened during bitcoin's price spike around the same time. cryptocurrency transactions are affordable only if no-one wants to transact; when everyone does they immediately become un-affordable. nakamoto's bitcoin blockchain was designed only to support recording transactions. it can be abused for other purposes, such as storing illegal content. but it is likely that you need additional functionality, which is where ethereum's "smart contracts" come in. these are fully functional programs, written in a javascript-like language, embedded in ethereum's blockchain. they are mainly used to implement ponzi schemes, but they can also be used to implement initial coin offerings, games such as cryptokitties, and gambling parlors. further, in on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos philip daian and co-authors show that "smart contracts" also provide for untraceable on-chain collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous. [slide ] 	 	ico returns the first big smart contract, the dao or decentralized autonomous organization, sought to create a democratic mutual fund where investors could invest their ethereum and then vote on possible investments. approximately % of all ethereum ended up in the dao before someone discovered a reentrancy bug that enabled the attacker to effectively steal all the ethereum. the only reason this bug and theft did not result in global losses is that ethereum developers released a new version of the system that effectively undid the theft by altering the supposedly immutable blockchain. risks of cryptocurrencies, nicholas weaver, u.c. berkeley "smart contracts" are programs, and programs have bugs. some of the bugs are exploitable vulnerabilities. research has shown that the rate at which vulnerabilities in programs are discovered increases with the age of the program. the problems caused by making vulnerable software immutable were revealed by the first major "smart contract". the decentralized autonomous organization (the dao) was released on th april , but on th may dino mark, vlad zamfir, and emin gün sirer posted a call for a temporary moratorium on the dao, pointing out some of its vulnerabilities; it was ignored. three weeks later, when the dao contained about % of all the ether in circulation, a combination of these vulnerabilities was used to steal its contents. the loot was restored by a "hard fork", the blockchain's version of mutability. since then it has become the norm for "smart contract" authors to make them "upgradeable", so that bugs can be fixed. "upgradeable" is another way of saying "immutable in name only". [slide ] security researchers from srlabs revealed that a large chunk of the ethereum client software that runs on ethereum nodes has not yet received a patch for a critical security flaw the company discovered earlier this year. "according to our collected data, only two thirds of nodes have been patched so far," said karsten nohl, ... "the parity ethereum has an automated update process - but it suffers from high complexity and some updates are left out," nohl said. all of these issues put all ethereum users at risk, and not just the nodes running unpatched versions. the number of unpatched notes may not be enough to carry out a direct % attack, but these vulnerable nodes can be crashed to reduce the cost of a % attack on ethereum, currently estimated at around $ , per hour. ...  "the patch gap signals a deep-rooted mistrust in central authority, including such any authority that can automatically update software on your computer." a large chunk of ethereum clients remain unpatched catalin cimpanu it isn't just the "smart contracts" that need to be upgradeable, it is the core software for the blockchain. bugs and vulnerabilities are inevitable. if you trust a central authority to update your software automatically, or if you don't but you think others do, what is the point of a permissionless blockchain? [slide ] permissionless systems trust: 	the core developers of the blockchain software not to write bugs. 	the developers of your wallet software not to write bugs. 	the developers of the exchanges not to write bugs. 	the operators of the exchanges not to manipulate the markets or to commit fraud. 	the developers of your upgradeable "smart contracts" not to write bugs. 	the owners of the smart contracts to keep their secret key secret. 	the owners of the upgradeable smart contracts to avoid losing their secret key. 	the owners and operators of the dominant mining pools not to collude. 	the operators of miners to apply patches in a timely manner. 	the speculators to provide the funds needed to keep the “price” going up. 	users' ability to keep their secret key secret. 	users’ ability to avoid losing their secret key. 	other users not to transact when you want to. so, this is the list of people your permissionless system has to trust if it is going to work as advertised over the long term. you started out to build a trustless, decentralized system but you have ended up with: 	a trustless system that trusts a lot of people you have every reason not to trust. 	a decentralized system that is centralized around a few large mining pools that you have no way of knowing aren’t conspiring together. 	an immutable system that either has bugs you cannot fix, or is not immutable 	a system whose security depends on it being expensive to run, and which is thus dependent upon a continuing inflow of funds from speculators. 	a system whose coins are convertible into large amounts of "fiat currency" via irreversible pseudonymous transactions, which is thus an irresistible target for crime. if the “price” keeps going up, the temptation for your trust to be violated is considerable. if the "price" starts going down, the temptation to cheat to recover losses is even greater. maybe it is time for a re-think. suppose you give up on the idea that anyone can take part and accept that you have to trust a central authority to decide who can and who can’t vote. you will have a permissioned system. the first thing that happens is that it is no longer possible to mount a sybil attack, so there is no reason running a node need be expensive. you can use bft to establish consensus, as ibm’s hyperledger, the canonical permissioned blockchain system plans to. you need many fewer nodes in the network, and running a node just got way cheaper. overall, the aggregated cost of the system got orders of magnitude cheaper. now there is a central authority it can collect “fiat currency” for network services and use it to pay the nodes. no need for cryptocurrency, exchanges, pools, speculators, or wallets, so much less temptation for bad behavior. [slide ] permissioned systems trust: 	the central authority. 	the software developers. 	the owners and operators of the nodes. 	the secrecy of a few private keys. this is now the list of entities you trust. trusting a central authority to determine the voter roll has eliminated the need to trust a whole lot of other entities. the permissioned system is more trustless and, since there is no need for pools, the network is more decentralized despite having fewer nodes. [slide ] 	faults	replicas 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 a byzantine quorum system of size could achieve better decentralization than proof-of-work mining at a much lower resource cost. decentralization in bitcoin and ethereum networks, adem efe gencer, soumya basu, ittay eyal, robbert van renesse and emin gün sirer how many nodes does your permissioned blockchain need? the rule for bft is that f + nodes can survive f simultaneous failures. that's an awful lot fewer than you need for a permissionless proof-of-work blockchain. what you get from bft is a system that, unless it encounters more than f simultaneous failures, remains available and operating normally. the problem with bft is that if it encounters more than f simultaneous failures, the state of the system is irrecoverable. if you want a system that can be relied upon for the long term you need a way to recover from disaster. successful permissionless blockchains have lots of copies keeping stuff safe, so recovering from a disaster that doesn't affect all of them is manageable. [slide ] 	 	source so in addition to implementing bft you need to back up the state of the system each block time, ideally to write-once media so that the attacker can't change it. but if you're going to have an immutable backup of the system's state, and you don't need continuous uptime, you can rely on the backup to recover from failures. in that case you can get away with, say, replicas of the blockchain in conventional databases, saving even more money. i've shown that, whatever consensus mechanism they use, permissionless blockchains are not sustainable for very fundamental economic reasons. these include the need for speculative inflows and mining pools, security linear in cost, economies of scale, and fixed supply vs. variable demand. proof-of-work blockchains are also environmentally unsustainable. the top cryptocurrencies are estimated to use as much energy as the netherlands. this isn't to take away from nakamoto's ingenuity; proof-of-work is the only consensus system shown to work well for permissionless blockchains. the consensus mechanism works, but energy consumption and emergent behaviors at higher levels of the system make it unsustainable. [slide ] 	 	mentions in s&p quarterlies still new to nyc, but i met this really cool girl. energy sector analyst or some such. four dates in, she uncovers my love for bitcoin. completely ghosted. zack voell s&p companies are slowly figuring out that there is no there there in blockchains and cryptocurrencies, and they're not the only ones: so if both permissionless and permissioned blockchains are fatally flawed, and experts in both cryptography and economics have been saying so for many years, how come they are generally perceived as huge successes? the story starts in the early s with david chaum. his work on privacy was an early inspiration for the cypherpunks. many of the cypherpunks were libertarians, so the idea of money not controlled by governments was attractive. but chaum's pioneering digicash was centralized, a fatal flaw in their eyes. it would be two decades before the search for a practical decentralized cryptocurrency culminated with nakamoto's bitcoin. [slide ] bitcoin failed at every one of nakamoto's aspirations here. the price is ridiculously volatile and has had multiple bubbles; the unregulated exchanges (with no central bank backing) front-run their customers, paint the tape to manipulate the price, and are hacked or just steal their user's funds; and transaction fees and the unreliability of transactions make micropayments completely unfeasible. david gerard a parallel but less ideological thread was the idea that the business model for the emerging internet was micropayments. this was among the features nakamoto touted for bitcoin in early , despite the idea having been debunked by clay shirky in and andrew odlyzko in . in fact, none of nakamoto's original goals worked out in practice. but nakamoto was not just extremely clever in the way he assembled the various component technologies into a cryptocurrency, he also had exceptionally good timing. his paper was posted on st october , and met three related needs: 	just days earlier, on th september lehman brothers had gone bankrupt, precipitating the global financial crisis (the gfc). 	the gfc greatly increased the demand for flight capital in china. 	mistaking pseudonymity for anonymity, vendors and customers on the dark web found bitcoin a reassuring means of exchange. a major reason bitcoin was attractive to the libertarian cypherpunks was that many were devotees of the austrian economics cult. because there would only ever be million bitcoin, they believed that, like gold, the price would inevitably increase. consider a currency whose price is doomed to increase. it is a mechanism for transferring wealth from later adopters, called suckers, to early adopters, called geniuses. and the cypherpunks were nothing if not early adopters of technology. sure enough, a few of the geniuses turned into "whales", hodl-ing the vast majority of the bitcoin. the gini coefficient of cryptocurrencies is an interesting research question; it is huge but probably less than nouriel roubini's claim of . . the whales needed to turn large amounts of cryptocurrency in their wallets into large numbers in a bank account denominated in "fiat currency". to do this they needed to use an exchange to sell cryptocurrency to a sucker for dollars, and then transfer the dollars from the exchange's bank account into their bank account. [slide ] we’ve had banking hiccups in the past, we’ve just always been able to route around it or deal with it, open up new accounts, or what have you … shift to a new corporate entity, lots of cat and mouse tricks. phil potter of the bitfinex exchange. fowler opened numerous u.s.-based business bank accounts at several different banks, and in opening and using these accounts fowler and yosef falsely represented to those banks that the accounts would be primarily used for real estate investment transactions even though fowler and yosef knew that the accounts would be used, and were in fact used, by fowler, yosef and others to transmit funds on behalf of an unlicensed money transmitting business related to the operation of cryptocurrency exchanges. us vs. reginald fowler and ravid yosef for the exchange to have a bank account, it had to either conform to or evade the "know your customer/anti-money laundering" laws. the whole point of cryptocurrencies is to avoid dealing with banks and laws such as kyc/aml, so most exchanges chose to evade kyc/aml by a cat-and-mouse game of fraudulent accounts. once the banks caught on to the cat-and-mouse game, most exchanges could not trade cryptocurrency for fiat currency. to continue, they needed a "stablecoin", a cryptocurrency fixed against the us dollar as a substitute for actual dollars. the guys behind bitfinex, one of the sketchier exchanges, invented tether. they claimed their usdt was backed one-for-one by usd, promising an audit would confirm this. but before an audit appeared they fired their auditors. earlier this year, after the new york attorney general sued them, they claimed it was % backed by usd (except when they accidentally create billion usdt), and revealed an m usd hole in bitfinex' accounts. [slide ] "approximately % of this volume is fake and/or non-economic in nature, and that the real market for bitcoin is significantly smaller, more orderly, and more regulated than commonly understood." bitwise asset management's detailed comments to the sec about btc/usdt trading on unregulated exchanges. according to blockchain.info, about $ m worth of bitcoin was traded on friday on the main dollar-based exchanges. which sounds decent until you notice that about $ bn worth of tether was traded on friday, according to coinmarketcap. jemima kelly, ft alphaville there were many usdt exchanges, and competition was intense. customers wanted the exchange with the highest volume for their trades, so these exchanges created huge volumes of wash trades to inflate their volume. around % of all cryptocurrency trades are fake. [slide ] "an upset mt. gox creditor analyses the data from the bankruptcy trustee’s sale of bitcoins. he thinks he’s demonstrated incompetent dumping by the trustee — but actually shows that a “market cap” made of million btc can be crashed by selling , btc, over months, at market prices, which suggests there is no market." david gerard. because there was so little real trading between cryptocurrencies and usd, trades of the size the whales needed would crash the price. it was thus necessary to pump the price before even part of their hodlings could be dumped on the suckers. [slide ] p&ds have dramatic short-term impacts on the prices and volumes of most of the pumped tokens. in the first seconds after the start of a p&d, the price increases by % on average, trading volume increases times, and the average -second absolute return reaches %. a quick reversal begins seconds after the start of the p&d. ... for an average p&d, investors make one bitcoin (about $ , ) in profit, approximately one-third of a token’s daily trading volume. the trading volume during the minutes before the pump is % of the total volume during the minutes after the pump. this implies that an average trade in the first minutes after a pump has a % chance of trading against these insiders and on average they lose more than % ( %* %). cryptocurrency pump-and-dump schemes tao li, donghwa shin and baolian wang off-chain collusion among cryptocurrency traders allows for extremely profitable pump-and-dump schemes, especially given the thin trading in "alt-coins". but the major pumps, such as the one currently under way, come from the creation of huge volumes of usdt, in this case about one billion usdt per month. [slide ] 	 	issuance of usdt [in april] there were about $ billion worth of tethers on the market. since then, tether has gone on a frenzied issuance spree. in the month of may, the stablecoin company pumped out $ billion worth of tethers into the market. and this month, it is on track for another $ billion. currently, there are roughly $ . billion worth of tethers sloshing around in the bitcoin markets. whether this money is backed by real dollars is anyone's guess. amy castor who would believe that pushing a billion "dollars" a month that can only be used to buy cryptocurrency into the market might cause people to buy cryptocurrency and drive the price up? if we believe bitfinex that the % of usdt that isn't usd is in cryptocurrencies, that might provide a motive for a massive pump to recover, say, m usd in losses. i want to end by talking about a technology with important implications for software supply chain security that looks like, but isn't a blockchain. [slide ] a green padlock (with or without an organization name) indicates that: 	you are definitely connected to the website whose address is shown in the address bar; the connection has not been intercepted. 	the connection between firefox and the website is encrypted to prevent eavesdropping. how do i tell if my connection to a website is secure? mozilla how do i know that i'm talking to the right web site? because there's a closed padlock icon in the url bar, right? the padlock icon appears when the browser has verified that the connection to the url in the url bar supplied a certificate for the site in question carrying a signature chain ending in one of the root certificates the browser trusts. browsers come with a default list of root certificates from certificate authorities (cas). my current firefox browser trusts root certificates from unique organizations, among them foreign governments but not the us government. some of the organizations whose root certificates my browser trusts are known to have abused this trust, allowing miscreants to impersonate sites, spy on users and sign malware so it appears to be coming from, for example, microsoft or apple. [slide ] a crucial technical property of the https authentication model is that any ca can sign certificates for any domain name. in other words, literally anyone can request a certificate for a google domain at any ca anywhere in the world, even when google itself has contracted one particular ca to sign its certificate. security collapse in the https market, axel arnbak et al for example, google discovered that "symantec cas have improperly issued more than , certificates". but browsers still trust symantec cas; their market share is so large the web would collapse if they didn't. as things stand, clients have no way of knowing whether the root of trust for a certificate, say for the library of congress, is the one the library intended, or a spoof from some ca in turkey or china. in google started work on an approach based on ronald reagan's "trust but verify" paradigm, called certificate transparency (ct). the basic idea is to accompany the certificate with a hash of the certificate signed by a trusted third party, attesting that the certificate holder told the third party that the certificate with that hash was current. thus in order to spoof a service, an attacker would have to both obtain a fraudulent certificate from a ca, and somehow persuade the third party to sign a statement that the service had told them the fraudulent certificate was current. clearly this is: 	more secure than the current situation, which requires only compromising a ca, and: 	more effective than client-only approaches, which can detect that a certificate has changed but not whether the change was authorized. clients now need two lists of trusted third parties, the cas and the sources of ct attestations. the need for these trusted third parties is where the blockchain enthusiasts would jump in and claim (falsely) that using a blockchain would eliminate the need for trust. in the real world it isn't feasible to solve the problem of untrustworthy cas by eliminating the need for trust. ct's approach instead is to provide a mechanism by which breaches of trust, both by the cas and by the attestors, can be rapidly and unambiguously detected. this can be done because: 	certificate owners obtain attestations from multiple sources, who are motivated not to conspire. clients can verify these multiple attestations. 	the attestors publish merkle trees of their attestations, which can be verified by their competitors. [slide ] 	each log operates independently. 	each log gets its content directly from the cas, not via replication from other logs. 	each log contains a subset of the total information content of the system. 	there is no consensus mechanism operating between the logs, so it cannot be abused by, for example, a % attack. 	monitoring and auditing is asynchronous to web content delivery, so denial of service against the monitors and auditors cannot prevent clients obtaining service. certificate transparency david s. h. rosenthal how do i know i'm running the right software, and no-one has implanted a backdoor? right now, there is no equivalent of ct for the signatures that purport to verify software downloads, and this is one reason for the rash of software supply chain attacks. the open source community has a long-standing effort to use ct-like techniques not merely to enhance the reliability of the signatures on downloads, but more importantly to verify that a binary download was compiled from the exact source code it claims to represent. the reason this project is taking a long time is that it is woefully under-funded, and it is a huge amount of work. it depends on ensuring that the build process for each package is reproducible, so that given the source code and the build specification, anyone can run the build and generate bit-for-bit identical results. to give you some idea of how hard this is, the uk government has been working with huawei since to make their router software builds reproducible so they know the binaries running in the uk's routers match the source code huawei disclosed. huawei expects to finish this program in . with a few million dollars in funding, in a couple of years the open source community could finish making the major linux distributions reproducible and implement ct-like assurance that the software you were running matched the source code in the repositories, with no hidden backdoors. i would think this would be something the dod would be interested in. thank you for your attention, i'm ready for questions. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 the topics of the questions i remember were: ) use of cryptocurrency for money laundering and terrorism funding. ) enforcement actions by governments. ) use of blockchain technology by major corporations. ) pr for libertarian politics by cryptocurrency hodlers. ) relative security of decentralized vs. centralized blockchains. i will add shortly comments addressing them, with links to sources. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 ) use of cryptocurrency for money laundering and terrorism funding. in general it is a bad idea to commit crimes using an immutable public blockchain. pseudonymous blockchains such as bitcoin's require extremely careful op-sec if the pseudonym is not to be linked to web trackers and cookies (see, for example, when the cookie meets the blockchain: privacy risks of web payments via cryptocurrencies by steven goldfeder et al). there are cryptocurrencies with stronger privacy features, such as zcash and monero. these are more popular among malefactors than bitcoin. but turning cryptocurrencies into fiat currency with which to buy your lamborghini while remaining anonymous faces difficulties. users of exchanges that observe kyc/aml, such as coinbase, will need to explain the source of funds to the tax authorities. the irs recently sent letters to coinbase users reminding them of their obligation to report the gains and losses on every single transaction. north korea is reputed to be very active in stealing cryptocurrency via exchange hacks and other techniques. ) enforcement actions by governments. see my post regulating cryptocurrencies and the comments to it. ) use of blockchain technology by major corporations. see, for example, blockchain for international development: using a learning agenda to address knowledge gaps by john burg, christine murphy, & jean paul pétraud. and this, from david gerard: "bundesbank and deutsche boerse try settlements on the blockchain. you’ll be amazed to hear that it was slower and more expensive. “despite numerous tests of blockchain-based prototypes, a real breakthrough in application is missing so far.” but at least it “in principle fulfilled all basic regulatory features for financial transactions.” 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 ) pr for libertarian politics by cryptocurrency hodlers. john mcafee is running for us president. see also laurie penny's must-read four days trapped at sea with crypto’s nouveau riche. ) relative security of decentralized vs. centralized blockchains. as i described above, at scale anything claiming to be a "decentralized blockchain" isn't going to be decentralized. economic forces will have centralized it around a small number of mining pools. see decentralization in bitcoin and ethereum networks by adem efe gencer, soumya basu, ittay eyal, robbert van renesse and emin gün sirer. its security will depend upon those pools not conspiring together, among many other things (slide ). centralized, permissioned blockchains have fewer vulnerabilities, but their central authority is a single point of failure. iirc the questioner used the phrase " % secure". no networked computer system is ever % secure. ) i seem to remember also a question on pump-and-dump schemes. the current pump is via tether. social capital has a series explaining tether and the "stablecoin" scam: * pumps, spoofs and boiler rooms * tether, part one: the stablecoin dream * tether, part two: pokedex * tether, part three: crypto island 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 north korea took $ billion in cyberattacks to fund weapons program: u.n. report by michelle nichols reports that: "north korea has generated an estimated $ billion for its weapons of mass destruction programs using “widespread and increasingly sophisticated” cyberattacks to steal from banks and cryptocurrency exchanges, according to a confidential u.n. report seen by reuters on monday." 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 timothy b. lee debunks the idea of bitcoin for purchases in i tried to pay with bitcoin at a mexico city bar—it didn’t go well: "so we gave up and paid with a conventional credit card. after leaving the bar, i sent off an email to the support address listed on my receipt. the next morning, i got a response: "transactions under [ , pesos] are taking a day to two, in the course of today they will reach the wallet." i finally got my bitcoins around pm." the bar is called bitcoin embassy: "does bitcoin embassy pay its employees in bitcoin? "i always tell them i can pay you in bitcoin if you want to, but they don't want to," ortiz says." 	 august , at : am 	 david. said... 	 clare duffy reports that the fed is getting into the real-time payments business: "the fed announced monday that it will develop a real-time payment service called "fednow" to help move money around the economy more quickly. it's the kind of government service that companies and consumers have been requesting for years — one that already exists in other countries. the service could also compete with solutions already developed in the private sector by big banks and tech companies. the fed itself is not setting up a consumer bank, but it has always played a behind-the-scenes role facilitating the movement of money between banks and helping to verify transactions. this new system would help cut down on the amount of time between when money is deposited into an account and when it is available for use. fednow would operate all hours and days of the week, with an aim to launch in or . " "real-time payments" are something that enthusiasts see as a competitive edge for cryptocurrencies against fiat currencies. this is strange, for two reasons: ) in most countries except the us, instantaneous inter-bank transfers have been routine for years. but the enthusiasts are so ignorant of the way the world outside the us works that they don't know this. similar ignorance was evident in the way facebook thought that libra would "bank the unbanked" in the third world. ) cryptocurrency transfers are not in practice real-time. bitcoin users are advised to wait block times (one hour) before treating a transaction as confirmed. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 jemima kelly's when bitcoin bros talk cryptography provides an excellent example of the hype surrounding cryptocurrencies. anthony pompliano, a "crypto fund manager" who "has over half his net worth in bitcoin" was talking (his book) to cnbc and: "when one of the cnbc journalists put it to pomp that just because bitcoin is scarce that doesn’t necessarily make it valuable, as “there are a lot of things that are scarce that nobody cares about”, pomp said:     of course. look, if you don’t believe in bitcoin, you’re essentially saying you don’t believe in cryptography. have a watch for yourself here (and count the seconds it takes for the others to recover from his comment, around the . mark):" the video is here. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 more on the fed's real-time payment proposal in the fed is going to revamp how americans pay for things. big banks aren’t happy from mit technology review. 	 august , at : am 	 david. said... 	 trail of bits has released: "findings from the full final reports for twenty-three paid security audits of smart contract code we performed, five of which have been kept private. the public audit reports are available online, and make informative reading. we categorized all smart-contract related findings from these reports" the bottom line is that smart contracts are programs, and programs have bugs. using current automated tools can find some but not all of them. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 brenna smith's the evolution of bitcoin in terrorist financing makes interesting and somewhat scary reading: "terrorists’ early attempts at using cryptocurrencies were filled with false starts and mistakes. however, terrorists are nothing if not tenacious, and through these mistakes, they’ve grown to have a highly sophisticated understanding of blockchain technology. this investigation outlines the evolution of terrorists’ public bitcoin funding campaigns starting from the beginning and ending with the innovative solutions various groups have cooked up to make the technology work in their favor." 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 larry cermak has a twitter thread that starts: "it’s now obvious that icos were a massive bubble that's unlikely to ever see a recovery. the median ico return in terms of usd is - % and constantly dropping. let's look at some data!" hat tip to david gerard. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the abstract for the european central bank's in search for stability in crypto-assets: are stablecoins the solution? reads: "stablecoins claim to stabilise the value of major currencies in the volatile crypto-asset market. this paper describes the often complex functioning of different types of stablecoins and proposes a taxonomy of stablecoin initiatives. to this end it relies on a novel framework for their classification, based on the key dimensions that matter for crypto-assets, namely: (i) accountability of issuer, (ii) decentralisation of responsibilities, and (iii) what underpins the value of the asset. the analysis of different types of stablecoins shows a trade-off between the novelty of the stabilisation mechanism used in an initiative (from mirroring the traditional electronic money approach to the alleged introduction of an “algorithmic central bank”) and its capacity to maintain a stable market value. while relatively less innovative stablecoins could provide a solution to users seeking a stable store of value, especially if legitimised by the adherence to standards that are typical of payment services, the jury is still out on the potential future role of more innovative stablecoins outside their core user base." 	 august , at : am 	 david. said... 	 david gerard writes: "tethers as erc- tokens on the ethereum blockchain are so popular that they’re flooding ethereum with transactions, and clogging the blockchain — “yesterday i had to wait and half hours for a standard transfer to go through.” ethereum is the world computer, as long as you don’t try to use it for any sort of real application. another million tethers were also printed today." 	 september , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 david gerard has been researching libra, and has two posts up on the topic. today's is switzerland’s guidance on stablecoins — what it means for facebook’s libra: "libra will need to register as a bank and as a payment provider (a money transmitter). it probably won’t need to register as a collective investment scheme for retail investors. finma notes explicitly: “the highest international anti-money laundering standards would need to be ensured throughout the entire ecosystem of the project” — and that libra in particular requires an “internationally coordinated approach.” so the effective consequence is that libra will be a coin for well-documented end users in highly regulated rich countries, and not so available in poorer ones." yesterday's was your questions about facebook libra — as best as we can answer them as yet (my emphasis): "as i write this, calibra.com, the big splash page for calibra, doesn’t work in firefox — only in chrome. this is how companies behave toward products they don’t really take seriously. facebook also forgot to buy the obvious typo, colibra.com — which is a domain squatter holding page." facebook is under mounting anti-trust pressure, both in the us and elsewhere, and it is starting to look like cost-of-doing-business fines are no longer the worst that can happen. my take on libra is that facebook is floating it as a bargaining chip - in the inevitable negotiations on enforcement measures facebook can sacrifice libra to protect more valuable assets. 	 september , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 claire jones and izabella kaminska's libra is imperialism by stealth points out that, in practice, currency-backed stablecoins like libra and ( % of) tether are tied to the us dollar. argentina and zimbabwe are just two examples showing how bad an idea dollarizing your economy is: "a common criticism against dollarisation (and currency blocs) is that they are a form of neocolonialism, handing global powers -- whether they are states or tech behemoths -- another means of exercising control over more vulnerable players. stablecoins backed by dollar assets are part of the same problem, which is why we believe their adoption in places like argentina would constitute imperialism by stealth." 	 september , at : am 	 david. said... 	 dan goodin writes about a statement from the us treasury announcing sanctions against north korean hacking groups: "north korean hacking operations have also targeted virtual asset providers and cryptocurrency exchanges, possibly in an attempt to obfuscate revenue streams used to support the countries weapons programs. the statement also cited industry reports saying that the three north korean groups likely stole about $ million in cryptocurrency from five exchanges in asia between january and september . news agencies including reuters have cited a united nations report from last month that estimated north korean hacking has generated $ billion for the country’s weapons of mass destruction programs." 	 september , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 tether slammed as “part-fraud, part-pump-and-dump, and part-money laundering” by jemima kelly suggests some forthcoming increase in transparency about tether: "a class-action lawsuit was filed against tether, bitfinex (a sister crypto exchange), and a handful of others. the suit was made public on monday, having been filed on saturday in court of the southern district of new york by vel freedman and kyle roche. notably, they are the same lawyers who recently (and successfully) sued craig wright on behalf of ira kleiman." 	 october , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the abstract of cryptodamages: monetary value estimates of the air pollution and human health impacts of cryptocurrency mining by goodkind et al reads: "cryptocurrency mining uses significant amounts of energy as part of the proof-of-work time-stamping scheme to add new blocks to the chain. expanding upon previously calculated energy use patterns for mining four prominent cryptocurrencies (bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin, and monero), we estimate the per coin economic damages of air pollution emissions and associated human mortality and climate impacts of mining these cryptocurrencies in the us and china. results indicate that in , each $ of bitcoin value created was responsible for $ . in health and climate damages in the us and $ . in china. the similar value in china relative to the us occurs despite the extremely large disparity between the value of a statistical life estimate for the us relative to that of china. further, with each cryptocurrency, the rising electricity requirements to produce a single coin can lead to an almost inevitable cliff of negative net social benefits, absent perpetual price increases. for example, in december , our results illustrate a case (for bitcoin) where the health and climate change “cryptodamages” roughly match each $ of coin value created. we close with discussion of policy implications." 	 october , at : am 	 david. said... 	 ian allison's foreign exchange giant cls admits: no, we don’t need a blockchain for that starts: "blockchain technology is nice to have, but it’s hardly a must for rewiring the global financial markets. so says alan marquard, chief strategy and development officer at cls group, the global utility for settling foreign exchange trades, owned by the largest banks active in that market. nearly a year ago, it went live with clsnet, touted as “the first global fx market enterprise application running on blockchain in production,” with megabanks goldman sachs, morgan stanley, and bank of china (hong kong) on board. clsnet was built on hyperledger fabric, the enterprise blockchain platform developed by ibm. but a blockchain was not the obvious solution for netting down high volumes of fx trades in currencies, marquard said recently." 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 preston byrne's fear and loathing on the blockchain: leibowitz et al. v. ifinex et al. is a must-read summary of the initial pleadings in the civil case just filed against tether and bitfinex. byrne explains how the risks for the defendants are different from earlier legal actions: "being a civil case, protections bitfinex might be able to rely on in other contexts, such as the fourth amendment in any criminal action, arguing that the martin act doesn't confer jurisdiction over bitfinex's activities, or arguing that an administrative subpoena served on it by the new york attorney general is overbroad, won't apply here. discovery has the potential to be broader and deeper than bitfinex has shown, to date, that it is comfortable with. the consequence of defaulting could be financially catastrophic. the burden of proof is lower, too, than it would be with a criminal case (balance of probabilities rather than beyond a reasonable doubt)." 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 david gerard provides some good advice: "if you’re going to do crimes, don’t do them on a permanent immutable public ledger of all transactions — and especially, don’t do crimes reprehensible enough that everyone gets together to come after you." from the chainalysis blog: "today, the department of justice announced the shutdown of the largest ever child pornography site by amount of material stored, along with the arrest of its owner and operator. more than site users across countries have also been arrested so far. most importantly, as of today, at least minors were identified and rescued from their abusers as a result of this investigation. u.s. attorney jessie k. liu put it best: “children around the world are safer because of the actions taken by u.s. and foreign law enforcement to prosecute this case and recover funds for victims.” commenting on the investigation itself, irs-criminal investigations chief don fort mentioned the importance of the sophisticated tracing of bitcoin transactions in order to identify the administrator of the website. we’re proud to say that chainalysis products provided assistance in this area, helping investigators analyze the website’s cryptocurrency transactions that ultimately led to the arrests. ... when law enforcement shut down the site, they siezed over terabytes of child pornography, making it one of the largest siezures of its kind. the site had . million bitcoin addresses registered. between and , the site received nearly $ , worth of bitcoin across thousands of individual transactions." 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 tim swanson has updated his post from august entitled how much electricity is consumed by bitcoin, bitcoin cash, ethereum, litecoin, and monero? which concluded as much as the netherlands. in have pow blockchains become less resource intensive? he concludes that: "in aggregate, based on the numbers above, these five pow coins likely consume between . billion kwh and . billion kwh annually. that’s somewhere around switzerland on the low end to finland or pakistan near the upper end. it is likely much closer to the upper bound because the calculations above all assumed little energy loss ‘at the wall’ when in fact there is often % or more energy loss depending on the setup. this is a little lower than last year, where we used a similar method and found that these pow networks may consume as much resources as the netherlands. why the decline? all of it is due to the large decline in coin prices over the preceding time period. again, miners will consume resources up to the value of a block reward wherein the marginal cost to mine equals the marginal value of the coin (mc=mv)." 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 what's blockchain actually good for, anyway? for now, not much by gregory barber has a wealth of examples of blockchain hype fizzling but, being a journalist, he can't bring himself to reach an actual conclusion: "“decentralized” projects represent a tiny portion of corporate blockchain efforts, perhaps percent, says apolline blandin, a researcher at the cambridge centre for alternative finance. the rest take shortcuts. so-called permissioned blockchains borrow ideas and terms from bitcoin, but cut corners in the name of speed and simplicity. they retain central entities that control the data, doing away with the central innovation of blockchains. blandin has a name for those projects: “blockchain memes.” hype and lavish funding fueled many such projects. but often, the same applications could be built with less-splashy technology. as the buzzwords wear off, some have begun asking, what’s the point?" 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 patrick mckenzie's tether: the story so far is now the one-stop go-to explainer for tether and bitfinex: "a friend of mine, who works in finance, asked me to explain what tether was. short version: tether is the internal accounting system for the largest fraud since madoff. read on for the long version." you need to follow his advice. 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 a lone bitcoin whale likely fueled surge, study finds by matthew leising and matt robinson reports on an update to 's is bitcoin really un-tethered?: "one entity on the cryptocurrency exchange bitfinex appears capable of sending the price of bitcoin higher when it falls below certain thresholds, according to university of texas professor john griffin and ohio state university’s amin shams. griffin and shams, who have updated a paper they first published in , say the transactions rely on tether, a widely used digital token that is meant to hold its value at $ ." 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 today's news emphasizes that using "trustless" systems requires trusting a lot more than just the core software. first, dan goodin's official monero website is hacked to deliver currency-stealing malware: "the supply-chain attack came to light on monday when a site user reported that the cryptographic hash for a command-line interface wallet downloaded from the site didn't match the hash listed on the page. over the next several hours, users discovered that the miss-matching hash wasn't the result of an error. instead, it was an attack designed to infect getmonero users with malware. site officials later confirmed that finding." second, david gerard reports that canada’s einstein exchange shuts down — and all the money’s gone: "yet another canadian crypto exchange goes down — this time, the einstein exchange in vancouver, british columbia, canada, which was shut down by the british columbia securities commission on november. yesterday, november, the news came out that there’s nothing left at all — the money and cryptos are gone." 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 jonathan syu tweets: "the whole decentralization experiment is really just an attempt to figure out what's the maximum amount of control i can maintain over a system without having any legal accountability over what happens to it." 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 electronic voting machines mean you can't trust the result of the election, but there are even worse ways to elect politicians. one is internet voting. but among the very worst is to use (drum-roll) blockchain technology! to understand why it is so bad, read what we don’t know about the voatz “blockchain” internet voting system by david jefferson, duncan buell, kevin skogland, joe kiniry and joshua greenbaum. the list of unknowns covers ten pages, and every one should disqualify the system from use. 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 nathaniel rich's ponzi schemes, private yachts, and a missing $ million in crypto: the strange tale of quadriga is a great illustration of the kind of people you have to trust to use trustless cryptocurrencies. the subhead reads: "when canadian blockchain whiz gerald cotten died unexpectedly last year, hundreds of millions of dollars in investor funds vanished into the crypto ether. but when the banks, the law, and the forces of reddit tried to track down the cash, it turned out the young mogul may not have been who he purported to be." it is a fascinating story - go read it. 	 november , at : am 	 david. said... 	 among the people you have to trust to use a trustless system are the core developers. people like virgil griffith, a core ethereum developer. read about him in david gerard's virgil griffith arrested over north korea visit — engineer arrogance, but on the blockchain and see whether you think he's trustworthy. 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 i'm shocked, shocked to find illegal activities going on here!. celia wan reports that: "there are over $ million worth of illicit activities conducted via xrp, and a large portion of these activities are scams and ponzi schemes, elliptic, a blockchain analytics startup, found in its research. the uk-based startup announced on wednesday that it can now track the transactions of xrp, marking the th digital assets the firm supports. according to elliptic co-founder tom robinson, the firm is the first to have transaction monitoring capacity for xrp and it has already identified several hundred xrp accounts related to illegal activities." 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 jemima kelley's when is a blockchain startup not a blockchain startup? recounts yet another company discovering that permissioned blockchains are just an inefficient way to implement things you can do with a regular database: "it’s awkward when you set up a business around a technology that you reckon is going to disrupt global finance so you name your business after said technology, send your ceo on speaking tours to evangelise about said technology, but then decide that said technology isn’t going to do anything useful for you, isn’t it? digital asset was one of the pioneers of blockchain-in-finance, with the idea that it could make clearing and trade settlement sexy again (well ok maybe not but at least make it faster and more efficient). its erstwhile ceo blythe masters, a glamorous former jp executive who was credited with/blamed for pioneering credit-default swaps, trotted around the globe telling people that blockchain was “email for money”. ... what is unique about this “blockchain start-up” is that although it is designed to work with blockchain platforms, it can actually work with any old database." 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 more dents in the credibility of the btc "price" from yashu gola's how a whale crashed bitcoin to sub-$ , overnight: "bitcoin lost billions of dollars worth of valuation within a -minutes timeframe as a chinese cryptocurrency scammer allegedly liquidated its steal via over-the-counter markets. the initial sell-off by plustoken caused a domino effect, causing mass liquidations. plustoken, a fraud scheme that duped investors of more than $ bn, dumped huge bitcoin stockpiles from its anonymous accounts, according to chainalysis." 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 plustoken scammers didn’t just steal $ + billion worth of cryptocurrency. they may also be driving down the price of bitcoin from chainalysis has the details of the plustoken scammers use of the huboi exchange to cash out the winnings from their ponzi scheme. and there is more where that came from: "they’ve cashed out at least , of that initial , eth, while the other , has been sitting untouched in a single ethereum wallet for months. the flow of the , stolen bitcoin is more complicated. so far, roughly , of it has been cashed out." 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in china electricity crackdown sparks concerns, paul muir reports on yet another way in which bitcoin mining is centralized: "a recent crackdown in china on bitcoin miners who were using electricity illegally – about , machines were seized in hebei and shanxi provinces – raises concerns about the danger of so much of the leading cryptocurrency’s hash rate being concentrated in the totalitarian country, according to a crypto industry observer. ... however, he pointed out that just four regions in china account for % of the world’s hash rate and siachen alone is responsible for %. therefore, if china decides to shut down network access, it could be very problematic." 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 catalin cimpanu's chrome extension caught stealing crypto-wallet private keys is yet another example of the things you have to trust to work in the "trustless" world of cryptocurrencies: "a google chrome extension was caught injecting javascript code on web pages to steal passwords and private keys from cryptocurrency wallets and cryptocurrency portals. the extension is named shitcoin wallet (chrome extension id: ckkgmccefffnbbalkmbbgebbojjogffn), and was launched last month, on december ." 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 in blockchain, all over your face, jemima kelly writes: "enter the “blockchain creme” from cosmetique bio naturelle suisse (translation: swiss organic natural cosmetics). we thought it must be a joke when we first heard about it ... but yet here it is, being sold on the actual internet:" 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 adriana hamacher's is this the end of malta's reign as blockchain island? reports on reality breaking in on malta's blockchain hype: "malta’s technicolor blockchain dream has turned an ominous shade of grey. last weekend, prime minister joseph muscat—chief architect of the tiny mediterranean island’s pioneering policies in blockchain, gaming and ai—was obliged to step down amid the crisis surrounding the murder of investigative journalist daphne caruana galizia." it appears that the government's response to her criticisms was to put a large bomb in her car: "anonymous maltese blogger bugm, one of many determined to bring caruana galizia’s killers to justice, believes that an aggressively pro-blockchain policy was seized upon by the government to distract attention from the high-profile murder investigation that ensued." the whole article is worth a read. 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 jill carlson's trust no one. not even a blockchain is a skeptical response to emily parker’s credulous the truth is all there is. but in focusing on "garbage in, garbage out" carlson is insufficiently skeptical about the immutability of blockchains. 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 david canellis reports that bitcoin gold hit by % attacks, $ k in cryptocurrency double-spent: "malicious cryptocurrency miners took control of bitcoin btc gold‘s blockchain recently to double-spend $ , worth of btg. bad actors assumed a majority of the network‘s processing power (hash rate) to re-organize the blockchain twice between thursday and friday last week: the first netted attackers , btg ($ , ), and the second roughly , btg ($ , ). cryptocurrency developer james lovejoy estimates the miners spent just $ , to perform each of the attacks, based on prices from hash rate marketplace nicehash. this marks the second and third times bitcoin gold has suffered such incidents in two years." mutating immutability can be profitable. investing $ . k to get $ k is a , % return in days. find me another investment with that rate of return! 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 john nugée's what libra means for money creation points out two big problems that libra, or any private stablecoin system, would have for the economy: "the introduction of libra threatens to split the banking sector’s currently unified balance sheet, by moving a significant proportion of customer deposits (that is, the banking system’s liabilities) to the digital currency issuers, while leaving customer loans and overdrafts (the banking system’s assets) with the banks. the inevitable result of this would be to force the banks to reduce the asset side of their balance sheet to match the reduced liability side – in other words reduce their loans. this would almost certainly lead to a major credit squeeze, which would be highly damaging to economic activity." and: "it is by no means clear that such a private sector payment system would be cheaper to operate than the existing bank-based system even on the narrow point of cost per transaction, particularly if, as seems probable, one digital currency soon becomes dominant to the exclusion of competitors. but there is the wider issue of whether society is advantaged by big tech creaming off yet more money from the economy into an unaccountable, untaxable and often overseas behemoth." 	 february , at : am 	 david. said... 	 yet another company doing real stuff that started out enthusiastic finds out they don't need a blockchain: "we have run several pocs integrating blockchain technology but we so far decided to run our core services without blockchain technology. meaning, the solutions that we are already providing are working fine without dlt." 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 drug dealer loses codes for € . m bitcoin accounts by conor lally reports that btc are frozen in wallets for which the codes have been lost. presumably there is a fairly constant average background rate at which btc are frozen in this way, in effect being destroyed. btc are being created by the block reward, which is decreasing. eventually, the rate of creation will fall below the rate of freezing and the universe of usable btc will shrink, driving the value of the remaining btc "to the moon" 	 february , at : am 	 david. said... 	 david gerard summarizes libra: "libra can only work if libra can evade regulation — and simultaneously, that no system that libra’s competing with can evade regulation. and regulators would have to let libra do this, for some reason. i’m not convinced." 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 trolly mctrollface's theory about the backing for tether is worth considering: "we all know miners need real cash to pay their electricity bills. they could sell their rewards on exchanges - which someone (cough tether cough) would have to buy, to prevent $btc from crashing. but when everyone knows that everyone knows, something different happens. tether has real money, because bitfinex has real money from sheering muppets dumb enough to trade on its exchange. but why would they buy miners' bitcoins, when they can loan them the money instead, and get a death grip on their balls? tether is secured by these loans, not cash. in any case, tether would be secured by loans, not cash. nobody keeps $ b in cash in a bank account, especially not the kind of bank that would accept tether's pedo laundromat money. too much credit risk. ... what if, ... you called up bitcoin miners, and offered them a lifeline, promising them to pay their electricity bills, in exchange of a small favour - a promise they won't sell their bitcoin for a while? let's put these bitcoins in escrow, or, in finance words, let's offer miners a loan secured by their bitcoins. miners are happy because they can pay their bills without going through all the trouble of selling their rewards, while tether is happy because, well, when someone owes you a lot of money, you have a metaphorical gun to his head." hat tip to david gerard, who writes: "in just six weeks, tether’s circulation has doubled to billion usdt! gosh, those stablecoins sure are popular! ... don’t believe those tether conspiracy theorists who think that . billion tethers being pumped into the crypto markets since march has anything to do with keeping the bitcoin price pumped" 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 jemima kelly's goldman sachs betrays bitcoin reports that goldman has seen the light: "we believe that a security whose appreciation is primarily dependent on whether someone else is willing to pay a higher price for it is not a suitable investment for our clients." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 crimes on a public immutable ledger are risky, as three alleged perpetrators of the twitter hack discovered: "three individuals have been charged today for their alleged roles in the twitter hack that occurred on july , , the us department of justice has announced. ... the cyber crimes unit “analyzed the blockchain and de-anonymized bitcoin transactions allowing for the identification of two different hackers. this case serves as a great example of how following the money, international collaboration, and public-private partnerships can work to successfully take down a perceived anonymous criminal enterprise,” agent jackson said." 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 implausibly good opsec is necessary if you're committing crimes on an immutable public ledger. tim cushing's fbi used information from an online forum hacking to track down one of the hackers behind the massive twitter attack reveals how mason john sheppard was exposed as one of the perpetrators when his purchase of a video game username sent bitcoin to address zsdvpv rkdiqn v v w fdqvk pdf . the fbi found this in a public database resulting from the compromise of an on-line forum: "available on various websites since approximately april . on or about april , , the fbi obtained a copy of this database. the fbi found that the database included all public forum postings, private messages between users, ip addresses, email addresses, and additional user information. also included for each user was a list of the ip addresses that user used to log into the service along with a corresponding date and timestamp." 	 august , at : am 	 david. said... 	 alex de vries' bitcoin’s energy consumption is underestimated: a market dynamics approach shows that: "most of the currently used methods to estimate bitcoin’s energy demand are still prone to providing optimistic estimates. this happens because they apply static assumptions in defining both market circumstances (e.g. the price of available electricity) as well as the subsequent behavior of market participants. in reality, market circumstances are dynamic, and this should be expected to affect the preferences of those participating in the bitcoin mining industry. the various choices market participants make ultimately determines the amount of resources consumed by the bitcoin network. it will be shown that, when starting to properly consider the previous dynamics, even a conservative estimate of the bitcoin network’s energy consumption per september ( ) would be around . twh annually (comparable to a country like belgium)" tip of the hat to david gerard. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in the tether whitepaper and you, cas piancey goes through the tether "white paper" with a fine-tooth comb: "since many tether defenders are intent on making arguments about the actual promises tether has committed to (ie; “tether isn’t a cryptocurrency!” “tether doesn’t need to be fully backed!”), it felt like the right time to run through as much of the tether whitepaper as possible. hopefully, through a long-form analysis of the whitepaper (which hasn’t been updated), we can come to conclusions about what promises tether has kept, and what promises tether has broken." one guess as to how many it has kept! hat tip to david gerard. 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in ibm blockchain is a shell of its former self after revenue misses, job cuts: sources ian allison reports that reality has dawned at ibm: "ibm has cut its blockchain team down to almost nothing, according to four people familiar with the situation. job losses at ibm escalated as the company failed to meet its revenue targets for the once-fêted technology by % this year, according to one of the sources. “ibm is doing a major reorganization,” said a source at a startup that has been interviewing former ibm blockchain staffers. “there is not really going to be a blockchain team any longer. most of the blockchain people at ibm have left.” ibm’s blockchain unit missed its revenue targets by a wide margin for two years in a row, said a second source. expectations for enterprise blockchain were too high, they said, adding that ibm “didn’t really manage to execute, despite doing a lot of announcements.” a spokesperson for ibm denied the claims." 	 february , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ▼  july ( ) 	blockchain briefing for dod 	boeing's corporate suicide 	carl malamud's text mining project 	not to pick on toyota 	the eff vs. dmca section 	finn brunton's "digital cash" 	the web is a low-trust society 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. learning (lib)tech – stories from my life as a technologist 	 		skip to content 		 			 				 					 											learning (lib)tech 											stories from my life as a technologist 									 									menu 					 													 									about me 	about this blog 	contact me 							 						 													 									twitter 	github 	linkedin 	flickr 	rss 							 											 							 					 		 	 		 		 			 			 	 		 		reflection: my third year at gitlab and becoming a non-manager leader 	 				 				wow, years at gitlab. since i left teaching, because almost all my jobs were contracts, i haven’t been anywhere for more than years, so i find it interesting that my longest term is not only post-librarian-positions, but at a startup! year was full on pandemic year and it was a busy one. due to the travel restrictions, i took less vacation than previous years, and i’ll be trying to make up for that a little by taking this week off. 			 			 	 	 		 wow, years at gitlab. since i left teaching, because almost all my jobs were contracts, i haven’t been anywhere for more than years, so i find it interesting that my longest term is not only post-librarian-positions, but at a startup! year was full on pandemic year and it was a busy one. due to the travel restrictions, i took less vacation than previous years, and i’ll be trying to make up for that a little by taking this week off. when i started it’s only been years, but the company has grown considerably. when i started, there were people (with team members currently who started before me), and gitlab now has over team members. july at @gitlab is starting off with some exciting news 🎉. the gitlab team is now + strong. to put that into perspective, that is % growth since feb and % growth from yr ago 😍📈 — nadiavatalidis (@nadiavat) july , with time, i learnt what it meant to live by the gitlab values, and even though the company has grown and there are "growing pains", the company hasn’t changed a lot. i’m thankful to all the people who have had a major influence on what i think it means to "live the values" though many are no longer at gitlab. i have to say @lkozloff who pushed me to be the best that i could be, giving me what i needed to always keep moving forward. also those who lead by example and whom i’ve learnt a lot about #gitlab values from: @sytses @_victorwu_ @remotejeremy @clemmakesapps @mvremmerden — cynthia "arty" ng (@therealarty) march , despite all the changes around me and the pandemic, i’ve only ever had two managers while at gitlab, which helped me settle in, grow, and influence others in turn. if you want to learn more about my first two years at gitlab, please check out my previous reflections: 	my first year at gitlab and becoming senior 	my second year at gitlab and on becoming senior again working on (o)krs after my promotion to senior last year, i started being more involved in okrs (objective key results). the okrs are owned by managers and they’re accountable for them, but as managers are supposed to do, much of the work itself can be delegated to others. i was responsible for tracking progress on a joint docs okr last year, and running the retrospective on how it went in support. i also helped revamp support onboarding by: 	merging the support agent (deprecated position) with outdated .com engineer onboarding, 	creating a console training module, 	reorganizing onboarding content to remove redundancies, filling in missing content, and making tasks more consistent for new team members, 	creating a documentation training module, 	creating a code contribution training module, 	and probably more that i’ve forgotten. more recently, i’ve started working with my manager to come up with krs that are (not okrs for the team, but) goals for me to fulfill within a specified time span (typically a quarter). for example, as part of our efforts to "coalesce" the team so that everyone works on tickets in both products (saas and self-managed), i have an epic to ensure everyone is cross-trained. training was considered out of scope of the areas of focus workgroup that came up with the changes that are coming, but it’s definitely a requirement for fully implementing the changes we want to make. so, i took on the epic as something i would lead this quarter. it’s a bit stalled at the moment waiting on managers, but i’m sure i’ll get it done within the timeline that the managers expect. while looking at the level of work i was doing, shortly after my re-promotion to senior, my manager suggested that we start working on the next promotion document. on not getting promoted to staff earlier this year, i wrote about choosing not to pursue the management track at least for now. the main reason was that going into management means shifting your focus to your direct reports, while i believe i can be successful as a manager (having been a manager before), i know that shifting back to a technical individual contributor role might be difficult for various reasons. as a result, i began to pursue a promotion to staff support engineer. discussions on #careerdevelopment are much more open @gitlab than anywhere else i've been largely, thanks to our #transparency value. if you want a glimpse into becoming a staff #support team member, the video of my discussion with @lkozloff is public! https://t.co/x hzwabd q — cynthia "arty" ng (@therealarty) january , after submitting my promotion document, it got rejected. it hit me fairly hard at the time. despite being told i was doing great work, getting the promotion rejected was a blow to my confidence. i also got the news while my manager was away, so i’m grateful to izzy fee, another support manager, who stepped in to have the "hard" conversation with me. in a follow up meeting with my senior manager, it turns out, we weren’t aligned on what we believed are the company needs for support. so, it wasn’t surprising that it got rejected. partly, it was my manager and my own fault for not writing the document to talk about how my promotion would fill a company need. so, pro-tip, if a promotion is reliant on not just merit, but also a "company need", then talk to your manager’s manager before writing your promotion document, not after. it was a really good discussion nonetheless. we agreed that while i wouldn’t be fulfilling the biggest need that we currently have (being a staff level engineer who is an expert and can lead training and ramp up of others for supporting kubernetes and highly-available self-managed instances), i could potentially fill a less urgent but still important need on increasing efficiency. the idea is to help answer question of > how could we handle double the support tickets with the same number of team members we have now? i’ve been working on a number of "support efficiency" pieces, and helping my manager with some of his okrs that focus on that as well. the best example of increased efficiency, especially with low effort, is when i figured out that limiting self-serve deletion drove up our account deletion requests. in cutting it down by at least half, i’ve saved the company an estimated support engineer’s salary’s worth. at the moment, i haven’t gone back to revising my promotion document. instead, i’ve been focused on moving ahead with training, onboarding and training others, and working on the project-type work. i’m also hoping that some of the work i’m doing this quarter will add to the document. the more i discuss the possible promotion to staff though, the more i wonder if i really want it. i’m happy doing what i do now, and i don’t want the time i’m not working on tickets and mentoring others to be solely focused on the company need that i’m supposed to be fulfilling. so, we’ll see. we’ve always said that there’s nothing wrong with staying an intermediate, so i simply need to remind myself that there’s nothing wrong with staying a senior. becoming a non-manager leader i believe my main accomplishment of the last year is becoming a leader (without having moved to the managerial level). at gitlab, we have a list of leadership competencies with a list on how they apply at the various individual contributor levels within support. i don’t review the list regularly, so it’s not like i consider it a list where i check off the boxes to say i’m doing those things. i like to think that instead, i’ve internalized a lot of the gitlab values and became a leader through helping, mentoring, and coaching others; thinking about and actioning on improvements; and most of all, leading by example. as usual, i continued to help improve training in general such as creating self-assessment quizzes for saml training and scim training, and doing a scim deep dive session. more than that though, i take opportunities to help others identify when they can take what they’ve learnt and spread the knowledge as well. primarily, i do this by helping others make documentation and handbook contributions, and i often do documentation reviews, especially for newer team members. of course, that’s just one example. i also regularly meet with other team members to talk about how they’re doing, and particularly, career path and growth. while team members are generally talking to their managers about their career path, most of the support managers we currently have started within the last . years, so don’t necessarily have the knowledge of learning opportunities, promotions, and career paths within gitlab that i’ve gained. for example, many at gitlab don’t know that we have an internship for learning program where you can "intern" for another team. being an individual contributor can also be a very different experience for some, because we are expected to be a manager of one and many aren’t used to self-leadership and very importantly, making their work known to their manager, especially at performance review time. i’m sure i could go on, but i’ll move on instead. being a leader outside of the "work" it’s important to contribute and be a leader outside of the expected work as well, which in support means outside of answering tickets, process improvements, and contributing to the product. i strive to be one of the people who are influential and make an impact as others have done for me, like those i mentioned near the beginning of this post (who outside of my manager were not part of my team). this year, i become a member of the women’s team member resource group’s learning and development subcommittee with helping to facilitate learning pathways we’ve created. there’s no official list of members, but i started attending the meetings and help with the initiatives we decide on. while i hesitated at first since i wasn’t sure i could make it, i’ve signed up to be a contribute ambassador for our next event in september. ambassadors are volunteers that do everything they can to assist the organizers make the event a success. interestingly, one of the organizers messaged me on the last day for sign ups that she was hoping to see me apply. it was certainly great to hear. i also wanted to do a fun, more social thing for the team, so at the end of last year, i organized a "secret santa" gift exchange for the support team. again, there’s probably more, and certainly some which i started in previous years that i’ve continued, but i decided to pull out just a small number of examples. the feedback on being a non-manager leader while it can be hard to gauge how much of an impact you truly have, i’ve gotten bits and pieces of feedback from both individual contributors and managers in the past few months. a number of the team members have expressed their appreciation in having a non-manager’s perspective on how to prioritize work, record work done, make work visible to their manager, and move forward in learning and career development. i often have a "manager’s perspective" because i’ve worked as one, and i do my best to apply coaching skills as well. so, i sometimes have a fairly different perspective and approach to these discussions than other individual contributors on the team. a couple of the managers have occasionally shared stories with me as well on the impact that i’ve had on their direct reports. once it was how i strategized and provided options on a possible solution to customer problem. another time was how welcoming i made a new team member feel. of course, the best anecdotes are the ones from the individuals themselves. i’ve had a team member say they look up to me and aspire to work like me. my manager told me he learns a lot from me. someone from another team recently said they remember how welcoming i was to them when they started (more than a year ago). the most memorable is still this one: chatting with one of the new support team members and had them tell me their decision to join #gitlab was due to my blog posts. apparently they read all of them and decided "that looks like a great place to work" < https://t.co/epdrtitn b — cynthia "arty" ng (@therealarty) august , from the positive feedback i’ve received so far, i like to think that the whole aspiring to be a non-manager leader thing is working. external contributions and podcasts i have always made sure to partake in some external contributions including conference volunteering and mentorship programs. somehow this past year ended up being one for podcasts as well: 	co-guest with amy quails from the technical writing team on the writethedocs podcast 	the journey into tech series guest speaker on another gitlab team member’s podcast, brown tech bae 	sharing knowledge and training in support engineering on customers support leaders podcast i hope to continue being involved in the technical writing, library, and support communities as the years go on. here’s to year ! this year’s post is not as linear of a story, but i believe that’s a result of going from a new(er) team member still developing and growing in a role to someone who is more settled into the role, picking out highlights of the year. we’ll see what year ’s reflection is like to prove or disprove my theory. if you made it to the end, thanks for reading! hope to see you again next year! your prize is a happy quokka. =d 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on june , july , categories updatetags gitlab, reflectionleave a comment on reflection: my third year at gitlab and becoming a non-manager leader			 	 		 		ubc ischool career talk series: journey from libtech to tech 	 	 	 	 		the ubc ischool reached out to me recently asking me to talk about my path from getting my library degree to ending up working in a tech company. below is the script for my portion of the talk, along with a transcription of the questions i answered. continue reading “ubc ischool career talk series: journey from libtech to tech” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on march , march , categories events, librarianshiptags career growth, reflectionleave a comment on ubc ischool career talk series: journey from libtech to tech			 	 		 		choosing not to go into management (again) 	 	 	 	 		often, to move up and get a higher pay, you have to become a manager, but not everyone is suited to become a manager, and sometimes given the preference, it’s not what someone wants to do. thankfully at gitlab, in every engineering team including support, we have two tracks: technical (individual contributor), and management. continue reading “choosing not to go into management (again)” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on february , march , categories work culturetags career growth, management, reflection comment on choosing not to go into management (again)			 	 		 		prioritization in support: tickets, slack, issues, and more 	 	 	 	 		i mentioned in my gitlab reflection that prioritization has been quite different working in support compared to other previous work i’ve done. in most of my previous work, i’ve had to take “desk shifts” but those are discreet where you’re focused on providing customer service during that period of time and you can focus on other things the rest of the time. in support, we have to constantly balance all the different work that we have, especially in helping to ensure that tickets are responded to within the service level agreement (sla). it doesn’t always happen, but i ultimately try to reach inbox (with read-only items possibly left), and gitlab to-do by the end of the every week. people often ask me how i manage to do that, so hopefully this provides a bit of insight. continue reading “prioritization in support: tickets, slack, issues, and more” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on december , december , categories methodologytags productivityleave a comment on prioritization in support: tickets, slack, issues, and more			 	 		 		reflection part : my second year at gitlab and on becoming senior again 	 	 	 	 		this reflection is a direct continuation of part of my time at gitlab so far. if you haven’t, please read the first part before beginning this one. continue reading “reflection part : my second year at gitlab and on becoming senior again” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on june , january , categories update, work culturetags gitlab, organizational culture, reflection comment on reflection part : my second year at gitlab and on becoming senior again			 	 		 		reflection part : my first year at gitlab and becoming senior 	 	 	 	 		about a year ago, i wrote a reflection on summit and contribute, our all staff events, and later that year, wrote a series of posts on the gitlab values and culture from my own perspective. there is a lot that i mention in the blog post series and i’ll try not to repeat myself (too much), but i realize i never wrote a general reflection at year , so i’ve decided to write about both years now but split into parts. continue reading “reflection part : my first year at gitlab and becoming senior” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on june , january , categories update, work culturetags gitlab, organizational culture, reflection comment on reflection part : my first year at gitlab and becoming senior			 	 		 		is blog reading dead? 	 	 	 	 		there was a bit more context to the question, but a friend recently asked me: what you do think? is blogging dead? continue reading “is blog reading dead?” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on may , may , categories updatetags reflectionleave a comment on is blog reading dead?			 	 		 		working remotely at home as a remote worker during a pandemic 	 	 	 	 		i’m glad that i still have a job, that my life isn’t wholly impacted by the pandemic we’re in, but to say that nothing is different just because i was already a remote worker would be wrong. the effect the pandemic is having on everyone around you has affects your life. it seems obvious to me, but apparently that fact is lost on a lot of people. i’d expect that’s not the case for those who read my blog, but i thought it’d be worth reflecting on anyway. continue reading “working remotely at home as a remote worker during a pandemic” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on may , may , categories work culturetags remoteleave a comment on working remotely at home as a remote worker during a pandemic			 	 		 		code libbc lightning talk notes: day  	 	 	 	 		code libbc day lightning talk notes! continue reading “code libbc lightning talk notes: day  ” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on november , categories eventstags authentication, big data, c lbc, code, code lib, digital collections, privacy, reference, teachingleave a comment on code libbc lightning talk notes: day  			 	 		 		code libbc lightning talk notes: day  	 	 	 	 		code libbc day lightning talk notes! continue reading “code libbc lightning talk notes: day  ” 	 	 		author cynthiaposted on november , categories eventstags c lbc, digital collections, intranet, marc, metadata, teachingleave a comment on code libbc lightning talk notes: day  			 	 		posts navigation 		page page … page next page 	 		 	 	 					 			 				cynthia 				technologist, librarian, metadata and technical services expert, educator, mentor, web developer, uxer, accessibility advocate, documentarian 			 			 			 				view full profile →			 			follow us 				 							 								twitter 							 						 	 							 								linkedin 							 						 	 							 								github 							 						 	 							 								telegram 							 						 			 	 		search for: 		 	 	search categories 				events 	librarianship 	library 	academic 	public 	special 	tours 	methodology 	project work 	technology 	tools 	update 	web design 	work culture 			follow via email 			 				enter your email address to receive notifications of new posts by email. 				 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 follow 			 	 		 		 							 						about me 	about this blog 	contact me 				 			 							 						twitter 	github 	linkedin 	flickr 	rss 				 			 			 								learning (lib)tech 								 			 		 	 		 		 	 		 	 	 	 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												 													you must be logged in to post a comment.												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 				 		 zbw labs jump to navigation 	english 	deutsch main menu 	news 	about us news data donation to wikidata, part : country/subject dossiers of the th century press archives - - by joachim neubert the world's largest public newspaper clippings archive comprises lots of material of great interest particularly for authors and readers in the wikiverse. zbw has digitized the material from the first half of the last century, and has put all available metadata under a cc license. more so, we are donating that data to wikidata, by adding or enhancing items and providing ways to access the dossiers (called "folders") and clippings easily from there. pressemappe . jahrhundert wikidata   	read more about data donation to wikidata, part : country/subject dossiers of the th century press archives 	log in or register to post comments building the swib participants map - - by joachim neubert   here we describe the process of building the interactive swib participants map, created by a query to wikidata. the map was intended to support participants of swib to make contacts in the virtual conference space. however, in compliance with gdpr we want to avoid publishing personal details. so we choose to publish a map of institutions, to which the participants are affiliated. (obvious downside: the un-affiliated participants could not be represented on the map). we suppose that the method can be applied to other conferences and other use cases - e.g., the downloaders of scientific software or the institutions subscribed to an academic journal. therefore, we describe the process in some detail. wikidata for authorities linked data   	read more about building the swib participants map 	log in or register to post comments journal map: developing an open environment for accessing and analyzing performance indicators from journals in economics - - by timo borst by franz osorio, timo borst introduction bibliometrics, scientometrics, informetrics and webometrics have been both research topics and practical guidelines for publishing, reading, citing, measuring and acquiring published research for a while (hood ). citation databases and measures had been introduced in the s, becoming benchmarks both for the publishing industry and academic libraries managing their holdings and journal acquisitions that tend to be more selective with a growing number of journals on the one side, budget cuts on the other. due to the open access movement triggering a transformation of traditional publishing models (schimmer ), and in the light of both global and distributed information infrastructures for publishing and communicating on the web that have yielded more diverse practices and communities, this situation has dramatically changed: while bibliometrics of research output in its core understanding still is highly relevant to stakeholders and the scientific community, visibility, influence and impact of scientific results has shifted to locations in the world wide web that are commonly shared and quickly accessible not only by peers, but by the general public (thelwall ). this has several implications for different stakeholders who are referring to metrics in dealing with scientific results:   	with the rise of social networks, platforms and their use also by academics and research communities, the term 'metrics' itself has gained a broader meaning: while traditional citation indexes only track citations of literature published in (other) journals, 'mentions', 'reads' and 'tweets', albeit less formal, have become indicators and measures for (scientific) impact. 	altmetrics has influenced research performance, evaluation and measurement, which formerly had been exclusively associated with traditional bibliometrics. scientists are becoming aware of alternative publishing channels and both the option and need of 'self-advertising' their output. 	in particular academic libraries are forced to manage their journal subscriptions and holdings in the light of increasing scientific output on the one hand, and stagnating budgets on the other. while editorial products from the publishing industry are exposed to a global competing market requiring a 'brand' strategy, altmetrics may serve as additional scattered indicators for scientific awareness and value. against this background, we took the opportunity to collect, process and display some impact or signal data with respect to literature in economics from different sources, such as 'traditional' citation databases, journal rankings and community platforms resp. altmetrics indicators: 	citec. the long-standing citation service maintainted by the repec community provided a dump of both working papers (as part of series) and journal articles, the latter with significant information on classic impact factors such as impact factor ( and years) and h-index. 	rankings of journals in economics including scimago journal rank (sjr) and two german journal rankings, that are regularly released and updated (vhb jourqual, handelsblatt ranking). 	usage data from altmetric.com that we collected for those articles that could be identified via their digital object identifier. 	usage data from the scientific community platform and reference manager mendeley.com, in particular the number of saves or bookmarks on an individual paper. requirements a major consideration for this project was finding an open environment in which to implement it. finding an open platform to use served a few purposes. as a member of the "leibniz research association," zbw has a commitment to open science and in part that means making use of open technologies to as great extent as possible (the zbw - open scienc...). this open system should allow direct access to the underlying data so that users are able to use it for their own investigations and purposes. additionally, if possible the user should be able to manipulate the data within the system. the first instance of the project was created in tableau, which offers a variety of means to express data and create interfaces for the user to filter and manipulate data. it also can provide a way to work with the data and create visualizations without programming skills or knowledge. tableau is one of the most popular tools to create and deliver data visualization in particular within academic libraries (murphy ). however, the software is proprietary and has a monthly fee to use and maintain, as well as closing off the data and making only the final visualization available to users. it was able to provide a starting point for how we wanted to the data to appear to the user, but it is in no way open. challenges the first technical challenge was to consolidate the data from the different sources which had varying formats and organizations. broadly speaking, the bibliometric data (citec and journal rankings) existed as a spread sheet with multiple pages, while the altmetrics and mendeley data came from a database dumps with multiple tables that were presented as several csv files. in addition to these different formats, the data needed to be cleaned and gaps filled in. the sources also had very different scopes. the altmetrics and mendeley data covered only journals, the bibliometric data, on the other hand, had more than , journals. transitioning from tableau to an open platform was big challenge. while there are many ways to create data visualizations and present them to users, the decision was made to use r to work with the data and shiny to present it. r is used widely to work with data and to present it (kläre ). the language has lots of support for these kinds of task over many libraries. the primary libraries used were r plotly and r shiny. plotly is a popular library for creating interactive visualizations. without too much work plotly can provide features including information popups while hovering over a chart and on the fly filtering. shiny provides a framework to create a web application to present the data without requiring a lot of work to create html and css. the transition required time spent getting to know r and its libraries, to learn how to create the kinds of charts and filters that would be useful for users. while shiny alleviates the need to create html and css, it does have a specific set of requirements and structures in order to function. the final challenge was in making this project accessible to users such that they would be able to see what we had done, have access to the data, and have an environment in which they could explore the data without needing anything other than what we were providing. in order to achieve this we used binder as the platform. at it's most basic binder makes it possible to share a jupyter notebook stored in a github repository with a url by running the jupyter notebook remotely and providing access through a browser with no requirements placed on the user. additionally, binder is able to run a web application using r and shiny. to move from a locally running instance of r shiny to one that can run in binder, instructions for the runtime environment need to be created and added to the repository. these include information on what version of the language to use,  which packages and libraries to install for the language, and any additional requirements there might be to run everything. solutions given the disparate sources and formats for the data, there was work that needed to be done to prepare it for visualization. the largest dataset, the bibliographic data, had several identifiers for each journal but without journal names. having the journals names is important because in general the names are how users will know the journals. adding the names to the data would allow users to filter on specific journals or pull up two journals for a comparison. providing the names of the journals is also a benefit for anyone who may repurpose the data and saves them from having to look them up. in order to fill this gap, we used metadata available through research papers in economics (repec). repec is an organization that seeks to "enhance the dissemination of research in economics and related sciences". it contains metadata for more than million papers available in different formats. the bibliographic data contained repec handles which we used to look up the journal information as xml and then parse the xml to find the title of the journal.  after writing a small python script to go through the repec data and find the missing names there were only journals whose names were still missing. for the data that originated in an mysql database, the major work that needed to be done was to correct the formatting. the data was provided as csv files but it was not formatted such that it could be used right away. some of the fields had double quotation marks and when the csv file was created those quotes were put into other quotation marks resulting doubled quotation marks which made machine parsing difficult without intervention directly on the files. the work was to go through the files and quickly remove the doubled quotation marks. in addition to that, it was useful for some visualizations to provide a condensed version of the data. the data from the database was at the article level which is useful for some things, but could be time consuming for other actions. for example, the altmetrics data covered only journals but had almost , rows. we could use the python library pandas to go through the all those rows and condense the data down so that there are only rows with the data for each column being the sum of all rows. in this way, there is a dataset that can be used to easily and quickly generate summaries on the journal level. shiny applications require a specific structure and files in order to do the work of creating html without needing to write the full html and css. at it's most basic there are two main parts to the shiny application. the first defines the user interface (ui) of the page. it says what goes where, what kind of elements to include, and how things are labeled. this section defines what the user interacts with by creating inputs and also defining the layout of the output. the second part acts as a server that handles the computations and processing of the data that will be passed on to the ui for display. the two pieces work in tandem, passing information back and forth to create a visualization based on user input. using shiny allowed almost all of the time spent on creating the project to be concentrated on processing the data and creating the visualizations. the only difficulty in creating the frontend was making sure all the pieces of the ui and server were connected correctly. binder provided a solution for hosting the application, making the data available to users, and making it shareable all in an open environment. notebooks and applications hosted with binder are shareable in part because the source is often a repository like github. by passing a github repository to binder, say one that has a jupyter notebook in it, binder will build a docker image to run the notebook and then serve the result to the user without them needing to do anything. out of the box the docker image will contain only the most basic functions. the result is that if a notebook requires a library that isn't standard, it won't be possible to run all of the code in the notebook. in order to address this, binder allows for the inclusion in a repository of certain files that can define what extra elements should be included when building the docker image. this can be very specific such as what version of the language to use and listing various libraries that should be included to ensure that the notebook can be run smoothly. binder also has support for more advanced functionality in the docker images such as creating a postgres database and loading it with data. these kinds of activities require using different hooks that binder looks for during the creation of the docker image to run scripts. results and evaluation the final product has three main sections that divide the data categorically into altmetrics, bibliometrics, and data from mendeley. there are additionally some sections that exist as areas where something new could be tried out and refined without potentially causing issues with the three previously mentioned areas. each section has visualizations that are based on the data available. considering the requirements for the project, the result goes a long way to meeting the requirements. the most apparent area that the journal map succeeds in is its goals is of presenting data that we have collected. the application serves as a dashboard for the data that can be explored by changing filters and journal selections. by presenting the data as a dashboard, the barrier to entry for users to explore the data is low. however, there exists a way to access the data directly and perform new calculations, or create new visualizations. this can be done through the application's access to an r-studio environment. access to r-studio provides two major features. first, it gives direct access to the all the underlying code that creates the dashboard and the data used by it. second, it provides an r terminal so that users can work with the data directly. in r-studio, the user can also modify the existing files and then run them from r-studio to see the results. using binder and r as the backend of the applications allows us to provide users with different ways to access and work with data without any extra requirements on the part of the user. however, anything changed in r-studio won't affect the dashboard view and won't persist between sessions. changes exist only in the current session. all the major pieces of this project were able to be done using open technologies: binder to serve the application, r to write the code, and github to host all the code. using these technologies and leveraging their capabilities allows the project to support the open science paradigm that was part of the impetus for the project. the biggest drawback to the current implementation is that binder is a third party host and so there are certain things that are out of our control. for example, binder can be slow to load. it takes on average + minutes for the docker image to load. there's not much, if anything, we can do to speed that up. the other issue is that if there is an update to the binder source code that breaks something, then the application will be inaccessible until the issue is resolved. outlook and future work the application, in its current state, has parts that are not finalized. as we receive feedback, we will make changes to the application to add or change visualizations. as mentioned previously, there a few sections that were created to test different visualizations independently of the more complete sections, those can be finalized. in the future it may be possible to move from binderhub to a locally created and administered version of binder. there is support and documentation for creating local, self hosted instances of binder. going that direction would give more control, and may make it possible to get the docker image to load more quickly. while the application runs stand-alone, the data that is visualized may also be integrated in other contexts. one option we are already prototyping is integrating the data into our subject portal econbiz, so users would be able to judge the scientific impact of an article in terms of both bibliometric and altmetric indicators.   references 	 william w. hood, concepcion s. wilson. the literature of bibliometrics, scientometrics, and informetrics. scientometrics , – springer science and business media llc, . link 	 r. schimmer. disrupting the subscription journals’ business model for the necessary large-scale transformation to open access. ( ). link 	 mike thelwall, stefanie haustein, vincent larivière, cassidy r. sugimoto. do altmetrics work? twitter and ten other social web services. plos one , e public library of science (plos), . link 	 the zbw - open science future. link 	 sarah anne murphy. data visualization and rapid analytics: applying tableau desktop to support library decision-making. journal of web librarianship , – informa uk limited, . link 	 christina kläre, timo borst. statistic packages and their use in research in economics | edawax - blog of the project ’european data watch extended’. edawax - european data watch extended ( ). link journal map - binder application for displaying and analyzing metrics data about scientific journals 	read more about journal map: developing an open environment for accessing and analyzing performance indicators from journals in economics 	log in or register to post comments integrating altmetrics into a subject repository - econstor as a use case - - by wolfgang riese back in the zbw leibniz information center for economics (zbw) teamed up with the göttingen state and university library (sub), the service center of götting library federation (vzg) and gesis leibniz institute for the social sciences in the *metrics project funded by the german research foundation (dfg). the aim of the project was: “… to develop a deeper understanding of *metrics, especially in terms of their general significance and their perception amongst stakeholders.” (*metrics project about). in the practical part of the project the following dspace based repositories of the project partners participated as data sources for online publications and – in the case of econstor – also as implementer for the presentation of the social media signals: 	econstor - a subject repository for economics and business studies run by the zbw, currently (aug. ) containing round about , downloadable files, 	goescholar - the publication server of the georg-august-universität göttingen run by the sub göttingen, offering approximately , publicly browsable items so far, 	ssoar - the “social science open access repository” maintained by gesis, currently containing about , publicly available items. in the work package “technology analysis for the collection and provision of *metrics” of the project an analysis of currently available *metrics technologies and services had been performed. as stated by [wilsdon ], currently suppliers of altmetrics “remain too narrow (mainly considering research products with dois)”, which leads to problems to acquire *metrics data for repositories like econstor with working papers as the main content. as up to now it is unusual – at least in the social sciences and economics – to create dois for this kind of documents. only the resulting final article published in a journal will receive a doi. based on the findings in this work package, a test implementation of the *metrics crawler had been built. the crawler had been actively deployed from early to spring at the vzg. for the aggregation of the *metrics data the crawler had been fed with persistent identifiers and metadata from the aforementioned repositories. at this stage of the project, the project partners still had the expectation, that the persistent identifiers (e.g. handle, urns, …), or their local url counterparts, as used by the repositories could be harnessed to easily identify social media mentions of their documents, e.g. for econstor: 	handle: “hdl: /…” 	handle.net resolver url: “http(s)://hdl.handle.net/ /…” 	econstor landing page url with handle: “http(s)://www.econstor.eu/handle/ /…” 	econstor bitstream (pdf) url with handle: “http(s)://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/ /…” integrating altmetrics data into econstor 	read more about integrating altmetrics into a subject repository - econstor as a use case 	log in or register to post comments th century press archives: data donation to wikidata - - by joachim neubert zbw is donating a large open dataset from the th century press archives to wikidata, in order to make it better accessible to various scientific disciplines such as contemporary, economic and business history, media and information science, to journalists, teachers, students, and the general public. the th century press archives (pm ) is a large public newspaper clippings archive, extracted from more than different sources published in germany and all over the world, covering roughly a full century ( - ). the clippings are organized in thematic folders about persons, companies and institutions, general subjects, and wares. during a project originally funded by the german research foundation (dfg), the material up to has been digitized. , folders with more than two million pages up to are freely accessible online.  the fine-grained thematic access and the public nature of the archives makes it to our best knowledge unique across the world (more information on wikipedia) and an essential research data fund for some of the disciplines mentioned above. the data donation does not only mean that zbw has assigned a cc license to all pm metadata, which makes it compatible with wikidata. (due to intellectual property rights, only the metadata can be licensed by zbw - all legal rights on the press articles themselves remain with their original creators.) the donation also includes investing a substantial amount of working time (during, as planned, two years) devoted to the integration of this data into wikidata. here we want to share our experiences regarding the integration of the persons archive metadata. linked data   open data   	read more about th century press archives: data donation to wikidata 	log in or register to post comments zbw's contribution to "coding da vinci": dossiers about persons and companies from th century press archives - - by joachim neubert at th and th of october, the kick-off for the "kultur-hackathon" coding da vinci is held in mainz, germany, organized this time by glam institutions from the rhein-main area: "for five weeks, devoted fans of culture and hacking alike will prototype, code and design to make open cultural data come alive." new software applications are enabled by free and open data. for the first time, zbw is among the data providers. it contributes the person and company dossiers of the th century press archive. for about a hundred years, the predecessor organizations of zbw in kiel and hamburg had collected press clippings, business reports and other material about a wide range of political, economic and social topics, about persons, organizations, wares, events and general subjects. during a project funded by the german research organization (dfg), the documents published up to (about , million pages) had been digitized and are made publicly accessible with according metadata, until recently solely in the "pressemappe . jahrhundert" (pm ) web application. additionally, the dossiers - for example about mahatma gandhi or the hamburg-bremer afrika linie - can be loaded into a web viewer. as a first step to open up this unique source of data for various communities, zbw has decided to put the complete pm metadata* under a cc-zero license, which allows free reuse in all contexts. for our coding da vinci contribution, we have prepared all person and company dossiers which already contain documents. the dossiers are interlinked among each other. controlled vocabularies (for, e.g., "country", or "field of activity") provide multi-dimensional access to the data. most of the persons and a good share of organizations were linked to gnd identifiers. as a starter, we had mapped dossiers to wikidata according to existing gnd ids. that allows to run queries for pm dossiers completely on wikidata, making use of all the good stuff there. an example query shows the birth places of pm economists on a map, enriched with images from wikimedia commons. the initial mapping was much extended by fantastic semi-automatic and manual mapping efforts by the wikidata community. so currently more than % of the dossiers about - often rather prominent - pm persons are linked not only to wikidata, but also connected to wikipedia pages. that offers great opportunities for mash-ups to further data sources, and we are looking forward to what the "coding da vinci" crowd may make out of these opportunities. technically, the data has been converted from an internal intermediate format to still quite experimental rdf and loaded into a sparql endpoint. there it was enriched with data from wikidata and extracted with a construct query. we have decided to transform it to json-ld for publication (following practices recommended by our hbz colleagues). so developers can use the data as "plain old json", with the plethora of web tools available for this, while linked data enthusiasts can utilize sophisticated semantic web tools by applying the provided json-ld context. in order to make the dataset discoverable and reusable for future research, we published it persistently at zenodo.org. with it, we provide examples and data documentation. a github repository gives you additional code examples and a way to address issues and suggestions. * for the scanned documents, the legal regulations apply - zbw cannot assign licenses here.   pressemappe . jahrhundert linked data   	read more about zbw's contribution to "coding da vinci": dossiers about persons and companies from th century press archives 	log in or register to post comments wikidata as authority linking hub: connecting repec and gnd researcher identifiers - - by joachim neubert in the econbiz portal for publications in economics, we have data from different sources. in some of these sources, most notably zbw's "econis" bibliographical database, authors are disambiguated by identifiers of the integrated authority file (gnd) - in total more than , . data stemming from "research papers in economics" (repec) contains another identifier: repec authors can register themselves in the repec author service (ras), and claim their papers. this data is used for various rankings of authors and, indirectly, of institutions in economics, which provides a big incentive for authors - about , have signed into ras - to keep both their article claims and personal data up-to-date. while gnd is well known and linked to many other authorities, ras had no links to any other researcher identifier system. thus, until recently, the author identifiers were disconnected, which precludes the possibility to display all publications of an author on a portal page. to overcome that limitation, colleagues at zbw have matched a good , authors with ras and gnd ids by their publications (see details here). making that pre-existing mapping maintainable and extensible however would have meant to set up some custom editing interface, would have required storage and operating resources and wouldn't easily have been made publicly accessible. in a previous article, we described the opportunities offered by wikidata. now we made use of it. wikidata for authorities authority control   wikidata   	read more about wikidata as authority linking hub: connecting repec and gnd researcher identifiers 	log in or register to post comments new version of multi-lingual jel classification published in lod - - by joachim neubert the journal of economic literature classification scheme (jel) was created and is maintained by the american economic association. the aea provides this widely used resource freely for scholarly purposes. thanks to andré davids (ku leuven), who has translated the originally english-only labels of the classification to french, spanish and german, we provide a multi-lingual version of jel. it's lastest version (as of - ) is published in the formats rdfa and rdf download files. these formats and translations are provided "as is" and are not authorized by aea. in order to make changes in jel tracable more easily, we have created lists of inserted and removed jel classes in the context of the skos-history project. jel klassifikation für linked open data skos-history linked data   	read more about new version of multi-lingual jel classification published in lod 	log in or register to post comments economists in wikidata: opportunities of authority linking - - by joachim neubert wikidata is a large database, which connects all of the roughly wikipedia projects. besides interlinking all wikipedia pages in different languages about a specific item – e.g., a person -, it also connects to more than different sources of authority information. the linking is achieved by a „authority control“ class of wikidata properties. the values of these properties are identifiers, which unambiguously identify the wikidata item in external, web-accessible databases. the property definitions includes an uri pattern (called „formatter url“). when the identifier value is inserted into the uri pattern, the resulting uri can be used to look up the authoritiy entry. the resulting uri may point to a linked data resource - as it is the case with the gnd id property. this, on the one hand, provides a light-weight and robust mechanism to create links in the web of data. on the other hand, these links can be exploited by every application which is driven by one of the authorities to provide additional data: links to wikipedia pages in multiple languages, images, life data, nationality and affiliations of the according persons, and much more. wikidata item for the indian economist bina agarwal, visualized via the sqid browser wikidata for authorities wikidata   authority control   linked data   	read more about economists in wikidata: opportunities of authority linking 	log in or register to post comments integrating a research data repository with established research practices - - by timo borst authors: timo borst, konstantin ott in recent years, repositories for managing research data have emerged, which are supposed to help researchers to upload, describe, distribute and share their data. to promote and foster the distribution of research data in the light of paradigms like open science and open access, these repositories are normally implemented and hosted as stand-alone applications, meaning that they offer a web interface for manually uploading the data, and a presentation interface for browsing, searching and accessing the data. sometimes, the first component (interface for uploading the data) is substituted or complemented by a submission interface from another application. e.g., in dataverse or in ckan data is submitted from remote third-party applications by means of data deposit apis [ ]. however the upload of data is organized and eventually embedded into a publishing framework (data either as a supplement of a journal article, or as a stand-alone research output subject to review and release as part of a ‘data journal’), it definitely means that this data is supposed to be made publicly available, which is often reflected by policies and guidelines for data deposit. institutional view on research data 	read more about integrating a research data repository with established research practices 	log in or register to post comments pages 	 	 	 	next › 	last » tags in dbpedia - web taxonomy your browser does not support canvas. 	application programming interface 	authority control 	drupal 	economics 	electronic publishing 	impact factor 	linked data 	organizer 	recommender system 	repository (publishing) 	thesaurus 	wikidata search form search (rdf/xml, turtle, nt)   imprint   privacy powered by drupal dshr's blog: mempool flooding dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, june , mempool flooding in unstoppable code? i discussed joe kelly's suggestion for how governments might make it impossible to transact bitcoin by mounting a % attack using seized mining rigs. that's not the only way to achieve the same result, so below the fold i discuss an alternative approach that could be used alone or in combination with kelly's concept. the lifecycle of the transaction the goal is to prevent transactions in a cryptocurrency based on a permissionless blockchain. we need to understand how transactions are supposed to work in order to establish their attack surface: 	transactions transfer cryptocurrency between inputs and outputs identified by public keys (or typically hashes of the keys). 	the input creates a proposed transaction specifying the amount for each output, and a miner fee, then signs it with their private key. 	the proposed transaction is broadcast to the mining pools, typically by what amounts to a gossip protocol. 	mining pools validate the proposed transactions they receive and add them to a database of proposed transactions, typically called the "mempool". 	when a mining pool starts trying to mine a block, they choose some of the transactions from their mempool to include in it. typically, they choose transactions (or sets of dependent transactions) that yield the highest fee should their block win. 	once a transaction is included in a winning block, or more realistically in a sequence of winning blocks, it is final. attack surface my analysis of the transaction lifecycle's attack surface may well not be complete, but here goes: 	the security of funds before a proposed transaction depends upon the private key remaining secret. the darkside ransomware group lost part of their takings from the colonial pipeline compromise because the fbi knew the private key of one of their wallets. 	the gossip protocol makes proposed transactions public. a public "order book" is necessary because the whole point of a permissionless blockchain is to avoid the need for trust between particpants. this leads to the endemic front-running i discussed in the order flow, and which naz automated (see how to front-run in ethereum). 	the gossip protocol is identifiable traffic, which isps could be required to block. 	the limited blocksize and fixed block time limit the rate at which transactions can leave the mempool. thus when the transaction demand exceeds this rate the mempool will grow. mining pools have limited storage for their mempools. when the limit is reached mining pools will drop less-profitable transactions from their mempools. like any network service backed by a limited resource, the mempool is vulnerable to a distributed denial of service (ddos) attack. 	each mining pool is free to choose transactions to include in the blocks they try to mine at will. thus a transaction need not appear in the mempool to be included in a block. for example, mining pools' own transactions or those of their friends could avoid the mempool, the equivalent of "dark pools" in equity markets. 	once a transaction is included in a mined block, it is vulnerable to a % attack. flooding the mempool 	 	source lets focus on the idea of ddos-ing the mempool. as john lewis of the bank of england wrote in 's the seven deadly paradoxes of cryptocurrency: bitcoin has an estimated maximum of transactions per second vs , for visa. more transactions competing to get processed creates logjams and delays. transaction fees have to rise in order to eliminate the excess demand. so bitcoin’s high transaction cost problem gets worse, not better, as transaction demand expands. worse, pending transactions are in a blind auction to be included in the next block. because users don't know how much to bid to be included, they either overpay, or suffer a long delay or possibly fail completely. the graph shows this effect in practice. as the price of bitcoin crashed on may th and hodl-ers rushed to sell, the average fee per transaction spiked to over $ . the goal of the attack is to make victims' transactions rare, slow and extremely expensive by flooding the mempool with attackers' transactions. cryptocurrencies have no intrinsic value, their value is determined by what the greater fool will pay. if hodl-ers find it difficult and expensive to unload their hodl-ings, and traders find it difficult and expensive to trade, the "price" of the currency will decrease. this attack isn't theoretical, it has already been tried. for example, in june bitcoin exchange guide reported: what appears to be happening is a bunch (possibly super spam) of satoshi transactions (smallest unit in bitcoin) which will put a decent stress test if sustained. some are saying near , spam transactions and counting. this is obviously not an effective attack. there is no incentive for the mining pools to prefer tiny unprofitable transactions over normal user transactions. unless it were combined with a % attack, an effective flooding attack needs to incentivize mining pools who are not part of the attack to prefer the attackers' transactions to those of victims. the only way to do this is to make the attacker's transactions more profitable, which means they have to come with large fees. if a major government wanted to mount a flooding attack on, for example, bitcoin they would need a lot of bitcoin as ammunition. fortunately, at least the us government has seized hundreds of millions of dollars of cryptocurrencies: mr. raimondi of the justice department said the colonial pipeline ransom seizure was the latest sting operation by federal prosecutors to recoup illicitly gained cryptocurrency. he said the department has made “many seizures, in the hundreds of millions of dollars, from unhosted cryptocurrency wallets” used for criminal activity. if they needed more, they could always hack one of the numerous vulnerable exchanges. with this ammunition the government could generate huge numbers of one-time addresses and huge numbers of valid transactions among them with fees large enough to give them priority. the result would be to bid up the bitcoin fee necessary for victim transactions to get included in blocks. it would be hard for mining pools to identify the attackers' transactions, as they would be valid and between unidentifiable addresses. as the attack continued this would ensure that: 	the minimum size of economically feasible transactions would increase, restricting trading to larger and larger hodl-ers, or to exchanges. 	the visible fact that bitcoin was under sustained, powerful attack would cause hodl-ers to sell for fiat or other cryptocurrencies. this would depress the "price" of bitcoin, as the exchanges would understand the risk that the attack would continue and further depress the price. 	mining pools, despite receiving their normal rewards plus increased fees in bitcoin, would suffer reduction of their income in fiat terms. 	further, the mining pools need transactions to convert their rewards and fees to fiat to pay for power, etc. with transactions scarce and expensive, and reduced fiat income, the hash rate would decline, making a % attack easier. how feasible are flooding attacks? back on may th, as the bitcoin "price" crashed to $ k, its blockchain was congested and average fees spiked to $ . clearly, the distribution of fees would have been very skewed, with a few fees well above $ and most well below; the median fee was around $ . fees are measured in satoshi, - of a btc, so at that time the average fee was / * btc or * satoshi. lets assume that ensuring that no transactions with less than * satoshi as a fee succeed is enough to keep the blockchain congested. lets assume that when the feds claim to have seized hundreds of millions of dollars of cryptocurrencies they mean $ * or * / * btc or . * satoshi. that would be enough to pay the * satoshi for * transactions. at transaction/second that would keep the blockchain congested for nearly days or nearly months. in practice, the attack would last much longer, since the attackers could dynamically adjust the fees they paid to keep the blockchain congested as, inevitably, the demand for transactions from victims declined as they realised it was futile. ensuring that almost no victim transactions succeeded for months would definitely greatly reduce the btc "price". thus the , btc the mining pools would have earned in fees, plus the , btc they would have earned in block rewards during that time would be worth much less than the $ . b they would represent at a $ k "price". funding the mining pools is a downside of this attack, but the increment is only about % in btc terms, so likely to be swamped by the decrease in fiat terms. potential defenses blockchain advocates argue that one of the benefits of the decentralization they claim for the technology is "censorship resistance". this is a problem for them because defending against a mempool flooding attack requires censorship. the mining pools need to identify and censor (i.e. drop) the attackers' transactions. fortunately for the advocates, the technology is not actually decentralized ( - mining pools have dominated the hash rate for the last years), so does not actually provide "censorship resistance". the pools could easily conspire to implement the necessary censorship. unfortunately for the advocates, the attackers would be flooding with valid transactions offering large fees, so the pools would find it hard to, and not be motivated to, selectively drop them. , btc is only about half of tesla's hodl-ings, so it would be possible for a whale, or a group of whales, to attempt to raise the cost of the attack, or equivalently reduce its duration, by mounting a simultaneous flood themselves. the attackers would respond by reducing their flood, since the whales were doing their job for them. this would be expensive for the whales and wouldn't be an effective defense. since it is possible for mining pools to include transactions in blocks they mine, and the attack would render the mempool effectively useless, one result of the attack would be to force exchanges and whales to establish "dark pool" type direct connections to the mining pools, allowing the mining pools to ignore the mempool and process transactions only from trusted addresses. this would destroy the "decentralized" myth, completing the transition of the blockchain into a permissioned one run by the pools, and make legal attacks on the exchanges an effective weapon. also, the mining pools would be vulnerable to government-controlled "trojan horse" exchanges, as the bad guys were to anom encrypted messaging. conclusion if my analysis is correct, if would be feasible for a major government to mount a mempool flooding attack that would seriously disrupt, but not totally destroy bitcoin and, by extension other cryptocurrencies. the attack would amplify the effect of using seized mining power as i discussed on unstoppable code?. interestingly, the mempool flooding attack is effective irrespective of the consensus mechanism underlying the cryptocurrency. it depends only upon a public means of submitting transactions. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin no comments: post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ▼  june ( ) 	taleb on cryptocurrency economics 	china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	dna data storage: a different approach 	mining is money transmission (updated) 	mempool flooding 	meta: apology to commentors 	unreliability at scale 	unstoppable code? 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. bitcoin price today, btc live marketcap, chart, and info | coinmarketcap cryptos:   , exchanges:   market cap:  $ , , , , h vol:  $ , , , dominance:  btc: . % eth: . %eth gas:   gwei 	cryptocurrencies 	exchanges 	nft 	portfolio 	watchlist 	calendars 	products 	learn cryptos:   , exchanges:   market cap:  $ , , , , h vol:  $ , , , dominance:  btc: . % eth: . %eth gas:   gwei cryptocurrenciescoinsbitcoin bitcoinbtc rank # coin on , , watchlists bitcoin price (btc) $ , . . % . eth . % low:$ , . high:$ , . h   bitcoin btcprice: $ , .   . % add to main watchlist   market cap $ , , , . % fully diluted market cap $ , , , . % volume h $ , , , . % volume / market cap . circulating supply , , . btc % max supply , , total supply , , more stats buyexchangegamingearn crypto sponsored links website, explorers, socials etc. 	bitcoin.org 	explorers 	community 	 	source code 	whitepaper bitcoin links links bitcoin.org source code whitepaper explorers blockchain.coinmarketcap.com blockchain.info live.blockcypher.com blockchair.com explorer.viabtc.com community bitcointalk.org reddit tags 	mineable 	pow 	+ 	 	mineable 	pow 	sha- 	store of value 	view all bitcoin tags consensus algorithm pow sha- property store of value state channels coinbase ventures portfolio three arrows capital portfolio polychain capital portfolio binance labs portfolio arrington xrp capital blockchain capital portfolio boostvc portfolio cms holdings portfolio dcg portfolio dragonfly capital portfolio electric capital portfolio fabric ventures portfolio framework ventures galaxy digital portfolio huobi capital alameda research portfolio a z portfolio confirmation portfolio winklevoss capital usv portfolio placeholder ventures portfolio pantera capital portfolio multicoin capital portfolio paradigm xzy screener other mineable overviewmarkethistorical dataholderswalletsnewssocialsratingsanalysisprice estimatesshare bitcoin chart loading data please wait, we are loading chart data btc price live data the live bitcoin price today is $ , . usd with a -hour trading volume of $ , , , usd. bitcoin is down . % in the last hours. the current coinmarketcap ranking is # , with a live market cap of $ , , , usd. it has a circulating supply of , , btc coins and a max. supply of , , btc coins. if you would like to know where to buy bitcoin, the top exchanges for trading in bitcoin are currently binance, tokocrypto, okex, cointiger, and bybit. you can find others listed on our crypto exchanges page. what is bitcoin (btc)? bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency originally described in a whitepaper by a person, or group of people, using the alias satoshi nakamoto. it was launched soon after, in january . bitcoin is a peer-to-peer online currency, meaning that all transactions happen directly between equal, independent network participants, without the need for any intermediary to permit or facilitate them. bitcoin was created, according to nakamoto’s own words, to allow “online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.” some concepts for a similar type of a decentralized electronic currency precede btc, but bitcoin holds the distinction of being the first-ever cryptocurrency to come into actual use. who are the founders of bitcoin? bitcoin’s original inventor is known under a pseudonym, satoshi nakamoto. as of , the true identity of the person — or organization — that is behind the alias remains unknown. on october , , nakamoto published bitcoin’s whitepaper, which described in detail how a peer-to-peer, online currency could be implemented. they proposed to use a decentralized ledger of transactions packaged in batches (called “blocks”) and secured by cryptographic algorithms — the whole system would later be dubbed “blockchain.” just two months later, on january , , nakamoto mined the first block on the bitcoin network, known as the genesis block, thus launching the world’s first cryptocurrency. however, while nakamoto was the original inventor of bitcoin, as well as the author of its very first implementation, over the years a large number of people have contributed to improving the cryptocurrency’s software by patching vulnerabilities and adding new features. bitcoin’s source code repository on github lists more than contributors, with some of the key ones being wladimir j. van der laan, marco falke, pieter wuille, gavin andresen, jonas schnelli and others. what makes bitcoin unique? bitcoin’s most unique advantage comes from the fact that it was the very first cryptocurrency to appear on the market. it has managed to create a global community and give birth to an entirely new industry of millions of enthusiasts who create, invest in, trade and use bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in their everyday lives. the emergence of the first cryptocurrency has created a conceptual and technological basis that subsequently inspired the development of thousands of competing projects. the entire cryptocurrency market — now worth more than $ billion — is based on the idea realized by bitcoin: money that can be sent and received by anyone, anywhere in the world without reliance on trusted intermediaries, such as banks and financial services companies. thanks to its pioneering nature, btc remains at the top of this energetic market after over a decade of existence. even after bitcoin has lost its undisputed dominance, it remains the largest cryptocurrency, with a market capitalization that fluctuated between $ -$ billion in , owing in large part to the ubiquitousness of platforms that provide use-cases for btc: wallets, exchanges, payment services, online games and more. related pages: looking for market and blockchain data for btc? visit our block explorer. want to buy bitcoin? use coinmarketcap’s guide. should you buy bitcoin with paypal? what is wrapped bitcoin? will bitcoin volatility ever reduce? how to use a bitcoin atm how much bitcoin is in circulation? bitcoin’s total supply is limited by its software and will never exceed , , coins. new coins are created during the process known as “mining”: as transactions are relayed across the network, they get picked up by miners and packaged into blocks, which are in turn protected by complex cryptographic calculations. as compensation for spending their computational resources, the miners receive rewards for every block that they successfully add to the blockchain. at the moment of bitcoin’s launch, the reward was bitcoins per block: this number gets halved with every , new blocks mined — which takes the network roughly four years. as of , the block reward has been halved three times and comprises . bitcoins. bitcoin has not been premined, meaning that no coins have been mined and/or distributed between the founders before it became available to the public. however, during the first few years of btc’s existence, the competition between miners was relatively low, allowing the earliest network participants to accumulate significant amounts of coins via regular mining: satoshi nakamoto alone is believed to own over a million bitcoin. mining bitcoins can be very profitable for miners, depending on the current hash rate and the price of bitcoin. while the process of mining bitcoins is complex, we discuss how long it takes to mine one bitcoin on cmc alexandria — as we wrote above, mining bitcoin is best understood as how long it takes to mine one block, as opposed to one bitcoin. how is the bitcoin network secured? bitcoin is secured with the sha- algorithm, which belongs to the sha- family of hashing algorithms, which is also used by its fork bitcoin cash (bch), as well as several other cryptocurrencies. what is bitcoin’s role as a store of value? bitcoin is the first decentralized, peer-to-peer digital currency. one of its most important functions is that it is used as a decentralized store of value. in other words, it provides for ownership rights as a physical asset or as a unit of account. however, the latter store-of-value function has been debated. many crypto enthusiasts and economists believe that high-scale adoption of the top currency will lead us to a new modern financial world where transaction amounts will be denominated in smaller units. the top crypto is considered a store of value, like gold, for many — rather than a currency. this idea of the first cryptocurrency as a store of value, instead of a payment method, means that many people buy the crypto and hold onto it long-term (or hodl) rather than spending it on items like you would typically spend a dollar — treating it as digital gold. crypto wallets the most popular wallets for cryptocurrency include both hot and cold wallets. cryptocurrency wallets vary from hot wallets and cold wallets. hot wallets are able to be connected to the web, while cold wallets are used for keeping large amounts of coins outside of the internet. some of the top crypto cold wallets are trezor, ledger and coolbitx. some of the top crypto hot wallets include exodus, electrum and mycelium. how is bitcoin’s technology upgraded? a hard fork is a radical change to the protocol that makes previously invalid blocks/transactions valid, and therefore requires all users to upgrade. for example, if users a and b are disagreeing on whether an incoming transaction is valid, a hard fork could make the transaction valid to users a and b, but not to user c. a hard fork is a protocol upgrade that is not backward compatible. this means every node (computer connected to the bitcoin network using a client that performs the task of validating and relaying transactions) needs to upgrade before the new blockchain with the hard fork activates and rejects any blocks or transactions from the old blockchain. the old blockchain will continue to exist and will continue to accept transactions, although it may be incompatible with other newer bitcoin clients. a soft fork is a change to the bitcoin protocol wherein only previously valid blocks/transactions are made invalid. since old nodes will recognise the new blocks as valid, a soft fork is backward-compatible. this kind of fork requires only a majority of the miners upgrading to enforce the new rules. some examples of prominent cryptocurrencies that have undergone hard forks are the following: bitcoin’s hard fork that resulted in bitcoin cash, ethereum’s hard fork that resulted in ethereum classic. https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/bitcoin-vs-bitcoin-cash-vs-bitcoin-svbitcoin cash has been hard forked since its original forking, with the creation of bitcoin sv. what is the lightning network? the lightning network is an off-chain, layered payment protocol that operates bidirectional payment channels which allows instantaneous transfer with instant reconciliation. it enables private, high volume and trustless transactions between any two parties. the lightning network scales transaction capacity without incurring the costs associated with transactions and interventions on the underlying blockchain. how much is bitcoin? the current valuation of bitcoin is constantly moving, all day every day. it is a truly global asset. from a start of under one cent per coin, btc has risen in price by thousands of percent to the numbers you see above. the prices of all cryptocurrencies are quite volatile, meaning that anyone’s understanding of how much is bitcoin will change by the minute. however, there are times when different countries and exchanges show different prices and understanding how much is bitcoin will be a function of a person’s location. where can you buy bitcoin (btc)? bitcoin is, in many regards, almost synonymous with cryptocurrency, which means that you can buy bitcoin on virtually every crypto exchange — both for fiat money and other cryptocurrencies. some of the main markets where btc trading is available are: 	binance 	coinbase pro 	okex 	kraken 	huobi global 	bitfinex if you are new to crypto, use coinmarketcap’s own easy guide to buying bitcoin. our most recent articles about bitcoin: 	the market is picking up, and macro factors dominates the crypto market: weekly review from tokeninsight 	what is the crypto fear and greed index? 	how regulations may affect the mining industry: a data perspective by intotheblock 	who owns bitcoin? 	what’s russia up to? a weekly russian crypto news recap read more btc bitcoin usd united states dollar btc price statistics bitcoin price today	bitcoin price	$ , . 	price change h	$- . . % 	 h low / h high	$ , . / $ , . 	trading volume h	$ , , , . . % 	volume / market cap	 . 	market dominance	 . % 	market rank	# bitcoin market cap	market cap	$ , , , . . % 	fully diluted market cap	$ , , , . . % bitcoin price yesterday	yesterday's low / high	$ , . / $ , . 	yesterday's open / close	$ , . / $ , . 	yesterday's change	 . % 	yesterday's volume	$ , , , . bitcoin price history	 d low / d high	$ , . / $ , . 	 d low / d high	$ , . / $ , . 	 d low / d high	$ , . / $ , . 	 week low / week high	$ , . / $ , . 	all time high apr , ( months ago)	$ , . . % 	all time low jul , ( years ago)	$ . . % 	bitcoin roi 	 . % bitcoin supply	circulating supply	 , , btc 	total supply	 , , btc 	max supply	 , , btc show more trending coins and tokens 🔥 hold bnb on binanceand get % off trading fees. trade nowsponsored 	pornrocketpornrocket# 	cumrocketcummies# 	polyplayplay# 	minifootballminifootball# 	minamina# people also watch reserve rights $ . - . % microbitcoin $ . . % typerium $ . . % dfi.money $ , . - . % ionchain $ . - . % ink protocol $ . . % products	blockchain explorer 	crypto api 	crypto indices 	interest 	jobs board 	sitemap company	about us 	terms of use 	privacy policy 	disclaimer 	methodology 	careerswe’re hiring! support	request form 	contact support 	faq 	glossary socials	facebook 	twitter 	telegram 	instagram 	interactive chat © coinmarketcap. all rights reserved rails adds activesupport::parameterfilter | saeloun blog 	 all articles categories contact conference rails adds activesupport::parameterfilter dec , , by romil mehta minute read there are cases when we do not want sensitive data like passwords, card details etc in log files. rails provides filter_parameters to achive this. for example, if we have to filter secret_code of user then we need to set filter_parameters in the application.rb as below: config.filter_parameters += ["secret_code"] after sending request to server, our request parameters will look like these: parameters: {"authenticity_token"=>"zkeyrytddqybjghm+zzicqvrku/ketthikmhsfq/ mq/egmijkelhypgvvabag or+fn ta qk prozdotaka==", "user"=>{"first_name"=>"first name", "last_name"=>"last name", "email"=>"abc@gmail.com", "password"=>"[filtered]", "password_confirmation"=>"[filtered]", "secret_code"=>"[filtered]"}, "commit"=>"create user"} now if we do user.last then: > user.last #=> #<user id: , first_name: "first name", last_name: "last name", email: "abc@gmail.com", password_digest: "$ a$ $m bztrrbsdczowe p/z ceffmymyqq jsxstlx /oba...", secret_code: " ", created_at: " - - : : ", updated_at: " - - : : "> we can see that the secret_code of user is not filtered and visible. rails has moved paramterfilter from actiondispatch to activesupport to solve above security problem. in rails > user.last #=> #<user id: , first_name: "first name", last_name: "last name", email: "abc@gmail.com", password_digest: "[filtered]", secret_code: "[filtered]", created_at: " - - : : ", updated_at: " - - : : "> now we can see that secret_code is filtered. instead of defining as filter_parameters, we can also define attributes as filter_attributes. > user.filter_attributes = [:secret_code, :password] #=> [:secret_code, :password] > user.last #=> #<user id: , first_name: "first name", last_name: "last name", email: "abc@gmail.com", password_digest: "[filtered]", secret_code: "[filtered]", created_at: " - - : : ", updated_at: " - - : : "> if we have filter_attributes or filter_parameters in regex or proc form, rails has added support for that also. > user.filter_attributes = [/name/, :secret_code, :password] #=> [/name/, :secret_code, :password] > user.last #=> #<user id: , first_name: "[filtered]", last_name: "[filtered]", email: "abc@gmail.com", password_digest: "[filtered]", secret_code: "[filtered]", created_at: " - - : : ", updated_at: " - - : : "> share this post! if you enjoyed this post, you might also like: rails - action mailbox tryout november , rails adds disable_joins: true option to has_many :through association may , rails adds disable_joins: true option to has_one :through association june , none <br /> <b>warning</b>: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". did you mean to use "continue "? in <b>/kunden/ _ /jakoblog.de/wp/wp-content/plugins/mendeleyplugin/wp-mendeley.php</b> on line <b> </b><br /> <br /> <b>warning</b>: cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /kunden/ _ /jakoblog.de/wp/wp-content/plugins/mendeleyplugin/wp-mendeley.php: ) in <b>/kunden/ _ /jakoblog.de/wp/wp-includes/feed-atom.php</b> on line <b> </b><br /> <?xml version=" . " encoding="utf- "?><feed xmlns="http://www.w .org/ /atom" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/ . " xml:lang="de-de" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/wp-atom.php" > 	<title type="text">en &# ; jakoblog</title> 	<subtitle type="text">das weblog von jakob voß</subtitle> 	<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de" /> 	<id>http://jakoblog.de/feed/atom/</id> 	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="jakoblog-de- .html" /> 	<generator uri="https://wordpress.org/" version=" . . ">wordpress</generator> 	<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[data models age like parents]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /data-models-age-like-parents/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="data modeling" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[denny vrandečić, employed as ontologist at google, noticed that all six of of six linked data applications linked to years ago (iwb, tabulator, disko, marbles, rdfbrowser , and zitgist) have disappeared or changed their calling syntax. this reminded me at a proverb about software and data: software ages like fish, data ages like wine. ‏ [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /data-models-age-like-parents/"><![cdata[<p>denny vrandečić, employed as ontologist at google, <a href="https://twitter.com/vrandezo/status/ ">noticed that</a> all six of of six linked data applications linked to years ago (iwb, tabulator, disko, marbles, rdfbrowser , and zitgist) have disappeared or changed their calling syntax. this reminded me at a proverb about software and data:</p> <blockquote><p>software ages like fish, data ages like wine.</p></blockquote> <p>‏<br /> the original form of this saying <a href="http://redmonk.com/jgovernor/ / / /why-applications-are-like-fish-and-data-is-like-wine/">seems to come from james governor</a> (<a href="https://twitter.com/monkchips">@monkchips</a>) who in derived it from from an earlier phrase:</p> <blockquote><p>hardware is like fish, operating systems are like wine.</p></blockquote> <p>the analogy of fishy applications and delightful data <a href="https://www.openlinksw.com/dataspace/doc/kidehen@openlinksw.com/weblog/kidehen@openlinksw.com% s% blog% % b % d/ ">has been repeated</a> and <a href="https://www.quora.com/what-is-the-meaning-of-data-matures-like-wine-applications-like-fish">explained</a> and <a href="https://www.masterdata.co.za/index.php/news/ -mdm-insights/ -your-data-ages-like-fine-wine-whereas-your-software-applications-age-like-fish">criticized</a> several times. i fully agree with the part about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/software_rot">software rot</a> but i doubt that data actually ages like wine (i&# ;d prefer whisky anyway). a more accurate simile may be &# ;data ages like things you put into your crowded cellar and then forget about&# ;.</p> <p>thinking a lot <a href="http://aboutdata.org/">about data</a> i found that data is less interesting than the structures and rules that shape and restrict data: data models, ontologies, schemas, forms etc. how do they age compared with software and data? i soon realized:</p> <blockquote><p>data models age like parents.</p></blockquote> <p>first they guide you, give good advise, and support you as best as they can. but at some point data begin to rebel against their models. sooner or later parents become uncool, disconnected from current trends, outdated or even embarrassing. eventually you have to accept their quaint peculiarities and live your own life. that&# ;s <a href="https://xkcd.com/ /">how standards proliferate</a>. both ontologies and parents ultimately become weaker and need support. and in the end you have to let them go, sadly looking back.</p> <p>(the analogy could further be extended, for instance data models might be frustrated confronted by how actual data compares to their ideals, but that&# ;s another story)</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /data-models-age-like-parents/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /data-models-age-like-parents/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[wikidata documentation on the hackathon in vienna]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /wikidata-documentation-on-the- -hackathon-in-vienna/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="wikidata" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="wmhack" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[at wikimedia hackathon , a couple of volunteers sat together to work on the help pages of wikidata. as part of that wikidata documentation sprint. ziko and me took a look at the wikidata glossary. we identified several shortcomings and made a list of rules how the glossary should look like. the result are the [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /wikidata-documentation-on-the- -hackathon-in-vienna/"><![cdata[<p>at <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/wikimedia_hackathon_ ">wikimedia hackathon </a>, a couple of volunteers sat together to work on the help pages of <a href="https://wikidata.org">wikidata</a>. as part of that <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/wikidata:wikiproject_documentation">wikidata documentation sprint</a>. ziko and me took a look at the <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/wikidata:glossary">wikidata glossary</a>. we identified several shortcomings and made a list of rules how the glossary should look like. the result are the <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/wikidata:glossary/guidelines">glossary guidelines</a>. where the old glossary partly replicated <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/wikidata:introduction">wikidata:introduction</a>, the new version aims to allow quick lookup of concepts. we already rewrote some entries of the glossary according to these guidelines but several entries are outdated and need to be improved still. we changed the structure of the glossary into a sortable table so it can be displayed as alphabetical list in all languages. the entries can still be translated with the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/extension:translate">translation system</a> (it took some time to get familiar with this feature).</p> <p>we also created some missing help pages such as <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/help:wikimedia">help:wikimedia</a> and <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/help:wikibase">help:wikibase</a> to explain general concepts with regard to wikidata. some of these concepts are already explained elsewhere but wikidata needs at least short introductions especially written for wikidata users.</p> <div style="width: px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:wikimedia_hackathon_ _-_documentation_sprint_-_reviewing_end_of_day_results.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ / b/wikimedia_hackathon_ _-_documentation_sprint_-_reviewing_end_of_day_results.jpg/ px-wikimedia_hackathon_ _-_documentation_sprint_-_reviewing_end_of_day_results.jpg" width=" " height=" " class="size-full" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">image taken by andrew lih (cc-by-sa)</p></div> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /wikidata-documentation-on-the- -hackathon-in-vienna/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /wikidata-documentation-on-the- -hackathon-in-vienna/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[introduction to phabricator at wikimedia hackathon]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /introduction-to-phabricator-at-wikimedia-hackathon/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="wikimedia" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="wmhack" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[this weekend i participate at wikimedia hackathon in vienna. i mostly contribute to wikidata related events and practice the phrase &# ;long time no see&# ;, but i also look into some introductionary talks. in the late afternoon of day one i attended an introduction to phabricator project management tool given by andré klapper. phabricator was introduced [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /introduction-to-phabricator-at-wikimedia-hackathon/"><![cdata[<p>this weekend i participate at <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/wikimedia_hackathon_ ">wikimedia hackathon</a> in vienna. i mostly contribute to wikidata related events and practice the phrase &quot;long time no see&quot;, but i also look into some introductionary talks.</p> <p>in the late afternoon of day one i attended <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/t ">an introduction to phabricator</a> project management tool given by andré klapper. phabricator was introduced in wikimedia foundation <a href="https://blogs.gnome.org/aklapper/ / / /welcome-phabricator/">about three years ago</a> to replace and unify bugzilla and several other management tools.</p> <p>phabricator is much more than an issue tracker for software projects (although it is mainly used for this purpose by wikimedia developers). in summary there are <strong>tasks</strong>, <strong>projects</strong>, and <strong>teams</strong>. tasks can be tagged, assigned, followed,discussed, and organized with milestones and <strong>workboards</strong>. the latter are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kanban_board">kanban-boards</a> like those i know from <a href="https://trello.com">trello</a>, <a href="https://waffle.io/">waffle</a>, and github project boards.</p> <div class="figure"> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d /simple-kanban-board-.jpg/ px-simple-kanban-board-.jpg" /> </div> <p>phabricator is open source so you can self-host it and add your own user management without having to pay for each new user and feature (i am looking at you, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jira_(software)">jira</a>). internally i would like to use phabricator but for fully open projects i don&# ;t see enough benefit compared to using github.</p> <p>p.s.: wikimedia hackathon is also organized with phabricator. there is also a <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/t ">task for blogging about the event</a>.</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /introduction-to-phabricator-at-wikimedia-hackathon/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /introduction-to-phabricator-at-wikimedia-hackathon/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[some thoughts on iiif and metadata]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /some-thoughts-on-iiif-and-metadata/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="iiif" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="metadata" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[yesterday at dini ag kim workshop i martin baumgartner and stefanie rühle gave an introduction to the international image interoperability framework (iiif) with focus on metadata. i already knew that iiif is a great technology for providing access to (especially large) images but i had not have a detailed look yet. the main part [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /some-thoughts-on-iiif-and-metadata/"><![cdata[<p>yesterday at <a href="https://wiki.dnb.de/display/diniagkim/kim+ws+ ">dini ag kim workshop </a> i martin baumgartner and stefanie rühle gave an introduction to the <a href="http://iiif.io/">international image interoperability framework (iiif)</a> with focus on metadata. i already knew that iiif is a great technology for providing access to (especially large) images but i had not have a detailed look yet. the main part of iiif is its <a href="http://iiif.io/api/image/ . /">image api</a> and i hope that all major media repositories (i am looking at you, wikimedia commons) will implement it. in addition the iiif community has defined a &# ;presentation api&# ;, a &# ;search api&# ;, and an &# ;authentication api&# ;. i understand the need of such additional apis within the iiif community, but i doubt that solving the underlying problems with their own standards (instead of reusing existing standards) is the right way to go. standards should better &# ;do one thing and do it well&# ; (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/unix_philosophy">unix philosophy</a>). if images are the &# ;one thing&# ; of iiif, then search and authentication are different matter.</p> <p>in the workshop we only looked at parts of the presentation api to see where metadata (creator, dates, places, provenance etc. and structural metadata such as lists and hierarchies) could be integrated into iiif. such metadata is already expressed in many other formats such as mets/mods and tei so the question is not whether to use iiif or other metadata standards but how to connect iiif with existing metadata standards. a quick look at the presentation api surprised me to find out that the <a href="http://iiif.io/api/presentation/ . /#descriptive-properties"><code>metadata</code> element</a> is explicitly <em>not</em> intended for additional metadata but only &# ;to be displayed to the user&# ;. the element contains an ordered list of key-value pairs that &# ;might be used to convey the author of the work, information about its creation, a brief physical description, or ownership information, amongst other use cases&# ;. at the same time the standard emphasizes that &# ;there are no semantics conveyed by this information&# ;. hello, mcfly? without semantics conveyed it isn&# ;t information! in particular there is no such thing as structured data (e.g. a list of key-value pairs) without semantics.</p> <p>i think the design of field <code>metadata</code> in iiif is based on a common misconception about the nature of (meta)data, which i already wrote about <a href="http://libreas.eu/ausgabe / voss/">elsewhere</a> (sorry, german article &# ; some background in <a href="http://aboutdata.org/">my phd</a> and found <a href="https://doi.org/ . /iccit. . ">by ballsun-stanton</a>).</p> <p>in a <a href="https://twitter.com/nichtich/status/ ">short discussion at twitter</a> rob sanderson (getty) pointed out that the data format of iiif presentation api to describe intellectual works (called a <a href="http://iiif.io/api/presentation/ . /#manifest">manifest</a>) is expressed in json-ld, so it can be extended by other rdf statements. for instance the field &# ;license&# ; is already defined with <a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/rights">dcterms:rights</a>. addition of a field &# ;author&# ; for <a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator">dcterms:creator</a> only requires to define this field in the json-ld <code>@context</code> of a manifest. after some experimenting i found a possible way to connect the &# ;meaningless&# ; metadata field with json-ld fields:</p> <pre>
 {
 "@context": [
 "http://iiif.io/api/presentation/ /context.json",
 { 
 "author": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator",
 "bibo": "http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/"
 }
 ],
 "@id": "http://example.org/iiif/book /manifest",
 "@type": ["sc:manifest", "bibo:book"],
 "metadata": [
 {
 "label": "author",
 "property": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator",
 "value": "allen smithee"
 },
 { 
 "label": "license",
 "property": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license", 
 "value": "cc-by . " 
 }
 ],
 "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ . /",
 "author": {
 "@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/q ",
 "label": "allen smithee"
 }
 }
 </pre> <p>this solution requires an additional element <code>property</code> in the iiif specification to connect a metadata field with its meaning. iiif applications could then enrich the display of metadata fields for instance with links or additional translations. in json-ld some names such as &# ;cc-by . &# ; and &# ;allen smithee&# ; need to be given twice, but this is ok because normal names (in contrast to field names such as &# ;author&# ; and &# ;license&# ;) don&# ;t have semantics.</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /some-thoughts-on-iiif-and-metadata/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /some-thoughts-on-iiif-and-metadata/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[abbreviated uris with rdfns]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /abbreviated-uris-with-rdfns/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="perl" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="rdf" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[working with rdf and uris can be annoying because uris such as &# ;http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title&# ; are long and difficult to remember and type. most rdf serializations make use of namespace prefixes to abbreviate uris, for instance &# ;dc&# ; is frequently used to abbreviate &# ;http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /&# ; so &# ;http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title&# ; can be written as qualified name &# ;dc:title&# ;. this simplifies working with uris, [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /abbreviated-uris-with-rdfns/"><![cdata[<p>working with rdf and uris can be annoying because uris such as &# ;<code>http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title</code>&# ; are long and difficult to remember and type. most rdf serializations make use of namespace prefixes to abbreviate uris, for instance &# ;<code>dc</code>&# ; is frequently used to abbreviate &# ;<code>http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /</code>&# ; so &# ;<code>http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title</code>&# ; can be written as qualified name &# ;<code>dc:title</code>&# ;. this simplifies working with uris, but someone still has to remember mappings between prefixes and namespaces. luckily there is a registry of common mappings at <a href="http://prefix.cc/">prefix.cc</a>.</p> <p><a href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /uri-namespace-lookup-with-prefixcc-and-rdf-ns/">a few years ago</a> i created the simple command line tool <b><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/rdf-ns/bin/rdfns">rdfns</a></b> and a perl library to look up uri namespace/prefix mappings. meanwhile the program is also available as debian and ubuntu package <a href="http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=librdf-ns-perl&# ;searchon=names&# ;exact= &# ;suite=all&# ;section=all">librdf-ns-perl</a>. the newest version (not included in debian yet) also supports <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/rdf::sn">reverse lookup</a> to abbreviate an uri to a qualified name. features of rdfns include:</p> <p><b>look up namespaces (as rdf/turtle, rdf/xml, sparql&# ;)</b></p> <pre>
 $ rdfns foaf.ttl foaf.xmlns dbpedia.sparql foaf.json
 
 @prefix foaf: <http: //xmlns.com/foaf/ . /> .
 xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/ . /"
 prefix dbpedia: <http: //dbpedia.org/resource/>
 "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/ . /"
 </pre> <p><b>expand a qualified name</b></p> <pre>
 $ rdfns dc:title
 
 http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title
 </pre> <p><b>lookup a preferred prefix</b></p> <pre>
 $ rdfns http://www.w .org/ / /geo/wgs _pos#
 
 geo
 </pre> <p><b>create a short qualified name of an url</b></p> <pre>
 $ rdfns http://purl.org/dc/elements/ . /title
 
 dc:title
 </pre> <p>i use rdf-ns for all rdf processing to improve readability and to avoid typing long uris. for instance <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/catmandu::rdf">catmandu::rdf</a> can be used to parse rdf into a very concise data structure:</p> <pre>
 $ catmandu convert rdf --file rdfdata.ttl to yaml
 </pre> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /abbreviated-uris-with-rdfns/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /abbreviated-uris-with-rdfns/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[testing command line apps with app::cmd]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /testing-command-line-apps-with-appcmd/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="perl" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[this posting has also been published at blogs.perl.org. ricardo signes&# ; app::cmd has been praised a lot so i gave it a try for my recent command line app. in summary, the module is great although i missed some minor features and documentation (reminder to all: if you miss some feature in a cpan module, don&# ;t [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /testing-command-line-apps-with-appcmd/"><![cdata[<p><em>this posting has also been published <a href="http://blogs.perl.org/users/jakob/ / /testing-command-line-apps-with-appcmd.html">at blogs.perl.org</a>.</em></p> <p>ricardo signes&# ; <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/app::cmd">app::cmd</a> has been praised a lot so i gave it a try for my recent command line app. in summary, the module is great although i missed some minor features and documentation (<em>reminder to all: if you miss some feature in a cpan module, don&# ;t create yet another module but try to improve the existing one!</em>). one feature i like a lot is how app::cmd facilitates writing tests for command line apps. after having written a short wrapper around <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/app::cmd::tester">app::cmd::tester</a> my formerly ugly unit tests look very simple and clean. have a look at this example:</p> <pre>
 use test::more;
 use app::paia::tester;
 
 new_paia_test;
 
 paia qw(config);
 is stdout, "{}\n";
 is error, undef;
 
 paia qw(config -c x.json --verbose);
 is error, "failed to open config file x.json\n";
 ok exit_code; 
 
 paia qw(config --config x.json --verbose foo bar);
 is output, "# saved config file x.json\n";
 
 paia qw(config foo bar);
 paia qw(config base http://example.org/);
 is exit_code, ;
 is output, '';
 
 paia qw(config);
 is_deeply stdout_json, { 
 base => 'http://example.org/',
 foo => 'bar',
 }, "get full config"
 
 done_paia_test;
 </pre> <p>the application is called paia &# ; that&# ;s how it called at command line and that&# ;s how it is simply called as function in the tests. the wrapper class (here: <a href="https://metacpan.org/source/app::paia::tester">app::paia::tester</a>) creates a singleton app::cmd::tester::result object and exports its methods (stdout, stderr, exit_code&# ;). this alone makes the test much more readable. the wrapper further exports two methods to set up a testing environment (new_paia_test) and to finish testing (done_paia_test). in my case the setup creates an empty temporary directory, other applications might clean up environment variables etc. depending on your application you might also add some handy functions like stdout_json to parse the app&# ;s output in a form that can better be tested.</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /testing-command-line-apps-with-appcmd/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /testing-command-line-apps-with-appcmd/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[my phd thesis about data]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /my-phd-thesis-about-data/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[i have finally received paper copies of my phd thesis &# ;describing data patterns&# ;, published and printed via createspace. the full pdf has already been archived as cc-by-sa, but a paper print may still be nice and more handy (it&# ;s printed as small paperback instead of the large a -pdf). you can get a copy for . € [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /my-phd-thesis-about-data/"><![cdata[<p><a href="http://aboutdata.org/"><img src="http://jakoblog.de/wp-content/uploads/ / /phdcover.jpeg" alt="" title="describing data patterns" width=" " height=" " class="alignright size-full wp-image- " /></a></p> <p>i have finally received paper copies of my phd thesis <em>&# ;describing data patterns&# ;</em>, published and printed <a href="https://www.createspace.com/ ">via createspace</a>. the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ _describing_data_patterns._a_general_deconstruction_of_metadata_standards">full pdf</a> has already been <a href="http://d-nb.info/ ">archived</a> as cc-by-sa, but a paper print may still be nice and more handy (it&# ;s printed as small paperback instead of the large a -pdf). you can get a copy for . € or . € <a href="http://amzn.com/ ">via amazon</a> (isbn - - - ).</p> <p>i also set up a little website at <b><a href="http://aboutdata.org/">aboutdata.org</a></b>. the site contains an html view of <a href="http://aboutdata.org/patterns.html">the pattern language</a> that i developed as one result of the thesis.</p> <p>i am sorry for not having written the thesis in pandoc markdown but in latex (source code <a href="https://github.com/jakobib/phdthesis ">available at github</a>), so there is no epub/html version.</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /my-phd-thesis-about-data/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /my-phd-thesis-about-data/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[on the way to a library ontology]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /on-the-way-to-a-library-ontology/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="daia" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="dso" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="library" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="paia" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="semantic web" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="ssso" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[i have been working for some years on specification and implementation of several apis and exchange formats for data used in, and provided by libraries. unfortunately most existing library standards are either fuzzy, complex, and misused (such as marc ), or limited to bibliographic data or authority data, or both. libraries, however, are much more than [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /on-the-way-to-a-library-ontology/"><![cdata[<p>i have been working for some years on specification and implementation of several apis and exchange formats for data used in, and provided by libraries. unfortunately most existing library standards are either fuzzy, complex, and misused (such as marc ), or limited to bibliographic data or authority data, or both. libraries, however, are much more than bibliographic data &# ; they involve library patrons, library buildings, library services, library holdings, library databases etc.</p> <p>during the work on formats and apis for these parts of library world, <a href="http://purl.org/ontology/paia">patrons account information api</a> (paia) being the newest piece, i found myself more and more on the way to a whole library ontology. the idea of a library ontology <a href="http://wiki.code lib.org/index.php?title=library_ontology&# ;oldid= ">started in </a> (now moved to <a href="https://gist.github.com/nichtich/ ">this location</a>) but designing such a broad data model from bottom would surely have lead to yet another complex, impractical and unused library standard. meanwhile there are several smaller ontologies for parts of the library world, to be combined and used as linked open data.</p> <p>in my opinion, ontologies, rdf, semantic web, linked data and all the buzz is is overrated, but it includes some opportunities for clean data modeling and data integration, which one rarely finds in library data. for this reason i try to design all apis and formats at least compatible with rdf. for instance the <a href="http://purl.org/net/daia">document availability information api</a> (daia), created in (and now <a href="http://gbv.github.io/daiaspec/daia.html#status-of-this-document">being slightly redesigned</a> for version . ) can be accessed in xml and in json format, and both can fully be mapped to rdf. other micro-ontologies include:</p> <ul> <li><b><a href="http://gbv.github.io/dso/">document service ontology</a> (dso)</b> defines typical document-related services such as loan, presentation, and digitization</li> <li><b><a href="http://purl.org/ontology/ssso">simple service status ontology</a> (ssso)</b> defines a service instance as kind of event that connects a service provider (e.g. a library) with a service consumer (e.g. a library patron). ssso further defines typical <a href="http://gbv.github.io/ssso/ssso.html#service-status">service status</a> (e.g. reserved, prepared, executed&# ;) and limitations of a service (e.g. a waiting queue or a delay</li> <li><b><a href="http://purl.org/ontology/paia">patrons account information api </a> (paia)</b> will include a mapping to rdf to express basic <a href="http://gbv.github.io/paia/paia.html#patron">patron information</a>, <a href="http://gbv.github.io/paia/paia.html#fees">fees</a>, and a list of current services in a patron account, based on ssso and dso.</li> <li><b><a href="http://gbv.github.io/daiaspec/">document availability information api</a> (daia)</b> includes a mapping to rdf to express the current availability of library holdings for selected services. <a href="http://gbv.github.io/daiaspec/daia.html#relevant-differences-to-daia- . ">see here</a> for the current draft.</li> <li>a <b>holdings ontology</b> should define properties to relate holdings (or parts of holdings) to abstract documents and editions and to holding institutions.</li> <li><a href="http://purl.org/ontology/gbv/">gbv ontology</a> contains several concepts and relations used in gbv library network that do not fit into other ontologies (yet).</li> <li>one might further create a <a href="http://uri.gbv.de/database/ontology.html">database ontology</a> to describe library databases with their provider, extent apis etc. &# ; right now we use the gbv ontology for this purpose. is there anything to reuse instead of creating just another ontology?!</li> </ul> <p>the next step will probably creation of a <b>small holdings ontology</b> that nicely fits to the other micro-ontologies. this ontology should be aligned or compatible with the <a href="http://bibframe.org/">bibframe</a> initiative, other ontologies such as <a href="http://schema.org">schema.org</a>, and existing holding formats, without becoming too complex. the german initiative dini-kim has just launched a <a href="https://wiki.dnb.de/display/diniagkim/bestandsdaten+gruppe">a working group</a> to define such holding format or ontology.</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /on-the-way-to-a-library-ontology/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /on-the-way-to-a-library-ontology/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[dead end electronic resource citation (erc)]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /dead-end-electronic-resource-citation-erc/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="citation" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="identifier" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="standards" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[tidying up my phd notes, i found this short rant about &# ;electronic resource citation&# ;. i have not used it anywhere, so i publish it here, licensed under cc-by-sa. electronic resource citation (erc) was introduced by john kunze with a presentation at the international conference on dublin core and metadata applications and with a paper [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /dead-end-electronic-resource-citation-erc/"><![cdata[<p><i>tidying up my phd notes, i found this short rant about &# ;electronic resource citation&# ;. i have not used it anywhere, so i publish it here, licensed under cc-by-sa.</i></p> <p><b>electronic resource citation (erc)</b> was introduced by <a href="http://dot.ucop.edu/home/jak/">john kunze</a> with a presentation at the international conference on dublin core and metadata applications and with <a href="http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/index.php/jodi/article/view/ ">a paper</a> in the journal of digital information, vol. , no ( ). kunze cited his paper in a call for an erc interest group within the dublin core metadata initiative (dcmi) <a href="http://www.rice.edu/perl lib/archives/ - /msg .html">at the perl lib mailing list</a>, giving the following example of an erc:</p> <pre>
 erc: kunze, john a. | a metadata kernel for electronic permanence
 | | http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/articles/v /i /kunze/
 </pre> <p>an erc is a minimal &# ;kernel&# ; metadata record that consist of four elements: who, what, when and where. in the given example they are:</p> <pre>
 who: kunze, john a.
 what: a metadata kernel for electronic permanence
 when: 
 where: http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/articles/v /i /kunze/
 </pre> <p>ironically the given url is obsolete, the host &# ;jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk&# ; does not even exist anymore. the erc is pretty useless if it just uses a fragile url to cite a resource. how about some value that does not change over time, e.g:</p> <pre>
 where: journal of digital information, volume issue 
 </pre> <p>as erc is defined as &# ;a location or machine-oriented identifier&# ;, one could also use <em>stable</em> identifiers:</p> <pre>
 where: issn - , article no. 
 </pre> <p>both issn and article numbers are much more identifiers then urls. citing an url is more like</p> <pre>
 where: at the desk in the little reading room of my library
 </pre> <p>by the way the current location is <a href="http://jodi.tamu.edu/articles/v /i /kunze/">http://www.rice.edu/perl lib/archives/ - /msg .html</a> &# ; but who knows whether texas a&# ;m university will still host the journal at this url in years?</p> <p>there are some interesting ideas in the original erc proposal (different kinds of missing values, temper date values, the four questions etc.), but its specification and implementation are just ridiculous and missing references to current technology (you know that you are doing something wrong in specification if you start to define your own encodings for characters, dates etc. instead of concentrating to your core subject and refering to existing specifications for the rest). the <a href="http://dot.ucop.edu/specs/ercspec.html">current draft</a> ( ) is a typical example of badly mixing modeling and encoding issues and of loosing touch with existing, established data standards.</p> <p>in addition to problems at the &# ;low level&# ; of encoding, the &# ;high level&# ; of conceptual modeling lacks appropriate references. what about the relation of erc concepts to models such as frbr and cidoc-crm? why are &# ;who&# ;, &# ;when&# ;, &# ;where&# ;, &# ;what&# ; the important metadata fields (in many cases the most interesting question is &# ;why&# ;)? how about ranganathan&# ;s colon classification with personality, matter, energy, space, and time?</p> <p>in summary the motivation behind erc contains some good ideas, but its form is misdirected.</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /dead-end-electronic-resource-citation-erc/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /dead-end-electronic-resource-citation-erc/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 		<entry> 		<author> 			<name>jakob</name> 					</author> 		<title type="html"><![cdata[access to library accounts for better user experience]]></title> 		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /access-to-library-accounts-for-better-user-experience/" /> 		<id>http://jakoblog.de/?p= </id> 		<updated> - - t : : z</updated> 		<published> - - t : : z</published> 		<category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="en" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="api" /><category scheme="http://jakoblog.de" term="paia" />		<summary type="html"><![cdata[i just stumbled upon readersfirst, a coalition of (public) libraries that call for a better user experience for library patrons, especially to access e-books. the libraries regret that the products currently offered by e-content distributors, the middlemen from whom libraries buy e-books, create a fragmented, disjointed and cumbersome user experience. one of the explicit goals [&# ;]]]></summary> 		<content type="html" xml:base="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /access-to-library-accounts-for-better-user-experience/"><![cdata[<p>i just stumbled upon <a href="http://readersfirst.org/">readersfirst</a>, a coalition of (public) libraries that call for a better user experience for library patrons, especially to access e-books. the libraries regret that</p> <blockquote><p>the products currently offered by e-content distributors, the middlemen from whom libraries buy e-books, create a fragmented, disjointed and cumbersome user experience.</p></blockquote> <p>one of the explicit goals of readersfirst is to urge providers of e-content and integrated library systems for systems that allow users to</p> <blockquote><p>place holds, check-out items, view availability, manage fines and receive communications within individual library catalogs or in the venue the library believes will serve them best, without having to visit separate websites.</p></blockquote> <p>in a <a href="http://blogs.publishersweekly.com/blogs/pwxyz/ / / /at-ala-readersfirst-moves-forward-a-notch/">summary of the first readersfirst meeting</a> at january , the president of queens library (ny) is cited with the following request:</p> <blockquote><p>the reader should be able to look at their library account and see what they have borrowed regardless of the vendor that supplied the ebook.</p></blockquote> <p>this goal matches well with my activity at gbv: as part of a project to implement a mobile library app, i designed an <b>api to access library accounts</b>. the <a href="http://gbv.github.com/paia/paia.html">patrons account information api (paia)</a> is current being implemented and tested by two independent developers. it will also be used to provide a better user experience in vufind discovery interfaces.</p> <p>during the research for paia i was surprised by the lack of existing methods to access library patron accounts. some library systems not even provide an <em>internal</em> api to connect to the loan system &# ; not to speak of a <em>public</em> api that could directly be used by patrons and third parties. the only example i could find was york university libraries with a <a href="http://www.library.yorku.ca/cms/web/docs/apis/">simple, xml-based, read-only api</a>. this lack of public apis to library patron accounts is disappointing, given that its almost ten years after the buzz around web . , service oriented architecture, and mashups. all all major providers of web applications (google, twitter, facebook, stackexchange, github etc.) support access to user accounts via apis. </p> <p>the patrons account information api will hopefully fill this gap with defined methods to place holds and to view checked out items and fines. papi is agnostic to specific library systems, aligned with similar apis as listed above, and designed with rdf in mind (without any need to bother with rdf, apart from the requirement to use uris as identifiers). <a href="http://gbv.github.com/paia/">feedback and implementations</a> are very welcome!</p> ]]></content> 			<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /access-to-library-accounts-for-better-user-experience/#comments" thr:count=" "/> 		<link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://jakoblog.de/ / / /access-to-library-accounts-for-better-user-experience/feed/atom/" thr:count=" "/> 		<thr:total> </thr:total> 		</entry> 	</feed> blog.cbeer.info blog.cbeer.info 	autoscaling aws elastic beanstalk worker tier based on sqs queue length 	ldpath in examples 	building a pivotal tracker irc bot with sinatra and cinch 	real-time statistics with graphite, statsd, and gdash 	icemelt: a stand-in for integration tests against aws glacier google 'one today' shuts down this week after several years - to google 					 		 		 			 			 			 				 					 						 							 						 						 									 									 		 											 									 		 									switch site 						 					 					 					 						 									 									 		 								 						 									 									 		 								 							exclusives 	pixel 	google pixel a 	google pixel 	google pixel xl 	google pixel a 	google pixel 	google pixel a 	nest 	google nest hub 	google nest hub max 	google nest mini 	google nest audio 	google home max 	google nest wifi 	google wifi 	nest thermostats 	nest cam 	nest hello 	nest protect 	android 	android 	auto 	wear os 	samsung 	oneplus 	lg 	motorola 	google tv 	android tv 	chromecast 	chromecast with google tv 	chrome 	stadia 	workspace 	gmail 	google meet 	google chat 	google calendar 	google docs 	google drive 	google keep 	youtube 	alphabet 	waymo 	verily life sciences 	deepmind 	google ventures 	google fiber 	access & energy 	calico 	videos 	reviews 					 					 					 						 									 									 		 											 									 		 									toggle main menu 						 						 							 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 		 									 		 		 							 										 									 		 										more social networks 							 						 						 						 							 		 									 		 		submit a tip / contact us 		 									 		 		trade in 						 						 							 		 		 									 		 				toggle dark mode 	 						 							 	 		search 		 	 	 				 									 		 				search 	 							 										 									 		 												 									 		 										toggle search 							 						 						 					 					 				 				 				 								 									 		 		 to mac 			 									 		 		 to toys 	 electrek 	 dronedj 			 									 		 		space explored 	about 	privacy 				 				 			 			 			 			 			 				 				 				 					 				 					 		 	 				 			 		 		 					 				 					 						january , 					 				 			 			 		 				 					google is killing its ‘one today’ donation app w/ only one week’s notice 					 						 							 								ben schoon 							 						 						 							- jan. th : pm pt 								 								@nexusben 						 							 								 								 							 						 						 							 							 						 					 						 							facebook 	twitter 	pinterest 	linkedin 	reddit 	 					 				 				 					 						for quite some time, google’s “one today” app has made it really easy to support nonprofit charities from a wide variety of causes. after a few years, though, google is set to kill off one today, and it’s only giving users a single week’s notice. 		 not to be confused with google one, the storage hub for your account, one today has been available since . in an email to its users today (via android police), google explains that a decline in the use of one today over the years triggered the company to shut things down. beyond just allowing for easy donations to nonprofits, the one today app also hosted projects with photos and videos showing how your donation is helping the cause. the app also provided users with a single receipt at the end of the year to be used for tax deductions. google one today will be shut down next week, on february . by that date, % of funds donated prior will be sent to the relevant nonprofit organizations. after the th, the app will be turned off and all projects deleted. hello, we have an important update to share with you. we launched google one today seven years ago to help people donate to causes they care about. in the last few years, we have seen donors choose other products to fundraise for their favorite nonprofits. as a result, we will shut down one today on february , . new nonprofits will no longer be able to sign up for one today. the google one today app will be turned off, and any open projects will be deleted. we will ensure that % of funds donated on one today prior to february are disbursed to the relevant nonprofits. if you have any questions, please feel free to contact the one today team. thank you for your donations and partnership. the google one today team google one today wasn’t exactly a well-known product, so its loss probably won’t be felt by a ton of people. still, it’s a shame to see such a useful concept go to waste. more on google graveyard: 	google made an actual product graveyard for halloween w/ g+, reader, more 	google shuts down translator toolkit this week after a decade 	as google+ goes dark, here’s what the social network meant to the to google team ftc: we use income earning auto affiliate links. more. check out to google on youtube for more news: 					 						you’re reading to google — experts who break news about google and its surrounding ecosystem, day after day. be sure to check out our homepage for all the latest news, and follow to google on twitter, facebook, and linkedin to stay in the loop. don’t know where to start? check out our exclusive stories, reviews, how-tos, and subscribe to our youtube channel 				 				 					 						 					 						guides 						 							 								 								 									 								 								google one today 								 								 							 						 							 							 					 				 			 				 					about the author 					 							 								 									 								 								 									 										ben schoon 									 								 									 										@nexusben 									 								 									ben is a writer and video producer for to google. find him on twitter @nexusben. send tips to schoon@ to g.com or encrypted to benschoon@protonmail.com. 								 						 					 						 							ben schoon's favorite gear 							 								 									 										 											 										 										fitbit versa 									 								 								 									 										 											 										 										the best android smartphones 									 								 							 						 				 			 				 		 	 				 					 						 						galaxy watch hands-on: wear os reinvigorated [video] 					 				 			 				 					 						 						the future lost by making watches miniature phones 					 				 			 				 					 						 						google camera points to mp samsung sensor on pixel 					 				 			 				 					 						 						here’s everything new in android beta [gallery] 					 				 			 					 				 					 				 			 			 	 			 		 			 	 	 		 		 	 cambridge bitcoin electricity consumption index (cbeci) cambridge bitcoin electricity consumption index bitcoin mining map note: average monthly hashrate share by country and region for the selected period, based on geolocational mining pool data. updates are scheduled on a monthly basis subject to data availability (generally with a delay of one to three months). all changes and updates are listed in the  change log.   download data in csv format download data in csv format note: seasonal variance in renewable energy production causes a pattern where mining operations are moving between regions within china to benefit from cheap and abundant power.  all information on this page is based on an exclusive sample of geolocational mining facility data collected in partnership with several bitcoin mining pools (please visit the methodology page for further information). we would like to thank btc.com, poolin, viabtc, and foundry for their contribution to this research project.  if you are a mining pool operator and would like to contribute to this research, please get in touch. figure : mining provinces figure : mining countries cambridge centre for alternative finance ©  san franciso symphony - sibelius: symphony no. in c major, opus skip to main content 	 	 	login 	my account 	my subscription renewal 	sign out 	help esa-pekka salonen music director esa-pekka salonen music director calendar donate 	 calendar & tickets calendar & tickets calendar subscribe sfsymphony+ calendar subscribe sfsymphony+ 	 covid- update 	 throughline 	 watch & listen 	 gift certificates 	 your visit & experience your visit 	 your visit 	 getting here 	 what to expect 	 hall amenities 	 the neighborhood 	 visitor faqs davies symphony hall van ness avenue san francisco, ca patron services: ( ) - box office: grove street, between van ness and franklin 	 discover the music discover the music 	 discover the music 	 listen to podcasts 	 history & archives 	 sfs media watch and listen 	 education & community education & community 	 education & community 	 education in sf schools 	 school group visits 	 sfs youth orchestra 	 music connects, kids edition sfs youth orchestra 	 donate & volunteer donate & volunteer donate volunteer  donate  volunteer 	 donate & volunteer 	 symphony fund membership 	 company matches 	 sfs endowments 	 institutional partnerships 	 ticket donation 	 about sf symphony about sfs symphony esa-pekka salonen & conducting staff collaborative partners sf symphony musicians 	 about sf symphony 	 press room 	 auditions 	 careers 	 contact us search support keyword search help my account sign out program notes 	sibelius: symphony no. in c major, opus print program notes 	jean sibelius 	born: december , . tavastehus (hämeenlinna), finland 	died: september , . järvenpää 	composed: also begun in , completed march , 	world premiere: march , . the composer conducted the konsertförening orchestra, at the auditorium in stockholm, sweden 	sfs performances: first—january . thomas beecham conducted. most recent—february . michael tilson thomas conducted 	instrumentation: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, trombones, timpani, and strings 	duration: about minutes 	symphony no. 	the backstory  in , sibelius was not only completing his fifth symphony and beginning his sixth; he was also getting underway with his seventh, which would ultimately bring his symphonic output to a close. work proceeded in parallel for some while, but not until sibelius signed off on his sixth could he focus on his seventh symphony without distraction, which he did for a further thirteen months. 	on may , , he wrote a letter to an unknown recipient that relates, in somewhat telegraphic style, the formative stage of his final three symphonies. this document provides one of the earliest glimpses into the seventh symphony as a work-in-progress:     	my new works, partly sketched and planned. the fifth symphony is in a new form.…a spiritual intensification until the end. triumphal. 	the sixth symphony is wild and impassioned in character. somber, with pastoral contrasts.… 	the seventh symphony. joy of life and vitalité with appassionata passages. in three movements—the last a “hellenic rondo.” 	all this with due reservations...it looks as if i shall come out with all three of these symphonies at the same time.…as usual, the sculptural is more prominent in my music.…with regard to symphonies vi and vii, the plans may possibly be altered, depending on the way my musical ideas develop. as usual, i am a slave to my themes and submit to their demands.…these new symphonies of mine are more in the nature of professions of faith than my other works. 	sibelius makes clear that, when his seventh symphony was in its early stages, he sensed that it would comprise three separate movements. in the end, he brought everything together into a single movement lasting some twenty-two minutes. the form is not one traditionally associated with a symphony; in fact, sibelius intended to title the piece fantasia sinfonica. that’s what it was called when he conducted the premiere, and the first few ensuing performances. he changed his mind only shortly before the work’s publication, writing to the publisher wilhelm hansen, “best if its name is symphonie no. (in einem satze) [‘in one movement’],” thereby admitting it to the roster of his full-scale, “proper” symphonies. 	within that single, brief movement sibelius’s music passes through eleven discrete sections marked with differing tempos. some analysts, wanting to associate this piece more closely with traditional symphonic form, have linked some sections so as to suggest a four-movement piece. thus viewed, the groupings tend to fall something like this: 	i. adagio— 	ii. vivacissimo—adagio— 	iii. allegro molto moderato—allegro moderato— 	iv. vivace—presto—adagio—largamente molto— . . . with a coda consisting of affetuoso—tempo i 	other readings view the ultimate structure as an outgrowth of sibelius’s initial three-movement plan. and yet, it seems somehow unnecessary to explain away, and in a sense undermine, sibelius’s hard-won efforts to let this symphony flow according to its own will. the music commentator donald francis tovey compared the experience of listening to sibelius’s seventh to the sensation of flying in an aircraft. “an aeronaut carried with the wind,” he remarked, “has no sense of movement at all. . . . he moves in the air and can change his pace without breaking his movement.” the musicologist james hepokoski, author of the sibelius article in the the new grove dictionary of music and musicians (second edition), is a partisan of the four-section foundation, but he seems to find that aspect less important than the cohesive flow of this unusual work. “its ad hoc structure,” he writes, “emerges link-by-link from the transformational processes of the musical ideas themselves—a content-based form constantly in the process of becoming.” elsewhere in his article on the composer he proclaims the seventh symphony to be “surely sibelius’s most remarkable compositional achievement.” 	in this work, sibelius essentially created a bridge between the disparate world of the multi-movement symphony and the single-movement symphonic poem, and he did it with music that is in turn lofty, serene, dignified, and passionate, music of unearthly beauty—a summit achievement near the end of a productive career. 	the music  the piece opens with a triple-beat on the timpani—an echo of the way he had begun the second movement of his sixth symphony. it is a call-to-attention; and yet, marked piano, it is a whispered summons, a way for sibelius to advise us that, even when the ensuing symphony grows loud, we should be prepared for stillness to overtake the landscape without much warning. it is characteristic of sibelius to reverse himself in such ways—to reach a dynamic climax only to pull back unexpectedly in volume, to achieve a rapid tempo and suddenly back away into something slower, to arrive at a place of transcendent peacefulness that transforms into a pang of anguish. several themes play important roles in this symphony, one sometimes giving rise to another through related intervals or contours. they include a rising scale from the strings early on, and a descending response weaving gently through the woodwinds; a gleaming trombone solo of vast scope in the adagio (a recurring section, its recollection helping ground the somewhat free-form structure of this symphony); a fanfare-like theme in the winds for the allegro molto moderato section. though unquestionably anchored in the key of c, sibelius’s narrative is decidedly not that of a classical symphony based on sonata forms and rondos and the like; the “hellenic rondo” he initially envisaged largely evaporated as he worked on the piece, just as had the “wild and impassioned” character he had planned for the sixth symphony. nonetheless, the unrolling of the seventh symphony is clear to follow thanks to the specific qualities of its themes, the distinct flavors of his orchestral textures, and the defined character of its episodes. 	—james m. keller 	james m. keller is program annotator of the san francisco symphony and the new york philharmonic. his book chamber music: a listener’s guide (oxford university press) is now also available as an e-book and as an oxford paperback.  	more about the music 	recordings:herbert blomstedt conducting the san francisco symphony (decca)  |  leif segerstam conducting the helsinki philharmonic (ondine)  |  neeme järvi conducting the gothenburg symphony (deutsche grammophon)  |  simon rattle conducting the city of birmingham symphony orchestra (emi) 	reading: jean sibelius, by erik tawaststjerna, in english translation by robert layton (faber & faber and university of california press; three volumes, out of print but peerless)  |  the music of jean sibelius, by burnett james (fairleigh dickinson university press)  |  sibelius, by andrew barnett (yale university press)  |  the cambridge companion to sibelius, edited by daniel m. grimley (cambridge) 	(june ) esa-pekka salonen music director your gift makes concerts possible. donate today donate today davies symphony hall van ness ave. san francisco, ca ( ) - patronservices@sfsymphony.org quick links 	 about san francisco symphony 	 seating chart 	 press room 	 contact us 	 accessibility policy 	 sign up for enews box office hours  (phone and emails only) mon-fri: am- pm  connect with us 	 	 	 	 	 second century partner inaugural partner season partners official airline © san francisco symphony | privacy & terms  this website uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. learn more. please wait...   dshr's blog: chia network dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, september , chia network back in march i wrote proofs of space, analyzing bram cohen's fascinating ee talk. i've now learned more about chia network, the company that is implementing a network using his methods. below the fold i look into their prospects. chia network's blockchain first, it is important to observe that, although proofs of space and time are important for distributed storage networks such as filecoin's, this is not what chia network is using cohen's proofs of space and proofs of time (verifiable delay functions vdf) for. instead, they are using them as a replacement for proof of work in blockchains such as bitcoin's. here is the brief explanation of how they would be used i wrote in proofs of space: as i understand it, the proof of space technique in essence works by having the prover fill storage space with an array of pseudo-random points in [ , ] (a plot) via a time-consuming process. the verifier can then pose to the prover a question that can be answered either by a single storage access (fast) or by repeating the process of filling the storage (slow). by observing the time the prover takes the verifier can distinguish these two cases, and thus be assured that the prover has stored the (otherwise useless) data. as i understand it, verifiable delay functions work by forcing the prover to perform a specified number of iterations to generate a value that the verifier can quickly show is valid. 	to use in a blockchain, each block is a proof of space followed by a proof of time which finalizes it. 	to find a proof of space, take the hash of the last proof of time, put it on a point in [ , ], find the closest proof of space you can to that. 	to find the number of iterations of the proof of time, multiply the difference between those two positions by the current work difficulty factor and round up to the next integer. 	the result of this is that the best proof of space will finish first, with the distribution of arrival times of finalizations the same as happens in a proof of work system if resources are fixed over time. 	the only discretion left on the part of farmers is whether to withhold their winning proofs of space. in other words, the winning verification of a block will be the one from the peer whose plot contains the closest point, because that distance controls how long it will take for the peer to return its verification via the verifiable delay function. the more storage a peer devotes to its plot, and thus the shorter the average distance between points, the more likely it is to be the winner because its proof of space will suffer the shortest delay. there are a number of additional points that need to be understood: 	the process of filling storage with pseudo-random points must be slow enough that a peer cannot simulate extra storage by re-filling the limited storage it has with a new array of points. the process is presumably linear in the size of the storage to be filled, in the speed of the cpu, and in the write bandwidth of the storage medium. but since it is done only once, the slowness doesn't impair the proof of space time. 	the delay imposed by the proof of time must be orders of magnitude longer than the read latency of the storage medium, so that slow storage is not penalized, and fast storage such as ssds are not advantaged. 	the process of filling storage has to be designed so that it is impossible to perform iterative refinement, in which a small amount of permanent storage is used to find the neighborhood of the target point, then a small amount of storage filled with just that neighborhood, and the process repeated to zero in on the target, hoping that the return in terms of reduced vdf time, exceeds the cost of populating the small neighborhood. as i understand it, chia network's goals are that their blockchain would be more energy efficient, more asic-resistant, less centralized, and more secure than proof of work blockchains. given the appalling energy waste of proof of work blockchains, even if chia only managed the first of these it would be a really good thing. energy efficiency as regards energy efficiency, i believe a peer's duty cycle looks like this: 	compute hash, consuming infinitesimal energy in the cpu. 	access value from the disk by waking it from standby, doing a seek and a read, and dropping back into standby. this uses little energy. 	do a proof of time, which takes a long time with the cpu and ram using energy, and the disk in standby using perhaps w. so the overall energy consumption of posp/vdp depends entirely on the energy consumption of the proof of time, the proof of space is irrelevant. two recent papers on vdf are dan boneh et al's verifiable delay functions and a survey of two verifiable delay functions. the math is beyond me, but i believe their vdfs all involve iterating on a computation in which the output of each iteration is the input for the next, to prevent parallelization. if this is the case, during the proof of time one of the cpu's cores will be running flat-out and not using any ram. thus i don't see that the energy demands of these vdfs are very different from the energy demands of hashing, as in proof of work. so if every peer ran a vdf the chia network would use as much energy as bitcoin. but, as i understand it, this isn't what chia is planning. instead, the idea is that there would be a small number of vdf services, to which peers would submit their proofs of space. in this way the energy used by the network would be vastly smaller than bitcoin's. asic resistance the math of vdfs is based on imposing a number of iterations, not on imposing a delay in wall clock time. there may be an advantage to executing the vdf faster than the next peer. as david vorick argues: at the end of the day, you will always be able to create custom hardware that can outperform general purpose hardware. i can’t stress enough that everyone i’ve talked to in favor of asic resistance has consistently and substantially underestimated the flexibility that hardware engineers have to design around specific problems, even under a constrained budget. for any algorithm, there will always be a path that custom hardware engineers can take to beat out general purpose hardware. it’s a fundamental limitation of general purpose hardware. thus one can expect that if the rewards are sufficient, asics will be built to speed up any time-consuming algorithm (i agree that cohen's proof of space is unlikely to attract asics, since the time it takes is negligible). i don't know what happens if a vdf service a with asics gets a point with distance d and, thanks to the asics, announces it significantly before vdf service b without asic assistance gets a point with distance d-ε and announces it. in the bitcoin blockchain, all possible solutions to a block are equally valid. a later, different solution to the block is just later, and thus inferior. but in the chia blockchain a later solution to the block could be unambiguously better (i.e. provably having performed fewer iterations) if it came from a slower peer. how does the network decide how long to wait for a potentially better solution? if the network doesn't wait long enough, and the rewards are enough, it will attract asics. i believe that chia hopes that the vdf services will all use asics, and thus be close in speed. but there won't be enough vdf servers to make a market for asics. tim swanson estimates that there are about . m antminer s s mining on the bitcoin blockchain. that's a market for asics, but a few s isn't. perhaps fpgas could be used instead. centralization proof of work blockchains become centralized through the emergence of mining pools: bitcoin gives out a block reward, btc as of today, every minutes on average. this means that a miner whose power is a small fraction of the total mining power is unlikely to win in a very long time. since this can take years, miners congregate in pools. a pool has a manager, and whenever a participant in the pool finds proof of work, the reward goes to the manager, which distributes it among the participants according to their contribution to the pool. but the emergence of pools isn't due to proof of work, it is a necessary feature of every successful blockchain. consider a blockchain with a -minute block time and k equal miners. a miner will receive a reward on average once in . years. if the average chia network miner's disk in such a network has a -year working life the probability that it will not receive any reward is . %. this is not a viable sales pitch to miners; they join pools to smooth out their income. thus, all other things being equal, a successful blockchain would have no more than say equal pools, generating on average a reward every hours. but all other things are not equal, and this is where brian arthur's increasing returns and path dependence in the economy comes in. randomly, one pool will be bigger than the others, and will generate better returns through economies of scale. the better returns will attract miners from other pools, so it will get bigger and generate even better returns, attracting more miners. this feedback loop will continue, as it did with ghash.io. 	 	mining pools / / bitcoin's mining pools are much larger than needed to provide reasonable income smoothing, though the need to retain the appearance of decentralization means that it currently takes pools (two apparently operated by bitmain) to exceed % of the mining power. presumably economies of scale generating better return on investment account for the additional size. as regards chia network's centralization: just as with bitcoin's proof of work, farming pools would arise in posp/vdf to smooth out income. what would pools mining a successful chia network blockchain look like? lets assume initially that it is uneconomic to develop asics to speed up the vdf. there would appear to be three possible kinds of participants in a pool: 	individuals using the spare space in their desktop pc's disk. the storage for the proof of space is effectively "free", but unless these miners joined pools, they would be unlikely to get a reward in the life of the disk. 	individuals buying systems with cpu, ram and disk solely for mining. the disruption to the user's experience is gone, but now the whole cost of mining has to be covered by the rewards. to smooth out their income, these miners would join pools. 	investors in data-center scale mining pools. economies of scale would mean that these participants would see better profits for less hassle than the individuals buying systems, so these investor pools would come to dominate the network, replicating the bitcoin pool centralization. thus if chia's network were to become successful, mining would be dominated by a few large pools. each pool would run a vdf server to which the pool's participants would submit their proofs of space, so that the pool manager could verify their contribution to the pool. the emergence of pools, and dominance of a small number of pools, has nothing to do with the particular consensus mechanism in use. thus i am skeptical that alternatives to proof of work will significantly reduce centralization of mining in blockchains generally, and in chia network's blockchain specifically. security like radia perlman, eric budish in the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain (commentary on it here) observes that: from a computer security perspective, the key thing to note about ( ) is that the security of the blockchain is linear in the amount of expenditure on mining power, ... in contrast, in many other contexts investments in computer security yield convex returns (e.g., traditional uses of cryptography) — analogously to how a lock on a door increases the security of a house by more than the cost of the lock. budish shows that the security of a blockchain against a % attack depends on the per-block mining reward being large relative to the maximum value of the transactions in a block. reducing the expenditure on mining makes the blockchain less secure. as i wrote in cryptocurrencies have limits: budish combines equations & to get equation : pblock > vattack⁄α this inequality expresses the honest equilibrium condition for deterring an outsider's % attack (to deter insiders, pblock has to be twice as big): the equilibrium per-block payment to miners for running the blockchain must be large relative to the one-off benefits of attacking it. equation ( ) places potentially serious economic constraints on the applicability of the nakamoto ( ) blockchain innovation. by analogy, imagine if users of the visa network had to pay fees to visa, every ten minutes, that were large relative to the value of a successful one-off attack on the visa network. this is why, especially with the advent of "mining as a service", % attacks on alt-coins have become endemic. there is nothing specific to proof of work in budish's analysis; the same limit will apply to chia network's blockchain. but cohen hopes to motivate the use of spare space in individual's desktops by keeping mining rewards small. his first slide claims: as long as rewards are below depreciation value it will be unprofitable to buy storage just for farming i believe that by depreciation value he means the depreciation of all the storage in the network. robert fontana and gary decad's numbers are vendor revenue of $ . /gb for hard disk. assuming -year straight-line depreciation ( , -minute blocks), the block reward and thus the maximum value of the transactions in a block must be less than $ . /pb. kryder's law means this limit will decrease with time. note also that it is possible at low cost to rent very large amounts of storage and computation for short periods of time in order to mount a % attack on a posp/vdp network in the same way that "mining as a service" enables % attacks on alt-coins. for example, a back-of-the-envelope computation of a hour-long petabyte attack at amazon would start by using about days of aws free tier to write the data to the sc version of elastic block storage. the ebs would cost $ /pb/hr, so the setup would cost $ . then the actual hour-long attack would cost $ , for a total of just under $ . i'm skeptical that the low-reward approach to maintaining decentralization is viable. burstcoin it turns out that for the past four years there has been a proof-of-space coin, burstcoin. its "market cap" spiked on launch and when bitcoin spiked, but it is currently under . k btc with a -hr volume just over btc. there are currently cryptocurrencies with greater -day volume than burst. so it hasn't been a great success. as expected, mining is dominated by a few pools. despite the lack of success, burstcoin claims to have about pb of storage devoted to mining. lets take that at face value for now. using the same numbers as above, that's $ m in capital. with -year straight-line depreciation and a -minute block time ( k blocks) the depreciation per block is $ . per block. the reward is currently coins/block or at current "market price" $ . , so they are below bram cohen's criterion for not being worth investing just for mining. despite that, last year people were claiming to be mining with - tb, and earning ~ coins/day. that clearly isn't happening today. there are blocks/day so the daily mining reward is , coins, or $ . k. tb would be . e- of the claimed mining power, so should gain . coins or $ . /day. cheap tb drives at newegg would be around $ k, so the -year depreciation would be $ . /day for a loss of $ . /day before considering power, etc. and as the rewards decreased the loss would increase. suppose i have tb spare space in my desktop pc. i'd have e- of the claimed mining power so, before pool expenses, i could expect to earn about c/day, decreasing. why bother? mining burstcoin only makes sense if you have free access to large amounts of spare disk space for substantial periods. despite the rhetoric, it isn't viable to aggregate the unused space in people's desktops. deployment the history of burstcoin might be seen as a poor omen for chia. but bittorrent has given cohen a stellar reputation, and chia has funding from andreessen horwitz, so it is likely to fare better. nevertheless, chia mining isn't likely to be the province of spare space on people's desktops: 	there are fewer and fewer desktops, and the average size of their disks is decreasing as users prefer smaller, faster, more robust ssds to the larger, slower, more fragile . " drives that have mostly displaced the even larger . " drives in desktops. 	the only remaining market for large, . " drives is data centers, and drive manufacturers are under considerable pressure to change the design of their drives to make them more efficient in this space. this will make them unsuitable for even those desktops that want large drives. so, if the rewards are low enough to prevent investment in storage dedicated to mining, where is the vast supply of free hard disk space to come from? i can see two possible sources: 	manufacturers could add to their hard drives' firmware the code to fill them with a plot during testing and then mine during burn-in before shipment. this is analogous to what butterfly labs did with their mining hardware, just legal. 	cloud data centers need spare space to prepare for unexpected spikes in demand. experience and "big data" techniques can reduce the amount, but enough uncertainty remains that their spare space is substantial. so it is likely that the chia blockchain would be dominated by a small number of large companies ( disk manufacturers, maybe clouds). arguably, these companies would be more trustworthy and more decentralized than the current bitcoin miners. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin, cloud economics, kryder's law, storage costs no comments: post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ▼  september ( ) 	web archives as evidence 	vint cerf on traceability 	blockchain solves preservation! 	what does data "durability" mean 	chia network 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: proof-of-stake in practice dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, march , proof-of-stake in practice at the most abstract level, the work of eric budish, raphael auer, joshua gans and neil gandal is obvious. a blockchain is secure only if the value to be gained by an attack is less than the cost of mounting it. these papers all assume that actors are "economically rational", driven by the immediate monetary bottom line, but this isn't always true in the real world. as i wrote when commenting on gans and gandal: as we see with bitcoin's lightning network, true members of the cryptocurrency cult are not concerned that the foregone interest on capital they devote to making the system work is vastly greater than the fees they receive for doing so. the reason is that, as david gerard writes, they believe that "number go up". in other words, they are convinced that the finite supply of their favorite coin guarantees that its value will in the future "go to the moon", providing capital gains that vastly outweigh the foregone interest. follow me below the fold for a discussion of a recent attack on a proof-of-stake blockchain that wasn't motivated by the immediate monetary bottom line. steem was one of the efforts to decentralize the web discussed in the mit report: they pointed out that: right now, the distribution of sp across users in the system is very unequal -- more than % of sp tokens are held by less than % of account holders in the system. this immense disparity in voting power complicates steemit’s narrative around democratized content curation -- it means that a very small number of users are extremely influential and that the vast majority of users’ votes are virtually inconsequential. now this has proven true. david gerard reports that: distributed proof-of-stake leaves your blockchain open to takeover bids — such as when justin sun of tron tried to take over the steem blockchain, by enlisting exchanges such as binance to pledge their holdings to his efforts. gerard links to yulin's cheng's tron takeover? steem community in uproar as crypto exchanges back reversal of blockchain governance soft fork, a detailed account of events. first: on feb. , steemit entered into a "strategic partnership" with tron that saw steemit's chairman declare on social media that he had sold steemit to [justin sun]," referring to tron's founder. the result was that: concerns that tron might possess too much power over the network resulted in a move by the steem community on feb. to implement a soft fork. the soft fork deactivated the voting power of a large number of tokens owned by tron and steemit. that was soft fork . . one week later, on march nd, tron arranged for exchanges, including huobi, binance and poloniex, to stake tokens they held on behalf of their customers in a % attack: according to the list of accounts powered up on march. , the three exchanges collectively put in over million steem power (sp). with an overwhelming amount of stake, the steemit team was then able to unilaterally implement hard fork . to regain their stake and vote out all top community witnesses – server operators responsible for block production – using account @dev as a proxy. in the current list of steem witnesses, steemit and tron’s own witnesses took up the first slots. although this attack didn't provide tron with an immediate monetary reward, the long term value of retaining effective control of the blockchain was vastly greater than the cost of staking the tokens. i've been pointing out that the high gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies means proof-of-stake centralizes control of the blockchain in the hands of the whales since 's why decentralize? quoted vitalik buterin pointing out that a realistic scenario was: in a proof of stake blockchain, % of the coins at stake are held at one exchange. or in this case three exchanges cooperating. apparently, the tokens that soft fork .   blocked from voting were mined before the blockchain went live and retained by steemit: "the stake was essentially premined and was always said to be for on-boarding and community building. the witnesses decided to freeze it in an attempt to prevent a hostile takeover of the network,” [@jeffjagoe] told the block. "but they forgot justin has a lot of money, and money buys buddies at the exchanges." vitalik buterin commented: "apparently steem dpos got taken over by big exchanges voting with depositors' funds," he tweeted. "seems like the first big instance of a 'de facto bribe attack' on coin voting (the bribe being exchs giving holders convenience and taking their votes." as buterin wrote in , proof-of-stake turned out to be non-trivial. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin, distributed web no comments: post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ▼  march ( ) 	archival cloud storage pricing 	more on failures from fast 	proof-of-stake in practice 	enterprise ssd reliability 	guest post: michael nelson's response 	falling research productivity revisited 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. information literacy competency standards for higher education   ala institutional repository information literacy competency standards for higher education login 	 alair home 	→ 	 divisions 	→ 	 association of college & research libraries (acrl) 	→ 	 guidelines, standards, and frameworks 	→ 	view item javascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it. information literacy competency standards for higher education uri: http://hdl.handle.net/ / date: - abstract: the information literacy competency standards for higher education (originally approved in january ) were rescinded by the acrl board of directors on june , , at the ala annual conference in orlando, florida, which means they are no longer in force. show full item record files in this item name: acrl information ... size: . kb format: pdf description: information literacy ... view/open this item appears in the following collection(s) 	 guidelines, standards, and frameworks search search this collection browse 	 all content 	 communities & collections 	 by issue date 	 authors 	 titles 	 subjects 	 this collection 	 by issue date 	 authors 	 titles 	 subjects my account 	 login 	 register dspace software copyright ©  -   lyrasis   contact us | send feedback   a survey on long-range attacks for proof of stake protocols | ieee journals & magazine | ieee xplore 		skip to main content 		 			 				 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 						 						 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 		 	 	 	 	 						 	 	 		 			 				ieee account 					change username/password 	update address 			 			 				purchase details 					payment options 	order history 	view purchased documents 			 			 				profile information 					communications preferences 	profession and education 	technical interests 			 			 				need help? 					us & canada: + 	worldwide: + 					 	contact & support 			 		 		 			 				 					 							about ieee xplore 	contact us 	help 	accessibility 	terms of use 	nondiscrimination policy 	sitemap 	privacy & opting out of cookies 						 							a not-for-profit organization, ieee is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. © copyright ieee - all rights reserved. use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions. 						 					 					 				 				 			 		 	 	 	 						 						 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 				 			 			 			 			 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 			 			 			 		 		 		 			 						 						 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 	 		 		 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 				 					 						 					 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 				 					 					 								 					 								 			 		 	 		 			 					 			 					 			 					 			 				 					 					 			 					 			 					 			 					 			 					 			 					 			 					 			 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 			 				 			 		 	 baserow: open source no-code database and airtable alternative 	product 	premium 	pricing 	templates 	developers 	documentation 	openapi specification 	api 	blog 	jobs 	contact 	 repository 	 github sponsor 	login 	register 	product 	premium 	pricing 	templates 	developers documentation 	getting started 	start baserow locally 	creating a plugin 	openapi specification 	api 	 gitlab repository 	 want to contribute? 	blog 	jobs 	contact 	 become a sponsor 	 gitlab repository 	 login 	 register new . july release open source no-code database and airtable alternative create your own online database without technical experience. our user friendly no-code tool gives you the powers of a developer without leaving your browser. create account already have an account? prefer to self host? deploy baserow to heroku, cloudron or ubuntu no-code platform that grows are your projects, ideas or business processes unorganized or unclear? do you have many tools for one job? with baserow you decide how you want to structure everything. whether you’re managing customers, products, airplanes or all of them. if you know how a spreadsheet works, you know how baserow works. flexible software software tailored to your needs instead of the other way around. clear and accessible data by all your team members. never unorganized projects, ideas and notes anymore. 	one interface for everything. 	easily integrate with other software. 	collaborate in realtime. 	unlimited rows. 	fast! developer friendly easily create custom plugins with our boilerplate or use third party ones. because baserow is built with modern and proven frameworks it feels like a breeze for developers. 	 built with django and nuxt. 	open source. 	self hosted. 	headless and api first. 	works with postgresql. 	supports custom and third party plugins. ready to bring structure to your organisation? we're in such an early phase that we can’t yet offer you everything we want. because we appreciate everyone who tries out baserow you may use the saas version for free! for now at least. hosted saas version free for now for people and companies that want to try out an early version. 	early access to the latest features. 	unlimited databases and tables. 	support via the live contact form and email. 	organize your workflow and projects. 	receive the latest updates. 	no costs at this point. create account self hosted open source always free for everyone that wants to self host or develop custom plugins. 	can be self hosted. 	unlimited users, rows and databases. 	easy install with our step by step guide. 	will always be free. 	mit license. 	custom plugins. baserow repository early premium € per user / month for companies with advanced needs. 	can be self hosted. 	unlimited users, rows and databases. 	admin dashboard. 	role based permissions. 	kanban and calendar views. 	lots of other features. more information more detailed pricing make your business future proof spend time on running and innovating your business without worrying about software or lost data. because of our open source nature and dedicated development team you decide it all. 	 short development cycles frequent releases and fast bug fixes make sure you never fall behind. 	 no vendor lock-in our open source core means that you can run baserow independently on your own server. 	 blazingly fast continuously tested with . + rows per table while in development. 	 connect with software baserow is api first which means it is made to connect with other software. project tracker templates find inspiration or a starting point for your database in one of our templates: explore all templates applicant tracker personal task manager feature roadmap 	 v 	 march templates, search and performance the ability to install templates, re-order field columns, additional date filters, searching in grid view, phone field and a huge interface performance improvement. 	 april order rows and user admin order rows by drag and drop, manage users as admin premium, run baserow on your own device locally. 	 may exporting, importing and more admin exporting to csv, json and xml, an admin dashboard and group management premium and importing additional formats like excel and json. 	 june trash and form view restore deleted items with trash functionality, form view and re-ordering of applications, tables, views and select options. 	 july form view, date fields and row comments improved form view, created on field, last modified field, link to table filters and row comments premium. 	 august advanced fields and zapier formula field, multiple select field, lookup field and an integration with zapier. 	 september kanban view and web hooks kanban view premium to track progress, web hooks and configurable row height 	 october undo redo and gallery view advanced undo redo functionality and a gallery to list your data in a more user friendly and manageable way. 	 november public view sharing and multiple copy paste public grid view sharing, additional link row filters, n n node and copy pasting multiple values. 	 december footer calculations and coloring of rows different type of footer calculations, coloring of rows premium and link to table field improvements. 	 v git clone https://gitlab.com/bramw/baserow cloning into "baserow"... cd baserow docker-compose up starting db           ... done starting backend      ... done starting celery       ... done starting web-frontend ... done ... echo "visit http://localhost: " open source easily create plugins or contribute you don’t have to spend time on reinventing the wheel. we use modern tools and frameworks like docker, django, vue.js and nuxt.js so you can easily write plugins or contribute. use our boilerplate and documentation to jumpstart your plugin. baserow repo read the docs plugin boilerplate early premium version does it sound good if you could export your data directly to excel, xml or json, have role based permissions and the ability to place comments on row level? would you like to the visualize your data using a kanban or calendar view? then the premium version might be something for you. it also includes an admin panel, signup rules, sso login and more. more information our blog view all blog posts release august , by bram wiepjes july release of baserow the july release of baserow contains new created on / last updated field types, a one-click heroku install, row comments (premium), new templates and much more! info march , by bram wiepjes best excel alternatives info may , by bram wiepjes best airtable alternatives 	log in 	 register 	 contact 	 gitlab repository 	 sponsor 	 twitter 	product 	premium 	pricing 	developer documentation 	openapi specification 	api 	blog 	 july release of baserow 	 best airtable alternatives 	 best excel alternatives 	under the hood of baserow 	building a database 	legal 	 privacy policy 	 terms & conditions newsletter stay up to date with the lates developments and releases by signing up for our newsletter. sign up © copyright baserow all rights reserved. bethany nowviskie bethany nowviskie 	cultural memory and the peri-pandemic library [late last month, i was honored to deliver the annual james e. mcleod memorial lecture on higher education at washington... 	foreword (to the past) congratulations to melissa terras and paul gooding on the publication of an important new collection of essays entitled electronic legal... 	a pledge: self-examination and concrete action in the jmu libraries “the beauty of anti-racism is that you don’t have to pretend to be free of racism to be an anti-racist.... 	change us, too [the following is a brief talk i gave at the opening plenary of rbms , a meeting of the rare... 	from the grass roots [this is a cleaned-up version of the text from which i spoke at the conference of research libraries uk,... 	how the light gets in i took a chance on a hackberry bowl at a farmer’s market—blue-stained and turned like a drop of water. it’s... 	reconstitute the world [what follows is the text of a talk i gave in two different contexts last week, as &# ;reconstitute the world:... 	 spectra for speculative knowledge design [last weekend, i joined the inspiring, interdisciplinary ecotopian toolkit gathering hosted by penn&# ;s program in environmental humanities. (how lucky was i? we even got... 	we raise our voices [crossposted statement on us administration budget proposal from the &# ;director&# ;s desk&# ; at the digital library federation blog.] last night, the... 	iv. coda: speculative computing ( ) [shannon mattern&# ;s wry observation that &# ;speculative now seems to be the universal prefix&# ; got me thinking about time and unpredictability, and reminded me... 	inauguration day january th has inaugurated the worst and longest case of writer’s block of my life. i hate to write, under... 	open invitations [these are unedited remarks from the closing plenary of the dlf forum, written about minutes before it began,... 	speculative collections [this is the text of a talk i gave last week, as &# ;speculative collections and the emancipatory library,&# ; to close... 	alternate futures/usable pasts [while i&# ;m cleaning up the text of a talk i gave at harvard&# ;s hazen symposium last week (see #hazenatharvard or merrilee&# ;s... 	everywhere, every when this is the text of a presentation i made yesterday at a wonderful columbia university symposium called insuetude (still ongoing),... 	capacity through care [this is the draft of an invited contribution to a forum on &# ;care&# ; that will appear in debates in the... 	hallowmas [trigger warning: miscarriage.] ten years ago today, i lost the baby that might have come after my son, and not... 	on capacity and care [this is the blended and edited text of two talks i gave last week. one, titled &# ;on capacity and care,&# ;... 	supporting practice in community [here&# ;s a cleaned-up version of brief remarks i made in a panel discussion on &# ;cultivating digital library professionals,&# ; at tuesday&# ;s... 	a game nonetheless [i recently had the pleasure of responding to a creative and beautifully grounded talk by kevin hamilton of the university... 	open and shut i recently collaborated on a project a little outside the ordinary for me: a case study for a chapter in... 	all at once thirteen years ago, i was a graduate student in english literature when the twin towers collapsed, a fireball erupted from... 	charter-ing a path [cross-posted from the re:thinking blog at clir, the council on library and information resources, where i&# ;m honored to serve as... 	speculative computing & the centers to come [this is a short talk i prepared for a panel discussion today with brett bobley, ed ayers, and stephen robertson,... 	johannes factotum & the ends of expertise [this—more or less—is the text of a keynote talk i delivered last week in atlanta, at the dlf forum:... 	neatline & visualization as interpretation [this post is re-published from an invited response to a february  mediacommons question of the week: &# ;how can we better... 	a kit for hosting speaking in code [cross-posted from the re:thinking blog at clir, the council on library and information resources, where i&# ;m honored to be serving... 	digital humanities in the anthropocene [update: i&# ;ve made low-res versions of my slides and an audio reading available for download on vimeo, alex gil has... 	anthropocene abstract i am deeply honored to have been invited to give a plenary lecture at this year&# ;s digital humanities conference, planned... 	asking for it a report published this week by oclc research asks the burning question of no one, no where: &# ;does every research... dshr's blog: mining is money transmission (updated) dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, june , mining is money transmission (updated) in how to start disrupting cryptocurrencies: “mining” is money transmission, nicholas weaver makes an important point that seems to have been overlooked (my emphasis): the mining process starts with a pile of unconfirmed digital checks, cryptographically signed by the accounts’ corresponding private keys (in public key cryptography, only the private key can generate a signature but anyone can verify the signature with the public key). each miner takes all the checks and decides which ones they are going to consider. miners first have to make sure that each check they consider is valid and that the sending account has sufficient funds. miners then choose from the set of valid checks they want to include and collect them together in a “block.” below the fold, i look into the implications weaver draws from this. the main implication is that miners are providing money transmission services under us law: the term “money transmission services” means the acceptance of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency from one person and the transmission of currency, funds, or other value that substitutes for currency to another location or person by any means. thus, in the us, they are required to follow the anti-money laundering/know your customer (aml/kyc) rules: not only do the miners have to make sure checks are valid, but they also have to make numerous choices beyond this, usually focused on maximizing revenue by selecting the checks that provide the highest fee to the miner. so a miner who creates a block is explicitly making decisions about which transactions to confirm. this successful miner ... is a money transmitter. and these miners are transmitting a lot of value. let us examine a single bitcoin block — the newest block when i wrote this paragraph. in this block the miner, “f pool,” confirmed , transactions representing a notional value of $ . billion. of course many of these transactions are simply noise (the bitcoin blockchain is notorious for transactions that do not represent real transactions), but even the “small” transactions represent several hundred dollars moving between pseudonymous numbered accounts. and each and every one of them was processed, validated, selected and recorded by this one mining pool. and there is an existence proof that miners can use their freedom to choose which transactions to include in the blocks they mine to exclude transactions from unknown parties: there is proof that one can attempt to produce a “sanctions-compliant” mining pool. marathon digital holdings is a small mining pool (roughly percent of the current mining rate). during the month of may, marathon used a risk-scoring method to select transactions, intending to create bitcoin blocks untainted by money laundering or other criminal activity. yet they stopped doing this because the larger bitcoin community objects to the idea of attempting to restrict bitcoin to legal uses! david gerard comments: nicholas weaver points out that this completely gives the game away: miners have always been able to comply with money transmission rules, they just got away with not doing it. in the us the aml/kyc rules are enforced by the financial crimes enforcement network (fincen). most countries follow fincen's lead because the penalty for not doing so can be loss of access to the western world's banking system: this basic observation — that cryptocurrency miners, no matter the cryptocurrency itself, are money transmitters and should be treated as such — would effectively outlaw bitcoin, ethereum and other cryptocurrency mining in most of the world. and some nations that generally don’t follow fincen’s model, notably iran and china, are cracking down on bitcoin mining because it poses both a local money-laundering threat and an obscene waste of energy. 	 	source the chinese government's moves to shut down cryptocurrency mining are already having a significant effect. david gerard reports: hashcow will no longer sell mining rigs in china. sichuan duo technology put its machines up for sale on wechat. btc.top, which does % of all bitcoin mining, is suspending operations in china, and plans to mine mainly in north america. [time] mining rigs are for sale at – % off chinese miners are looking to set up elsewhere. some are looking to kazakhstan. [wired] some have an eye on texas — a state not entirely famous for its robust grid and ability to keep the lights on in bad weather. [cnbc] weaver points out the entrepreneurial opportunity a collapse of the hash rate opens up: additionally, bitcoin and other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies have a security weakness: the system is secure only as long as there is a lot of continuously wasted effort. if the available mining drops precipitously, this enables attackers to rewrite history (a rewriting process that, if it only removes transactions, is arguably not a money transmitter). i’m certain ransomware victims and their insurers would pay $ million to a service that would undo a $ million payment. he concludes: it is time to seriously disrupt the cryptocurrency ecology. directly attacking mining as incompatible with the bank secrecy act is one potentially powerful tool. the whole post is well worth reading. update july th: three days after i posted this, nicholas weaver co-authored a follow-up article with bruice schneier entitled how to cut down on ransomware attacks without banning bitcoin which is also well worth reading. they write: ransomware isn’t new; the idea dates back to with the “brain” computer virus. now, it’s become the criminal business model of the internet for two reasons. the first is the realization that no one values data more than its original owner, and it makes more sense to ransom it back to them — sometimes with the added extortion of threatening to make it public — than it does to sell it to anyone else. the second is a safe way of collecting ransoms: bitcoin. alas, this is already out-of-date. when the darkside gang hit colonial pipeline: colonial pipeline paid in bitcoin, despite that option requiring an additional percent added to the ransom. darkside made a mistake in handling the roughly btc and dan goodin reported that us seizes $ . million colonial pipeline paid to ransomware attackers:: 	 	source "on monday, the us justice department said it had traced . of the roughly bitcoins colonial pipeline paid to darkside the % additional ransom was for payment in bitcoin rather than the more anonymous monero. the ransomware industry has learned from this not to allow payment in bitcoin. lawrence abrams reports in revil ransomware hits , + companies in msp supply-chain attack: the ransomware gang is demanding a $ , , ransom to receive a decryptor from one of the samples. the image of the demand shows that payment in monero is now the only option. nevertheless, weaver and schneier's argument that the ransomware industry can be disrupted by targeting exchanges is plausible: criminals and their victims act differently. victims are net buyers, turning millions of dollars into bitcoin and never going the other way. criminals are net sellers, only turning bitcoin into currency. the only other net sellers are the cryptocurrency miners, and they are easy to identify. any banked exchange that cares about enforcing money laundering laws must consider all significant net sellers of cryptocurrencies as potential criminals and report them to both in- country and u.s. financial authorities. any exchange that doesn’t should have its banking forcefully cut. the u.s. treasury can ensure these exchanges are cut out of the banking system. by designating a rogue but banked exchange, the treasury says that it is illegal not only to do business with the exchange but for u.s. banks to do business with the exchange’s bank. as a consequence, the rogue exchange would quickly find its banking options eliminated. they also agree with my suspicion that tether has a magic money pump when they write: while most cryptocurrencies have values that fluctuate with demand, tether is a “stablecoin” that is supposedly backed one- to-one with dollars. of course, it probably isn’t, as its claim to be the seventh largest holder of commercial paper (short-term loans to major businesses) is blatantly untrue. instead, they appear part of a cycle where new tether is issued, used to buy cryptocurrencies, and the resulting cryptocurrencies now “back” tether and drive up the price. this behavior is clearly that of a “wildcat bank,” a s fraudulent banking style that has long been illegal. tether also bears a striking similarity to liberty reserve, an online currency that the department of justice successfully prosecuted for money laundering in . shutting down tether would have the side effect of eliminating the value proposition for the exchanges that support chain swapping since these exchanges need a “stable” value for the speculators to trade against. i would add that, while they are correct to write: banning cryptocurrencies like bitcoin is an obvious solution. but while the solution is conceptually simple, it’s also impossible because — despite its overwhelming problems — there are so many legitimate interests using cryptocurrencies, albeit largely for speculation and not for legal payments. 	 	source bitcoin is almost impossible to use directly to pay for legal goods and services; both volatility and irreversibility mean that it has to be converted into fiat before the transaction. monero has these problems in spades, plus the problem that any banked exchange could not trade it. so it has to be traded into bitcoin before being traded into fiat. thus any exchange account buying or selling monero (or one of the smaller anonymous cryptocurrencies such as zcash) falls under suspicion of crimes such as ransomware or money laundering, and should be reported. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 an indication that western governments are not happy with cryptocurrencies is that neither the imf: "adoption of bitcoin as legal tender raises a number of macroeconomic, financial and legal issues that require very careful analysis" nor the world bank: "while the government did approach us for assistance on bitcoin, this is not something the world bank can support given the environmental and transparency shortcomings" approve of el salvador's scheme to convert dollar remittances to tethers. 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 around am this morning btc's "price" spiked . % from around $ . k to around $ . k. the probable cause was unconfirmed reports that renowned hodl-er mircea popescu had drowned off costa rica. the death of a hodl-er is always good news for bitcoin as they are likely to have taken the keys to their hodl-ings, which in popescu's case are thought to amount to around % of all the bitcoin there will ever be, with them. less supply = higher price, according to the tenets of austrian economics. anthony “pomp” pompliano, in a now-deleted tweet, celebrated thus: 'mircea popescu, a bitcoin og, has passed away. he likely owned quite a bit of bitcoin. we may never know how much or if they are lost forever, but reminds me that satoshi said: "lost coins only make everyone else's coins worth slightly more. think of it as a donation to everyone."' 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the need for regulation fo cryptocurrencies is evident from misrylena egkolfopolou and charlie wells' crypto scammers rip off billions as pump-and-dump schemes go digital: "it might sound like a joke, given the crypto meltdowns of late, but serious money is at stake here. billions — real billions — are getting pilfered annually through a variety of cryptocurrency scams. the way things are going, this will only get worse. ... nowadays crypto hustlers and star-gazers like titan maxamus have established a weird symbiotic relationship. it seems to capture everything that’s gone wrong with money culture, from reddit-fueled thrill-seeking to conspiracy theorizing to predatory wheeling-dealing. the rug pull is only one play. there’s also the gentler soft rug, the crypto version of getting ghosted on hinge. and the honey pot, which functions like a trap. old-fashioned ponzi schemes, newly cryptodenominated, have swindled people out of billions too." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 and another reason for regulation in mike peterson's fake apple stocks are starting to trade on various blockchain platforms: "synthetic versions of popular technology stocks like apple, tesla, and amazon have started trading on blockchains, joining a growing pool of various crypto assets. the digital assets are engineered to reflect the prices of the stocks that they reflect, but no actual trading of real stocks is involved. although sales volumes are still just a tiny percentage of trades on actual exchanges, crypto enthusiasts are excited about the potential. for proponents, it's a way to trade stock-like assets without any of the restrictions. ... traders can exchange the synthetic stocks anonymously, hours a day, and without restrictions like "know your client" rules or capital controls. ... of course, unregulated finance options like the synthetic tokens could soon draw the attention of enforcement agencies like the securities and exchange commission. billionaire crypto investor mike novogratz, for example, recently said that decentralized finance companies should start abiding by some rules soon to avoid the ire of regulators." the whole point of permissionless blockchains is that "abiding by some rules soon" is a bug. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 in the oncoming ransomware storm stephen diehl continues to point to suppressing the payment channel as the way to stop the dystopian ransomware future: "imagine a world in which every other month you’re forced to bid for your personal data back from hackers who continuously rob you. and a world where all of this is is so commonplace there are automated darknet marketplaces where others can bid on your data, and every detail of your personal life is up for sale to the highest bidder. every private text, photo, email, and password is just a digital commodity to be traded on the market. because that’s what the market demands and that’s what capitalism left unchecked will provide." 	 july , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ▼  june ( ) 	taleb on cryptocurrency economics 	china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	dna data storage: a different approach 	mining is money transmission (updated) 	mempool flooding 	meta: apology to commentors 	unreliability at scale 	unstoppable code? 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: alternatives to proof-of-work dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, july , alternatives to proof-of-work the designers of peer-to-peer consensus protocols such as those underlying cryptocurrencies face three distinct problems. they need to prevent: 	being swamped by a multitude of sybil peers under the control of an attacker. this requires making peer participation expensive, such as by proof-of-work (pow). pow is problematic because it has a catastrophic carbon footprint. 	a rational majority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this is thought to be achieved by decentralization, that is a network of so many peers acting independently that a conspiracy among a majority of them is highly improbable. decentralization is problematic because in practice all successful cryptocurrencies are effectively centralized. 	a rational minority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this requirement is called incentive compatibility. this is problematic because it requires very careful design of the protocol. in the rather long post below the fold i focus on some potential alternatives to pow, inspired by jeremiah wagstaff's subspace: a solution to the farmer’s dilemma, the white paper for a new blockchain technology. careful design of the economic mechanisms of the protocol can in theory ensure incentive compatibility, or as ittay eyal and emin gun sirer express it: the best strategy of a rational minority pool is to be honest, and a minority of colluding miners cannot earn disproportionate benefits by deviating from the protocol they showed in that the bitcoin protocol was not incentive-compatible, but this is in principle amenable to a technical fix. unfortunately, ensuring decentralization is a much harder problem. decentralization vitalik buterin, co-founder of ethereum, wrote in the meaning of decentralization: in the case of blockchain protocols, the mathematical and economic reasoning behind the safety of the consensus often relies crucially on the uncoordinated choice model, or the assumption that the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently. the internet's basic protocols, tcp/ip, dns, smtp, http are all decentralized, and yet the actual internet is heavily centralized around a few large companies. centralization is an emergent behavior, driven not by technical but by economic forces. w. brian arthur described these forces before the web took off in his book increasing returns and path dependence in the economy. similarly, the blockchain protocols are decentralized but ever since the bitcoin blockchain has been centralized around - large mining pools. buterin wrote: can we really say that the uncoordinated choice model is realistic when % of the bitcoin network’s mining power is well-coordinated enough to show up together at the same conference? this is perhaps the greatest among the multiple failures of satoshi nakamoto's goals for bitcoin. the economic forces driving this centralization are the same as those that centralized other internet protocols. i explored how they act to centralize p p systems in 's economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks. i argued that an incentive-compatible protocol wasn't adequate to prevent centralization. the simplistic version of the argument was: 	the income to a participant in an incentive-compatible p p network should be linear in their contribution of resources to the network. 	the costs a participant incurs by contributing resources to the network will be less than linear in their resource contribution, because of the economies of scale. 	thus the proportional profit margin a participant obtains will increase with increasing resource contribution. 	thus the effects described in brian arthur's increasing returns and path dependence in the economy will apply, and the network will be dominated by a few, perhaps just one, large participant. and i wrote: the advantages of p p networks arise from a diverse network of small, roughly equal resource contributors. thus it seems that p p networks which have the characteristics needed to succeed (by being widely adopted) also inevitably carry the seeds of their own failure (by becoming effectively centralized). bitcoin is an example of this. my description of the fundamental problem was: the network has to arrange not just that the reward grows more slowly than the contribution, but that it grows more slowly than the cost of the contribution to any participant. if there is even one participant whose rewards outpace their costs, brian arthur's analysis shows they will end up dominating the network. herein lies the rub. the network does not know what an individual participant's costs, or even the average participant's costs, are and how they grow as the participant scales up their contribution. so the network would have to err on the safe side, and make rewards grow very slowly with contribution, at least above a certain minimum size. doing so would mean few if any participants above the minimum contribution, making growth dependent entirely on recruiting new participants. this would be hard because their gains from participation would be limited to the minimum reward. it is clear that mass participation in the bitcoin network was fuelled by the (unsustainable) prospect of large gains for a small investment. the result of limiting reward growth would be a blockchain with limited expenditure on mining which, as we see with the endemic % attacks against alt-coins, would not be secure. but without such limits, economies of scale mean that the blockchain would be dominated by a few large mining pools, so would not be decentralized and would be vulnerable to insider attacks. note that in june the ghash.io mining pool alone had more than % of the bitcoin mining power. but the major current problem for bitcoin, ethereum and cryptocurrencies in general is not vulnerability to % attacks. participants in these "trustless" systems trust that the mining pools are invested in their security and will not conspire to misbehave. events have shown that this trust is misplaced as applied to smaller alt-coins. trustlessness was one of nakamoto's goals, another of the failures. but as regards the major cryptocurrencies this trust is plausible; everyone is making enough golden eggs to preserve the life of the goose. alternatives to proof-of-work the major current problem for cryptocurrencies is that their catastrophic carbon footprint has attracted attention. david gerard writes: the bit where proof-of-work mining uses a country’s worth of electricity to run the most inefficient payment system in human history is finally coming to public attention, and is probably bitcoin’s biggest public relations problem. normal people think of bitcoin as this dumb nerd money that nerds rip each other off with — but when they hear about proof-of-work, they get angry. externalities turn out to matter. yang xiao et al's a survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks is very useful. they: identify five core components of a blockchain consensus protocol, namely, block proposal, block validation, information propagation, block finalization, and incentive mechanism. a wide spectrum of blockchain consensus protocols are then carefully reviewed accompanied by algorithmic abstractions and vulnerability analyses. the surveyed consensus protocols are analyzed using the five-component framework and compared with respect to different performance metrics. their "wide spectrum" is comprehensive as regards the variety of pow protocols, and as regards the varieties of proof-of-stake (pos) protocols that are the leading alternatives to pow. their coverage of other consensus protocols is less thorough, and as regards the various protocols that defend against sybil attacks by wasting storage instead of computation it is minimal. the main approach to replacing pow with something equally good at preventing sybil attacks but less good at cooking the planet has been pos, but a recent entrant using proof-of-time-and-space (i'll use potas since the acronyms others use are confusing) to waste storage has attracted considerable attention. i will discuss pos in general terms and two specific systems, chia (potas) and subspace (a hybrid of potas and pos). proof-of-stake in pow as implemented by nakamoto, the probability of a winning the next block is proportional to the number of otherwise useless hashes computed — nakamoto thought by individual cpus but now by giant mining pools driven by warehouses full of mining asics. the idea of pos is that the resource being wasted to deter sybil attacks is the cryptocurrency itself. in order to mount a % attack the attacker would have to control more of the cryptocurrency that the loyal peers. in vanilla pos the probability of winning the next block is proportional to the amount of the cryptocurrency "staked", i.e. effectively escrowed and placed at risk of being "slashed" if the majority concludes that the peer has misbehaved. it appears to have been first proposed in by bitcointalk user quantummechanic. the first cryptocurrency to use pos, albeit as a hybrid with pow, was peercoin in . there have been a number of pure pos cryptocurrencies since, including cardano from and algorand from but none have been very successful. ethereum, the second most important cryptocurrency, understood the need to replace pow in and started work in . but as vitalik buterin then wrote: over the last few months we have become more and more convinced that some inclusion of proof of stake is a necessary component for long-term sustainability; however, actually implementing a proof of stake algorithm that is effective is proving to be surprisingly complex. the fact that ethereum includes a turing-complete contracting system complicates things further, as it makes certain kinds of collusion much easier without requiring trust, and creates a large pool of stake in the hands of decentralized entities that have the incentive to vote with the stake to collect rewards, but which are too stupid to tell good blockchains from bad. buterin was right about making "certain kinds of collusion much easier without requiring trust". in on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos philip daian and co-authors show that "smart contracts" provide for untraceable on-chain collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous. it is obviously much harder to prevent bad behavior in a turing-complete environment. seven years later ethereum is still working on the transition, which they currently don't expect to be complete for another months: shocked to see that the timeline for ethereum moving to eth and getting off proof-of-work mining has been put back to late … about months from now. this is mostly from delays in getting sharding to work properly. vitalik buterin says that this is because the ethereum team isn’t working well together. [tokenist] skepticism about the schedule for eth is well-warranted, as julia magas writes in when will ethereum . fully launch? roadmap promises speed, but history says otherwise: looking at how fast the relevant updates were implemented in the previous versions of ethereum roadmaps, it turns out that the planned and real release dates are about a year apart, at the very minimum. are there other reasons why pos is so hard to implement safely? bram cohen's talk at stanford included a critique of pos: 	its threat model is weaker than proof of work. 	just as proof of work is in practice centralized around large mining pools, proof of stake is centralized around large currency holdings (which were probably acquired much more cheaply than large mining installations). 	the choice of a quorum size is problematic. "too small and it's attackable. too large and nothing happens." and "unfortunately, those values are likely to be on the wrong side of each other in practice." 	incentivizing peers to put their holdings at stake creates a class of attacks in which peers "exaggerate one's own bonding and blocking it from others." 	slashing introduces a class of attacks in which peers cause others to be fraudulently slashed. 	the incentives need to be strong enough to overcome the risks of slashing, and of keeping their signing keys accessible and thus at risk of compromise. 	"defending against those attacks can lead to situations where the system gets wedged because a split happened and nobody wants to take one for the team" cohen seriously under-played pos's centralization problem. it isn't just that the gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies are extremely high, but that this is a self-reinforcing problem. because the rewards for mining new blocks, and the fees for including transactions in blocks, flow to the hodl-ers in proportion to their hodl-ings, whatever gini coefficient the systems starts out with will always increase. as i wrote, cryptocurrencies are: a mechanism for transferring wealth from later adopters, called suckers, to early adopters, called geniuses. pos makes this "ratchet" mechanism much stronger than pow, and thus renders them much more vulnerable to insider % attacks. i discussed one such high-profile attack by justin sun of tron on the steemit blockchain in proof-of-stake in practice : one week later, on march nd, tron arranged for exchanges, including huobi, binance and poloniex, to stake tokens they held on behalf of their customers in a % attack: according to the list of accounts powered up on march. , the three exchanges collectively put in over million steem power (sp). with an overwhelming amount of stake, the steemit team was then able to unilaterally implement hard fork . to regain their stake and vote out all top community witnesses – server operators responsible for block production – using account @dev as a proxy. in the current list of steem witnesses, steemit and tron’s own witnesses took up the first slots. although this attack didn't provide tron with an immediate monetary reward, the long term value of retaining effective control of the blockchain was vastly greater than the cost of staking the tokens. i've been pointing out that the high gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies means proof-of-stake centralizes control of the blockchain in the hands of the whales since 's why decentralize? quoted vitalik buterin pointing out that a realistic scenario was: in a proof of stake blockchain, % of the coins at stake are held at one exchange. or in this case three exchanges cooperating. note that economic analyses of pos, such as more (or less) economic limits of the blockchain by joshua gans and neil gandal, assume economically rational actors care about the iliquidity of staked coins and the foregone interest. but true believers in "number go up" have a long-term perspective similar to sun's. the eventual progress of their coin "to the moon!" means that temporary, short-term costs are irrelevant to long-term hodl-ers. jude c. nelson amplifies the centralization point: pow is open-membership, because the means of coin production are not tied to owning coins already. all you need to contribute is computing power, and you can start earning coins at a profit. pos is closed-membership with a veneer of open-membership, because the means of coin production are tied to owning a coin already. what this means in practice is that no rational coin-owner is going to sell you coins at a fast enough rate that you'll be able to increase your means of coin production. put another way, the price you'd pay for the increased means of coin production will meet or exceed the total expected revenue created by staking those coins over their lifetime. so unless you know something the seller doesn't, you won't be able to profit by buying your way into staking. overall, this makes pos less resilient and less egalitarian than pow. while both require an up-front capital expenditure, the expenditure for pos coin-production will meet or exceed the total expected revenue of those coins at the point of sale. so, the system is only as resilient as the nodes run by the people who bought in initially, and the only way to join later is to buy coins from people who want to exit (which would only be viable if these folks believed the coins are worth less than what you're buying them for, which doesn't bode well for you as the buyer). nelson continues: pow requires less proactive trust and coordination between community members than pos -- and thus is better able to recover from both liveness and safety failures -- precisely because it both ( ) provides a computational method for ranking fork quality, and ( ) allows anyone to participate in producing a fork at any time. if the canonical chain is %-attacked, and the attack eventually subsides, then the canonical chain can eventually be re-established in-band by honest miners simply continuing to work on the non-attacker chain. in pos, block-producers have no such protocol -- such a protocol cannot exist because to the rest of the network, it looks like the honest nodes have been slashed for being dishonest. any recovery procedure necessarily includes block-producers having to go around and convince people out-of-band that they were totally not dishonest, and were slashed due to a "hack" (and, since there's lots of money on the line, who knows if they're being honest about this?). pos conforms to mark : : for he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath. in section vi(e) yang xiao et al identify the following types of vulnerability in pos systems: 	costless simulation: literally means any player can simulate any segment of blockchain history at the cost of no real work but speculation, as pos does not incur intensive computation while the blockchain records all staking history. this may give attackers shortcuts to fabricate an alternative blockchain. it is the basis for attacks through . 	nothing at stake unlike a pow miner, a pos minter needs little extra effort to validate transactions and generate blocks on multiple competing chains simultaneously. this “multi-bet” strategy makes economical sense to pos nodes because by doing so they can avoid the opportunity cost of sticking to any single chain. consequently if a significantly fraction of nodes perform the “multi-bet” strategy, an attacker holding far less than % of tokens can mount a successful double spending attack. the defense against this attack is usually "slashing", forfeiting the stake of miners detected on multiple competing chains. but slashing, as cohen and nelson point out, is in itself a consensus problem. 	posterior corruption the key enabler of posterior corruption is the public availability of staking history on the blockchain, which includes stakeholder addresses and staking amounts. an attacker can attempt to corrupt the stakeholders who once possessed substantial stakes but little at present by promising them rewards after growing an alternative chain with altered transaction history (we call it a “malicious chain”). when there are enough stakeholders corrupted, the colluding group (attacker and corrupted once-rich stakeholders) could own a significant portion of tokens (possibly more than %) at some point in history, from which they are able to grow an malicious chain that will eventually surpass the current main chain. the defense is key-evolving cryptography, which ensures that the past signatures cannot be forged by the future private keys. 	long-range attack as introduced by buterin: foresees that a small group of colluding attackers can regrow a longer valid chain that starts not long after the genesis block. because there were likely only a few stakeholders and a lack of competition at the nascent stage of the blockchain, the attackers can grow the malicious chain very fast and redo all the pos blocks (i.e. by costless simulation) while claiming all the historical block rewards. evangelos deirmentzoglou et al's a survey on long-range attacks for proof of stake protocols provides a useful review of these attacks. even if there are no block rewards, only fees, a variant long-range attack is possible as described in stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains by peter gazi et al, and by shijie zhang and jong-hyouk lee in eclipse-based stake-bleeding attacks in pos blockchain systems. 	stake-grinding attack unlike pow in which pseudo-randomness is guaranteed by the brute-force use of a cryptographic hash function, pos’s pseudo-randomness is influenced by extra blockchain information—the staking history. malicious pos minters may take advantage of costless simulation and other staking-related mechanisms to bias the randomness of pos in their own favor, thus achieving higher winning probabilities compared to their stake amounts 	centralization risk as discussed above: in pos the minters can lawfully reinvest their profits into staking perpetually, which allows the one with a large sum of unused tokens become wealthier and eventually reach a monopoly status. when a player owns more than % of tokens in circulation, the consensus process will be dominated by this player and the system integrity will not be guaranteed. there are a number of papers on this problem, including staking pool centralization in proof-of-stake blockchain network by ping he et al, compounding of wealth in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies by giulia fanti et al, and stake shift in major cryptocurrencies: an empirical study by rainer stütz et al. but to my mind none of them suggest a realistic mitigation. these are not the only problems from which pos suffers. two more are: 	checkpointing. long-range and related attacks are capable of rewriting almost the entire chain. to mitigate this, pos systems can arrange for consensus on checkpoints, blocks which are subsequently regarded as canonical forcing any rewriting to start no earlier than the following block. winkle – decentralised checkpointing for proof-of-stake is: a decentralised checkpointing mechanism operated by coin holders, whose keys are harder to compromise than validators’ as they are more numerous. by analogy, in bitcoin, taking control of one-third of the total supply of money would require at least keys, whereas only mining pools control more than half of the hash power it is important that consensus on checkpoints is achieved through a different mechanism than consensus on blocks. to over-simplify, winkle piggy-backs votes for checkpoints on transactions; a transaction votes for a block with the number of coins remaining in the sending account, and with the number sent to the receiving account. a checkpoint is final once a set proportion of the coins have voted for it. for the details, see winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems by sarah azouvi et al. 	lending. in competitive equilibria between staking and on-chain lending, tarun chitra demonstrates that it is: possible for on-chain lending smart contracts to cannibalize network security in pos systems. when the yield provided by these contracts is more attractive than the inflation rate provided from staking, stakers will tend to remove their staked tokens and lend them out, thus reducing network security. ... our results illustrate that rational, non-adversarial actors can dramatically reduce pos network security if block rewards are not calibrated appropriately above the expected yields of on-chain lending. i believe this is part of a fundamental problem for pos. the token used to prevent a single attacker appearing as a multitude of independent peers can be lent, and thus the attacker can borrow a temporary majority of the stake cheaply, for only a short-term interest payment. preventing this increases implementation complexity significantly. in summary, despite pos' potential for greatly reducing pow's environmental impact and cost of defending against sybil attacks, it has a major disadvantage. it is significantly more complex and thus its attack surface is much larger, especially when combined with a turing-complete execution environment such as ethereum's. it therefore needs more defense mechanisms, which increase complexity further. buterin and the ethereum developers realize the complexity of the implementation task they face, which is why their responsible approach is taking so long. currently ethereum is the only realistic candidate to displace bitcoin, and thus reduce cryptocurrencies' carbon footprint, so the difficulty of an industrial-strength implementation of pos for ethereum . is a major problem. proof-of-space-and-time back in i wrote about bram cohen's potas system, chia, in proofs of space and chia network. instead of wasting computation to prevent sybil attacks, chia wastes storage. chia's "space farmers" create and store "plots" consisting of large amounts of otherwise useless data. the technical details are described in chia consensus. they are comprehensive and impressively well thought out. because, like bitcoin, chia is wasting a real resource to defend against sybil attacks it lacks many of pos' vulnerabilities. nevertheless, the chia protocol is significantly more complex than bitcoin and thus likely to possess additional vulnerabilities. for example, whereas in bitcoin there is only one role for participants, mining, the chia protocol involves three roles: 	farmer, "farmers are nodes which participate in the consensus algorithm by storing plots and checking them for proofs of space." 	timelord, "timelords are nodes which participate in the consensus algorithm by creating proofs of time". 	full node, which involves "broadcasting proofs of space and time, creating blocks, maintaining a mempool of pending transactions, storing the historical blockchain, and uploading blocks to other full nodes as well as wallets (light clients)." 	 	figure another added complexity is that the chia protocol maintains three chains (challenge, reward and foliage), plus an evanescent chain during each "slot" (think bitcoin's block time), as shown in the document's figure . the document therefore includes a range of attacks and their mitigations which are of considerable technical interest. cohen's praiseworthy objective for chia was to avoid the massive power waste of pow because: "you have this thing where mass storage medium you can set a bit and leave it there until the end of time and its not costing you any more power. dram is costing you power when its just sitting there doing nothing". alas, cohen was exaggerating: a state-of-the-art disk drive, such as seagate's tb barracuda pro, consumes about w spun-down in standby mode, about w spun-up idle and about w doing random k reads. which is what it would be doing much of the time while "space farming". clearly, potas uses energy, just much less than pow. reporting on cohen's talk at stanford i summarized: cohen's vision is of a posp/vdf network comprising large numbers of desktop pcs, continuously connected and powered up, each with one, or at most a few, half-empty hard drives. the drives would have been purchased at retail a few years ago. my main criticism in those posts was cohen's naiveté about storage technology, the storage market and economies of scale: there would appear to be three possible kinds of participants in a pool: 	 individuals using the spare space in their desktop pc's disk. the storage for the proof of space is effectively "free", but unless these miners joined pools, they would be unlikely to get a reward in the life of the disk. 	 individuals buying systems with cpu, ram and disk solely for mining. the disruption to the user's experience is gone, but now the whole cost of mining has to be covered by the rewards. to smooth out their income, these miners would join pools. 	 investors in data-center scale mining pools. economies of scale would mean that these participants would see better profits for less hassle than the individuals buying systems, so these investor pools would come to dominate the network, replicating the bitcoin pool centralization. thus if chia's network were to become successful, mining would be dominated by a few large pools. each pool would run a vdf server to which the pool's participants would submit their proofs of space, so that the pool manager could verify their contribution to the pool. the emergence of pools, and dominance of a small number of pools, has nothing to do with the particular consensus mechanism in use. thus i am skeptical that alternatives to proof of work will significantly reduce centralization of mining in blockchains generally, and in chia network's blockchain specifically. as i was writing the first of these posts, techcrunch reported: chia has just raised a $ . million seed round led by angellist’s naval ravikant and joined by andreessen horowitz, greylock and more. the money will help the startup build out its chia coin and blockchain powered by proofs of space and time instead of bitcoin’s energy-sucking proofs of work, which it plans to launch in q . even in the naiveté persisted, as chia pitched the idea that space farming on a raspberry pi was a way to make money. it still persists, as chia's president reportedly claims that "recyclable hard drives are entering the marketplace". but when chia coin actually started trading in early may the reality was nothing like cohen's vision: 	as everyone predicted, the immediate effect was to create a massive shortage of the ssds needed to create plots, and the hard drives needed to store them. even gene hoffman, chia's ceo, admitted that bitcoin rival chia 'destroyed' hard disc supply chains, says its boss: chia, a cryptocurrency intended to be a “green” alternative to bitcoin has instead caused a global shortage of hard discs. gene hoffman, the president of chia network, the company behind the currency, admits that “we’ve kind of destroyed the short-term supply chain”, but he denies it will become an environmental drain. the result of the spike in storage prices was a rise in the vendors stock: the share price of hard disc maker western digital has increased from $ at the start of the year to $ , while competitor seagate is up from $ to $ over the same period. to give you some idea of how rapidly chia has consumed storage in the two months since launch, it is around % of the rate at which the entire industry produced hard disk in . 	 	 	chia pools mining pools arose. as i write the network is storing . eb of otherwise useless data, of which one pool, ihpool.com is managing . eb, or . %. unlike bitcoin, the next two pools are much smaller, but large enough so that the top four pools have % of the space. the network is slightly more decentralized than bitcoin has been since , and for reasons discussed below is less vulnerable to an insider % attack. 	 	 	chia "price" the "price" of chia coin collapsed, from $ . at the start of trading to $ . sunday before soaring to $ . as i write. each circulating xch corresponds to about tb. the investment in "space farming" hardware vastly outweighs, by nearly six times, the market cap of the cryptocurrency it is supporting. 	the "space farmers" are earning $ . m/day, or about $ /tb/year. a tb internal drive is currently about $ on amazon, so it will be about a months before it earns a profit. the drive is only warranted for years. but note that the warranty is limited: supports up to tb/yr workload rate workload rate is defined as the amount of user data transferred to or from the hard drive. using the drive for "space farming" would likely void the warranty and, just as pow does to gpus, burn out the drive long before its warranted life. if you have two years, the $ investment theoretically earns a % return before power and other costs. 	but the hard drive isn't the only cost of space farming. in order to become a "space farmer" in the first place you need to create plots containing many gigabytes of otherwise useless cryptographically-generated data. you need lots of them; the probability of winning your share of the $ . m/day is how big a fraction of the nearly eb you can generate and store. the eb is growing rapidly, so the quicker you can generate the plots, the better your chance in the near term. to do so in finite time you need in addition to the hard drive a large ssd at extra cost. using it for plotting will void its warranty and burn it out in as little as six weeks. and you need a powerful server running flat-out to do the cryptography, which both rather casts doubt on how much less power than pow chia really uses, and increases the payback time significantly. 	in my first chia post i predicted that "space farming" would be dominated by huge data centers such as amazon's. sure enough, wolfie zhao reported on may th that: technology giant amazon has rolled out a solution dedicated to chia crypto mining on its aws cloud computing platform. according to a campaign page on the amazon aws chinese site, the platform touts that users can deploy a cloud-based storage system in as quickly as five minutes in order to mine xch, the native cryptocurrency on the chia network. two weeks later david gerard reported that: the page disappeared in short order — but an archive exists. because chia mining trashes the drives, something else i pointed out in my first chia post, storage services are banning users who think that renting something is a license to destroy it. in any case, tb of amazon's s reduced redundancy storage costs $ . /day, so it would be hard to make ends meet. cheaper storage services, such as wasabi at $ . /day are at considerable risk from chia. 	although this isn't an immediate effect, as david gerard writes, because creating chia plots wears out ssds, and chia farming wears out hard disks: chia produces vast quantities of e-waste—rare metals, assembled into expensive computing components, turned into toxic near-unrecyclable landfill within weeks. miners are incentivized to join pools because they prefer a relatively predictable, frequent flow of small rewards to very infrequent large rewards. the way pools work in bitcoin and related protocols is that the pool decides what transactions are in the block it hopes to mine, and gets all the pool participants to work on that block. thus a pool, or a conspiracy among pools, that had % of the mining power would have effective control over the transactions that were finalized. because they make the decision as to which transactions happen, nicholas weaver argues that mining pools are money transmitters and thus subject to the aml/kyc rules. but in chia pools work differently: first and foremost, even when a winning farmer is using a pool, they themselves are the ones who make the transaction block - not the pool. the decentralization benefits of this policy are obvious. the potential future downside is that while bitcoin miners in a pool can argue that aml/kyc is the responsibility of the pool, chia farmers would be responsible for enforcing the aml/kyc rules and subject to bank-sized penalties for failing to do so. in bitcoin the winning pool receives and distributes both the block reward and the (currently much smaller) transaction fees. over time the bitcoin block reward is due to go to zero and the system is intended to survive on fees alone. alas, research has shown that a fee-only bitcoin system is insecure. chia does things differently in two ways. first: all the transaction fees generated by a block go to the farmer who found it and not to the pool. trying to split the transaction fees with the pool could result in transaction fees being paid ‘under the table’ either by making them go directly to the farmer or making an anyone can spend output which the farmer would then pay to themselves. circumventing the pool would take up space on the blockchain. it could also encourage the emergence of alternative pooling protocols where the pool makes the transaction block which is a form of centralization we wish to avoid. the basic argument is that in bitcoin the % conspiracy is n pools where in chia it is m farmers (m ≫ n). chia are confident that this is safe: this ensures that even if a pool has % netspace, they would also need to control all of the farmer nodes (with the % netspace) to do any malicious activity. this will be very difficult unless all the farmers (with the % netspace) downloaded the same malicious chia client programmed by a bram like level genius. i'm a bit less confident because, like ethereum, chia has a turing-complete programming environment. in on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos philip daian and co-authors showed that "smart contracts" provide for untraceable on-chain collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous. although their conspriacies were much smaller, similar techniques might be the basis for larger attacks on blockchains with "smart contracts". second: this method has the downside of reducing the smoothing benefits of pools if transaction fees come to dominate fixed block rewards. that’s never been a major issue in bitcoin and our block reward schedule is set to only halve three times and continue at a fixed amount forever after. there will alway be block rewards to pay to the pool while transaction fees go to the individual farmers. so unlike the austrian economics of bitcoin, chia plans to reward farming by inflating the currency indefinitely, never depending wholly on fees. in bitcoin the pool takes the whole block reward, but the way block rewards work is different too: fixed block rewards are set to go / to the pool and / to the farmer. this seems to be a sweet spot where it doesn’t reduce smoothing all that much but also wipes out potential selfish mining attacks where someone joins a competing pool and takes their partials but doesn’t upload actual blocks when they find them. those sort of attacks can become profitable when the fraction of the split is smaller than the size of the pool relative to the whole system. last i checked ihpool.com had almost % of the total system. rational economics are not in play here. "space farming" makes sense only at scale or for the most dedicated believers in "number go up". others are less than happy: so i tested this chia thing overnight. gave it gb plot and two cpu threads. after hours it consumed gb temp space, didn’t sync yet, cpu usage is always %+. estimated reward time is months. this isn’t green, already being centralised on large waste producing servers. the problem for the "number go up" believers is that the "size go up" too, by about half-an-exabyte a day. as the network grows, the chance that your investment in hardware will earn a reward goes down because it represents a smaller proportion of the total. unless "number go up" much faster than "size go up", your investment is depreciating rapidly not just because you are burning it out but because its cost-effectiveness is decaying. and as we see, "size go up" rapidly but "number go down" rapidly. and economies of scale mean that return on investment in hardware will go up significantly with the proportion of the total the farmer has. so the little guy gets the short end of the stick even if they are in a pool. chia's technology is extremely clever, but the economics of the system that results in the real world don't pass the laugh test. chia is using nearly a billion dollars of equipment being paid for by inflating the currency at a rate of currently / billion dollars a year to process transactions at a rate around five billion dollars a year, a task that could probably be done using a conventional database and a raspberry pi. the only reason for this profligacy is to be able to claim that it is "decentralized". it is more decentralized than pow or pos systems, but over time economies of scale and free entry will drive the reward for farming in fiat terms down and mean that small-scale farmers will be squeezed out. the chia "price" chart suggests that it might have been a "list-and-dump" scheme, in which a z and the other vcs incentivized the miners to mine and the exchanges to list the new cryptocurrency so that the vcs could dump their hodl-ings on the muppets seduced by the hype and escape with a profit. note that a z just raised a $ . b fund dedicated to pouring money into similar schemes. this is enough to fund chia-sized ventures! (david gerard aptly calls andreesen horowitz "the softbank of crypto") they wouldn't do that unless they were making big bucks from at least some of the ones they funded earlier. chia's sensitivity about their pr led them to hurl bogus legal threats at the leading chia community blog. neither is a good look. subspace as we see, the chia network has one huge pool and a number of relatively miniscule pools. in subspace" a solution to the farmer's dilemma, wagstaff describes the "farmer's dilemma" thus: observe that in any poc blockchain a farmer is, by-definition, incentivized to allocate as much of its scarce storage resources as possible towards consensus. contrast this with the desire for all full nodes to reserve storage for maintaining both the current state and history of the blockchain. these competing requirements pose a challenge to farmers: do they adhere to the desired behavior, retaining the state and history, or do they seek to maximize their own rewards, instead dedicating all available space towards consensus? when faced with this farmer’s dilemma rational farmers will always choose the latter, effectively becoming light clients, while degrading both the security and decentralization of the network. this implies that any poc blockchain would eventually consolidate into a single large farming pool, with even greater speed than has been previously observed with pow and pos chains. subspace proposes to resolve this using a hybrid of pos and potas: we instead clearly distinguish between a permissionless farming mechanism for block production and permissioned staking mechanism for block finalization. wagstaff describes it thus: 	to prevent farmers from discarding the history, we construct a novel poc consensus protocol based on proofs-of-storage of the history of the blockchain itself, in which each farmer stores as many provably-unique replicas of the chain history as their disk space allows. 	to ensure the history remains available, farmers form a decentralized storage network, which allows the history to remain fully-recoverable, load-balanced, and efficiently-retrievable. 	to relieve farmers of the burden of maintaining the state and preforming [sic] redundant computation, we apply the classic technique in distributed systems of decoupling consensus and computation. farmers are then solely responsible for the ordering of transactions, while a separate class of executor nodes maintain the state and compute the transitions for each new block. 	to ensure executors remain accountable for their actions, we employ a system of staked deposits, verifiable computation, and non-interactive fraud proofs. separating consensus (potas) and computation (pos) has interesting effects: 	like chia, the only function of pools is to smooth out farmer's rewards. they do not compose the blocks. pools will compete on their fees. economics of scale mean that the larger the pool, the lower the fees it can charge. so, just like chia, subspace will end up with one, or only a few, large pools. 	 like chia, if they can find a proof, farmers assemble transactions into a block which they can submit to executors for finalization. subspace shares with chia the property that a % attack requires m farmers not n pools (m ≫ n), assuming of course no supply chain attack or abuse of "smart contracts". 	subspace uses a lockss-like technique of electing a random subset of executors for each finalization. because any participant can unambiguously detect fraudulent execution, and thus that the finalization of a block is fraudulent, the opportunity for bad behavior by executors is highly constrained. a conspiracy of executors has to hope that no honest executor is elected. like chia, the technology is extremely clever but there are interesting economic aspects. as regards farmers, wagstaff writes: to ensure the history does not grow beyond total network storage capacity, we modify the transaction fee mechanism such that it dynamically adjusts in response to the replication factor. recall that in bitcoin, the base fee rate is a function of the size of the transaction in bytes, not the amount of btc being transferred. we extend this equation by including a multiplier, derived from the replication factor. this establishes a mandatory minimum fee for each transaction, which reflects its perpetual storage cost. the multiplier is recalculated each epoch, from the estimated network storage and the current size of the history. the higher the replication factor, the cheaper the cost of storage per byte. as the replication factor approaches one, the cost of storage asymptotically approaches infinity. as the replication factor decreases, transaction fees will rise, making farming more profitable, and in-turn attracting more capacity to the network. this allows the cost of storage to reach an equilibrium price as a function of the supply of, and demand for, space. there are some issues here: 	the assumption that the market for fees can determine the "perpetual storage cost" is problematic. as i first showed back in , the endowment needed for "perpetual storage" depends very strongly on two factors that are inherently unpredictable, the future rate of decrease of media cost in $/byte (kryder rate), and the future interest rate. the invisible hand of the market for transaction fees cannot know these, it only knows the current cost of storage. nor can subspace management know them, to set the "mandatory minimum fee". thus it is likely that fees will significantly under-estimate the "perpetual storage cost", leading to problems down the road. 	the assumption that those wishing to transact will be prepared to pay at least the "mandatory minimum fee" is suspect. cryptocurrency fees are notoriously volatile because they are based on a blind auction; when no-one wants to transact a "mandatory minimum fee" would be a deterrent, when everyone wants to fees are unaffordable. research has shown that if fees dominate block rewards systems become unstable. wagstaff's paper doesn't seem to describe how block rewards work; i assume that they go to the individual farmer or are shared via a pool for smoother cash flow. i couldn't see from the paper whether, like chia, subspace intends to avoid depending upon fees. as regards executors: for each new block, a small constant number of executors are chosen through a stake-weighted election. anyone may participate in execution by syncing the state and placing a small deposit. but the chance that they will be elected and gain the reward for finalizing a block and generating an execution receipt (er) depends upon how much they stake. the mechanism for rewarding executors is: farmers split transaction fee rewards evenly with all executors, based on the expected number of ers for each block. for example, if executors are elected, the farmer will take half of the all transaction fees, while each executor will take / . a farmer is incentivized to include all ers which finalize execution for its parent block because doing so will allow it to claim more of its share of the rewards for its own block. for example, if the farmer only includes out of expected ers, it will instead receive / (not / ) of total rewards, while each of the executors will still receive / . any remaining shares will then be escrowed within a treasury account under the control of the community of token holders, with the aim of incentivizing continued protocol development. although the role of executor demands significant resources, both in hardware and in staked coins, these rewards seem inadequate. every executor has to execute the state transitions in every block. but for each block only a small fraction of the executors receive only, in the example above, / of the fees. note also footnote : we use this rate for explanatory purposes, while noting that in order to minimize the plutocratic nature of pos, executor shares should be smaller in practice. so wagstaff expects that an executor will receive only a small fraction of a small fraction of / of the transaction fees. even supposing the stake distribution among executors was small and even, unlikely in practice, for the random election mechanism to be effective there need to be many times executors. for example, if there are executors, and executors share / of the fees, each can expect around . % of the fees. bitcoin currently runs with fees less than % of the block rewards. if subspace had the same split in my example executors as a class would expect around . % of the block rewards, with farmers as a class receiving % of the block rewards plus . % of the fees. there is another problem — the notorious volatility of transaction fees set against the constant cost of running an executor. much of the time there would be relatively low demand for transactions, so a block would contain relatively few transactions that each offered the mandatory minimum fee. unless the fees, and especially the mandatory minimum fee, are large relative to the block reward it isn't clear why executors would participate. but fees that large would risk the instability of fee-only blockchains. there are two other roles in subspace, verifiers and full nodes. as regards incentivizing verifiers: we rely on the fact that all executors may act as verifiers at negligible additional cost, as they are already required to maintain the valid state transitions in order to propose new ers. if we further require them to reveal fraud in order to protect their own stake and claim their share of the rewards, in the event that they themselves are elected, then we can provide a more natural solution to the verifier’s dilemma. as regards incentivizing full nodes, wagstaff isn't clear. in addition to executors, any full node may also monitor the network and generate fraud proofs, by virtue of the fact that no deposit is required to act as verifier. as i read the paper, full nodes have similar hardware requirements as executors but no income stream to support them unless they are executors too. overall, subspace is interesting. but the advantage from a farmer's point of view of subspace over chia is that their whole storage resource is devoted to farming. everything else is not really significant, and all this would be dominated by a fairly small difference in "price". add to that the fact that chia has already occupied the market niche for new potas systems, and has high visibility via bram cohen and a z, and the prospects for subspace don't look good. if subspace succeeds, economies of scale will have two effects: 	large pools will dominate small pools because they can charge smaller fees. 	large farmers will dominate small farmers because their rewards are linear in the resource they commit, but their costs are sub-linear, so their profit is super-linear. this will likely result in the most profitable, hassle-free way for smaller consumers to participate being investing in a pool rather than actually farming. conclusion the overall theme is that permissionless blockchains have to make participating in consensus expensive in some way to defend against sybils. thus if you are expending an expensive resource economies of scale are an unavoidable part of sybil defense. if you want to be "decentralized" to avoid % attacks from insiders you have to have some really powerful mechanism pushing back against economies of scale. i see three possibilities, either the blockchain protocol designers: 	don't understand why successful cryptocurrencies are centralized, so don't understand the need to push back on economies of scale. 	do understand the need to push back on economies of scale but can't figure out how to do it. it is true that figuring this out is incredibly difficult, but their response should be to say "if the blockchain is going to end up centralized, why bother wasting resources trying to be permissionless?" not to implement something they claim is decentralized when they know it won't be. 	don't care about decentralization, they just want to get rich quick, and are betting it will centralize around them. in most cases, my money is on # . at least both chia and subspace have made efforts to defuse the worst aspects of centralization. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin, p p comments: 	 david. said... 	 chris dupres, who i should have acknowledged provided me with a key hint about chia, posted very detailed post on post-proof of work cryptocurrencies, including chia linking here. thanks, chris! 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 brett scott's i, token is an excellent if lengthy explanation of why bitcoin and other currencies lack "moneyness". 	 july , at : pm 	 blissex said... 	 «being swamped by a multitude of sybil peers [...] a rational majority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. [...] a rational minority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits.» this analysis ids very interesting and seems well done to me, but it is orthogonal to what seems to be the economic appeal of bitcoin, which is not that it is fair, decentralized, trustworthy, but the perception that: * it is pseudonymous and does not have "know my customer" rules. * it is worldwide so it is not subject to capital export/import restrictions. * there is a limited number of bitcoins, so it is "guaranteed" that as demand grows the worth of each bitcoin is going to grow a lot. bitcoin in other words is perceived as a limited-edition, pseudonymous collectible; it is considered as the convenient alternative to a pouch of diamonds for "informal" payments. considering that international "informal" payments often involve a - % "cleanup" fee, users of bitcoin for "informal" payments don't worry too much about issues like decentralization or perfect fairness and perfect trustworthiness, as long as the bitcoin operators steal less than - % it is just a cost of doing business. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 this post wasn't about bitcoin, or the reasons people use it. it was about the design of consensus protocols for permissionless peer-to-peer systems. and, to your point, the use of btc for "payments" is negligible compared to its use for speculation. the use-case for btc hodl-ers is "to the moon", and the use-case for btc traders is its volatility and ability to be pumped-and-dumped. 	 july , at : am 	 blissex said... 	 «this post wasn't about bitcoin, or the reasons people use it. it was about the design of consensus protocols for permissionless peer-to-peer systems.» indeed, as i wrote your post is “orthogonal to what seems to be the economic appeal of bitcoin”. but i think that they are relevant: the question is whether “consensus protocols for permissionless peer-to-peer systems” matter if the economic incentives are not aligned with them. your post also mentioned repeatedly “the multiple failures of satoshi nakamoto's goals for bitcoin”, which goals were economic, and accordingly you also mention as relevant “the economic forces” for those consensus protocols. i am sorry that i was not clear as to why i was writing about economic forces orthogonally to consensus protocol, given that your post also seemed to consider them relevant. «the use of btc for "payments" is negligible compared to its use for speculation. the use-case for btc hodl-ers is "to the moon", and the use-case for btc traders is its volatility and ability to be pumped-and-dumped» indeed currently, but again you referred several times to “satoshi nakamoto's goals for bitcoin”, and those were about a payment system. also the current minority of users of bitcoin and other "coins" who use it as a "don't know your customer" alternative to westernunion or "hawala" remittances are not irrelevant, because that use of "coins" could be long term. when doing "don't know your customer" transfers, they could be denominated in etruscan guineas or mayan jiaozis while in transit, and "coins" are just then a unit of account, and it is for that main purpose that a “consensus protocol” was designed by satoshi nakamoto (even if it turned out not to be that suitable). maybe you think that these considerations are very secondary, but i wrote about them because i think in time they will matter. 	 july , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ▼  july ( ) 	economics of evil revisited 	yet another dna storage technique 	alternatives to proof-of-work 	a modest proposal about ransomware 	intel did a boeing 	graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. logging uri query params with lograge – bibliographic wilderness 	skip to content 	 		 			 				 					 												bibliographic wilderness 										 				 									 						menu					 				 			 		 	 				 				about 	contact 		 	 	 	 	 		 	 		 		 			 			 			logging uri query params with lograge 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			 			 				august , august , 			 					 	 	 		 the lograge gem for taming rails logs by default will lot the path component of the uri, but leave out the query string/query params. for instance, perhaps you have a url to your app /search?q=libraries. lograge will log something like: method=get path=/search format=html… the q=libraries part is completely left out of the log. i kinda want that part, it’s important. the lograge readme provides instructions for “logging request parameters”, by way of the params hash. i’m going to modify them a bit slightly to: 	use the more recent custom_payload config instead of custom_options. (i’m not certain why there are both, but i think mostly for legacy reasons and newer custom_payload? is what you should read for?) 	if we just put params in there, then a bunch of ugly <actioncontroller::parameters show up in the log if you have nested hash params. we could fix that with params.to_unsafe_h, but… 	we should really use request.filtered_parameters instead to make sure we’re not logging anything that’s been filtered out with rails config.filter_parameters. (thanks /u/ezekg on reddit). this also converts to an ordinary hash that isn’t actioncontroller::parameters, taking care of previous bullet point. 	(it kind of seems like lograge readme could use a pr updating it?) config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| exceptions = %w(controller action format id) params: controller.request.filtered_parameters.except(*exceptions) end that gets us a log line that might look something like this: method=get path=/search format=html controller=searchcontroller action=index status= duration= . view= . db= . params={"q"=>"foo"} ok. the params hash isn’t exactly the same as the query string, it can include things not in the url query string (like controller and action, that we have to strip above, among others), and it can in some cases omit things that are in the query string. it just depends on your routing and other configuration and logic. the params hash itself is what default rails logs… but what if we just log the actual url query string instead? benefits: 	it’s easier to search the logs for actually an exact specific known url (which can get more complicated like /search?q=foo&range% byear_facet_isim% d% bbegin% d= &source=foo or something). which is something i sometimes want to do, say i got a url reported from an error tracking service and now i want to find that exact line in the log. 	i actually like having the exact actual url (well, starting from path) in the logs. 	it’s a lot simpler, we don’t need to filter out controller/action/format/id etc. 	it’s actually a bit more concise? and part of what i’m dealing with in general using lograge is trying to reduce my bytes of logfile for papertrail! drawbacks? 	if you had some kind of structured log search (i don’t at present, but i guess could with papertrail features by switching to json format?), it might be easier to do something like “find a /search with q=foo and source=ef without worrying about other params) 	to the extent that params hash can include things not in the actual url, is that important to log like that? 	….? curious what other people think… am i crazy for wanting the actual url in there, not the params hash? at any rate, it’s pretty easy to do. note we use filtered_path rather than fullpath to again take account of rails parameter filtering, and thanks again /u/ezekg: config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| { path: controller.request.filtered_path } end this is actually overwriting the default path to be one that has the query string too: method=get path=/search?q=libraries format=html ... you could of course add a different key fullpath instead, if you wanted to keep path as it is, perhaps for easier collation in some kind of log analyzing system that wants to group things by same path invariant of query string. i’m gonna try this out! meanwhile, on lograge… as long as we’re talking about lograge…. based on commit history, history of issues and pull requests… the fact that ci isn’t currently running (travis.org grr) and doesn’t even try to test on rails . + (although lograge seems to work fine)… one might worry that lograge is currently un/under-maintained…. no comment on a gh issue filed in may asking about project status. it still seems to be one of the more popular solutions to trying to tame rails kind of out of control logs. it’s mentioned for instance in docs from papertrail and honeybadger, and many many other blog posts. what will it’s future be? looking around for other possibilties, i found semantic_logger (rails_semantic_logger). it’s got similar features. it seems to be much more maintained. it’s got a respectable number of github stars, although not nearly as many as lograge, and it’s not featured in blogs and third-party platform docs nearly as much. it’s also a bit more sophisticated and featureful. for better or worse. for instance mainly i’m thinking of how it tries to improve app performance by moving logging to a background thread. this is neat… and also can lead to a whole new class of bug, mysterious warning, or configuration burden. for now i’m sticking to the more popular lograge, but i wish it had ci up that was testing with rails . , at least! incidentally, trying to get rails to log more compactly like both lograge and rails_semantic_logger do… is somewhat more complicated than you might expect, as demonstrated by the code in both projects that does it! especially semantic_logger is hundreds of lines of somewhat baroque code split accross several files. a refactor of logging around rails (i think?) to use activesupport::logsubscriber made it possible to customize rails logging like this (although i think both lograge and rails_semantic_logger still do some monkey-patching too!), but in the end didn’t make it all that easy or obvious or future-proof. this may discourage too many other alternatives for the initial primary use case of both lograge and rails_semantic_logger — turn a rails action into one log line, with a structured format. 			 			 			share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	 	 	 			tagged 	ruby 	 	 			 				 					 		 		 			published by jrochkind 		 		 						 				view all posts by jrochkind			 		 	 		 			published 			august , august , 		 	 			 	 		post navigation 		previous post notes on cloudfront in front of rails assets on heroku, with cors 	 			 	 	 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 			 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (required) (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name (required) 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 		 		 	 	bibliographic wilderness is a blog by jonathan rochkind about digital library services, ruby, and web development. contact 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 email subscription 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 subscribe 			 		 		recent posts 			 					logging uri query params with lograge 											august , 									 	 					notes on cloudfront in front of rails assets on heroku, with cors 											june , 									 	 					activesupport::cache via activerecord (note to self) 											june , 									 	 					heroku release phase, rails db:migrate, and command failure 											june , 									 	 					code that lasts: sustainable and usable open source code 											march , 									 		archives 		archives 		select month august  ( ) june  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) 			feeds  rss - posts  rss - comments recent comments 					 							the return of the semantic web? – deeply semantic on “is the semantic web still a thing?”						 	 							jrochkind on rails auto-scaling on heroku						 	 							adam (rails autoscale) on rails auto-scaling on heroku						 	 							on catalogers, programmers, and user tasks – gavia libraria on broad categories from class numbers						 	 							replacing marc – gavia libraria on linked data caution						 	 							jrochkind on deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for ci						 	 							jrochkind on deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for ci						 	 							jrochkind on deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for ci						 				top posts 	 					purposes/functions of controlled vocabulary					 	 					bootstrap to : changes in how font size, line-height, and spacing is done. or "what happened to $line-height-computed."					 	 					yes, product owner and technical lead need to be different people					 	 					logging uri query params with lograge					 	 					some notes on what's going on in activestorage					 top clicks 	blog.travis-ci.com/ - … 	aws.amazon.com/premiumsup… 	kunststube.net/encoding 	searchstax.com/docs/staxa… 	github.com/twbs/bootstrap… 			 			 			 		 		 							 					 						 													 											a blog by jonathan rochkind. all original content licensed cc-by. 									 						 											 				 						 				 				create a website or blog at wordpress.com 				 			 				 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 					 	 	 				 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 dshr's blog: falling research productivity dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, april , falling research productivity are ideas getting harder to find? by nicholas bloom et al looks at the history of investment in r&d and its effect on the product across several industries. their main example is moore's law, and they show that [page ]: research effort has risen by a factor of since . this increase occurs while the growth rate of chip density is more or less stable: the constant exponential growth implied by moore’s law has been achieved only by a massive increase in the amount of resources devoted to pushing the frontier forward. assuming a constant growth rate for moore’s law, the implication is that research productivity has fallen by this same factor of , an average rate of . percent per year. if the null hypothesis of constant research productivity were correct, the growth rate underlying moore’s law should have increased by a factor of as well. instead, it was remarkably stable. put differently, because of declining research productivity, it is around times harder today to generate the exponential growth behind moore’s law than it was in . below the fold, some commentary on this and other relevant research. actually, of course, in recent years moore's law has slowed as the technology gets closer and closer to the physical limits. this slowing increases the rate at which research productivity falls. the implications of their finding are disturbing for the economy as a whole [page ]: taking the aggregate economy number as a representative example, research productivity declines at an average rate of . percent per year, meaning that it takes around years for research productivity to fall by half. or put another way, the economy has to double its research efforts every years just to maintain the same overall rate of economic growth. 	 	source the annual rate of change in us r&d expenditure is shown in the graph above. it was below . % for of the years before . 	 	source it is therefore likely that inadequate r&d expenditure was a significant contributor to the approximate halving of the rate of growth of us gdp over the same period. the rate at which research productivity has fallen in semiconductors is significantly higher than in other areas of the economy ( . % vs. . %) [page ]: research productivity for semiconductors falls so rapidly, not because that sector has the sharpest diminishing returns — the opposite is true. it is instead because research in that sector is growing more rapidly than in any other part of the economy, pushing research productivity down. a plausible explanation for the rapid research growth in this sector is the “general purpose” nature of information technology. demand for better computer chips is growing so fast that it is worth suffering the declines in research productivity there in order to achieve the gains associated with moore’s law. or even the smaller gains associated with growth significantly slower than moore's law. industry projections for the kryder rate of both ssds and hdds depend heavily on rapid progress in density, i.e. on the products of r&d investment. flash is a very competitive market, and although hard disk is down to . manufacturers, which might suggest improving margins, hard disks are under sustained margin pressure from flash. thus falling research productivity has a particular impact on the future of storage, because neither the ssd nor the hdd markets can sustain the large increases in r&d spending needed to increase, or even sustain, their kryder rates. bloom et al bolsters the case for low and falling kryder rates. this paragraph on [page ]: is perhaps the most interesting of the whole paper: the only reason models with declining research productivity can sustain exponential growth in living standards is because of the key insight from [endogenous growth theory]: ideas are nonrival. and if research productivity were constant, sustained growth would actually not require that ideas be nonrival; akcigit, celik and greenwood show that fully rivalrous ideas in a model with perfect competition can generate sustained exponential growth in this case. our paper therefore clarifies that the fundamental contribution of endogenous growth theory is not that research productivity is constant or that subsidies to research can necessarily raise growth. rather it is that ideas are different from all other goods in that they do not get depleted when used by more and more people. exponential growth in research leads to exponential growth in [research expenditure]. and because of nonrivalry, this leads to exponential growth in per capita income. it is a strong argument for open source and open science. i believe that the problem of declining research productivity is related to "cost disease", as explained by scott alexander in considerations on cost disease which starts: tyler cowen writes about cost disease. ... cowen seems to use it indiscriminately to refer to increasing costs in general – which i guess is fine, goodness knows we need a word for that. alexander shows that inflation-adjusted costs have increased rapidly with no corresponding increase in output in several us areas, including: 	 	 	source k through education: there was some argument about the style of this graph, but as per politifact the basic claim is true. per student spending has increased about . x in the past forty years even after adjusting for inflation. at the same time, test scores have stayed relatively stagnant. you can see the full numbers here, but in short, high school students’ reading scores went from in to today – a difference of . % 		 	nb: not inflation-adjusted university education: inflation-adjusted cost of a university education was something like $ /year in . now it’s closer to $ , /year. no, it’s not because of decreased government funding, and there are similar trajectories for public and private schools. i don’t know if there’s an equivalent of “test scores” measuring how well colleges perform, so just use your best judgment. do you think that modern colleges provide $ , /year greater value than colleges did in your parents’ day? would you rather graduate from a modern college, or graduate from a college more like the one your parents went to, plus get a check for $ , ? 	 	 	source per-capita health expenditure: the cost of health care has about quintupled since . it’s actually been rising since earlier than that, but i can’t find a good graph; it looks like it would have been about $ in today’s dollars in , for an increase of about % in those fifty years. ... this study attempts to directly estimate a %gdp health spending to life expectancy conversion, and says that an increase of % gdp corresponds to an increase of . years life expectancy. that would suggest a slightly different number of . years life expectancy gained by healthcare spending since ) alexander writes: i worry that people don’t appreciate how weird this is. i didn’t appreciate it for a long time. i guess i just figured that grandpa used to talk about how back in his day movie tickets only cost a nickel; that was just the way of the world. but all of the numbers above are inflation-adjusted. these things have dectupled in cost even after you adjust for movies costing a nickel in grandpa’s day. they have really, genuinely dectupled in cost, no economic trickery involved. and this is especially strange because we expect that improving technology and globalization ought to cut costs. the fields alexander uses as examples have a lot of human input, but they should have reaped significant cost benefits from technology and globalization. as he writes about health care: patients can now schedule their appointments online; doctors can send prescriptions through the fax, pharmacies can keep track of medication histories on centralized computer systems that interface with the cloud, nurses get automatic reminders when they’re giving two drugs with a potential interaction, insurance companies accept payment through credit cards – and all of this costs ten times as much as it did in the days of punch cards and secretaries who did calculations by hand. note that r&d is also a human-intensive business that should have reaped significant cost savings from technology and globalization. but like these other fields, it has increased massively in price. in fact, -fold instead of -fold. cowen and alexander are on to a really significant problem for the economy as a whole. posted by david. at : am labels: intellectual property, storage costs comments: 	 chris rusbridge said... 	 nice post again, david. have you come across "do the math"? it is (was?) a blog (https://dothemath.ucsd.edu) by a ucsd physicist (tom murphy), about sustainable energy, or at least how to reduce the exponential growth in energy consumption. he hasn't posted for a long time, but something in what you wrote reminded me of his starting premise, which is that in a finite world exponential growth in resource consumption is impossible. ok, it's a very different case, but there seem some parallels. the moore's law issue should remind us that many of these "exponentials" are really the bottom part of an s curve, limited as we bump up against natural barriers. so as you get towards the top part of the s curve it shouldn't be surprising if research productivity drops off, even -fold. but surely the effect will be field-specific, related to the actual hard limits, so it's not appropriate to transfer the loss of research productivity from on (measurable) field to another? as to health care costs, it does bug me how much costs have risen. you will no doubt be aware of the many crises afflicting our health care in the uk, and it appears us health care is not immune (and an even higher proportion of gdp). annoyingly we see a lot of articles about costs through over use of a&e, bed blocking because of lack of social care to move older people out of hospital, and other articles hammering the government about lack of funding (to which the government irrelevantly replies that they have increased funding). but i don't see analyses of where the cost pressures are coming from. there have been many rounds of hospital closures and mergers, and other "efficiencies" so you'd think things would get better, but they seem to get worse. i would guess there are at least other factors. one is that the endless rounds of "reforms" have greatly increased the "managerial" cost of the nhs, so that a decreasing proportion of staffing effort is directly involved in healthcare. another (i guess) is price gouging by pharmaceutical companies (perhaps i should say profit maximisation rather than price gouging!). and the third would be the increasing use of very high cost health technologies, like proton beam scanners etc. these simply weren't available in the past, but are now (presumably with concomitant improvements in health outcomes), so you'd expect above-inflation cost increases to pay for them. there are efficiencies as you describe (electronic booking etc), but the nhs is slow to turn, and much stuff still happens the other way. my daughter works in healthcare on two sites; they don't have an electronic health record system, and frequently the paper records end up on the wrong site. sometimes she drives to the other site to get them, sometimes they are sent in a taxi. seems daft, but if you are as risk-averse as the nhs, perhaps not so surprising! lost the text of your piece, an annoying blogger feature, but i think those are the points i wanted to make! 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 john horgan posts is science hitting a wall? based in part on are ideas getting harder to find? but is focused on the r rather than the d: "the economists are concerned primarily with what i would call applied science, the kind that fuels economic growth and increases wealth, health and living standards. advances in medicine, transportation, agriculture, communication, manufacturing and so on. but their findings resonate with my claim in the end of science that “pure” science—the effort simply to understand rather than manipulate nature--is bumping into limits. and in fact i was invited to the session because an organizer had read my gloomy tract, which was recently republished." 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 john horgan's is science hitting a wall?, part is as good as part . he writes: "my last post, “is science hitting a wall?,” provoked lots of reactions. some readers sent me other writings about diminishing returns from research. one is “diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical r&d efficiency,” published in nature reviews drug discovery in . the paper is so clever, loaded with ideas and relevant to science as a whole that i’m summarizing its main points here." the paper points out that: "the number of new drugs approved per billion u.s. dollars spent on r&d has halved roughly every years since ." 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 kelvin stott's -part series pharma's broken business model: part : an industry on the brink of terminal decline and part : scraping the barrel in drug discovery uses a simple economic model to show that the internal rate of return (irr) of pharma companies is already less than their cost of capital, and will become negative in . stott shows that this is a consequence of the law of diminishing returns; because the most promising research avenues (i.e. the ones promising the greatest return) are pursued first, the returns on a research dollar decrease with time. 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the economist has an interesting take on cost disease in the rising cost of education and health care is less troubling than believed: "the real culprit, the authors write, is a steady increase in the cost of labour—of teachers and doctors. that in turn reflects the relentless logic of baumol’s cost disease, named after the late william baumol, who first described the phenomenon. productivity grows at different rates in different sectors. it takes far fewer people to make a car than it used to—where thousands of workers once filled plants, highly paid engineers now oversee factories full of robots—but roughly the same number of teachers to instruct a schoolful of children. economists reckon that workers’ wages should vary with their productivity. but real pay has grown in high- and low-productivity industries alike. that, baumol pointed out, is because teachers and engineers compete in the same labour market." the article concludes: "these possibilities reveal the real threat from baumol’s disease: not that work will flow toward less-productive industries, which is inevitable, but that gains from rising productivity are unevenly shared. when firms in highly productive industries crave highly credentialed workers, it is the pay of similar workers elsewhere in the economy—of doctors, say—that rises in response. that worsens inequality, as low-income workers must still pay higher prices for essential services like health care. even so, the productivity growth that drives cost disease could make everyone better off. but governments often do too little to tax the winners and compensate the losers." 	 july , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ▼  april ( ) 	michael nelson's fifteen minutes of fame 	cryptographers on blockchains 	all your tweets are belong to kannada 	your tax dollars at work 	natural redundancy 	john perry barlow rip 	emulating stephen hawking's voice 	falling research productivity 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: economics of evil dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, june , economics of evil back in march google announced that this weekend is the end of google reader, the service many bloggers and journalists used to use to read online content via rss. this wasn't the first service google killed, but because the people who used the service write for the web, the announcement sparked a lively discussion. because many people believe that commercial content platforms and storage services will preserve digital content for the long term, the discussion below the fold should be of interest here. paul krugman commented: google’s decision to shut down google reader has ... provoked a lot of discussion about the future of web-based services. the most interesting discussion, i think, comes from ryan avent, who argues that google has been providing crucial public infrastructure — but doesn’t seem to have an interest in maintaining that infrastructure. the ryan avent post at the economist's free exchange blog that krugman linked to pointed out that dependence on google's services has a big impact on the real world: once we all become comfortable with [google's services] we quickly begin optimising the physical and digital resources around us. encyclopaedias? antiques. book shelves and file cabinets? who needs them? and once we all become comfortable with that, we begin rearranging our mental architecture. we stop memorising key data points and start learning how to ask the right questions. we begin to think differently. about lots of things. we stop keeping a mental model of the physical geography of the world around us, because why bother? we can call up an incredibly detailed and accurate map of the world, complete with satellite and street-level images, whenever we want. ... the bottom line is that the more we all participate in this world, the more we come to depend on it. the more it becomes the world. avent described google's motivation for providing the infrastructure: google has asked us to build our lives around it: to use its e-mail system ..., its search engines, its maps, its calendars, its cloud-based apps and storage services, its video- and photo-hosting services, ... it hasn't done this because we're its customers, it's worth remembering. we aren't; we're the products google sells to its customers, the advertisers. google wants us to use its services in ways that provide it with interesting and valuable information, and eyeballs. so, google may have good reasons for killing some services: it's a big company, but even big companies have finite resources, and devoting those precious resources to something that isn't making money and isn't judged to have much in the way of development potential is not an attractive option. ... someone else will come along to provide the service and, if they give it their full attention, to improve it. and indeed alternate services such as feedly are taking over. the only push-back for google is weak: but that makes it increasingly difficult for google to have success with new services. why commit to using and coming to rely on something new if it might be yanked away at some future date? google only partially mitigates this through their data liberation front, whose role is to ensure that users of their services can extract their data in a re-usable form. but there remains a problem for society: that's a lot of power to put in the hands of a company that now seems interested, mostly, in identifying core mass-market services it can use to maximise its return on investment. what this implies is that google is becoming an essential utility: the history of modern urbanisation is littered with examples of privately provided goods and services that became the domain of the government once everyone realised that this new life and new us couldn't work without them. paul krugman described the economics underlying this: even in a plain-vanilla market, a monopolist with high fixed costs and limited ability to price-discriminate may not be able to make a profit supplying a good even when the potential consumer gains from that good exceed the costs of production. basically, if the monopolist tries to charge a price corresponding to the value intense users place on the good, it won’t attract enough low-intensity users to cover its fixed costs; if it charges a low price to bring in the low-intensity user, it fails to capture enough of the surplus of high-intensity users, and again can’t cover its fixed costs. what avent adds is network externalities, in which the value of the good to each individual user depends on how many others are using it. ... they mean that if the monopolist still doesn’t find it worthwhile to provide the good, the consumer losses are substantially larger than in a conventional monopoly-pricing analysis. so what’s the answer? as avent says, historical examples with these characteristics — like urban transport networks — have been resolved through public provision. it seems hard at this point to envision search and related functions as public utilities, but that’s arguably where the logic will eventually lead us. it is indeed hard to envision these services as public utilities; they are world-wide rather than national or local, and the communication infrastructure on which they rely, despite being utility-like, is provided by for-profit, lightly regulated companies. what does this mean for digital preservation? 	"free" services, such as google drive, in which the user is the product rather than the customer should never be depended upon. at any moment they may suffer the fate of google reader and many other google services; because the user is not the customer there is essentially no recourse. 	over time any business model for extracting value from content will become less and less effective. there are several reasons. competitors will arise and decrease the available margins. as content accumulates, the average age of an item will increase; it is easier to extract value from younger content. thus the service is continually in a race between this decreasing effectiveness and the cost reduction from improving technology such as kryder's law for storage. once the cost reduction fails to outpace the value reduction the service is probably doomed. so the slowing pace of storage cost reduction is likely to cause more casualties, especially among those services that accumulate content. 	because archived content is rarely accessed it generates little valuable information and lacks network effects, making it a poor business for the provider. this casts another shadow over the future of free or all-you-can-eat storage services. 	although the user of services such as google cloud storage and s is a paying customer, digital preservation will be a very small part of the service's customer base. thus the incentives for the service provider to continue or terminate those aspects of the service that make it suitable for digital preservation will not be greatly different from those of a free service. 	because digital preservation is a relatively small market, services tailored to its needs will lack the economies of scale of the kind of infrastructure services avent and krugman are discussing. thus they will be more expensive. but the temptation will always be to implement them as a thin layer of customization over generic infrastructure services, as we see with duracloud and preservica, to capture as much of the economies of scale as possible. this leaves them vulnerable to the whims of the infrastructure provider. see also my comment on on-demand vs. base-load economics. posted by david. at : am labels: cloud economics, digital preservation, storage costs comments: 	 david. said... 	 marco arment convincingly tells the depressing story of why google reader had to die. it was distracting from the google + vs. facebook battle. 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 latitude is the latest casualty. again because it was not part of google+. 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 scott gilbertson at the register writes about recovering from the death of reader, riffing on the "if you're not paying for something, you're not the customer; you're the product being sold." quote. but he points out that "just because you are paying companies like google, apple or microsoft you might feel they are, some how, beholden to you." dream on. 	 november , at : am 	 david. said... 	 yet another google service bites the dust, this time helpout. 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 hugh pickens at /. points me to le monde's google memorial, le petit musée des projets google abandonnés. who knew there were so many? 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 and another one bites the dust. 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 google plus isn't quite dead, but it is on life support. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 google talk is headed for the google memorial. 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 "the goo.gl link is very common on the web and was first launched by google in . however, the company announced today that it’s winding down the url shortener beginning next month, with a complete deprecation by next year." writes abner li at to google. 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 google hangouts is headed for the google memorial. 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the allo messaging service is the next to enter the google memorial. 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 g+ is on its way to the google memorial, and lauren weinstein is not happy with the reasons: "google knows that as time goes on their traditional advertising revenue model will become decreasingly effective. this is obviously one reason why they’ve been pivoting toward paid service models aimed at businesses and other organizations. that doesn’t just include g suite, but great products like their ai offerings, google cloud, and more. but no matter how technically advanced those products, there’s a fundamental question that any potential paying user of them must ask themselves. can i depend on these services still being available a year from now? or in five years? how do i know that google won’t treat business users the same ways as they’ve treated their consumer users?" nor is he happy with the process: "we already know about google’s incredible user trust failure in announcing dates for this process. first it was august. then suddenly it was april. the g+ apis (which vast numbers of web sites — including mine — made the mistake of deeply embedding into their sites, we’re told will start “intermittently failing” (whatever that actually means) later this month. it gets much worse though. while google has tools for users to download their own g+ postings for preservation, they have as far as i know provided nothing to help loyal g+ users maintain their social contacts — the array of other g+ followers and users with whom many of us have built up friendships on g+ over the years." 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 close behind g+ on the road to the google memorial is hangouts and ron amadeo is skeptical: "google previously announced that its most popular messaging app, google hangouts, would be shutting down. in a post today on the gsuite updates blog, google detailed what the hangouts shutdown will look like, and the company shared some of its plan to transition hangouts users to "hangouts chat," a separate enterprise slack clone." note that this is another instance of google moving up a previously announced shutdown date. and, like weinstein, amadeo sees impacts on the google brand: "google's argument seems to be that the transition plan makes everything ok. but clumsy shutdowns like this are damaging to the google brand, and they undermine confidence in all of google's other products and services." 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 ron amadeo takes google to the woodshed in google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand: "it's only april, and has already been an absolutely brutal year for google's product portfolio. the chromecast audio was discontinued january . youtube annotations were removed and deleted january . google fiber packed up and left a fiber city on february . android things dropped iot support on february . google's laptop and tablet division was reportedly slashed on march . google allo shut down on march . the "spotlight stories" vr studio closed its doors on march . the goo.gl url shortener was cut off from new users on march . gmail's ifttt support stopped working march . and today, april , we're having a google funeral double-header: both google+ (for consumers) and google inbox are being laid to rest. later this year, google hangouts "classic" will start to wind down, and somehow also scheduled for is google music's "migration" to youtube music, with the google service being put on death row sometime afterward. we are days into the year, and so far, google is racking up an unprecedented body count. if we just take the official shutdown dates that have already occurred in , a google-branded product, feature, or service has died, on average, about every nine days." 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 of course, other companies shutter services too, just somewhat less irresponsibly. cory doctorow's microsoft announces it will shut down ebook program and confiscate its customers' libraries reports: "microsoft has a drm-locked ebook store that isn't making enough money, so they're shutting it down and taking away every book that every one of its customers acquired effective july . customers will receive refunds." 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 and the next entrant for le petit musée des projets google abandonnés is youtube gaming. ron amadeo reports: "youtube gaming is more or less shutting down this week. google launched the standalone youtube gaming vertical almost four years ago as a response to amazon's purchase of twitch, and on may , google will shut down the standalone youtube gaming app and the standalone gaming.youtube.com website." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 take a number! ron amadeo reports that this week’s dead google product is google trips, may it rest in peace: "google's wild ride of service shutdowns never stops. next up on the chopping block is google trips, a trip organization app that is popular with frequent travelers. recently google started notifying users of the pending shutdown directly in the trips app; a splash screen now pops up before the app starts, saying "we're saying goodbye to google trips aug ," along with a link to a now all-to-familiar google shutdown support document." 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 another product joins the queue of google products waiting to get into le petit musée des projets google abandonnés. ron amadeo reports: "another day, another dead or dying google product. this time, google has decided to shut down "hangouts on air," a fairly popular service for broadcasting a group video call live over the internet. notices saying the service is "going away later this year" have started to pop up for users when they start a hangout on air. hangouts on air, by the way, is a totally different and unrelated service from "google hangouts," which is also shutting down sometime in the future." 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 lina m. khan's the separation of platforms and commerce discusses (page ) one of last year's acquisitions by le petit musée: "the justice department’s remedies in the google–ita merger illustrate one instance of imposing an information firewall in a digital market. ita developed and licensed a software product known as “qpx,” a “mini-search engine” that airlines and online travel agents used to provide users with customized flight search functionality. because the merger would put google in the position of supplying qpx to its rival travel-search websites, the justice department required as a condition of the merger that google establish internal firewalls to avoid misappropriation of rivals’ information. although one commentator highlighted the risks and inherent difficulties associated with designing a comprehensive behavioral remedy, the court approved the order. whether the information firewall was successful in preventing google from accessing rivals’ business information is not publicly known. a year after the remedy expired, google shut down its qpx api." 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 slashdot reader freelunch reports on le petit musée's latest acquisition. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 greg kumparak reports on one of next year's acquisitions by le petit musée in google will shut down google hire in . 	 august , at : am 	 david. said... 	 jason perlow's google is a bald-faced iot liar and its nest pants are on fire is all about the effects of google's sunset of the "works with nest" program on anyone unlucky enough to have non-google devices in their home iot ecosystem. 	 september , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 le petit musée just gained another exhibit, the corpse of google daydream, according to emil protalinski's obituary in google discontinues daydream vr. 	 october , at : am 	 david. said... 	 le petit musée's reputation is getting noticed. in stadia launch dev: game makers are worried “google is just going to cancel it”, kyle orland reports that: "google has a long and well-documented history of launching new services only to shut them down a few months or years later. and with the launch of stadia imminent, one launch game developer has acknowledged the prevalence of concerns about that history among her fellow developers while also downplaying their seriousness in light of stadia's potential." 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 next year le petit musée will accession another major exhibit. according to stephen hall, google cloud print is dead as of december , . 	 november , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 it only too three days for le petit musée's first accession of the new year.shelby brown's google news reportedly ends digital magazines, refunds active subscriptions. it was doomed because google couldn't decide what to call it: "google launched play magazines in , and later renamed it play newsstand to focus on newspapers. the services later merged to google news." 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 and the next exhibit in le petit musée' is [drumroll, please] google chrome apps! 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 at this rate le petit musée's acquisition budget for the year will be exhausted long before december! only days after the last one, comes the acquisition of app maker. 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 they're falling like ninepins! ben schoon reports that google is killing its ‘one today’ donation app w/ only one week’s notice. 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 thomas claiburn reports that another body for the google graveyard: chrome web store payments. bad news if you wanted to bank some income from these apps. 	 september , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 ron amadeo reports on the latest acquisition by the petit musee in rip google play music, – . 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 and another one bites the dust. matthew hughes provides the details of the latest from the petit musee in stony-faced google drags android things behind the cowshed. two shots ring out. 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the hits keep coming! cohen coberly's google's 'cloud print' service is shutting down soon celebrates the petit musée's latest acquisition. exhibits in years. 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the petit musée is going to need more space. in google’s dream of flying internet balloons is dead—loon is shutting down ron amadeo writes: "google has decided that a network of flying internet balloons is indeed not a feasible idea. loon announced it is shutting down, citing the lack of a "long-term, sustainable business."" 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 and another one bites the dust. stephen totilo reports that google stadia shuts down internal studios, changing business focus. 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 another acquisition for the petit musée! ron amadeo reports that google is killing the google shopping app: "the google shopping app launched only months ago, when it took over for another google shopping shutdown, google express. the google shopping service has been a rough proposition for users—starting in , it has been nothing but an ad vector that exclusively showed "paid listings" and no organic results whatsoever. this made some sense as a service that showed advertisements in little embedded boxes in google.com search results, but it was unclear why a user would download an app that exclusively shows ads." 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 ron amadeo reports on le petit musée's latest acquisition in google kills its augmented reality “measure” app. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 i missed alastair westgarth's saying goodbye to loon back in january: "while we’ve found a number of willing partners along the way, we haven’t found a way to get the costs low enough to build a long-term, sustainable business. developing radical new technology is inherently risky, but that doesn’t make breaking this news any easier. today, i’m sad to share that loon will be winding down." 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 katie baker's the day the good internet died makes some excellent points: "and when google reader disappeared in , it wasn’t just a tale of dwindling user numbers or of what one engineer later described as a rotted codebase. it was a sign of the crumbling of the very foundation upon which it had been built: the era of the good internet. ... the offering certainly was, over the course of its to existence, an ideal showcase for some of the web’s prevailing strengths at the time—one of which was the emergence of the blogosphere, that backbone of what the good internet could be. ... google had purchased blogger back in , and in an interview with playboy in , founder sergey brin outlined a vision for his company that felt extremely bloggy: “we want to get you out of google and to the right place as fast as possible,” he said. but nothing gold can stay, and as smartphones and tablets and apps and social networks began to supplement and then supplant the simple-text-on-a-desktop experience near the start of the s, google’s corporate frame of mind shifted ever-inward." 	 july , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ▼  june ( ) 	economics of evil 	the big deal 	petabyte dvd? 	not trusting cloud storage 	cliff lynch 	brief talk at elpub 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. template name: characters remaining: 			template description: characters remaining: 		 name: filename: select the destination folder: select a folder 	report 	edit 	test 	activate 	deactivate 	save as template 	copy 	delete 	undelete 	archive 	 set as in progress 	 			form 	content only 	unsubscribe form 	custom 		 			 						 		 		 			 		 		 			 		 	 	 		some non-required fields on this form are blank. do you wish to save with blank values? 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 	loading... 		 			 				 				 				 				 				 				 join the dlf forum newsletter mailing list! email: * first name * last name * institution title opt-in to join the list dlf forum news please verify that you are not a robot. sign up dlf never shares your information. but we do like to share information with you! 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 franz kafka's the trial—it's funny because it's true | jstor daily 		 	 	 		 	skip to content 	 	 		 			 				 					 						 							 								 								 								 							 							 								 								where news meets its scholarly match 							 						 						 								newsletters 	 	 	 						 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 					 	 		 		 			 		 	 					 					 					 							about jstor daily 	arts & culture 	art & art history 	film & media 	language & literature 	performing arts 	business & economics 	business 	economics 	politics & history 	politics & government 	u.s. history 	world history 	social history 	quirky history 	science & technology 	health 	natural science 	plants & animals 	sustainability & the environment 	technology 	education & society 	education 	lifestyle 	religion 	social sciences 	newsletters 	contact the editors 	support jstor daily 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 				 					 						arts & culture 						franz kafka’s the trial—it’s funny because it’s true 						 							just because you’re paranoid doesn’t mean they’re not out to get you. 						 					 				 				 			 				 					 				 			 			 		 		 			 				 					jeremy irons plays kafka in steven soderbergh's kafka. 					© miramax . 				 				 				 					by: 			benjamin winterhalter 			 					 					 						july , 						july , 					 					 					 						 						 minutes 					 					 					 					 	 		 share 		 tweet 		 email 		 print 	 						 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 									 						 							in franz kafka’s novel the trial, first published in , a year after its author’s death, josef k. is arrested, but can’t seem to find out what he’s accused of. as k. navigates a labyrinthine network of bureaucratic traps—a dark parody of the legal system—he keeps doing things that make him look guilty. eventually his accusers decide he must be guilty, and he is summarily executed. as kafka puts it in the second-to-last chapter, “the cathedral:” “the proceedings gradually merge into the judgment.” kafka’s restrained prose—the secret ingredient that makes this story about a bank clerk navigating bureaucracy into an electrifying page-turner—trades on a kind of dramatic irony. as the novelist david foster wallace noted in his essay “laughing with kafka,” this is kafka’s whole schtick, and it’s what makes him so funny. by withholding knowledge from the protagonist and the reader, kafka dangles the promise that all will be revealed in the end. but with every sentence the reader takes in, it feels increasingly likely that the reason for k.’s arrest will remain a mystery. as the trial follows its tragic path deeper into k.’s insular, menacing, and sexualized world, it gradually becomes clear that the answer was never forthcoming. in fact, kafka hints at the narrator’s ignorance at the very beginning: “someone must have slandered josef k., for one morning, without having done anything wrong, he was arrested.” why the conjecture about what “must have” happened unless the narrator, who relates the story in the past tense, doesn’t know? that ignorance sets up the humor: during certain particularly insane moments in k.’s journey, the frustration of not knowing why he’s enduring it all becomes unbearable, at which point there’s no choice but to laugh. 	 		weekly digest 		 get your fix of jstor daily’s best stories in your inbox each thursday. privacy policy   contact us you may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. 	 	 into the unreal many commentators on the trial have observed a sense of unreality in the novel, a feeling that something is somehow “off” that hangs like a fog over kafka’s plotline. the philosopher hannah arendt, for instance, wrote in her well-known essay on kafka: “in spite of the confirmation of more recent times that kafka’s nightmare of a world was a real possibility whose actuality surpassed even the atrocities he describes, we still experience in reading his novels and stories a very definite feeling of unreality.” for arendt, this impression of unreality derives from k.’s internalization of a vague feeling of guilt. that all-pervasive guilt becomes the means to secure k.’s participation in a corrupt legal system. she writes: this feeling, of course, is based in the last instance on the fact that no man is free from guilt. and since k., a busy bank employee, has never had time to ponder such generalities, he is induced to explore certain unfamiliar regions of his ego. this in turn leads him into confusion, into mistaking the organized and wicked evil of the world surrounding him for some necessary expression of that general guiltiness… in other words, arendt reads the trial as a kind of controlled descent into madness and corruption, ending in a violent exaggeration of the knowledge that nobody’s perfect. the literary scholar margaret church expanded on these psychological themes in an article in twentieth century literature, pointing to “the dreamlike quality of time values and the assumption of an interior time” employed throughout the trial. according to church, this unsteady temporality implies that most of what happens in the trial isn’t real—or isn’t fully real, at any rate. in fact, she suggests, it makes as much sense to assume that “the characters are projections of k.’s mind.” likewise, the literary scholar keith fort remarked in an article in the sewanee review that it’s “the nightmarish quality of unreality that has made kafka’s name synonymous with any unreal, mysterious force which operates against man.” in other words, this type of unreality has become so closely associated with kafka that the best word to describe it is, circularly, kafkaesque. jeremy irons in steven soderbergh’s kafka ( ). license to kafka writing in critical inquiry, however, the art historian otto karl werckmeister charged that many kafka interpreters, including arendt, were engaging with a politicized fantasy of what kafka represents, rather than with the real kafka. for werckmeister, this fantastical reading of kafka’s life was best captured in steven soderbergh’s movie kafka, which casts jeremy irons as “kafka the brooding office clerk turned underworld agent”—a device that werckmeister calls “kafka ” (after, of course, the james bond franchise). some of these interpreters were motivated by a desire to dismiss kafka as a handwringing bourgeois do-nothing—or even a “pre-fascist.” others expressed a willingness to excuse kafka’s alleged “indifference to social policy” by appealing to his loose associations with socialist or anarchist circles. all of them, werckmeister argues, are missing the obvious: they underestimate kafka’s role as a lawyer at the worker’s accident insurance institute, in prague, where he imposed workplace safety regulations on unwilling industrial employers: thus at the highest echelons of a semipublic, government-sanctioned institution enacting social policy, kafka’s job was to regulate the social conduct of employers vis-à-vis the working class… the employers under kafka’s supervision tenaciously resisted the application of recent austrian social policy laws, which were adapted from bismarck’s legislation in germany. they contested their risk classifications, disregarded their safety norms, tried to thwart plant inspections, and evade their premium payments. the department headed by kafka was pitted against them in an adversarial relationship, no matter how conciliatory the agency’s mission was meant to be. kafka’s tales are a reflection of the deep obstacles to progress he perceived in the social reality of his time. he even “anticipated the political self-critique of literature to the point of its nonpublication,” keeping most of his writing private, then asking that the manuscripts for the trial and the castle be destroyed upon his death (a wish that was, thankfully, not honored). but the critical focus has been trained on the received version of kafka, an interpretation of his life derived under exigent circumstances—the eruption of fascism in europe—for ideological purposes. it has been trained, so to speak, on the kafkaesque, instead of on kafka himself. 		 			what about the plunging sense of unease—like a feeling of falling—that no one can quite seem to shake when they first encounter kafka’s stories? 					 		 for werckmeister, it’s true that kafka’s fiction ultimately offers the most reliable guide to his political orientation, provided we understand that fiction in the context of his professional life. at work, he took the side of the working class—indeed, he represented its interests in a struggle against capital. he was “a man who tried to live his life according to principles of humanism, ethics, even religion.” as a direct result of that experience, he learned the disturbing truth that, in the law, “lies are made into a universal system,” as he wrote in the penultimate chapter of the trial. the best he could manage within the law still would be a far cry from real justice (which, kafka also knew, would have to include sexual justice to be anywhere near complete). maybe werckmeister is right about the political motives of critics like arendt, but what about the plunging sense of unease—like a feeling of falling—that no one can quite seem to shake when they first encounter kafka’s stories? “the trial” by wolfgang letti ( ). “it’s funny because it’s true” i’m here to suggest, following werckmeister, that this feeling results from the fact that kafka’s stories, despite their bizarre premises, are unnervingly real. although there is undoubtedly an element of the absurd in the worlds kafka creates, his style—unpretentious and specific, yet free from slang—renders those worlds with such painful accuracy that they seem totally familiar while we’re in them, like déjà vu or a memory of a bad dream: k. turned to the stairs to find the room for the inquiry, but then paused as he saw three different staircases in the courtyard in addition to the first one; moreover, a small passage at the other end of the courtyard seemed to lead to a second courtyard. he was annoyed that they hadn’t described the location of the room more precisely; he was certainly being treated with strange carelessness or indifference, a point he intended to make loudly and clearly. then he went up the first set of stairs after all, his mind playing with the memory of the remark the guard willem had made that the court was attracted by guilt, from which it actually followed that the room for the inquiry would have to be located off whatever stairway k. chanced to choose. the time-bending nature of kafka’s prose, then, shouldn’t be seen as a pathological formalism—a linguistically engineered unreality—but as a reflection of kafka’s intuitive understanding of the emerging principles of modern physics, in which time itself is relative. a article by the renowned physicist werner heisenberg suggests that a high-level awareness of modern physics defines and structures the modernist sensibility in art. while “there is little ground for believing that the current world view of science has directly influenced the development of modern art,” still “the changes in the foundations of modern science are an indication of profound transformations in the fundamentals of our existence.” now that the cat is out of schrödinger’s bag (or rather, box): the old compartmentalization of the world into an objective process in space and time, on the one hand, and the soul in which this process is mirrored, on the other… is no longer suitable as the starting point for the understanding of modern science. in the field of view of this science there appears above all the network of relations between man and nature, of the connections through which we as physical beings are dependent parts of nature and at the same time, as human beings, make them the object of our thought and actions. the “unreality” in kafka that has captivated so many commentators is what best aligns, ironically, with the current scientific worldview, which sees its own understanding of reality as necessarily partial, limited, and relative. if time in the trial seems nonlinear, that’s only because the novel is so thoroughly modern; the uneven flow of time in the novel captures the dawning scientific realization that time is neither absolute nor universal. isn’t it, after all, the sense that kafka—the voice on the page—is firmly in touch with reality that makes it feel acceptable to laugh at the deranged goings-on in the trial? his jokes are technical achievements, yes, but they also speak to a feeling of loneliness that typifies the modern condition. kafka himself couldn’t resist laughing when asked to read aloud from his work. to orchestrate this kind of laughter—to borrow a word from wallace—might have offered relief from the relentless (and political) self-criticism that drove kafka to conceal his writings. kafka’s suppression of information gets us to let our emotional guard down. he contrives narrative tension so that he can shock us, confronting us anew with injustices to which we’ve become numb. 													 						 						 							 	 		 share 		 tweet 		 email 		 print 	 							 						 						have a correction or comment about this article? please contact us. 						 						comedyeuropean literaturefilmconjunctionscritical inquirydaedalusthe sewanee reviewtwentieth century literature 							 	 		 			 		 		 			resources 			 				jstor is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. jstor daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on jstor.			 			 								 						 							from "the trial" 						 												 							by: franz kafka and breon mitchell						 													 							conjunctions, no. , paper airplane: the thirtieth issue ( ), pp. - 						 						 							conjunctions						 					 										 						 							time and reality in kafka's the trial and the castle 						 												 							by: margaret church						 													 							twentieth century literature, vol. , no. (jul., ), pp. - 						 						 							duke university press						 					 										 						 							the function of style in franz kafka's "the trial" 						 												 							by: keith fort						 													 							the sewanee review, vol. , no. (autumn, ), pp. - 						 						 							the johns hopkins university press						 					 										 						 							kafka 						 												 							by: o. k. werckmeister						 													 							critical inquiry, vol. , no. (winter, ), pp. - 						 						 							the university of chicago press						 					 										 						 							the representation of nature in contemporary physics 						 												 							by: werner heisenberg						 													 							daedalus, vol. , no. , symbolism in religion and literature (summer, ), pp. - 						 						 							the mit press on behalf of american academy of arts & sciences						 					 							 		 	 	 							 						 												 						 							 	 		join our newsletter 		 get your fix of jstor daily’s best stories in your inbox each thursday. privacy policy   contact us you may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. 	 							 						 					 							 			 			 													 						 							read this next 							 								 			 			 							 		 		education & society 	wittgenstein on whether speech is violence 	when is speech violence? sometimes. it depends. that’s a complicated question. 							 						 						 					 									 							 				trending posts 		 				here’s why the cdc recommends indoor masks for the vaccinated			 	 				healing and memory in ancient greece			 	 				how “carpe diem” got lost in translation			 	 				herbs & verbs: how to do witchcraft for real			 	 				rednecks: a brief history			 			 		 				 			 			 			 			 				 					 						more stories 						 																 										 			 			 							 		 		language & literature 	six cat poems that aren’t that owl and pussycat one 	there's nothing practical about these felines. meow. 									 																		 										 			 			 							 		 		art & art history 	the philosophy of posthumous art 	for some creators, death isn’t the end of their career. how should we think about completing and releasing their work afterward? 									 																		 										 			 			 							 		 		film & media 	asthma tropes and the kids who hate them 	children with asthma respond to the movie executives who see them as weak people helped by magical inhalers. 									 																		 										 			 			 							 		 		film & media 	the photographers who captured the great depression 	the farm security administration had photographers fan out across the country to document agricultural conditions. but they brought back much more. 									 															 					 					 								 				recent posts 		 				six cat poems that aren’t that owl and pussycat one			 	 				tidal power: a forgotten renewable resource?			 	 				the philosophy of posthumous art			 	 				policing the bodies of women athletes is nothing new			 	 				the permanent crisis of infrastructure			 			 		 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 		support jstor daily 	 	 		help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. 	 	 		become a member 	 	 	 		 			 				 					about us jstor daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in jstor, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. we publish articles grounded in peer-reviewed research and provide free access to that research for all of our readers. 				 						contact the editors 	masthead 	newsletters 	about us 	submission guidelines 	rss 	support jstor daily 	jstor.org 	terms and conditions of use 	privacy policy 	cookie policy 	accessibility 				 			 			 				 					 								jstor is part of ithaka, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. 				 				 					© ithaka. all rights reserved. jstor®, the jstor logo, and ithaka® are registered trademarks of ithaka. 				 				 			 		 	 	 				 				 		 				 			 	 		sign up for our weekly newsletter 		 get your fix of jstor daily’s best stories in your inbox each thursday. privacy policy   contact us you may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. 	 	 		 				 				 			× 		 	 documents accompanying the journal of the house of representatives of the ... - michigan. legislature. house of representatives - google books search images maps play youtube news gmail drive more » sign in books try the new google books check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features try it now no thanks try the new google books 	try the new google books 	my library 	help 	advanced book search 	download epub 	download pdf 	plain text ebook - free get this book in print 	abebooks.co.uk 	 	find in a library 	all sellers » 	 	 reviewswrite review documents accompanying the journal of the house of representatives of the ... by michigan. legislature. house of representatives 		  	 about this book terms of service 			 	 	 	  		 	plain text 		pdf 	epub 	 dshr's blog: talk at pda dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. saturday, february , talk at pda i spoke at this year's personal digital archiving conference at the internet archive, following on from my panel appearance there a year ago. below the fold is an edited text of the talk with links to the sources. at last year's pda i sparked a lively discussion with my panel appearance called paying for long-term storage. i'm hoping to leave enough time for a similar discussion this year. last year's talk covered the three possible business models for long-term storage, and focused on endowment as being the only really viable one. endowment involves depositing the data together with a capital sum sufficient to pay for its storage indefinitely. the reason endowment is thought to be feasible is kryder's law, the -year history of exponential increase in disk capacity at roughly constant cost. provided that it continues for another decade or so after you deposit your data, the endowment model works. unfortunately, exponential growth curves never continue indefinitely. at some point, they stop. this leaves us with two intertwined questions: 	how long can we expect kryder's law to continue? 	how much should we charge per tb? the questions are intertwined because, obviously, the sooner kryder's law stops the more we have to charge. i was hoping that finding out how to answer these questions would be somebody else's problem. but it turned out to be my problem after all. i've been working for the library of congress on using cloud storage for a lockss box (pdf). it turns out that there are several meanings of "using cloud storage for a lockss box", and i have some of them actually working. but as i was starting to write up this work, i realised that the question i was going to get asked was "does it make economic sense to use cloud storage for a lockss box?" a real lockss box has both capital and running costs, whereas a virtual lockss box in the cloud has only running costs. for an apples-to-apples comparison, i need to compare cash flows through time. economists have a standard technique for comparing costs through time, called discounted cash flow (dcf). the idea is that needing to pay a dollar in a year is the same as investing less than a dollar now so that the investment plus the accrued interest in a year will be the dollar i need to pay. simple. in all the textbooks. but when i looked into it, two problems emerged. first, it doesn't work in practice. you need to know what interest rate to use. here is research from the bank of england (pdf) showing that the interest rates investors use are systematically wrong, in a way that makes endowing data, or making any other long-term investment, very difficult. second, it doesn't even work in theory. here is research from doyne farmer of the santa fe institute and john geankoplos of yale (pdf), pointing out that (assuming you could choose the correct interest rate) using a fixed real interest rate would be ok if the outcome was linearly related to the interest rate. but it isn't. using a constant interest rate averages out periods (like the s) of high interest rates and periods (like now) of very low (or negative) real interest rates. in order to model long-term investments, you need to use monte carlo techniques with an interest rate model. similarly, if we assume that in the future storage costs will drop at varying rates, we need to use monte carlo techniques with a storage cost model. why would we believe that in the future storage costs will drop at varying rates? five reasons come to mind: 	first, they just did. the floods in thailand increased disk prices by - % almost overnight. these increased prices have flattened in recent months, but are expected to remain above trend for at least a year. 	second, you might be wanting to use the well-known and increasingly popular "affordable cloud storage". here's a table of the price history of four major cloud storage providers showing that the best case is a % per year price drop. that's % not %. 	third, disk manufacturers are already finding further increases in density difficult. to stay on the curve we should have had tb disks by the middle of last year at the latest, but all we have are tb drives. the transition to future disk technologies such as harm and bpm is being delayed, and desperate measures, called "shingled writes", are under way to build a th generation of the current technology, pmr. shingled writes means, among other problems, that disks are no longer randomly writable. they become an append-only medium.  	fourth, even if we assume that kryder's law continues, we are in for a pause in the cost drop. the market for . " disks is desktop pcs, which is collapsing. the volume consumer market is now . " drives, which are on the same curve, just at a higher price per byte. and the life of the . " form factor is also limited. if kryder's law continues until we should in theory have a $ . " drive holding tb. but no-one is going to build this drive because no-one wants tb on their laptop. how would you back it up? they would much rather have a tb " drive for $ and much less power draw. 	fifth, there is a hard theoretical limit to the minimal size of a magnetic domain at the temperatures in a disk drive. this means kryder's law for magnetic disks pretty much has to stop by at the latest, and probably much earlier. mark kryder and chang soo kim of c-mu compared the various competing solid state technologies with the tb . " drive (pdf), and none of them looked like good candidates for continued rapid drop in storage costs beyond there. so, we need a monte carlo model. i started building one, and it rapidly became clear that this was a problem much bigger than i could solve on my own. so we have started up a research program at uc santa cruz and stony brook university, with help from netapp. i'm about to show you some early results from this collaboration. i need to stress that this is very much work in progress. we are just at the stage of trying to understand what a comprehensive model would look like, by building simple models and seeing if they produce plausible results. the first model is work by daniel rosenthal (no relation) of ucsc. it follows a unit of storage capacity, as it might be a shelf of a filer, as the demand for storage grows, disks fail or age out and are replaced by drives storing more data, and power and other running costs are incurred. daniel's model doesn't account for the time value of money, so it can only be used for short periods. here is a graph reproducing the well-known fact that drives (or tapes in a robot) are replaced when the value of the data they hold is no longer enough to justify the space they take up, not when their service life expires. with daniel's parameters, the optimum drive replacement age is under years. the second model is my initial simulation. it follows a unit of data, say a tb, as it migrates between media as they are replaced, occupying less and less of them. unlike daniel's model, this one uses an interest rate model to properly account for the time value of money. in this case interest rates are based on the last years. here are about a thousand runs of the model. we gradually increase the endowment and each time see what probability we have of surviving years without running out of money. as you see, if storage media prices are, as we assumed, dropping % a year the variation in interest rates doesn't have a big effect. here are a few million runs of the model, varying the kryder's law rate and the endowment to get a d graph. if we take the % contour of this graph, we get the next graph. this shows the relationship between the endowment needed for a % probability of not running out of money in years, and the rate of kryder's law decrease in cost per byte, which we assume to be constant. the plausible result is that the endowment is relatively insensitive to the kryder's law rate if it is large, say above %/yr. but if it is small, say below %/yr, the endowment is rather sensitive to the rate. this is one of the key insights from our work so far. storage industry experts disagree about the details but agree that the big picture is that kryder's law is slowing down. thus we're moving from the right, flat side of the graph to the left, steep side. despite being in a region of the graph where the cost is relatively low and easy to predict, the economic sustainability of digital preservation has been a major concern. going forward, digital preservation faces two big problems: 	the cost of preserving a unit of data will increase. 	the uncertainty about the cost of preserving a unit of data will increase. the next graph applies the model to cloud storage, assuming an initial cost of cents/gb/yr and interest rates from the last years. we compute the endowment needed per tb for various rates of cost decrease. for example, if costs decrease at the % rate of the last years of s , we need $ k/tb. this is a lot of money. it is clearly possible that prices in the first years of cloud storage were an anomaly, and in the near future they will start dropping as quickly as media prices. but the media price drop is slowing, and s does not appear to be under a lot of pricing pressure. unless things change, cloud storage is simply too expensive for long-term use. the last graph shows the effect on the endowment of a spike that doubles disk prices a number of years into the life of the data. the y= line has no spike for comparison. as expected, the effect is big if the kryder's law drop is slow and the spike is soon. note the ridge, which shows that if the spike happens at the -year life i assumed for the drives, you are in trouble. as i said, we are at the very early stages of this work. it has turned out to be a lot more interesting and difficult than i could have imagined when i spoke here last year. some of the improvements we're looking at are pluggable alternate models for interest rates (the last years may not be representative) and technology evolution (we want to model the introduction of new technologies with very different properties). we want to use the these initial models to study questions such as: 	how does the increasing short-termism discovered by the bank of england affect the endowment required? 	how can we choose between storage technologies with different cost structures, such as tape, disk and solid state, as their costs evolve at different rates? 	can cloud storage services compete for long-term storage? by next year, we hope to have a simulation that is realistic enough for you to use for scenario planning. we are anxious to learn if you think a simulation of this kind would be useful, and what questions you would like to ask it. posted by david. at : pm labels: pda , storage costs comment: 	 david. said... 	 one interesting point that came out in questions after my talk. the internet archive is offering an endowment storage service - the cost is times the cost of the raw disk. given the replication, ingest and other costs, this number roughly matches the output from the model with reasonable kryder's law assumptions. 	 march , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ▼  february ( ) 	talk at pda 	fast 	cloud storage pricing history 	tide pools and terrorists 	domain name persistence 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. introduction - the cargo book 	introduction 	 . getting started 		 . . installation 	 . . first steps with cargo 	 . cargo guide 		 . . why cargo exists 	 . . creating a new package 	 . . working on an existing package 	 . . dependencies 	 . . package layout 	 . . cargo.toml vs cargo.lock 	 . . tests 	 . . continuous integration 	 . . cargo home 	 . . build cache 	 . cargo reference 		 . . specifying dependencies 		 . . . overriding dependencies 	 . . the manifest format 		 . . . cargo targets 	 . . workspaces 	 . . features 		 . . . features examples 	 . . profiles 	 . . configuration 	 . . environment variables 	 . . build scripts 		 . . . build script examples 	 . . publishing on crates.io 	 . . package id specifications 	 . . source replacement 	 . . external tools 	 . . registries 	 . . dependency resolution 	 . . semver compatibility 	 . . unstable features 	 . cargo commands 		 . . general commands 		 . . . cargo 	 . . . cargo help 	 . . . cargo version 	 . . build commands 		 . . . cargo bench 	 . . . cargo build 	 . . . cargo check 	 . . . cargo clean 	 . . . cargo doc 	 . . . cargo fetch 	 . . . cargo fix 	 . . . cargo run 	 . . . cargo rustc 	 . . . cargo rustdoc 	 . . . cargo test 	 . . manifest commands 		 . . . cargo generate-lockfile 	 . . . cargo locate-project 	 . . . cargo metadata 	 . . . cargo pkgid 	 . . . cargo tree 	 . . . cargo update 	 . . . cargo vendor 	 . . . cargo verify-project 	 . . package commands 		 . . . cargo init 	 . . . cargo install 	 . . . cargo new 	 . . . cargo search 	 . . . cargo uninstall 	 . . publishing commands 		 . . . cargo login 	 . . . cargo owner 	 . . . cargo package 	 . . . cargo publish 	 . . . cargo yank 	 . faq 	 . appendix: glossary 	 . appendix: git authentication 	light (default) 	rust 	coal 	navy 	ayu the cargo book the cargo book cargo is the rust package manager. cargo downloads your rust package's dependencies, compiles your packages, makes distributable packages, and uploads them to crates.io, the rust community’s package registry. you can contribute to this book on github. sections getting started to get started with cargo, install cargo (and rust) and set up your first crate. cargo guide the guide will give you all you need to know about how to use cargo to develop rust packages. cargo reference the reference covers the details of various areas of cargo. cargo commands the commands will let you interact with cargo using its command-line interface. frequently asked questions appendices: 	glossary 	git authentication other documentation: 	changelog — detailed notes about changes in cargo in each release. 	rust documentation website — links to official rust documentation and tools. library hat 	 		 						library hat 						http://www.bohyunkim.net/blog/ 		 		 		skip to content ↓ 		 			bohyunkim.net 	about 	publications 	presentations 	cv / resume 	 	 			 	 	 		 				 				 		 			 			blockchain: merits, issues, and suggestions for compelling use cases 			 			 				jul th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 * this post was also published in acrl techconnect.*** blockchain holds a great potential for both innovation and disruption. the adoption of blockchain also poses certain risks, and those risks will need to be addressed and mitigated before blockchain becomes mainstream. a lot of people have heard of blockchain at this point. but many are unfamiliar with how this new technology exactly works and unsure about under which circumstances or on what conditions it may be useful to libraries. in this post, i will provide a brief overview of the merits and the issues of blockchain. i will also make some suggestions for compelling use cases of blockchain at the end of this post. what blockchain accomplishes blockchain is the technology that underpins a well-known decentralized cryptocurrency, bitcoin. to simply put, blockchain is a kind of distributed digital ledger on a peer-to-peer (p p) network, in which records are confirmed and encrypted. blockchain records and keeps data in the original state in a secure and tamper-proof manner[ ] by its technical implementation alone, thereby obviating the need for a third-party authority to guarantee the authenticity of the data. records in blockchain are stored in multiple ledgers in a distributed network instead of one central location. this prevents a single point of failure and secures records by protecting them from potential damage or loss. blocks in each blockchain ledger are chained to one another by the mechanism called ‘proof of work.’ (for those familiar with a version control system such as git, a blockchain ledger can be thought of as something similar to a p p hosted git repository that allows sequential commits only.[ ]) this makes records in a block immutable and irreversible, that is, tamper-proof. in areas where the authenticity and security of records is of paramount importance, such as electronic health records, digital identity authentication/authorization, digital rights management, historic materials that may be contested or challenged due to the vested interests of certain groups, and digital provenance to name a few, blockchain can lead to efficiency, convenience, and cost savings. for example, with blockchain implemented in banking, one will be able to transfer funds across different countries without going through banks.[ ] this can drastically lower the fees involved, and the transaction will take effect much more quickly, if not immediately. similarly, adopted in real estate transactions, blockchain can make the process of buying and selling a property more straightforward and efficient, saving time and money.[ ] disruptive potential of blockchain the disruptive potential of blockchain lies in its aforementioned ability to render the role of a third-party authority obsolete, which records and validates transactions and guarantees their authenticity, should a dispute arise. in this respect, blockchain can serve as an alternative trust protocol that decentralizes traditional authorities. since blockchain achieves this by public key cryptography, however, if one loses one’s own personal key to the blockchain ledger holding one’s financial or real estate asset, for example, then that will result in the permanent loss of such asset. with the third-party authority gone, there will be no institution to step in and remedy the situation. issues this is only some of the issues with blockchain. other issues include (a) interoperability between different blockchain systems, (b) scalability of blockchain at a global scale with large amount of data, (c) potential security issues such as the % attack [ ], and (d) huge energy consumption [ ] that a blockchain requires to add a block to a ledger. note that the last issue of energy consumption has both environmental and economic ramifications because it can cancel out the cost savings gained from eliminating a third-party authority and related processes and fees. challenges for wider adoption there are growing interests in blockchain among information professionals, but there are also some obstacles to those interests gaining momentum and moving further towards wider trial and adoption. one obstacle is the lack of general understanding about blockchain in a larger audience of information professionals. due to its original association with bitcoin, many mistake blockchain for cryptocurrency. another obstacle is technical. the use of blockchain requires setting up and running a node in a blockchain network, such as ethereum[ ], which may be daunting to those who are not tech-savvy. this makes a barrier to entry high to those who are not familiar with command line scripting and yet still want to try out and test how a blockchain functions. the last and most important obstacle is the lack of compelling use cases for libraries, archives, and museums. to many, blockchain is an interesting new technology. but even many blockchain enthusiasts are skeptical of its practical benefits at this point when all associated costs are considered. of course, this is not an insurmountable obstacle. the more people get familiar with blockchain, the more ways people will discover to use blockchain in the information profession that are uniquely beneficial for specific purposes. suggestions for compelling use cases of blockchain in order to determine what may make a compelling use case of blockchain, the information profession would benefit from considering the following. 	what kind of data/records (or the series thereof) must be stored and preserved exactly the way they were created. 	what kind of information is at great risk to be altered and compromised by changing circumstances. 	what type of interactions may need to take place between such data/records and their users.[ ] 	how much would be a reasonable cost for implementation. these will help connecting the potential benefits of blockchain with real-world use cases and take the information profession one step closer to its wider testing and adoption. to those further interested in blockchain and libraries, i recommend the recordings from the library . online mini-conference, “blockchain applied: impact on the information profession,” held back in june. the blockchain national forum, which is funded by imls and is to take place in san jose, ca on august th, will also be livestreamed. notes [ ] for an excellent introduction to blockchain, see “the great chain of being sure about things,” the economist, october , , https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/ -technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable. [ ] justin ramos, “blockchain: under the hood,” thoughtworks (blog), august , , https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/blockchain-under-hood. [ ] the world food programme, the food-assistance branch of the united nations, is using blockchain to increase their humanitarian aid to refugees. blockchain may possibly be used for not only financial transactions but also the identity verification for refugees. russ juskalian, “inside the jordan refugee camp that runs on blockchain,” mit technology review, april , , https://www.technologyreview.com/s/ /inside-the-jordan-refugee-camp-that-runs-on-blockchain/. [ ] joanne cleaver, “could blockchain technology transform homebuying in cook county — and beyond?,” chicago tribune, july , , http://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/ct-re- -blockchain-homebuying- -story.html. [ ] “ % attack,” investopedia, september , , https://www.investopedia.com/terms/ / -attack.asp. [ ] sherman lee, “bitcoin’s energy consumption can power an entire country — but eos is trying to fix that,” forbes, april , , https://www.forbes.com/sites/shermanlee/ / / /bitcoins-energy-consumption-can-power-an-entire-country-but-eos-is-trying-to-fix-that/# ff aa bc . [ ] osita chibuike, “how to setup an ethereum node,” the practical dev, may , , https://dev.to/legobox/how-to-setup-an-ethereum-node- a . [ ] the interaction can also be a self-executing program when certain conditions are met in a blockchain ledger. this is called a “smart contract.” see mike orcutt, “states that are passing laws to govern ‘smart contracts’ have no idea what they’re doing,” mit technology review, march , , https://www.technologyreview.com/s/ /states-that-are-passing-laws-to-govern-smart-contracts-have-no-idea-what-theyre-doing/. 							 			 			posted in: coding, library, technology. 							tagged: bitcoin · blockchain · distributed ledger technology · dlt 			 		 		 				 		 			 			taking diversity to the next level 			 			 				dec th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 ** this post was also published in acrl techconnect on dec. , .*** “building bridges in a divisive climate: diversity in libraries, archives, and museums,” panel discussion program held at the university of rhode island libraries on thursday november , . getting minorities on board i recently moderated a panel discussion program titled “building bridges in a divisive climate: diversity in libraries, archives, and museums.” participating in organizing this program was interesting experience. during the whole time, i experienced my perspective constantly shifting back and forth as (i) someone who is a woman of color in the us who experiences and deals with small and large daily acts of discrimination, (ii) an organizer/moderator trying to get as many people as possible to attend and participate, and (iii) a mid-career librarian who is trying to contribute to the group efforts to find a way to move the diversity agenda forward in a positive and inclusive way in my own institution. in the past, i have participated in multiple diversity-themed programs either as a member of the organizing committee or as an attendee and have been excited to see colleagues organize and run such programs. but when asked to write or speak about diversity myself, i always hesitated and declined. this puzzled me for a long time because i couldn’t quite pinpoint where my own resistance was coming from. i am writing about this now because i think it may shed some light on why it is often difficult to get minorities on board with diversity-related efforts. a common issue that many organizers experience is that often these diversity programs draw many allies who are already interested in working on the issue of diversity, equity, and inclusion but not necessarily a lot of those who the organizers consider to be the target audience, namely, minorities. what may be the reason? perhaps i can find a clue for the answer to this question from my own resistance regarding speaking or writing about diversity, preferring rather to be in the audience with a certain distance or as an organizer helping with logistics behind the scene. to be honest, i always harbored a level of suspicion about how much of the sudden interests in diversity is real and how much of it is simply about being on the next hot trend. trends come and go, but issues lived through many lives of those who belong to various systematically disadvantaged and marginalized groups are not trends. although i have been always enthusiastic about participating in diversity-focused programs as attendees and was happy to see diversity, equity, and inclusion discussed in articles and talks, i wasn’t ready to sell out my lived experience as part of a hot trend, a potential fad. to be clear, i am not saying that any of the diversity-related programs or events were asking speakers or authors to be a sell-out. i am only describing how things felt to me and where my own resistance was originating. i have been and am happy to see diversity discussed even as a one-time fad. better a fad than no discussion at all. one may argue that that diversity has been actively discussed for quite some time now. a few years, maybe several, or even more. some of the prominent efforts to increase diversity in librarianship i know, for example, go as far back as when oregon state university libraries sponsored two scholarships to the code lib conference, one for women and the other for minorities, which have continued from then on as the code lib diversity scholarship. but if one has lived the entire life as a member of a systematically disadvantaged group either as a woman, a person of color, a person of certain sexual orientation, a person of a certain faith, a person with a certain disability, etc., one knows better than expecting some sudden interests in diversity to change the world we live in and most of the people overnight. i admit i have been watching the diversity discussion gaining more and more traction in librarianship with growing excitement and concern at the same time. for i felt that all of what is being achieved through so many people’s efforts may get wiped out at any moment. the more momentum it accrues, i worried, the more serious backlash it may come to face. for example, it was openly stated that seeking racial/ethnic diversity is superficial and for appearance’s sake and that those who appear to belong to “team diversity” do not work as hard as those in “team mainstream.” people make this type of statements in order to create and strengthen a negative association between multiple dimensions of diversity that are all non-normative (such as race/ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, immigration status, disability) and unfavorable value judgements (such as inferior intellectual capacity or poor work ethic).  according to this kind of flawed reasoning, a tech company whose entire staff consists of twenty-something white male programmers with a college degree, may well have achieved a high level of diversity because the staff might have potentially (no matter how unlikely) substantial intellectual and personal differences in their thinking, background, and experience, and therefore their clear homogeneity is no real problem. that’s just a matter of trivial “appearance.” the motivation behind this kind of intentional misdirection is to derail current efforts towards expanding diversity, equity, and inclusion by taking people’s attention away from the real issue of systematic marginalization in our society. of course, the ultimate goal of all diversity efforts should be not the mere inclusion of minorities but enabling them to have agency as equal as the agency those privileged already possess. but note that objections are being raised against mere inclusion. anti-diversity sentiment is real, and people will try to rationalize it in any way they can. then of course, the other source of my inner resistance to speaking or writing about diversity has been the simple fact that thinking about diversity, equity, and inclusion does not take me to a happy place. it reminds me of many bad experiences accumulated over time that i would rather not revisit. this is why i admire those who have spoken and written about their lived experience as a member of a systematically discriminated and marginalized group. their contribution is a remarkably selfless one. i don’t have a clear answer to how this reflection on my own resistance against actively speaking or writing about diversity will help future organizers. but clearly, being asked to join many times had an effect since i finally did accept the invitation to moderate a panel and wrote this article. so, if you are serious about getting more minorities – whether in different religions, genders, disabilities, races, etc. – to speak or write on the issue, then invite them and be ready to do it over and over again even if they decline. don’t expect that they will trust you at the first invitation. understand that by accepting such an invitation, minorities do risk far more than non-minorities will ever do. the survey i ran for the registrants of the “building bridges in a divisive climate: diversity in libraries, archives, and museums” panel discussion program showed several respondents expressing their concern about the backlash at their workplaces that did or may result from participating in diversity efforts as a serious deterrent. if we would like to see more minorities participate in diversity efforts, we must create a safe space for everyone and take steps to deal with potential backlash that may ensue afterwards. a gentle intro or a deep dive? another issue that many organizers of diversity-focused events, programs, and initiatives struggle with is two conflicting expectations from their audience. on one hand, there are those who are familiar with diversity, equity, and inclusion issues and want to see how institutions and individuals are going to take their initial efforts to the next level. these people often come from organizations that already implemented certain pro-diversity measures such as search advocates for the hiring process. and educational programs that familiarize the staff with the topic of diversity, equity, and inclusion. on the other hand, there are still many who are not quite sure what diversity, equity, and inclusion exactly mean in a workplace or in their lives. those people would continue to benefit from a gentle introduction to things such as privilege, microaggression, and unconscious biases. the feedback surveys collected after the “building bridges in a divisive climate: diversity in libraries, archives, and museums” panel discussion program showed these two different expectations. some people responded that they deeply appreciated the personal stories shared by the panelists, noting that they did not realize how often minorities are marginalized even in one day’s time. others, however, said they would be like to hear more about actionable items and strategies that can be implemented to further advance the values of diversity, equity, and inclusion that go beyond personal stories. balancing these two different demands is a hard act for organizers. however, this is a testament to our collective achievement that more and more people are aware of the importance of continuing efforts to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion in libraries, archives, and museums. i do think that we need to continue to provide a general introduction to diversity-related issues, exposing people to everyday experience of marginalized groups such as micro-invalidation, impostor syndrome, and basic concepts like white privilege, systematic oppression, colonialism, and intersectionality. one of the comments we received via the feedback survey after our diversity panel discussion program was that the program was most relevant in that it made “having colleagues attend with me to hear what i myself have never told them” possible. general programs and events can be an excellent gateway to more open and less guarded discussion. at the same time, it seems to be high time for us in libraries, museums, and archives to take a deep dive into different realms of diversity, equity, and inclusion as well. diversity comes in many dimensions such as age, disability, religion, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. many of us feel more strongly about one issue than others. we should create opportunities for ourselves to advocate for specific diversity issues that we care most. the only thing i would emphasize is that one specific dimension of diversity should not be used as an excuse to neglect others. exploring socioeconomic inequality issues without addressing how they work combined with the systematic oppression of marginalized groups such as native americans, women, or immigrants at the same time can be an example of such a case. all dimensions of diversity are closely knitted with one another, and they do not exist independently. for this reason, a deep dive into different realms of diversity, equity, and inclusion must be accompanied by the strong awareness of their intersectionality. recommendations and resources for future organizers organizing a diversity-focused program takes a lot of effort. while planning the “building bridges in a divisive climate: diversity in libraries, archives, and museums” panel discussion program at the university of rhode island libraries, i worked closely with my library dean, karim boughida, who originally came up with the idea of having a panel discussion program at the university of rhode island libraries, and renee neely in the libraries’ diversity initiatives for approximately two months. for panelists, we decided to recruit as many minorities from diverse institutions and backgrounds. we were fortunate to find panelists from a museum, an archive, both a public and an academic library with varying degrees of experience in the field from only a few years to over twenty-five years, ranging from a relatively new archivist to an experienced museum and a library director. our panel consisted of one-hundred percent people of color. the thoughts and perspectives that those panelists shared were, as a result, remarkably diverse and insightful. for this reason, i recommend spending some time to get the right speakers for your program if your program will have speakers. discussion at the “building bridges in a divisive climate: diversity in libraries, archives, and museums,” at the university of rhode island libraries another thing i would like to share is the questions that i created for the panel discussion. even though we had a whole hour, i was able to cover only several of them. but since i discussed all these questions in advance with the panelists and they helped me put a final touch on some of those, i think these questions can be useful to future organizers who may want to run a similar program. they can be utilized for a panel discussion, an unconference, or other types of programs. i hope this is helpful and save time for other organizers. sample questions for the diversity panel discussion 	why should libraries, archives, museums pay attention to the issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion? 	in what ways do you think the lack of diversity in our profession affects the perception of libraries, museums, and archives in the communities we serve? 	do you have any personal or work-related stories that you would like to share that relate to diversity, equity, and inclusion issues? 	how did you get interested in diversity, equity, and inclusion issues? 	suppose you discovered that your library’s, archive’s or museum’s collection includes prejudiced information, controversial objects/ documents, or hate-inducing material. what would you do? 	suppose a group of your library / archive / museum patrons want to use your space to hold a local gathering that involves hate speech. what would you do? what would you be mostly concerned about, and what would the things that you would consider to make a decision on how you will respond? 	do you think libraries, archives, and museums are a neutral place? what do you think neutrality means to a library, an archive, a museum in practice in a divisive climate such as now? 	what are some of the areas in libraries, museums, and archives where you see privileges and marginalization function as a barrier to achieving our professional values – equal access and critical thinking?  what can we do to remove those barriers? 	could you tell us how colonialist thinking and practice are affecting libraries, museums, and archives either consciously or unconsciously?  since not everyone is familiar with what colonialism is, please begin with first your brief interpretation of what colonialist thinking or practice look like in libraries, museums, and archives first? 	what do you think libraries, archives, and museums can do more to improve critical thinking in the community that we serve? 	although libraries, archives, museums have been making efforts to recruit, hire, and retain diverse personnel in recent years, the success rate has been relatively low. for example, in librarianship, it has been reported that often those hired through these efforts experienced backlash at their own institutions, were subject to unrealistic expectations, and met with unsupportive environment, which led to burnout and a low retention rate of talented people. from your perspective – either as a manager hiring people or a relatively new librarian who looked for jobs – what do you think can be done to improve this type of unfortunate situation? 	many in our profession express their hesitation to actively participate in diversity, equity, and inclusion-related discussion and initiatives at their institutions because of the backlash from their own coworkers. what do you think we can do to minimize such backlash? 	some people in our profession express strong negative feelings regarding diversity, equity, and inclusion-related initiatives. how much of this type of anti-diversity sentiment do you think exist in your field? some worry that this is even growing faster in the current divisive and intolerant climate. what do you think we can do to counter such anti-diversity sentiment? 	there are many who are resistant to the values of diversity, equity, and inclusion. have you taken any action to promote and advance these values facing such resistance? if so, what was your experience like, and what would be some of the strategies you may recommend to others working with those people? 	many people in our profession want to take our diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives to the next level, beyond offering mere lip service or simply playing a numbers game for statistics purpose. what do you think that next level may be? lastly, i felt strongly about ensuring that the terms and concepts often thrown out in diversity/equity/inclusion-related programs and events – such as intersectionality, white privilege, microaggression, patriarchy, colonialism, and so on – are not used to unintentionally alienate those who are unfamiliar with them. these concepts are useful and convenient shortcuts that allow us to communicate a large set of ideas previously discussed and digested, so that we can move our discussion forward more efficiently. they should not make people feel uncomfortable nor generate any hint of superiority or inferiority. to this end, i create a pre-program survey which all program registrants were encouraged to take. my survey simply asked people how familiar and how comfortable they are with a variety of terms. at the panel discussion program, we also distributed the glossary of these terms, so that people can all become familiar with them. also, videos can quickly bring all attendees up-to-speed with some basic concepts and phenomena in diversity discussion. for example, in the beginning of our panel discussion program, i played two short videos, “life of privilege explained in a $ race” and “what if we treated white coworkers the way we treat minority coworkers?”, which were well received by the attendees. i am sharing the survey questions, the video links, and the glossary in the hope that they may be helpful as a useful tool for future organizers. for example, one may decide to provide a glossary like this before the program or run an unconference that aims at unpacking the meanings of these terms and discussing how they relate to people’s daily lives. in closing: diversity, libraries, technology, and our own biases disagreements on social issues are natural. but the divisiveness that we are currently experiencing seems to be particularly intense. this deeply concerns us, educators and professionals working in libraries, archives, and museums. libraries, archives, and museums are public institutions dedicated to promoting and advancing civic values. diversity, equity, and inclusion are part of those core civic values that move our society forward. this task, however, has become increasingly challenging as our society moves in a more and more divisive direction. to make matters even more complicated, libraries, archives, museums in general lack diversity in their staff composition. this homogeneity can impede achieving our own mission. according to the recent report from ithaka s+r released this august, we do not appear to have gotten very far. their report “inclusion, diversity, and equity: members of the association of research (arl) libraries – employee demographics and director perspectives,” shows that libraries and library leadership/administration are both markedly white-dominant ( % and % white non-hispanic respectively). also, while librarianship in general are female dominant ( %), the technology field in libraries is starkly male ( %) along with makerspace ( %), facilities ( %), and security ( %) positions. the survey results in the report show that while the majority of library directors say there are barriers to achieving more diversity in their library, they attribute those barriers to external rather than internal factors such as the library’s geographic location and the insufficiently diverse application pool resulting from the library’s location. what is fascinating, however, is that this directly conflicts with the fact that libraries do show little variation in the ratio of white staff based on degree of urbanization. equally interesting is that the staff in more homogeneous and less diverse (over % white non-hispanic) libraries think that their libraries are much more equitable than the library community ( % vs %) and that library directors (and staff) consider their own library to be more equitable, diverse, and inclusive than the library community with respect to almost every category such as race/ethnicity, gender, lgbtq, disabilities, veterans, and religion. while these findings in the ithaka s+r report are based upon the survey results from arl libraries, similar staff composition and attitudes can be assumed to apply to libraries in general. there is a great need for both the library administration and the staff to understand their own unconscious and implicit biases, workplace norms, and organizational culture that may well be thwarting their own diversity efforts. diversity, equity, and inclusion have certainly been a topic of active discussion in the recent years. many libraries have established a committee or a task force dedicated to improving diversity. but how are those efforts paying out? are they going beyond simply paying a lip service? is it making a real difference to everyday experience of minority library workers? can we improve, and if so where and how? where do we go from here? those would be the questions that we will need to examine in order to take our diversity efforts in libraries, archives, and museums to the next level. notes 	 the program description is available at https://web.uri.edu/library/ / / /building-bridges-in-a-divisive-climate-diversity-in-libraries-archives-and-museums/ ↩ 	 carol bean, ranti junus, and deborah mouw, “conference report: code libcon ,” the code lib journal, no. (march , ), http://journal.code lib.org/articles/ . ↩ 	 note that this kind of biased assertions often masquerades itself as an objective intellectual pursuit in academia when in reality, it is a direct manifestation of an existing prejudice reflecting the limited and shallow experience of the person posting the question him/herself. a good example of this is found in the remark in made by larry summers, the former harvard president. he suggested that one reason for relatively few women in top positions in science may be “issues of intrinsic aptitude” rather than widespread indisputable everyday discrimination against women. he resigned after the harvard faculty of arts and sciences cast a vote of no confidence. see scott jaschik, “what larry summers said,” inside higher ed, february , , https://www.insidehighered.com/news/ / / /summers _ . ↩ 	 our pre-program survey questions can be viewed at https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/ faipqlscp-nqnkhaqli_ pvdidw-dqzraflycdikutu dzjqm f ra/viewform. ↩ 	 for this purpose, asking all participants to respect one another’s privacy in advance can be a good policy. in addition to this, we specifically decided not to stream or record our panel discussion program, so that both panelists and attendees can freely share their experience and thoughts. ↩ 	 a good example is the search advocate program from oregon state university. see http://searchadvocate.oregonstate.edu/. ↩ 	 for an example, see the workshops offered by the office of community, equity, and inclusion of the university of rhode island at https://web.uri.edu/diversity/ced-inclusion-courses-overview/. ↩ 	 for the limitations of the mainstream diversity discussion in lis (library and information science) with the focus on inclusion and cultural competency, see david james hudson, “on ‘diversity’ as anti-racism in library and information studies: a critique,” journal of critical library and information studies , no. (january , ), https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ . /jclis.v i . . ↩ 	you can see our glossary at https://drive.google.com/file/d/ uci huuytrelgny-dbnsoxf_ilpm n/view?usp=sharing; this glossary was put together by renee neely. ↩ 	 for the nitty-gritty logistical details for organizing a large event with a group of local and remote volunteers, check the organizer’s toolkit created by the #critlib unconference organizers at https://critlib .wordpress.com/organizers-toolkit/. ↩ 	 roger schonfeld and liam sweeney, “inclusion, diversity, and equity: members of the association of research libraries,” ithaka s+r, august , , http://www.sr.ithaka.org/publications/inclusion-diversity-and-equity-arl/. ↩ 	 for the early discussion of diversity-focused recruitment in library technology, see jim hahn, “diversity recruitment in library information technology,” acrl techconnect blog, august , , https://acrl.ala.org/techconnect/post/diversity-recruitment-in-library-information-technology. ↩ 	 see april hathcock, “white librarianship in blackface: diversity initiatives in lis,” in the library with the lead pipe, october , , http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /lis-diversity/ and angela galvan, “soliciting performance, hiding bias: whiteness and librarianship,” in the library with the lead pipe (blog), june , , http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /soliciting-performance-hiding-bias-whiteness-and-librarianship. ↩ 							 			 			posted in: diversity. 							tagged: equity · inclusion · resources 			 		 		 				 		 			 			from need to want: how to maximize social impact for libraries, archives, and museums 			 			 				oct th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 at the ndp at three event organized by imls yesterday, sayeed choudhury on the “open scholarly communications” panel suggested that libraries think about return on impact in addition to return on investment (roi). he further elaborated on this point by proposing a possible description of such impact. his description was that when an object or resource created through scholarly communication efforts is being used by someone we don’t know and is interpreted correctly without contacting us (=libraries, archives, museums etc.), that is an impact; to push that further, if someone uses the object or the resource in a way we didn’t anticipate, that’s an impact; if it is integrated into someone’s workflow, that’s also an impact. this emphasis on impact as a goal for libraries, archives, and museums (or non-profit organizations in general to apply broadly) resonated with me particularly because i gave a talk just a few days ago to a group of librarians at the iolug conference about how libraries can and should maximize their social impact in the context of innovation in the way many social entrepreneurs have been already doing for quite some time. in this post, i would like to revisit one point that i made in that talk. it is a specific interpretation of the idea of maximizing social impact as a conscious goal for libraries, archives, and museums (lam). hopefully, this will provide a useful heuristic for lam institutions in mapping out the future efforts. considering that roi is a measure of cost-effectiveness, i believe impact is a much better goal than roi for lam institutions. we often think that to collect, organize, provide equitable access to, and preserve information, knowledge, and cultural heritage is the goal of a library, an archive, and a museum. but doing that well doesn’t mean simply doing it cost-effectively. our efforts no doubt aim at achieving better-collected, better-organized, better-accessed, and better-preserved information, knowledge, and cultural heritage. however, our ultimate end-goal is attained only when such information, knowledge, and cultural heritage is better used by our users. not simply better accessed, but better used in the sense that the person gets to leverage such information, knowledge, and cultural heritage to succeed in whatever endeavor that s/he was making, whether it be career success, advanced education, personal fulfillment, or private business growth. in my opinion, that’s the true impact that lam institutions should aim at. if that kind of impact were a destination, cost-effectiveness is simply one mode of transportation, preferred one maybe but not quite comparable to the destination in terms of importance. but what does “better used” exactly mean? “integrated into people’s workflow” is a hint; “unanticipated use” is another clue. if you are like me and need to create and design that kind of integrated or unanticipated use at your library, archive, or museum, how will you go about that? this is the same question we ask over and over again. how do you plan and implement innovation? yes, we will go talk to our users, ask what they would like to see, meet with our stakeholders and find out their interests and concerns are, discuss ourselves what we can do to deliver things that our users want, and go from there to another wonderful project we work hard for. then after all that, we reach a stage where we stop and wonder where that “greater social impact” went in almost all our projects. and we frantically look for numbers. how many people accessed what we created? how many downloads? what does the satisfaction survey say? in those moments, how does the “impact” verbiage help us? how does that help us in charting our actual path to creating and maximizing our social impact more than the old-fashioned “roi” verbiage? at least roi is quantifiable and measurable. this, i believe, is why we need a more concrete heuristic to translate the lofty “impact” to everyday “actions” we can take. maybe not quite as specific as to dictate what exactly those actions are at each project level but a bit more specific to enable us to frame the value we are attempting to create and deliver at our lam institutions beyond cost-effectiveness. i think the heuristic we need is the conversion of need to demand. what is an untapped need that people are not even aware of in the realm of information, knowledge, and cultural heritage? when we can identify any such need in a specific form and successfully convert that need to a demand, we make an impact. by “demand,” i mean the kind of user experience that people will desire and subsequently fulfill by using that object, resource, tool, service, etc., we create at our library, archive, and museum. (one good example of such desirable ux that comes to my mind is nypl photo booth: https://www.nypl.org/blog/ / / /snapshots-nypl.) when we create a demand out of such an untapped need, when the fulfillment of that kind of demand effectively creates, strengthens, and enriches our society in the direction of information, knowledge, evidence-based decisions, and truth being more valued, promoted, and equitably shared, i think we get to maximize our social impact. in the last “going forward” panel where the information discovery was discussed, loretta parham pointed out that in the corporate sector, information finds consumers, not the other way. by contrast, we (by which i mean all of us working at lam institutions) still frame our value in terms of helping and supporting users access and use our material, resources, and physical and digital objects and tools. this is a mistake in my opinion, because it is a self-limiting value proposition for libraries, archives, and museums. what is the point of us lam institutions, working so hard to get the public to use their resources and services? the end goal is so that we can maximize our social impact through such use. the rhetoric of “helping and supporting people to access and use our resources” does not adequately convey that. businesses want their clients to use their goods and services, of course. but their real target is the making of profit out of those uses, aka purchases. similarly, but far more importantly, the real goal of libraries, archives and museums is to move the society forward, closer in the direction of knowledge, evidence-based decisions, and truth being more valued, promoted, and equitably shared. one person at a time, yes, but the ultimate goal reaching far beyond individuals. the end goal is maximizing our impact on this side of the public good.   							 			 			posted in: librarianship, library, management, usability, user experience. 							tagged: archives · change · d d · design thinking · digital collection · goal · impact · innovation · libraries · museums · ndpthree · social entrepreneurship · ux 			 		 		 				 		 			 			how to price d printing service fees 			 			 				may nd, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on may. , .*** many libraries today provide d printing service. but not all of them can afford to do so for free. while free d printing may be ideal, it can jeopardize the sustainability of the service over time. nevertheless, many libraries tend to worry about charging service fees. in this post, i will outline how i determined the pricing schema for our library’s new d printing service in the hope that more libraries will consider offering d printing service if having to charge the fee is a factor stopping them. but let me begin with libraries’ general aversion to fees. a d printer in action at the health sciences and human services library (hs/hsl), univ. of maryland, baltimore service fees are not your enemy charging fees for the library’s service is not something librarians should regard as a taboo. we live in the times in which a library is being asked to create and provide more and more new and innovative services to help users successfully navigate the fast-changing information landscape. a makerspace and d printing are certainly one of those new and innovative services. but at many libraries, the operating budget is shrinking rather than increasing. so, the most obvious choice in this situation is to aim for cost-recovery. it is to be remembered that even when a library aims for cost-recovery, it will be only partial cost-recovery because there is a lot of staff time and expertise that is spent on planning and operating such new services. libraries should not be afraid to introduce new services requiring service fees because users will still benefit from those services often much more greatly than a commercial equivalent (if any). think of service fees as your friend. without them, you won’t be able to introduce and continue to provide a service that your users need. it is a business cost to be expected, and libraries will not make profit out of it (even if they try). still bothered? almost every library charges for regular (paper) printing. should a library rather not provide printing service because it cannot be offered for free? library users certainly wouldn’t want that. determining your service fees what do you need in order to create a pricing scheme for your library’s d printing service? (a) first, you need to list all cost-incurring factors. those include (i) the equipment cost and wear and tear, (ii) electricity, (iii) staff time & expertise for support and maintenance, and (iv) any consumables such as d print filament, painter’s tape. remember that your new d printer will not last forever and will need to be replaced by a new one in - years. also, some of these cost-incurring factors such as staff time and expertise for support is fixed per d print job. on the other hand, another cost-incurring factor, d print filament, for example, is a cost factor that increases in proportion to the size/density of a d model that is printed. that is, the larger and denser a d print model is, the more filament will be used incurring more cost. (b) second, make sure that your pricing scheme is readily understood by users. does it quickly give users a rough idea of the cost before their d print job begins? an obscure pricing scheme can confuse users and may deter them from trying out a new service. that would be bad user experience. also in d printing, consider if you will also charge for a failed print. perhaps you do. perhaps you don’t. maybe you want to charge a fee that is lower than a successful print. whichever one you decide on, have that covered since failed prints will certainly happen. (c) lastly, the pricing scheme should be easily handled by the library staff. the more library staff will be involved in the entire process of a library patron using the d printing service from the beginning to the end, the more important this becomes. if the pricing scheme is difficult for the staff to work with when they need charge for and process each d print job, the new d printing service will increase their workload significantly. which staff will be responsible for which step of the new service? what would be the exact tasks that the staff will need to do? for example, it may be that several staff at the circulation desk need to learn and handle new tasks involving the d printing service, such as labeling and putting away completed d models, processing the payment transaction, delivering the model, and marking the job status for the paid d print job as ‘completed’ in the d printing staff admin portal if there is such a system in place. below is the screenshot of the hs/hsl d printing staff admin portal developed in-house by the library it team. the hs/hsl d printing staff admin portal, university of maryland, baltimore examples – d printing service fees it’s always helpful to see how other libraries are doing when you need to determine your own pricing scheme. here are some examples that shows ten libraries’ d printing pricing scheme changed over the recent three years. 	unr delamare library 	https://guides.library.unr.edu/ dprinting 	 – $ . per cubic inch of modeling material (raised to $ . starting july, ). 	 – uprint – model material: $ . per cubic inch (= . gm= . lb) 	 – uprint – support materials: $ . per cubic inch 	ncsu hunt library 	https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/do/ d-printing 	 -  uprint d printer: $ per cubic inch of material (abs), with a $ minimum 	 – makerbot d printer: $ . per gram of material (pla), with a $ minimum 	 – uprint – $ per cubic inch of material, $ minimum 	 – f – $ . per gram of material, $ minimum 	southern illinois university library 	http://libguides.siue.edu/ d/request 	 – originally $ per hour of printing time; reduced to $ as the demand grew. 	 – lulzbot taz , luzbot mini – $ .  per hour of printing time. 	byu library 	http://guides.lib.byu.edu/c.php?g= &p= 	 – – makerbot replicator / ultimaker extended 	$ . per gram for standard ( . mm) resolution; $ . per gram for high ( . mm) resolution. 	university of michigan library 	the cube d printer checkout is no longer offered. 	 – cost for professional d printing service; open access d printing is free. 	gvsu library 	https://www.gvsu.edu/techshowcase/makerspace- .htm 	 – $ . per gram with a $ . minimum 	 – free (ultimaker +, makerbot replicator , , x) 	university of tennessee, chattanooga library 	http://www.utc.edu/library/services/studio/ d-printing/index.php 	 – – makerbot th, th – $ . per gram 	port washington public library 	http://www.pwpl.org/ d-printing/ d-printing-guidelines/ 	 – makerbot – $ per hour of printing time 	miami university 	 – $ . per gram of the finished print; – ? 	ucla library, dalhousie university library ( ) 	free types of d printing service fees from the examples above, you will notice that many d printing service fee schemes are based upon the weight of a d-print model. this is because these libraries are trying recover the cost of the d filament, and the amount of filament used is most accurately reflected in the weight of the resulting d-printed model. however, there are a few problems with the weight-based d printing pricing scheme. first, it is not readily calculable by a user before the print job, because to do so, the user will have to weigh a model that s/he won’t have until it is d-printed. also, once d-printed, the staff will have to weigh each model and calculate the cost. this is time-consuming and not very efficient. for this reason, my library considered an alternative pricing scheme based on the size of a d model. the idea was that we will have roughly three different sizes of an empty box – small, medium, and large –  with three different prices assigned. whichever box into which a user’s d printed object fits will determine how much the user will pay for her/his d-printed model. this seemed like a great idea because it is easy to determine how much a model will cost to d-print to both users and the library staff in comparison to the weight-based pricing scheme. unfortunately, this size-based pricing scheme has a few significant flaws. a smaller model may use more filament than a larger model if it is denser (meaning the higher infill ratio). second, depending on the shape of a model, a model that fits  in a large box may use much less filament than the one that fits in a small box. think about a large tree model with think branches. then compare that with a % filled compact baseball model that fits into a smaller box than the tree model does. thirdly, the resolution that determines a layer height may change the amount of filament used even if what is d-printed is a same model. different infill ratios – image from https://www.packtpub.com/sites/default/files/article-images/ os_ _ .png charging based upon the d printing time so we couldn’t go with the size-based pricing scheme. but we did not like the problems of the weight-based pricing scheme, either. as an alternative, we decided to go with the time-based pricing scheme because printing time is proportionate to how much filament is used, but it does not require that the staff weigh the model each time. a d-printing software gives an estimate of the printing time, and most d printers also display actual printing time for each model printed. first, we wanted to confirm the hypothesis that d printing time and the weight of the resulting model are proportionate to each other. i tested this by translating the weight-based cost to the time-based cost based upon the estimated printing time and the estimated weight of several cube models. here is the result i got using the makerbot replicator x. 	 . gm/ min= . gm per min. 	 . gm/ min= . gm per min. 	 . gm/ min=  . gm per min. 	 . gm/ min= . gm per min. 	 . gm/ min= . gm per min. 	 . gm/ min= . gm per min. there is some variance, but the hypothesis holds up. based upon this, now let’s calculate the d printing cost by time. d plastic filament is $ for abs/pla and $ for the dissolvable per . kg  (= . lb) from makerbot. that means that filament cost is $ . per gram for abs/pla and $ .  per gram for the dissolvable. so, d filament cost is cents per gram on average. finalizing the service fee for d printing for an hour of d printing time, the amount of filament used would be . gm (= .  x min). this gives us the filament cost of cents per hour of d printing (= . gm x cents). so, for the cost-recovery of filament only, i get roughly $ per hour of d printing time. earlier, i mentioned that filament is only one of the cost-incurring factors for the d printing service. it’s time to bring in those other factors, such as hardware wear/tear, staff time, electricity, maintenance, etc., plus “no-charge-for-failed-print-policy,” which was adopted at our library. those other factors will add an additional amount per d print job. and at my library, this came out to be about $ . (i will not go into details about how these have been determined because those will differ at each library.) so, the final service fee for our new d printing service was set to be $ up to hour of d printing + $ per additional hour of d printing. the $ is broken down to $ per hour of d printing that accounts for the filament cost and $ fixed cost for every d print job. to help our users to quickly get an idea of how much their d print job will cost, we have added a feature to the hs/hsl d print job submission form online. this feature automatically calculates and displays the final cost based upon the printing time estimate that a user enters.   the hs/hsl d print job submission form, university of maryland, baltimore don’t be afraid of service fees i would like to emphasize that libraries should not be afraid to set service fees for new services. as long as they are easy to understand and the staff can explain the reasons behind those service fees, they should not be a deterrent to a library trying to introduce and provide a new innovative service. there is a clear benefit in running through all cost-incurring factors and communicating how the final pricing scheme was determined (including the verification of the hypothesis that d printing time and the weight of the resulting model are proportionate to each other) to all library staff who will be involved in the new d printing service. if any library user inquire about or challenges the service fee, the staff will be able to provide a reasonable explanation on the spot. i implemented this pricing scheme at the same time as the launch of my library’s makerspace (the hs/hsl innovation space at the university of maryland, baltimore – http://www.hshsl.umaryland.edu/services/ispace/) back in april . we have been providing d printing service and charging for it for more than two years. i am happy to report that during that entire duration, we have not received any complaint about the service fee. no library user expected our new d printing service to be free, and all comments that we received regarding the service fee were positive. many expressed a surprise at how cheap our d printing service is and thanked us for it. to summarize, libraries should be willing to explore and offer new innovating services even when they require charging service fees. and if you do so, make sure that the resulting pricing scheme for the new service is (a) sustainable and accountable, (b) readily graspable by users, and (c) easily handled by the library staff who will handle the payment transaction. good luck and happy d printing at your library! an example model with the d printing cost and the filament info displayed at the hs/hsl, university of maryland, baltimore 							 			 			posted in: library, management, technology, user experience. 							tagged: d printer · d printing · budget · charge · cost · funding · makerspace · service fees · sustainability · user experience · ux 			 		 		 				 		 			 			post-election statements and messages that reaffirm diversity 			 			 				nov th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 these are statements and messages sent out publicly or internally to re-affirm diversity, equity, and inclusion by libraries or higher ed institutions. i have collected these – some myself and many others through my fellow librarians. some of them were listed on my blog post, “finding the right words in post-election libraries and higher ed.” so there are some duplicates. if you think that your organization is already so much pro-diversity that there is no need to confirm or re-affirm diversity, you can’t be farther from the everyday reality that minorities experience. sometimes, saying isn’t much. but right now, saying it out loud can mean everything. if you support those who belong to minority groups but don’t say it out loud, how would they know it? right now, nothing is obvious other than there is a lot of hate and violence towards minorities. feel free to use these as your resource to craft a similar message. feel free to add if you have similar messages you have received or created in the comments section. if you haven’t heard from the organization you belong to, please ask for a message reaffirming and committing to diversity, equity, and inclusion. [update / / : statements from ala and lita have been released. i have added them below.] i will continue to add additional statements as i find them. if you see anything missing, please add below in the comment or send it via twitter @bohyunkim. thanks! from librarians 	but i know that there will be libraries librarian zoe fisher to other librarians 	care for one another director chris bourg to the mit libraries staff 	finding the right words in post-election libraries and higher ed (my e-mail sent to the it team at university of maryland, baltimore health sciences and human services library) 	with a a pin and a prayer dean k. g. schneider to the sonoma state university library staff from library associations 	lita 	ala 	pla 	arl 	dlf 	code lib [draft in github] from libraries 	james madison university libraries 	northwestern university libraries 	university of oregon libraries from higher ed institutions 	clarke university 	cuny 	duke universitymit 	loyola university, maryland 	northwestern university 	penn state university 	the catholic university of america 	university of california 	university of michigan 	university of nebraska, lincoln 	university of nevada, reno 	university of oregon 	university of rochester and rochester institute of technology 	university of florida addressing racially charged flyers on the campus 	marshall university president jerome a. gilbert’s statement regarding post-election tweet drexel university moving on as a community after the election dear members of the drexel community, it is heartening to me to see the drexel community come together over the last day to digest the news of the presidential election — and to do so in the spirit of support and caring that is so much a part of this university. we gathered family-style, meeting in small, informal groups in several places across campus, including the student center for inclusion and culture, our residence halls, and as colleagues over a cup of coffee. many student leaders, particularly from our multicultural organizations, joined the conversation. this is not a process that can be completed in just one day, of course. so i hope these conversations will continue as long as students, faculty and professional staff feel they are needed, and i want to assure you that our professional staff in student life, human resources, faculty affairs, as well as our colleagues in the lindy center for civic engagement, will be there for your support. without question, many members of our community were deeply concerned by the inflammatory rhetoric and hostility on the campaign trail that too often typified this bitter election season. as i wrote over the summer, the best response to an uncertain and at times deeply troubling world is to remain true to our values as an academic community. in the context of a presidential election, it is vital that we understand and respect that members of our broadly diverse campus can hold similarly diverse political views. the expression of these views is a fundamental element of the free exchange of ideas and intellectual inquiry that makes drexel such a vibrant institution. at the same time, drexel remains committed to ensuring a welcoming, inclusive, and respectful environment. those tenets are more important than ever. while we continue to follow changes on the national scene, it is the responsibility of each of us at drexel to join together to move ahead, unified in our commitment to open dialogue, civic engagement and inclusion. i am grateful for all you do to support drexel as a community that welcomes and encourages all of its members. lane community college good morning, colleagues, i am in our nation’s capital today. i’d rather be at home! like me, i am guessing that many of you were glued to the media last night to find out the results of the election. though we know who our next president will be, this transition still presents a lot of uncertainty. it is not clear what our future president’s higher education policies will be but we will be working with our national associations to understand and influence where we can. during times like this there is an opening for us to decide how we want to be with each other. moods will range from joy to sadness and disbelief. it seems trite but we do need to work together, now more than ever. as educators we have a unique responsibility to create safe learning environments where every student can learn and become empowered workers and informed citizens. this imperative seems even more important today. our college values of equity and inclusion have not changed and will not change and it is up to each of us to assure that we live out our values in every classroom and in each interaction. preparing ourselves and our students for contentious discussions sparked by the election is work we must do. it is quite likely that some of our faculty, staff and students may be feeling particularly vulnerable right now. can we reach out to each other and let each other know that we all belong at lane? during my inservice remarks i said that “we must robustly reject the calculated narrative of cynicism, division and despair. instead of letting this leak into our narratives, together we can bet on hope not fear, respect not hate, unity not division.” at lane we have the intellect (and proud of it) and wherewithal to do this. i am attaching a favorite reading from meg wheatley which is resonating with me today and will end with gary snyder’s words from to the children …..stay together learn the flowers go light. maryland institute college of art post-election community forums and support dear campus community, no matter how each of us voted yesterday, most of us likely agree that the presidential campaign has been polarizing on multiple fronts. as a result, today is a difficult day for our nation and our campus community. in our nation, regardless of how one has aligned with a candidate, half of our country feels empowered and the other half sad and perhaps angry. because such dynamics and feelings need to be addressed and supported on campus, this memo outlines immediate resources for our community of students, faculty and staff, and describes opportunities for fashioning dialogues and creative actions going forward. before sharing the specifics, let me say unambiguously that mica will always stand firm in our commitment to diversity and inclusion. this morning’s presidential task force on diversity, inclusion, equity, and globalization meeting discussed measures to ensure that, as a creative community, we will continue to build a culture where everyone is honored and supported for success. the impact of exhibitions such as the current baltimore rising show remains as critical as ever, and mica fosters an educational environment that is welcoming of all. in the short term our focus is to support one another. whether you are happy or distressed with the results, there has been sufficient feedback to indicate that our campus community is struggling with how to make sense of such a divisive election process. you may find the following services helpful and are encouraged to take advantage of them: for students: student counseling maintains walk-in hours from : – : pm every day. students are welcome to stop by the student counseling center ( mt. royal avenue) during that time or call - - and enter x once the recording begins to schedule an appointment. for faculty and staff: the employee assistance program (eap) is available to provide free, confidential support hours a day. the eap can be reached by calling - - - or visiting healthadvocate.com/members and providing the username “maryland institute college of art”. for all mica community members: mica’s chaplain, the rev, maintains standing hours every monday and can be reached in the reflection room (meyerhoff house) or by calling the office of diversity and intercultural development at - - . there are three events this week that can provide a shared space for dialogue; all are welcome: the “after the baltimore uprising: still waiting for change” community forum attached to the baltimore rising exhibition takes place tonight from : pm to : pm in the lazarus center. an open space for all mica community members will be hosted by the black student union tonight at : pm in the meyerhoff house underground. in partnership with our student nami group, mica will host a “messages of hope” event for the entire mica community that will allow for shared space and reflection. this event will be on friday, november th, and will begin at : pm in cohen plaza. in various upcoming meetings we look forward to exploring with campus members other appropriate activities that can be created to facilitate expressions and dialogues. a separate communication is coming from provost david bogen to the faculty regarding classroom conversations with students regarding the election. northwestern university women’s center dear northwestern students, faculty, staff and community members: the women’s center is open today. our staff members are all here and available to talk, to provide resources and tools, or to help however you might need it. most importantly, the space itself is available for whatever you need, whether that is to gather as a group, to sit alone somewhere comfortable and quiet, or to talk to someone who will listen. we are still here, and we are here for all people as an intentionally intersectional space. you are welcome to drop by physically, make a call to our office, or send an email. know that this space is open and available to you. portland community college to the pcc staff as someone who spent the last several years in washington d.c. working to advance community colleges, i feel a special poignancy today hearing so many students, colleagues, and friends wonder and worry about the future—and about their futures. we must acknowledge that this political season has highlighted deep divisions in our society. today i spent time with cabinet speaking about how we can assert our shared values and take positive action as a pcc community to deepen our commitment to equity, inclusion and civic engagement. pcc will always welcome students and colleagues who bring a rich array of perspectives and experiences. that diversity is among our greatest strengths. today it is imperative that we stand by faculty, staff and students who may be experiencing fear or uncertainty—affirming with our words and deeds that pcc is about equitable student success and educational opportunity for all. never has this mission been more powerful or more essential. i have only been here a few months, but have already learned that pcc is a remarkable and caring community. much is happening right now in real time, and i appreciate the efforts of all. for my part, i promise to communicate often as we continue to plan for our shared future. p.s. today and in the days ahead, we will be holding space for people to be together in community. here are a few of the opportunities identified so far. portland community college to students dear students: as someone who spent the last several years working in washington d.c., i feel a special poignancy this week hearing many of you express worry and uncertainty about the future. there is little doubt that this political season has highlighted some deep divisions in our society. both political candidates have acknowledged as much. at the same time, people representing the full and diverse spectrum of our country come to our nation’s community colleges in hopes of a better life. pcc is such a place – where every year thousands of students find their path and pursue their dreams. all should find opportunity here, and all should feel safe and welcome. the rich diversity of pcc offers an amazing opportunity for dialogue across difference, and for developing skills that are the foundation of our democratic society. let this moment renew your passion for making a better life for yourself, your community and your country and for becoming the kind of leader you want to follow. rutgers university aaup-aft (american association of university professors – american federation of teachers) resisting donald trump we are shocked and horrified that donald trump, who ran on a racist, xenophobic, misogynist platform, is now the president of the us. in response to this new political landscape, the administrative heads of several universities have issued statements embracing their diverse student, faculty, and staff bodies and offering support and protection. (see statements from the university of california and the california state university). president barchi has yet to address the danger to the rutgers community and its core mission. this afternoon, our faculty union and the rutgers one coalition held an emergency meeting of students, faculty, and community activists in new brunswick. we discussed means of responding to the attacks that people may experience in the near future. most immediately, we approved the following statement by acclamation at the -strong meeting: “rutgers one, a coalition of faculty, staff, students and community members, calls upon the rutgers administration to join us in condemning all acts of bigotry on this campus and refuse to tolerate any attacks on immigrants, women, arabs, muslims, people of color, lgbtq people and all others in our diverse community. we demand that president barchi and his administration provide sanctuary, support, and protection to those who are already facing attacks on our campuses. we need concrete action that can ensure a safe environment for all. further, we commit ourselves to take action against all attempts by the trump administration to target any of our students, staff or faculty. we are united in resistance to bigotry of every kind and welcome all to join us in solidarity.” we also resolved to take the following steps: we will be holding weekly friday meetings at pm in our union office in new brunswick to bring together students, faculty and staff to organize against the trump agenda. we hope to expand these to camden and newark as well. (if you are willing to help organize this, please email back.) we will be creating a list serve to coordinate our work. if you want to join this list, please reply to this email. we are making posters and stickers which declare sanctuaries from racism, xenophobia, sexism, bigotry, religious intolerance, and attacks on unions. once these materials are ready we will write to you so that you may post them on windows, office doors, cars etc. in the meantime, we urge you to talk to your students and colleagues of color as well as women and offer them your support and solidarity. as you may recall, the executive committee issued a denunciation of donald trump on october , . now our slogan, one from the labor movement, is “don’t mourn. organize!” that is where we are now – all the more poignantly because of donald trump’s appeal to workers. let us organize, and let us also expand our calling of education. in your classrooms, your communities, and your families, find the words and sentiments that will redeem all of us from tuesday’s disgrace. university of chicago message from president and provost early in the fall quarter, we sent a message welcoming each of you to the new academic year and affirming our strong commitment to two foundational values of the university – fostering an environment of free expression and open discourse; and ensuring that diversity and inclusion are essential features of the fabric of our campus community and our interactions beyond campus. recent national events have generated waves of disturbing, exclusionary and sometimes threatening behavior around the country, particularly concerning gender and minority status. as a result, many individuals are asking whether the nation and its institutions are entering a period in which supporting the values of diversity and inclusion, as well as free expression and open discourse, will be increasingly challenging. as the president and provost of the university of chicago, we are writing to reaffirm in the strongest possible terms our unwavering commitment to these values, and to the importance of the university as a community acting on these values every day. fulfilling our highest aspirations with respect to these values and their mutual reinforcement will always demand ongoing attention and work on the part of all of us. the current national environment underscores the importance of this work. it means that we need to manifest these values more rather than less, demand more of ourselves as a community, and together be forthright and bold in demonstrating what our community aspires to be. we ask all of you for your help and commitment to the values of diversity and inclusion, free expression, and open discourse and what they mean for each of us working, learning, and living in this university community every day. university of illinois, chicago dear students, faculty, and staff, the events of the past week have come with mixed emotions for many of you. we want you to know that uic remains steadfast in its commitment to creating and sustaining a community that recognizes and values the inherent worth and dignity of every person, while fostering an environment of mutual respect among all members. today, we reaffirm the university’s commitment to access, equity, inclusion and nondiscrimination. critical to this commitment is the work of several offices on campus that provide resources to help you be safe and successful. if you have questions, need someone to talk to, or a place to express yourself, you should consider contacting these offices: office for access and equity (oae). oae is responsible for assuring campus compliance in matters of equal opportunity, affirmative action, and nondiscrimination in the academic and work environment. oae also offers dispute resolution services (drs) to assist with conflict in the workplace not involving unlawful discrimination matters. uic counseling center. the uic counseling center is a primary resource providing comprehensive mental health services that foster personal, interpersonal, academic, and professional thriving for uic students. student legal services. uic’s student legal services (sls) is a full-service law office dedicated to providing legal solutions for currently enrolled students. office of diversity. the office of diversity leads strategic efforts to advance access, equity, and inclusion as fundamental principles underpinning all aspects of university life. it initiates programs that promote an inclusive university climate, partner with campus units to formulate systems of accountability, and develop links with the local community and alumni groups. centers for cultural understanding and social change. the centers for cultural understanding and social change (ccusc) are a collaborative group of seven centers with distinct histories, missions, and locations that promote the well-being of and cultural awareness about underrepresented and underserved groups at uic. uic dialogue initiative. the uic dialogue initiative seeks to build an inclusive campus community where students, faculty, and staff feel welcomed in their identities, valued for their contributions, and feel their identities can be openly expressed. through whatever changes await us, as a learning community we have a special obligation to ensure that our conversations and dialogues over the next weeks and months respect our varied backgrounds and beliefs. university of maryland, baltimore to the umb community: last week, we elected a new president for our country. i think most will agree that the campaign season was long and divisive, and has left many feeling separated from their fellow citizens. in the days since the election, i’ve heard from the leaders of umb and of the university of maryland medical center and of the many programs we operate that serve our neighbors across the city and state. these leaders have relayed stories of students, faculty, staff, families, and children who feel anxious and unsettled, who feel threatened and fearful. it should be unnecessary to reaffirm umb’s commitment to diversity, inclusion, and respect — these values are irrevocable — but when i hear that members of our family are afraid, i must reiterate that the university will not tolerate incivility of any kind, and that the differences we celebrate as a diverse community include not just differences of race, religion, nationality, gender, and sexual identity, but also of experience, opinion, and political affiliation and ideology. if you suffer any harassment, please contact your supervisor or your student affairs dean. in the months ahead, we will come together as a university community to talk about how the incoming administration might influence the issues we care about most: health care access and delivery; education; innovation; social justice and fair treatment for all. we will talk about the opportunities that lay ahead to shape compassionate policy and to join a national dialogue on providing humane care and services that uplift everyone in america. for anyone who despairs, we will talk about building hope. should you want to share how you’re feeling post-election, counselors are available. please contact the student counseling center or the employee assistance program to schedule an appointment. i look forward to continuing this conversation about how we affirm our fundamental mission to improve the human condition and serve the public good. like the values we uphold, this mission endures — irrespective of the person or party in political power. it is our binding promise to the leaders of this state and, even more importantly, to the citizens we serve together. university of west georgia dear colleagues, as we head into the weekend concluding a week, really several weeks, of national and local events, i am reminded of the incredible opportunity of reflection and discourse we have as a nation and as an institution of higher learning. this morning, we held on campus a moving ceremony honoring our veterans–those who have served and who have given the ultimate sacrifice to uphold and protect our freedoms.  it is those freedoms that provide the opportunity to elect a president and those freedoms that provide an environment of civil discourse and opinion.  clearly, the discourse of this election cycle has tested the boundaries. this is an emotional time for many of our faculty, staff, and students.  i ask that as a campus community we hold true to the intended values of our nation and those who sacrificed to protect those values and the core values of our institution–caring, collaboration, inclusiveness, and wisdom.  we must acknowledge and allow the civil discourse and opinion of all within a safe environment.  that is what should set us apart.  it is part of our dna in higher education to respect and encourage variance and diversity of belief, thought, and culture. i call on your professionalism during these times and so appreciate your passion and care for each other and our students. virginia commonwealth university to staff election message dear vcu and vcu health communities, yesterday, we elected new leaders for our city, commonwealth and nation. i am grateful to those of you who made your voice heard during the electoral process, including many of our students who voted for the first time. whether or not your preferred candidate won, you were a part of history and a part of the process that moves our democracy forward. thank you. i hope you will always continue to make your voice heard, both as voters and as well-educated leaders in our society. as with any election, some members of our community are enthusiastic about the winners, others are not.  for many, this election cycle was notably emotional and difficult. now is the time, then, to demonstrate the values that make virginia commonwealth university such a remarkable place.  we reaffirm our commitment to working together across boundaries of discipline or scholarship, as members of one intellectual community, to achieve what’s difficult.  we reaffirm our commitment to inclusion, to ensuring that every person who comes to vcu is respected and emboldened to succeed.  we reaffirm that we will always be a place of the highest integrity, accountability, and we will offer an unyielding commitment to serving those who need us. history changes with every election. what does not change are the commitments we share as one community that is relentlessly focused on advancing the human experience for all people. you continue to inspire me.  and i know you will continue to be a bright light for richmond, virginia, our nation and our world. virginia commonwealth university school of education to students election message dear students, on tuesday we elected new leaders for our city, our commonwealth and our nation. although leadership will be changing, i echo dr. rao’s message below in that our mission outlined by the quest for distinction to support student success, advance knowledge and strengthen our communities remains steadfast. at the vcu school of education, we work to create safe spaces where innovation, inclusion and collaboration can thrive. we actively work across boundaries and disciplines to address the complex challenges facing our communities, schools and families. the election of new leaders provides new opportunities for our students, faculty and staff to build bridges that help us reach our goal of making an impact in urban and high need environments. i encourage you to engage in positive dialogues with one another as the city, commonwealth and nation adjust to the change in leadership, vision and strategy. virginia commonwealth university division of student affairs dear students, we are writing to you, collectively, as leaders in the division of student affairs.  we acknowledge that this election season was stressful for many individuals in our vcu community, culminating with the election of the next president.  some members of our campus community have felt disrespected, attacked and further marginalized by political rhetoric during the political process.  we want to affirm support of all of our students while also recognizing the unique experiences and concerns of individuals. we want all students to know that we are here to support you, encourage you and contribute to your success. we now live in a space of uncertainty as we transition leadership in our nation.  often, with this uncertainty comes a host of thoughts and feelings.  we hope that you will take advantage of some of the following services and programs we offer through our division to support your well-being, including: office of multicultural student affairs, self-care space, university counseling services , the wellness resource center, trans lives matter panel and survivor solidarity support, recreational sports, restorative yoga and mind & body classes. we encourage students to express their concerns and engage in conversations that further the core values articulated in quest, the vcu strategic plan. we continue to have an opportunity to make individual and collective choices about how we work to bridge differences in a manner that builds up our community. our staff will have a table each day next week on the vcu compass from noon to : p.m. ­­­to receive your concerns, suggestions and just listen.  please stop by to meet us.  we want you to know you have our full support. other organizations 	aclu 	joint statement from california legislative leaders on result of presidential election 							 			 			posted in: diversity, librarianship, library, management. 							tagged: college · communication · diversity · election · equity · higher ed · inclusion · library · university 			 		 		 				 		 			 			finding the right words in post-election libraries and higher ed 			 			 				nov th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on nov. , .*** this year’s election result has presented a huge challenge to all of us who work in higher education and libraries. usually, libraries, universities, and colleges do not comment on presidential election result and we refrain from talking about politics at work. but these are not usual times that we are living in. a black female student was shoved off the sidewalk and called the ‘n’ word at baylor university. the ku klux klan is openly holding a rally. west virginia officials publicly made a racist comment about the first lady. steve bannon’s prospective appointment as the chief strategist and senior counsel to the new president is being praised by white nationalist leaders and fiercely opposed by civil rights groups at the same time. bannon is someone who calls for an ethno-state, openly calls martin luther king a fraud, and laments white dispossession and the deconstruction of occidental civilization. there are people drawing a swastika at a park. the ‘whites only’ and ‘colored’ signs were put up over water fountains in a florida school. a muslim student was threatened with a lighter. asian-american women are being assaulted. hostile acts targeting minority students are taking place on college campuses. libraries and educational institutions exist because we value knowledge and science. knowledge and science do not discriminate. they grow across all different races, ethnicities, religions, nationalities, sexual identities, and disabilities. libraries and educational institutions exist to enable and empower people to freely explore, investigate, and harness different ideas and thoughts. they support, serve, and belong to ‘all’ who seek knowledge. no matter how naive it may sound, they are essential to the betterment of human lives, and they do so by creating strength from all our differences, not likeness. this is why diversity, equity, inclusion are non-negotiable and irrevocable values in libraries and educational institutions. how do we reconcile these values with the president-elect who openly dismissed and expressed hostility towards them? his campaign made remarks and promises that can be interpreted as nothing but the most blatant expressions of racism, sexism, intolerance, bigotry, harassment, and violence. what will we do to address the concerns of our students, staff, and faculty about their physical safety on campus due to their differences in race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender, and sexual identity? how do we assure them that we will continue to uphold these values and support everyone regardless of what they look like, how they identify their gender, what their faiths are, what disabilities they may have, who they love, where they come from, what languages they speak, or where they live? how? we say it. explicitly. clearly. and repeatedly. if you think that your organization is already very much pro-diversity that there is no need to confirm or reaffirm diversity, you can’t be farther from the everyday life minorities experience. sometimes, saying isn’t much. but right now, saying it out loud can mean everything. if you support those who belong to minority groups but don’t say it out loud, how would they know it? right now, nothing is obvious other than there is a lot of hate and violence towards minorities. the entire week after the election, i agonized about what to say to my small team of it people whom i supervise at work. as a manager, i felt that it was my responsibility to address the anxiety and uncertainty that some of my staff – particularly those in minority groups – would be experiencing due to the election result. i also needed to ensure that whatever dialogue takes place regarding the differences of opinions between those who were pleased and those who were distressed with the election result, those dialogues remain civil and respectful. crafting an appropriate message was much more challenging than i anticipated. i felt very strongly about the need to re-affirm the unwavering support and commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion particularly in relation to libraries and higher education, no matter how obvious it may seem. i also felt the need to establish (within the bounds of my limited authority) that we will continue to respect, value, and celebrate diversity in interacting with library users as well as other library and university staff members. employees are held to the standard expectations of their institutions, such as diversity, equity, inclusion, tolerance, civil dialogue, and no harassment or violence towards minorities, even if their private opinions conflict with them. at the same time, i wanted to strike a measured tone and neither scare nor upset anyone, whichever side they were on in the election. as a manager, i have to acknowledge that everyone is entitled to their private opinions as long as they do not harm others. i suspect that many of us – either a manager or not – want to say something similar about the election result. not so much about who was and should have been as about what we are going to do now in the face of these public incidences of anger, hatred, harassment, violence, and bigotry directed at minority groups, which are coming out at an alarming pace because it affects all of us, not just minorities. finding the right words, however, is difficult. you have to carefully consider your role, audience, and the message you want to convey. the official public statement from a university president is going to take a tone vastly different from an informal private message a supervisor sends out to a few members of his or her team. a library director’s message to library patrons assuring the continued service for all groups of users with no discrimination will likely to be quite different from the one she sends to her library staff to assuage their anxiety and fear. for such difficulty not to delay and stop us from what we have to and want to say to everyone we work with and care for, i am sharing the short message that i sent out to my team last friday, days after the election. (n.b. ‘cats’ stands for ‘computing and technology services’ and umb refers to ‘university of maryland, baltimore.’) this is a customized message to address my own team. i am sharing this as a potential template for you to craft your own message. i would like to see more messages that reaffirm diversity, equity, and inclusion as non-negotiable values, explicitly state that we will not step backwards, and make a commitment to continued unwavering support for them. dear cats, this year’s close and divisive election left a certain level of anxiety and uncertainty in many of us. i am sure that we will hear from president perman and the university leadership soon. in the meantime, i want to remind you of something i believe to be very important. we are all here – just as we have been all along – to provide the most excellent service to our users regardless of what they look like, what their faiths are, where they come from, what languages they speak, where they live, and who they love. a library is a powerful place where people transform themselves through learning, critical thinking, and reflection. a library’s doors have been kept open to anyone who wants to freely explore the world of ideas and pursue knowledge. libraries are here to empower people to create a better future. a library is a place for mutual education through respectful and open-minded dialogues. and, we, the library staff and faculty, make that happen. we get to make sure that people’s ethnicity, race, gender, disability, socio-economic backgrounds, political views, or religious beliefs do not become an obstacle to that pursuit. we have a truly awesome responsibility. and i don’t have to tell you how vital our role is as a cats member in our library’s fulfilling that responsibility. whichever side we stood on in this election, let’s not forget to treat each other with respect and dignity. let’s use this as an opportunity to renew our commitment to diversity, one of the umb’s core values. inclusive excellence is one of the themes of the umb - strategic plan. each and every one of us has a contribution to make because we are stronger for our differences. we have much work ahead of us! i am out today, but expect lots of donuts monday. have a great weekend, bohyun   monday, i brought in donuts of many different kinds and told everyone they were ‘diversity donuts.’ try it. i believe it was successful in easing some stress and tension that was palpable in my team after the election. photo from flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/vnysia/ before crafting your own message, i recommend re-reading your institution’s core values, mission and vision statements, and the most recent strategic plan. most universities, colleges, and libraries include diversity, equity, inclusion, or something equivalent to these somewhere. also review all public statements or internal messages that came from your institution that reaffirms diversity, equity, and inclusion. you can easily incorporate those into your own message. make sure to clearly state your (and your institution’s) continued commitment to and unwavering support for diversity and inclusion and explicitly oppose bigotry, intolerance, harassment, and acts of violence. encourage civil discourse and mutual respect. it is very important to reaffirm the values of diversity, equity, and inclusion ‘before’ listing any resources and help that employees or students may seek in case of harassment or assault. without the assurance from the institution that it indeed upholds those values and will firmly stand by them, those resources and help mean little. below i have also listed messages, notes, and statements sent out by library directors, managers, librarians, and university presidents that reaffirm the full support for and commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion. i hope to see more of these come out. if you have already received or sent out such a message, i invite you to share in the comments. if you have not, i suggest doing so as soon as possible. send out a message if you are in a position where doing so is appropriate. don’t forget to ask for a message addressing those values if you have not received any from your organization. 	director chris bourg to the mit libraries staff https://chrisbourg.wordpress.com/ / / /care-for-one-another/ 	dean k. g. schneider to the sonoma state university library staff http://freerangelibrarian.com/ / / /pin-and-a-prayer/ 	librarian zoe fisher to other librarians https://quickaskzoe.com/ / / /but-i-know-that-there-will-be-libraries/ 	university of california statement on presidential election results https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/press-room/university-california-statement-election 	university of nevada, reno http://www.unr.edu/president/communications/ - - -election 	university of michigan http://president.umich.edu/news-communications/letters-to-the-community/ -election-message/ 	university of rochester and rochester institute of technology http://wxxinews.org/post/ur-presidents-post-election-letter-strikes-sour-note-some 	duke university https://today.duke.edu/ / /statement-president-brodhead-following- -election 	clarke university http://www.clarke.edu/page.aspx?id= 	mit https://news.mit.edu/ /letter-mit-community-new-administration-washington- 	northwestern university https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/ / /president-schapiro-on-the-election-and-the-university/ 	“post-election statements and messages that reaffirm diversity” (a list of more post-election statements and messages that reaffirm diversity)   							 			 			posted in: diversity, librarianship, library, management. 							tagged: diversity · election · equity · inclusion · message · post-election · statement · template · tolerance 			 		 		 				 		 			 			say it out loud – diversity, equity, and inclusion 			 			 				nov th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 i usually and mostly talk about technology. but technology is so far away from my thought right now. i don’t feel that i can afford to worry about internet surveillance or how to protect privacy at this moment. not that they are unimportant. such a worry is real and deserves our attention and investigation. but at a time like this when there are so many reports of public incidences of hatred, bigotry, harassment, and violence reported on university and college campuses, on streets, and in many neighborhoods coming in at an alarming pace, i don’t find myself reflecting on how we can use technology to deal with this problem. for the problem is so much bigger. there are people drawing a swastika at a park. the ‘whites only’ and ‘colored’ signs were put up over water fountains in a florida school. a muslim student was threatened with a lighter. asian-american women are being assaulted. hostile acts targeting minority students are taking place on college campuses. a black female student was shoved off the sidewalk and called the ‘n’ word at baylor university. newt gingrich called for a house committee for un-american activities. the ku klux klan is openly holding a rally. the list goes on and on. photo from http://www.wftv.com/news/local/investigation-underway-after- -racist-signs-posted-above-water-fountains-at-first-coast-high-school/ we are justified to be freaking out. i suspect this is a deal breaker to not just democrats, not just clinton supporters, but a whole lot more people. not everyone who voted for donald trump endorse the position that women, people of color, muslims, lgbt, and all other minority groups deserve and should be deprived of the basic human right to be not publicly threatened, harassed, and assaulted, i hope. i am sure that many who voted for donald trump do support diversity, equity, and inclusion as important and non-negotiable values. i believe that many who voted for donald trump do not want a society where some of their family, friends, colleagues, and neighbors have to live in constant fear for their physical safety at minimum. there are very many white people who absolutely condemn bigotry, threat, hatred, discrimination, harassment, and violence directed at minorities and give their unwavering support to diversity, equity, and inclusion. the problem is that i don’t hear it said loudly enough, clearly enough, publicly enough. i realized that we – myself included – do not say this enough. one of my fellow librarians, steve, wrote this on his facebook wall after the election. i am a year old white guy. … i go out into the world today and i’m trying to hold a look on my face that says i don’t hate you black people, hispanic people, gay people, muslim people. i mean you no harm. i don’t want to deport you or imprison you. you are my brothers and sisters. i want for you all of the benefits, the rights, the joys (such as they are) that are afforded to everybody else in our society. i don’t think this look on my face is effective. why should they trust me? you can never appear to be doing the right thing. it requires doing the right thing. of course, steve doesn’t want to harm me because i am not white, i know. i am % positive that he wouldn’t assault me because i am female. but by stating this publicly (i mean as far as his fb friends can see the post), he made a difference to me. steve is not republican. but i would feel so much better if people i know tell me the same thing whether they are democrat or republican. and i think it will make a huge difference to others when we all say this together. sometimes, saying isn’t much. but right now, saying it aloud can mean everything. if you support those who belong to minority groups but don’t say it out loud, how would they know it? because right now, nothing is obvious other than there is a lot of hate and violence towards minorities. at this point, which candidate you voted for doesn’t matter. what matters is whether you will condone open hatred and violence towards minorities and women, thereby making it acceptable in our society. there is a lot at stake here, and this goes way beyond party politics. publicly confirming our continued support for and unwavering commitment to diversity is a big deal. people who are being insulted, threatened, harassed, and assaulted need to hear it. and when we say this together loudly enough, clearly enough, explicitly enough, it will deafen the voice of hatred, bigotry, and intolerance and chase it away to the margins of our society again. so i think i am going to say this whenever i have a chance whether formally or informally whether it is in a written form or in a conversation. if you are a librarian, you should say this to your library users. if you are a teacher, you should say this to your students. if you run a business, you need to say this to your employees and customers. if you manage a team at work, tell your team. say this out loud to your coworkers, friends, family, neighbors, and everyone you interact with. “i support all minorities and stand for diversity, equity, and inclusion.” “i object to and will not condone the acts of harassment, violence, hatred, and threats directed at minorities.” “i will not discriminate anyone based upon their ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, disability, political views, socio-economic backgrounds, or religious beliefs.” we cannot allow diversity, equity, and inclusion to become minority opinions. and it is up to us to keep it mainstream and to make it prevail. say it aloud and act on it. in times like this, many of us look to institutions that we belong to, the organizations we work for, professionally participate in, or personally support. we expect them to reconfirm the very basic values of diversity, equity, and inclusion. since i work for a university, i have been looking up and reading statements from higher education institutions. so far, not a great number of universities have made public statements confirming their continued support for diversity. i am sure more are on the way. but i expected more of them would come out more promptly. this is unfortunate because many of them openly expressed their support for diversity and even include diversity in their values, mission, and goals. if your organization hasn’t already confirmed their support for these values and expressed their commitment to provide safety for all minorities, ask for it. you may even be in a position to actually craft and issue one. for those in need of right words to express your intention clearly, here are some good examples below. “the university of california is proud of being a diverse and welcoming place for students, faculty, and staff with a wide range of backgrounds, experiences and perspectives.  diversity is central to our mission.  we remain absolutely committed to supporting all members of our community and adhering to uc’s principles against intolerance.  as the principles make clear, the university ‘strives to foster an environment in which all are included’ and ‘all are given an equal opportunity to learn and explore.’  the university of california will continue to pursue and protect these principles now and in the future, and urges our students, faculty, staff, and all others associated with the university to do so as well.” –  university of california “our responsibility is to remain committed to education, discovery and intellectual honesty – and to diversity, equity and inclusion. we are at our best when we come together to engage respectfully across our ideological differences; to support all who feel marginalized, threatened or unwelcome; and to pursue knowledge and understanding, as we always have, as the students, faculty and staff of the university of michigan.” – university of michigan “northwestern is committed to being a welcoming and inclusive community for all, regardless of their beliefs, and i assure you that will not change.” – northwestern university “as a catholic university, clarke will not step away from its many efforts to heighten our awareness of the individuals and groups who are exclude and marginalized in so many ways and to take action for their protection and inclusion.  today, i call on us as a community to step up our efforts to promote understanding and inclusion and to reach out to those among us who are feeling further disenfranchised, fearful and confused as a result of the election.” – clarke university “as president, i need to represent all of rit, and i therefore do not express preferences for political candidates. i do feel it important, however, to represent and reinforce rit’s shared commitment to the value of inclusive diversity. i have heard from many in our community that the result of the recent election has raised concerns from those in our minority populations, those who come from immigrant families, those from countries outside of the u.s., those in our lgbtqia+ community, those who practice islam, and even those in our female population about whether they should be concerned for their safety and well-being as a result of the horrific discourse that accompanied the presidential election process and some of the specific views and proposals presented. at rit, we have treasured the diverse contributions of members of these groups to our campus community, and i want to reassure all that one of rit’s highest priorities is to demonstrate the extraordinary value of inclusive diversity and that we will continue to respect, appreciate, and benefit from the contributions of all. anyone who feels unsafe here should make their feelings known to me and to others in a position to address their concerns. concerned members of our community can also take advantage of opportunities to engage in open discourse about the election in the mosaic center and at tomorrow’s grey matter discussion.” – rochester institute of technology please go ahead and say these out loud to people around you if you mean them.  no matter how obvious and cheesy they sound, i assure you, they are not obvious and cheesy to those who are facing open threats, harassment, and violence. let’s boost the signal; let’s make it loud; let’s make it overwhelming. “i support all minorities and stand for diversity, equity, and inclusion.” “i object to and will not condone the acts of harassment, violence, hatred, and threats directed at minorities.” “i will not discriminate anyone based upon their ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, disability, political views, socio-economic backgrounds, or religious beliefs.”   							 			 			posted in: diversity. 							tagged: · election · hate crime · racism 			 		 		 				 		 			 			cybersecurity, usability, online privacy, and digital surveillance 			 			 				may th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on may. , .*** cybersecurity is an interesting and important topic, one closely connected to those of online privacy and digital surveillance. many of us know that it is difficult to keep things private on the internet. the internet was invented to share things with others quickly, and it excels at that job. businesses that process transactions with customers and store the information online are responsible for keeping that information private. no one wants social security numbers, credit card information, medical history, or personal e-mails shared with the world. we expect and trust banks, online stores, and our doctor’s offices to keep our information safe and secure. however, keeping private information safe and secure is a challenging task. we have all heard of security breaches at j.p morgan, target, sony, anthem blue cross and blue shield, the office of personnel management of the u.s. federal government, university of maryland at college park, and indiana university. sometimes, a data breach takes place when an institution fails to patch a hole in its network systems. sometimes, people fall for a phishing scam, or a virus in a user’s computer infects the target system. other times, online companies compile customer data into personal profiles. the profiles are then sold to data brokers and on into the hands of malicious hackers and criminals. image from flickr – https://www.flickr.com/photos/topgold/ cybersecurity vs. usability to prevent such a data breach, institutional it staff are trained to protect their systems against vulnerabilities and intrusion attempts. employees and end users are educated to be careful about dealing with institutional or customers’ data. there are systematic measures that organizations can implement such as two-factor authentication, stringent password requirements, and locking accounts after a certain number of failed login attempts. while these measures strengthen an institution’s defense against cyberattacks, they may negatively affect the usability of the system, lowering users’ productivity. as a simple example, security measures like a captcha can cause an accessibility issue for people with disabilities. or imagine that a university it office concerned about the data security of cloud services starts requiring all faculty, students, and staff to only use cloud services that are soc type ii certified as an another example. soc stands for “service organization controls.” it consists of a series of standards that measure how well a given service organization keeps its information secure. for a business to be soc certified, it must demonstrate that it has sufficient policies and strategies that will satisfactorily protect its clients’ data in five areas known as “trust services principles.” those include the security of the service provider’s system, the processing integrity of this system, the availability of the system, the privacy of personal information that the service provider collects, retains, uses, discloses, and disposes of for its clients, and the confidentiality of the information that the service provider’s system processes or maintains for the clients. the soc type ii certification means that the business had maintained relevant security policies and procedures over a period of at least six months, and therefore it is a good indicator that the business will keep the clients’ sensitive data secure. the dropbox for business is soc certified, but it costs money. the free version is not as secure, but many faculty, students, and staff in academia use it frequently for collaboration. if a university it office simply bans people from using the free version of dropbox without offering an alternative that is as easy to use as dropbox, people will undoubtedly suffer. some of you may know that the usps website does not provide a way to reset the password for users who forgot their usernames. they are instead asked to create a new account. if they remember the account username but enter the wrong answers to the two security questions more than twice, the system also automatically locks their accounts for a certain period of time. again, users have to create a new account. clearly, the system that does not allow the password reset for those forgetful users is more secure than the one that does. however, in reality, this security measure creates a huge usability issue because average users do forget their passwords and the answers to the security questions that they set up themselves. it’s not hard to guess how frustrated people will be when they realize that they entered a wrong mailing address for mail forwarding and are now unable to get back into the system to correct because they cannot remember their passwords nor the answers to their security questions. to give an example related to libraries, a library may decide to block all international traffic to their licensed e-resources to prevent foreign hackers who have gotten hold of the username and password of a legitimate user from accessing those e-resources. this would certainly help libraries to avoid a potential breach of licensing terms in advance and spare them from having to shut down compromised user accounts one by one whenever those are found. however, this would make it impossible for legitimate users traveling outside of the country to access those e-resources as well, which many users would find it unacceptable. furthermore, malicious hackers would probably just use a proxy to make their ip address appear to be located in the u.s. anyway. what would users do if their organization requires them to reset passwords on a weekly basis for their work computers and several or more systems that they also use constantly for work? while this may strengthen the security of those systems, it’s easy to see that it will be a nightmare having to reset all those passwords every week and keeping track of them not to forget or mix them up. most likely, they will start using less complicated passwords or even begin to adopt just one password for all different services. some may even stick to the same password every time the system requires them to reset it unless the system automatically detects the previous password and prevents the users from continuing to use the same one. ill-thought-out cybersecurity measures can easily backfire. security is important, but users also want to be able to do their job without being bogged down by unwieldy cybersecurity measures. the more user-friendly and the simpler the cybersecurity guidelines are to follow, the more users will observe them, thereby making a network more secure. users who face cumbersome and complicated security measures may ignore or try to bypass them, increasing security risks. image from flickr – https://www.flickr.com/photos/topgold/ cybersecurity vs. privacy usability and productivity may be a small issue, however, compared to the risk of mass surveillance resulting from aggressive security measures. in , the guardian reported that the communication records of millions of people were being collected by the national security agency (nsa) in bulk, regardless of suspicion of wrongdoing. a secret court order prohibited verizon from disclosing the nsa’s information request. after a cyberattack against the university of california at los angeles, the university of california system installed a device that is capable of capturing, analyzing, and storing all network traffic to and from the campus for over days. this security monitoring was implemented secretly without consulting or notifying the faculty and those who would be subject to the monitoring. the san francisco chronicle reported the it staff who installed the system were given strict instructions not to reveal it was taking place. selected committee members on the campus were told to keep this information to themselves. the invasion of privacy and the lack of transparency in these network monitoring programs has caused great controversy. such wide and indiscriminate monitoring programs must have a very good justification and offer clear answers to vital questions such as what exactly will be collected, who will have access to the collected information, when and how the information will be used, what controls will be put in place to prevent the information from being used for unrelated purposes, and how the information will be disposed of. we have recently seen another case in which security concerns conflicted with people’s right to privacy. in february , the fbi requested apple to create a backdoor application that will bypass the current security measure in place in its ios. this was because the fbi wanted to unlock an iphone c recovered from one of the shooters in san bernadino shooting incident. apple ios secures users’ devices by permanently erasing all data when a wrong password is entered more than ten times if people choose to activate this option in the ios setting. the fbi’s request was met with strong opposition from apple and others. such a backdoor application can easily be exploited for illegal purposes by black hat hackers, for unjustified privacy infringement by other capable parties, and even for dictatorship by governments. apple refused to comply with the request, and the court hearing was to take place in march . the fbi, however, withdrew the request saying that it found a way to hack into the phone in question without apple’s help. now, apple has to figure out what the vulnerability in their ios if it wants its encryption mechanism to be foolproof. in the meanwhile, ios users know that their data is no longer as secure as they once thought. around the same time, the senate’s draft bill titled as “compliance with court orders act of ,” proposed that people should be required to comply with any authorized court order for data and that if that data is “unintelligible” – meaning encrypted – then it must be decrypted for the court. this bill is problematic because it practically nullifies the efficacy of any end-to-end encryption, which we use everyday from our iphones to messaging services like whatsapp and signal. because security is essential to privacy, it is ironic that certain cybersecurity measures are used to greatly invade privacy rather than protect it. because we do not always fully understand how the technology actually works or how it can be exploited for both good and bad purposes, we need to be careful about giving blank permission to any party to access, collect, and use our private data without clear understanding, oversight, and consent. as we share more and more information online, cyberattacks will only increase, and organizations and the government will struggle even more to balance privacy concerns with security issues. why libraries should advocate for online privacy? the fact that people may no longer have privacy on the web should concern libraries. historically, libraries have been strong advocates of intellectual freedom striving to keep patron’s data safe and protected from the unwanted eyes of the authorities. as librarians, we believe in people’s right to read, think, and speak freely and privately as long as such an act itself does not pose harm to others. the library freedom project is an example that reflects this belief held strongly within the library community. it educates librarians and their local communities about surveillance threats, privacy rights and law, and privacy-protecting technology tools to help safeguard digital freedom, and helped the kilton public library in lebanon, new hampshire, to become the first library to operate a tor exit relay, to provide anonymity for patrons while they browse the internet at the library. new technologies brought us the unprecedented convenience of collecting, storing, and sharing massive amount of sensitive data online. but the fact that such sensitive data can be easily exploited by falling into the wrong hands created also the unparalleled level of potential invasion of privacy. while the majority of librarians take a very strong stance in favor of intellectual freedom and against censorship, it is often hard to discern a correct stance on online privacy particularly when it is pitted against cybersecurity. some even argue that those who have nothing to hide do not need their privacy at all. however, privacy is not equivalent to hiding a wrongdoing. nor do people keep certain things secrets because those things are necessarily illegal or unethical. being watched / will drive any person crazy whether s/he is guilty of any wrongdoing or not. privacy allows us safe space to form our thoughts and consider our actions on our own without being subject to others’ eyes and judgments. even in the absence of actual massive surveillance, just the belief that one can be placed under surveillance at any moment is sufficient to trigger self-censorship and negatively affects one’s thoughts, ideas, creativity, imagination, choices, and actions, making people more conformist and compliant. this is further corroborated by the recent study from oxford university, which provides empirical evidence that the mere existence of a surveillance state breeds fear and conformity and stifles free expression. privacy is an essential part of being human, not some trivial condition that we can do without in the face of a greater concern. that’s why many people under political dictatorship continue to choose death over life under mass surveillance and censorship in their fight for freedom and privacy. the electronic frontier foundation states that privacy means respect for individuals’ autonomy, anonymous speech, and the right to free association. we want to live as autonomous human beings free to speak our minds and think on our own. if part of a library’s mission is to contribute to helping people to become such autonomous human beings through learning and sharing knowledge with one another without having to worry about being observed and/or censored, libraries should advocate for people’s privacy both online and offline as well as in all forms of communication technologies and devices. 							 			 			posted in: library, technology, usability, user experience, web. 							tagged: data security · digital freedom · encryption · internet · password · soc · tor 			 		 		 				 		 			 			three recent talks of mine on ux, data visualization, and it management 			 			 				apr th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 i have been swamped at work and pretty quiet here in my blog. but i gave a few talks recently. so i wanted to share those at least. i presented about how to turn the traditional library it department and its operation that is usually behind the scene into a more patron-facing unit at the recent american library association midwinter meeting back in january. this program was organized by the lita heads of it interest group. in march, i gave a short lightning talk at the code lib conference about the data visualization project of library data at my library. i was also invited to speak at the usmai (university system of maryland and affiliated institutions) ux unconference and gave a talk about user experience, personas, and the idea of applying library personas to library strategic planning. here are those three presentation slides for those interested! strategically ux oriented with personas from bohyun kim visualizing library data from bohyun kim turning the it dept. outward from bohyun kim 							 			 			posted in: ala, library, presentation, technology, usability, user experience. 							tagged: code lib · data visualization · it · management · ux 			 		 		 				 		 			 			near us and libraries, robots have arrived 			 			 				oct th, 				by bohyun (library hat). 				comments are off for this post							 			 			 								 ** this post was originally published in acrl techconnect on oct.  , .*** the movie, robot and frank, describes the future in which the elderly have a robot as their companion and also as a helper. the robot monitors various activities that relate to both mental and physical health and helps frank with various house chores. but frank also enjoys the robot’s company and goes on to enlist the robot into his adventure of breaking into a local library to steal a book and a greater heist later on. people’s lives in the movie are not particularly futuristic other than a robot in them. and even a robot may not be so futuristic to us much longer either. as a matter of fact, as of june , there is now a commercially available humanoid robot that is close to performing some of the functions that the robot in the movie ‘frank and robot’ does. pepper robot, image from aldebaran, https://www.aldebaran.com/en/a-robots/who-is-pepper a japanese company, softbank robotics corp. released a humanoid robot named ‘pepper’ to the market back in june. the pepper robot is feet tall, pounds, speaks languages and is equipped with an array of cameras, touch sensors, accelerometer, and other sensors in his “endocrine-type multi-layer neural network,” according to the cnn report.  the pepper robot was priced at ¥ , ($ , ). the pepper owners are also responsible for an additional ¥ , ($ ) monthly data and insurance fee. while the pepper robot is not exactly cheap, it is surprisingly affordable for a robot. this means that the robot industry has now matured to the point where it can introduce a robot that the mass can afford. robots come in varying capabilities and forms. some robots are as simple as a programmable cube block that can be combined with one another to be built into a working unit. for example, cubelets from modular robotics are modular robots that are used for educational purposes. each cube performs one specific function, such as flash, battery, temperature, brightness, rotation, etc. and one can combine these blocks together to build a robot that performs a certain function. for example, you can build a lighthouse robot by combining a battery block, a light-sensor block, a rotator block, and a flash block.   a variety of cubelets available from the modular robotics website.   by contrast, there are advanced robots such as those in the form of an animal developed by a robotics company, boston dynamics. some robots look like a human although much smaller than the pepper robot. nao is a -cm tall humanoid robot that moves, recognizes, hears and talks to people that was launched in . nao robots are an interactive educational toy that helps students to learn programming in a fun and practical way. noticing their relevance to stem education, some libraries are making robots available to library patrons. westport public library provides robot training classes for its two nao robots. chicago public library lends a number of finch robots that patrons can program to see how they work. in celebration of the national robotics week back in april, san diego public library hosted their first robot day educating the public about how robots have impacted the society. san diego public library also started a weekly robotics club inviting anyone to join in to help build or learn how to build a robot for the library. haslet public library offers the robotics camp program for th to th graders who want to learn how to build with lego mindstorms ev kits. school librarians are also starting robotics clubs. the robotics club at new rochelle high school in new york is run by the school’s librarian, ryan paulsen. paulsen’s robotics club started with faculty, parent, and other schools’ help along with a grant from nasa and participated in a first robotics competition. organizations such as the robotics academy at carnegie mellon university provides educational outreach and resources. image from aldebaran website at https://www.aldebaran.com/en/humanoid-robot/nao-robot there are also libraries that offer coding workshops often with arduino or raspberry pi, which are inexpensive computer hardware. ames free library offers raspberry pi workshops. san diego public library runs a monthly arduino enthusiast meetup.  arduinos and raspberry pis can be used to build digital devices and objects that can sense and interact the physical world, which are close to a simple robot. we may see  more robotics programs at those libraries in the near future. robots can fulfill many other functions than being educational interactive toys, however. for example, robots can be very useful in healthcare. a robot can be a patient’s emotional companion just like the pepper. or it can provide an easy way to communicate for a patient and her/his caregiver with physicians and others. a robot can be used at a hospital to move and deliver medication and other items and function as a telemedicine assistant. it can also provide physical assistance for a patient or a nurse and even be use for children’s therapy. humanoid robots like pepper may also serve at a reception desk at companies. and it is not difficult to imagine them as sales clerks at stores. robots can be useful at schools and other educational settings as well. at a workplace, teleworkers can use robots to achieve more active presence. for example, universities and colleges can offer a similar telepresence robot to online students who want to virtually experience and utilize the campus facilities or to faculty who wish to offer the office hours or collaborate with colleagues while they are away from the office. as a matter of fact, the university of texas, arlington, libraries recently acquired several telepresence robots to lend to their faculty and students. not all robots do or will have the humanoid form as the pepper robot does. but as robots become more and more capable, we will surely get to see more robots in our daily lives. references alpeyev, pavel, and takashi amano. “robots at work: softbank aims to bring pepper to stores.” bloomberg business, june , . http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/ - - /robots-at-work-softbank-aims-to-bring-pepper-to-stores. “boston dynamics.” accessed september , . http://www.bostondynamics.com/. boyer, katie. “robotics clubs at the library.” public libraries online, june , . http://publiclibrariesonline.org/ / /robotics-clubs-at-the-library/. “finch robots land at cpl altgeld.” chicago public library, may , . https://www.chipublib.org/news/finch-robots-land-at-cpl/. mcnickle, michelle. “ medical robots that could change healthcare – informationweek.” informationweek, december , . http://www.informationweek.com/mobile/ -medical-robots-that-could-change-healthcare/d/d-id/ . singh, angad. “‘pepper’ the emotional robot, sells out within a minute.” cnn.com, june , . http://www.cnn.com/ / / /tech/pepper-robot-sold-out/. tran, uyen. “sdpl labs: arduino aplenty.” the library incubator project, april , . http://www.libraryasincubatorproject.org/?p= . “ut arlington library to begin offering programming robots for checkout.” university of texas arlington, march , . https://www.uta.edu/news/releases/ / /library-robots- .php. waldman, loretta. “coming soon to the library: humanoid robots.” wall street journal, september , , sec. new york. http://www.wsj.com/articles/coming-soon-to-the-library-humanoid-robots- . 							 			 			posted in: library, technology. 							tagged: education · libraries · robotics · robots · stem 			 		 		 				 		 	 			← earlier posts 		 			 		 			 	 	 		 		subscribe to our feed via rss 	 	 		search 	 	 	about 			libraryhat is a blog written by bohyun kim, cto & associate professor at the university of rhode island libraries (bohyun.kim.ois [at] gmail [dot] com; @bohyunkim). 		 	most popular 			- libraries meet the second machine age - future? libraries? what now? – after the ala summit on the future of libraries - query a google spreadsheet like a database with google visualization api query language - enabling the research ‘flow’ and serendipity in today’s digital library environment - research librarianship in crisis: mediate when, where, and how? - why not grow coders from the inside of libraries? - do you feel inadequate? for hard-working overachievers - redesigning the item record summary view in a library catalog and a discovery interface - fear no longer regular expressions - using git with bitbucket: basic commands – pull, add, commit, push - aaron swartz and too-comfortable research libraries - common misconceptions about library job search: what i have learned from the other side of the table - applying game dynamics to library services - how to make your writing less terrible - netflix and libraries: you are what “your users” think you are, not what you think you are 		 		archives 			july  ( ) 	december  ( ) 	october  ( ) 	may  ( ) 	november  ( ) 	may  ( ) 	april  ( ) 	october  ( ) 	september  ( ) 	july  ( ) 	march  ( ) 	february  ( ) 	september  ( ) 	june  ( ) 	may  ( ) 	march  ( ) 	december  ( ) 	november  ( ) 	october  ( ) 	september  ( ) 	july  ( ) 	april  ( ) 	march  ( ) 	february  ( ) 	january  ( ) 	december  ( ) 	november  ( ) 	october  ( ) 	september  ( ) 	august  ( ) 	july  ( ) 	june  ( ) 	may  ( ) 	march  ( ) 	february  ( ) 	january  ( ) 	october  ( ) 	september  ( ) 	august  ( ) 	july  ( ) 	june  ( ) 	may  ( ) 	march  ( ) 	february  ( ) 	january  ( ) 	december  ( ) 	november  ( ) 	october  ( ) 	september  ( ) 	august  ( ) 	july  ( ) 	june  ( ) 	april  ( ) 	february  ( ) 	january  ( ) 	december  ( ) 	november  ( ) 	october  ( ) 	september  ( ) 	august  ( ) 	july  ( ) 			 	 		tags acrl ala api change codeyear coding communication conference continuing education design election emerging technologies equity inclusion interview with brand-new librarians it javascript job job search jquery kindle libcodeyear librarian libraries library library day in the life lis lita makerspace management mls mobile new librarians post-mls presentation programming publication technology tips tweet-up twitter usability ux web 	 		© library hat | powered by wordpress 		a wordpress theme by ravi varma 	 	 	 	 	 エロセフレ作り日記 エロセフレ作り日記 セフレ募集なら出会い系サイト！おすすめな理由を教えます！ twitter facebook はてブ pocket line コピー . . . . セフレ募集掲示板でエッチな女の子を探して、セックスを楽しみたいと考えている男性も多いのではないでしょうか。 この記事ではセフレ募集を出会い系サイトで行う方法や無料セフレ掲示板のデメリットについて詳しく解説していきます。 エロセフレがほしいと思っている方は、ぜひ最後まで読んでみてください。 目次 	無料セフレ掲示板のデメリット（オススメしない理由）について 	セフレ募集は出会い系サイト！	セフレ募集おすすめ理由 .本人の身分確認が明確にされている 	セフレ募集おすすめ理由 .体の関係を求めている女性が多い 	セフレ募集おすすめ理由 .好みの女性が探しやすい 	セフレ募集を出会い系サイトで成功させるコツ	セフレ募集方法 .セフレになりたい女性は、ストレスが溜まり捲っています。 	セフレ募集方法 .メールのやり取りの時間帯は要チェック 	セフレ募集方法 .セフレにしたい女性は、慌てて即日にセックスをする必要は無 無料セフレ掲示板のデメリット（オススメしない理由）について 無料のセフレ掲示板とは、危険な罠が一杯仕掛けられています。 特にこういったサイトをあまり利用されていない素人の方からすると、無料掲示板内の女性コメントには、かなりエロエロな誘い文句が記載され、ついつい相手のペースに乗って利用し続けるというケースが多々あるのでは思います。 無料のセフレ掲示板と言うのは、誰でも登録することが可能で、未成年である 歳未満の女性でも登録できます。 仮に未成年と肉体関係を持つと、あなたは犯罪者となります。 或いは、この未成年のバックにヤクザがおり、この事実に対することに対し恐喝されることだってあり得ます。 サラリーマンが未成年との関係を持ってしまいニュースになった事件がありますが、この手の掲示板を利用した際にそれは起こっています。 くれぐれも無料のセフレ掲示板は利用しないよう心がけましょう。 セフレ募集は出会い系サイト！ 安全で、且つ本当にセフレと出会えるサイト探している男性に対し、今回は、出会い系サイトをお勧めしたいと思います。 その理由は以下を参照してください。 セフレ募集おすすめ理由 .本人の身分確認が明確にされている 冒頭で説明したとおり、誰でもそのサービスに登録できると言うのは怖い話です。 こういったリスクを回避しているサービスが出会い系サイトで、ここでは登録前に、電話確認認証や、身分書の提示が登録時に必要であるため、何処の馬の骨か判らない人物は登録することは出来ません。 つまり、無料セフレ掲示板に多く潜んでいる、サクラや、悪徳業者の虐待に役立つということです。 セフレ募集おすすめ理由 .体の関係を求めている女性が多い セフレを作りたいというのが今回の主旨であるからには、相手も割切りを求めている女性がたくさん登録されているサイトが理想です。 その理想を叶えたのが、出会い系サイトになります。 出会い系サイトの掲示板や、プロフを覗いていただくと判りますが、短時間だけ会って、セックスだけを楽しみたいと思っている女性がたくさんいます。 そういった願望を持つ女性の分母(登録数)が大きいのは、セフレを作りたいと思う男性からすると、かなりの確率でセフレをゲットできることが可能です。 セフレ募集おすすめ理由 .好みの女性が探しやすい サイトに登録し、女性検索からメールのやり取りをおこない、ようやく出会えたはいいが、考えていた自分の好みでは無くショックを受けてたら本末転倒であり、今までの苦労も水の泡になってしまいます。 出会い系サイトでは、機能面が優れており充実してます。 まず女性探しをやる前には、相手もプロフからでも、スリーサイズや、体のタイプ(グラマー、スリム、巨乳など)や身長は当たり前で、アダルトを希望する女性であれば、sやmなのか、あるいはアブノーマルなのか迄、相手の特徴を調べることが事前に把握出来ます。 出会い系サイトとは、ある程度の女性外観やセクシャルレベルまでを事前に把握しセフレ探しが出来るため、機能面も優れていると考えてください。 セフレ募集を出会い系サイトで成功させるコツ それでは出会い系サイトを利用して、セフレを作りましょう。 以下にアドバイス的内容をまとめてみました。 ご参照ください。 セフレ募集方法 .セフレになりたい女性は、ストレスが溜まり捲っています。 出会い系サイトで女性と出会うための一連動作は以下の通りです。 女性の検索⇒ファーストメールを女性に送る⇒デートに誘う⇒ホテルに誘いセックスをする これが一連の流れとなりますが、基本的に出会い系サイトに登録してくる女性と言うのは、様々な事情を持っており、ストレスが溜まって、それの捌け口として男性との出会いを求めてきます。 つまり女性の立場からすると、自分の愚痴や悩みを聞いて欲しいと考える女性ばかりだと考えること。 なので、上記一連内での男性の対応は、聞き手役、相談役に徹するということを終始理解しながら進めていくように気を付けて下さい。 あまり自分本位で話を進めていくと、一連のどこかで女性とのやり取りが途絶えてしまう可能性があるでしょう。 セフレ募集方法 .メールのやり取りの時間帯は要チェック 好みの女性にファーストメールを出したとします。 そこで次が大事になりますが、相手から返信があった時間帯を忘れないようにしてください。 恐らく、その時間帯が相手の女性からすると、落ち着いてメールを返せる時間帯と言えるはずです。 自分の都合のいい時間に送り続けるのは時間のロスにもありますし、相手側も返信できなかったり、あわてて返信しようとするため、やり取りの内容が薄くなってしまいますので気を付けて下さい。 セフレ募集方法 .セフレにしたい女性は、慌てて即日にセックスをする必要は無 ここでは多少私の経験値も踏まえますが、この女をセフレにしたいと考えた場合、出会った日になんとかホテルに誘ってセックスをしなければという使命感を男性の場合考えがちです。 ただこれは意外に、その後女性と出会えなくなる危険性が孕んでいるということも理解して下さい。 出会い系で出会う女性の場合、意外と慎重になる方もたくさんいます。 特にセフレは長期感のお付き合いが発生し、相手の女性も強引なセックスを求める男性だと判ると、少し引いてしまい、今後の関係について考え、悩んでくるからです。 ホテルに誘うタイミングは、本当に女性と通じ合った瞬間に実行するものです。 例えば、女性からのボディタッチが増えたり、また手をつないだり、腕を組んでも相手が違和感を感じていないほどのレベルに達してからの方が間違いありません。 シェアする twitter facebook はてブ pocket line コピー エロセフレ作り日記をフォローする エロセフレ作り日記 エロセフレ作り日記 	 		 		最近の投稿 			 					セフレ募集に向いてない女性！セフレ作りのときに注意すべきタイプとは？ 									 	 					セフレ作りのためのプロフィールはどうすればいいの？コツを伝授します 									 	 					セフレが作れない！出会い系サイトで出会えない男性が見直すべきポイント 									 	 					セフレにできる狙い目女性は？出会い系サイトでアプローチすべき女性を紹介！ 									 		 アーカイブ 				 年 月 			カテゴリー 				未分類 			 エロセフレ作り日記 © エロセフレ作り日記. 	 ホーム 	 検索 	 トップ 	 サイドバー 	 		 		最近の投稿 			 					セフレ募集に向いてない女性！セフレ作りのときに注意すべきタイプとは？ 									 	 					セフレ作りのためのプロフィールはどうすればいいの？コツを伝授します 									 	 					セフレが作れない！出会い系サイトで出会えない男性が見直すべきポイント 									 	 					セフレにできる狙い目女性は？出会い系サイトでアプローチすべき女性を紹介！ 									 		 アーカイブ 				 年 月 			カテゴリー 				未分類 			 タイトルとurlをコピーしました none none max planck vlib news max planck vlib news   	mpg/sfx server maintenance, thursday june, - pm the mpg/sfx server will undergo scheduled maintenance due to a hardware upgrade. the downtime will start at pm. services are expected to be back after approximately one hour. we apologize for any inconvenience. 	mpg/sfx server maintenance, tuesday december, - pm the database of the mpg/sfx server will undergo scheduled maintenance. the downtime will start at pm. services are expected to be back after minutes. we apologize for any inconvenience. 	how to get elsevier articles after december , the max planck digital library has been mandated to discontinue their elsevier subscription when the current agreement expires on december , . read more about the background in the full press release. nevertheless, most journal articles published until that date will remain available, due to the rights stipulated in the mpg contracts to date. to &# ; continue reading how to get elsevier articles after december , &# ; 	aleph multipool-recherche: parallele suche in mpg-bibliothekskatalogen update, . . : die multipool-suche gibt es jetzt auch als webinterface. der multipool-expertenmodus im aleph katalogisierungs-client dient der schnellen recherche in mehreren datenbanken gleichzeitig. dabei können die datenbanken entweder direkt auf dem aleph-server liegen oder als externe ressourcen über das z . -protokoll angebunden sein. zus&# ;tzlich zu den lokalen bibliotheken ist der mpi bibliothekskatalog im gbv auf dem &# ; continue reading aleph multipool-recherche: parallele suche in mpg-bibliothekskatalogen &# ; 	goodbye vlib! shutdown after october , in the max planck virtual library (vlib) was launched, with the idea of making all information resources relevant for max planck users simultaneously searchable under a common user interface. since then, the vlib project partners from the max planck libraries, information retrieval services groups, the gwdg and the mpdl invested much time and effort &# ; continue reading goodbye vlib! shutdown after october , &# ; 	https only for mpg/sfx and mpg.ebooks as of next week, all http requests to the mpg/sfx link resolver will be redirected to a corresponding https request. the max planck society electronic book index is scheduled to be switched to https only access the week after, starting on november , . regular web browser use of the above services should not be &# ; continue reading https only for mpg/sfx and mpg.ebooks &# ; 	https enabled for mpg/sfx the mpg/sfx link resolver is now alternatively accessible via the https protocol. the secure base url of the productive mpg/sfx instance is: https://sfx.mpg.de/sfx_local. https support enables secure third-party sites to load or to embed content from mpg/sfx without causing mixed content errors. please feel free to update your applications or your links to the mpg/sfx &# ; continue reading https enabled for mpg/sfx &# ; 	citation trails in primo central index (pci) the may release brought an interesting functionality to the 	mpg/sfx server maintenance, wednesday april, - am the mpg/sfx server updates to a new database (mariadb) on wednesday morning. the downtime will begin at am and is scheduled to last until am. we apologize for any inconvenience. 	proquest illustrata databases discontinued last year, the information provider proquest decided to discontinue its &# ;illustrata technology&# ; and &# ;illustrata natural science&# ; databases. unfortunately, this represents a preliminary end to proquest&# ;s long-year investment into deep indexing content. in a corresponding support article proquest states that there &# ;[&# ;] will be no loss of full text and full text + graphics images because &# ; continue reading proquest illustrata databases discontinued &# ; slasher ghost, and other developments in proof of stake | ethereum foundation blog created with sketch. search categories 	 r&d research & development 	 devcon devcon 	 org organizational 	 esp ecosystem support 	 eth.org ethereum.org 	 sec security archive 	 aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec, nov, oct, sep, aug, jul, jun, may, apr, mar, feb, jan 	 dec slasher ghost, and other developments in proof of stake posted by vitalik buterin on october , 	 research & development special thanks to vlad zamfir and zack hess for ongoing research and discussions on proof-of-stake algorithms and their own input into slasher-like proposals one of the hardest problems in cryptocurrency development is that of devising effective consensus algorithms. certainly, relatively passable default options exist. at the very least it is possible to rely on a bitcoin-like proof of work algorithm based on either a randomly-generated circuit approach targeted for specialized-hardware resitance, or failing that simple sha , and our existing ghost optimizations allow for such an algorithm to provide block times of seconds. however, proof of work as a general category has many flaws that call into question its sustainability as an exclusive source of consensus; % attacks from altcoin miners, eventual asic dominance and high energy inefficiency are perhaps the most prominent. over the last few months we have become more and more convinced that some inclusion of proof of stake is a necessary component for long-term sustainability; however, actually implementing a proof of stake algorithm that is effective is proving to be surprisingly complex. the fact that ethereum includes a turing-complete contracting system complicates things further, as it makes certain kinds of collusion much easier without requiring trust, and creates a large pool of stake in the hands of decentralized entities that have the incentive to vote with the stake to collect rewards, but which are too stupid to tell good blockchains from bad. what the rest of this article will show is a set of strategies that deal with most of the issues surrounding proof of stake algorithms as they exist today, and a sketch of how to extend our current preferred proof-of-stake algorithm, slasher, into something much more robust. historical overview: proof of stake and slasher if you’re not yet well-versed in the nuances of proof of stake algorithms, first read: https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /stake/ the fundamental problem that consensus protocols try to solve is that of creating a mechanism for growing a blockchain over time in a decentralized way that cannot easily be subverted by attackers. if a blockchain does not use a consensus protocol to regulate block creation, and simply allows anyone to add a block at any time, then an attacker or botnet with very many ip addresses could flood the network with blocks, and particularly they can use their power to perform double-spend attacks - sending a payment for a product, waiting for the payment to be confirmed in the blockchain, and then starting their own “fork” of the blockchain, substituting the payment that they made earlier with a payment to a different account controlled by themselves, and growing it longer than the original so everyone accepts this new blockchain without the payment as truth. the general solution to this problem involves making a block “hard” to create in some fashion. in the case of proof of work, each block requires computational effort to produce, and in the case of proof of stake it requires ownership of coins - in most cases, it’s a probabilistic process where block-making privileges are doled out randomly in proportion to coin holdings, and in more exotic “negative block reward” schemes anyone can create a block by spending a certain quantity of funds, and they are compensated via transaction fees. in any of these approaches, each chain has a “score” that roughly reflects the total difficulty of producing the chain, and the highest-scoring chain is taken to represent the “truth” at that particular time. for a detailed overview of some of the finer points of proof of stake, see the above-linked article; for those readers who are already aware of the issues i will start off by presenting a semi-formal specification for slasher: 	blocks are produced by miners; in order for a block to be valid it must satisfy a proof-of-work condition. however, this condition is relatively weak (eg. we can target the mining reward to something like . x the genesis supply every year) 	every block has a set of designated signers, which are chosen beforehand (see below). for a block with valid pow to be accepted as part of the chain it must be accompanied by signatures from at least two thirds of its designated signers. 	when block n is produced, we say that the set of potential signers of block n + is the set of addresses such that sha (address + block[n].hash) < block[n].balance(address) * d where d is a difficulty parameter targeting signers per block (ie. if block n has less than signers it goes down otherwise it goes up). note that the set of potential signers is very computationally intensive to fully enumerate, and we don't try to do so; instead we rely on signers to self-declare. 	if a potential signer for block n + wants to become a designated signer for that block, they must send a special transaction accepting this responsibility and that transaction must get included between blocks n + and n + . the set of designated signers for block n + is the set of all individuals that do this. this "signer must confirm" mechanism helps ensure that the majority of signers will actually be online when the time comes to sign. for blocks ... , the set of signers is empty, so proof of work alone suffices to create those blocks. 	when a designated signer adds their signature to block n + , they are scheduled to receive a reward in block n + . 	if a signer signs two different blocks at height n + , then if someone detects the double-signing before block n + they can submit an "evidence" transaction containing the two signatures, destroying the signer's reward and transferring a third of it to the whistleblower. 	if there is an insufficient number of signers to sign at a particular block height h, a miner can produce a block with height h+ directly on top of the block with height h- by mining at an x higher difficulty (to incentivize this, but still make it less attractive than trying to create a normal block, there is a x higher reward). skipping over two blocks has higher factors of x diff and x reward, three blocks x and x, etc. essentially, by explicitly punishing double-signing, slasher in a lot of ways, although not all, makes proof of stake act like a sort of simulated proof of work. an important incidental benefit of slasher is the non-revert property. in proof of work, sometimes after one node mines one block some other node will immediately mine two blocks, and so some nodes will need to revert back one block upon seeing the longer chain. here, every block requires two thirds of the signers to ratify it, and a signer cannot ratify two blocks at the same height without losing their gains in both chains, so assuming no malfeasance the blockchain will never revert. from the point of view of a decentralized application developer, this is a very desirable property as it means that “time” only moves in one direction, just like in a server-based environment. however, slasher is still vulnerable to one particular class of attack: long-range attacks. instead of trying to start a fork from ten blocks behind the current head, suppose that an attacker tries to start a fork starting from ten thousand blocks behind, or even the genesis block - all that matters is that the depth of the fork must be greater than the duration of the reward lockup. at that point, because users’ funds are unlocked and they can move them to a new address to escape punishment, users have no disincentive against signing on both chains. in fact, we may even expect to see a black market of people selling their old private keys, culminating with an attacker single-handedly acquiring access to the keys that controlled over % of the currency supply at some point in history. one approach to solving the long-range double-signing problem is transactions-as-proof-of-stake, an alternative pos solution that does not have an incentive to double-sign because it’s the transactions that vote, and there is no reward for sending a transaction (in fact there’s a cost, and the reward is outside the network); however, this does nothing to stop the black key market problem. to properly deal with that issue, we will need to relax a hidden assumption. subjective scoring and trust for all its faults, proof of work does have some elegant economic properties. particularly, because proof of work requires an externally rivalrous resource, something with exists and is consumed outside the blockchain, in order to generate blocks (namely, computational effort), launching a fork against a proof of work chain invariably requires having access to, and spending, a large quantity of economic resources. in the case of proof of stake, on the other hand, the only scarce value involved is value within the chain, and between multiple chains that value is not scarce at all. no matter what algorithm is used, in proof of stake % of the owners of the genesis block could eventually come together, collude, and produce a longer (ie. higher-scoring) chain than everyone else. this may seem like a fatal flaw, but in reality it is only a flaw if we implicitly accept an assumption that is made in the case of proof of work: that nodes have no knowledge of history. in a proof-of-work protocol, a new node, having no direct knowledge of past events and seeing nothing but the protocol source code and the set of messages that have already been published, can join the network at any point and determine the score of all possible chains, and from there the block that is at the top of the highest-scoring main chain. with proof of stake, as we described, such a property cannot be achieved, since it’s very cheap to acquire historical keys and simulate alternate histories. thus, we will relax our assumptions somewhat: we will say that we are only concerned with maintaining consensus between a static set of nodes that are online at least once every n days, allowing these nodes to use their own knowledge of history to reject obvious long-range forks using some formula, and new nodes or long-dormant nodes will need to specify a “checkpoint” (a hash of a block representing what the rest of the network agrees is a recent state) in order to get back onto the consensus. such an approach is essentially a hybrid between the pure and perhaps harsh trust-no-one logic of bitcoin and the total dependency on socially-driven consensus found in networks like ripple. in ripple’s case, users joining the system need to select a set of nodes that they trust (or, more precisely, trust not to collude) and rely on those nodes during every step of the consensus process. in the case of bitcoin, the theory is that no such trust is required and the protocol is completely self-contained; the system works just as well between a thousand isolated cavemen with laptops on a thousand islands as it does in a strongly connected society (in fact, it might work better with island cavemen, since without trust collusion is more difficult). in our hybrid scheme, users need only look to the society outside of the protocol exactly once - when they first download a client and find a checkpoint - and can enjoy bitcoin-like trust properties starting from that point. in order to determine which trust assumption is the better one to take, we ultimately need to ask a somewhat philosophical question: do we want our consensus protocols to exist as absolute cryptoeconomic constructs completely independent of the outside world, or are we okay with relying heavily on the fact that these systems exist in the context of a wider society? although it is indeed a central tenet of mainstream cryptocurrency philosophy that too much external dependence is dangerous, arguably the level of independence that bitcoin affords us in reality is no greater than that provided by the hybrid model. the argument is simple: even in the case of bitcoin, a user must also take a leap of trust upon joining the network - first by trusting that they are joining a protocol that contains assets that other people find valuable (eg. how does a user know that bitcoins are worth $ each and dogecoins only $ . ? especially with the different capabilities of asics for different algorithms, hashpower is only a very rough estimate), and second by trusting that they are downloading the correct software package. in both the supposedly “pure” model and the hybrid model there is always a need to look outside the protocol exactly once. thus, on the whole, the gain from accepting the extra trust requirement (namely, environmental friendliness and security against oligopolistic mining pools and asic farms) is arguably worth the cost. additionally, we may note that, unlike ripple consensus, the hybrid model is still compatible with the idea of blockchains “talking” to each each other by containing a minimal “light” implementation of each other’s protocols. the reason is that, while the scoring mechanism is not “absolute” from the point of view of a node without history suddenly looking at every block, it is perfectly sufficient from the point of view of an entity that remains online over a long period of time, and a blockchain certainly is such an entity. so far, there have been two major approaches that followed some kind of checkpoint-based trust model: 	developer-issued checkpoints - the client developer issues a new checkpoint with each client upgrade (eg. used in ppcoin) 	revert limit - nodes refuse to accept forks that revert more than n (eg. ) blocks (eg. used in tendermint) the first approach has been roundly criticized by the cryptocurrency community for being too centralized. the second, however, also has a flaw: a powerful attacker can not only revert a few thousand blocks, but also potentially split the network permanently. in the n-block revert case, the strategy is as follows. suppose that the network is currently at block , and n = . the attacker starts a secret fork, and grows it by blocks faster than the main network. when the main network gets to , and some node produces block , the attacker reveals his own fork. some nodes will see the main network’s block , and refuse to switch to the attacker’s fork, but the nodes that did not yet see that block will be happy to revert from to and then accept the attacker’s fork. from there, the network is permanently split. fortunately, one can actually construct a third approach that neatly solves this problem, which we will call exponentially subjective scoring. essentially, instead of rejecting forks that go back too far, we simply penalize them on a graduating scale. for every block, a node maintains a score and a “gravity” factor, which acts as a multiplier to the contribution that the block makes to the blockchain’s score. the gravity of the genesis block is , and normally the gravity of any other block is set to be equal to the gravity of its parent. however, if a node receives a block whose parent already has a chain of n descendants (ie. it’s a fork reverting n blocks), that block’s gravity is penalized by a factor of . n, and the penalty propagates forever down the chain and stacks multiplicatively with other penalties. that is, a fork which starts block ago will need to grow % faster than the main chain in order to overtake it, a fork which starts blocks ago will need to grow . times as quickly, and a fork which starts blocks ago will need to grow times as quickly - clearly an impossibility with even trivial proof of work. the algorithm serves to smooth out the role of checkpointing, assigning a small “weak checkpoint” role to each individual block. if an attacker produces a fork that some nodes hear about even three blocks earlier than others, those two chains will need to stay within % of each other forever in order for a network split to maintain itself. there are other solutions that could be used aside from, or even alongside ess; a particular set of strategies involves stakeholders voting on a checkpoint every few thousand blocks, requiring every checkpoint produced to reflect a large consensus of the majority of the current stake (the reason the majority of the stake can’t vote on every block is, of course, that having that many signatures would bloat the blockchain). slasher ghost the other large complexity in implementing proof of stake for ethereum specifically is the fact that the network includes a turing-complete financial system where accounts can have arbitrary permissions and even permissions that change over time. in a simple currency, proof of stake is relatively easy to accomplish because each unit of currency has an unambiguous owner outside the system, and that owner can be counted on to participate in the stake-voting process by signing a message with the private key that owns the coins. in ethereum, however, things are not quite so simple: if we do our job promoting proper wallet security right, the majority of ether is going to be stored in specialized storage contracts, and with turing-complete code there is no clear way of ascertaining or assigning an “owner”. one strategy that we looked at was delegation: requiring every address or contract to assign an address as a delegate to sign for them, and that delegate account would have to be controlled by a private key. however, there is a problem with any such approach. suppose that a majority of the ether in the system is actually stored in application contracts (as opposed to personal storage contracts); this includes deposits in schellingcoins and other stake-based protocols, security deposits in probabilistic enforcement systems, collateral for financial derivatives, funds owned by daos, etc. those contracts do not have an owner even in spirit; in that case, the fear is that the contract will default to a strategy of renting out stake-voting delegations to the highest bidder. because attackers are the only entities willing to bid more than the expected return from the delegation, this will make it very cheap for an attacker to acquire the signing rights to large quantities of stake. the only solution to this within the delegation paradigm is to make it extremely risky to dole out signing privileges to untrusted parties; the simplest approach is to modify slasher to require a large deposit, and slash the deposit as well as the reward in the event of double-signing. however, if we do this then we are essentially back to entrusting the fate of a large quantity of funds to a single private key, thereby defeating much of the point of ethereum in the first place. fortunately, there is one alternative to delegation that is somewhat more effective: letting contracts themselves sign. to see how this works, consider the following protocol: 	there is now a sign opcode added. 	a signature is a series of virtual transactions which, when sequentially applied to the state at the end of the parent block, results in the sign opcode being called. the nonce of the first vtx in the signature must be the prevhash being signed, the nonce of the second must be the prevhash plus one, and so forth (alternatively, we can make the nonces - , - , - etc. and require the prevhash to be passed in through transaction data so as to be eventually supplied as an input to the sign opcode). 	when the block is processed, the state transitions from the vtxs are reverted (this is what is meant by "virtual") but a deposit is subtracted from each signing contract and the contract is registered to receive the deposit and reward in blocks. basically, it is the contract’s job to determine the access policy for signing, and the contract does this by placing the sign opcode behind the appropriate set of conditional clauses. a signature now becomes a set of transactions which together satisfy this access policy. the incentive for contract developers to keep this policy secure, and not dole it out to anyone who asks, is that if it is not secure then someone can double-sign with it and destroy the signing deposit, taking a portion for themselves as per the slasher protocol. some contracts will still delegate, but this is unavoidable; even in proof-of-stake systems for plain currencies such as nxt, many users end up delegating (eg. dpos even goes so far as to institutionalize delegation), and at least here contracts have an incentive to delegate to an access policy that is not likely to come under the influence of a hostile entity - in fact, we may even see an equilibrium where contracts compete to deliver secure blockchain-based stake pools that are least likely to double-vote, thereby increasing security over time. however, the virtual-transactions-as-signatures paradigm does impose one complication: it is no longer trivial to provide an evidence transaction showing two signatures by the same signer at the same block height. because the result of a transaction execution depends on the starting state, in order to ascertain whether a given evidence transaction is valid one must prove everything up to the block in which the second signature was given. thus, one must essentially “include” the fork of a blockchain inside of the main chain. to do this efficiently, a relatively simple proposal is a sort of “slasher ghost” protocol, where one can include side-blocks in the main chain as uncles. specifically, we declare two new transaction types: 	[block_number, uncle_hash] - this transaction is valid if ( ) the block with the given uncle_hash has already been validated, ( ) the block with the given uncle_hash has the given block number, and ( ) the parent of that uncle is either in the main chain or was included earlier as an uncle. during the act of processing this transaction, if addresses that double-signed at that height are detected, they are appropriately penalized. 	[block_number, uncle_parent_hash, vtx] - this transaction is valid if ( ) the block with the given uncle_parent_hash has already been validated, ( ) the given virtual transaction is valid at the given block height with the state at the end of uncle_parent_hash, and ( ) the virtual transaction shows a signature by an address which also signed a block at the given block_number in the main chain. this transaction penalizes that one address. essentially, one can think of the mechanism as working like a “zipper”, with one block from the fork chain at a time being zipped into the main chain. note that for a fork to start, there must exist double-signers at every block; there is no situation where there is a double-signer blocks into a fork so a whistleblower must “zip” innocent blocks into a chain before getting to the target block - rather, in such a case, even if blocks need to be added, each one of them notifies the main chain about five separate malfeasors that double-signed at that height. one somewhat complicated property of the scheme is that the validity of these “slasher uncles” depends on whether or not the node has validated a particular block outside of the main chain; to facilitate this, we specify that a response to a “getblock” message in the wire protocol must include the uncle-dependencies for a block before the actual block. note that this may sometimes lead to a recursive expansion; however, the denial-of-service potential is limited since each individual block still requires a substantial quantity of proof-of-work to produce. blockmakers and overrides finally, there is a third complication. in the hybrid-proof-of-stake version of slasher, if a miner has an overwhelming share of the hashpower, then the miner can produce multiple versions of each block, and send different versions to different parts of the network. half the signers will see and sign one block, half will see and sign another block, and the network will be stuck with two blocks with insufficient signatures, and no signer willing to slash themselves to complete the process; thus, a proof-of-work override will be required, a dangerous situation since the miner controls most of the proof-of-work. there are two possible solutions here: 	signers should wait a few seconds after receiving a block before signing, and only sign stochastically in some fashion that ensures that a random one of the blocks will dominate. 	there should be a single "blockmaker" among the signers whose signature is required for a block to be valid. effectively, this transfers the "leadership" role from a miner to a stakeholder, eliminating the problem, but at the cost of adding a dependency on a single party that now has the ability to substantially inconvenience everyone by not signing, or unintentionally by being the target of a denial-of-service attack. such behavior can be disincentivized by having the signer lose part of their deposit if they do not sign, but even still this will result in a rather jumpy block time if the only way to get around an absent blockmaker is using a proof-of-work override. one possible solution to the problem in ( ) is to remove proof of work entirely (or almost entirely, keeping a minimal amount for anti-ddos value), replacing it with a mechanism that vlad zamfir has coined “delegated timestamping”. essentially, every block must appear on schedule (eg. at second intervals), and when a block appears the signers vote if the block was on time, or if the block was too early or too late. if the majority of the signers votes , then the block is treated as invalid - kept in the chain in order to give the signers their fair reward, but the blockmaker gets no reward and the state transition gets skipped over. voting is incentivized via schellingcoin - the signers whose vote agrees with the majority get an extra reward, so assuming that everyone else is going to be honest everyone has the incentive to be honest, in a self-reinforcing equilibrium. the theory is that a -second block time is too fast for signers to coordinate on a false vote (the astute reader may note that the signers were decided blocks in advance so this is not really true; to fix this we can create two groups of signers, one pre-chosen group for validation and another group chosen at block creation time for timestamp voting). putting it all together taken together, we can thus see something like the following working as a functional version of slasher: 	every block has a designated blockmaker, a set of designated signers, and a set of designated timestampers. for a block to be accepted as part of the chain it must be accompanied by virtual-transactions-as-signatures from the blockmaker, two thirds of the signers and timestampers, and the block must have some minimal proof of work for anti-ddos reasons (say, targeted to . x per year) 	during block n, we say that the set of potential signers of block n + is the set of addresses such that sha (address + block[n].hash) < block[n].balance(address) * d where d is a difficulty parameter targeting signers per block (ie. if block n has less than signers it goes down otherwise it goes up). 	if a potential signer for block n + wants to become a signer, they must send a special transaction accepting this responsibility and supplying a deposit, and that transaction must get included between blocks n + and n + . the set of designated signers for block n + is the set of all individuals that do this, and the blockmaker is the designated signer with the lowest value for sha (address + block[n].hash). if the signer set is empty, no block at that height can be made. for blocks ... , the blockmaker and only signer is the protocol developer. 	the set of timestampers of the block n + is the set of addresses such that sha (address + block[n].hash) < block[n].balance(address) * d , where d is targeted such that there is an average of timestampers each block (ie. if block n has less than timestampers it goes down otherwise it goes up). 	let t be the timestamp of the genesis block. when block n + is released, timestampers can supply virtual-transactions-as-signatures for that block, and have the choice of voting or on the block. voting means that they saw the block within . seconds of time t + (n + ) * , and voting means that they received the block when the time was outside that range. note that nodes should detect if their clocks are out of sync with everyone else's clocks on the blockchain, and if so adjust their system clocks. 	timestampers who voted along with the majority receive a reward, other timestampers get nothing. 	the designated signers for block n + have the ability to sign that block by supplying a set of virtual-transactions-as-a-signature. all designated signers who sign are scheduled to receive a reward and their returned deposit in block n + . signers who skipped out are scheduled to receive their returned deposit minus twice the reward (this means that it's only economically profitable to sign up as a signer if you actually think there is a chance greater than / that you will be online). 	if the majority timestamper vote is , the blockmaker is scheduled to receive a reward and their returned deposit in block n + . if the majority timestamper vote is , the blockmaker is scheduled to receive their deposit minus twice the reward, and the block is ignored (ie. the block is in the chain, but it does not contribute to the chain's score, and the state of the next block starts from the end state of the block before the rejected block). 	if a signer signs two different blocks at height n + , then if someone detects the double-signing before block n + they can submit an "evidence" transaction containing the two signatures to either or both chains, destroying the signer's reward and deposit and transferring a third of it to the whistleblower. 	if there is an insufficient number of signers to sign or the blockmaker is missing at a particular block height h, the designated blockmaker for height h + can produce a block directly on top of the block at height h - after waiting for seconds instead of . after years of research, one thing has become clear: proof of stake is non-trivial - so non-trivial that some even consider it impossible. the issues of nothing-at-stake and long-range attacks, and the lack of mining as a rate-limiting device, require a number of compensatory mechanisms, and even the protocol above does not address the issue of how to randomly select signers. with a substantial proof of work reward, the problem is limited, as block hashes can be a source of randomness and we can mathematically show that the gain from holding back block hashes until a miner finds a hash that favorably selects future signers is usually less than the gain from publishing the block hashes. without such a reward, however, other sources of randomness such as low-influence functions need to be used. for ethereum . , we consider it highly desirable to both not excessively delay the release and not try too many untested features at once; hence, we will likely stick with asic-resistant proof of work, perhaps with non-slasher proof of activity as an addon, and look at moving to a more comprehensive proof of stake model over time. 	 previous post 	 next post 	 rss 	 email me 	 facebook 	 github 	 twitter ethereum foundation • ethereum.org • esp • bug bounty program • do-not-track • archive categories: research & development • devcon • organizational • ecosystem support • ethereum.org • security original theme by beautiful-jekyll, modified by the ethereum foundation team. 	 	 dshr's blog: proofs of space dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, march , proofs of space bram cohen, the creator of bittorrent, gave an ee talk entitled stopping grinding attacks in proofs of space. two aspects were really interesting: 	a detailed critique of both the proof of work system used by most cryptocurrencies and blockchains, and schemes such as proof of stake that have been proposed to replace it. 	an alternate scheme for securing blockchains based on combining proof of space with verifiable delay functions. but there was another aspect that concerned me. follow me below the fold for details. i'll first outline cohen's critiques of proof of work, proof of stake, and proofs of other things, then summarize his proposed scheme combining proof of space with verifiable delay functions (posp/vdf), and conclude by addressing the aspects of his talk that concerned me. i have tried to refer to quotes, concepts and slides by the time at which they appear in the video thus [mm:ss] but these times are approximate. i apologize if the quotes are mis-transcribed from the audio. proof of work the goal of posp/vdf is to reduce greatly the cost of verifying blocks in a blockchain. but "zero cost brings grinding attacks", in which an attacker tries lots of possibilities to find the best one. "bitcoin fixes this by making grinding the expected behavior rather than an attack" using proof of work, in which peers try to invert a hash function. the computational cost of the vast number of hashes needed is the cause of bitcoin's massive energy consumption. 	 	cost of rewriting attack cohen points out that proof of work is "also susceptible to rewriting attacks". bitcoin core describes rewriting attacks thus: powerful miners have the ability to rewrite the block chain and replace their own transactions, allowing them to take back previous payments. the cost of this attack depends on the percentage of total network hash rate the attacking miner controls. the more centralized mining becomes, the less expensive the attack for a powerful miner. they provide a real example: in september , someone used centralized mining pool ghash.io to steal an estimated , bitcoins (worth $ , usd) from the gambling site betcoin. the attacker would spend bitcoins to make a bet. if he won, he would confirm the transaction. if he lost, he would create a transaction returning the bitcoins to himself and confirm that, invalidating the transaction that lost the bet. by doing so, he gained bitcoins from his winning bets without losing bitcoins on his losing bets. although this attack was performed on unconfirmed transactions, the attacker had enough hash rate (about %) to have profited from attacking transactions with one, two, or even more confirmations. more details of this attack are here. proof of stake proof of stake is an alternative consensus system for cryptocurrencies in which holders put some or all of their holdings "at stake", a process known as "bonding". blocks of transactions are validated by a quorum of the currency "at stake". misbehavior by holders is deterred by "slashing", miscreants lose their stake. it appears attractive, in that it can vastly reduce the energy demand of proof of work systems such as bitcoin's. it is especially attractive to core team members and early adopters of a cryptocurrency, since they will be large holders and will thus be able to control the currency. cohen's critique of proof of stake starts around [ : ] and covers six main points: 	its threat model is weaker than proof of work. 	just as proof of work is in practice centralized around large mining pools, proof of stake is centralized around large currency holdings (which were probably acquired much more cheaply than large mining installations). 	the choice of a quorum size is problematic. "too small and it's attackable. too large and nothing happens." and "unfortunately, those values are likely to be on the wrong side of each other in practice." 	incentivizing peers to put their holdings at stake creates a class of attacks in which peers "exaggerate one's own bonding and blocking it from others." 	slashing introduces a class of attacks in which peers cause others to be fraudently slashed. 	the incentives need to be strong enough to overcome the risks of slashing, and of keeping their signing keys accessible and thus at risk of compromise. 	"defending against those attacks can lead to situations where the system gets wedged because a split happened and nobody wants to take one for the team" proofs of other things cohen's critique of other types of proof starts around [ : ]. the main points are: 	peers need to be able to audit proofs locally, which isn't true of proofs of participation, importance or more nodes. 	the system needs to adjust the "difficulty" of proofs, which requires an exponential distribution of "difficulty", which these other types typically lack. in particular, at [ : ] he critiques "proof of storage of user-supplied data" as used by services such as maidsafe. an attacker doesn't have to store the amount of data they requested: "because you can just take a key and use it to ... generate completely fake data which everyone else has to store the data to claim their rewards later and you yourself don't have to do that, you just store the seed and there's no way to detect that because they are all supposed to be encrypted files that just look like garbage anyway". proof of space and verifiable delay functions cohen's explanation of posp/vdf starts at [ : ]. his summary is: 	bring in verifiable delay functions (vdfs) and alternate between proofs of space and time 	split between the 'trunk' of the blockchain which challenges come from and the 'foliage' which contains transactions 	attach public keys to proofs of space so there's no choice after one wins 	use canonical proofs of space, verifiable delay functions, and signatures 	all we have to do is invent a new proof of space algorithm, verifiable delay algorithm, and method of combining them my understanding of posp/vdf may be deficient. i have read beyond hellman’s time-memory trade-offs with applications to proofs of space, which explains the posp technique, but the mathematics exceed my capabilities. the vdf technique doesn't appear to have been published yet. as i understand it, the proof of space technique in essence works by having the prover fill storage space with an array of pseudo-random points in [ , ] via a time-consuming process. the verifier can then pose to the prover a question that can be answered either by a single storage access (fast) or by repeating the process of filling the storage (slow). by observing the time the prover takes the verifier can distinguish these two cases, and thus be assured that the prover has stored the (otherwise useless) data. as i understand it, verifiable delay functions work by forcing the prover to perform a specified number of iterations to generate a value that the verifier can quickly show is valid. cohen describes how these two techniques work together in a blockchain at about [ : ]: 	to use in a blockchain, each block is a proof of space followed by a proof of time which finalizes it. 	to find a proof of space, take the hash of the last proof of time, put it on a point in [ , ], find the closest proof of space you can to that. 	to find the number of iterations of the proof of time, multiply the difference between those two positions by the current work difficulty factor and round up to the next integer. 	the result of this is that the best proof of space will finish first, with the distribution of arrival times of finalizations the same as happens in a proof of work system if resources are fixed over time. 	the only discretion left on the part of farmers is whether to withhold their winning proofs of space. in other words, the winning verification of a block will be the one from the peer whose plot contains the closest point, because that distance controls how long it will take for the peer to return its verification via the verifiable delay function. the more storage a peer devotes to its plot, and thus the shorter the average distance between points, the more likely it is to be the winner because its proof of space will suffer the shortest delay. just as with bitcoin's proof of work, farming pools would arise in posp/vdf to smooth out income. the pool would divide up [ , ] among its members. concerns one aspect of the talk that concerned me was that cohen didn't seem well-informed about the landscape of storage. here are a few quotes: 	 media shipments	 	exabytes	revenue	$/gb 	flash	 	$ . b	$ . 	hard disk	 	$ . b	$ . 	lto tape	 	$ . b	$ . [ : ] "people spend like $ b/year on storage media". robert fontana and gary decad of ibm report that in the total revenue of storage media vendors (excluding optical) was $ b. but cohen is only interested in hard disk, which they report had revenue of $ . b. 	cohen's first slide claims "storage is an over $ billion a year industry with about % utilization". the vast majority of hard disks are now purchased by cloud companies. the idea that, for example, amazon web services has purchased twice as much hard disk as it needs is ludicrous. 	[ : ] "you have this thing where mass storage medium you can set a bit and leave it there until the end of time and its not costing you any more power. dram is costing you power when its just sitting there doing nothing". a state-of-the-art disk drive, such as seagate's tb barracuda pro, consumes consumes about w spun-down in standby mode, about w spun-up idle and about w doing random k reads. clearly, posp/vdf takes energy, just a lot less energy than proof of work. cohen might argue that, since posp/vdf expects to use the empty % of drives that store actual user data, the energy cost is zero. but these drives are not just part empty, they are in standby much of the time too. using them for proof of space means they are active somewhat more of the time, because they have to wake up from standby at least once every block time. they are thus consuming energy that the owner has to pay for. also, the drives are typically warranted not "until the end of time" but only for years. 	 there is another economic impact. the consumer drives i believe he is thinking about are intended for consumer workloads, and are thus designed to be idle much of the time. they are specified with a "rated workload". the tb barracuda pro specifies: maximum rate of tb/year. workloads exceeding the annualized rate may degrade the drive mtbf and impact product reliability. the annualized workload rate is in units of tb per year, or tb per power on hours. thus the drive is specified to average no more than about gb/hr over its lifetime. the drive has a maximum sustained transfer rate of . gb/s or gb/hr. so the drive is designed for a duty cycle of about %. the proof of space workload would increase the drives' duty cycle somewhat, since it requires a few disk accesses per block time. it would thus wear the drives out somewhat faster, imposing further costs on the storage owner. 	 	 	write endurance vs. cell size [ : ] "my understanding is that the overwriting limits on flash has gotten better over time". as flash has added more bits per cell, the write endurance has decreased, as shown in the table. enterprise flash obscures this unfortunate fact by over-provisioning cells, spreading the writes across more cells, but this is costly. another aspect of the talk that concerned me was that, as i understand it, cohen's vision is of a posp/vdf network comprising large numbers of desktop pcs, continuously connected and powered up, each with one, or at most a few, half-empty hard drives. the drives would have been purchased at retail a few years ago. the desktop pc is a declining market, and the devices such as laptops, smartphones, tablets and small form-factor pcs that are displacing it use flash storage, are intermittently connected, and asleep whenever possible. thus proof of space addresses a declining market. the edge of the internet has changed since cohen invented bittorrent. 	 	source these changes have affected the market for hard disk. flash is increasingly destroying the markets for enterprise drives, and for . " laptop drives. one the other hand, "the cloud" has increased demand for "nearline" and consumer . " drives. they are purchased in bulk at prices far lower than retail by customers such as amazon, who cannot afford to have % of their investment in storage media sitting empty. nevertheless, the small proportion of their total inventory that is empty on average gives them much more empty storage than any retail customer. cohen's first slide claims "as long as rewards are below depreciation value it will be unprofitable to buy storage just for farming" suppose a network matching cohen's vision existed, how would economies of scale affect it? the cloud companies' empty drives are brand new, purchased in bulk direct from the manufacturer at a huge discount. that is three reasons why they would have much lower cost per byte than the drives in the network nodes. if the cloud companies chose to burn-in their new drives by using them for proof of space they would easily dominate the network at almost zero cost. once again economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks was prophetic. ps - i have not had time to analyze in detail the filecoin proposal, which has some similarities to posp/vdf. it has many significant differences, in that it stores user data rather than verifies transactions, uses a combined proof of spacetime rather than separate proofs, and employs bonding and slashing. it also appears to depend upon lightning-style off-chain payment channels. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin, storage media comments: 	 david. said... 	 david gerard's ethereum casper proof-of-stake only has to work well enough: worse is better in action reports: "proof-of-stake is a bit too obviously “thems what has, gets” — so you have to convince the users to go along with it. it’s also as naturally centralising as proof-of-work, if not more so. ... vitalik buterin has been talking about proof-of-stake since . ethereum was intended to be proof-of-stake in the white paper, but buterin noted in that proof-of-stake would be nontrivial — so ethereum went for proof-of-work instead, while they worked on the problem. ... ethereum casper, the project to move ethereum to proof-of-stake, started in . it’s been six months away for four years now. the proof of stake faq is a list of approaches that haven’t quite worked well enough. casper has had numerous technical and security issues. the current version only adds a bit of proof-of-stake to the existing proof-of-work system. but casper . has just been released — and buterin is talking about taking it live." 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 more from chia network, the company building on bram's ideas, in the asic resistance of proof of space. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 back in ron rivest posed a cryptographic puzzle based on a verifiable delay function (vdf). estimates at the time were that it would take until the s to solve it. but, as katyanna quach reports in self-taught belgian bloke cracks crypto conundrum that was supposed to be uncrackable until : "fabrot wrote the equation in a few lines of c code and called upon the gnu multiple precision arithmetic library, a free mathematical software library to run the computation over trillion times. he used a bog standard pc with an intel core i - processor, and took about three and a half years to finally complete over trillion calculations." 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 bram choen isn't the only skeptic about proof of space; messari ceo: ethereum . proof-of-stake transition not to happen until at least by helen partz reports on discussions at the ethereal summit. 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 as i predicted three years ago, once the chia network got started the cloud providers' economies of scale would kick in. jamie crawley now reports that amazon offers mining in the cloud for new chia cryptocurrency. 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 david gerard's chia is a new way to waste resources for cryptocurrency is the summary of the rollout of the chia network that i wish i would have written. go read it. 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 chia cryptocurrency, started by bittorrent creator bram cohen, engaging in obnoxiously bogus trademark bullying by mike masnick reports on chia's efforts to make friends and influence people. 	 june , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ▼  march ( ) 	flash vs. disk (again) 	bitcoin: the future world currency? 	bad blockchain content 	proofs of space 	pre-publication peer review subtracts value 	ethics and archiving the web 	the "grand challenges" of curation and preservation 	techno-hype part . 	archival media: not a good business 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. visit the collection | barnes foundation skip to content skip to footer barnes what’s on plan your visit our collection take a class barnes what’s on plan your visit our collection take a class please correct your errors search search collection search enter a search term suggested terms careers contact shop internship membership parking restaurant tickets main menu what’s on plan your visit our collection take a class about support teachers careers press shop host an event arboretum permanent collection the barnes collection 	 	ongoing 	 a story behind every object. share it 	 share with facebook (opens in a new window) 	 share with twitter (opens in a new window) 	 share with pinterest (opens in a new window) 	 share via email (opens in a your email application) 	 copy url #seeingthebarnes william james glackens. the raft (detail), . bf . public domain. adults $ ; students $ ; members free. become a member buy tickets about the collection the barnes is home to one of the world’s greatest collections of impressionist, post-impressionist, and early modern paintings, with especially deep holdings in renoir, cézanne, matisse, and picasso. assembled by dr. albert c. barnes between and , the collection also includes important examples of african art, native american pottery and jewelry, pennsylvania german furniture, american avant-garde painting, and wrought-iron metalwork. the minute you step into the galleries of the barnes collection, you know you’re in for an experience like no other. masterpieces by vincent van gogh, henri matisse, and pablo picasso hang next to ordinary household objects—a door hinge, a spatula, a yarn spinner. on another wall, you might see a french medieval sculpture displayed with a navajo textile. these dense groupings, in which objects from different cultures, time periods, and media are all mixed together, are what dr. barnes called his “ensembles.” the ensembles, each one meticulously crafted by dr. barnes himself, are meant to draw out visual similarities between objects we don’t normally think of together. created as teaching tools, they were essential to the educational program dr. barnes developed in the s. the main gallery upon entering the barnes foundation collection. © michael moran/otto one of the first paintings purchased by dr. barnes. vincent van gogh. the postman (joseph-Étienne roulin), . bf . public domain. dr. barnes began collecting in . after making a fortune in the pharmaceutical business, he turned his attention to building “the greatest modern art collection” of his time. in february of that year, he sent his friend, the artist william glackens, to paris with instructions to bring back paintings by the french avant-garde. glackens returned with works, including van gogh’s the postman ( ) and picasso’s young woman holding a cigarette ( ). dr. barnes quickly established himself as a bold and ambitious collector, traveling frequently to new york and paris, buying from dealers and sometimes directly from artists. over the course of four decades, he assembled what is now considered one of the world's greatest collections of impressionist, post-impressionist, and early modern european paintings, with works by paul cézanne, henri matisse, pablo picasso, amedeo modigliani, pierre-auguste renoir, and chaïm soutine. great paintings at the barnes the collection has the world's largest holdings of paintings by renoir ( ) and cézanne ( ), as well as significant works by matisse, picasso, modigli­ani, van gogh, and other renowned artists. henri matisse. le bonheur de vivre, – . bf . © succession h. matisse / artists rights society (ars), new york paul cézanne. the card players (les joueurs de cartes), – . bf . public domain. georges seurat. models (poseuses), – . bf . public domain. amedeo modigliani. jeanne hébuterne, . bf . public domain. pablo picasso. young woman holding a cigarette (jeune femme tenant une cigarette), . bf . © estate of pablo picasso / artists rights society (ars), new york pierre-auguste renoir. mussel-fishers at berneval (pêcheuses de moules à berneval, côte normand). . bf . public domain. claude monet. the studio boat (le bateau-atelier), . bf . © estate of claude monet in , dr. barnes chartered the foundation as an educational institution for teaching people how to look at art. he was inspired by the writings of philosopher john dewey, who emphasized the importance of education in a truly democratic society, and he decided to devote his whole collection to the project. he commissioned architect paul cret to design a gallery (the original building is still in merion); he hired a teaching staff, including the legendary violette de mazia; and the barnes foundation opened for classes in . meanwhile, dr. barnes continued to build his collection. though still focused on european modernism, his interests extended into other areas as well. in the early s, he added a stunning group of african masks and sculptures to his collection—there are over —which he acquired from the french art dealer paul guillaume. he also began to purchase native american pottery, jewelry, and textiles; old master paintings; ancient egyptian, greek, and roman art; and american and european decorative and industrial arts, including wrought-iron objects. dr. barnes continued collecting until his death in . the wall ensembles are still arranged exactly as he left them. dr. barnes, in his merion gallery. the ensembles created by dr. barnes combine art and craft, cosmopolitan and provincial styles, and objects from across periods and cultures. © michael moran/otto learn more about the collection barnes focus, our mobile gallery guide enhance your experience on-site with our smartphone guide, which offers information and stories about the art and objects in the collection. the collection online the design of our collection online was inspired by dr. barnes and his approach to looking at art. you can browse , -plus objects by color, light, line, and space, making unexpected and exciting connections between pieces from different eras, places, and cultures. research notes the barnes has a team of curators, scholars, conservators, and archivists actively engaged in research about the works in our galleries. read about some of our most recent discoveries and theories. library, archives, and special collections want to learn more about dr. barnes, his collection, and the barnes foundation? our archives, art library, and manuscript and rare book collections are rich research resources. conservation our conservation team has the difficult but rewarding task of caring for the art collection. if you have questions about the barnes collection, please email us. your support helps research and conservation at the barnes, so we can present exhibitions and events. donate become a member location benjamin franklin parkway philadelphia, pa . . get directions hours thu–mon am –  pm members: am – pm newsletter 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			please correct your errors 		 		 		 		 			enter your e-mail address 			 			 			 				subscribe 				 			 			please enter a valid email address 		 	 	 	 		processing your request… 	 	 	 		thanks for subscribing to our newsletter 	 useful links accessibility terms & conditions privacy policy non-discrimination copyright & image licensing find us on social media site by area 		 		 																																																											 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 				 					our covid- guidelines have changed to reflect current guidance from the city of philadelphia. masks are required for all. 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 		 	 mark kjv 	 		 		bible > kjv > mark 	 	◄ mark ► 		king james bible	 par ▾  the parable of the sower (matthew : - ; luke : - ) and he began again to teach by the sea side: and there was gathered unto him a great multitude, so that he entered into a ship, and sat in the sea; and the whole multitude was by the sea on the land. and he taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, hearken; behold, there went out a sower to sow: and it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and the fowls of the air came and devoured it up. and some fell on stony ground, where it had not much earth; and immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of earth: but when the sun was up, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away. and some fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit. and other fell on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang up and increased; and brought forth, some thirty, and some sixty, and some an hundred. and he said unto them, he that hath ears to hear, let him hear. the purpose of jesus' parables (matthew : - ) and when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the parable. and he said unto them, unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of god: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: that seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them. the parable of the sower explained (matthew : - ) and he said unto them, know ye not this parable? and how then will ye know all parables? the sower soweth the word. and these are they by the way side, where the word is sown; but when they have heard, satan cometh immediately, and taketh away the word that was sown in their hearts. and these are they likewise which are sown on stony ground; who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with gladness; and have no root in themselves, and so endure but for a time: afterward, when affliction or persecution ariseth for the word's sake, immediately they are offended. and these are they which are sown among thorns; such as hear the word, and the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and it becometh unfruitful. and these are they which are sown on good ground; such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit, some thirtyfold, some sixty, and some an hundred. the lesson of the lamp (luke : - ) and he said unto them, is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick? for there is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested; neither was any thing kept secret, but that it should come abroad. if any man have ears to hear, let him hear. and he said unto them, take heed what ye hear: with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you: and unto you that hear shall more be given. for he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath. the seed growing secretly and he said, so is the kingdom of god, as if a man should cast seed into the ground; and should sleep, and rise night and day, and the seed should spring and grow up, he knoweth not how. for the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. but when the fruit is brought forth, immediately he putteth in the sickle, because the harvest is come. the parable of the mustard seed (matthew : - ; luke : - ) and he said, whereunto shall we liken the kingdom of god? or with what comparison shall we compare it? it is like a grain of mustard seed, which, when it is sown in the earth, is less than all the seeds that be in the earth: but when it is sown, it groweth up, and becometh greater than all herbs, and shooteth out great branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it. and with many such parables spake he the word unto them, as they were able to hear it. but without a parable spake he not unto them: and when they were alone, he expounded all things to his disciples. jesus stills the storm (matthew : - ; luke : - ) and the same day, when the even was come, he saith unto them, let us pass over unto the other side. and when they had sent away the multitude, they took him even as he was in the ship. and there were also with him other little ships. and there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into the ship, so that it was now full. and he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a pillow: and they awake him, and say unto him, master, carest thou not that we perish? and he arose, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the sea, peace, be still. and the wind ceased, and there was a great calm. and he said unto them, why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye have no faith? and they feared exceedingly, and said one to another, what manner of man is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him? king james bible text courtesy of bibleprotector.com section headings courtesy int bible © , used by permission bible hub 	 library tech talk - u-m library library tech talk - u-m library technology innovations and project updates from the u-m library i.t. division 	digital collections completed july - june digital content &amp; collections (dcc) relies on content and subject experts to bring us new digital collections.from july to jun , our digital collections received . million views. during the pandemic, when there was an increased need for digital resources, usage of the digital collections jumped to . million views (july -jun ) and million views (july -june ). thank you to the many people, too numerous to reasonably list here, who are involved not just in the creation of these digital collections but in the continued maintenance of these and hundreds of other digital collections that reach users around the world to advance research and provide access to materials. 	library it services portfolio academic library service portfolios are mostly a mix of big to small strategic initiatives and tactical projects. systems developed in the past can become a durable bedrock of workflows and services around the library, remaining relevant and needed for five, ten, and sometimes as long as twenty years. there is, of course, never enough time and resources to do everything. the challenge faced by library it divisions is to balance the tension of sustaining these legacy systems while continuing to innovate and develop new services. the university of michigan’s library it portfolio has legacy systems in need of ongoing maintenance and support, in addition to new projects and services that add to and expand the portfolio. we, at michigan, worked on a process to balance the portfolio of services and projects for our library it division. we started working on the idea of developing a custom tool for our needs since all the other available tools are oriented towards corporate organizations and we needed a light-weight tool to support our process. we went through a complete planning process first on whiteboards and paper, then developed an open source tool called tracc for helping us with portfolio management. 	 keys to a dazzling library website redesign the u-m library launched a completely new primary website in july after years of work. the redesign project team focused on building a strong team, internal communication, content strategy, and practicing needs informed design and development to make the project a success. 	sweet sixteen: digital collections completed july - june digital content &amp; collections (dcc) relies on content and subject experts to bring us new digital collections. this year, digital collections were created or significantly enhanced. here you will find links to videos and articles by the subject experts speaking in their own words about the digital collections they were involved in and why they found it so important to engage in this work with us. thank you to all of the people involved in each of these digital collections! 	adding ordered metadata fields to samvera hyrax how to add ordered metadata fields in samvera hyrax. includes example code and links to actual code. 	sinking our teeth into metadata improvement like many attempts at revisiting older materials, working with a couple dozen volumes of dental pamphlets started very simply but ended up being an interesting opportunity to explore the challenges of making the diverse range of materials held in libraries accessible to patrons in a digital environment. and while improving metadata may not sound glamorous, having sufficient metadata for users to be able to find what they are looking for is essential for the utility of digital libraries. 	collaboration and generosity provide the missing issue of the american jewess what started with a bit of wondering and conversation within our unit of the library led to my reaching out to princeton university with a request but no expectations of having that request fulfilled. individuals at princeton, however, considered the request and agreed to provide us with the single issue of the american jewess that we needed to complete the full run of the periodical within our digital collection. especially in these stressful times, we are delighted to bring you a positive story, one of collaboration and generosity across institutions, while also sharing the now-complete digital collection itself. 	how to stop being negative, or digitizing the harry a. franck film collection this article reviews how , + frames of photographic negatives from the harry a. franck collection are being digitally preserved. 	combine metadata harvester: aggregate all the data! the digital public library of america (dpla) has collected and made searchable a vast quantity of metadata from digital collections all across the country. the michigan service hub works with cultural heritage institutions throughout the state to collect their metadata, transform those metadata to be compatible with the dpla’s online library, and send the transformed metadata to the dpla, using the combine aggregator software, which is being developed here at the u of m library. 	hacks with friends retrospective: a pitch to hitch in when the students go on winter break i go to hacks with friends (hwf) and highly recommend and encourage everyone who can to participate in hwf . not only is it two days of free breakfast, lunch, and snacks at the ross school of business, but it’s a chance to work with a diverse cross section of faculty, staff, and students on innovative solutions to complex problems. commonplace.net – data. the final frontier. 		 	 	 	 	 	 	skip to content 	 		 			 				commonplace.net data. the final frontier. 			 			 			 					publications 	a common place 	all posts 	about 	contact 			 		 	 			 		 				 	 	 		 	 		 		 			 									 	 		infrastructure for heritage institutions – open and linked data 		 			june , june , lukas kosterdata, infrastructure, library		 				 	 		 		in my june post in this series, “infrastructure for heritage institutions – change of course  ” , i said: “the results of both data licences and the data quality projects (object pid’s, controlled vocabularies, metadata set) will go into the new data publication project, which will be undertaken in the second half of . this project is aimed at publishing our collection data as open and linked data in various formats via various channels. a […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		infrastructure for heritage institutions – ark pid’s 		 			november , november , lukas kosterdata, infrastructure, library		 				 	 		 		in the digital infrastructure program at the library of the university of amsterdam we have reached a first milestone. in my previous post in the infrastructure for heritage institutions series, “change of course“, i mentioned the coming implementation of ark persistent identifiers for our collection objects. since november , , ark pid’s are available for our university library alma catalogue through the primo user interface. implementation of ark pid’s for the other collection description systems […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		infrastructure for heritage institutions – change of course 		 			june , lukas kosterdata, infrastructure, library		 				 	 		 		in july i published the first post about our planning to realise a “coherent and future proof digital infrastructure” for the library of the university of amsterdam. in february i reported on the first results. as frequently happens, since then the conditions have changed, and naturally we had to adapt the direction we are following to achieve our goals. in other words: a change of course, of course.  projects  i will leave aside the […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		infrastructure for heritage institutions – first results 		 			february , february , lukas kosterdata, infrastructure, library		 				 	 		 		in july i published the post infrastructure for heritage institutions in which i described our planning to realise a “coherent and future proof digital infrastructure” for the library of the university of amsterdam. time to look back: how far have we come? and time to look forward: what’s in store for the near future? ongoing activities i mentioned three “currently ongoing activities”:  monitoring and advising on infrastructural aspects of new projects maintaining a structured dynamic overview […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		infrastructure for heritage institutions 		 			july , january , lukas kosterdata, infrastructure, library		 				 	 		 		during my vacation i saw this tweet by liber about topics to address, as suggested by the participants of the liber conference in dublin: it shows a word cloud (yes, a word cloud) containing a large number of terms. i list the ones i can read without zooming in (so the most suggested ones, i guess), more or less grouped thematically: open scienceopen dataopen accesslicensingcopyrightslinked open dataopen educationcitizen science scholarly communicationdigital humanities/dhdigital scholarshipresearch assessmentresearch […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		ten years linked open data 		 			june , february , lukas kosterdata, library		 				 	 		 		this post is the english translation of my original article in dutch, published in meta ( - ), the flemish journal for information professionals. ten years after the term “linked data” was introduced by tim berners-lee it appears to be time to take stock of the impact of linked data for libraries and other heritage institutions in the past and in the future. i will do this from a personal historical perspective, as a library technology professional, […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		maps, dictionaries and guidebooks 		 			august , february , lukas kosterdata		 				 	 		 		interoperability in heterogeneous library data landscapes libraries have to deal with a highly opaque landscape of heterogeneous data sources, data types, data formats, data flows, data transformations and data redundancies, which i have earlier characterized as a “data maze”. the level and magnitude of this opacity and heterogeneity varies with the amount of content types and the number of services that the library is responsible for. academic and national libraries are possibly dealing with more […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		standard deviations in data modeling, mapping and manipulation 		 			june , february , lukas kosterdata		 				 	 		 		or: anything goes. what are we thinking? an impression of elag this year’s elag conference in stockholm was one of many questions. not only the usual questions following each presentation (always elicited in the form of yet another question: “any questions?”). but also philosophical ones (why? what?). and practical ones (what time? where? how? how much?). and there were some answers too, fortunately. this is my rather personal impression of the event. for a […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		analysing library data flows for efficient innovation 		 			november , february , lukas kosterlibrary		 				 	 		 		in my work at the library of the university of amsterdam i am currently taking a step forward by actually taking a step back from a number of forefront activities in discovery, linked open data and integrated research information towards a more hidden, but also more fundamental enterprise in the area of data infrastructure and information architecture. all for a good cause, for in the end a good data infrastructure is essential for delivering high […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 									 	 		looking for data tricks in libraryland 		 			september , january , lukas kosterlibrary		 				 	 		 		ifla annual world library and information congress lyon – libraries, citizens, societies: confluence for knowledge after attending the ifla library linked data satellite meeting in paris i travelled to lyon for the first three days (august - ) of the ifla annual world library and information congress. this year’s theme “libraries, citizens, societies: confluence for knowledge” was named after the confluence or convergence of the rivers rhône and saône where the city of […] 	 	 		read more 	 	 			 	 							 			 	 		posts navigation 		older posts 	 		 		 	 	profiles and social 	 @lukask on twitter 	 @lukask on mastodon 	 my orcid 	 my impactstory 	 my zotero 	 my uva profile 		 		recent posts 			 					infrastructure for heritage institutions – open and linked data 									 	 					infrastructure for heritage institutions – ark pid’s 									 	 					infrastructure for heritage institutions – change of course 									 	 					infrastructure for heritage institutions – first results 									 	 					infrastructure for heritage institutions 									 	 					ten years linked open data 									 		most popular posts 	is an e-book a book? ( , views) 	who needs marc? ( , views) 	linked data for libraries ( , views) 	mobile app or mobile web? ( , views) 	user experience in public and academic libraries ( , views) 	mainframe to mobile ( , views) 	(discover and deliver) or else ( , views) recent comments 	maarten brinkerink on infrastructure for heritage institutions 	gittaca on infrastructure for heritage institutions 	libraries & the future of scholarly communication at #btpdf – uc portal on beyond the library 	tatiana bryant (@bibliotecariat) on analysing library data flows for efficient innovation 	@bibliotecariat on analysing library data flows for efficient innovation 	@lizwoolcott on analysing library data flows for efficient innovation tags apps authority files catalog collection conferences cultural heritage data data management developer platforms discovery tools elag exlibris foaf frbr hardware heritage identifiers igelu infrastructure innovation integration interoperability libraries library library . library systems linked data linked open data marc meetings metadata mobile next generation open data open source open systems people persistent identifiers rda rdf semantic web social networking technology uri web . 			 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike . international license. 		system 			log in 	entries feed 	comments feed 	wordpress.org 		top posts & pages 	 						 								 							 							 								infrastructure for heritage institutions - open and linked data 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								infrastructure for heritage institutions - ark pid's 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								infrastructure for heritage institutions - change of course 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								infrastructure for heritage institutions - first results 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								infrastructure for heritage institutions 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								ten years linked open data 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								maps, dictionaries and guidebooks 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								contact 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								standard deviations in data modeling, mapping and manipulation 							 													 	 						 								 							 							 								analysing library data flows for efficient innovation 							 													 		 	 	 					 	 	 		 							 						 	 		 	 	privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 		 		cookie policy	 				 				 				 					 	 	 				 						 			 				commonplace.net 				 			 		 		 			 			 				 						a common place 	about 	all posts 	contact 	publications 				 				 					powered by wordpress | theme: astrid by athemes.				 			 		 	 pricing // baserow 	product 	premium 	pricing 	templates 	developers 	documentation 	openapi specification 	api 	blog 	jobs 	contact 	 repository 	 github sponsor 	login 	register 	product 	premium 	pricing 	templates 	developers documentation 	getting started 	start baserow locally 	creating a plugin 	openapi specification 	api 	 gitlab repository 	 want to contribute? 	blog 	jobs 	contact 	 become a sponsor 	 gitlab repository 	 login 	 register pricing hosted version free for now create an account self hosted always free installation instructions early premium € per user / month more information not yet available. can be used in combination with the hosted and self hosted version in the future. price might change. usage groups unlimited unlimited unlimited databases unlimited unlimited unlimited tables unlimited unlimited unlimited rows unlimited unlimited unlimited features web app dashboard filtering sorting public rest api api token permissions search templates csv, xml and json import csv export trash web hooks footer calculations public view sharing xml and json export role based permissions row comments row coloring views grid form gallery kanban calendar survey fields single line text long text link to table number boolean date url email phone file multi select formula lookup created last modified admin admin panel sso signup rules audit logs payment by invoice support user support within business days optionally optionally technical support optionally optionally create account instructions more information hosted version free for now create an account unlimited groups unlimited databases unlimited tables unlimited rows features web app dashboard filtering sorting public rest api api token permissions search templates csv, xml and json import csv export trash web hooks footer calculations public view sharing views grid form gallery fields single line text long text link to table number boolean date url email phone file multi select formula lookup created last modified support user support within business days create account self hosted always free installation instructions unlimited groups unlimited databases unlimited tables unlimited rows features web app dashboard filtering sorting public rest api api token permissions search templates csv, xml and json import csv export trash web hooks footer calculations public view sharing views grid form gallery fields single line text long text link to table number boolean date url email phone file multi select formula lookup created last modified support optionally user support optionally technical support instructions early premium € per user / month not yet available. can be used in combination with the hosted and self hosted version in the future. price might change. more information unlimited groups unlimited databases unlimited tables unlimited rows features web app dashboard filtering sorting public rest api api token permissions search templates csv, xml and json import csv, xml and json export trash web hooks footer calculations public view sharing role based permission row comments row coloring views grid form gallery kanban calendar survey fields single line text long text link to table number boolean date url email phone file multi select formula lookup created last modified admin admin panel sso signup rules audit logs payment by invoice support optionally user support optionally technical support more information is already implemented and can be used will soon be implemented and cannot be used additional services next to our self hosted and premium version we also offer a two additional services that will make your life even easier. support € per user / month for companies who need a little bit of extra help 	priority support. 	user questions. 	technical questions. contact us technical consulting € per hour for companies with advanced needs. 	on premise installation help. 	on premise updating help. 	advanced technical help. contact us 	log in 	 register 	 contact 	 gitlab repository 	 sponsor 	 twitter 	product 	premium 	pricing 	developer documentation 	openapi specification 	api 	blog 	 july release of baserow 	 best airtable alternatives 	 best excel alternatives 	under the hood of baserow 	building a database 	legal 	 privacy policy 	 terms & conditions newsletter stay up to date with the lates developments and releases by signing up for our newsletter. sign up © copyright baserow all rights reserved. wary of bitcoin? a guide to some other cryptocurrencies | ars technica 	 skip to main content 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums subscribe close navigate 	store 	subscribe 	videos 	features 	reviews 	rss feeds 	mobile site 	about ars 	staff directory 	contact us 	advertise with ars 	reprints filter by topic 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums settings front page layout grid list site theme black on white white on black sign in comment activity sign up or login to join the discussions! stay logged in | having trouble? sign up to comment and more sign up biz & it — wary of bitcoin? a guide to some other cryptocurrencies you can fill your virtual pockets with litecoin, ppcoin, or freicoin. ian steadman, wired.co.uk - may , : pm utc ppcoin (ppc) site: http://www.ppcoin.org/ launch date: august , number of ppcoins circulation: unknown eventual ppcoin total: no cap market cap: unknown ppcoin logo concepts. mjbmonetarymetals, bitcoin forum peer-to-peer coin, or ppcoin for short, presents itself as an improvement upon bitcoin by changing one of the latter's fundamental ideas: proof-of-work. beyond improving security—it’s a lot harder to steal ppcoin than bitcoin this way—it reduces the chance of a percent attack by making the counterfeiting of coins extremely difficult. in bitcoin, as with all these coins, the supply of coins is stable and predetermined, and the rate at which they are generated decreases exponentially. the cost of mining has now risen such that people can't really use their home tablets, laptops, or desktops. instead, they have to rely on application-specific integrated circuit (asic) mining—expensive, dedicated rigs that often cost thousands of dollars, running / , just generating enough bitcoins to make the whole thing cost-effective. some worry that this could lead to a security issue in the future. harder mining means fewer people bother to dedicate the effort and time, and fewer miners means that the overall network of nodes decreases. it's possible that the number could decline to such an extent that bitcoin, as massive as it may become, could be open to a percent attack on the blockchain. the determining factor in which blockchain becomes the "real" one and which is discarded comes down to a simple rule—whichever blockchain is the one accepted by the most number of mining nodes becomes the canonical one. in a percent attack, someone takes over enough nodes to effectively dictate that their own version of the blockchain is accepted over the legitimate one. if that happens, it becomes possible to counterfeit bitcoins or (even worse) to spend them more than once. it's a serious threat—lots of currencies have been taken down before they've even had a chance to stand on their own feet in this way. ppcoin's solution to this is to slightly alter what the blockchain records. in bitcoin, a "proof-of-work" is attached to each block as it's generated. it verifies the ownership of the block by the person who mined it, and future transactions use it as an identifying marker. in ppcoin, a further piece of information is included—"proof-of-stake." think of it this way. if you've had a single proof-of-work in your wallet for one day—you could say that you have one coin-day in your wallet. one coin in your wallet for a week gives you seven coin-days; three coins in your wallet for days gives coin-days. it's simply the number of coins multiplied by the time held, which is determined by the addition of a time stamp to the coin's information. it gives someone not just a proof-of-work, but a proof-of-stake. beyond improving security—it's a lot harder to steal ppcoin than bitcoin this way—it reduces the chance of a percent attack by making the counterfeiting of coins extremely difficult. you have to gain percent of all proofs-of-stake instead of mining power. another radical difference is that, unlike with bitcoin, there is no final cap set on the number of ppcoins that will be generated. instead, the combination of proof-of-work mining (as with bitcoin) and proof-of-stake mining (which comes from using coins for transactions) gives the currency a steady growth in size that, its developers claim, equals roughly one percent per year. advertisement as proof-of-work mining becomes more difficult and the number of miners drops off, it's expected that proof-of-stake mining will become the dominant form of mining in ppcoin, increasing the supply of coin-days rather than coins that can be spent. currently, ppcoin has a centralized checking system in place to verify transactions, so it doesn't qualify as decentralized in the same way that bitcoin does. this is, the ppcoin developers have said, only a temporary measure required until "the network matures." btc-e and cryptonit are two of the main exchanges that accept ppcoin. its current value is around . btc ($ . ) per ppcoin. freicoin (frc) site: http://freico.in/ launch date: december , number of freicoins in circulation: unknown eventual freicoin total:  million market cap: unknown freicoin is inspired by the work of economist silvio gesell. public domain freicoin is an interesting alternative—with a distinctive philosophical framework—to other cryptocurrencies. it has a demurrage fee built into the system. "demurrage" isn't something we usually associate with money. it usually means the cost of holding something for a long time, like the price for the storage of gold. in this context, though, it's a deliberate tax on savings. think of it as inflation controlled through taxes on a stable money supply rather than an untaxed money supply that expands slowly but steadily, as we're perhaps used to with normal currencies. freicoin developer mark friedenbach told wired.co.uk through e-mail what this means: "[demurrage] can be thought of as causing freicoins to rot, reducing them in value by ~ . percent per year. now to answer the question as to why anybody would want that, you have to look at the economy as a whole. demurrage causes consumers and merchants both to spend or invest coins they don't immediately need, as quickly as possible, driving up gdp. further, this effect is continuous with little seasonal adjustments, so one can expect business cycles to be smaller in magnitude and duration. with demurrage, one saves money by making safe investments rather than letting money sit under the mattress." if you look at the problem with bitcoin's bubble, it's easy to see why this kind of thing would be attractive for someone wanting a currency with a stable, predictable value. many pundits have argued that bitcoin will always have a deeply unstable price as the money supply is limited and grows slower every minute—if you're holding bitcoins, and you know that they'll be worth more in a week than right now, your incentive is to hold on to your money instead of spending it. nobody buys anything, and the bitcoin economy slows to a halt. demurrage compensates for this deflation—you would be a fool to store large sums of money in freicoin according to friedenbach. "demurrage eliminates what is called 'time-value preference'—the unsustainable nature of our culture to want things now rather than in the future, or at least spread out over time, such as the clear cutting of forests versus sustainable harvesting. demurrage acts to lessen the desires of the present in order to meet the needs of the future as money is 'worth more' the longer you delay in receiving it. this leads to sustainable economic choices." advertisement he cites real-world examples of demurrage fees, such as the "miracle of wörgl." the proposal to use demurrage deliberately, as a way to force the circulation of money and stimulate the economy, was first proposed by economist and anarchist silvio gesell. the mayor of the austrian town of wörgl instigated scraps of paper known as "freigeld" with demurrage in during the great depression. the experiment led to a rise in employment and the local gdp until it was stopped by the austrian central bank in . beyond demurrage, freicoin works pretty much the same as the basic bitcoin framework—new blocks roughly every minutes, with the same difficulty and hashing algorithm. the final total of coins will be greater, however, at million. freicoin's developers are also pushing for new features for their cryptocurrency to mark it out as different from the others, friedenbach said. "we have created the freicoin foundation which is a registered non-profit responsible for distributing percent of the initial coins to charitable or mutually beneficial projects. we are making a variety of technical improvements to the bitcoin protocol, which may eventually find their way upstream." "we are also working on new features that are probably too controversial to be worked into bitcoin presently, such as the addition of 'freicoin assets,' a mechanism for issuing your own tokens for whatever purpose (stocks, bonds, lines of credit, etc.) and trading these tokens on a peer-to-peer exchange. we are also planning to extend freicoin to include a variety of voting mechanisms in a proposal for distributed governance we are calling 'republicoin.'" freicoin's radical demurrage concept has marked it out for a lot of criticism, unsurprisingly. you can see on the developer's forum the number of discussions taking place about it (and at least one group has tried to take over freicoin with their own new fork, removing the percent freicoin foundation subsidy). after all, while bitcoin might be unstable because of price speculation and deflation, that same increase in value is what drew attention, and therefore users, to bitcoin first. the demurrage fee, taken from every transaction, is redistributed mainly to miners of new blocks. the freicoin foundation that friedenbach mentioned is controversial because for the first three years, percent of the demurrage fees will be siphoned off to this central fund to be sent forward to other people or organizations in a bid to get the currency traction outside its small community. however, this central fund goes against what many regard as the key point of cryptocurrencies—nobody is in control and they are completely decentralized. assurances that the foundation will be "democratic" and open for any freicoin user to join and vote on the use of funds may not reassure some people. freicoin is currently traded on vircurex and bter. the price per freicoin price is roughly . btc ($ . ). others there have already been several cryptocurrencies that have been born, lived stuttering lives, and died because they offer nothing substantial beyond bitcoin. their names—solidcoin, bbqcoin, fairbrix, and geistgeld, to name some—are now footnotes on the bitcoin wiki. their networks are ghosts with nodes that flicker on and off only intermittently. several of them were taken down by percent attacks, while others simply never enjoyed support from a large enough community. the balance between commodity speculation to drive price and merchants to drive transactions is a hard one to build. legitimate currencies that are still working, and which have fans and active support communities, include namecoin, terracoin, and feathercoin. however, cryptocurrencies are fast-moving and unpredictable in the long term—it's hard to state with confidence that any one currency, including bitcoin itself, will be here next year or even next week. their instability and their unpredictability is part of the design. by all means, if you have the money, invest in something intangible like an algorithm in the hope that it will become a viable payment method. just be aware that it's a risky way to try to make money—you might be better off sticking to the stock market. this story originally appeared on wired uk. page: reader comments with posters participating share this story 	share on facebook 	share on twitter 	share on reddit advertisement you must login or create an account to comment. channel ars technica ← previous story next story → related stories today on ars 	store 	subscribe 	about us 	rss feeds 	view mobile site 	contact us 	staff 	advertise with us 	reprints newsletter signup join the ars orbital transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. sign me up → cnmn collection wired media group © condé nast. all rights reserved. use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated / / ) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated / / ) and ars technica addendum (effective / / ). ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. read our affiliate link policy. your california privacy rights | do not sell my personal information the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of condé nast. ad choices dshr's blog: economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, october , economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks in a recent ieee spectrum article entitled escape from the data center: the promise of peer-to-peer cloud computing, ozalp babaoglu and moreno marzolla (bm) wax enthusiastic about the potential for peer-to-peer (p p) technology to eliminate the need for massive data centers. even more exuberance can be found in natasha lomas' techcrunch piece the server needs to die to save the internet (lm) about the maidsafe p p storage network. i've been working on p p technology for more than years, and although i believe it can be very useful in some specific cases, i'm far less enthusiastic about its potential to take over the internet. below the fold i look at some of the fundamental problems standing in the way of a p p revolution, and in particular at the issue of economies of scale. after all, i've just written a post about the huge economies that facebook's cold storage technology achieves by operating at data center scale. economies of scale back in april, discussing a vulnerability of the bitcoin network, i commented: gradually, the economies of scale you need to make money mining bitcoin are concentrating mining power in fewer and fewer hands. i believe this centralizing tendency is a fundamental problem for all incentive-compatible p p networks. ... after all, the decentralized, distributed nature of bitcoin was supposed to be its most attractive feature. in june, discussing permacoin, i returned to the issue of economies of scale: increasing returns to scale (economies of scale) pose a fundamental problem for peer-to-peer networks that do gain significant participation. one necessary design goal for networks such as bitcoin is that the protocol be incentive-compatible, or as ittay eyal and emin gun sirer (es) express it: the best strategy of a rational minority pool is to be honest, and a minority of colluding miners cannot earn disproportionate benefits by deviating from the protocol they show that the bitcoin protocol was, and still is, not incentive-compatible. even if the protocol were incentive-compatible, the implementation of each miner would, like almost all technologies, be subject to increasing returns to scale. since then i've become convinced that this problem is indeed fundamental. the simplistic version of the problem is this: 	the income to a participant in a p p network of this kind should be linear in their contribution of resources to the network. 	the costs a participant incurs by contributing resources to the network will be less than linear in their resource contribution, because of the economies of scale. 	thus the proportional profit margin a participant obtains will increase with increasing resource contribution. 	thus the effects described in brian arthur's increasing returns and path dependence in the economy will apply, and the network will be dominated by a few, perhaps just one, large participant. the advantages of p p networks arise from a diverse network of small, roughly equal resource contributors. thus it seems that p p networks which have the characteristics needed to succeed (by being widely adopted) also inevitably carry the seeds of their own failure (by becoming effectively centralized). bitcoin is an example of this. some questions arise: 	does incentive-compatibility imply income linear in contribution? 	if not, are there incentive-compatible ways to deter large contributions? 	the simplistic version is, in effect, a static view of the network. are there dynamic effects also in play? does incentive-compatibility imply income linear in contribution? clearly, the reverse is true. if income is linear in, and solely dependent upon, contribution there is no way for a colluding minority of participants to gain more than their just reward. if, however: 	income grows faster than linearly with contribution, a group of participants can pool their contributions, pretend to be a single participant, and gain more than their just reward. 	income goes more slowly than linearly with contribution, a group of participants that colluded to appear as a single participant would gain less than their just reward. so it appears that income linear in contribution is the limiting case, anything faster is not incentive-compatible. are there incentive-compatible ways to deter large contributions? in principle, the answer is yes. arranging that income grows more slowly than contribution, and depends on nothing else, will do the trick. the problem lies in doing so. 	 	source: bitcoincharts.com the actual income received by a participant is the value of the reward the network provides in return for the contribution of resources, for example the bitcoin, less the costs incurred in contributing the resources, the capital and running costs of the mining hardware, in the bitcoin case. as the value of bitcoins collapsed (as i write, btc is about $ , down from about $ months ago and half its value in august) many smaller miners discovered that mining wasn't worth the candle. the network has to arrange not just that the reward grows more slowly than the contribution, but that it grows more slowly than the cost of the contribution to any participant. if there is even one participant whose rewards outpace their costs, brian arthur's analysis shows they will end up dominating the network. herein lies the rub. the network does not know what an individual participant's costs, or even  the average participant's costs, are and how they grow as the participant scales up their contribution. so the network would have to err on the safe side, and make rewards grow very slowly with contribution, at least above a certain minimum size. doing so would mean few if any participants above the minimum contribution, making growth dependent entirely on recruiting new participants. this would be hard because their gains from participation would be limited to the minimum reward. it is clear that mass participation in the bitcoin network was fuelled by the (unsustainable) prospect of large gains for a small investment. 	 	source: blockchain.info a network that assured incentive-compatibility in this way would not succeed, because the incentives would be so limited. a network that allowed sufficient incentives to motivate mass participation, as bitcoin did, would share bitcoin's vulnerability to domination by, as at present, two participants (pools, in bitcoin's case). are there dynamic effects also in play? as well as increasing returns to scale, technology markets exhibit decreasing returns through time. bitcoin is an extreme example of this. investment in bitcoin mining hardware has a very short productive life: the overall network hash rate has been doubling every - weeks, and therefore, mining equipment has been losing half its production capability within the same time frame. after - weeks ( halvings), mining rigs lose . % of their value. this effect is so strong that it poses temptations for the hardware manufacturers that some have found impossible to resist. the fbi recently caught butterfly labs using hardware that customers had bought and paid for to mine on their own behalf for a while before shipping it to the customers. they thus captured the most valuable week or so of the hardware's short useful life for themselves 	 	source: blockchain.info even though with technology improvement rates much lower than the bitcoin network hash rate increase, such as moore's law or kryder's law, the useful life of hardware is much longer than months, this effect can be significant. when new, more efficient technology is introduced, thus reducing the cost per unit contribution to a p p network, it does not become instantly available to all participants. as manufacturing ramps up, the limited supply preferentially goes to the manufacturers best customers, who would be the largest contributors to the p p network. by the time supply has increased so that smaller contributors can enjoy the lower cost per unit contribution, the most valuable part of the technology's useful life is over. early availability of new technology acts to reduce the costs of the larger participants, amplifying their economies of scale. this effect must be very significant in bitcoin mining, as butterfly labs noticed. at pre- kryder rates it would be quite noticeable since storage media service lives were less than months. at the much lower kryder rates projected by the industry storage media lifetimes will be extended and the effect correspondingly less. trust bm admit that there are significant unresolved trust issues in p p technology: the people using such a cloud must trust that none of the many strangers operating it will do something malicious. and the providers of equipment must trust that the users won’t hog computer time. these are formidable problems, which so far do not have general solutions. if you just want to store data in a p p cloud, though, things get easier: the system merely has to break up the data, encrypt it, and store it in many places. unfortunately, even for storage this is inadequate. the system cannot trust the peers claiming to store the shards of the encrypted data but must verify that they actually are storing them. this is a resource-intensive process. permacoin's proposal, to re-purpose resources already being expended elsewhere, is elegant but unlikely to be successful. worse, the verification process consumes not just resources, but time. at each peer there is necessarily a window of time between successive verifications. during that time the system believes the peer has a good copy of the shard, but it might no longer have one. edge of the internet p p enthusiasts describe the hardware from which their network is constructed in similar terms. here is bm: the p p cloud is made up of a diverse collection of different people’s computers or game consoles or whatever and here is lm: users of maidsafe’s network contribute unused hard drive space, becoming the network’s nodes. it’s that pooling — or, hey, crowdsourcing — of many users’ spare computing resource that yields a connected storage layer that doesn’t need to centralize around dedicated datacenters. when the idea of p p networks started in the s: their model of the edge of the internet was that there were a lot of desktop computers, continuously connected and powered-up, with low latency and no bandwidth charges, and with . " hard disks that were mostly empty. since then, the proportion of the edge with these characteristics has become vanishingly small. the edge is now intermittently powered up and connected, with bandwidth charges, and only small amounts of local storage. monetary rewards this means that, if the network is to gain mass participation, the majority of participants cannot contribute significant resources to it; they don't have suitable resources to contribute. they will have to contribute cash. this in turn means that there must be exchanges, converting between the rewards for contributing resources and cash, allowing the mass of resource-poor participants to buy from the few resource-rich participants. both permacoin and maidsafe envisage such exchanges, but what they don't seem to envisage is the effect on customers of the kind of volatility seen in the bitcoin graph above. would you buy storage from a service with this price history, or from amazon? what exactly is the value to the mass customer of paying a service such as maidsafe, by buying safecoin on an exchange, instead of paying amazon directly, that would overcome the disadvantage of the price volatility? as we see with bitcoin, a network whose rewards can readily be converted into cash is subject to intense attack, and attracts participants ranging from sleazy to criminal. despite its admirably elegant architecture, bitcoin has suffered from repeated vulnerabilities. although p p technology has many advantages in resisting attack, especially the elimination of single points of failure and centralized command and control, it introduces a different set of attack vectors. measuring contributions discussion of p p storage networks tends to assume that measuring the contribution a participant supplies in return for a reward is easy. a gigabyte is a gigabyte after all. but compare two petabytes of completely reliable and continuously available storage, one connected to the outside world by a fiber connection to a router near the internet's core, and the other connected via g. clearly, the first has higher bandwidth, higher availability and lower cost per byte transferred, so its contribution to serving the network's customers is vastly higher. it needs a correspondingly greater reward. in fact, networks would need to reward many characteristics of a peer's storage contribution as well as its size: 	reliability 	availability 	bandwidth 	latency measuring each of these parameters, and establishing "exchange rates" between them, would be complex, would lead to a very mixed marketing message, and would be the subject of disputes. for example, the availability, bandwidth and latency of a network resource depends on the location in the network from which the resource is viewed, so there would be no consensus among the peers about these parameters. conclusion while it is clear that p p storage networks can work, and can even be useful tools for small communities of committed users, the non-technical barriers to widespread adoption are formidable. they have been effective in preventing widespread adoption since the late s, and the evolution of the internet has since raised additional barriers. posted by david. at : am labels: networking, p p, storage costs comments: 	 david. said... 	 steve randy waldman has an interesting post econometrics, open science, and cryptocurrency arguing that the infrastructure for research should be a p p network with a cryptocurrency-like consensus system. i have a lot of sympathy for his vision of a shared, preserved research infrastructure: "ultimately, we should want to generate a reusable, distributed, permanent, and ever-expanding web of science, including conjectures, verifications, modifications, and refutations, and reanalyses as new data arrives. social science should become a reified public commons. it should be possible to build new analyses from any stage of old work, by recruiting raw data into new projects, by running alternative models on already cleaned-up or normalized data tables, by using an old model's estimates to generate inputs to simulations or new analyses." but, alas, for the reasons set out above, it will be very difficult to implement this using p p cryptocurrency techniques. there will be significant real costs associated with running nodes in such a network. to motivate participation, there has to be some way to defray these costs, so there has to be an exchange between the cryptocurrency and currency real enough to pay electricity bills and purchase hardware. "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need" isn't going to cut it on a scale big enough to matter in research. 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 my comment on waldman's post is here. 	 october , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 on the general topic of digital currencies, the ft has an excellent corrective to misplaced enthusiasm, izabella kaminska's from the annals of disruptive digital currencies past. 	 november , at : am 	 david. said... 	 one major problem with the centralization that is driven by economies of scale is that it reduces the resilience of the network to failures. a "data center" that was a major contributor to the overall bitcoin hash rate was just destroyed by fire. 	 november , at : am 	 david. said... 	 i apologize for the mistake i made writing this post. i linked to, rather than captured, the pool size graph. blockchain.info has moved the graph, it is now here. as i write four pools, f pool, antpool, ghash.io and btcchinapool control % of the mining power. this is better than one or two pools, but, as ittay eyal points out in an important post: "the dismantling of overly large pools is one of the most important and difficult tasks facing the bitcoin community." pools are needed to generate consistent income but: "[miners] can get steady income from pools well below %, and they have only little incentive to use very large pools; it's mostly convenience and a feeling of trust in large entities." right now, at least % of the mining power is in pools larger than %. 	 january , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ▼  october ( ) 	this is what an emulator should look like 	familiarity breeds contempt 	facebook's warm storage 	journal "quality" 	the internet of things 	economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. the distant reader - covid- literature to study carrel 	 browse carrels browse public carrels 	 create carrels new carrel from project gutenberg from cord- 	 sign in 	 home 	new carrel create carrel from a... 	file 	zip file 	url 	list of urls 	biorxiv file 	hathitrust file 	gutenberg 	cord- cord- carrel use this page to search a collection of more than , journal articles on the topic of covid- . once you have identified a subset of the articles you would like to read more closely, you can create a study carrel from the results. the index supports an expressive query language, described in a blog posting. the index is populated with the content of a data set called cord- , a collection of scholarly scientific journal articles. the data set is updated on a regular basis, and we strive to keep the index up-to-date. stymied? enter a word, a few words, or a few words surrounded by quote marks to begin. 	 search with thanks to our generous sponsors and partners 	about this project 	acknowledgments 	contact us bethany nowviskie 	 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 			 			 									bethany nowviskie 								 		 		 		 			menu 				bio 	minor arcana 	jmu libraries 	cv 	 		 			 			search for: 			 		 		 			 			search 		 	 		 		 	 	 	 								 	 		reconstitute the world 	 	 								 	 		speculative collections 	 	 								 	 		on capacity and care 	 	 		 	 		 		 			 			 	 	 		cultural memory and the peri-pandemic library 			 				posted on may may by bethany nowviskie			 			 	 	 		 [late last month, i was honored to deliver the annual james e. mcleod memorial lecture on higher education at washington university in st. louis. i wasn’t planning to post this one as it feels decidedly half-baked to me. but now — two weeks later — the swift lifting of coronavirus restrictions in the united states (amid so much “back to normal” rhetoric on our campuses and in state and national politics) makes me think there might be some value in sharing. this is the beginning of a project i hope to get back to.] this is a talk about the role of libraries, museums, and archives as cultural memory institutions now, at our present juncture, which i am calling peri-pandemic: that is, midstream and pushing through. but it’s also a talk about how institutions like academic and public libraries are made up of individual people — people who are themselves in a peri-pandemic moment, laying down memories, processing trauma, revivifying the past, and projecting possible futures for themselves and the people and planet they love. the personal and the organizational are always intimately connected for knowledge workers, and i will spend some time exploring that connection today. i bring this concept to the mcleod lecture, especially, because i see a particular need for new, more conscious and explicit attention to this arising not just in libraries but throughout higher ed. attention to the connection, that is, of the deeply personal with the organizational and technical. of intimacy with structure — and how we accomplish such a dangerous and potentially generative and healing linkage, when we know full well that our institutions and systems have often chewed up and spat out the individual — and that they’ve been devised to center and memorialize only certain kinds of bodies and feelings. the humane connection of intimacy with structure is the connection of the lived pasts and present experiences of everyone with the social and environmental futures that will happen to no-one by accident: the futures that are the responsibility of our institutions of cultural memory and higher education to design. true confessions: these are all just some tentative thoughts from me at the outset of what i sense is a larger project. i want to dig into the role of the peri-pandemic library and its inhabitants in bridging affect and societal impact through the work of cultural memory.  this is because — as we look increasingly clear-eyed on the massive structural and systemic challenges that will face us in the decades to come — it becomes evident that an impulse, in higher ed and cultural heritage leadership, to stay on one side or another of that personal-to-organizational equation diminishes both. challenges of linking compassion with equity and systemic reform have been brought into new focus by our people’s simultaneous experiences of loneliness and over-exposure throughout the pandemic — whether that is a fearsome viral exposure for our on-site library skeleton crews or the kind of “exposure” that leaves remote workers feeling fatigued and sick of seeing their own faces and private homes displayed after a long day on zoom. we must characterize the experience of the pandemic accurately in order to appreciate its impact — including the impact of grief — on our knowledge systems. library staff (like students and scholars) are persisting in their work through a global, mass death event. as time goes by and we look with more optimism to the future, i sense those of us in higher ed administration acknowledging this present reality less often. i fear that’s a kind of well-intentioned gaslighting that will result in alienating, not inspiring, our campus communities. and in this country, of course, the coronavirus event is happening in conjunction with our ongoing racial justice crisis in what’s been called a “twin pandemic” — which even those of us not experiencing personally and directly every moment of every day can feel happening on our campuses and in our towns, and see daily on our screens in the form of attacks on asian americans in the streets, continuing horrors at our southern border, and extrajudicial death sentences passed by police on black children and adults. in dionne brand’s words: “i know, as many do, that i’ve been living a pandemic all my life; it is structural rather than viral; it is the global state of emergency of antiblackness. what the covid- pandemic has done is expose even further the endoskeleton of the world.” these are the challenges that have our students across disciplines calling out for a broad-scale re-memorialization of the past — for a fuller past told by new voices, for statues to be pulled down and buildings re-named. it has them calling for reparations for harms already done, and for the implementation of better social systems — the creation of a structural otherwise, centered not just on policy, but around deeply personal human flourishing and joy.  continue reading “cultural memory and the peri-pandemic library”	 	 		posted in administrivia, higher edtagged embodied, libraries	 	 	 	 		foreword (to the past) 			 				posted on october october by bethany nowviskie			 			 	 	 		 congratulations to melissa terras and paul gooding on the publication of an important new collection of essays entitled electronic legal deposit: shaping the library collections of the future! this volume takes a global outlook on challenges and successes in preserving digital information, and stems from their digital library futures ahrc project, which first analyzed the impact of electronic legal deposit legislation on academic libraries and their users in the uk. more from melissa here, including “an ark to save learning from deluge? reconceptualising legal deposit after the digital turn,” an oa version of the opening chapter she & paul contributed to the collection. i was honored to be asked to write a foreword to the book, which i share here, under facet publishing’s green oa agreement, as my own author’s last copy of a single chapter from an edited collection. i thought i’d post it, particularly, now — as next week not only marks world digital preservation day, but another highly significant election day in the united states. we are four years on from the moment i describe below… on the morning of november th, , i looked out over a milwaukee ballroom crowded with librarians, archivists, and specialists in digital preservation. some were pensive. many were weeping. others seemed stricken. my audience had gathered for the first joint conference of the digital library federation (dlf, the us-based nonprofit organization i then directed) with its new partner, the national digital stewardship alliance (ndsa)—a cross-industry group that had recently come under dlf’s wing from its place of genesis at the library of congress. we were strangers and friends, largely though not exclusively american, united in a community of practice and the common cause of a dedication to the future of libraries, archives, and their holdings and information services in the digital age. but it suddenly felt as if we didn’t know what information was, and whether—despite all our efforts, expertise, and the shared infrastructure that our memory institutions represented—its future could be made secure. the unexpected outcome of the us presidential election, announced in the wee hours the night before, had cast a pall over this professional audience that crossed party lines. how could so many confident, data-driven predictions have been so wrong? what shared social understandings—built from the seeming common landscape of ubiquitous digital information that we had met to manage and survey—had never, in fact, been shared or were even commonly legible at all? and what evidentiary traces of this time would remain, in a political scene of post-truth posturing, the devaluation of expert knowledge, and the willingness of our new authorities—soon to become as evident on federal websites as in press conferences and cable news punditry—to revise and resubmit the historical record? the weeks and months that followed, for dlf and ndsa members, were filled with action. while the end of term web archive project sprang to its regular work of harvesting us federal domains at moments of presidential transition, reports that trump administration officials had ordered the removal of information on climate change and animal welfare from the websites of the environmental protection agency and us department of agriculture fostered a fear of the widespread deletion of scientific records, and prompted emergency ‘data rescue’ download parties. a new dlf government records transparency and accountability working group was launched. its members began watch-dogging preparations for the us census and highlighting house and senate bills meant to curtail scientific and demographic data creation; scrutinizing proposed changes to the records retention schedules of federal agencies and seeking ways to make the arcanum of their digital preservation workflows more accessible to the general public; and—amid new threats of the deportation of immigrants and the continued rise of violent nationalism—asking crucial questions about what electronic information should be made discoverable and accessible, for the protection of vulnerable persons. the social sciences research council convened a meeting on challenges to the digital preservation of documents of particular value to historians, economists, cultural anthropologists, and other social scientists, and the pegi project—focusing on the preservation of electronic government information—commissioned a wide-ranging report on at-risk, born-digital information meant to be held by us federal depository libraries and other cultural memory institutions for long-term public access and use. over time, reflective, pedagogical, and awareness-raising projects like endangered data week emerged, ties among the ndsa and international organizations like the uk-based digital preservation coalition were strengthened, and conversations on college campuses (fueled by the cambridge analytica scandal and the work of scholars of race, technology, and social media like safiya noble and siva vaidhyanathan) turned more squarely to data ethics and algorithmic literacy. frenetic data rescue parties gave over to the more measured advocacy and storytelling approach of the data refuge movement. and in the uk, an ahrc-funded ‘digital library futures’ project led by paul gooding and melissa terras (the seed of this edited collection) offered a golden opportunity to reflect—in the light of altered global understandings of the preservation and access challenges surrounding digital information—on the parliamentary legal deposit libraries (non print works) regulations of , which extended collecting practices dating to the early modern period to new media formats beyond the book. you hold in your hands (or view on your screens, or listen to through e-readers, or encounter in some other way i can’t yet foresee) an important and timely volume. it is well balanced between reflection-and-outlook and practice-and-method in what our editors call the ‘contested space’ of e-legal deposit—taking on the international and very long-term consequences of our present-day conception, regulation, assembly, positioning, and use of library-held digital collections. in other words, the essays assembled here cross space and time. the editors take a necessarily global view in bringing together a broad array of national approaches to the legal deposit of materials that already circulate in world-wide networks. and while the authors they’ve invited to contribute certainly take a long view of digital information, they also frequently address, head-on, the ways that electronic legal deposit forces our attention not just on posterity, but on the here-and-now of what media consumption means and how it works in the digital age. rather than asking us to rest our imaginations on a far-future prospect in which reading is conducted as it ever was in print (was any such act, as jerome mcgann would ask, self-identical?), the authors of these essays, collectively, assert that the kaleidoscopic mediations of e-legal deposit show us we’ve never really known what reading is.  the best thinkers on libraries question the very assumptions that our memory institutions rest upon, while elevating and honoring both their promise and the centuries of labor and careful (if not always disinterested or benign) intent that have made them what they are. melissa terras and paul gooding are among the best, and the perspectives they have assembled here—from publishers, eminent librarians and archivists, technologists, organizers, and scholars—make this edited collection an essential contribution to the literature on digital preservation. it is a necessary book that grapples with legal, practical, technical, and conceptual problems: with the distinctive visions and values of libraries; with the necessarily concomitant development of policies and platforms; and even with the very nature of our documentary heritage, at a moment when print-era logics break down. what i most appreciate is that this book—like the notion of e-legal deposit itself—calls for careful consideration of both present-day services and research possibilities not yet dreamt of. in this, it serves the true mission of legal deposit libraries: to be a stable bridge between a past that is perpetually constructed by our acts of preservation and erasure—and the many futures we may mediate but can barely imagine. 	 	 		posted in higher ed, infrastructure	 	 	 	 		a pledge: self-examination and concrete action in the jmu libraries 			 				posted on june june by bethany nowviskie			 			 	 	 		 “the beauty of anti-racism is that you don’t have to pretend to be free of racism to be an anti-racist. anti-racism is the commitment to fight racism wherever you find it, including in yourself. and it’s the only way forward.” — ijeoma oluo, author of so you want to talk about race. black lives matter. too long have we allowed acts of racism and deeply ingrained, institutionalized forces of white supremacy to devalue, endanger, and grievously harm black people and members of other minoritized and marginalized groups. state-sanctioned violence and racial terror exist alongside slower and more deep-seated forces of inequality, anti-blackness, colonization, militarization, class warfare, and oppression. as members of the jmu libraries dean’s council and council on diversity, equity, and inclusion, we acknowledge these forces to be both national and local, shaping the daily lived experiences of our students, faculty, staff, and community members. as a blended library and educational technology organization operating within a pwi, the jmu libraries both participates in and is damaged by the whiteness and privilege of our institutions and fields. supporting the james madison university community through a global pandemic has helped us see imbalances, biases, and fault lines of inequality more clearly. we pledge self-examination and concrete action. libraries and educational technology organizations hold power, and can share or even cede it. as we strive to create welcoming spaces and services for all members of our community, we assert the fundamental non-neutrality of libraries and the necessity of taking visible and real action against the forces of racism and oppression that affect bipoc students, faculty, staff, and community members. specifically, and in order to “fight racism wherever [we] find it, including in [ourselves],” we commit to: 	listen to bipoc and student voices, recognizing that they have long spoken on these issues and have too often gone unheard. 	educate ourselves and ask questions of all the work we do. (“to what end? to whose benefit? whose comfort is centered? who has most agency and voice? who is silenced, ignored, or harmed? who is elevated, honored, and made to feel safe? who can experience and express joy?”)  	set public and increasingly measurable goals related to diversity, equity, inclusion, and anti-racism, so that we may be held accountable. 	continue to examine, revise, and augment our collections, services, policies, spending patterns, and commitments, in order to institutionalize better practices and create offerings with enduring impact. 	learn from, and do better by, our own colleagues. we are a predominantly white organization and it is likely that we will make mistakes as we try to live up to this pledge. when that happens, we will do the work to learn and rectify. we will apologize, examine our actions and embedded power structures, attempt to mitigate any harm caused by our actions, and we will do better. continue reading “a pledge: self-examination and concrete action in the jmu libraries”	 	 		posted in higher ed	 	 	 	 		change us, too 			 				posted on june may by bethany nowviskie			 			 	 	 		 [the following is a brief talk i gave at the opening plenary of rbms , a meeting of the rare books and manuscripts section of the acrl/ala. this year’s theme was “response and responsibility: special collections and climate change,” and my co-panelists were frances beinecke of the national resources defense council and brenda ekwurzel of the union of concerned scientists. many thanks to conference chairs ben goldman and kate hutchens, session chair melissa hubbard, and outgoing rbms chair shannon supple. the talk draws together some of my past writings, all of which are linked to and freely available. images in my slide deck, as here, were by catherine nelson.] six years ago, i began writing about cultural heritage and cultural memory in the context of our ongoing climate disaster. starting to write and talk publicly was a frank attempt to assuage my terror and my grief—my personal grief at past and coming losses in the natural world, and the sense of terror growing inside me, both at the long-term future of the digital and physical collections in my charge, and at the unplanned-for environmental hardships and accelerating social unrest my two young children, then six and nine years old, would one day face. i latched, as people trained as scholars sometimes do, onto a set of rich and varied theoretical frameworks. these were developed by others grappling with the exact same existential dread: some quite recent, some going back to the s, the s, even the s—demonstrating, for me, not just the continuity of scientific agreement on the facts of climate change and the need for collective action (as my co-panelists have demonstrated), but scholarly and artistic agreement on the generative value of responses from what would become the environmental humanities and from practices i might call green speculative design. the concepts and theories i lighted on, however, served another function. they allowed me simultaneously to elevate and to sublimate many of my hardest-hitting feelings. in other words, i put my fears into a linguistic machine labeled “the anthropocene”—engineered to extract angst and allow me to crank out historicized, lyrical melancholy on the other end. since then i’ve also become concerned that, alongside and through the explicit, theoretical frameworks i found in the literature, i leaned unconsciously—as cis-gender white women and other members of dominant groups almost inevitably do—on implicit frameworks of white supremacy, on my gender privilege, and on the settler ideologies that got us here in the first place, all of which uphold and support the kind of emotional and fundamentally self-centered response i was first disposed to make. i see more clearly now that none of this is about my own relatively vastly privileged children and well-tended collections—except insofar as both of them exist within broader networks and collectives of care, as one achingly beloved and all-too-transitory part. please don’t misunderstand me: it remains absolutely vital that we honor our attachments, and acknowledge the complexity and deep reality of our emotional responses to living through the sixth great mass extinction of life on this planet—vital to compassionate teaching and leadership, to responsible stewardship, and to defining value systems that help us become more humane in the face of problems of inhuman scale. grappling with our emotions as librarians and archivists (and as curators, conservators, collectors, community organizers, scholars, and scientists) will be a major part of the work of this conference. it is also vital to doing work that appreciates its own inner standing point, and uses its positionality to promote understanding and effect change. but i’ve felt my own orientation changing. for me, all of this is, every day, less and less about my feelings on special collections and climate change—except to the degree that those feelings drive me toward actions that have systemic impact and are consonant with a set of values we may share. so this is a brief talk that will try to walk you (for what it’s worth) along the intellectual path i’ve taken over the past six years—in the space of about sixteen minutes. continue reading “change us, too”	 	 		posted in design, infrastructuretagged embodied	 	 	 	 		from the grass roots 			 				posted on march june by bethany nowviskie			 			 	 	 		 [this is a cleaned-up version of the text from which i spoke at the conference of research libraries uk, held at the wellcome collection in london last week. i’d like to thank my wonderful hosts for an opportunity to reflect on my time at dlf. as i said to the crowd, i hope the talk offers some useful—or at least productively vexing—ideas.] at a meeting in which the status of libraries as “neutral spaces” has been asserted and lauded, i feel obligated to confess: i’m not a believer in dispassionate and disinterested neutrality—not for human beings nor for the institutions that we continually reinforce or reinvent, based on our interactions in and through them. my training as a humanities scholar has shown me all the ways that it is in fact impossible for us to step wholly out of our multiple, layered, subjective positions, interpretive frameworks, and embodied existence. it has also taught me the dangers of assuming—no matter how noble our intentions—that socially constructed institutions might likewise escape their historical and contemporary positioning, and somehow operate as neutral actors in neutral space. happily, we don’t need neutrality to move constructively from independent points of view to shared understandings and collective action. there are models for this. the ones i will focus on today are broadly “dh-adjacent,” and they depend, sometimes uncomfortably, on the vulnerability, subjectivity, and autonomy of the people who engage with them—foregrounding the ways that individual professional roles intersect with personal lives as they come together around shared missions and goals. and as i discuss them, please note that i’ll be referring to the digital humanities and to digital librarianship somewhat loosely—in their cultural lineaments—speaking to the diffuse and socially constructed way both are practiced on the ground. in particular, i’ll reference a dh that is (for my purposes today) relatively unconcerned with technologies, methods, and objects of study. it’s my hope that shifting our focus—after much fruitful discussion, this week, of concrete research support—to a digital humanities that can also be understood as organizational, positional, and intersubjective might prompt some structural attunement to new ways of working in libraries. and i do this here, at a consortial gathering of “the most significant research libraries in the uk and ireland,” because i think that self-consciously expanding our attention in library leadership from the pragmatic provision of data, platforms, skills-teaching, and research support for dh, outward to its larger organizational frame is one way of cracking open serious and opportune contributions by people who would not consider themselves digital humanists at all. this likely includes many of you, your colleagues in university administration across areas and functions, and most members of your libraries’ personnel. such a change in focus invites all of us to be attentive to the deeper and fundamentally different kinds of engagement and transformation we might foster through dh as a vector and perhaps with only simple re-inflections of the resources we already devote to the field. it could also open our organizations up to illuminating partnerships with communities of practice who frankly don’t give a fig about academic disciplinary labels or whether they are or are not “doing dh.” i also speak to library leaders because my call is not for work to be done by individual scholars as researchers and teachers alone, nor even by small teams of librarians laboring in support of the research and cultural heritage enterprise—but rather by our fully-engaged institutions as altered structures of power. continue reading “from the grass roots”	 	 		posted in administrivia, higher edtagged community-archives, digital humanities, libraries, politics	 	 			 	 		posts navigation 		 … next 	 		 		 	 	recent travel/talks 				april , : mcleod memorial lecture, wustl, on “cultural memory and the peri-pandemic library” 	march -april : speaking/travel hiatus during the pandemic 	february , : featured talk, aaad : “black temporalities: past, present, and future” 	july – january : speaking/travel hiatus while starting my new position at james madison university 	june , : tensions of europe keynote on machine learning & historical understanding, luxembourg 	june , : rmbs opening plenary on climate change & libraries/archives, baltimore 	june - , : teaching rare book school in philadelphia: “community archives and digital cultural memory” 	march , : rluk keynote on dh at the grassroots, london 		themes themesselect category administrivia design documents geospatial higher ed infrastructure past lives soft circuits & code swinburne twittering unfiltered 			archives 		archives 		select month may october june june march january june april march february november october april february november october may march february november july may february january october september august may january november october june april march january november october september june may april january december october september june april march january december october july june may 			 		 		recent posts 			 					cultural memory and the peri-pandemic library 									 	 					foreword (to the past) 									 	 					a pledge: self-examination and concrete action in the jmu libraries 									 	 					change us, too 									 	 					from the grass roots 									 	 					how the light gets in 									 	 					reconstitute the world 									 	 					 spectra for speculative knowledge design 									 	 					we raise our voices 									 	 					iv. coda: speculative computing ( ) 									 	 					inauguration day 									 	 					open invitations 									 	 					speculative collections 									 	 					alternate futures/usable pasts 									 		oldies but goodies 	digital humanities in the anthropocene 	asking for it 	toward a new deal 	resistance in the materials 	too small to fail 	reality bytes 	lazy consensus 	a skunk in the library 	why, oh why, cc-by? 	what do girls dig? 		 	 	 	 		standard disclaimer 			 this site and its contents are my responsibility alone, and may not reflect the opinions of my employer, colleagues, students, children, or imaginary friends. 		 yours 			 everything here is free to use under a creative commons attribution . international license. 		 		 				twitter 	linkedin 	github 	flickr 	instagram 		 		 		 			powered by	 		miniva wordpress theme	 			 		 	 		 		 				 		 bibliographic wilderness 	skip to content 	 		 			 				 					 												bibliographic wilderness 										 				 									 						menu					 				 			 		 	 				 				about 	contact 		 	 	 	 	 		 	 		 		 			 						 				 			 			logging uri query params with lograge 			 	 		 the lograge gem for taming rails logs by default will lot the path component of the uri, but leave out the query string/query params. for instance, perhaps you have a url to your app /search?q=libraries. lograge will log something like: method=get path=/search format=html… the q=libraries part is completely left out of the log. i kinda want that part, it’s important. the lograge readme provides instructions for “logging request parameters”, by way of the params hash. i’m going to modify them a bit slightly to: 	use the more recent custom_payload config instead of custom_options. (i’m not certain why there are both, but i think mostly for legacy reasons and newer custom_payload? is what you should read for?) 	if we just put params in there, then a bunch of ugly <actioncontroller::parameters show up in the log if you have nested hash params. we could fix that with params.to_unsafe_h, but… 	we should really use request.filtered_parameters instead to make sure we’re not logging anything that’s been filtered out with rails config.filter_parameters. (thanks /u/ezekg on reddit). this also converts to an ordinary hash that isn’t actioncontroller::parameters, taking care of previous bullet point. 	(it kind of seems like lograge readme could use a pr updating it?) config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| exceptions = %w(controller action format id) params: controller.request.filtered_parameters.except(*exceptions) end that gets us a log line that might look something like this: method=get path=/search format=html controller=searchcontroller action=index status= duration= . view= . db= . params={"q"=>"foo"} ok. the params hash isn’t exactly the same as the query string, it can include things not in the url query string (like controller and action, that we have to strip above, among others), and it can in some cases omit things that are in the query string. it just depends on your routing and other configuration and logic. the params hash itself is what default rails logs… but what if we just log the actual url query string instead? benefits: 	it’s easier to search the logs for actually an exact specific known url (which can get more complicated like /search?q=foo&range% byear_facet_isim% d% bbegin% d= &source=foo or something). which is something i sometimes want to do, say i got a url reported from an error tracking service and now i want to find that exact line in the log. 	i actually like having the exact actual url (well, starting from path) in the logs. 	it’s a lot simpler, we don’t need to filter out controller/action/format/id etc. 	it’s actually a bit more concise? and part of what i’m dealing with in general using lograge is trying to reduce my bytes of logfile for papertrail! drawbacks? 	if you had some kind of structured log search (i don’t at present, but i guess could with papertrail features by switching to json format?), it might be easier to do something like “find a /search with q=foo and source=ef without worrying about other params) 	to the extent that params hash can include things not in the actual url, is that important to log like that? 	….? curious what other people think… am i crazy for wanting the actual url in there, not the params hash? at any rate, it’s pretty easy to do. note we use filtered_path rather than fullpath to again take account of rails parameter filtering, and thanks again /u/ezekg: config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| { path: controller.request.filtered_path } end this is actually overwriting the default path to be one that has the query string too: method=get path=/search?q=libraries format=html ... you could of course add a different key fullpath instead, if you wanted to keep path as it is, perhaps for easier collation in some kind of log analyzing system that wants to group things by same path invariant of query string. i’m gonna try this out! meanwhile, on lograge… as long as we’re talking about lograge…. based on commit history, history of issues and pull requests… the fact that ci isn’t currently running (travis.org grr) and doesn’t even try to test on rails . + (although lograge seems to work fine)… one might worry that lograge is currently un/under-maintained…. no comment on a gh issue filed in may asking about project status. it still seems to be one of the more popular solutions to trying to tame rails kind of out of control logs. it’s mentioned for instance in docs from papertrail and honeybadger, and many many other blog posts. what will it’s future be? looking around for other possibilties, i found semantic_logger (rails_semantic_logger). it’s got similar features. it seems to be much more maintained. it’s got a respectable number of github stars, although not nearly as many as lograge, and it’s not featured in blogs and third-party platform docs nearly as much. it’s also a bit more sophisticated and featureful. for better or worse. for instance mainly i’m thinking of how it tries to improve app performance by moving logging to a background thread. this is neat… and also can lead to a whole new class of bug, mysterious warning, or configuration burden. for now i’m sticking to the more popular lograge, but i wish it had ci up that was testing with rails . , at least! incidentally, trying to get rails to log more compactly like both lograge and rails_semantic_logger do… is somewhat more complicated than you might expect, as demonstrated by the code in both projects that does it! especially semantic_logger is hundreds of lines of somewhat baroque code split accross several files. a refactor of logging around rails (i think?) to use activesupport::logsubscriber made it possible to customize rails logging like this (although i think both lograge and rails_semantic_logger still do some monkey-patching too!), but in the end didn’t make it all that easy or obvious or future-proof. this may discourage too many other alternatives for the initial primary use case of both lograge and rails_semantic_logger — turn a rails action into one log line, with a structured format. 			 			 				 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									august , august , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			notes on cloudfront in front of rails assets on heroku, with cors 			 	 		 heroku really recommends using a cdn in front of your rails app static assets — which, unlike in non-heroku circumstances where a web server like nginx might be taking care of it, otherwise on heroku static assets will be served directly by your rails app, consuming limited/expensive dyno resources. after evaluating a variety of options (including some heroku add-ons), i decided aws cloudfront made the most sense for us — simple enough, cheap, and we are already using other direct aws services (including s and ses). while heroku has an article on using cloudfront, which even covers rails specifically, and even cors issues specifically, i found it a bit too vague to get me all the way there. and while there are lots of blog posts you can find on this topic, i found many of them outdated (rails has introduced new api; cloudfront has also changed it’s configuration options!), or otherwise spotty/thin. so while i’m not an expert on this stuff, i’m going to tell you what i was able to discover, and what i did to set up cloudfront as a cdn in front of rails static assets running on heroku — although there’s really nothing at all specific to heroku here, if you have any other context where rails is directly serving assets in production. first how i set up rails, then cloudfront, then some notes and concerns. btw, you might not need to care about cors here, but one reason you might is if you are serving any fonts (including font-awesome or other icon fonts!) from rails static assets. rails setup in config/environments/production.rb # set heroku config var rails_asset_host to your cloudfront # hostname, will look like `xxxxxxxx.cloudfront.net` config.asset_host = env['rails_asset_host'] config.public_file_server.headers = { # cors: 'access-control-allow-origin' => "*", # tell cloudfront to cache a long time: 'cache-control' => 'public, max-age= ' } cloudfront setup i changed some things from default. the only one that absolutely necessary — if you want cors to work — seemed to be changing allowed http methods to include options. click on “create distribution”. all defaults except: 	origin domain name: your heroku app host like app-name.herokuapp.com 	origin protocol policy: switch to “https only”. seems like a good idea to ensure secure traffic between cloudfront and origin, no? 	allowed http methods: switch to get, head, options. in my experimentation, necessary for cors from a browser to work — which aws docs also suggest. 	cached http methods: click “options” too now that we’re allowing it, i don’t see any reason not to? 	compress objects automatically: yes	 sprockets is creating .gz versions of all your assets, but they’re going to be completely ignored in a cloudfront setup either way. ☹️ (is there a way to tell sprockets to stop doing it? who knows not me, it’s so hard to figure out how to reliably talk to sprockets). but we can get what it was trying to do by having cloudfront encrypt stuff for us, seems like a good idea, google pagespeed will like it, etc? 	i noticed by experimentation that cloudfront will compress css and js (sometimes with brotli sometimes gz, even with the same browser, don’t know how it decides, don’t care), but is smart enough not to bother trying to compress a .jpg or .png (which already has internal compression). 	comment field: if there’s a way to edit it after you create the distribution, i haven’t found it, so pick a good one! notes on cors aws docs here and here suggest for cors support you also need to configure the cloudfront distribution to forward additional headers — origin, and possibly access-control-request-headers and access-control-request-method. which you can do by setting up a custom “cache policy”. or maybe instead by by setting the “origin request policy”. or maybe instead by setting custom cache header settings differently using the use legacy cache settings option. it got confusing — and none of these settings seemed to be necessary to me for cors to be working fine, nor could i see any of these settings making any difference in cloudfront behavior or what headers were included in responses. maybe they would matter more if i were trying to use a more specific access-control-allow-origin than just setting it to *? but about that…. if you set access-control-allow-origin to a single host, mdn docs say you have to also return a vary: origin header. easy enough to add that to your rails config.public_file_server.headers. but i couldn’t get cloudfront to forward/return this vary header with it’s responses. trying all manner of cache policy settings, referring to aws’s quite confusing documentation on the vary header in cloudfront and trying to do what it said — couldn’t get it to happen. and what if you actually need more than one allowed origin? per spec access-control-allow-origin as again explained by mdn, you can’t just include more than one in the header, the header is only allowed one: ” if the server supports clients from multiple origins, it must return the origin for the specific client making the request.” and you can’t do that with rails static/global config.public_file_server.headers, we’d need to use and setup rack-cors instead, or something else. so i just said, eh, * is probably just fine. i don’t think it actually involves any security issues for rails static assets to do this? i think it’s probably what everyone else is doing? the only setup i needed for this to work was setting cloudfront to allow options http method, and setting rails config.public_file_server.headers to include 'cache-control' => 'public, max-age= '. notes on cache-control max-age a lot of the existing guides don’t have you setting config.public_file_server.headers to include 'cache-control' => 'public, max-age= '. but without this, will cloudfront actually be caching at all? if with every single request to cloudfront, cloudfront makes a request to the rails app for the asset and just proxies it — we’re not really getting much of the point of using cloudfront in the first place, to avoid the traffic to our app! well, it turns out yes, cloudfront will cache anyway. maybe because of the cloudfront default ttl setting? my default ttl was left at the cloudfront default, seconds (one day). so i’d think that maybe cloudfront would be caching resources for a day when i’m not supplying any cache-control or expires headers? in my observation, it was actually caching for less than this though. maybe an hour? (want to know if it’s caching or not? look at headers returned by cloudfront. one easy way to do this? curl -ixget https://whatever.cloudfront.net/my/asset.jpg, you’ll see a header either x-cache: miss from cloudfront or x-cache: hit from cloudfront). of course, cloudfront doesn’t promise to cache for as long as it’s allowed to, it can evict things for it’s own reasons/policies before then, so maybe that’s all that’s going on. still, rails assets are fingerprinted, so they are cacheable forever, so why not tell cloudfront that? maybe more importantly, if rails isn’t returning a cache-cobntrol header, then cloudfront isn’t either to actual user-agents, which means they won’t know they can cache the response in their own caches, and they’ll keep requesting/checking it on every reload too, which is not great for your far too large css and js application files! so, i think it’s probably a great idea to set the far-future cache-control header with config.public_file_server.headers as i’ve done above. we tell cloudfront it can cache for the max-allowed-by-spec one year, and this also (i checked) gets cloudfront to forward the header on to user-agents who will also know they can cache. note on limiting cloudfront distribution to just static assets? the cloudfront distribution created above will actually proxy/cache our entire rails app, you could access dynamic actions through it too. that’s not what we intend it for, our app won’t generate any urls to it that way, but someone could. is that a problem? i don’t know? some blog posts try to suggest limiting it only being willing to proxy/cache static assets instead, but this is actually a pain to do for a couple reasons: 	cloudfront has changed their configuration for “path patterns” since many blog posts were written (unless you are using “legacy cache settings” options), such that i’m confused about how to do it at all, if there’s a way to get a distribution to stop caching/proxying/serving anything but a given path pattern anymore? 	modern rails with webpacker has static assets at both /assets and /packs, so you’d need two path patterns, making it even more confusing. (why rails why? why aren’t packs just at public/assets/packs so all static assets are still under /assets?) i just gave up on figuring this out and figured it isn’t really a problem that cloudfront is willing to proxy/cache/serve things i am not intending for it? is it? i hope? note on rails asset_path helper and asset_host you may have realized that rails has both asset_path and asset_url helpers for linking to an asset. (and similar helpers with dashes instead of underscores in sass, and probably different implementations, via sass-rails) normally asset_path returns a relative url without a host, and asset_url returns a url with a hostname in it. since using an external asset_host requires we include the host with all urls for assets to properly target cdn… you might think you have to stop using asset_path anywhere and just use asset_url… you would be wrong. it turns out if config.asset_host is set, asset_path starts including the host too. so everything is fine using asset_path. not sure if at that point it’s a synonym for asset_url? i think not entirely, because i think in fact once i set config.asset_host, some of my uses of asset_url actually started erroring and failing tests? and i had to actually only use asset_path? in ways i don’t really understand what’s going on and can’t explain it? ah, rails. 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									june , june , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			activesupport::cache via activerecord (note to self) 			 	 		 there are a variety of things written to use flexible back-end key/value datastores via the activesupport::cache api. for instance, say, activejob-status. i have sometimes in the past wanted to be able to use such things storing the data in an rdbms, say vai activerecord. make a table for it. sure, this won’t be nearly as fast or “scalable” as, say, redis, but for so many applications it’s just fine. and i often avoid using a feature at all if it is going to require to me to add another service (like another redis instance). so i’ve considered writing an activesupport::cache adapter for activerecord, but never really gotten around to it, so i keep avoiding using things i’d be trying out if i had it…. well, today i discovered the ruby gem that’s a key/value store swiss army knife, moneta. look, it has an activesupport::cache adapter so you can use any moneta-supported store as an activesupport::cache api. and then if you want to use an rdbms as your moneta-supported store, you can do it through activerecord or sequel. great, i don’t have to write the adapter after all, it’s already been done! assuming it works out okay, which i haven’t actually checked in practice yet. writing this in part as a note-to-self so next time i have an itch that can be scratched this way, i remember moneta is there — to at least explore further. not sure where to find the docs, but here’s the source for activerecord moneta adapter. it looks like i can create different caches that use different tables, which is the first thing i thought to ensure. the second thing i thought to look for — can it handle expiration, and purging expired keys? unclear, i can’t find it. maybe i could pr it if needed. and hey, if for some reason you want an activesupport::cache backed by pstore or berkelydb (don’t do it!), or cassandara (you got me, no idea?), moneta has you too. 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									june , june , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			heroku release phase, rails db:migrate, and command failure 			 	 		 if you use capistrano to deploy a rails app, it will typically run a rails db:migrate with every deploy, to apply any database schema changes. if you are deploying to heroku you might want to do the same thing. the heroku “release phase” feature makes this possible. (introduced in , the release phase feature is one of heroku’s more recent major features, as heroku dev has seemed to really stabilize and/or stagnate). the release phase docs mention “running database schema migrations” as a use case, and there are a few (( ), ( ), ( )) blog posts on the web suggesting doing exactly that with rails. basically as simple as adding release: bundle exec rake db:migrate to your procfile. while some of the blog posts do remind you that “if the release phase fails the app will not be deployed”, i have found the implications of this to be more confusing in practice than one would originally assume. particularly because on heroku changing a config var triggers a release; and it can be confusing to notice when such a release has failed. it pays to consider the details a bit so you understand what’s going on, and possibly consider somewhat more complicated release logic than simply calling out to rake db:migrate. ) what if a config var change makes your rails app unable to boot? i don’t know how unusual this is, but i actually had a real-world bug like this when in the process of setting up our heroku app. without confusing things with the details, we can simulate such a bug simply by putting this in, say, config/application.rb: if env['fail_to_boot'] raise "i am refusing to boot" end obviously my real bug was weirder, but the result was the same — with some settings of one or more heroku configuration variables, the app would raise an exception during boot. and we hadn’t noticed this in testing, before deploying to heroku. now, on heroku, using cli or web dashboard, set the config var fail_to_boot to “true”. without a release phase, what happens? 	the release is successful! if you look at the release in the dashboard (“activity” tab) or heroku releases, it shows up as successful. which means heroku brings up new dynos and shuts down the previous ones, that’s what a release is. 	the app crashes when heroku tries to start it in the new dynos. 	the dynos will be in “crashed” state when looked at in heroku ps or dashboard. 	if a user tries to access the web app, they will get the generic heroku-level “could not start app” error screen (unless you’ve customized your heroku error screens, as usual). 	you can look in your heroku logs to see the error and stack trace that prevented app boot. downside: your app is down. upside: it is pretty obvious that your app is down, and (relatively) why. with a db:migrate release phase, what happens? the rails db:migrate rake task has a dependency on the rails :environment task, meaning it boots the rails app before executing. you just changed your config variable fail_to_boot: true such that the rails app can’t boot. changing the config variable triggered a release. as part of the release, the db:migrate release phase is run… which fails. 	the release is not succesful, it failed. 	you don’t get any immediate feedback to that effect in response to your heroku config:add command or on the dashboard gui in the “settings” tab. you may go about your business assuming it succeeded. 	if you look at the release in heroku releases or dashboard “activity” tab you will see it failed. 	you do get an email that it failed. maybe you notice it right away, or maybe you notice it later, and have to figure out “wait, which release failed? and what were the effects of that? should i be worried?” 	the effects are: 	the config variable appears changed in heroku’s dashboard or in response to heroku config:get etc. 	the old dynos without the config variable change are still running. they don’t have the change. if you open a one-off dyno, it will be using the old release, and have the old (eg) env[‘fail_to_boot’] value. 	any subsequent attempts at a releases will keep fail, so long as the app is in a state (based on teh current config variables) that it can’t boot. again, this really happened to me! it is a fairly confusing situation. upside: your app is actually still up, even though you broke it, the old release that is running is still running, that’s good? downside: it’s really confusing what happened. you might not notice at first. things remain in a messed up inconsistent and confusing state until you notice, figure out what’s going on, what release caused it, and how to fix it. it’s a bit terrifying that any config variable change could do this. but i guess most people don’t run into it like i did, since i haven’t seen it mentioned? ) a heroku pg:promote is a config variable change, that will create a release in which db:migrate release phase fails. heroku pg:promote is a command that will change which of multiple attached heroku postgreses are attached as the “primary” database, pointed to by the database_url config variable. for a typical app with only one database, you still might use pg:promote for a database upgrade process; for setting up or changing a postgres high-availability leader/follower; or, for what i was experimenting with it for, using heroku’s postgres-log-based rollback feature. i had assumed that pg:promote was a zero-downtime operation. but, in debugging it’s interaction with my release phase, i noticed that pg:promote actually creates two heroku releases. 	first it creates a release labelled detach database , in which there is no database_url configuration variable at all. 	then it creates another release labelled attach database in which the database_url configuration variable is defined to it’s new value. why does it do this instead of one release that just changes the database_url? i don’t know. my app (like most rails and probably other apps) can’t actually function without database_url set, so if that first release ever actually runs, it will just error out. does this mean there’s an instant with a “bad” release deployed, that pg:promote isn’t actually zero-downtime? i am not sure, it doens’t seem right (i did file a heroku support ticket asking….). but under normal circumstances, either it’s not a problem, or most people(?) don’t notice. but what if you have a db:migrate release phase? when it tries to do release ( ) above, that release will fail. because it tries to run db:migrate, and it can’t do that without a database_url set, so it raises, the release phase exits in an error condition, the release fails. actually what happens is without database_url set, the rails app will assume a postgres url in a “default” location, try to connect to, and fail, with an error message (hello googlers?), like: activerecord::connectionnotestablished: could not connect to server: no such file or directory 	is the server running locally and accepting 	connections on unix domain socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.pgsql. "? now, release ( ) is coming down the pike seconds later, this is actually fine, and will be zero outage. we had a release that failed (so never was deployed), and seconds later the next correct release succeeds. great! the only problem is that we got an email notifying us that release failed, and it’s also visible as failing in the heroku release list, etc. a “background” (not in response to a git push or other code push to heroku) release failing is already a confusing situation — a”false positives” that actually mean “nothing unexpected or problematic happened, just ignore this and carry on.” is… really not something i want. (i call this the “error notification crying wolf”, right? i try to make sure my error notifications never do it, because it takes your time away from flow unecessarily, and/or makes it much harder to stay vigilant to real errors). now, there is a fairly simple solution to this particular problem. here’s what i did. i changed my heroku release phase from rake db:migrate to a custom rake task, say release: bundle exec rake my_custom_heroku_release_phase, defined like so: 		task :my_custom_heroku_release_phase do 		 if env['database_url'] 		 rake::task["db:migrate"].invoke 		 else 		 $stderr.puts "\n!!! warning, no env['database_url'], not running rake db:migrate as part of heroku release !!!\n\n" 		 end 		end view raw custom.rake hosted with ❤ by github now that release ( ) above at least won’t fail, it has the same behavior as a “traditional” heroku app without a release phase. swallow-and-report all errors? when a release fails because a release phase has failed as result of a git push to heroku, that’s quite clear and fine! but the confusion of the “background” release failure, triggered by a config var change, is high enough that part of me wants to just rescue standarderror in there, and prevent a failed release phase from ever exiting with a failure code, so heroku will never use a db:migrate release phase to abort a release. just return the behavior to the pre-release-phase heroku behavior — you can put your app in a situation where it will be crashed and not work, but maybe that’s better not a mysterious inconsistent heroku app state that happens in the background and you find out about only through asynchronous email notifications from heroku that are difficult to understand/diagnose. it’s all much more obvious. on the other hand, if a db:migrate has failed not becuase of some unrelated boot process problem that is going to keep the app from launching too even if it were released, but simply because the db:migrate itself actually failed… you kind of want the release to fail? that’s good? keep the old release running, not a new release with code that expects a db migration that didn’t happen? so i’m not really sure. if you did want to rescue-swallow-and-notify, the custom rake task for your heroku release logic — instead of just telling heroku to run a standard thing like db:migrate on release — is certainly convenient. also, do you really always want to db:migrate anyway? what about db:schema:load? another alternative… if you are deploying an app with an empty database, standard rails convention is to run rails db:schema:load instead of db:migrate. the db:migrate will probably work anyway, but will be slower, and somewhat more error-prone. i guess this could come up on heroku with an initial deploy or (for some reason) a database that’s been nuked and restarted, or perhaps a heroku “review app”? (i don’t use those yet) stevenharman has a solution that actually checks the database, and runs the appropriate rails task depending on state, here in this gist. i’d probably do it as a rake task instead of a bash file if i were going to do that. i’m not doing it at all yet. note that stevenharman’s solution will actually catch a non-existing or non-connectable database and not try to run migrations… but it will print an error message and exit in that case, failing the release — meaning that you will get a failed release in the pg:promote case mentioned above! 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									june , june , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			code that lasts: sustainable and usable open source code 			 	 		 a presentation i gave at online conference code lib , on monday march . i have realized that the open source projects i am most proud of are a few that have existed for years now, increasing in popularity, with very little maintenance required. including traject and bento_search. while community aspects matter for open source sustainability, the task gets so much easier when the code requires less effort to keep alive, for maintainers and utilizers. using these projects as examples, can we as developers identify what makes code “inexpensive” to use and maintain over the long haul with little “churn”, and how to do that? slides on google docs rough transcript (really the script i wrote for myself) hi, i’m jonathan rochkind, and this is “code that lasts: sustainable and usable open source code” so, who am i? i have been developing open source library software since , mainly in ruby and rails.  over that time, i have participated in a variety open source projects meant to be used by multiple institutions, and i’ve often seen us having challenges with long-term maintenance sustainability and usability of our software. this includes in projects i have been instrumental in creating myself, we’ve all been there!  we’re used to thinking of this problem in terms of needing more maintainers. but let’s first think more about what the situation looks like, before we assume what causes it. in addition to features  or changes people want not getting done, it also can look like, for instance: being stuck using out-of-date dependencies like old, even end-of-lifed, versions of rails or ruby. a reduction in software “polish” over time.  what do i mean by “polish”? engineer richard schneeman writes: [quote] “when we say something is “polished” it means that it is free from sharp edges, even the small ones. i view polished software to be ones that are mostly free from frustration. they do what you expect them to and are consistent.”  i have noticed that software can start out very well polished, but over time lose that polish.  this usually goes along with decreasing “cohesion” in software over time, a feeling like that different parts of the software start to no longer tell the developer a consistent story together.  while there can be an element of truth in needing more maintainers in some cases – zero maintainers is obviously too few — there are also ways that increasing the number of committers or maintainers can result in diminishing returns and additional challenges. one of the theses of fred brooks famous book “the mythical man-month” is sometimes called ”brooks law”:  “under certain conditions, an incremental person when added to a project makes the project take more, not less time.” why? one of the main reasons brooks discusses is the the additional time taken for communication and coordination between more people – with every person you add, the number of connections between people goes up combinatorily.  that may explain the phenomenon we sometimes see with so-called “design  by committee” where “too many cooks in the kitchen” can produce inconsistency or excessive complexity. cohesion and polish require a unified design vision— that’s  not incompatible with increasing numbers of maintainers, but it does make it more challenging because it takes more time to get everyone on the same page, and iterate while maintaining a unifying vision.  (there’s also more to be said here about the difference between just a bunch of committers committing pr’s, and the maintainers role of maintaining historical context and design vision for how all the parts fit together.) instead of assuming adding more committers or maintainers is the solution, can there instead be ways to reduce the amount of maintenance required? i started thinking about this when i noticed a couple projects of mine which had become more widely successful than i had any right  to expect, considering how little maintainance was being put into them.  bento_search is a toolkit for searching different external search engines in a consistent way. it’s especially but not exclusively for displaying multiple search results in “bento box” style, which is what tito sierra from ncsu first called these little side by side search results.  i wrote bento_search  for use at a former job in .  % of all commits to the project were made in .  % of all commits in or earlier. (i gave it a bit of attention for a contracting project in ). but bento_search has never gotten a lot of maintenance, i don’t use it anymore myself. it’s not in wide use, but i found  it kind of amazing, when i saw people giving me credit in conference presentations for the gem (thanks!), when i didn’t even know they were using it and i hadn’t been paying it any attention at all! it’s still used by a handful of institutions for whom it just works with little attention from maintainers. (the screenshot from cornell university libraries) traject is a marc-to-solr indexing tool written in ruby  (or, more generally, can be a general purpose extract-transform-load tool), that i wrote with bill dueber from the university of michigan in .  we hoped it would catch on in the blacklight community, but for the first couple years, it’s uptake was slow.  however, since then, it has come to be pretty popular in blacklight and samvera communities, and a few other library technologist uses.  you can see the spikes of commit activity in the graph for a . release in and a . release in – but for the most part at other times, nobody has really been spending much time on maintaining traject.   every once in a while a community member submits a minor pull request, and it’s usually me who reviews it. me and bill remain the only maintainers.  and yet traject just keeps plugging along, picking up adoption and working well for adopters.   so, this made me start thinking, based on what i’ve seen in my career, what are some of the things that might make open source projects both low-maintenance and successful in their adoption and ease-of-use for developers? one thing both of these projects did was take backwards compatibility very seriously.  the first step of step there is following “semantic versioning” a set of rules whose main point is that releases can’t include backwards incompatible changes unless they are a new major version, like going from .x to . .  this is important, but it’s not alone enough to minimize backwards incompatible changes that add maintenance burden to the ecosystem. if the real goal is preventing the pain of backwards incompatibility, we also need to limit the number of major version releases, and limit the number and scope of backwards breaking changes in each major release! the bento_search gem has only had one major release, it’s never had a . release, and it’s still backwards compatible to it’s initial release.  traject is on a .x release after years, but the major releases of traject have had extremely few backwards breaking changes, most people could upgrade through major versions changing very little or most often nothing in their projects.  so ok, sure, everyone wants to minimize backwards incompatibility, but that’s easy to say, how do you do it? well, it helps to have less code overall, that changes less often overall all  – ok, again, great, but how do you do that?  parsimony is a word in general english that means “the quality of economy or frugality in the use of resources.” in terms of software architecture, it means having as few as possible moving parts inside your code: fewer classes, types, components, entities, whatever: or most fundamentally, i like to think of it in terms of minimizing the concepts in the mental model a programmer needs to grasp how the code works and what parts do what. the goal of architecture design is, what is the smallest possible architecture we can create to make [quote] “simple things simple and complex things possible”, as computer scientist alan kay described the goal of software design.  we can see this in bento_search has very few internal architectural concepts.  the main thing bento_search does is provide a standard api for querying a search engine and representing results of a search. these are consistent across different searche engines,, with common metadata vocabulary for what results look like. this makes search engines  interchangeable to calling code.  and then it includes half a dozen or so search engine implementations for services i needed or wanted to evaluate when i wrote it.   this search engine api at the ruby level can be used all by itself even without the next part, the actual “bento style” which is a built-in support for displaying search engine results in a boxes on a page of your choice in a rails app, way to,  writing very little boilerplate code.   traject has an architecture which basically has just three parts at the top. there is a reader which sends objects into the pipeline.  there are some indexing rules which are transformation steps from source object to build an output hash object.  and then a writer which which translates the hash object to write to some store, such as solr. the reader, transformation steps, and writer are all independent and uncaring about each other, and can be mixed and matched.   that’s most of traject right there. it seems simple and obvious once you have it, but it can take a lot of work to end up with what’s simple and obvious in retrospect!  when designing code i’m often reminded of the apocryphal quote: “i would have written a shorter letter, but i did not have the time” and, to be fair, there’s a lot of complexity within that “indexing rules” step in traject, but it’s design was approached the same way. we have use cases about supporting configuration settings in a  file or on command line; or about allowing re-usable custom transformation logic – what’s the simplest possible architecture we can come up with to support those cases. ok, again, that sounds nice, but how do you do it? i don’t have a paint by numbers, but i can say that for both these projects i took some time – a few weeks even – at the beginning to work out these architectures, lots of diagraming, some prototyping i was prepared to throw out,  and in some cases “documentation-driven design” where i wrote some docs for code i hadn’t written yet. for traject it was invaluable to have bill dueber at university of michigan also interested in spending some design time up front, bouncing ideas back and forth with – to actually intentionally go through an architectural design phase before the implementation.  figuring out a good parsimonious architecture takes domain knowledge: what things your “industry” – other potential institutions — are going to want to do in this area, and specifically what developers are going to want to do with your tool.  we’re maybe used to thinking of “use cases” in terms of end-users, but it can be useful at the architectural design stage, to formalize this in terms of developer use cases. what is a developer going to want to do, how can i come up with a small number of software pieces she can use to assemble together to do those things. when we said “make simple things simple and complex things possible”, we can say domain analysis and use cases is identifying what things we’re going to put in either or neither of those categories.  the “simple thing” for bento_search , for instance is just “do a simple keyword search in a search engine, and display results, without having the calling code need to know anything about the specifics of that search engine.” another way to get a head-start on solid domain knowledge is to start with another tool you have experience with, that you want to create a replacement for. before traject, i and other users used a tool written in java called solrmarc —  i knew how we had used it, and where we had had roadblocks or things that we found harder or more complicated than we’d like, so i knew my goals were to make those things simpler. we’re used to hearing arguments about avoiding rewrites, but like most things in software engineering, there can be pitfalls on either either extreme. i was amused to notice, fred brooks in the previously mentioned mythical man month makes some arguments in both directions.  brooks famously warns about a “second-system effect”, the [quote] “tendency of small, elegant, and successful systems to be succeeded by over-engineered, bloated systems, due to inflated expectations and overconfidence” – one reason to be cautious of a rewrite.  but brooks in the very same book also writes [quote] “in most projects, the first system built is barely usable….hence plan to throw one away; you will, anyhow.” it’s up to us figure out when we’re in which case. i personally think an application is more likely to be bitten by the “second-system effect” danger of a rewrite, while a shared re-usable library is more likely to benefit from a rewrite (in part because a reusable library is harder to change in place without disruption!).  we could sum up a lot of different princples as variations of “keep it small”.  both traject and bento_search are tools that developers can use to build something. bento_search just puts search results in a box on a page; the developer is responsible for the page and an overall app.  yes, this means that you have to be a ruby developer to use it. does this limit it’s audience? while we might aspire to make tools that even not-really-developers can just use out of the box, my experience has been that our open source attempts at shrinkwrapped “solutions” often end up still needing development expertise to successfully deploy.  keeping our tools simple and small and not trying to supply a complete app can actually leave more time for these developers to focus on meeting local needs, instead of fighting with a complicated frameworks that doesn’t do quite what they need. it also means we can limit interactions with any external dependencies. traject was developed for use with a blacklight project, but traject code does not refer to blacklight or even rails at all, which means new releases of blacklight or rails can’t possibly break traject.  bento_search , by doing one thing and not caring about the details of it’s host application, has kept working from rails . all the way up to current rails . with pretty much no changes needed except to the test suite setup.  sometimes when people try to have lots of small tools working together, it can turn into a nightmare where you get a pile of cascading software breakages every time one piece changes. keeping assumptions and couplings down is what lets us avoid this maintenance nightmare.  and another way of keeping it small is don’t be afraid to say “no” to features when you can’t figure out how to fit them in without serious harm to the parsimony of your architecture. your domain knowledge is what lets you take an educated guess as to what features are core to your audience and need to be accomodated, and which are edge cases and can be fulfilled by extension points, or sometimes not at all.  by extension points we mean we prefer opportunities for developer-users to write their own code which works with your tools, rather than trying to build less commonly needed features in as configurable features.  as an example, traject does include some built-in logic, but one of it’s extension point use cases is making sure it’s simple to add whatever transformation logic a developer-user wants, and have it look just as “built-in” as what came with traject. and since traject makes it easy to write your own reader or writer, it’s built-in readers and writers don’t need to include every possible feature –we plan for developers writing their own if they need something else.  looking at bento_search, it makes it easy to write your own search engine_adapter — that will be useable interchangeably with the built-in ones. also, bento_search provides a standard way to add custom search arguments specific to a particular adapter – these won’t be directly interchangeable with other adapters, but they are provided for in the architecture, and won’t break in future bento_search releases – it’s another form of extension point.  these extension points are the second half of “simple things simple, complex things possible.” – the complex things possible. planning for them is part of understanding your developer use-cases, and designing an architecture that can easily handle them. ideally, it takes no extra layers of abstraction to handle them, you are using the exact  architectural join points the out-of-the-box code is using, just supplying custom components.  so here’s an example of how these things worked out in practice with traject, pretty well i think. stanford ended up writing a package of extensions to traject called trajectplus, to take care of some features they needed that traject didn’t provide. commit history suggests it was written in , which was traject . days.   i can’t recall, but i’d guess they approached me with change requests to traject at that time and i put them off because i couldn’t figure out how to fit them in parsimoniously, or didn’t have time to figure it out.  but the fact that they were *able* to extend traject in this way i consider a validation of traject’s architecture, that they could make it do what they needed, without much coordination with me, and use it in many projects (i think beyond just stanford).  much of the . release of traject was “back-port”ing some features that trajectplus had implemented, including out-of-the-box support for xml sources. but i didn’t always do them with the same implementation or api as trajectplus – this is another example of being able to use a second go at it to figure out how to do something even more parsimoniously, sometimes figuring out small changes to traject’s architecture to support flexibility in the right dimensions.  when traject . came out – the trajectplus users didn’t necessarily want to retrofit all their code to the new traject way of doing it. but trajectplus could still be used with traject . with few or possibly no changes, doing things the old way, they weren’t forced to upgrade to the new way. this is a huge win for traject’s backwards compat – everyone was able to do what they needed to do, even taking separate paths, with relatively minimized maintenance work.  as i think about these things philosophically, one of my takeaways is that software engineering is still a craft – and software design is serious thing to be studied and engaged in. especially for shared libraries rather than local apps, it’s not always to be dismissed as so-called “bike-shedding”.  it’s worth it to take time to think about design, self-reflectively and with your peers, instead of just rushing to put our fires or deliver features, it will reduce maintenance costs and increase values over the long-term.  and i want to just briefly plug “kithe”, a project of mine which tries to be guided by these design goals to create a small focused toolkit for building digital collections applications in rails.  i could easily talk about all of this this another twenty minutes, but that’s our time! i’m always happy to talk more, find me on slack or irc or email.  this last slide has some sources mentioned in the talk. thanks for your time!  	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									march , march , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			product management 			 	 		 in my career working in the academic sector, i have realized that one thing that is often missing from in-house software development is “product management.” but what does that mean exactly? you don’t know it’s missing if you don’t even realize it’s a thing and people can use different terms to mean different roles/responsibilities. basically, deciding what the software should do. this is not about colors on screen or margins (what our stakeholderes often enjoy micro-managing) — i’d consider those still the how of doing it, rather than the what to do. the what is often at a much higher level, about what features or components to develop at all. when done right, it is going to be based on both knowledge of the end-user’s needs and preferences (user research); but also knowledge of internal stakeholder’s desires and preferences (overall organiational strategy, but also just practically what is going to make the right people happy to keep us resourced). also knowledge of the local capacity, what pieces do we need to put in place to get these things developed. when done seriously, it will necessarily involve prioritization — there are many things we could possibly done, some subset of them we very well may do eventually, but which ones should we do now? my experience tells me it is a very big mistake to try to have a developer doing this kind of product management. not because a developer can’t have the right skillset to do them. but because having the same person leading development and product management is a mistake. the developer is too close to the development lense, and there’s just a clarification that happens when these roles are separate. my experience also tells me that it’s a mistake to have a committee doing these things, much as that is popular in the academic sector. because, well, just of course it is. but okay this is all still pretty abstract. things might become more clear if we get more specific about the actual tasks and work of this kind of product management role. i found damilola ajiboye blog post on “product manager vs product marketing manager vs product owner” very clear and helpful here. while it is written so as to distinguish between three different product management related roles, but ajiboye also acknowledges that in a smaller organization “a product manager is often tasked with the duty of these roles. regardless of if the responsibilities are to be done by one or two or three person, ajiboye’s post serves as a concise listing of the work to be done in managing a product — deciding the what of the product, in an ongoing iterative and collaborative manner, so that developers and designers can get to the how and to implementation. i recommend reading the whole article, and i’ll excerpt much of it here, slightly rearranged. the product manager these individuals are often referred to as mini ceos of a product. they conduct customer surveys to figure out the customer’s pain and build solutions to address it. the pm also prioritizes what features are to be built next and prepares and manages a cohesive and digital product roadmap and strategy. the product manager will interface with the users through user interviews/feedback surveys or other means to hear directly from the users. they will come up with hypotheses alongside the team and validate them through prototyping and user testing. they will then create a strategy on the feature and align the team and stakeholders around it. the pm who is also the chief custodian of the entire product roadmap will, therefore, be tasked with the duty of prioritization. before going ahead to carry out research and strategy, they will have to convince the stakeholders if it is a good choice to build the feature in context at that particular time or wait a bit longer based on the content of the roadmap. the product marketing manager the pmm communicates vital product value — the “why”, “what” and “when” of a product to intending buyers. he manages the go-to-market strategy/roadmap and also oversees the pricing model of the product. the primary goal of a pmm is to create demand for the products through effective messaging and marketing programs so that the product has a shorter sales cycle and higher revenue. the product marketing manager is tasked with market feasibility and discovering if the features being built align with the company’s sales and revenue plan for the period. they also make research on how sought-after the feature is being anticipated and how it will impact the budget. they communicate the values of the feature; the why, what, and when to potential buyers — in this case users in countries with poor internet connection. [while expressed in terms of a for-profit enterprise selling something, i think it’s not hard to translate this to a non-profit or academic environment. you still have an audience whose uptake you need to be succesful, whether internal or external. — jrochkind ] the product owner a product owner (po) maximizes the value of a product through the creation and management of the product backlog, creation of user stories for the development team. the product owner is the customer’s representative to the development team. he addresses customer’s pain points by managing and prioritizing a visible product backlog. the po is the first point of call when the development team needs clarity about interpreting a product feature to be implemented. the product owner will first have to prioritize the backlog to see if there are no important tasks to be executed and if this new feature is worth leaving whatever is being built currently. they will also consider the development effort required to build the feature i.e the time, tools, and skill set that will be required. they will be the one to tell if the expertise of the current developers is enough or if more engineers or designers are needed to be able to deliver at the scheduled time. the product owner is also armed with the task of interpreting the product/feature requirements for the development team. they serve as the interface between the stakeholders and the development team. when you have someone(s) doing these roles well, it ensures that the development team is actually spending time on things that meet user and business needs. i have found that it makes things so much less stressful and more rewarding for everyone involved. when you have nobody doing these roles, or someone doing it in a cursory or un-intentional way not recognized as part of their core job responsibilities, or have a lead developer trying to do it on top of develvopment, i find it leads to feelings of: spinning wheels, everything-is-an-emergency, lack of appreciation, miscommunication and lack of shared understanding between stakeholders and developers, general burnout and dissatisfaction — and at the root, a product that is not meeting user or business needs well, leading to these inter-personal and personal problems. 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									february , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			rails auto-scaling on heroku 			 	 		 we are investigating moving our medium-small-ish rails app to heroku. we looked at both the rails autoscale add-on available on heroku marketplace, and the hirefire.io service which is not listed on heroku marketplace and i almost didn’t realize it existed. i guess hirefire.io doesn’t have any kind of a partnership with heroku, but still uses the heroku api to provide an autoscale service. hirefire.io ended up looking more fully-featured and lesser priced than rails autoscale; so the main service of this post is just trying to increase visibility of hirefire.io and therefore competition in the field, which benefits us consumers. background: interest in auto-scaling rails background jobs at first i didn’t realize there was such a thing as “auto-scaling” on heroku, but once i did, i realized it could indeed save us lots of money. i am more interested in scaling rails background workers than i a web workers though — our background workers are busiest when we are doing “ingests” into our digital collections/digital asset management system, so the work is highly variable. auto-scaling up to more when there is ingest work piling up can give us really nice inget throughput while keeping costs low. on the other hand, our web traffic is fairly low and probably isn’t going to go up by an order of magnitude (non-profit cultural institution here). and after discovering that a “standard” dyno is just too slow, we will likely be running a performance-m or performance-l anyway — which likely can handle all anticipated traffic on it’s own. if we have an auto-scaling solution, we might configure it for web dynos, but we are especially interested in good features for background scaling. there is a heroku built-in autoscale feature, but it only works for performance dynos, and won’t do anything for rails background job dynos, so that was right out. that could work for rails bg jobs, the rails autoscale add-on on the heroku marketplace; and then we found hirefire.io. pricing: pretty different hirefire as of now january , hirefire.io has pretty simple and affordable pricing. $ /month/heroku application. auto-scaling as many dynos and process types as you like. hirefire.io by default can only check into your apps metrics to decide if a scaling event can occur once per minute. if you want more frequent than that (up to once every seconds), you have to pay an additional $ /month, for $ /month/heroku application. even though it is not a heroku add-on, hirefire does advertise that they bill pro-rated to the second, just like heroku and heroku add-ons. rails autoscale rails autoscale has a more tiered approach to pricing that is based on number and type of dynos you are scaling. starting at $ /month for - standard dynos, the next tier up is $ for up to standard dynos, all the way up to $ (!) for to dynos. if you have performance dynos involved, from $ /month for - performance dynos, up to $ /month for up to performance dynos. for our anticipated uses… if we only scale bg dynos, i might want to scale from (low) or to (high) or standard dynos, so we’d be at $ /month. our web dynos are likely to be performance and i wouldn’t want/need to scale more than probably , but that puts us into performance dyno tier, so we’re looking at $ /month. this is of course significantly more expensive than hirefire.io’s flat rate. metric resolution since hirefire had an additional charge for finer than -minute resolution on checks for autoscaling, we’ll discuss resolution here in this section too. rails autoscale has same resolution for all tiers, and i think it’s generally seconds, so approximately the same as hirefire if you pay the extra $ for increased resolution. configuration let’s look at configuration screens to get a sense of feature-sets. rails autoscale web dynos to configure web dynos, here’s what you get, with default values: the metric rails autoscale uses for scaling web dynos is time in heroku routing queue, which seems right to me — when things are spending longer in heroku routing queue before getting to a dyno, it means scale up. worker dynos for scaling worker dynos, rails autoscale can scale dyno type named “worker” — it can understand ruby queuing libraries sidekiq, resque, delayed job, or que. i’m not certain if there are options for writing custom adapter code for other backends. here’s what the configuration options are — sorry these aren’t the defaults, i’ve already customized them and lost track of what defaults are. you can see that worker dynos are scaled based on the metric “number of jobs queued”, and you can tell it to only pay attention to certain queues if you want. hirefire hirefire has far more options for customization than rails autoscale, which can make it a bit overwhelming, but also potentially more powerful. web dynos you can actually configure as many heroku process types as you have for autoscale, not just ones named “web” and “worker”. and for each, you have your choice of several metrics to be used as scaling triggers. for web, i think queue time (percentile, average) matches what rails autoscale does, configured to percentile, , and is probably the best to use unless you have a reason to use another. (“rails autoscale tracks the th percentile queue time, which for most applications will hover well below the default threshold of ms.“) here’s what configuration hirefire makes available if you are scaling on “queue time” like rails autoscale, configuration may vary for other metrics. i think if you fill in the right numbers, you can configure to work equivalently to rails autoscale. worker dynos if you have more than one heroku process type for workers — say, working on different queues — hirefire can scale the independently, with entirely separate configuration. this is pretty handy, and i don’t think rails autoscale offers this. (update i may be wrong, rails autoscale says they do support this, so check on it yourself if it matters to you). for worker dynos, you could choose to scale based on actual “dyno load”, but i think this is probably mostly for types of processes where there isn’t the ability to look at “number of jobs”. a “number of jobs in queue” like rails autoscale does makes a lot more sense to me as an effective metric for scaling queue-based bg workers. hirefire’s metric is slightly difererent than rails autoscale’s “jobs in queue”. for recognized ruby queue systems (a larger list than rails autoscale’s; and you can write your own custom adapter for whatever you like), it actually measures jobs in queue plus workers currently busy. so queued+in-progress, rather than rails autoscale’s just queued. i actually have a bit of trouble wrapping my head around the implications of this, but basically, it means that hirefire’s “jobs in queue” metric strategy is intended to try to scale all the way to emptying your queue, or reaching your max scale limit, whichever comes first. i think this may make sense and work out at least as well or perhaps better than rails autoscale’s approach? here’s what configuration hirefire makes available for worker dynos scaling on “job queue” metric. since the metric isn’t the same as rails autosale, we can’t configure this to work identically. but there are a whole bunch of configuration options, some similar to rails autoscale’s. the most important thing here is that “ratio” configuration. it may not be obvious, but with the way the hirefire metric works, you are basically meant to configure this to equal the number of workers/threads you have on each dyno. i have it configured to because my heroku worker processes use resque, with resque_pool, configured to run resque workers on each dyno. if you use sidekiq, set ratio to your configured concurrency — or if you are running more than one sidekiq process, processes*concurrency. basically how many jobs your dyno can be concurrently working is what you should normally set for ‘ratio’. hirefire not a heroku plugin hirefire isn’t actually a heroku plugin. in addition to that meaning separate invoicing, there can be some other inconveniences. since hirefire only can interact with heroku api, for some metrics (including the “queue time” metric that is probably optimal for web dyno scaling) you have to configure your app to log regular statistics to heroku’s “logplex” system. this can add a lot of noise to your log, and for heroku logging add-ons that are tired based on number of log lines or bytes, can push you up to higher pricing tiers. if you use paperclip, i think you should be able to use the log filtering feature to solve this, keep that noise out of your logs and avoid impacting data log transfer limits. however, if you ever have cause to look at heroku’s raw logs, that noise will still be there. support and docs i asked a couple questions of both hirefire and rails autoscale as part of my evaluation, and got back well-informed and easy-to-understand answers quickly from both. support for both seems to be great. i would say the documentation is decent-but-not-exhaustive for both products. hirefire may have slightly more complete documentation. other features? there are other things you might want to compare, various kinds of observability (bar chart or graph of dynos or observed metrics) and notification. i don’t have time to get into the details (and didn’t actually spend much time exploring them to evaluate), but they seem to offer roughly similar features. conclusion rails autoscale is quite a bit more expensive than hirefire.io’s flat rate, once you get past rails autoscale’s most basic tier (scaling no more than standard dynos). it’s true that autoscaling saves you money over not, so even an expensive price could be considered a ‘cut’ of that, and possibly for many ecommerce sites even $ a month might a drop in the bucket (!)…. but this price difference is so significant with hirefire (which has flat rate regardless of dynos), that it seems to me it would take a lot of additional features/value to justify. and it’s not clear that rails autoscale has any feature advantage. in general, hirefire.io seems to have more features and flexibility. until , hirefire.io could only analyze metrics with -minute resolution, so perhaps that was a “killer feature”? honestly i wonder if this price difference is sustained by rails autoscale only because most customers aren’t aware of hirefire.io, it not being listed on the heroku marketplace? single-invoice billing is handy, but probably not worth $ + a month. i guess hirefire’s logplex noise is a bit inconvenient? or is there something else i’m missing? pricing competition is good for the consumer. and are there any other heroku autoscale solutions, that can handle rails bg job dynos, that i still don’t know about? update a day after writing djcp on a reddit thread writes: i used to be a principal engineer for the heroku add-ons program. one issue with hirefire is they request account level oauth tokens that essentially give them ability to do anything with your apps, where rails autoscaling worked with us to create a partnership and integrate with our “official” add-on apis that limits security concerns and are scoped to the application that’s being scaled. part of the reason for hirefire working the way it does is historical, but we’ve supported the endpoints they need to scale for “official” partners for years now. a lot of heroku customers use hirefire so please don’t think i’m spreading fud, but you should be aware you’re giving a third party very broad rights to do things to your apps. they probably won’t, of course, but what if there’s a compromise? “official” add-on providers are given limited scoped tokens to (mostly) only the actions / endpoints they need, minimizing blast radius if they do get compromised. you can read some more discussion at that thread. 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			 comments 			 									january , january , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			managed solr saas options 			 	 		 i was recently looking for managed solr “software-as-a-service” (saas) options, and had trouble figuring out what was out there. so i figured i’d share what i learned. even though my knowledge here is far from exhaustive, and i have only looked seriously at one of the ones i found. the only managed solr options i found were: websolr; searchstax; and opensolr. of these, i think websolr and searchstax are more well-known, i couldn’t find anyone with experience with opensolr, which perhaps is newer. of them all, searchstax is the only one i actually took for a test drive, so will have the most to say about. why we were looking we run a fairly small-scale app, whose infrastructure is currently self-managed aws ec instances, running respectively: ) a rails web app ) bg workers for the rails web app ) postgres, and ) solr. oh yeah, there’s also a redis running one of those servers, on # with pg or # with solr, i forget. currently we manage this all ourselves, right on the ec . but we’re looking to move as much as we can into “managed” servers. perhaps we’ll move to heroku. perhaps we’ll use hatchbox. or if we do stay on aws resources we manage directly, we’d look at things like using an aws rds postgres instead of installing it on an ec ourselves, an aws elasticache for redis, maybe look into elastic beanstalk, etc. but no matter what we do, we need a solr, and we’d like to get it managed. hatchbox has no special solr support, aws doesn’t have a solr service, heroku does have a solr add-on but you can also use any solr with it and we’ll get to that later. our current solr use is pretty small scale. we don’t run “solrcloud mode“, just legacy ordinary solr. we only have around , documents in there (tiny for solr), our index size is only mb. our traffic is pretty low — when i tried to figure out how low, it doesn’t seem we have sufficient logging turned on to answer that specifically but using proxy metrics to guess i’d say k- k requests a day, query as well as add. this is a pretty small solr installation, although it is used centrally for the primary functions of the (fairly low-traffic) app. it currently runs on an ec t a.small, which is a “burstable” ec type with only g of ram. it does have two vcpus (that is one core with ‘hyperthreading’). the t a.small ec instance only costs $ /month on-demand price! we know we’ll be paying more for managed solr, but we want to do get out of the business of managing servers — we no longer really have the staff for it. websolr (didn’t actually try out) websolr is the only managed solr currently listed as a heroku add-on. it is also available as a managed solr independent of heroku. the pricing in the heroku plans vs the independent plans seems about the same. as a heroku add-on there is a $ “staging” plan that doesn’t exist in the independent plans. (unlike some other heroku add-ons, no time-limited free plan is available for websolr). but once we go up from there, the plans seem to line up. starting at: $ /month for: 	 million document limit 	 k requests/day 	 index 	 mb storage 	 concurrent requests limit (this limit is not mentioned on the independent pricing page?) next level up is $ /month for: 	 million document limit 	 k requests/day 	 . gb storage 	 concurrent request limit (again concurrent request limits aren’t mentioned on independent pricing page) as you can see, websolr has their plans metered by usage. $ /month is around the price range we were hoping for (we’ll need two, one for staging one for production). our small solr is well under million documents and ~ gb storage, and we do only use one index at present. however, the k requests/day limit i’m not sure about, even if we fit under it, we might be pushing up against it. and the “concurrent request” limit simply isn’t one i’m even used to thinking about. on a self-managed solr it hasn’t really come up. what does “concurrent” mean exactly in this case, how is it measured? with puma web workers and sometimes a possibly multi-threaded batch index going on, could we exceed a limit of ? seems plausible. what happens when they are exceeded? your solr request results in an http error! do i need to now write the app to rescue those gracefully, or use connection pooling to try to avoid them, or something? having to rewrite the way our app functions for a particular managed solr is the last thing we want to do. (although it’s not entirely clear if those connection limits exist on the non-heroku-plugin plans, i suspect they do?). and in general, i’m not thrilled with the way the pricing works here, and the price points. i am positive for a lot of (eg) heroku customers an additional $ * =$ /month is peanuts not even worth accounting for, but for us, a small non-profit whose app’s traffic does not scale with revenue, that starts to be real money. it is not clear to me if websolr installations (at “standard” plans) are set up in “solrcloud mode” or not; i’m not sure what api’s exist for uploading your custom schema.xml (which we’d need to do), or if they expect you to do this only manually through a web ui (that would not be good); i’m not sure if you can upload custom solrconfig.xml settings (this may be running on a shared solr instance with standard solrconfig.xml?). basically, all of this made websolr not the first one we looked at. does it matter if we’re on heroku using a managed solr that’s not a heroku plugin? i don’t think so. in some cases, you can get a better price from a heroku plug-in than you could get from that same vendor not on heroku or other competitors. but that doesn’t seem to be the case here, and other that that does it matter? well, all heroku plug-ins are required to bill you by-the-minute, which is nice but not really crucial, other forms of billing could also be okay at the right price. with a heroku add-on, your billing is combined into one heroku invoice, no need to give a credit card to anyone else, and it can be tracked using heroku tools. which is certainly convenient and a plus, but not essential if the best tool for the job is not a heroku add-on. and as a heroku add-on, websolr provides a websolr_url heroku config/env variable automatically to code running on heroku. ok, that’s kind of nice, but it’s not a big deal to set a solr_url heroku config manually referencing the appropriate address. i suppose as a heroku add-on, websolr also takes care of securing and authenticating connections between the heroku dynos and the solr, so we need to make sure we have a reasonable way to do this from any alternative. searchstax (did take it for a spin) searchstax’s pricing tiers are not based on metering usage. there are no limits based on requests/day or concurrent connections. searchstax runs on dedicated-to-you individual solr instances (i would guess running on dedicated-to-you individual (eg) ec , but i’m not sure). instead the pricing is based on size of host running solr. you can choose to run on instances deployed to aws, google cloud, or azure. we’ll be sticking to aws (the others, i think, have a slight price premium). while searchstax gives you a pricing pages that looks like the “new-way-of-doing-things” transparent pricing, in fact there isn’t really enough info on public pages to see all the price points and understand what you’re getting, there is still a kind of “talk to a salesperson who has a price sheet” thing going on. what i think i have figured out from talking to a salesperson and support, is that the “silver” plans (“starting at $ a month”, although we’ll say more about that in a bit) are basically: we give you a solr, we don’t don’t provide any technical support for solr. while the “gold” plans “from $ /month” are actually about paying for solr consultants to set up and tune your schema/index etc. that is not something we need, and $ +/month is way more than the price range we are looking for. while the searchstax pricing/plan pages kind of imply the “silver” plan is not suitable for production, in fact there is no real reason not to use it for production i think, and the salesperson i talked to confirmed that — just reaffirming that you were on your own managing the solr configuration/setup. that’s fine, that’s what we want, we just don’t want to mangage the os or set up the solr or upgrade it etc. the silver plans have no sla, but as far as i can tell their uptime is just fine. the silver plans only guarantees -hour support response time — but for the couple support tickets i filed asking questions while under a free -day trial (oh yeah that’s available), i got prompt same-day responses, and knowledgeable responses that answered my questions. so a “silver” plan is what we are interested in, but the pricing is not actually transparent. $ /month is for the smallest instance available, and if you prepay/contract for a year. they call that small instance an ndn and it has gb of ram and gb of storage. if you pay-as-you-go instead of contracting for a year, that already jumps to $ /month. (that price is available on the trial page). when you are paying-as-you-go, you are actually billed per-day, which might not be as nice as heroku’s per-minute, but it’s pretty okay, and useful if you need to bring up a temporary solr instance as part of a migration/upgrade or something like that. the next step up is an “ndn ” which has g of ram and gb of storage, and has an ~$ /month pay-as-you-go — you can find that price if you sign-up for a free trial. the discount price price for an annual contract is a discount similar to the ndn %, $ /month — that price i got only from a salesperson, i don’t know if it’s always stable. it only occurs to me now that they don’t tell you how many cpus are available. i’m not sure if i can fit our solr in the g ndn , but i am sure i can fit it in the g ndn with some headroom, so i didn’t look at plans above that — but they are available, still under “silver”, with prices going up accordingly. all searchstax solr instances run in “solrcloud” mode — these ndn and ndn ones we’re looking at just run one node with one zookeeper, but still in cloud mode. there are also “silver” plans available with more than one node in a “high availability” configuration, but the prices start going up steeply, and we weren’t really interested in that. because it’s solrcloud mode though, you can use the standard solr api for uploading your configuration. it’s just solr! so no arbitrary usage limits, no features disabled. the searchstax web console seems competently implemented; it let’s you create and delete individual solr “deployments”, manage accounts to login to console (on “silver” plan you only get two, or can pay $ /month/account for more, nah), and set up auth for a solr deployment. they support ip-based authentication or http basic auth to the solr (no limit to how many solr basic auth accounts you can create). http basic auth is great for us, because trying to do ip-based from somewhere like heroku isn’t going to work. all solrs are available over https/ssl — great! searchstax also has their own proprietary http api that lets you do most anything, including creating/destroying deployments, managing solr basic auth users, basically everything. there is some api that duplicates the solr cloud api for adding configsets, i don’t think there’s a good reason to use it instead of standard solrcloud api, although their docs try to point you to it. there’s even some kind of webhooks for alerts! (which i haven’t really explored). basically, searchstax just seems to be a sane and rational managed solr option, it has all the features you’d expect/need/want for dealing with such. the prices seem reasonable-ish, generally more affordable than websolr, especially if you stay in “silver” and “one node”. at present, we plan to move forward with it. opensolr (didn’t look at it much) i have the least to say about this, have spent the least time with it, after spending time with searchstax and seeing it met our needs. but i wanted to make sure to mention it, because it’s the only other managed solr i am even aware of. definitely curious to hear from any users. here is the pricing page. the prices seem pretty decent, perhaps even cheaper than searchstax, although it’s unclear to me what you get. does “ solr clusters” mean that it’s not solrcloud mode? after seeing how useful solrcloud apis are for management (and having this confirmed by many of my peers in other libraries/museums/archives who choose to run solrcloud), i wouldn’t want to do without it. so i guess that pushes us to “executive” tier? which at $ /month (billed yearly!) is still just fine, around the same as searchstax. but they do limit you to one solr index; i prefer searchstax’s model of just giving you certain host resources and do what you want with it. it does say “shared infrastructure”. might be worth investigating, curious to hear more from anyone who did. now, what about elasticsearch? we’re using solr mostly because that’s what various collaborative and open source projects in the library/museum/archive world have been doing for years, since before elasticsearch even existed. so there are various open source libraries and toolsets available that we’re using. but for whatever reason, there seem to be so many more managed elasticsearch saas available. at possibly much cheaper pricepoints. is this because the elasticsearch market is just bigger? or is elasticsearch easier/cheaper to run in a saas environment? or what? i don’t know. but there’s the controversial aws elasticsearch service; there’s the elastic cloud “from the creators of elasticsearch”. on heroku that lists one solr add-on, there are three elasticsearch add-ons listed: elasticcloud, bonsai elasticsearch, and searchbox elasticsearch. if you just google “managed elasticsearch” you immediately see or other names. i don’t know enough about elasticsearch to evaluate them. there seem on first glance at pricing pages to be more affordable, but i may not know what i’m comparing and be looking at tiers that aren’t actually usable for anything or will have hidden fees. but i know there are definitely many more managed elasticsearch saas than solr. i think elasticsearch probably does everything our app needs. if i were to start from scratch, i would definitely consider elasticsearch over solr just based on how many more saas options there are. while it would require some knowledge-building (i have developed a lot of knowlege of solr and zero of elasticsearch) and rewriting some parts of our stack, i might still consider switching to es in the future, we don’t do anything too too complicated with solr that would be too too hard to switch to es, probably. 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									january , january , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			gem authors, check your release sizes 			 	 		 most gems should probably be a couple hundred kb at most. i’m talking about the package actually stored in and downloaded from rubygems by an app using the gem. after all, source code is just text, and it doesn’t take up much space. ok, maybe some gems have a couple images in there. but if you are looking at your gem in rubygems and realize that it’s mb or bigger… and that it seems to be getting bigger with every release… something is probably wrong and worth looking into it. one way to look into it is to look at the actual gem package. if you use the handy bundler rake task to release your gem (and i recommend it), you have a ./pkg directory in your source you last released from. inside it are “.gem” files for each release you’ve made from there, unless you’ve cleaned it up recently. .gem files are just .tar files it turns out. that have more tar and gz files inside them etc. we can go into it, extract contents, and use the handy unix utility du -sh to see what is taking up all the space. how i found the bytes jrochkind-chf kithe (master ?) $ cd pkg jrochkind-chf pkg (master ?) $ ls kithe- . . .beta .gem kithe- . . .pre.rc .gem kithe- . . .gem kithe- . . .gem kithe- . . .pre.beta .gem kithe- . . .gem jrochkind-chf pkg (master ?) $ mkdir exploded jrochkind-chf pkg (master ?) $ cp kithe- . . .gem exploded/kithe- . . .tar jrochkind-chf pkg (master ?) $ cd exploded jrochkind-chf exploded (master ?) $ tar -xvf kithe- . . .tar x metadata.gz x data.tar.gz x checksums.yaml.gz jrochkind-chf exploded (master ?) $ mkdir unpacked_data_tar jrochkind-chf exploded (master ?) $ tar -xvf data.tar.gz -c unpacked_data_tar/ jrochkind-chf exploded (master ?) $ cd unpacked_data_tar/ /users/jrochkind/code/kithe/pkg/exploded/unpacked_data_tar jrochkind-chf unpacked_data_tar (master ?) $ du -sh * . k mit-license k readme.md . k rakefile k app . k config k db k lib m spec jrochkind-chf unpacked_data_tar (master ?) $ cd spec jrochkind-chf spec (master ?) $ du -sh * . k derivative_transformers m dummy k factories k indexing k models . k rails_helper.rb k shrine k simple_form_enhancements . k spec_helper.rb k test_support . k validators jrochkind-chf spec (master ?) $ cd dummy/ jrochkind-chf dummy (master ?) $ du -sh * . k rakefile k app k bin k config . k config.ru . k db m log . k package.json k public . k tmp doh! in this particular gem, i have a dummy rails app, and it has mb of logs, cause i haven’t b bothered trimming them in a while, that are winding up including in the gem release package distributed to rubygems and downloaded by all consumers! even if they were small, i don’t want these in the released gem package at all! that’s not good! it only turns into mb instead of mb, because log files are so compressable and there is compression involved in assembling the rubygems package. but i have no idea how much space it’s actually taking up on consuming applications machines. this is very irresponsible! what controls what files are included in the gem package? your .gemspec file of course. the line s.files = is an array of every file to include in the gem package. well, plus s.test_files is another array of more files, that aren’t supposed to be necessary to run the gem, but are to test it. (rubygems was set up to allow automated *testing* of gems after download, is why test files are included in the release package. i am not sure how useful this is, and who if anyone does it; although i believe that some linux distro packagers try to make use of it, for better or worse). but nobody wants to list every file in your gem individually, manually editing the array every time you add, remove, or move one. fortunately, gemspec files are executable ruby code, so you can use ruby as a shortcut. i have seen two main ways of doing this, with different “gem skeleton generators” taking one of two approaches. sometimes a shell out to git is used — the idea is that everything you have checked into your git should be in the gem release package, no more or no less. for instance, one of my gems has this in it, not sure where it came from or who/what generated it. spec.files = `git ls-files -z`.split("\x ").reject do |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) end in that case, it wouldn’t have included anything in ./spec already, so this obviously isn’t actually the gem we were looking at before. but in this case, in addition to using ruby logic to manipulate the results, nothing excluded by your .gitignore file will end up included in your gem package, great! in kithe we were looking at before, those log files were in the .gitignore (they weren’t in my repo!), so if i had been using that git-shellout technique, they wouldn’t have been included in the ruby release already. but… i wasn’t. instead this gem has a gemspec that looks like: s.test_files = dir["spec/*/"] just include every single file inside ./spec in the test_files list. oops. then i get all those log files! one way to fix i don’t really know which is to be preferred of the git-shellout approach vs the dir-glob approach. i suspect it is the subject of historical religious wars in rubydom, when there were still more people around to argue about such things. any opinions? or another approach? without being in the mood to restructure this gemspec in anyway, i just did the simplest thing to keep those log files out… dir["spec/*/"].delete_if {|a| a =~ %r{/dummy/log/}} build the package without releasing with the handy bundler supplied rake build task… and my gem release package size goes from mb to k. (which actually kind of sounds like a minimum block size or something, right?) phew! that’s a big difference! sorry for anyone using previous versions and winding up downloading all that cruft! (actually this particular gem is mostly a proof of concept at this point and i don’t think anyone else is using it). check your gem sizes! i’d be willing to be there are lots of released gems with heavily bloated release packages like this. this isn’t the first one i’ve realized was my fault. because who pays attention to gem sizes anyway? apparently not many! but rubygems does list them, so it’s pretty easy to see. are your gem release packages multiple megs, when there’s no good reason for them to be? do they get bigger every release by far more than the bytes of lines of code you think were added? at some point in gem history was there a big jump from hundreds of kb to multiple mb? when nothing particularly actually happened to gem logic to lead to that? all hints that you might be including things you didn’t mean to include, possibly things that grow each release. you don’t need to have a dummy rails app in your repo to accidentally do this (i accidentally did it once with a gem that had nothing to do with rails). there could be other kind of log files. or test coverage or performance metric files, or any other artifacts of your build or your development, especially ones that grow over time — that aren’t actually meant to or needed as part of the gem release package! it’s good to sanity check your gem release packages now and then. in most cases, your gem release package should be hundreds of kb at most, not mbs. help keep your users’ installs and builds faster and slimmer! 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									january , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			every time you decide to solve a problem with code… 			 	 		 every time you decide to solve a problem with code, you are committing part of your future capacity to maintaining and operating that code. software is never done. software is drowning the world by james abley 	 	 		 				 			 				jrochkind			 							 					general				 			 			leave a comment 			 									january , 							 					 		 			 			 	 		posts navigation 		older posts 	 		 		 	 	bibliographic wilderness is a blog by jonathan rochkind about digital library services, ruby, and web development. contact 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 email subscription 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 subscribe 			 		 		recent posts 			 					logging uri query params with lograge 											august , 									 	 					notes on cloudfront in front of rails assets on heroku, with cors 											june , 									 	 					activesupport::cache via activerecord (note to self) 											june , 									 	 					heroku release phase, rails db:migrate, and command failure 											june , 									 	 					code that lasts: sustainable and usable open source code 											march , 									 		archives 		archives 		select month august  ( ) june  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) 			feeds  rss - posts  rss - comments recent comments 					 							the return of the semantic web? – deeply semantic on “is the semantic web still a thing?”						 	 							jrochkind on rails auto-scaling on heroku						 	 							adam (rails autoscale) on rails auto-scaling on heroku						 	 							on catalogers, programmers, and user tasks – gavia libraria on broad categories from class numbers						 	 							replacing marc – gavia libraria on linked data caution						 	 							jrochkind on deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for ci						 	 							jrochkind on deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for ci						 	 							jrochkind on deep dive: moving ruby projects from travis to github actions for ci						 				top posts 	 					purposes/functions of controlled vocabulary					 	 					bootstrap to : changes in how font size, line-height, and spacing is done. or "what happened to $line-height-computed."					 	 					yes, product owner and technical lead need to be different people					 	 					logging uri query params with lograge					 	 					some notes on what's going on in activestorage					 top clicks 	blog.travis-ci.com/ - … 	aws.amazon.com/premiumsup… 	kunststube.net/encoding 	searchstax.com/docs/staxa… 	github.com/twbs/bootstrap… 			 			 			 		 		 							 					 						 													 											a blog by jonathan rochkind. all original content licensed cc-by. 									 						 											 				 						 				 				create a website or blog at wordpress.com 				 			 				 							 		 	 		 		 	 	 		 		 		 					 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 				 		 dshr's blog dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, august , the economist on cryptocurrencies the economist edition dated august th has a leader (unstablecoins) and two articles (in the finance section (the disaster scenario and here comes the sheriff). 	 	source the leader argues that: regulators must act quickly to subject stablecoins to bank-like rules for transparency, liquidity and capital. those failing to comply should be cut off from the financial system, to stop people drifting into an unregulated crypto-ecosystem. policymakers are right to sound the alarm, but if stablecoins continue to grow, governments will need to move faster to contain the risks. but even the economist gets taken in by the typical cryptocurrency hype, balancing current actual risks against future possible benefits: yet it is possible that regulated private-sector stablecoins will eventually bring benefits, such as making cross-border payments easier, or allowing self-executing “smart contracts”. regulators should allow experiments whose goal is not merely to evade financial rules. they don't seem to understand that, just as the whole point of uber is to evade the rules for taxis, the whole point of cryptocurrency is to "evade financial rules". below the fold i comment on the two articles. read more » posted by david. at : am comments: labels: bitcoin tuesday, august , stablecoins part i wrote stablecoins about tether and its "magic money pump" seven months ago. a lot has happened and a lot has been written about it since, and some of it explores aspects i didn't understand at the time, so below the fold at some length i try to catch up. read more » posted by david. at : am comments: labels: bitcoin thursday, july , economics of evil revisited eight years ago i wrote economics of evil about the death of google reader and google's habit of leaving its customers users in the lurch. in the comments to the post i started keeping track of accessions to le petit musée des projets google abandonnés. so far i've recorded at least dead products, an average of more than a year. two years ago ron amadeo wrote about the problem this causes in google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand: we are days into the year, and so far, google is racking up an unprecedented body count. if we just take the official shutdown dates that have already occurred in , a google-branded product, feature, or service has died, on average, about every nine days. below the fold, some commentary on amadeo's latest report from the killing fields, in which he detects a little remorse. read more » posted by david. at : am comment: labels: cloud economics tuesday, july , yet another dna storage technique 	 	source an alternative approach to nucleic acid memory by george d. dickinson et al from boise state university describes a fundamentally different way to store and retrieve data using dna strands as the medium. will hughes et al have an accessible summary in dna ‘lite-brite’ is a promising way to archive data for decades or longer: we and our colleagues have developed a way to store data using pegs and pegboards made out of dna and retrieving the data with a microscope – a molecular version of the lite-brite toy. our prototype stores information in patterns using dna strands spaced about nanometers apart. below the fold i look at the details of the technique they call digital nucleic acid memory (dnam). read more » posted by david. at : am no comments: labels: storage media tuesday, july , alternatives to proof-of-work the designers of peer-to-peer consensus protocols such as those underlying cryptocurrencies face three distinct problems. they need to prevent: 	being swamped by a multitude of sybil peers under the control of an attacker. this requires making peer participation expensive, such as by proof-of-work (pow). pow is problematic because it has a catastrophic carbon footprint. 	a rational majority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this is thought to be achieved by decentralization, that is a network of so many peers acting independently that a conspiracy among a majority of them is highly improbable. decentralization is problematic because in practice all successful cryptocurrencies are effectively centralized. 	a rational minority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this requirement is called incentive compatibility. this is problematic because it requires very careful design of the protocol. in the rather long post below the fold i focus on some potential alternatives to pow, inspired by jeremiah wagstaff's subspace: a solution to the farmer’s dilemma, the white paper for a new blockchain technology. read more » posted by david. at : am comments: labels: bitcoin, p p thursday, july , a modest proposal about ransomware on the evening of july nd the revil ransomware gang exploited a -day vulnerability to launch a supply chain attack on customers of kaseya's virtual system administrator (vsa) product. the timing was perfect, with most system administrators off for the july th long weekend. by the th alex marquardt reported that kaseya says up to , businesses compromised in massive ransomware attack. revil, which had previously extorted $ m from meat giant jbs, announced that for the low, low price of only $ m they would provide everyone with a decryptor. the us government's pathetic response is to tell the intelligence agencies to investigate and to beg putin to crack down on the ransomware gangs. good luck with that! it isn't his problem, because the gangs write their software to avoid encrypting systems that have default languages from the former ussr. i've writtten before (here, here, here) about the importance of disrupting the cryptocurrency payment channel that enables ransomware, but it looks like the ransomware crisis has to get a great deal worse before effective action is taken. below the fold i lay out a modest proposal that could motivate actions that would greatly reduce the risk. read more » posted by david. at : am comments: labels: malware, security tuesday, july , intel did a boeing two years ago, wolf richter noted that boeing's failure to invest in a successor airframe was a major cause of the max debacle: from through q , boeing has blown a mind-boggling $ billion on share buybacks i added up the opportunity costs: suppose instead of buying back stock, boeing had invested in its future. even assuming an entirely new replacement for the series was as expensive as the (the first of a new airframe technology), they could have delivered the first replacement ($ b), and be almost % through developing another entirely new airframe ($ b/$ b). but executive bonuses and stock options mattered more than the future of the company's cash cow product. below the fold i look at how intel made the same mistake as boeing, and early signs that they have figured out what went wrong. read more » posted by david. at : am comments: labels: stock buybacks older posts home subscribe to: posts (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  august ( ) 	the economist on cryptocurrencies 	stablecoins part 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain | nber skip to main content 	subscribe 	media 	open calls close search 	 research explore research 	 findings 	 working papers 	 books & chapters 	 lectures 	 research spotlights 	 periodicals 	 the digest 	 the reporter 	 the bulletin on retirement and disability 	 the bulletin on health 	 the bulletin on entrepreneurship 	 periodicals archive 	 data & business cycles 	 boston research data center 	 business cycle dating 	 public use data archive 	 topics 	 covid- 	 unemployment and immigration 	 energy 	 entrepreneurship 	 trade 	 programs & projects explore programs & projects 	 programs 	 economics of aging 	 asset pricing 	 children 	 corporate finance 	 development economics 	 development of the american economy 	 economic fluctuations and growth 	 economics of education 	 environment and energy economics 	 health care 	 health economics 	 industrial organization 	 international finance and macroeconomics 	 international trade and investment 	 labor studies 	 law and economics 	 monetary economics 	 political economy 	 productivity, innovation, and entrepreneurship 	 public economics 	 working groups 	 behavioral finance 	 chinese economy 	 cohort studies 	 economics of crime 	 entrepreneurship 	 household finance 	 innovation policy 	 insurance 	 market design 	 organizational economics 	 personnel economics 	 race and stratification in the economy 	 risks of financial institutions 	 urban economics 	 projects & centers 	 center for aging and health research 	 conference on econometrics and mathematical economics 	 conference on research in income and wealth 	 economics of digitization 	 gender in the economy 	 illinois workplace wellness study 	 improving health outcomes for an aging population 	 macroeconomics annual 	 measuring the clinical and economic outcomes associated with delivery systems 	 oregon health insurance experiment 	 retirement and disability research center 	 the roybal center for behavior change in health 	 satellite national health accounts 	 science of science funding 	 training program in aging and health economics 	 transportation economics in the st century 	 union army data & early indicators 	 value of medical research 	 women working longer 	 conferences 	 affiliated scholars 	 nber news explore nber news 	 research in the news 	 nobel laureates 	 featured working papers archive 	 career resources explore career resources 	 ra positions – at nber 	 ra positions – not at the nber 	 staff positions at nber 	 calls for fellowship applications 	 current fellowship recipients 	 phd candidates in economics 	 about explore about 	 leadership & governance 	 support & funding 	 history 	 standards of conduct 	 privacy policy 	 staff 	 employment opportunities at nber 	subscribe 	media 	open calls search 	 home 	 research 	 working papers 	 the economic limits of bitcoin and the… the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain eric budish share twitter linkedin email 	working paper 	doi . /w 	issue date june the amount of computational power devoted to anonymous, decentralized blockchains such as bitcoin's must simultaneously satisfy two conditions in equilibrium: ( ) a zero-profit condition among miners, who engage in a rent-seeking competition for the prize associated with adding the next block to the chain; and ( ) an incentive compatibility condition on the system's vulnerability to a “majority attack”, namely that the computational costs of such an attack must exceed the benefits. together, these two equations imply that ( ) the recurring, “flow”, payments to miners for running the blockchain must be large relative to the one-off, “stock”, benefits of attacking it. this is very expensive! the constraint is softer (i.e., stock versus stock) if both (i) the mining technology used to run the blockchain is both scarce and non-repurposable, and (ii) any majority attack is a “sabotage” in that it causes a collapse in the economic value of the blockchain; however, reliance on non-repurposable technology for security and vulnerability to sabotage each raise their own concerns, and point to specific collapse scenarios. in particular, the model suggests that bitcoin would be majority attacked if it became sufficiently economically important — e.g., if it became a “store of value” akin to gold — which suggests that there are intrinsic economic limits to how economically important it can become in the first place. 	 acknowledgements and disclosures project start date: feb , . first public draft: may , . for the record, the first large-stakes majority attack of a well-known cryptocurrency, the $ m attack on bitcoin gold, occurred a few weeks later in mid-may (wilmoth, ; wong, ). acknowledgments: thanks are due to susan athey, vitalik buterin, alex frankel, joshua gans, austan goolsbee, zhiguo he, joi ito, steve kaplan, anil kashyap, judd kessler, randall kroszner, robin lee, jacob leshno, neale mahoney, sendhil mullainathan, david parkes, john shim, scott stornetta, aviv zohar, and seminar participants at chicago booth and the mit digital currency initiative. natalia drozdoff and matthew o'keefe have provided excellent research assistance. disclosure: i do not have any financial interests in blockchain companies or cryptocurrencies, either long or short. the views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national bureau of economic research. 	 download citation marc ris bibteΧ download citation data related topics other general, teaching microeconomics market structure and distribution general equilibrium macroeconomics money and interest rates financial economics financial markets portfolio selection and asset pricing financial institutions behavioral finance industrial organization industry studies culture programs asset pricing corporate finance industrial organization monetary economics productivity, innovation, and entrepreneurship working groups entrepreneurship risks of financial institutions market design conferences si monetary economics mentioned in the news 	 bitcoin too risky to go mainstream, central bank overseer says june , source: the star (toronto) read the research here. more from nber in addition to working papers, the nber disseminates affiliates’ latest findings through a range of free periodicals — the nber reporter, the nber digest, the bulletin on retirement and disability, and the bulletin on health — as well as online conference reports, video lectures, and interviews. the economics of digitization 	article 	 author: shane greenstein the nber economics of digitization project, established in with support from the alfred p. sloan foundation, provides a forum for disseminating research... the martin feldstein lecture: journey across a century of women 	lecture claudia goldin, the henry lee professor of economics at harvard university and a past president of the american... summer institute methods lectures: differential privacy for economists 	lecture the extent to which individual responses to household surveys are protected from discovery by outside parties depends... national bureau of economic research contact us massachusetts ave. cambridge, ma - - info@nber.org follow 	 	 	 	 accessibility: if you are experiencing difficulty with accessibility or usability, or would like to report a barrier in accessing our content, contact info@nber.org for help or more information. we take digital accessibility seriously and welcome the opportunity to improve the reach of our research. 	homepage 	privacy policy © national bureau of economic research. all rights reserved. ios zero-day let solarwinds hackers compromise fully updated iphones | ars technica 	 skip to main content 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums subscribe close navigate 	store 	subscribe 	videos 	features 	reviews 	rss feeds 	mobile site 	about ars 	staff directory 	contact us 	advertise with ars 	reprints filter by topic 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums settings front page layout grid list site theme black on white white on black sign in comment activity sign up or login to join the discussions! stay logged in | having trouble? sign up to comment and more sign up zero-day explosion — ios zero-day let solarwinds hackers compromise fully updated iphones flaw was exploited when government officials clicked on links in linkedin messages. dan goodin - jul , : pm utc enlarge getty images reader comments with posters participating share this story 	share on facebook 	share on twitter 	share on reddit the russian state hackers who orchestrated the solarwinds supply chain attack last year exploited an ios zero-day as part of a separate malicious email campaign aimed at stealing web authentication credentials from western european governments, according to google and microsoft. further reading solarwinds hackers are back with a new mass campaign, microsoft says in a post google published on wednesday, researchers maddie stone and clement lecigne said a “likely russian government-backed actor” exploited the then-unknown vulnerability by sending messages to government officials over linkedin. moscow, western europe, and usaid attacks targeting cve- - , as the zero-day is tracked, redirected users to domains that installed malicious payloads on fully updated iphones. the attacks coincided with a campaign by the same hackers who delivered malware to windows users, the researchers said. further reading solarwinds hackers are back with a new mass campaign, microsoft says the campaign closely tracks to one microsoft disclosed in may. in that instance, microsoft said that nobelium—the name the company uses to identify the hackers behind the solarwinds supply chain attack—first managed to compromise an account belonging to usaid, a us government agency that administers civilian foreign aid and development assistance. with control of the agency’s account for online marketing company constant contact, the hackers could send emails that appeared to use addresses known to belong to the us agency. the federal government has attributed last year’s supply chain attack to hackers working for russia’s foreign intelligence service (abbreviated as svr). for more than a decade, the svr has conducted malware campaigns targeting governments, political think tanks, and other organizations in countries like germany, uzbekistan, south korea, and the us. targets have included the us state department and the white house in . other names used to identify the group include apt , the dukes, and cozy bear. in an email, shane huntley, the head of google's threat analysis group, confirmed the connection between the attacks involving usaid and the ios zero-day, which resided in the webkit browser engine. “these are two different campaigns, but based on our visibility, we consider the actors behind the webkit -day and the usaid campaign to be the same group of actors,” huntley wrote. “it is important to note that everyone draws actor boundaries differently. in this particular case, we are aligned with the us and uk governments' assessment of apt .” advertisement forget the sandbox throughout the campaign, microsoft said, nobelium experimented with multiple attack variations. in one wave, a nobelium-controlled web server profiled devices that visited it to determine what os and hardware the devices ran on. if the targeted device was an iphone or ipad, a server used an exploit for cve- - , which allowed hackers to deliver a universal cross-site scripting attack. apple patched the zero-day in late march. in wednesday’s post, stone and lecigne wrote: after several validation checks to ensure the device being exploited was a real device, the final payload would be served to exploit cve-​ - . this exploit would turn off same-origin-policy protections in order to collect authentication cookies from several popular websites, including google, microsoft, linkedin, facebook, and yahoo and send them via websocket to an attacker-controlled ip. the victim would need to have a session open on these websites from safari for cookies to be successfully exfiltrated. there was no sandbox escape or implant delivered via this exploit. the exploit targeted ios versions . through . . this type of attack, described by amy burnett in forget the sandbox escape: abusing browsers from code execution, is mitigated in browsers with site isolation enabled, such as chrome or firefox. it’s raining zero-days the ios attacks are part of a recent explosion in the use of zero-days. in the first half of this year, google’s project zero vulnerability research group has recorded zero-day exploits used in attacks— more than the total number from . the growth has several causes, including better detection by defenders and better software defenses that require multiple exploits to break through. the other big driver is the increased supply of zero-days from private companies selling exploits. “ -day capabilities used to be only the tools of select nation-states who had the technical expertise to find -day vulnerabilities, develop them into exploits, and then strategically operationalize their use,” the google researchers wrote. “in the mid-to-late s, more private companies have joined the marketplace selling these -day capabilities. no longer do groups need to have the technical expertise; now they just need resources.” the ios vulnerability was one of four in-the-wild zero-days google detailed on wednesday. the other three were: 	cve- - and cve- - in chrome 	cve- - in internet explorer the four exploits were used in three different campaigns. based on their analysis, the researchers assess that three of the exploits were developed by the same commercial surveillance company, which sold them to two different government-backed actors. the researchers didn’t identify the surveillance company, the governments, or the specific three zero-days they were referring to. representatives from apple didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment. reader comments with posters participating share this story 	share on facebook 	share on twitter 	share on reddit dan goodin dan is the security editor at ars technica, which he joined in after working for the register, the associated press, bloomberg news, and other publications. email dan.goodin@arstechnica.com // twitter @dangoodin advertisement you must login or create an account to comment. channel ars technica ← previous story next story → related stories today on ars 	store 	subscribe 	about us 	rss feeds 	view mobile site 	contact us 	staff 	advertise with us 	reprints newsletter signup join the ars orbital transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. sign me up → cnmn collection wired media group © condé nast. all rights reserved. use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated / / ) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated / / ) and ars technica addendum (effective / / ). ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. read our affiliate link policy. your california privacy rights | do not sell my personal information the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of condé nast. ad choices library user experience community homepage open in app sign inget started practical design thinking for libraries library user experience community 	guest write ( - we pay!) 	our slack community followfollowing a library system for the future a library system for the future this is a what-if story. kelly daganfeb , latest alexa, get me the articles (voice interfaces in academia) alexa, get me the articles (voice interfaces in academia) thinking about interfaces has led me down a path of all sorts of exciting/mildly terrifying ways of interacting with our devices — from… kelly daganfeb , accessibility information on library websites accessibility information on library websites an important part of making your library accessible is advertising that your library’s spaces and services are accessible and inclusive. carli spinanov , is autocomplete on your library home page? is autocomplete on your library home page? literature and some testing i’ve done this semester convinces me that autocomplete fundamentally improves the user experience jaci paige wilkinsonaug , writing for the user experience with rebecca blakiston writing for the user experience with rebecca blakiston : | rebecca blakiston — author of books on usability testing and writing with clarity; library journal mover and shaker — talks shop in… michael schofieldaug , write for libux write for libux we should aspire to push the #libweb forward by creating content that sets the bar for the conversation way up there, and i would love your… michael schofieldapr , first look at primo’s new user interface first look at primo’s new user interface impressions of some key innovations of primo’s new ui as well as challenges involved making customizations. ron gilmourfeb , today, i learned about the accessibility tree today, i learned about the accessibility tree if you didn’t think your grip on web accessibility could get any looser. michael schofieldfeb , what users expect what users expect we thought it would be fun to emulate some of our favorite sites in a lightweight concept discovery layer we call libre. trey gordnerjan , critical librarianship in the design of libraries critical librarianship in the design of libraries design decisions position libraries to more deliberately influence the user experience toward advocacy — such as communicating moral or… michael schofieldjan , the non-reader persona the non-reader persona michael schofielddec , iu libraries’ redesign and the descending hero search iu libraries’ redesign and the descending hero search michael schofieldaug , accessible, sort of — #a eh michael schofieldjul , create once, publish everywhere create once, publish everywhere michael schofieldjul , web education must go further than a conference budget michael schofieldmay , blur the line between the website and the building michael schofieldnov , say “ok library” say “ok library” michael schofieldoct , unambitious and incapable men in librarianship unambitious and incapable men in librarianship michael schofieldoct , on the user experience of ebooks on the user experience of ebooks so, when it comes to ebooks i am in the minority: i prefer them to the real thing. the aesthetic or whats-it about the musty trappings of… michael schofieldoct , about library user experience communitylatest storiesarchiveabout mediumtermsprivacy dshr's blog: lack of anti-trust enforcement dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, august , lack of anti-trust enforcement the accelerating negative effects that have accumulated since the collapse of anti-trust enforcement in the us have been a prominent theme on this blog. this search currently returns posts stretching back to . recently, perhaps started by lina m. khan's masterful january yale law journal article amazon's antitrust paradox a consensus has been gradually emerging as to these negative effects. one problem for this consensus is that "real economists" don't believe the real world, they only believe mathematical models that produce approximations to the real world. now, yves smith's fed economists finger monopoly concentration as underlying driver of neoliberal economic restructuring; barry lynn in harpers and fortnite lawsuit put hot light on tech monopoly power covers three developments in the emerging anti-monopoly consensus: 	apple and google ganging up on epic games. 	lina m. khan's ex-boss barry lynn's the big tech extortion racket: how google, amazon, and facebook control our lives. 	market power, inequality, and financial instability by fed economists isabel cairó and jae sim the first two will have to wait for future posts, but the last of these may start to convince "real economists" because, as yves smith writes: they developed a model to simulate the impact of companies’ rising market power, in conjunction with the assumption that the owners of capital liked to hold financial assets (here, bonds) as a sign of social status. they wanted to see it it would explain six developments over the last forty years. ... and it did! follow me below the fold for the details. yves smith lists the six developments: 	real wage growth stagnating and lagging productivity growth 	pre-tax corporate profits rising rapidly relative to gdp 	increasing income inequality 	increasing wealth inequality 	higher household leverage 	increased financial instability the fit between cairó & sim's model and the real world was impressive: for a model to have pretty decent fit for so many variables is not trivial. the first are what the model coughed up, the second, in parenthesis, are the real world data: ... the authors did quite a few sensitivity test and also modeled some alternative explanations, as well as showing panels that compared model outputs over time to real economy outcomes. they also recommend wealth distribution as a way to dampen financial crises, or even just taxing dividends at a healthy level. here is cairó & sim's abstract: over the last four decades, the u.s. economy has experienced a few secular trends, each of which may be considered undesirable in some aspects: declining labor share; rising profit share; rising income and wealth inequalities; and rising household sector leverage, and associated financial instability. we develop a real business cycle model and show that the rise of market power of the firms in both product and labor markets over the last four decades can generate all of these secular trends. we derive macroprudential policy implications for financial stability. their model contains two kinds of agents, owners of capital who lend, and workers who borrow: the first type of agents, named agents k, whose population share is calibrated at percent, own monopolistically competitive firms and accumulate real (capital) and financial assets (bonds). the second type of agents, named agents w, whose population share is calibrated at percent, work for labor earnings and do not participate in capital market, but issue private bonds for consumption smoothing. the two types of agents interact in two markets. in the labor market, they bargain over the wage. in the credit market, agents k play the role of creditors and agents w the role of borrowers. we assign so-called spirit-of-capitalism preferences to agent k such that they earn direct utility from holding financial wealth, which is assumed to represent the social status what is going on here is that the agents k want to lend as much money as possible, so as to receive interest. in order for them to do this, it is necessary for the agents w to borrow as much money as possible: we show that such preferences are key in creating a direct link between income inequality and credit accumulation, as they control the marginal propensity to save (mps) out of permanent income shocks. ... we posit that the market power of the firms owned by agent k in both product market and labor market (in the form of bargaining power) steadily increases over time for three decades ( – ) and study the transitional dynamics of the model economy. agents k in the model want to lend money, rather than directly own productive capital resources. the authors tried changing this, so that agents k owned real capital assets, but this produced much less realistic results: since the investor earns strictly positive marginal utility from holding capital, capital accumulation is enhanced far beyond the level in the baseline, increasing the marginal productivity of labor, raising labor demand and lowering the unemployment rate percentage points in years, which is clearly counterfactual. furthermore, the investment to output ratio increases percent over this period, which contrasts with the percent decline both in the data and in our baseline model. finally, the greater incentive to accumulate physical capital generates far greater income for wealthy households, creating the rise of credit-to-gdp ratio that greately overshoots the level observed in the data. they also investigated changing the motivations of the agents w: another popular narrative behind the rise of credit accumulation is the “keeping-up-with-the-joneses” preferences for borrowers. this narrative argues that it was the borrowers’ desire to catch up with the lifestyle of the wealthy households, even when their income stagnated, that explains the rise of the household sector leverage ratio. to test this narrative, we modify the preferences of agent w such that the reference point in their external habit is agent k’s consumption level, which is larger than agent w’s consumption level by construction, as agents w are the poorest agents in the model. we find that if keeping-up-with- the-joneses preferences were the main driver of the credit expansion, credit-to-gdp ratio rises percentage points in years, a substantially higher increase than the one observed in the baseline and also larger than in the data. however, such overshooting helps match the rise in the probability of financial crises. for this reason, we cannot preclude the possibility that the demand factor known as “keeping-up-with-the-joneses” is one of the factors behind the rises of household leverage and financial instability. if agents w are reluctant to borrow, the returns from the lending by agents k will be lower. so it is in the interests of agents k to (a) increase the prices of essential goods, and/or (b) increase the desire of agents w to purchase inessential goods. this is where advertising comes in, to enhance the “keeping-up-with-the-joneses” effect. fortunately, for most americans the "joneses" are not the top % of agents w who they only ever see on tv, but their slighly better-off neighbors. the altered model probably exaggerates the effect significantly. so the six bad effects are caused by the increasing market power of agents k, and thus their ability to persuade agents w to borrow from them. what to do to reduce them? we introduce a redistribution policy to our baseline model that consists of a dividend income tax for agent k and social security spending for agent w. this taxation is non-distortionary in our economy, as the tax rate does not interfere with production decisions. our results show that a policy of gradually increasing the tax rate from zero to percent over the last years might have been effective in preventing almost percent of buildup in income inequality, credit growth and the increase in the endogenous probability of financial crisis. since the taxation leaves production efficiency intact, the secular decline in labor share is left intact while the increase in income inequality is substantially subdued. this suggests that carefully designed redistribution policies can be quite effective macroprudential policy tools and more research is warranted in this area. "macroprudential policy" in this context has meant trying to avoid the regular financial crises that mean the taxpayer bails out the banks, and then endures years of "austerity" allegedly to repair the nation's finances so they will be ready for the next crisis. typically this has involved showering the banks with free money in return for a promise not to indulge in such risky behavior again until enough time has passed for people to forget where their money went. this has worked less well than one might have hoped. the federal reserve authors' radical, socialist suggestion of imposing a tax on agents k and spending the proceeds on stuff that agents w need, like health care, low-cost housing, public transit, clean air and water, unemployment insurance, public education, less murderous police and so on is so not going to happen. but if it did, the authors suggest it just might work: the taxation does not affect the wealth of nation, it simply breaks the link between the decline of the labor income share and the increase in income inequality. it does so by redistributing income from agents k to agents w with no significant changes in product and labor market equilibrium. this experiment has important implications for macroprudential policies. since the gfc, most of the focus of macroprudential policies has been on building the resilience of financial intermediaries by bolstering their capital positions, restricting their risk exposures, and restraining excessive interconnectedness among them. these policies are useful in maintaining financial stability. however, these policies might not address a much more fundamental issue: why is there so much income “to be intermediated” to begin with? in our framework, the root cause of financial instability is the income inequality driven by changes in market structure and institutional changes that reward the groups at the top of the income distribution. our experiment suggests that if an important goal for public policy is to limit the probability of a tail event, such as a financial crisis, a powerful macroprudential policy may be a redistribution policy that moderates the rise in income inequality. in other words, finanicial crises are caused by agents k having so much money sloshing around the financial system compared to the supply of productive investments (restricted by the fact the agents w can't afford to borrow to purchase the products) that the excess money has to be placed in investments so risky that regular crises are guaranteed. the authors' tax diverts the excess to agents w, reducing the risk level because they spend it and thus increase the supply of productive, less risky investments. neat, huh? notice that the authors do not propose anti-trust measures; their model continues to increase the market power of agents k. but their redistributive tax ameliorates some of the bad effects of monopolization. . matt stoller noticed the paper and wrote monopolization as a challenge for both parties: basically, people who produce things for a living don’t make as much money, and people who serve as monopoly middlemen make more money, and then the monopolists lend to the producers, creating a society built on asymmetric power relationships and unstable debt. this paper joins a host of other research coming out in recent years on the perils of concentration. for instance, on the labor front, one study showed that concentration costs the average american household $ , a year in lost purchasing power. another showed that since , markups—how much companies charge for products beyond their production costs—have tripled from percent to percent due to growing consolidation. another revealed that median annual compensation—now only $ , —would be over $ , higher if employers were less concentrated. concentration doesn’t just hit wages. monopolization hits innovation, small business formation, and regional inequality. hospitals in concentrated markets have higher mortality rates, and concentration of lab capacity in the hands of labcorp and quest diagnostics is likely even behind the covid testing shortage. the problems induced by monopolization are virtually endless, because fundamentally corporate monopolies are a mechanism to strip people of power and liberty, and people without power and liberty do not flourish. stoller seems not to have noticed that cairó & sim's model is not about reducing monopolization, but about ameliorating its bad effects. but he is right about the awkward politics of reducing it: monopolization doesn’t fit neatly into any partisan box, because structuring markets is not about taxing and spending; it is about what happens before the tax system starts dealing with profits and revenue. it is about avoiding the need to spend on social welfare by preventing the impoverishment in the first place. since the s, american policymakers in both parties have believed in a philosophy in which markets are natural forums where buyers and sellers congregate, ideally free of politics. they stopped paying attention to the details of markets, because doing so was irrelevant to the goal of leaving market actors as remote as possible from the meddling hand of government. such a view is profoundly at odds with the bipartisan american anti-monopoly tradition, a tradition in which most merchants and workers from the th century onward understood markets and chartered corporations as creatures of public policy organized for the convenience and liberty of the many. this shift fifty years ago had profound consequences. leaders in both parties have come to believe that larger corporations are generally a good thing, as they reflect more efficient operations instead of reflecting the rise of market power enabled by policy choices. posted by david. at : am labels: anti-trust comment: 	 david. said... 	 paul krugman explains the contrast between pessimism about the economy and soaring tech stocks in this interesting thread: "and of course that's a good description of the tech giants whose stocks have soared most. so a good guess is that at least part of what's going on is that long-term pessimism has reduced interest rates, and this has *increased* the value of stocks issued by monopolists" 	 september , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ▼  august ( ) 	lack of anti-trust enforcement 	optical media durability: update 	atlantic council report on software supply chains 	"good" news for bitcoin! 	contextual vs. behavioral advertising 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. disruptive library technology jester 	skip to primary navigation 	skip to content 	skip to footer disruptive library technology jester 	 about 	 resume toggle search toggle menu peter murray library technologist, open source advocate, striving to think globally while acting locally follow 	 columbus, ohio 	email 	mastodon 	twitter 	keybase / pgp key 	github 	linkedin 	stackoverflow 	orcid 	 email recent posts dltj now uses webmention and bridgy to aggregate social media commentary posted on july , minute read when i converted this blog from wordpress to a static site generated with jekyll in , i lost the ability for readers to make comments. at the time, i t... digital repository software: how far have we come? how far do we have to go? posted on june , minute read bryan brown’s tweet led me to ruth kitchin tillman’s repository ouroboros post about the treadmill of software development/deployment. and wow do i have th... thoughts on growing up posted on may , less than minute read it ‘tis the season for graduations, and this year my nephew is graduating from high school. my sister-in-law created a memory book—”a surprise book of advice... more thoughts on pre-recording conference talks posted on april , minute read over the weekend, i posted an article here about pre-recording conference talks and sent a tweet about the idea on monday. i hoped to generate discussion abo... should all conference talks be pre-recorded? posted on april , minute read the code lib conference was last week. that meeting used all pre-recorded talks, and we saw the benefits of pre-recording for attendees, presenters, and con... 	previous 	 	 	 	… 	 	next enter your search term... 	 twitter 	 github 	 feed © peter murray. powered by jekyll & minimal mistakes. dshr's blog: venture capital isn't working dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, april , venture capital isn't working i was an early employee at three vc-funded startups from the s and s. all of them ipo-ed and two (sun microsystems and nvidia) made it into the list of the top us companies by market capitalization. so i'm in a good position to appreciate jeffrey funk's must-read the crisis of venture capital: fixing america’s broken start-up system. funk starts: despite all the attention and investment that silicon valley’s recent start-ups have received, they have done little but lose money: uber, lyft, wework, pinterest, and snapchat have consistently failed to turn profits, with uber’s cumulative losses exceeding $ billion. perhaps even more notorious are bankrupt and discredited start-ups such as theranos, luckin coffee, and wirecard, which were plagued with management failures, technical problems, or even outright fraud that auditors failed to notice. what’s going on? there is no immediately obvious reason why this generation of start-ups should be so financially disastrous. after all, amazon incurred losses for many years, but eventually grew to become one of the most profitable companies in the world, even as enron and worldcom were mired in accounting scandals. so why can’t today’s start-ups also succeed? are they exceptions, or part of a larger, more systemic problem? below the fold, some reflections on funk's insightful analysis of the "larger, more systemic problem". funk introduces his argument thus: in this article, i first discuss the abundant evidence for low returns on vc investments in the contemporary market. second, i summarize the performance of start-ups founded twenty to fifty years ago, in an era when most start-ups quickly became profitable, and the most successful ones rapidly achieved top- market capitalization. third, i contrast these earlier, more successful start-ups with silicon valley’s current set of “unicorns,” the most successful of today’s start-ups. fourth, i discuss why today’s start-ups are doing worse than those of previous generations and explore the reasons why technological innovation has slowed in recent years. fifth, i offer some brief proposals about what can be done to fix our broken start-up system. systemic problems will require systemic solutions, and thus major changes are needed not just on the part of venture capitalists but also in our universities and business schools. is there a problem? funk's argument that there is a problem can be summarized thus: 	the returns on vc investments over the last two decades haven't matched the golden years of the proceeding two decades. 	in the golden years startups made profits. 	now they don't. vc returns are sub-par 	 	source this graph from a morgan stanley report shows that during the s the returns from vc investments greatly exceeded the returns from public equity. but since then the median vc return has been below that of public equity. this doesn't reward investors for the much higher risk of vc investments. the weighted average vc return is slightly above that of public equity because, as funk explains: a small percentage of investments does provide high returns, and these high returns for top-performing vc funds persist over subsequent quarters. although this data does not demonstrate that select vcs consistently earn solid profits over decades, it does suggest that these vcs are achieving good returns. it was always true that vc quality varied greatly. i discussed the advantages of working with great vcs in kai li's fast keynote: work with the best vc funds. the difference between the best and the merely good in vcs is at least as big as the difference between the best and the merely good programmers. at nvidia we had two of the very best, sutter hill and sequoia. the result is that, like kai but unlike many entrepreneurs, we think vcs are enormously helpful. one thing that was striking about working with sutter hill was how many entrepreneurs did a series of companies with them, showing that both sides had positive experiences. startups used to make profits before the dot-com boom, there used to be a rule that in order to ipo a company, it had to be making profits. this was a good rule, since it provided at least some basis for setting the stock price at the ipo. funk writes: there was a time when venture capital generated big returns for investors, employees, and customers alike, both because more start-ups were profitable at an earlier stage and because some start-ups achieved high market capitalization relatively quickly. profits are an important indicator of economic and technological growth, because they signal that a company is providing more value to its customers than the costs it is incurring. a number of start-ups founded in the late twentieth century have had an enormous impact on the global economy, quickly reaching both profitability and top- market capitalization. among these are the so-called faanmg (facebook, amazon, apple, microsoft, netflix, and google), which represented more than percent of the s&p’s total market capitalization and more than percent of the increase in the s&p’s total value at one point—in other words, the most valuable and fastest-growing compa­nies in america in recent years. funk's table shows the years to profitability and years to top- market capitalization for companies founded between and . i'm a bit skeptical of the details because, for example, the table says it took sun microsystems years to turn a profit. i'm pretty sure sun was profitable at its ipo, years from its founding. note funk's stress on achieving profitability quickly. an important silicon valley philosophy used to be: 	success is great! 	failure is ok. 	not doing either is a big problem. the reason lies in the silicon valley mantra of "fail fast". most startups fail, and the costs of those failures detract from the returns of the successes. minimizing the cost of failure, and diverting the resource to trying something different, is important. unicorns, not so much what are these unicorns? wikipedia tells us: in business, a unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at over $ billion. the term was coined in by venture capitalist aileen lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures. back in unicorns were indeed rare, but as wikipedia goes on to point out: according to cb insights, there are over unicorns as of october . unicorns are breeding like rabbits, but the picture funk paints is depressing: in the contemporary start-up economy, “unicorns” are purportedly “disrupting” almost every industry from transportation to real estate, with new business software, mobile apps, consumer hardware, internet services, biotech, and ai products and services. but the actual performance of these unicorns both before and after the vc exit stage contrasts sharply with the financial successes of the previous generation of start-ups, and suggests that they are dramatically overvalued. figure shows the profitability distribution of seventy-three unicorns and ex-unicorns that were founded after and have released net income and revenue figures for and/or . in , only six of the seventy-three unicorns included in figure were profitable, while for , seven of seventy were. hey, they're startups, right? they just need time to become profitable. funk debunks that idea too: furthermore, there seems to be little reason to believe that these unprofitable unicorn start-ups will ever be able to grow out of their losses, as can be seen in the ratio of losses to revenues in versus the founding year. aside from a tiny number of statistical outliers ... there seems to be little relationship between the time since a start-up’s founding and its ratio of losses to revenues. in other words, age is not correlated with profits for this cohort. funk goes on to note that startup profitability once public has declined dramatically, and appears inversely related to ipo valuation: when compared with profitability data from decades past, recent start-ups look even worse than already noted. about percent of the unicorn start-ups included in figure were profitable, much lower than the percent of start-ups founded in the s that were profitable, according to jay ritter’s analysis, and also below the overall percentage for start-ups today ( percent). thus, not only has profitability dramatically dropped over the last forty years among those start-ups that went public, but today’s most valuable start-ups—those valued at $ billion or more before ipo—are in fact less profitable than start-ups that did not reach such lofty pre-ipo valuations. funk uses electric vehicles and biotech to illustrate startup over-valuation: for instance, driven by easy money and the rapid rise of tesla’s stock, a group of electric vehicle and battery suppliers—canoo, fisker automotive, hyliion, lordstown motors, nikola, and quantumscape—were valued, combined, at more than $ billion at their listing. likewise, dozens of biotech firms have also achieved billions of dollars in market capitalizations at their listings. in total, set a new record for the number of companies going public with little to no revenue, easily eclipsing the height of the dot-com boom of telecom companies in . the alphaville team have been maintaining a spreadsheet of the ev bubble. they determined that there was no way these companies' valuations could be justified given the size of the potential market. jamie powell's april th revisiting the ev bubble spreadsheet celebrates their assessment: at pixel time the losses from their respective peaks from all of the electric vehicle, battery and charging companies on our list total some $ bn of market capitalisation, or a fall of just under per cent. ouch. what is causing the problem this all looks like too much money chasing too few viable startups, and too many me-too startups chasing too few total available market dollars. funk starts his analysis of the causes of poor vc returns by pointing to the obvious one, one that applies to any successful investment strategy. its returns will be eroded over time by the influx of too much money: there are many reasons for both the lower profitability of start-ups and the lower returns for vc funds since the mid to late s. the most straightforward of these is simply diminishing returns: as the amount of vc investment in the start-up market has increased, a larger proportion of this funding has necessarily gone to weaker opportunities, and thus the average profitability of these investments has declined. but the effect of too much money is even more corrosive. i'm a big believer in bill joy's law of startups — "success is inversely proportional to the amount of money you have". too much money allows hard decisions to be put off. taking hard decisions promptly is key to "fail fast". nvidia was an example of this. the company was founded in one of silicon valley's recurring downturns. we were the only hardware company funded in that quarter. we got to working silicon on a $ . m a round. think about it — each of our vcs invested $ . m to start a company currently valued at $ , m. despite delivering ground-breaking performance, as i discussed in hardware i/o virtualization, that chip wasn't a success. but it did allow jen-hsun huang to raise another $ . m. he down-sized the company by / and got to working silicon of the highly successful second chip with, iirc, six weeks' money left in the bank. funk then discusses a second major reason for poor performance: a more plausible explanation for the relative lack of start-up successes in recent years is that new start-ups tend to be acquired by large incumbents such as the faamng companies before they have a chance to achieve top market capitalization. for instance, youtube was founded in and instagram in ; some claim they would be valued at more than $ billion each (pre-lockdown estimates) if they were independent companies, but instead they were acquired by google and facebook, respectively. in this sense, they are typical of the recent trend: many start-ups founded since were subsequently acquired by faamng, including new social media companies such as github, linkedin, and whatsapp. likewise, a number of money-losing start-ups have been acquired in recent years, most notably deepmind and nest, which were bought by google. but he fails to note the cause of the rash of acquisitions, which is clearly the total lack of anti-trust enforcement in the us. as with too much money, the effects of this lack are more pernicious than at first appears. again, nvidia provides an example. just like the founders and vcs of sun, when we started nvidia we knew that the route to an ipo and major return on investment involved years and several generations of product. so, despite the limited funding and with the full support of our vcs, we took several critical months right at the start to design an architecture for a family of successive chip generations based on hardware i/o virtualization. by ensuring that the drivers in application software interacted only with virtual i/o resources, the architecture decoupled the hardware and software release cycles. the strong linkage between them at sun had been a consistent source of schedule slip. the architecture also structured the implementation of the chip as a set of modules communicating via an on-chip network. each module was small enough that a three-person team could design, simulate and verify it. the restricted interface to the on-chip network meant that, if the modules verified correctly, it was highly likely that the assembled chip would verify correctly. laying the foundations for a long-term product line in this way paid massive dividends. after the second chip, nvidia was able to deliver a new chip generation every months like clockwork. months after we started nvidia, we knew over other startups addressing the same market. only one, ati, survived the competition with nvidia's -month product cycle. vcs now would be hard to persuade that the return on the initial time and money to build a company that could ipo years later would be worth it when compared to lashing together a prototype and using it to sell the company to one of the faanmgs. in many cases, simply recruiting a team that could credibly promise to build the prototype would be enough for an "aqui-hire", where a faanmg buys a startup not for the product but for the people. building the foundation for a company that can ipo and make it into the top- market cap list is no longer worth the candle. but funk argues that the major cause of lower returns is this: overall, the most significant problem for today’s start-ups is that there have been few if any new technologies to exploit. the internet, which was a breakthrough technology thirty years ago, has matured. as a result, many of today’s start-up unicorns are comparatively low-tech, even with the advent of the smartphone—perhaps the biggest technological breakthrough of the twenty-first century—fourteen years ago. ridesharing and food delivery use the same vehicles, drivers, and roads as previous taxi and delivery services; the only major change is the replacement of dispatchers with smartphones. online sales of juicers, furniture, mattresses, and exercise bikes may have been revolutionary twenty years ago, but they are sold in the same way that amazon currently sells almost everything. new business software operates from the cloud rather than onsite computers, but pre- start-ups such as amazon, google, and oracle were already pursuing cloud computing before most of the unicorns were founded. remember, sun's slogan in the mid s was "the network is the computer"! 	 	virtua fighter on nv in essence, funk argues that succssful startups out-perform by being quicker than legacy companies to exploit the productivity gains made possible by a technological discontinuity. nvidia was an example of this, too. the technological discontinuity was the transition of the pc from the isa to the pci bus. it wasn't possible to do d games over the isa bus, it lacked the necessary bandwidth. the increased bandwidth of the first version of the pci bus made it just barely possible, as nvidia's first chip demonstrated by running sega arcade games at full frame rate. the advantages startups have against incumbents include: 	an experienced, high-quality team. initial teams at startups are usually recruited from colleagues, so they are used to working together and know each other's strengths and weaknesses. jen-hsun huang was well-known at sun, having been the application engineer for lsi logic on sun's first sparc implementation. the rest of the initial team at nvidia had all worked together building graphics chips at sun. as the company grows it can no longer recruit only colleagues, so usually experiences what at sun was called the "bozo invasion". 	freedom from backwards compatibility constraints. radical design change is usually needed to take advantage of a technological discontinuity. reconciling this with backwards compatibility takes time and forces compromise. nvidia was able to ignore the legacy of program i/o from the isa bus and fully exploit the direct memory access capability of the pci bus from the start. 	no cash cow to defend. the ibm-funded andrew project at cmu was intended to deploy what became the ibm pc/rt, which used the romp, an ibm risc cpu competing with sun's sparc. the romp was so fast that ibm's other product lines saw it as a threat, and insisted that it be priced not to under-cut their existing product's price/performance. so when it finally launched, its price/performance was much worse than sun's sparc-based products, and it failed. funk concludes this section: in short, today’s start-ups have targeted low-tech, highly regulated industries with a business strategy that is ultimately self-defeating: raising capital to subsidize rapid growth and securing a competitive position in the market by undercharging consumers. this strategy has locked start-ups into early designs and customer pools and prevented the experimentation that is vital to all start-ups, including today’s unicorns. uber, lyft, doordash, and grubhub are just a few of the well-known start-ups that have pursued this strategy, one that is used by almost every start-up today, partly in response to the demands of vc investors. it is also highly likely that without the steady influx of capital that subsidizes below-market prices, demand for these start-ups’ services would plummet, and thus their chances of profitability would fall even further. in retrospect, it would have been better if start-ups had taken more time to find good, high-tech business opportunities, had worked with regulators to define appropriate behavior, and had experimented with various technologies, designs, and markets, making a profit along the way. but, if the key to startup success is exploiting a technological discontinuity, and there haven't been any to exploit, as funk argues earlier, taking more time to "find good, high-tech business opportunities" wouldn't have helped. they weren't there to be found. how to fix the problem? funk quotes charles duhigg skewering the out-dated view of vcs: for decades, venture capitalists have succeeded in defining themselves as judicious meritocrats who direct money to those who will use it best. but examples like wework make it harder to believe that v.c.s help balance greedy impulses with enlightened innovation. rather, v.c.s seem to embody the cynical shape of modern capitalism, which too often rewards crafty middlemen and bombastic charlatans rather than hardworking employees and creative businesspeople. and: venture capitalists have shown themselves to be far less capable of commercializing breakthrough technologies than they once were. instead, as recently outlined in the new yorker, they often seem to be superficial trend-chasers, all going after the same ideas and often the same entrepreneurs. one managing partner at softbank summarized the problem faced by vc firms in a marketplace full of copycat start-ups: “once uber is founded, within a year you suddenly have three hundred copycats. the only way to protect your company is to get big fast by investing hundreds of millions.” vcs like these cannot create the technological discontinuities that are the key to adequate returns on investment in startups: we need venture capitalists and start-ups to create new products and new businesses that have higher productivity than do existing firms; the increased revenue that follows will then enable these start-ups to pay higher wages. the large productivity advantages needed can only be achieved by developing breakthrough technologies, like the integrated circuits, lasers, magnetic storage, and fiber optics of previous eras. and different players—vcs, start-ups, incumbents, universities—will need to play different roles in each in­dustry. unfortunately, none of these players is currently doing the jobs required for our start-up economy to function properly. business schools success in exploiting a technological discontinuity requires understanding of, and experience with, the technology, its advantages and its limitations. but funk points out that business schools, not being engineering schools, need to devalue this requirement. instead, they focus on "entrepreneurship": in recent decades, business schools have dramatically increased the number of entrepreneurship programs—from about sixteen in to more than two thousand in —and have often marketed these programs with vacuous hype about “entrepreneurship” and “technology.” a recent stanford research paper argues that such hype about entrepreneurship has encouraged students to become entrepreneurs for the wrong reasons and without proper preparation, with universities often presenting entrepreneurship as a fun and cool lifestyle that will enable them to meet new people and do interesting things, while ignoring the reality of hard and demanding work necessary for success. one of my abiding memories of nvidia is tench coxe, our partner at sutter hill, perched on a stool in the lab playing the "road rash" video game about am one morning as we tried to figure out why our first silicon wasn't working. he was keeping an eye on his investment, and providing a much-needed calming influence. focus on entrepreneurship means focus on the startup's business model not on its technology: a big mistake business schools make is their unwavering focus on business model over technology, thus deflecting any probing questions students and managers might have about what role technological breakthroughs play and why so few are being commercialized. for business schools, the heart of a business model is its ability to capture value, not the more important ability to create value. this prioritization of value capture is tied to an almost exclusive focus on revenue: whether revenues come from product sales, advertising, subscriptions, or referrals, and how to obtain these revenues from multiple customers on platforms. value creation, however, is dependent on technological improvement, and the largest creation of value comes from breakthrough technologies such as the automobile, microprocessor, personal computer, and internet commerce. the key to "capturing value" is extracting value via monopoly rents. the way to get monopoly rents is to subsidize customer acquisition and buy up competitors, until the customers have no place to go. this doesn't create any value. in fact once the monopolist has burnt through the investor's money they find they need a return that can only be obtained by raising prices and holding the customer to ransom, destroying value for everyone. it is true a startup that combines innovation in technology with innovation in business has an advantage. once more, nvidia provides an example. before starting nvidia, jen-hsun huang had run a division of lsi logic that traded access to lsi logic's fab for equity in the chips it made. based on this experience on the supplier side of the fabless semiconductor business, one of his goals for nvidia was to re-structure the relationship between the fabless company and the fab to be more of a win-win. nvidia ended up as one of the most successful fabless companies of all time. but note that the innovation didn't affect nvidia's basic business model — contract with fabs to build gpus, and sell them to pc and graphics board companies. a business innovation combined with technological innovation stands a chance of creating a big company; a business innovation with no technology counterpart is unlikely to. research funk assigns much blame for the lack of breakthrough technologies to universities: university engineering and science programs are also failing us, because they are not creating the breakthrough technologies that america and its start-ups need. although some breakthrough technologies are assembled from existing components and thus are more the responsibility of private companies—for instance, the iphone—universities must take responsibility for science-based technologies that depend on basic research, technologies that were once more common than they are now. note that funk accepts as a fait accompli the demise of corporate research labs, which certainly used to do the basic research that led not just to funk's examples of "semiconductors, lasers, leds, glass fiber, and fiber optics", but also, for example, to packet switching, and operating systems such as unix. as i did three years ago in falling research productivity, he points out that increased government and corporate funding of university research has resulted in decreased output of breakthrough technologies: many scientists point to the nature of the contemporary university research system, which began to emerge over half a century ago, as the problem. they argue that the major breakthroughs of the early and mid-twentieth century, such as the discovery of the dna double helix, are no longer possible in today’s bureaucratic, grant-writing, administration-burdened university. ... scientific merit is measured by citation counts and not by ideas or by the products and services that come from those ideas. thus, labs must push papers through their research factories to secure funding, and issues of scientific curiosity, downstream products and services, and beneficial contributions to society are lost. funk's analysis of the problem is insightful, but i see his ideas for fixing university research as simplistic and impractical: a first step toward fixing our sclerotic university research system is to change the way we do basic and applied research in order to place more emphasis on projects that may be riskier but also have the potential for greater breakthroughs. we can change the way proposals are reviewed and evaluated. we can provide incentives to universities that will encourage them to found more companies or to do more work with companies. funk clearly doesn't understand how much university research is already funded by companies, and how long attempts to change the reward system in universities have been crashing into the rock comprised of senior faculty who achieved their position through the existing system. he is more enthusiastic but equally misled about how basic research in corporate labs could be revived: one option is to recreate the system that existed prior to the s, when most basic research was done by companies rather than universities. this was the system that gave us transistors, lasers, leds, magnetic storage, nuclear power, radar, jet engines, and polymers during the s and s. ... unlike their predecessors at bell labs, ibm, ge, motorola, dupont, and monsanto seventy years ago, top university scientists are more administrators than scientists now—one of the greatest mis­uses of talent the world has ever seen. corporate labs have smaller administrative workloads because funding and promotion depend on informal discussions among scientists and not extensive paperwork. not understanding the underlying causes of the demise of corporate research labs, funk reaches for the time-worm nostrums of right-wing economists, "tax credits and matching grants": we can return basic research to corporate labs by providing much stronger incentives for companies—or cooperative alliances of companies—to do basic research. a scheme of substantial tax credits and matching grants, for instance, would incentivize corporations to do more research and would bypass the bureaucracy-laden federal grant process. this would push the management of detailed technological choices onto scientists and engineers, and promote the kind of informal discussions that used to drive decisions about technological research in the heyday of the early twentieth century. the challenge will be to ensure these matching funds and tax credits are in fact used for basic research and not for product development. requiring multiple companies to share research facilities might be one way to avoid this danger, but more research on this issue is needed. in last year's the death of corporate research labs i discussed a really important paper from a year earlier by arora et al, the changing structure of american innovation: some cautionary remarks for economic growth, which funk does not cite. i wrote: arora et al point out that the rise and fall of the labs coincided with the rise and fall of anti-trust enforcement: historically, many large labs were set up partly because antitrust pressures constrained large firms’ ability to grow through mergers and acquisitions. in the s, if a leading firm wanted to grow, it needed to develop new markets. with growth through mergers and acquisitions constrained by anti-trust pressures, and with little on offer from universities and independent inventors, it often had no choice but to invest in internal r&d. the more relaxed antitrust environment in the s, however, changed this status quo. growth through acquisitions became a more viable alternative to internal research, and hence the need to invest in internal research was reduced. lack of anti-trust enforcement, pervasive short-termism, driven by wall street's focus on quarterly results, and management's focus on manipulating the stock price to maximize the value of their options killed the labs: large corporate labs, however, are unlikely to regain the importance they once enjoyed. research in corporations is difficult to manage profitably. research projects have long horizons and few intermediate milestones that are meaningful to non-experts. as a result, research inside companies can only survive if insulated from the short-term performance requirements of business divisions. however, insulating research from business also has perils. managers, haunted by the spectre of xerox parc and dupont’s “purity hall”, fear creating research organizations disconnected from the main business of the company. walking this tightrope has been extremely difficult. greater product market competition, shorter technology life cycles, and more demanding investors have added to this challenge. companies have increasingly concluded that they can do better by sourcing knowledge from outside, rather than betting on making game-changing discoveries in-house. it is pretty clear that "tax credits and matching grants" aren't the fix for the fundamental anti-trust problem. not to mention that the idea of "requiring multiple companies to share research facilities" in and of itself raises serious ant-trust concerns. after such a good analysis, it is disappointing that funk's recommendations are so feeble. we have to add inadequate vc returns and a lack of startups capable of building top- companies to the long list of problems that only a major overhaul of anti-trust enforcement can fix. lina khan's nomination to the ftc is a hopeful sign that the biden adminstration understands the urgency of changing direction, but biden's hesitation about nominating the doj's anti-trust chief is not. update: michael cembalest's food fight: an update on private equity performance vs public equity markets has a lot of fascinating information about private equity in general and venture capital in particular. his graphs comparing moic (multiple of invested capital) and irr (internal rate of return) across vintage years support his argument that: we have performance data for venture capital starting in the mid- s, but the period is so distorted by the late ’s boom and bust that we start our vc performance discussion in . in my view, the massive gains earned by vc managers in the mid- s are not relevant to a discussion of vc investing today. as with buyout managers, vc manager moic and irr also tracked each other until after which a combination of subscription lines and faster distributions led to rising irrs despite falling moics. there’s a larger gap between average and median manager results than in buyout, indicating that there are a few vc managers with much higher returns and/or larger funds that pull up the average relative to the median. the gap is pretty big: vc managers have consistently outperformed public equity markets when looking at the “average” manager. but to reiterate, the gap between average and median results are substantial and indicate outsized returns posted by a small number of vc managers. for vintage years to , the median vc manager actually underperformed the s&p pretty substantially. another of cembalest's fascinating graphs addresses this question: one of the other “food fight” debates relates to pricing of venture-backed companies that go public. in other words, do venture investors reap the majority of the benefits, leaving public market equity investors “holding the bag”? actually, the reverse has been true over the last decade when measured in terms of total dollars of value creation accruing to pre- and post-ipo investors: post-ipo investor gains have often been substantial. to show this: we analyzed all us tech, internet retailing and interactive media ipos from to . we computed the total value created since each company’s founding, from original paid-in capital by vcs to its latest market capitalization. we then examined how total value creation has accrued to pre- and post-ipo investors . sometimes both investor types share the gains, and sometimes one type accrues the vast majority of the gains. pre-ipo investors earn the majority of the pie when ipos collapse or flat-line after being issued, and post-ipo investors reap the majority of the pie when ipos appreciate substantially after being issued. there are three general regions in the chart. as you can see, the vast majority of the ipos analyzed resulted in a large share of the total value creation accruing to public market equity investors; nevertheless, there were some painful exceptions (see lower left region on the chart). posted by david. at : am labels: anti-trust, intellectual property, venture capital comments: 	 blissex said... 	 it is as usual a very informative and interesting post, but for me the main cause of unprofitable unicorns isthe example of the first years of *amazon*, and the second cause is the general "cash is trash" economic climate, where asset price inflation is very high, so anybody with cash desperately tries to exchange it for assets, even mythical assets like unicorn shares. 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 wikipedia agrees with me and disagrees with funk's figure , stating: "sun was profitable from its first quarter in july " 	 may , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ▼  april ( ) 	venture capital isn't working 	dogecoin disrupts bitcoin! 	what is the point? 	nfts and web archiving 	cryptocurrency's carbon footprint 	elon musk: threat or menace? 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, july , graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown below the fold an update to last thursday's china's cryptocurrency crackdown with more recent graphs. mckenzie sigalos reports that bitcoin mining is now easier and more profitable as algorithm adjusts after china crackdown: china had long been the epicenter of bitcoin miners, with past estimates indicating that % to % of the world's bitcoin mining happened there, but a government-led crackdown has effectively banished the country's crypto miners. "for the first time in the bitcoin network's history, we have a complete shutdown of mining in a targeted geographic region that affected more than % of the network," said darin feinstein, founder of blockcap and core scientific. more than % of the hashrate – the collective computing power of miners worldwide – has dropped off the network since its market peak in may. 	 	source here is the hashrate graph. it is currently . th/s, down from a peak of . th/s, so down . % from the peak and trending strongly down. we may not have seen the end of the drop. this is good news for bitcoin. the result is that the bitcoin system slowed down: typically, it takes about minutes to complete a block, but feinstein told cnbc the bitcoin network has slowed down to - to -minute block times. and thus, as shown in the difficulty graph, the bitcoin algorithm adjusted the difficulty: this is precisely why bitcoin re-calibrates every blocks, or about every two weeks, resetting how tough it is for miners to mine. on saturday, the bitcoin code automatically made it about % less difficult to mine – a historically unprecedented drop for the network – thereby restoring block times back to the optimal -minute window. 	 	source it went from a peak of . t to . t, a drop of . %. this is good news for bitcoin, as sigalos writes: fewer competitors and less difficulty means that any miner with a machine plugged in is going to see a significant increase in profitability and more predictable revenue. "all bitcoin miners share in the same economics and are mining on the same network, so miners both public and private will see the uplift in revenue," said kevin zhang, former chief mining officer at greenridge generation, the first major u.s. power plant to begin mining behind-the-meter at a large scale. assuming fixed power costs, zhang estimates revenues of $ per day for those using the latest-generation bitmain miner, versus $ per day prior to the change. longer-term, although miner income can fluctuate with the price of the coin, zhang also noted that mining revenues have dropped only % from the bitcoin price peak in april, whereas the coin's price has dropped about %. 	 	source here is the miners' revenue graph. it went from a peak of $ . m/day on april th to a trough of $ . m/day on june th, a drop of . %. it has since bounced back a little, so this is good news for bitcoin, if not quite as good as zhang thinks. obviously, the trough was before the decrease in difficulty, which subsequently resulted in . btc rewards happening more frequently than before and thus increased miners' revenue somewhat. have you noticed how important it is to check the numbers that the hodl-ers throw around? matt novak reported on june st that: miners in china are now looking to sell their equipment overseas, and it appears many have already found buyers. cnbc’s eunice yoon tweeted early monday that a chinese logistics firm was shipping , lbs ( , kilograms) of crypto mining equipment to an unnamed buyer in maryland for just $ . per kilogram. and sigalos adds details: of all the possible destinations for this equipment, the u.s. appears to be especially well-positioned to absorb this stray hashrate. cnbc is told that major u.s. mining operators are already signing deals to patriate some of these homeless bitmain miners. u.s. bitcoin mining is booming, and has venture capital flowing to it, so they are poised to take advantage of the miner migration, arvanaghi told cnbc. "many u.s. bitcoin miners that were funded when bitcoin's price started rising in november and december of means that they were already building out their power capacity when the china mining ban took hold," he said. "it's great timing." and, as always, the hodl-ers ignore economies of scale and hold out hope for the little guy: but barbour believes that much smaller players in the residential u.s. also stand a chance at capturing these excess miners. "i think this is a signal that in the future, bitcoin mining will be more distributed by necessity," said barbour. "less mega-mines like the + megawatt ones we see in texas and more small mines on small commercial and eventually residential spaces. it's much harder for a politician to shut down a mine in someone's garage." it is good news for bitcoin that more of the mining power is in the us where the us government could suppress it by, for example, declaring that mining is money transmission and thus that pools needed to adhere to the aml/kyc rules. doing so would place the poor little guy in a garage in a dilemma — mine on his own and be unlikely to get a reward before their rig was obsolete, or join an illegal pool and risk their traffic being spotted. update: the malaysian government's crackdown is an example to the world. andrew hayward reports that police destroy , bitcoin miners with big ass steamroller in malaysia. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 the economist covers the crackdown in deep in rural china, bitcoin miners are packing up: "in may, a government committee tasked with promoting financial stability vowed to put a stop to bitcoin mining. within weeks the authorities in four main mining regions—inner mongolia, sichuan, xinjiang and yunnan—ordered the closure of local projects. residents of inner mongolia were urged to call a hotline to report anyone flouting the ban. in parts of sichuan, miners were ordered to clear out computers and demolish buildings housing them overnight. power suppliers pulled the plug on most of them. ... china had accounted for about % of bitcoins earned through mining, according to the cambridge bitcoin electricity consumption index. but analysts think about % of its mining has now ceased. chinese miners are selling their computers at half their value. ... china had accounted for about % of bitcoins earned through mining, according to the cambridge bitcoin electricity consumption index. but analysts think about % of its mining has now ceased. chinese miners are selling their computers at half their value." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 it isn't just china. kevin shaley's take a look inside this underground crypto mining farm in ukraine with its , playstations and , computers reports that: "a huge underground cryptocurrency mining operation has been busted by ukraine police for allegedly stealing electricity from the grid. police said they'd seized , computers and , games consoles that were being used in the illegal mine, the largest discovered in the country. the mine, in the city of vinnytsia, near kyiv, stole as much as $ , in electricity each month, the security service of ukraine said. to conceal the theft, the operators of the mine used electricity meters that did not reflect their actual energy consumption, officials said." check out the picture! 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 bitcoin miners break new ground in texas, a state hailed as the new cryptocurrency capital by dalvin brown explains the attraction of texas' electricity, despite unreliability and enormous price spikes: "in the world of crypto mining, having all your computers shut down at once, and stay down for hours, as they did in june, sounds like a disaster. crypto miners compete with one another the world over to generate the computer code that results in the production of a single bitcoin, and the algorithm that governs bitcoin’s production allows only . bitcoin to be produced every minutes, among the perhaps , crypto mines that operate around the world. if you’re not able to generate the code, but your rivals can, you are out of luck. but thanks to the way texas power companies deal with large electricity customers like whinstone, harris’s bitcoin mine, one of the few owned by a publicly traded company, didn’t suffer. instead, the state’s electricity operator, the electric reliability council of texas (ercot), began to pay whinstone — for having agreed to quit buying power amid heightened demand." the good news is that the more mining happens in the us the easier it would be for the us to stop the unstoppable code. 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 failure to proceed moonwards causes loss of interest, as tanya macheel reports in cryptocurrency trading volume plunges as interest wanes following bitcoin price drop: "trading volumes at the largest exchanges, including coinbase, kraken, binance and bitstamp, fell more than % in june, according to data from crypto market data provider cryptocompare, which cited lower prices and lower volatility as the reason for the drop. in june the price of bitcoin hit a monthly low of $ , , according to the report, and ended the month down %. a daily volume maximum of $ . billion on june was down . % from the intra-month high in may." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 mackenzie sigalos continues reporting on the bitcoin mining migration in how the u.s. became the world’s new bitcoin mining hub: "well before china decided to kick out all of its bitcoin miners, they were already leaving in droves, and new data from cambridge university shows they were likely headed to the united states. the u.s. has fast become the new darling of the bitcoin mining world. it is the second-biggest mining destination on the planet, accounting for nearly % of all the world’s bitcoin miners as of april . that’s a % increase from september . ... this dataset doesn’t include the mass mining exodus out of china, which led to half the world’s miners dropping offline, and experts tell cnbc that the u.s. share of the mining market is likely even bigger than the numbers indicate. according to the newly-released cambridge data, just before the chinese mining ban began, the country accounted for % of the world’s total hashrate, an industry term used to describe the collective computing power of the bitcoin network. that’s a sharp decline from . % in september , and the percentage is likely much lower given the exodus underway now." 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 bloomberg reports that china’s central bank says it will keep pressure on crypto market: "china’s central bank vowed to maintain heavy regulatory pressure on cryptocurrency trading and speculation after escalating its clampdown in the sector earlier this year. the people’s bank of china will also supervise financial platform companies to rectify their practices according to regulations, it said in a statement on saturday. policy makers met on friday to discuss work priorities for the second half of the year." 	 august , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ▼  july ( ) 	economics of evil revisited 	yet another dna storage technique 	alternatives to proof-of-work 	a modest proposal about ransomware 	intel did a boeing 	graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. library user experience community - medium library user experience community - medium a blog and slack community organized around design and the user experience in libraries, non-profits, and the higher-ed web. - medium 	a library system for the future this is a what-if story.continue reading on library user experience community » 	alexa, get me the articles (voice interfaces in academia) thinking about interfaces has led me down a path of all sorts of exciting/mildly terrifying ways of interacting with our devices &#x ; from&#x ;continue reading on library user experience community » 	accessibility information on library websites 	is autocomplete on your library home page? 	writing for the user experience with rebecca blakiston 	first look at primo’s new user interface 	what users expect 	write for libux 	on the user experience of ebooks 	unambitious and incapable men in librarianship dshr's blog: cryptocurrency's carbon footprint dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, april , cryptocurrency's carbon footprint china’s bitcoin mines could derail carbon neutrality goals, study says and bitcoin mining emissions in china will hit million tonnes by , the headlines say it all. excusing this climate-destroying externality of proof-of-work blockchains requires a continuous flow of new misleading arguments. below the fold i discuss one of the more recent novelties. in bitcoin and ethereum carbon footprints – part , moritz seibert claims the reason for mining is to get the mining reward: bitcoin transactions themselves don’t cause a lot of power usage. getting the network to accept a transaction consumes almost no power, but having asic miners grind through the mathematical ether to solve valid blocks does. miners are incentivized to do this because they are compensated for it. presently, that compensation includes a block reward which is paid in bitcoin ( . btc per block) as well as a miner fee (transaction fee). transaction fees are denominated in fractional bitcoins and paid by the initiator of the transaction. today, about % of total miners’ rewards are transactions fees, and about % are block rewards. so, he argues, bitcoin's current catastrophic carbon footprint doesn't matter because, as the reward decreases, so will the carbon footprint: this also means that the power usage of the bitcoin network won’t scale linearly with the number of transactions as the network becomes predominantly fee-based and less rewards-based (which causes a lot of power to the thrown at it in light of increasing btc prices), and especially if those transactions take place on secondary layers. in other words, taking the ratio of “bitcoin’s total power usage” to “number of transactions” to calculate the “power cost per transaction” falsely implies that all transactions hit the final settlement layer (they don’t) and disregards the fact that the final state of the bitcoin base layer is a fee-based state which requires a very small fraction of bitcoin’s overall power usage today (no more block rewards). seibert has some vague idea that there are implications of this not just for the carbon footprint but also for the security of the bitcoin blockchain: going forward however, miners’ primary revenue source will change from block rewards to the fees paid for the processing of transactions, which don’t per se cause high carbon emissions. bitcoin is set to become be a purely fee-based system (which may pose a risk to the security of the system itself if the overall hash rate declines, but that’s a topic for another article because a blockchain that is fully reliant on fees requires that btcs are transacted with rather than held in michael saylor-style as hodling leads to low btc velocity, which does not contribute to security in a setup where fees are the only rewards for miners.) lets leave aside the stunning irresponsibility of arguing that it is acceptable to dump huge amounts of long-lasting greenhouse gas into the atmosphere now because you believe that in the future you will dump less. how realistic is the idea that decreasing the mining reward will decrease the carbon footprint? the graph shows the history of the hash rate, which is a proxy for the carbon footprint. you can see the effect of the "halvening", when on may th the mining reward halved. there was a temporary drop, but the hash rate resumed its inexorable rise. this experiment shows that reducing the mining reward doesn't reduce the carbon footprint. so why does seibert think that eliminating it will reduce the carbon footprint? the answer appears to be that seibert thinks the purpose of mining is to create new bitcoins, that the reason for the vast expenditure of energy is to make the process of creating new coins secure, and that it has nothing to do with the security of transactions. this completely misunderstands the technology. in the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain, eric budish examines the return on investment in two kinds of attacks on a blockchain like bitcoin's. the simpler one is a % attack, in which an attacker controls the majority of the mining power. budish explains what this allows the attacker to do: an attacker could (i) spend bitcoins, i.e., engage in a transaction in which he sends his bitcoins to some merchant in exchange for goods or assets; then (ii) allow that transaction to be added to the public blockchain (i.e., the longest chain); and then subsequently (iii) remove that transaction from the public blockchain, by building an alternative longest chain, which he can do with certainty given his majority of computing power. the merchant, upon seeing the transaction added to the public blockchain in (ii), gives the attacker goods or assets in exchange for the bitcoins, perhaps after an escrow period. but, when the attacker removes the transaction from the public blockchain in (iii), the merchant effectively loses his bitcoins, allowing the attacker to “double spend” the coins elsewhere. such attacks are endemic among the smaller alt-coins; for example there were three successful attacks on ethereum classic in a single month last year. clearly, seibert's future "transaction only" bitcoin must defend against them. there are two ways to mount a % attack, from the outside or from the inside. an outside attack requires more mining power than the insiders are using, whereas an insider attack only needs a majority of the mining power to conspire. bitcoin miners collaborate in "mining pools" to reduce volatility of their income, and for many years it would have taken only three or so pools to conspire for a successful attack. but assuming insiders are honest, outsiders must acquire more mining power than the insiders are using. clearly, bitcoin insiders are using so much mining power that this isn't feasible. the point of mining isn't to create new bitcoins. mining is needed to make the process of adding a block to the chain, and thus adding a set of transactions to the chain, so expensive that it isn't worth it for an attacker to subvert the process. the cost, and thus in the case of proof of work the carbon footprint, is the whole point. as budish wrote: from a computer security perspective, the key thing to note ... is that the security of the blockchain is linear in the amount of expenditure on mining power, ... in contrast, in many other contexts investments in computer security yield convex returns (e.g., traditional uses of cryptography) — analogously to how a lock on a door increases the security of a house by more than the cost of the lock. lets consider the possible futures of a fee-based bitcoin blockchain. it turns out that currently fee revenue is a smaller proportion of total miner revenue than seibert claims. here is the chart of total revenue (~$ m/day): and here is the chart of fee revenue (~$ m/day): thus the split is about % fee, % reward: 	if security stays the same, blocksize stays the same, fees must increase to keep the cost of a % attack high enough. the chart shows the average fee hovering around $ , so the average cost of a single transaction would be over $ . this might be a problem for seibert's requirement that "btcs are transacted with rather than held". 	if blocksize stays the same, fees stay the same, security must decrease because the fees cannot cover the cost of enough hash power to deter a % attack. similarly, in this case it would be times cheaper to mount a % attack, which would greatly increase the risk of delivering anything in return for bitcoin. it is already the case that users are advised to wait blocks (about an hour) before treating a transaction as final. waiting nearly half a day before finality would probably be a disincentive. 	if fees stay the same, security stays the same, blocksize must increase to allow for enough transactions so that their fees cover the cost of enough hash power to deter a % attack. since bitcoin blocks have been effectively limited to around mb, and the blockchain is now over one-third of a terabyte growing at over %/yr. increasing the size limit to say mb would solve the long-term problem of a fee-based system at the cost of reducing miners income in the short term by reducing the scarcity value of a slot in a block. doubling the effective size of the block caused a huge controversy in the bitcoin community for precisely this short vs. long conflict, so a much larger increase would be even more controversial. not to mention that the size of the blockchain a year from now would be times bigger imposing additional storage costs on miners. that is just the supply side. on the demand side it is an open question as to whether there would be times the current demand for transactions costing $ and taking an hour which, at least in the us, must each be reported to the tax authorities. 	 	short vs. long none of these alternatives look attractive. but there's also a second type of attack in budish's analysis, which he calls "sabotage". he quotes rosenfeld: in this section we will assume q < p [i.e., that the attacker does not have a majority]. otherwise, all bets are off with the current bitcoin protocol ... the honest miners, who no longer receive any rewards, would quit due to lack of incentive; this will make it even easier for the attacker to maintain his dominance. this will cause either the collapse of bitcoin or a move to a modified protocol. as such, this attack is best seen as an attempt to destroy bitcoin, motivated not by the desire to obtain bitcoin value, but rather wishing to maintain entrenched economical systems or obtain speculative profits from holding a short position. short interest in bitcoin is currently small relative to the total stock, but much larger relative to the circulating supply. budish analyzes various sabotage attack cases, with a parameter ∆attack representing the proportion of the bitcoin value destroyed by the attack: for example, if ∆attack = , i.e., if the attack causes a total collapse of the value of bitcoin, the attacker loses exactly as much in bitcoin value as he gains from double spending; in effect, there is no chance to “double” spend after all. ... however, ∆attack is something of a “pick your poison” parameter. if ∆attack is small, then the system is vulnerable to the double-spending attack ... and the implicit transactions tax on economic activity using the blockchain has to be high. if ∆attack is large, then a short time period of access to a large amount of computing power can sabotage the blockchain. the current cryptocurrency bubble ensures that everyone is making enough paper profits from the golden eggs to deter them from killing the goose that lays them. but it is easy to create scenarios in which a rush for the exits might make killing the goose seem like the best way out. seibert's misunderstanding illustrates the fundamental problem with permissionless blockchains. as i wrote in a note on blockchains: if joining the replica set of a permissionless blockchain is free, it will be vulnerable to sybil attacks, in which an attacker creates many apparently independent replicas which are actually under his sole control. if creating and maintaining a replica is free, anyone can authorize any change they choose simply by creating enough sybil replicas. defending against sybil attacks requires that membership in a replica set be expensive. there are many attempts to provide less environmentally damaging ways to make adding a block to a blockchain expensive, but attempts to make adding a block cheaper are self-defeating because they make the blockchain less secure. there are two reasons why the primary use of a permissionless blockchain cannot be transactions as opposed to hodl-ing: 	the lack of synchronization between the peers means that transactions must necessarily be slow. 	the need to defend against sybil attacks means either that transactions must necessarily be expensive, or that blocks must be impractically large. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin, security comments: 	 david. said... 	 seibert apparently believes (a) that a fee-only bitcoin network would be secure, used for large numbers of transactions, and have a low carbon footprint, and (b) that the network would have a low carbon footprint because most transactions would use the lightning network. ignoring the contradiction, anyone who believes that the lightning network would do the bulk of the transactions needs to read the accounts of people actually trying to transact using it. david gerard writes: "crypto guy loses a bet, and tries to pay the bet using the lightning network. hilarity ensues." indeed, the archived twitter thread from the loser is a laugh-a-minute read. 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 jaime powell shreds another attempt at cryptocurrency carbon footprint gaslighting in the destructive green fantasy of the bitcoin fanatics: "it is in this context that we should consider the latest “research” from the good folks at etf-house-come-fund manager ark invest and $ bn payment company square. titled “bitcoin is key to an abundant, clean energy future”, it does exactly what you’d expect it to. which is to try justify, after the fact, bitcoin’s insane energy use. why? because both entities are deeply involved in this “space” and now need to a) feel better about themselves and b) guard against people going off crypto on the grounds that it is actually a very bad thing. ... the white paper imagines bitcoin mining being a solution, alongside battery storage, for excess energy. it also imagines that if solar and wind prices continue to collapse, bitcoin could eventually transition to being completely renewable-powered in the future. “imagines” is the key word here. because in reality, bitcoin mining is quite the polluter. it’s estimated that per cent of bitcoin mining is concentrated in china, where nearly two-thirds of all electricity is generated by coal power, according to a recent bank of america report. in fact, mining uses coal power so aggressively that when one coal mine flooded and shut down in xianjiang province over the weekend, one-third of all bitcoin’s computing power went offline." 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in jack dorsey and elon musk agree on bitcoin's green credentials the bbc reports on yet another of elon musk's irresponsible cryptocurrency tweets: "the tweet comes soon after the release of a white paper from mr dorsey's digital payment services firm square, and global asset management business ark invest. entitled "bitcoin as key to an abundant, clean energy future", the paper argues that "bitcoin miners are unique energy buyers", because they offer flexibility, pay in a cryptocurrency, and can be based anywhere with an internet connection." the bbc fails to point out that musk and dorsey are "talking their book"; tesla invested $ . b and square $ m in bitcoin. so they have over $ . b reasons to worry about efforts to limit its carbon footprint. 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 this comment has been removed by the author. 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 nathan j. robinson's why cryptocurrency is a giant fraud has an interesting footnote, discussing a "pseudoscholarly masterpiece" of bitcoin puffery by vijay boyapati: "interestingly, boyapati cites bitcoin’s high transaction fees as a feature rather than a bug: “a recent criticism of the bitcoin network is that the increase in fees to transmit bitcoins makes it unsuitable as a payment system. however, the growth in fees is healthy and expected… a network with ‘low’ fees is a network with little security and prone to external censorship. those touting the low fees of bitcoin alternatives are unknowingly describing the weakness of these so-called ‘alt-coins.’” as you can see, this successfully makes the case that high fees are unavoidable, but it also undermines the reasons why any sane person would use this as currency rather than a speculative investment." right! a permissionless blockchain has to be expensive to run if it is to be secure. those costs have either to be borne, ultimately, by the blockchain's users, or dumped on the rest of us as externalities (e.g. the blockchain's carbon footprint, the shortage of gpus, ...). 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 colin chartier's crypto miners are killing free ci points to yet another cryptocurrency externality: "ci providers like layerci, gitlab, travisci, and shippable are all worsening or shutting down their free tiers due to cryptocurrency mining attacks." ci = "continuous integration" 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 drew devault's must-read cryptocurrency is an abject disaster is an even more comprehensive denunciation of cryptocurrency externalities than chartier's. drew concludes: "when you’re the only honest person in the room, maybe you should be in a different room. it is impossible to trust you. every comment online about cryptocurrency is tainted by the fact that the commenter has probably invested thousands of dollars into a ponzi scheme and is depending on your agreement to make their money back. not to mention that any attempts at reform, like proof-of-stake, are viciously blocked by those in power (i.e. those with the money) because of any risk it poses to reduce their bottom line. no, your blockchain is not different. cryptocurrency is one of the worst inventions of the st century. i am ashamed to share an industry with this exploitative grift. it has failed to be a useful currency, invented a new class of internet abuse, further enriched the rich, wasted staggering amounts of electricity, hastened climate change, ruined hundreds of otherwise promising projects, provided a climate for hundreds of scams to flourish, created shortages and price hikes for consumer hardware, and injected perverse incentives into technology everywhere." amen. 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 jason herring reports on another externality of cryptocurrencies: "around midnight on april , two men armed with handguns forced their way into an apartment in the block of elbow drive s.w., police said. the men tied up the apartment’s resident and stole computers, jewelry and bank cards from the suite. they also took cryptocurrency keys, which allow holders access to digital financial accounts. the men forced the victim to disclose his bank pins, then put him in a storage room and fled." hat tip to david gerard. 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 bitcoin-mining power plant stirs up controversy by nathaniel mott reports: "the conflict revolves around a power plant on new york's seneca lake called greenidge. the company’s website says the plant was opened in , shuttered in , and purchased by new owners in . those owners started mining bitcoin in the facility in . new york focus reported that greenidge plans “to quadruple the power used to process bitcoin transactions by late next year” as the cryptocurrency’s value soars. environmentalists fear those plans would lead to dangerously high co emissions." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 after the pump, comes the dump. reuters reports that tesla suspends bitcoin purchases over fossil fuel concerns for mining the cryptocurrency, elon musk confirms. tesla padded their quarterly results with $ m profit from the pump. 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in musk: bitcoin is bad for climate (and you can’t buy teslas with it anymore), tim de chant writes: "when purchased using dollars, a new tesla model made and operated in the us produces about . tonnes of carbon dioxide over its lifetime (assuming it's driven about , miles). the price of the same car on march , when musk announced the payment option, would have been around one bitcoin, and at the time, one bitcoin had an estimated footprint of around tonnes. not only does one tesla’s worth of bitcoin pollute significantly more than the car itself, including manufacturing, it also represents more than five times the carbon pollution of an average combustion-engined vehicle in the us. and that’s according to tesla’s own estimate." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 cnbc reports that china bans financial, payment institutions from cryptocurrency business: "china has banned financial institutions and payment companies from providing services related to cryptocurrency transactions, and warned investors against speculative crypto trading. it was china's latest attempt to clamp down on what was a burgeoning digital trading market. under the ban, such institutions, including banks and online payments channels, must not offer clients any service involving cryptocurrency, such as registration, trading, clearing and settlement, three industry bodies said in a joint statement on tuesday." 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 cnbc reports on yet another externality of cryptocurrencies in hackers behind colonial pipeline attack reportedly received $ million in bitcoin before shutting down: "elliptic said that darkside's bitcoin wallet contained $ . million worth of the digital currency before its funds were drained last week. there was some speculation that this bitcoin had been seized by the u.s. government. of the $ million total haul, $ . million went to darkside's developer while $ . million went to its affiliates, according to elliptic. the majority of the funds are being sent to crypto exchanges, where they can be converted into fiat money, elliptic said." 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 based on their experimental proof-of-stake blockchain, carl beekhuizen claims that: "ethereum will be completing the transition to proof-of-stake in the upcoming months, which brings a myriad of improvements that have been theorized for years. but now that the beacon chain has been running for a few months, we can actually dig into the numbers. one area that we’re excited to explore involves new energy-use estimates, as we end the process of expending a country’s worth of energy on consensus. ... in total, a proof-of-stake ethereum therefore consumes something on the order of . megawatt. this is not on the scale of countries, provinces, or even cities, but that of a small town (around american homes)." of course, this assumes that there won't be a fork, with a proof-of-work ethereum traditional continuing. there is already an ethereum classic from a fork in . 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 jeff keeling reveals yet another cryptocurrency externality in noisy ‘mining’ operation leaves washington county community facing ‘bit’ of a conundrum: "residents of the pastoral new salem community say a bitcoin mining center next to a brightridge power substation has seriously impacted a prized element of their quality of life — peace and quiet. “when we lay down and all, the tv’s off and the kids are in bed, the noise is there,” preston holley, a school teacher whose home is just across lola humphreys road from the site, said. “it’s as plain as day. when wake up to let the dog out it’s running full bore.” cooling fans from the round-the-clock operation off bailey bridge road are so loud they sometimes keep residents up at night. but the massive computing power in what brightridge ceo jeff dykes said is about a $ million operation has made red dog technologies the power distributor’s biggest customer virtually overnight." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 catalin cimpanu reports that crypto-mining gangs are running amok on free cloud computing platforms: "gangs have been operating by registering accounts on selected platforms, signing up for a free tier, and running a cryptocurrency mining app on the provider’s free tier infrastructure. after trial periods or free credits reach their limits, the groups register a new account and start from the first step, keeping the provider’s servers at their upper usage limit and slowing down their normal operations." as david gerard said: "cryptocurrency decentralization is a performative waste of resources in order to avoid having to trust a government to issue currency. but since cryptocurrencies don’t actually function as currencies, it just generates new types of otherwise worthless magic beans to sell for real money. your system will waste unlimited amounts of whatever resource you’re throwing away—and incentivize the theft of whatever resources other people can waste to turn into money." and the waste doesn't even get you decentralization. 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 jiang et al's policy assessments for the carbon emission flows and sustainability of bitcoin blockchain operation in china projects that, without policy action: "the annualized energy consumption of the bitcoin industry in china will peak in at .  twh based on the benchmark simulation of bbce modeling. this exceeds the total energy consumption level of italy and saudi arabia and ranks th among all countries in . correspondingly, the carbon emission flows of the bitcoin operation would peak at . million metric tons per year in ." 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 when writing this post i had forgotten that two years ago i wrote about the future of a fee-based bitcoin in the economics of bitcoin transactions. raphael auer's beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies concludes: "the key takeaway of this paper concerns the interaction of these two limitations: proof-of-work can only achieve payment security if mining income is high, but the transaction market cannot generate an adequate level of income. ... the economic design of the transaction market fails to generate high enough fees. a simple model suggests that ultimately, it could take nearly a year, or , blocks, before a payment could be considered “final”." 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 i also forgot that, months ago, i wrote in economic limits of proof-of-stake blockchains: "budish showed that bitcoin was unsafe unless the value of transactions in a block was less than the sum of the mining reward and the fees for the transactions it contains. the mining reward is due to decrease to zero, at which point safety requires fees larger than the value of the transactions, not economically viable. in arvind narayanan's group at princeton published a related instability in carlsten et al's on the instability of bitcoin without the block reward. narayanan summarized the paper in a blog post: 'our key insight is that with only transaction fees, the variance of the miner reward is very high due to the randomness of the block arrival time, and it becomes attractive to fork a “wealthy” block to “steal” the rewards therein.' note that: 'we model transaction fees as arriving at a uniform rate. the rate is non-uniform in practice, which is an additional complication.' the rate is necessarily non-uniform, because transactions are in a blind auction for inclusion in the next block, which leads to over-payment." 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 ethereum claims that if they succeed in transitioning to proof-of-stake their carbon emissions will be greatly reduced. even if this happens, it does not mean that the total carbon emissions of the cryptocurrency world will be reduced. the mining resources used to mine eth using proof-of-work will not be fed to the trash compactor, they will be re-purposed to mine other cryptocurrencies. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 mike melanson's this week in programming: crypto miners overrun docker hub’s autobuild reports on the latest free tier of web services to be killed by the cryptocurrency mining gangs. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 david gerard explains why bitcoin's blocksize didn't increase: "in mid- , the bitcoin network finally filled its tiny transaction capacity. transactions became slow, expensive and clogged. by october , bitcoin regularly had around , unconfirmed transactions waiting, and in may it peaked at , stuck in the queue. [ft, , free with login] nobody could agree how to fix this, and everyone involved despised each other. the possible solutions were: ) increase the block size. this would increase centralisation even further. (though that ship really sailed in .) ) the lightning network: bolt on a completely different non-bitcoin network, and do all the real transactions there. this only had the minor problem that the lightning network’s design couldn’t possibly fix the problem. ) do nothing. leave the payment markets to use a different cryptocurrency that hasn’t clogged yet. (payment markets, such as the darknets, ended up moving to other coins that worked better.) bitcoin mostly chose option — though is talked up, just as if saying “but, the lighting network!” solves the transaction clog." as i write the average fee is $ . and there are , unconfirmed transactions in the mempool. the network is confirming . transactions/sec, so the mempool is the equivalent of hr min of transaction processing, or almost blocks of backlog. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 gretchen morgenson's some locals say a bitcoin mining operation is ruining one of the finger lakes. here's how. reports on yet another externality of cryptocurrencies: "water usage by greenidge is another problem, residents said. the current permit allows greenidge to take in million gallons of water and discharge million gallons daily, at temperatures as high as degrees fahrenheit in the summer and degrees in winter, documents show. rising water temperatures can stress fish and promote toxic algae blooms, the epa says. a full thermal study hasn't been produced and won't be until , but residents protesting the plant say the lake is warmer with greenidge operating." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the life of a hodl-er carries significant risks, as olga kharif reports in ethereum co-founder says safety concern has him quitting crypto: 'anthony di iorio, a co-founder of the ethereum network, says he’s done with the cryptocurrency world, partially because of personal safety concerns. di iorio, , has had a security team since , with someone traveling with or meeting him wherever he goes. in coming weeks, he plans to sell decentral inc., and refocus on philanthropy and other ventures not related to crypto. the canadian expects to sever ties in time with other startups he is involved with, and doesn’t plan on funding any more blockchain projects. “it’s got a risk profile that i am not too enthused about,” said di iorio, who declined to disclose his cryptocurrency holdings or net worth. “i don’t feel necessarily safe in this space. if i was focused on larger problems, i think i’d be safer.” ' he can go back to being inconspicuous, despite: "he made a splash in when buying the largest and one of the most expensive condos in canada, paying for it partly with digital money. di iorio purchased the three-story penthouse for c$ million ($ million) at the st. regis residences toronto, the former trump international hotel & tower in the downtown business district." 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 editordavid's both dogecoin creators are now criticizing cryptocurrencies leads to a wonderful twitter thread by the second of them, jackson palmer: "after years of studying it, i believe that cryptocurrency is an inherently right-wing, hyper-capitalistic technology built primarily to amplify the wealth of its proponents through a combination of tax avoidance, diminished regulatory oversight and artificially enforced scarcity. despite claims of “decentralization”, the cryptocurrency industry is controlled by a powerful cartel of wealthy figures who, with time, have evolved to incorporate many of the same institutions tied to the existing centralized financial system they supposedly set out to replace." 	 july , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ▼  april ( ) 	venture capital isn't working 	dogecoin disrupts bitcoin! 	what is the point? 	nfts and web archiving 	cryptocurrency's carbon footprint 	elon musk: threat or menace? 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. cord- : covid- open research dataset — allen institute for ai 	··· 	about 	··· 	programs 	··· 	projects 	··· 	careers 	··· 	research 	··· 	press 	··· 	 	··· 	home 	about 	programs 	projects 	careers 	research 	press research papersdatavideosdemosleaderboardssoftwarepodcasts research cord- : covid- open research dataset semantic scholar • cord- is a free resource of tens of thousands of scholarly articles about covid- , sars-cov- , and related coronaviruses for use by the global research community. downloadread paperview website license: cord- dataset license ai for the common good	email us: ai -info@allenai.org 	call us: . . 	follow us: @allen_ai 	subscribe to the ai newsletter 	home 	about 	mission 	team 	founder 	board of directors 	scientific advisory board 	ai blog 	programs 	ai israel 	ai irvine 	young investigators 	predoctoral young investigators 	visiting scholars 	diversity, equity, & inclusion 	projects 	allennlp 	aristo 	mosaic 	prior 	semantic scholar 	ai & fairness 	incubator 	careers 	working at ai 	current openings 	internships 	young investigators 	predoctoral young investigators 	research 	papers 	data 	videos 	demos 	leaderboards 	software 	podcasts 	press 	news articles 	press resources 	newsletters © the allen institute for artificial intelligence - all rights reserved.	privacy policy 	|terms and conditions dshr's blog: kai li's fast keynote dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, february , kai li's fast keynote kai li's keynote at the fast conference was entitled disruptive innovation: data domain experience. data domain was the pioneer of deduplication for backups. i was one of the people sutter hill asked to look at data domain when they were considering a b-round investment in . i was very impressed, not just with their technology, but more with the way it was packaged as an appliance so that it was very easy to sell. the elevator pitch was "it is a box. you plug it into your network. backups work better." i loved kai's talk. not just because i had a small investment in the b round, so he made me money, but more because just about everything he said matched experiences i had at sun or nvidia. below the fold i discuss some of the details. kai quoted dr. geoffrey nicholson: research is the transformation of money into knowledge. innovation is the transformation of knowledge into money. data domain is a stellar example of the second. the outlines of the story are simple. they started in late , raised a total of about $ m in rounds, ipo-ed less than years later at a $ b valuation having spent only $ m, and were acquired years after that at a $ . b valuation. before their ipo they had more than % of the market and more than % gross margin. that is an extraordinary performance. the vision was to replace tape for backup with disk at roughly the same price but much lower space, power, and network costs, and to make restoring from a backup much faster, thereby reducing the operational impact of failures.  the only way to do this was to use deduplication to get a high enough compression factor to swamp the cost per byte difference between disk and tape. kai illustrated their success by showing a line of full racks each containing an ibm tape library that were replaced by u data domain systems. the key to implementing this vision was to bet on long-term technology trends. the two that kai pointed out were that disk had already replaced tape in personal audio (walkman to ipod) and in tv time-shifting (vhs to tivo), and that moore's law had already shifted from faster cpus to more cores. the two major challenges they faced were: 	they had to sell for no more than a tape system, so their gross margin was directly related to the compression ratio they could achieve. 	the amount of data to be backed up was doubling every months, but there are only hours in a day, so their throughput needed to at least double every months. the three founders started the company just after / , at a time when no-one was starting companies. we started nvidia in in one of silicon valley's periodic downturns; we were the only semiconductor company to get any funding the quarter of our a round. starting a company when no-one else is - absolutely the best time to do it. kai laid out a list of key precepts, all of which i agree with despite some caveats: 	build "must have" products. 	customer driven technology. for nvidia, this was more difficult, since we had customers (pc and board manufacturers) and end-users (game players). 	work with the best vc funds.  the difference between the best and the merely good in vcs is at least as big as the difference between the best and the merely good programmers. at nvidia we had two of the very best, sutter hill and sequoia. the result is that, like kai but unlike many entrepreneurs, we think vcs are enormously helpful. 	raise more than we need - give up a lot of equity. one downside of starting a company when the market has gone south is that you have to give up more equity. but you are giving it up to vcs willing to invest when no-one else is, who are the ones you want to work with. and having cash in a downturn gives you the ability to move fast. 	high standard for early team, even if you miss the hiring plan. after the ipo at sun came the bozo invasion, but then the company was well-enough established to survive it. 	no egos - take the best ideas wherever they come from. this is often hard for the best people to handle, and is a real test of the initial management. kai's slides plotting revenue and things like lines of code and deduplication throughput on the same  graph were fascinating. they matched closely, with throughput increasing -fold in years, and lines of code growing much faster after the ipo than before. posted by david. at : am labels: deduplication, venture capital comment: 	 david. said... 	 usenix has posted the video and audio of kai's talk. 	 february , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ▼  february ( ) 	facebook's "cold storage" 	kai li's fast keynote 	thoughts from fast 	amazon's margins 	rothenberg still wrong 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: cost-reducing writing dna data dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, march , cost-reducing writing dna data in dna's niche in the storage market, i addressed a hypothetical dna storage company's engineers and posed this challenge: increase the speed of synthesis by a factor of a quarter of a trillion, while reducing the cost by a factor of fifty trillion, in less than years while spending no more than $ m/yr. now, a company called catalog plans to demo a significant step in the right direction: the goal of the demonstration, says park, is to store gigabytes, ... in hours, on less than cubic centimeter of dna. and to do it for $ , . that would be e bits for $ e . at the theoretical maximum bits/base, it would be $ . e- per base, versus last year's estimate of e- , or around , times better. if the demo succeeds, it marks a major achievement. but below the fold i continue to throw cold water on the medium-term prospects for dna storage. catalog's technique is different from experiments such as microsoft's, which synthesize dna strands a base at a time when park and roquet formed catalog in , they shunned the idea of assembling bases one by one to represent the digital “alphabet.” ... catalog opted for prefab: it buys or makes fragments of dna, “in massive quantities,” and then assembles with a custom-made liquid-handling robot. “dna molecules are like lego blocks,” says park. “we can string them together in virtually infinite combinations. we take advantage of that and start with a few hundred molecules to generate in the end, trillions of different molecules.” park likens the approach to movable type. instead of having to write out every letter each time you want to write something, old-style typesetters cast their letters in advance, and then slotted them into position. but, despite catalog's technical ingenuity, they face enormous obstacles to market success: 	$ , /tb is still an extraordinarily expensive storage medium. tb hard disks retail at around $ , so are nearly times cheaper. gb in hours is around . mb/s, compared to the mb/s transfer rate of a single current tb drive. since dna storage has both very slow write and read, and is not rewritable, it is restricted to competing in the archival storage market. it has to be much cheaper than tape and optical media, not just hard disk, before it can compete successfully. 	catalog's pitch is based on the idea that demand for data storage is insatiable: for a startup, a solution is less important than a solid problem, park told the weinert center’s distinguished entrepreneurs lunch on feb. . and park’s problem – the glut of information sometimes called the “datapocalypse” — is a result of a tsunami of data from pretty much every sphere of human activity. but, as i discussed where did all those bits go?, the actual shipment data for storage vendors shows this is a fallacy. the demand for storage media, like the demand for any good, depends upon the price. at current prices demand for bytes of hard disk is growing steadily but more slowly than the kryder rate, so unit shipments are falling. 	as i pointed out a year ago in archival media: not a good business. the total market is probably less than $ b/yr, and new archival media have to compete with legacy media, such as hard disk, whose r&d and manufacturing investments have long been amortized. given the long latency of dna storage, to compete with these fully depreciated and much faster media it has to be vastly cheaper. 	in the future of storage i discussed the fundamental problems of long-lived media such as dna, including: the research we have been doing in the economics of long-term preservation demonstrates the enormous barrier to adoption that accounting techniques pose for media that have high purchase but low running costs, such as these long-lived media. to sum up, while catalog may be able to demonstrate a significant advance in the technology of dna storage, they will still be many orders of magnitude away from a competitive product in the archival storage market. posted by david. at : am labels: green preservation, long-lived media, storage costs, storage media comments: 	 david. said... 	 the team from microsoft research and u.w. have a paper and a video describing a fully-automated write-store-read pipeline for dna. this is, i believe, a first automated end-to-end demonstration. from their abstract: "our device encodes data into a dna sequence, which is then written to a dna oligonucleotide using a custom dna synthesizer, pooled for liquid storage, and read using a nanopore sequencer and a novel, minimal preparation protocol. we demonstrate an automated -byte write, store, and read cycle with a modular design enabling expansion as new technology becomes available." their system is base-at-a-time, so it is still slow: "our system’s write-to-read latency is approximately  h. the majority of this time is taken by synthesis, viz., approximately  s per base, or .  h to synthesize a -mer payload and  h to cleave and deprotect the oligonucleotides at room temperature. after synthesis, preparation takes an additional  min, and nanopore reading and online decoding take  min." again, this is a significant step forward, but a practical product is a long way away. 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 tom coughlin reports on iridia's chip-based dna storage technology. 	 may , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ▼  march ( ) 	the links mystery 	fast 	cost-reducing writing dna data 	compression vs. preservation 	it's the enforcement, stupid! 	it isn't just cryptocurrency mining 	demand is far from insatiable 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. what proof of stake is and why it matters - bitcoin magazine: bitcoin news, articles, charts, and guides 	events 	culture 	business 	technical 	markets 	store 	earn 	press releases 	reviews 	learn 	subscribe 	about bitcoin magazine 	advertise 	terms of use 	privacy policy 	b.tc inc 	privacy settings 	 	 	 	 	articles 	research 	store 	conference 	buy bitcoin 	learn 	 	 	 	 	articles 	research 	store 	conference 	buy bitcoin 	learn what proof of stake is and why it matters 	author: 	 vitalik buterin	publish date: 	aug , 	 	 	 	 if you have been involved in bitcoin for any significant length of time, you have probably at least heard of the idea of “proof of work”. the basic concept behind proof of work is simple: one party (usually called the prover) presents the result of a computation which is known to be hard to compute, but easy to verify, and by verifying the solution anyone else can be sure that the prover performed a certain amount of computational work to generate the result. the first modern application, presented as “hashcash” by adam back in , uses a sha -based proof of work as an anti-spam measure – by requiring all emails to come with a strong proof-of-work attached, the system makes it uneconomical for spammers to send mass emails while still allowing individuals to send messages to each other when they need to. a similar system is used today for the same purpose in bitmessage, and the algorithm has also been repurposed to serve as the core of bitcoin’s security in the form of “mining”. how does sha proof of work work? sha is what cryptographers call a “one-way function” – a function for which it is easy to calculate an output given an input, but it is impossible to do the reverse without trying every possible input until one works by random chance. the canonical representation of a sha output is as a series of hexadecimal digits – letters and numbers taken from the set abcdef. for example, here are the first digits of a few hashes: sha ("hello") = cf dba...sha ("hello") = f db ...sha ("hello.") = d bd d ... the output of sha is designed to be highly chaotic; even the smallest change in the input completely scrambles the output, and this is part of what makes sha a one-way function. finding an input whose sha starts with ‘ ’ on average takes attempts, ’ ’ takes attempts, and so forth. the way hashcash, and bitcoin mining, work, is by requiring provers (ie. mail senders or miners) to find a “nonce” such that sha (message+nonce)starts with a large number of zeroes, and then send the valid nonce along with the message as the proof of work. for example, the hash of block is: cf c d fc d e b a bc d a on average, it would take trillion attempts to find a nonce that, when hashed together with a block, returns a value starting with this many zeroes (technically, trillion since the pow requirement is a bit more complex than “starts with this many zeroes”, but the general principle is the same). the reason this artificial difficulty exists is to prevent attackers from overpowering the bitcoin network and introducing alternative blockchains that reverse previous transactions and block new transactions; any attacker trying to flood the bitcoin network with their own fake blocks would need to make trillion sha computations to produce each one. however, there is a problem: proof of work is highly wasteful. six hundred trillion sha computations are being performed by the bitcoin network every second, and ultimately these computations have no practical or scientific value; their only purpose is to solve proof of work problems that are deliberately made to be hard so that malicious attackers cannot easily pretend to be millions of nodes and overpower the network. of course, this waste is not inherently evil; given no alternatives, the wastefulness of proof of work may well be a small price to pay for the reward of a decentralized and semi-anonymous global currency network that allows anyone to instantly send money to anyone else in the world for virtually no fee. and in proof of work was indeed the only option. four years later, however, we have developed a number of alternatives. sunny king’s primecoin is perhaps the most moderate, and yet at the same time potentially the most promising, solution. rather than doing away with proof of work entirely, primecoin seeks to make its proof of work useful. rather than using sha computations, primecoin requires miners to look for long “cunningham chains” of prime numbers – chains of values n- , n- , n- , etc. up to some length such that all of the values in the chain are prime (for the sake of accuracy, n+ , n+ , n+ can also be a valid cunningham chain, and primecoin also accepts “bi-twin chains” of the form n- , n+ , n- , n+ where all terms are prime). it is not immediately obvious how these chains are useful – primecoin advocates have pointed to a few theoretical applications, but these all require only chains of length which are trivial to produce. however, the stronger argument is that in modern bitcoin mining the majority of the production cost of mining hardware is actually researching methods of mining more efficiently (asics, optimized circuits, etc) and not building or running the devices themselves, and in a primecoin world this research would go towards finding more efficient ways of doing arithmetic and number theory computation instead – things which have applications far beyond just mining cryptocurrencies. the reason why primecoin-like “useful pows” are the most promising is that, if the computations are useful enough, the currency’s “waste factor” can actually drop below zero, making the currency a public good. for example, suppose that there is a computation which, somehow, has a in chance of getting researchers significantly further along the way to curing cancer. right now, no individual or organization has much of an incentive to attempt it: if they get lucky and succeed, they could either release the secret and earn little personal benefit beyond some short-lived media recognition or they could try to sell it to a few researchers under a non-disclosure agreement, which would rob everyone not under the non-disclosure agreement of the benefits of the discovery and likely not earn too much money in any case. if this magic computation was integrated into a currency, however, the block reward would incentivize many people to perform the computation, and the results of the computations would be visible on the blockchain for everyone to see. the societal reward would be more than worth the electricity cost. however, so far we know of no magical cancer-curing computation; the closest is folding@home, but it lacks mathematical verificability – a dishonest miner can easily cheat by making fake computations that are indistinguishable from real results to any proof of work checker but have no value to society. as far as mathematically verifiable useful pows go, primecoin is the best we have, and whether its societal benefit fully outweighs its production and electricity cost is hard to tell; many people doubt it. but even then, what primecoin accomplished is very praiseworthy; even partially recovering the costs of mining as a public good is better than nothing. proof of stake however, there is one sha alternative that is already here, and that essentially does away with the computational waste of proof of work entirely: proof of stake. rather than requiring the prover to perform a certain amount of computational work, a proof of stake system requires the prover to show ownership of a certain amount of money. the reason why satoshi could not have done this himself is simple: before , there was no kind of digital property which could securely interact with cryptographic protocols. paypal and online credit card payments have been around for over ten years, but those systems are centralized, so creating a proof of stake system around them would allow paypal and credit card providers themselves to cheat it by generating fake transactions. ip addresses and domain names are partially decentralized, but there is no way to construct a proof of ownership of either that could be verified in the future. indeed, the first digital property that could possibly work with an online proof of stake system is bitcoin (and cryptocurrency in general) itself. there have been several proposals on how proof of stake can be implemented; the only one that is currently working in practice, however, is ppcoin, once again created by sunny king. ppcoin’s proof of stake algorithm works as follows. when creating a proof-of-stake block, a miner needs to construct a “coinstake” transaction, sending some money in their possession to themselves as well as a preset reward (like an interest rate, similar to bitcoin’s btc block reward). a sha hash is calculated based only on the transaction input, some additional fixed data, and the current time (as an integer representing the number of seconds since jan , ). this hash is then checked against a proof of work requirement, much like bitcoin, except the difficulty is inversely proportional to the “coin age” of the transaction input. coin age is defined as the size of the transaction input, in ppcoins, multiplied by the time that the input has existed. because the hash is based only on the time and static data, there is no way to make hashes quickly by doing more work; every second, each ppcoin transaction output has a certain chance of producing a valid work proportional to its age and how many ppcoins it contains, and that is that. essentially, every ppcoin can act as a “simulated mining rig”, albeit with the interesting property that its mining power goes up linearly over time but resets to zero every time it finds a valid block. it is not clear if using coin age as ppcoin does rather than just output size is strictly necessary; the original intent of doing so was to prevent miners from re-using their coins multiple times, but ppcoin’s current design does not actually allow miners to consciously try to generate a block with a specific transaction output. rather, the system does the equivalent of picking a ppcoin at random every second and maybe giving its owner the right to create a block. even without including age as a weighting factor in the randomness, this is roughly equivalent to a bitcoin mining setup but without the waste. however, there is one more sophisticated argument in coin age’s favor: because your chance of success goes up the longer you fail to create a block, miners can expect to create blocks more regularly, reducing the incentive to dampen the risk by creating the equivalent of centralized mining pools. beyond cryptocurrency but what makes proof of stake truly interesting is the fact that it can be applied to much more than just currency. so far, anti-spam systems have fallen into three categories: proof of work, captchas and identity systems. proof of work, used in systems like hashcash and bitmessage, we have already discussed extensively above. captchas are used very widely on the internet; the idea is to present a problem that a human can easily solve but a computer can’t, thereby distinguishing the two (captcha stands for “completely automated public turing test to tell computers and humans apart”). in practice, this usually involves presenting a messy image containing letters and numbers, and requiring the solver to type in what the letters and numbers are. recent providers have implemented a “public good” component into the system by making part of the captcha a word from a printed book, using the power of the crowd to digitize old printed literature. unfortunately, captchas are not that effective; recent machine-learning efforts have achieved success rates of - – similar to that of humans themselves. identity systems come in two forms. first, there are systems that require users to register with their physical identity; this is how democracies have so far avoided being overrun by anonymous trolls. second, there are systems that require some fee to get into, and moderators can close accounts without refund if they are found to be trying to abuse the system. these systems work, but at the cost of privacy. proof of stake can be used to provide a fourth category of anti-spam measure. imagine that, instead of filling in a captcha to create a forum account, a user can consume coin age by sending a bitcoin or ppcoin transaction to themselves instead. to make sure each proof of stake computation is done by the user, and not simply randomly pulled from the blockchain, the system might require the user to also send a signed message with the same address, or perhaps send their money back to themselves in a specific way (eg. one of the outputs must contain exactly . xxxxx btc, with the value randomly set each time). note that here coin age is crucial; we want users to be able to create proofs of stake on demand, so something must be consumed to prevent reuse. in a way, a form of proof of stake already exists in the form of sms verification, requiring users to send text messages to prove ownership of a phone to create a google account – although this is hardly pure proof of stake, as phone numbers are also heavily tied with physical identity and the process of buying a phone is itself a kind of captcha. thus, sms verification has some of the advantages and some of the disadvantages of all three systems. but proof of stake’s real advantage is in decentralized systems like bitmessage. currently, bitmessage uses proof of work because it has no other choice; there is no “decentralized captcha” solution out there, and there has been little research into figuring out how to make one. however, proof of work is wasteful, and makes bitmessage a somewhat cumbersome and power-consuming system to use – for emails, it’s fine, but for instant messaging forget about it. but if bitmessage could be integrated into bitcoin (or primecoin or ppcoin) and use it as proof of stake, much of the difficulty and waste could be alleviated. does proof of stake have a future? many signs suggest that it certainly does. ppcoin founder sunny king argues that bitcoin’s security will become too weak over time as its block reward continues to drop; indeed, this is one of his primary motivations for creating ppcoin and primecoin. since then, ppcoin has come to be the fifth largest cryptocurrency on the market, and an increasing number of new cryptocurrencies are copying its proof-of-stake design. currently, ppcoin is not fully proof-of-stake; because it is a small cryptocurrency with a highly centralized community, the risk of some kind of takeover is higher than with bitcoin, so a centralized checkpointing system does exist, allowing developers to create “checkpoints” that are guaranteed to remain part of the transaction history forever regardless of what any attacker does. eventually, the intent is to both move toward making the checkpointing system more decentralized and reducing its power and ppcoins come to be owned by a larger group of people. an alternative approach might be to integrate proof of stake as a decentralized checkpointing system into bitcoin itself; for example, one protocol might allow any coalition of people with at least million btc-years to consume their outputs to generate a checkpoint that the community would agree is a valid block, at the cost of sending their coins to themselves and consuming coin age. in , cryptocurrency emerged as the culmination of a number of unrelated cryptographic primitives: hash functions, merkle trees, proof of work and public key cryptography all play key roles in bitcoin’s construction. now, however, bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are here to stay, and this presents another exciting possibility for the future of cryptography: we can now design protocols that build off of cryptocurrency itself – of which proof of stake is the perfect example. proof of stake can be used to secure a cryptocurrency, it can be used in decentralized anti-spam systems, and probably in dozens of other protocols that we haven’t even thought of yet – just like no one had thought of anything like bitcoin until wei dai’s b-money in . the possibilities are endless. 	tags 	terms: 	hashcashproof of workproof of stakeprimecoinsunny king by vitalik buterin 	 	 	 	 business what libbitcoin and sx are and why they matter 	by vitalik buterin aug , business nxt – proof of stake and the new alternative altcoin 	by adam hofman feb , business has this ethereum classic developer solved proof of stake? 	by aaron van wirdum jan , business feathercoin: interview with peter bushnell 	by vitalik buterin aug , technical what firstbits is and why you should implement it 	by vitalik buterin sep , business interview: cryptographer silvio micali on bitcoin, ethereum and proof of stake 	by amy castor oct , markets primecoin has exchange, casino, already breaking world records 	by vitalik buterin jul , culture bitcoin is not losing its soul – or, why the regulation hysteria is missing the point 	by vitalik buterin jun , markets op ed: why bitcoin is still the most valuable cryptocurrency 	by cole walton jul , business hot cryptocurrency trends: delegated proof of stake 	by guest author aug , technical bitcoin is not quantum-safe, and how we can fix it when needed 	by vitalik buterin jul , culture why proof of reserves is important to bitcoin 	by mauricio di bartolomeo jan , business in defense of alternative cryptocurrencies 	by vitalik buterin sep , culture is bitcoin truly decentralized? yes – and here is why it’s important 	by erik voorhees jan , technical quantum computing and building resistance into proof of stake 	by btc studios oct , loading… see more 	about bitcoin magazine 	advertise 	terms of use 	privacy policy 	b.tc inc © close close close close dshr's blog: stablecoins dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, december , stablecoins i have long been skeptical of bitcoin's "price" and, despite its recent massive surge, i'm still skeptical. but it turns out i was wrong two years ago when i wrote in blockchain: what's not to like?: permissionless blockchains require an inflow of speculative funds at an average rate greater than the current rate of mining rewards if the "price" is not to collapse. to maintain bitcoin's price at $ k requires an inflow of $ k/hour. i found it hard to believe that this much actual money would flow in, but since then bitcoin's "price" hasn't dropped below $ k, so i was wrong. caution — i am only an amateur economist, and what follows below the fold is my attempt to make sense of what is going on. first, why did i write that? the economic argument is that, because there is a low barrier to entry for new competitors, margins for cryptocurrency miners are low. so the bulk of their income in terms of mining rewards has to flow out of the system in "fiat" currency to pay for their expenses such as power and hardware. these cannot be paid in cryptocurrencies. at the time, the bitcoin block reward was . btc/block, or btc/hour. at $ k/btc this was $ k/hour, so on average k usd/hour had to flow in from speculators if the system was not to run out of usd. 	 	source what has happened since then? miners' income comes in two parts, transaction fees (currently averaging around btc/day) and mining rewards ( btc/day) for a total around k btc/day. at $ k/btc, that is $ k/hour. the combination of halving of the block reward, increasing transaction fees, and quintupling the "price" has roughly tripled the required inflow. second, lets set the context for what has happened in cryptocurrencies in the last year. 	 	source in the last year bitcoin's "market cap" went from around $ b to around $ b ( . x) and its "price" went from about $ k to about $ k. 	 	source in the last year ethereum's "market cap" went from around $ b to around $ b ( . x) and its "price went from around $ to around $ . 	 	source the key observation that explains why i write "price" in quotes is shown in this graph. very little of the trading in btc is in terms of usd, most of it is in terms of tether (usdt). the "price" is set by how many usdt people are prepared to pay for btc, not by how many usd. the usd "price" follows because people believe that usdt ≅ usd.     	 	source in the past year, tether's "market cap" has gone from about b usdt to about b usdt ( x). tether (usdt) is a "stablecoin", intended to maintain a stable price of usd = usdt. initially, tether claimed that it maintained a stable "price" because every usdt was backed by an actual usd in a bank account. does that mean that investors transferred around sixteen billion us dollars into tether's bank account in the past year? no-one believes that. there has never been an audit of tether to confirm what is backing usdt. tether themselves admitted to the new york attorney general in october that: the $ . billion worth of tethers are only % backed: tether has cash and cash equivalents (short term securities) on hand totaling approximately $ . billion, representing approximately percent of the current outstanding tethers. if usdt isn't backed by usd, what is backing it, and is usdt really worth usd? 	 	source just in october, tether minted around b usdt. the graph tracks the "price" of bitcoin against the "market cap" of usdt. does it look like they're correlated? amy castor thinks so. tether transfers newly created usdt to an exchange, where one of two things can happen to it: 	it can be used to buy usd or an equivalent "fiat" currency. but only a few exchanges allow this. for example, coinbase, the leading regulated exchange, will not provide this "fiat off-ramp": please note that coinbase does not support usdt — do not send it to your bitcoin account on coinbase. because of usdt's history and reputation, exchanges that do offer a "fiat off-ramp" are taking a significant risk, so they will impose a spread; the holder will get less than $ . why would you send $ to tether to get less than $ back? 	it can be used to buy another cryptocurrency, such as bitcoin (btc) or ethereum (eth), increasing demand for that cryptocurrency and thus increasing its price. since newly created usdt won't be immediately sold for "fiat", they will pump the "price" of cryptocurrencies. for simplicity of explanation, lets imagine a world in which there are only usd, usdt and btc. in this world some proportion of the backing for usdt is usd and some is btc. someone sends usd to tether. why would they do that? they don't want usdt as a store of value, because they already have usd, which is obviously a better store of value than usdt. they want usdt in order to buy btc. tether adds the usd to the backing for usdt, and issues the corresponding number of usdt, which are used to buy btc. this pushes the "price" of btc up, which increases the "value" of the part of the backing for usdt that is btc. so tether issues the corresponding amount of usdt, which is used to buy btc. this pushes the "price" of btc up, which increases the "value" of the part of the backing for usdt that is btc. ... tether has a magic "money" pump, creating usdt out of thin air. but there is a risk. suppose for some reason the "price" of btc goes down, which reduces the "value" of the backing for usdt. now there are more usdt in circulation than are backed. so tether must buy some usdt back. they don't want to spend usd for this, because they know that usd are a better store of value than usdt created out of thin air. so they need to sell btc to get usdt. this pushes the "price" of btc down, which reduces the "value" of the part of the backing for usdt that is btc. so tether needs to buy more usdt for btc, which pushes the "price" of btc down. ... the magic "money" pump has gone into reverse, destroying the usdt that were created out of thin air. tether obviously wants to prevent this happening, so in our imaginary world what we would expect to see is that whenever the "price" of btc goes down, tether supplies the market with usdt, which are used to buy btc, pushing the price back up. over time, the btc "price" would generally go up, keeping everybody happy. but there is a second-order effect. over time, the proportion of the backing for usdt that is btc would go up too, because each usd that enters the backing creates r> usd worth of "value" of the btc part of the backing. and, over time, this effect grows because the greater the proportion of btc in the backing, the greater r becomes. 	 	source in our imaginary world we would expect to see: 	the "price" of btc correlated with the number of usdt in circulation. the graph shows this in the real world. 	both the "price" of btc and the number of usdt in circulation growing exponentially. the graph shows this in the real world. 	spikes in the number of usdt in circulation following falls in the "price" of btc. is bitcoin really untethered? by john griffin and amit shams shows that: rather than demand from cash investors, these patterns are most consistent with the supply‐based hypothesis of unbacked digital money inflating cryptocurrency prices. their paper was originally published in and updated in and . 	tether being extremely reluctant to be audited because that would reveal how little money and how much "money" was supporting the btc "price". our imaginary world replicates key features of the real world. of course, since tether has never been audited, we don't know the size or composition of usdt's backing. so we don't know whether tether has implemented a magic "money" pump. but the temptation to get rich quick by doing so clearly exists, and tether's history isn't reassuring about their willingness to skirt the law. because of the feedback loops i described, if they ever dipped a toe in the flow from a magic "money" pump, they would have to keep doubling down. apart from the work of griffin and shams, there is a whole literature pointing out the implausibility of tether's story. here are a few highlights: 	jp konig's things about tether stablecoins 	social capital's series explaining tether and the "stablecoin" scam: 	pumps, spoofs and boiler rooms 	tether, part one: the stablecoin dream 	tether, part two: pokedex 	tether, part three: crypto island 	price manipulation in the bitcoin ecosystem by neil gandal et al 	cryptocurrency pump-and-dump schemes by tao li et al 	patrick mckenzie's tether: the story so far: a friend of mine, who works in finance, asked me to explain what tether was. short version: tether is the internal accounting system for the largest fraud since madoff. bernie madoff's $ . b ponzi scheme was terminated in but credible suspicions had been raised nine years earlier, not least by the indefatigable harry markopolos. credible suspicions were raised against wirecard shortly after it was incorporated in , but even after the financial times published a richly documented series based on whistleblower accounts it took almost a year before wirecard declared bankruptcy owing € . b. massive frauds suffer from a "wile e. coyote" effect. because they are "too big to fail" there is a long time between the revelation that they are frauds, and the final collapse. it is hard for people to believe that, despite numbers in the billions, there is no there there. both investors and regulators get caught up in the excitement and become invested in keeping the bubble inflated by either attacking or ignoring negative news. for example, we saw this in the wirecard scandal: bafin conducted multiple investigations against journalists and short sellers because of alleged market manipulation, in response to negative media reporting of wirecard. ... critics cite the german regulator, press and investor community's tendency to rally around wirecard against what they perceive as unfair attack. ... after initially defending bafin's actions, its president felix hufeld later admitted the wirecard scandal is a "complete disaster". similarly, the cryptocurrency world has a long history of both attacking and ignoring realistic critiques. an example of ignoring is the dao: the decentralized autonomous organization (the dao) was released on th april , but on th may dino mark, vlad zamfir, and emin gün sirer posted a call for a temporary moratorium on the dao, pointing out some of its vulnerabilities; it was ignored. three weeks later, when the dao contained about % of all the ether in circulation, a combination of these vulnerabilities was used to steal its contents. 	 	source the graph shows how little of the trading in btc is in terms of actual money, usd. on coinmarketcap.com as i write, usdt has a "market cap" of nearly $ b and the next largest "stablecoin" is usdc, at just over $ . b. usdc is audited and[ ] complies with banking regulations, which explains why it is used so much less. the supply of usdc can't expand enough to meet demand. the total "market cap" of all the cryptocurrencies the site tracks is $ b, an increase of more than % in the last day! so just one day is around the same as bernie madoff's ponzi scheme. the top cryptocurrencies (btc, eth, xrp, usdt) account for $ b ( %) of the total "market cap"; the others are pretty insignificant. david gerard points out the obvious in tether is “too big to fail” — the entire crypto industry utterly depends on it: the purpose of the crypto industry, and all its little service sub-industries, is to generate a narrative that will maintain and enhance the flow of actual dollars from suckers, and keep the party going. increasing quantities of tethers are required to make this happen. we just topped twenty billion alleged dollars’ worth of tethers, sixteen billion of those just since march . if you think this is sustainable, you’re a fool. gerard links to bryce weiner's hopes, expectations, black holes, and revelations — or how i learned to stop worrying and love tether which starts from the incident in april of when bitfinex, the cryptocurrency exchange behind tether, encountered a serious problem: the wildcat bank backing tether was raided by interpol for laundering of criminally obtained assets to the tune of about $ , , . the percentage of that sum which was actually bitfinex is a matter of some debate but there’s no sufficient reason not to think it was all theirs. ... the nature of the problem also presented a solution: instead of backing tether in actual dollars, stuff a bunch of cryptocurrency in a basket to the valuation of the cash that got seized and viola! a black hole is successfully filled with a black hole, creating a stable asset. at the time, usdt's "market cap" was around $ . b, so assuming tether was actually backed by usd at that point, it lost % of its backing. this was a significant problem, more than enough to motivate shenanigans. weiner goes on to provide a detailed explanation, and argue that tether is impossible to shut down. he may be right, but it may be possible to effectively eliminate the "fiat off-ramp", thus completely detaching usdt and usd. this would make it clear that "prices" expressed in usdt are imaginary, not the same as prices expressed in usd. 	 	source postscript: david gerard recounts the pump that pushed btc over $ k: we saw about million tethers being lined up on binance and huobi in the week previously. these were then deployed en masse. you can see the pump starting at : utc on december. btc was $ , . on coinbase at : utc. notice the very long candles, as bots set to sell at $ , sell directly into the pump. see cryptocurrency pump-and-dump schemes by tao li, donghwa shin and baolian wang. 	 	source ki joung yu watched the pump in real time: lots of people deposited stablecoins to exchanges mins before breaking $ k. price is all about consensus. i guess the sentiment turned around to buy $btc at that time. ... eth block interval is - seconds. this chart means exchange users worldwide were trying to deposit #stablecoins in a single block — seconds. note that " mins" is about one bitcoin block time, and by "exchange users" he means "addresses — it could have been a pre-programmed "smart contract". [ ] david gerard points out that: usdc loudly touts claims that it’s well-regulated, and implies that it’s audited. but usdc is not audited — accountants grant thornton sign a monthly attestation that centre have told them particular things, and that the paperwork shows the right numbers. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 xrp, the third-largest unstablecoin by "market cap", has lost almost % of its value over the last days. this might have something to do with the sec suing ripple labs, who control the centralized cryptocurrency, claiming that xrp is an unregistered security. the sec's argument, bolstered with copious statements by the founders, is at heart that the founders pre-mined and kept vast amounts of xrp, which they then pump and sell: "defendants continue to hold substantial amounts of xrp and — with no registration statement in effect — can continue to monetize their xrp while using the information asymmetry they created in the market for their own gain, creating substantial risk to investors." david gerard points out that ripple labs knew they should have registered: "ripple received legal advice in february and october that xrp could constitute an “investment contract,” thus making it a security under the howey test — particularly if ripple promoted xrp as an investment. the lawyers advised ripple to contact the sec for clarification before proceeding. ripple went ahead anyway, without sec advice — and raised “at least $ . billion” selling xrp from to the present day, promoting it as an investment all the while" izabella kaminska notes that other cryptocurrencies may have similar legal issues: "this may concern other cryptocurrencies such as ethereum and eos, which unlike bitcoin were pre-sold to the public in a similar fashion" 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 izabella kaminska has the highlights of the sec filing against ripple labs. they are really damning. 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 david gerard points to this transaction and asks: "don’t you hate it when you send $ . in btc with a fee of $ , ? i guess they can call bitcoin customer service and get it sorted out! it’s not clear if this transaction ever showed up in the mempool — or if it was the miner putting it directly into the block, and doing some bitcoin-laundering." 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the magic "money" pump is working overtime to make santa gifts for the children: "tether has issued million tethers in just the past few days, million of those just today. the market pumpers seem to have been blindsided by the sec suit against ripple, and are trying frantically to avert a christmas crash. i’m sure there’s a ton of institutional investors going all-out on christmas eve." 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 amy castor collected predictions for from cryptocurrency skeptics in nocoiner predictions: will be a year of comedy gold. they're worth reading. for example: "since , the new york attorney general has been investigating tether and its sister company, crypto exchange bitfinex, for fraud. over the summer, the supreme court ruled that the companies need to hand over their financial records to show once and for all just how much money really is underlying the tethers they keep printing. the nyag said bitfinex/tether have agreed to do so by jan. ." david gerard expanded on his predictions in in crypto and blockchain: your % reliable guide to the future, including: "we’re currently in the throes of a completely fake bitcoin bubble. this is fueled by billions of tethers, backed by loans, or maybe bitcoins, or maybe hot air. large holders are spending corporate money on bitcoins, fundamentally to promote the value of their own holdings. retail hasn’t shown up — there’s a lack of actual dollars in the exchange system. one btc sale last night ( january) dropped the price $ , . if btc crashes the price, then almost nobody will be able to get out without massive losses. the dollars don’t appear to exist when tested." 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in parasitic stablecoins time swanson focuses in exhaustive detail on the dependence of stablecoins on the banking system: "this post will go through some of the background for what commercial bank-backed stablecoins are, the loopholes that the issuers try to reside in, how reliant the greater cryptocurrency world is dependent on u.s. and e.u. commercial banks, and how the principles for financial market structures, otherwise known as pfmis, are being ignored" 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 cas piancy's brief history of tether entitled a tl; dr for tether and imf researcher john kiff's kiffmeister's #fintech daily digest ( / / ) are both worth reading for views on tether. 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 further regulation of cryptocurrency on- and off-ramps is announced by fincen in the financial crimes enforcement network proposes rule aimed at closing anti-money laundering regulatory gaps for certain convertible virtual currency and digital asset transactions: "the proposed rule complements existing bsa requirements applicable to banks and msbs by proposing to add reporting requirements for cvc and ltda transactions exceeding $ , in value. pursuant to the proposed rule, banks and msbs will have days from the date on which a reportable transaction occurs to file a report with fincen. further, this proposed rule would require banks and msbs to keep records of a customer’s cvc or ltda transactions and counterparties, including verifying the identity of their customers, if a counterparty uses an unhosted or otherwise covered wallet and the transaction is greater than $ , ." 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 amy castor has transcribed an interview with paolo ardino and stuart hoegner of tether. hoegner is their general counsel, and he said: "we were very clear last summer in court that part of it is in bitcoin. and if nothing else, there are transaction fees that need to be paid on the omni layer. so bitcoin was and is needed to pay for those transactions, so that shouldn’t come as a surprise to anyone. and we don’t presently comment on our asset makeup overall as a general manner, but we are contemplating starting a process of providing updates on that on the website in this year, in ." so my speculation in this post is confirmed. they do have a magic "money" machine. 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 there's nothing new under the sun. david gerard's stablecoins through history — michigan bank commissioners report, starts: "a “stablecoin” is a token that a company issues, claiming that the token is backed by currency or assets held in a reserve. the token is usually redeemable in theory — and sometimes in practice. stablecoins are a venerable and well-respected part of the history of us banking! previously, the issuers were called “wildcat banks,” and the tokens were pieces of paper. the wildcat banking era, more politely called the “free banking era,” ran from to . banks at this time were free of federal regulation — they could launch just under state regulation. under the gold standard in operation at the time, these state banks could issue notes, backed by specie — gold or silver — held in reserve. the quality of these reserves could be a matter of some dispute. the wildcat banks didn’t work out so well. the national bank act was passed in , establishing the united states national banking system and the office of the comptroller of the currency — and taking away the power of state banks to issue paper notes." go read the whole post - the parallels with cryptocurrencies are striking. 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in tether publishes … two pie charts of its reserves, david gerard analyses the uninformative "information" tether published about its reserves: "i’m analysing tether’s numbers on the basis that they aren’t just made up, and mean something in any conventional sense. it’s reasonable to doubt this — tether’s been caught directly lying before — but previous tether numbers have tended to have some sort of justification, if only a laughably flimsy one that meets no accepted accounting standards." and amy castor piles on in tether’s first breakdown of reserves consists of two silly pie charts including this gem: "specifically, this is a breakdown of the composition of tether’s reserves on march , , when tether had roughly . billion tethers in circulation. (as of this writing, tether now has nearly billion tethers in circulation.)" so tether is pumping the money supply at nearly $ b a week! 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 jemima kelley is also all over tether's "transparency" in tether says its reserves are  backed by cash to the tune of . . .  . %: "it’s almost like tether thinks it is some kind of bank, isn’t it? well, kind of. in the affadavit, hoegner pointed out that commercial banks operate under a similar “fractional reserve” system, and that this was “hardly a novel concept”. but . per cent is really quite the fraction isn’t it? and the difference here, of course, is that commercial banks are subject to stringent regulations and thorough independent audits, neither of which apply to tether." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 frances coppola makes an important point in tether’s smoke and mirrors. tether's terms of service place them under no obligation to redeem tethers for fiat or indeed for anything at all: "tether reserves the right to delay the redemption or withdrawal of tether tokens if such delay is necessitated by the illiquidity or unavailability or loss of any reserves held by tether to back to tether tokens, and tether reserves the right to redeem tether tokens by in-kind redemptions of securities and other assets held in the reserves." coppola points out that: "if tether is simply going to refuse redemption requests or offer people tokens it has just invented instead of fiat currency, it wouldn’t matter if the entire asset base was junk, since it will never have any significant need for cash. so whether tether’s "reserves" are cash equivalents doesn't matter. but what does matter is capital. for banks, funds and other financial institutions, capital is the difference between assets and liabilities. it is the cushion that can absorb losses from asset price falls, whether because of fire sales to raise cash for redemption requests or simply from adverse market movements or creditor defaults. the accountant's attestations reveal that tether has very little capital. the gap between assets and liabilities is paper-thin: on st march (pdf), for example, it was . % of total consolidated assets, on a balance sheet of more than $ bn in size. stablecoin holders are thus seriously exposed to the risk that asset values will fall sufficiently for the par peg to usd to break – what money market funds call “breaking the buck”." go read the whole post. 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 simon sharwood reports on an actual use case for tether in hong kong busts $ m crypto money-laundering ring: "hong kong’s customs and excise department yesterday arrested four men over alleged money-laundering using cryptocurrency. the department says it detected multiple transactions in a coin named “tether”, with value bouncing between a crypto exchange, local banks, another crypto exchange, and banks in singapore. hk$ . bn (us$ m) is alleged to have been laundered by the four suspects, in what authorities said was the first case of crypto-laundering detected in the special administrative region (sar). the launderers were busy: multiple daily transactions of hk$ m were sometimes detected as they went about their scheme, which ran from early to may ." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 fais kahn has two posts, crypto and the infinite ladder: what if tether is fake? and bitcoin's end: tether, binance and the white swans that could bring it all down about the binance/tether nexus that are well worth reading. he concludes: "everything around binance and tether is murky, even as these entities two dominate the crypto world. tether redemptions are accelerating, and binance is in trouble, but why some of these things are happening is guesswork. and what happens if something happens to one of those two? we’re entering some uncharted territory. but if things get weird, don’t say no one saw it coming." 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 taming wildcat stablecoins by gary gorton and jeffery zhang analyzes stablecoins with a historical perspective, starting with the th century "free banking" era in the us. zhang is a lawyer at the fed. izabella kaminska summarizes their argument in gorton turns his attention to stablecoins,and points out that: "gary gorton has gained a reputation for being something of an experts’ expert on financial systems. despite being an academic, this is in large part due to what might be described as his practitioner’s take on many key issues. the yale school of management professor is, for example, best known for a highly respected (albeit still relatively obscure) theory about the role played in bank runs by information-sensitive assets." 	 july , at : am 	 david. said... 	 tom schoenberg, matt robinson, and zeke faux report that tether executives said to face criminal probe into bank fraud: "a u.s. probe into tether is homing in on whether executives behind the digital token committed bank fraud, a potential criminal case that would have broad implications for the cryptocurrency market. ... specifically, federal prosecutors are scrutinizing whether tether concealed from banks that transactions were linked to crypto, said three people with direct knowledge of the matter who asked not to be named because the probe is confidential." ... federal prosecutors have been circling tether since at least . in recent months, they sent letters to individuals alerting them that they’re targets of the investigation, one of the people said." 	 july , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  december ( ) 	michael nelson's group on archiving twitter 	stablecoins 	risc vs. cisc 	 max ungrounding 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. #dlfteach pedagogy toolkit cfp request edit access #dlfteach pedagogy toolkit cfp see cfp: https://dlfteach.pubpub.org/dlfteach-toolkit- -cfp -proposals are due by september st, and should be limited to words. -when writing your proposals, please consider the toolkit template: https://rb.gy/huhgc -proposals should include: * a description of your lesson * learning outcomes * a statement on the literacies involved in your lesson * note any collaborators (collaboration with other instructional partners is encouraged!) * required participation * i am submitting a proposal. i would like to be a peer reviewer. i am submitting a proposal and would like to be a peer reviewer. contributor name (main contact) * your answer email address * your answer institution * your answer additional contributors and email addresses format as follows and use commas between contributors: first name last name, email address your answer proposal ( words max) your answer submit never submit passwords through google forms. this form was created inside of bc. report abuse  forms     dshr's blog: securing the software supply chain dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, december , securing the software supply chain this is the second part of a series about trust in digital content that might be called: is this the real life? is this just fantasy? the first part was certificate transparency, about how we know we are getting content from the web site we intended to. this part is about how we know we're running the software we intended to. this question, how to defend against software supply chain attacks, has been in the news recently: a hacker or hackers sneaked a backdoor into a widely used open source code library with the aim of surreptitiously stealing funds stored in bitcoin wallets, software developers said monday. the malicious code was inserted in two stages into event-stream, a code library with million downloads that's used by fortune companies and small startups alike. in stage one, version . . , published on september , included a benign module known as flatmap-stream. stage two was implemented on october when flatmap-stream was updated to include malicious code that attempted to steal bitcoin wallets and transfer their balances to a server located in kuala lumpur. see also here and here. the good news is that this was a highly specific attack against a particular kind of cryptocurrency wallet software; things could have been much worse. the bad news is that, however effective they may be against some supply chain attacks, none of the techniques i discuss below the fold would defend against this particular attack. in an important paper entitled software distribution transparency and auditability, benjamin hof and georg carle from tu munich use debian's advanced package tool (apt) as an example of a state-of-the-art software supply chain, and: 	describe how apt works to maintain up-to-date software on clients by distributing signed packages. 	review previous efforts to improve the security of this process. 	propose to enhance apt's security by layering a system similar to certificate transparency (ct) on top. 	detail the operation of their systems' logs, auditors and monitors, which are similar to ct's in principle but different in detail. 	describe and measure the performance of an implementation of their layer on top of apt using the trillian software underlying some ct implementations. there are two important "missing pieces" in their system, and all the predecessors, which are the subjects of separate efforts: 	reproducible builds. 	bootstrappable compilers. how apt works a system running debian or other apt-based linux distribution runs software it received in "packages" that contain the software files, and metadata that includes dependencies. their hashes can be verified against those in a release file, signed by the distribution publisher. packages come in two forms, source and compiled. the source of a package is signed by the official package maintainer and submitted to the distribution publisher. the publisher verifies the signature and builds the source to form the compiled package, whose hash is then included in the release file. the signature on the source package verifies that the package maintainer approves this combination of files for the distributor to build. the signature on the release file verifies that the distributor built the corresponding set of packages from approved sources and that the combination is approved for users to install. previous work it is, of course, possible for the private keys on which the maintainer's and distributor's signatures depend to be compromised: samuel et al. consider compromise of signing keys in the design of the update framework (tuf), a secure application updater. to guard against key compromise, tuf introduces a number of different roles in the update release process, each of which operates cryptographic signing keys. the following three properties are protected by tuf. the content of updates is secured, meaning its integrity is preserved. securing the availability of updates protects against freeze attacks, where an outdated version with known vulnerabilities is served in place of a security update. the goal of maintaining the correct combination of updates implies the security of meta data. the goal of introducing multiple roles each with its own key is to limit the damage a single compromised key can do. an orthogonal approach is to implement multiple keys for each role, with users requiring a quorum of verified signatures before accepting a package: nikitin et al. develop chainiac, a system for software update transparency. software developers create a merkle tree over a software package and the corresponding binaries. this tree is then signed by the developer, constituting release approval. the signed trees are submitted to co-signing witness servers. the witnesses require a threshold of valid developer signatures to accept a package for release. additionally, the mapping between source and binary is verified by some of the witnesses. if these two checks succeed, the release is accepted and collectively signed by the witnesses. the system allows to rotate developer keys and witness keys, while the root of trust is an offline key. it also functions as a timestamping service, allowing for verification of update timeliness. ct-like layer hof and carle's proposal is to use verifiable logs, similar to those in ct, to ensure that malfeasance is detectable. they write: compromise of components and collusion of participants must not result in a violation of the following security goals remaining undetected. a goal of our system is to make it infeasible for the attacker to deliver targeted backdoors. for every binary, the system can produce the corresponding source code and the authorizing maintainer. defined irregularities, such as a failure to correctly increment version numbers, also can be detected by the system. as i understand it, this is accurate but somewhat misleading. their system adds a transparency layer on top of apt: the apt release file identifies, by cryptographic hash, the packages, sources, and meta data which includes dependencies. this release file, meta data, and source packages are submitted to a log server operating an appendonly merkle tree, as shown in figure . the log adds a new leaf for each file. we assume maintainers may only upload signed source packages to the archive, not binary packages. the archive submits source packages to one or more log servers. we further assume that the buildinfo files capturing the build environment are signed and are made public, e.g. by them being covered by the release file, together with other meta data. in order to make the maintainers uploading a package accountable, a source package containing all maintainer keys is created and submitted into the archive. this constitutes the declaration by the archive, that these keys were authorized to upload for this release. the key ring is required to be append-only, where keys are marked with an expiry date instead of being removed. this allows verification of source packages submitted long ago, using the keys valid at the respective point in time. just as with ct, the log replies to each valid submission with a signed commitment, guaranteeing that it will shortly produce the signed root of a merkle tree that includes the submission: at release time, meta data and release file are submitted into the log as well. the log server produces a commitment for each submission, which constitutes its promise to include the submitted item into a future version of the tree. the log only accepts authenticated submissions from the archive. the commitment includes a timestamp, hash of the release file, log identifier and the log's signature over these. the archive should then verify that the log has produced a signed tree root that resolves the commitment. to complete the release, the archive publishes the commitments together with the updates. clients can then proceed with the verification of the release file. the log regularly produces signed merkle tree roots after receiving a valid inclusion request. the signed tree root produced by the log includes the merkle tree hash, tree size, timestamp, log identifier, and the log's signature. the client now obtains from the distribution mirror not just the release file, but also one or more inclusion commitments showing that the release file has been submitted to one or more of the logs trusted both by the distributor and the client: given the release file and inclusion commitment, the client can verify by hashing that the commitment belongs to this release file and also verify the signature. the client can now query the log, demanding a current tree root and an inclusion proof for this release file. per standard merkle tree proofs, the inclusion proof consists of a list of hashes to recompute the received root hash. for the received tree root, a consistency proof is demanded to a previous known tree root. the consistency proof is again a list of hashes. for the two given tree roots, it shows that the log only added items between them. clients store the signed tree root for the largest tree they have seen, to be used in any later consistency proofs. set aside split view attacks, which will be discussed later, clients verifying the log inclusion of the release file will detect targeted modifications of the release. like ct, in addition to logs their system includes auditors, typically integrated with clients, and independent monitors regularly checking the logs for anomalies. for details, you need to read the paper, but some idea can be gained from their description of how the system detects two kinds of attack: 	the hidden version attack 	the split view attack the hidden version attack hof and carle describe this attack thus: the hidden version attack attempts to hide a targeted backdoor by following correct signing and log submission procedures. it may require collusion by the archive and an authorized maintainer. the attacker prepares targeted malicious update to a package, say version v . . , and a clean update v . . . the archive presents the malicious package only to the victim when it wishes to update. the clean version v. . . will be presented to everybody immediately afterwards. a non-targeted user is unlikely to ever observe the backdoored version, thereby drawing a minimal amount of attention to it. the attack however leaves an audit trail in the log, so the update itself can be detected by auditing. a package maintainer monitoring uploads for their packages using the log would notice an additional version being published. a malicious package maintainer would however not alert the public when this happens. this could be construed as a targeted backdoor in violation of the stated security goals. it is true that the backdoored package would be in the logs, but that in and of itself does not indicate that it is malign: to mitigate this problem a minimum time between package updates can be introduced. this can be achieved by a fixing the issuance of release files and their log submission to a static frequency, or by alerting on quick subsequent updates to one package. there may be good reasons for releasing a new update shortly after its predecessor; for example a vulnerability might be discovered in the predecessor shortly after release. in the hidden version attack, the attacker increases a version number in order to get the victim to update a package. the victim will install this backdoored update. the monitor detects the hidden version attack due to the irregular release file publication. there are now two cases to be considered. the backdoor may be in the binary package, or it may be in the source package. the first case will be detected by monitors verifying the reproducible builds property. a monitor can rebuild all changed source packages on every update and check if the resulting binary matches. if not, the blame falls clearly on the archive, because the source does not correspond to the binary, which can be demonstrated by exploiting reproducible builds. the second case requires investigation of the packages modified by the update. the source code modifications can be investigated for the changed packages, because all source code is logged. the fact that source code can be analyzed, and no analysis on binaries is required, makes the investigation of the hidden version alert simpler. the blame for this case falls on the maintainer, who can be identified by their signature on the source package. if the upload was signed by a key not in the allowed set, the blame falls on the archive for failing to authorize correctly. if the package version numbers in the meta data are inconsistent, this constitutes a misbehavior by the submitting archive. it can easily be detected by a monitor. using the release file the monitor can also easily ensure, by demanding inclusion proofs, that all required files have been logged. note that although their system's monitors detect this attack, and can correctly attribute it, they do so asynchronously. they do not prevent the victim installing the backdoored update. the split view attack the logs cannot be assumed to be above suspicion. hof and carle describe a log-based attack: the most significant attack by the log or with the collusion of the log is equivocation. in a split-view or equivocation attack, a malicious log presents different versions of the merkle tree to the victim and to everybody else. each tree version is kept consistent in itself. the tree presented to the victim will include a leaf that is malicious in some way, such as an update with a backdoor. it might also omit a leaf in order to hide an update. this is a powerful attack within the threat model that violates the security goals and must therefore be defended. a defense against this attack requires the client to learn if they are served from the same tree as the others. their defense requires that their be multiple logs under independent administration, perhaps run by different linux distributions. each time a "committing" log generated a new tree root containing new package submissions, it would be required to submit a signed copy of the root to one or more "witness" logs under independent administration. the "committing" log will obtain commitments from the "witness" logs, and supply them to clients. clients can then verify that the root they obtain from the "committing" log matches that obtained directly from the "witness" logs: when the client now verifies a log entry with the committing log, it also has to verify that a tree root covering this entry was submitted into the witnessing log. additionally, the client verifies the append-only property of the witnessing log. the witnessing log introduces additional monitoring requirements. next to the usual monitoring of the append-only operation, we need to check that no equivocating tree roots are included. to this end, a monitor follows all new log entries of the witnessing log that are tree roots of the committing log. the monitor verifies that they are all valid extensions of the committing log's tree history. reproducible builds one weakness in hof and carle's actual implementation is in the connection between the signed package of source and the hashes of the result of compiling it. it is in general impossible to verify that the binaries are the result of compiling the source. in many cases, even if the source is re-compiled in the same environment the resulting binaries will not be bit-for-bit identical, and thus their hashes will differ. the differences have many causes, including timestamps, randomized file names, and so on. of course, changes in the build environment can also introduce differences. to enable binaries to be securely connected to their source, a reproducible builds effort has been under way for more than years. debian project lead chris lamb's -minute talk think you're not a target? a tale of developers ... provides an overview of the problem and the work to solve it using three example compromises: 	alice, a package developer who is blackmailed to distribute binaries that don't match the public source. 	bob, a build farm sysadmin whose personal computer has been compromised, leading to a compromised build toolchain in the build farm that inserts backdoors into the binaries. 	carol, a free software enthusiast who distributes binaries to friends. an evil maid attack has compromised her laptop. as lamb describes, eliminating all sources of irreproducibility from a package is a painstaking process because there are so many possibilities. they include non-deterministic behaviors such as iterating over hashmaps, parallel builds, timestamps, build paths, file system directory name order, and so on. the work started in with % of debian packages building reproducibly. currently, over % of the debian packages are now reproducible. that is good, but % coverage is really necessary to provide security. bootstrappable compilers one of the most famous of the acm's annual turing award lectures was ken thompson's reflections on trusting trust (also here). in , bruce schneier summarized its message thus: way back in , paul karger and roger schell discovered a devastating attack against computer systems. ken thompson described it in his classic speech, "reflections on trusting trust." basically, an attacker changes a compiler binary to produce malicious versions of some programs, including itself. once this is done, the attack perpetuates, essentially undetectably. thompson demonstrated the attack in a devastating way: he subverted a compiler of an experimental victim, allowing thompson to log in as root without using a password. the victim never noticed the attack, even when they disassembled the binaries -- the compiler rigged the disassembler, too. schneier was discussing david a. wheeler's countering trusting trust through diverse double-compiling. wheeler's subsequent work led to his ph.d. thesis. to oversimpify, his technique involves the suspect compiler compiling its source twice, and comparing the output to that from a "trusted" compiler compiling the same source twice. he writes: ddc uses a second “trusted” compiler ct, which is trusted in the sense that we have a justified confidence that ct does not have triggers or payloads there are two issues here. the first is an assumption that the suspect compiler's build is reproducible. the second is the issue of where the "justified confidence" comes from. this is the motivation for the bootstrappable builds project, whose goal is to create a process for building a complete toolchain starting from a "seed" binary that is simple enough to be certified "by inspection". one sub-project is stage : stage starts with just a byte hex monitor and builds up the infrastructure required to start some serious software development. with zero external dependencies, with the most painful work already done and real langauges such as assembly, forth and garbage collected lisp already implemented the current . . release of stage : marks the first c compiler hand written in assembly with structs, unions, inline assembly and the ability to self-host it's c version, which is also self-hosting there is clearly a long way still to go to a bootstrapped full toolchain. a more secure software supply chain a software supply chain based on apt enhanced with hof and carle's transparency layer, distributing packages reproducibly built with bootstrapped compilers, would be much more difficult to attack than current technology. users of the software could have much higher confidence that the binaries they installed had been built from the corresponding source, and that no attacker had introduced functionality not evident in the source. these checks would take place during software installation or update. users would still need to verify that the software had not been modified after installation, perhaps using a tripwire-like mechanism, but this mechanism would have a trustworthy source of the hashes it needs to do its job. remaining software problems despite all these enhancements, the event-stream attack would still have succeeded. the attackers targeted a widely-used, fairly old package that was still being maintained by the original author, a volunteer. they offered to take over what had become a burdensome task, and the offer was accepted. now, despite the fact that the attacker was just an e-mail address, they were the official maintainer of the package and could authorize changes. their changes, being authorized by the official package maintainer, would pass unimpeded through even the enhanced supply chain. first, it is important to observe the goal of hof and carle's system is to detect targeted attacks, those delivered to a (typically small) subset of user systems. the event-stream attack was not targeted; it was delivered to all systems updating the package irrespective of whether they contained the wallet to be compromised. that their system is designed only to detect targeted attacks seems to me to be a significant weakness. it is very easy to design an attack, like the event-stream one, that is broadcast to all systems but is harmless on all but the targets. second, hof and carle's system operates asynchronously, so is intended to detect rather than prevent victim compromise. of course, once the attack was detected it could be unambiguously attributed. but: 	the attack would already have succeeded in purloining cryptocurrency from the target wallets. this seems to me to be a second weakness; in many cases the malign package would only need to be resident on the victim for a short time to exfiltrate critical data, or install further malware providing persistence. 	strictly speaking, the attribution would be to a private key. more realistically, it would be to a key and an e-mail address. in the case of an attack, linking these to a human malefactor would likely be difficult, leaving the perpetrators free to mount further attacks. even if the maintainer had not, as in the event-stream attack, been replaced via social engineering, it is possible that their e-mail and private key could have been compromised. the event-stream attack can be thought of as the organization-level analog of a sybil attack on a peer-to-peer system. creating an e-mail identity is almost free. the defense against sybil attacks is to make maintaining and using an identity in the system expensive. as with proof-of-work in bitcoin, the idea is that the white hats will spend more (compute more useless hashes) than the black hats. even this has limits. eric budish's analysis shows that, if the potential gain from an attack on a blockchain is to be outweighed by its cost, the value of transactions in a block must be less than the block reward. would a similar defense against "sybil" attacks on the software supply chain be possible? there are a number of issues: 	the potential gains from such attacks are large, both because they can compromise very large numbers of systems quickly (event-stream had m downloads), and because the banking credentials, cryptocurrency wallets, and other data these systems contain can quickly be converted into large amounts of cash. 	thus the penalty for mounting an attack would have to be an even larger amount of cash. package maintainers would need to be bonded or insured for large sums, which implies that distributions and package libraries would need organizational structures capable of enforcing these requirements. 	bonding and insurance would be expensive for package maintainers, who are mostly unpaid volunteers. there would have to be a way of paying them for their efforts, at least enough to cover the costs of bonding and insurance. 	thus users of the packages would need to pay for their use, which means the packages could neither be free, nor open source. the foss (free open source software) movement will need to find other ways to combat sybil attacks, which will be hard if the reward for a successful attack greatly exceeds the cost of mounting it. how to adequately reward maintainers for their essential but under-appreciated efforts is a fundamental problem for foss. hof and carle's system shares one more difficulty with ct. both systems are layered on top of an existing infrastructure, respectively apt and tls with certificate authorities. in both cases there is a bootstrap problem, an assumption that as the system starts up there is not an attack already underway. in ct's case the communications between the ca's, web sites, logs, auditors and monitors all use the very tls infrastructure that is being secured (see here and here). this is also the case for hof and carle, plus they have to assume the lack of malware in the initial state of the packages. hardware supply chain problems all this effort to secure the software supply chain will be for naught if the hardware it runs on is compromised: 	much of what we think of as "hardware" contains software to which what we think of as "software" has no access or visibility. examples include intel's management engine, the baseband processor in mobile devices, complex i/o devices such as nics and gpus. even if this "firmware" is visible to the system cpu, it is likely supplied as a "binary blob" whose source code is inaccessible. 	attacks on the hardware supply chain have been in the news recently, with the firestorm of publicity sparked by bloomberg's, probably erroneous reports, of a chinese attack on supermicro motherboards that added "rice-grain" sized malign chips. the details will have to wait for a future post. posted by david. at : am labels: security comments: 	 bryan newbold said... 	 nit: in the last bullet point, i think you mean "bloomberg", not "motherboard". 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 thanks for correcting my fused neurons, bryan! 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 i really should have pointed out that this whole post is about software that is installed on your device. these days, much of the software that runs on your device is not installed, it is delivered via ad networks and runs inside your browser. as blissex wrote in this comment, we are living: "in an age in which every browser gifts a free-to-use, unlimited-usage, fast vm to every visited web site, and these vms can boot and run quite responsive d games or linux distributions" ad blockers, essential equipment in this age, merely reduce the incidence of malware delivered via ad networks. brannon dorsey's fascinating experiments in malvertising are described by cory doctorow thus: "anyone can make an account, create an ad with god-knows-what javascript in it, then pay to have the network serve that ad up to thousands of browser. ... within about three hours, his code (experimental, not malicious, apart from surreptitiously chewing up processing resources) was running on , web browsers, on , unique ip addresses. adtech, it turns out, is a superb vector for injecting malware around the planet. some other fun details: dorsey found that when people loaded his ad, they left the tab open an average of minutes. that gave him huge amounts of compute time -- full days, in fact, for about $ in ad purchase." 	 december , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 i regret not citing john leyden's open-source software supply chain vulns have doubled in months to illustrate the scope of the problem: "miscreants have even started to inject (or mainline) vulnerabilities directly into open source projects, according to sonatype, which cited recent examples of this type of malfeasance in its study. el reg has reported on several such incidents including a code hack on open-source utility eslint-scope back in july." and: "organisations are still downloading vulnerable versions of the apache struts framework at much the same rate as before the equifax data breach, at around , downloads per month. downloads of buggy versions of another popular web application framework called spring were also little changed since a september vulnerability, sonatype added. the , average in september has declined only per cent to , over the last months." 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 catalin cimpanu's users report losing bitcoin in clever hack of electrum wallets describes a software supply chain attack that started around st december and netted around $ k "worth" of btc. 	 december , at : am 	 david. said... 	 popular wordpress plugin hacked by angry former employee is like the event-stream hack in that no amount of transparency would have prevented it. the disgruntled perpetrator apparently had valid credentials for the official source of the software: "the plugin in question is wpml (or wp multilingual), the most popular wordpress plugin for translating and serving wordpress sites in multiple languages. according to its website, wpml has over , paying customers and is one of the very few wordpress plugins that is so reputable that it doesn't need to advertise itself with a free version on the official wordpress.org plugins repository." 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the fourth annual report for the national security adviser from the huawei cyber security evaluation centre oversight board in the uk is interesting. the centre has access to the source code for huawei products, and is working with huawei to make the builds reproducible: " . hcsec have worked with huawei r&d to try to correct the deficiencies in the underlying build and compilation process for these four products. this has taken significant effort from all sides and has resulted in a single product that can be built repeatedly from source to the general availability (ga) version as distributed. this particular build has yet to be deployed by any uk operator, but we expect deployment by uk operators in the future, as part of their normal network release cycle. the remaining three products from the pilot are expected to be made commercially available in h , with each having reproducible binaries." 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 huawei says fixing "the deficiencies in the underlying build and compilation process" in its carrier products will take five years. 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in cyber-mercenary groups shouldn't be trusted in your browser or anywhere else, the eff's cooper quintin describes the latest example showing why certificate authorities can't be trusted: "darkmatter, the notorious cyber-mercenary firm based in the united arab emirates, is seeking to become approved as a top-level certificate authority in mozilla’s root certificate program. giving such a trusted position to this company would be a very bad idea. darkmatter has a business interest in subverting encryption, and would be able to potentially decrypt any https traffic they intercepted. one of the things https is good at is protecting your private communications from snooping governments—and when governments want to snoop, they regularly hire darkmatter to do their dirty work. ... darkmatter was already given an "intermediate" certificate by another company, called quovadis, now owned by digicert. that's bad enough, but the "intermediate" authority at least comes with ostensible oversight by digicert." hat tip to cory doctorow. 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 gareth corfield's just android things: m phones, gadgets installed 'adware-ridden' mobe simulator games reports on a very successful software supply chain attack: "android adware found its way into as many as million devices – after it was stashed inside a large number of those bizarre viral mundane job simulation games, we're told. ... although researchers believed that the titles were legitimate, they said they thought the devs were “scammed” into using a “malicious sdk, unaware of its content, leading to the fact that this campaign was not targeting a specific country or developed by the same developer.” 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 kim zetter's hackers hijacked asus software updates to install backdoors on thousands of computers is an excellent example of a software supply chain attack: "researchers at cybersecurity firm kaspersky lab say that asus, one of the world’s largest computer makers, was used to unwittingly install a malicious backdoor on thousands of its customers’ computers last year after attackers compromised a server for the company’s live software update tool. the malicious file was signed with legitimate asus digital certificates to make it appear to be an authentic software update from the company, kaspersky lab says." 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 sean gallagher's uk cyber security officials report huawei’s security practices are a mess reports on the latest report from the hcsec oversight board. they still can't do reproducible builds: "hcsec reported that the software build process used by huawei results in inconsistencies between software images. in other words, products ship with software with widely varying fingerprints, so it’s impossible to determine whether the code is the same based on checksums." which isn't a surprise, huawei already said it'd take another years. but i'd be more concerned that: "one major problem cited by the report is that a large portion of huawei’s network gear still relies on version . of wind river’s vxworks real-time operating system (rtos), which has reached its “end of life” and will soon no longer be supported. huawei has bought a premium long-term support license from vxworks, but that support runs out in ." and huawei is rolling its own rtos based on linux. what could possibly go wrong? 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the latest software supply chain attack victim is bootstrap-sass via rubygems, with about m downloads. 	 april , at : am 	 david. said... 	 it turns out that shadowhammer targets multiple companies, asus just one of them: "asus was not the only company targeted by supply-chain attacks during the shadowhammer hacking operation as discovered by kaspersky, with at least six other organizations having been infiltrated by the attackers. as further found out by kaspersky's security researchers, asus' supply chain was successfully compromised by trojanizing one of the company's notebook software updaters named asus live updater which eventually was downloaded and installed on the computers of tens of thousands of customers according to experts' estimations." 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 who owns huawei? by christopher balding and donald c. clarke concludes that: "huawei calls itself “employee-owned,” but this claim is questionable, and the corporate structure described on its website is misleading." 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 david a. wheeler reports on another not-very-successful software supply chain attack: "a malicious backdoor has been found in the popular open source software library bootstrap-sass. this was done by someone who created an unauthorized updated version of the software on the rubygems software hosting site. the good news is that it was quickly detected (within the day) and updated, and that limited the impact of this subversion. the backdoored version ( . . . ) was only downloaded , times. for comparison, as of april the previous version in that branch ( . . . ) was downloaded . million times, and the following version . . . (which duplicated . . . ) was downloaded , times (that’s more than the subverted version!). so it is likely that almost all subverted systems have already been fixed." wheeler has three lessons from this: . maintainers need fa. . don't update your dependencies in the same day they're released. . reproducible builds! 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 andy greenberg's a mysterious hacker gang is on a supply-chain hacking spree ties various software supply chain attacks together and attributes them: "over the past three years, supply-chain attacks that exploited the software distribution channels of at least six different companies have now all been tied to a single group of likely chinese-speaking hackers. the group is known as barium, or sometimes shadowhammer, shadowpad, or wicked panda, depending on which security firm you ask. more than perhaps any other known hacker team, barium appears to use supply-chain attacks as its core tool. its attacks all follow a similar pattern: seed out infections to a massive collection of victims, then sort through them to find espionage targets." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 someone is spamming and breaking a core component of pgp’s ecosystem by lorenzo franceschi-bicchierai reports on an attack on two of the core pgp developers,robert j. hansen and daniel kahn gillmor : "last week, contributors to the pgp protocol gnupg noticed that someone was “poisoning” or “flooding” their certificates. in this case, poisoning refers to an attack where someone spams a certificate with a large number of signatures or certifications. this makes it impossible for the the pgp software that people use to verify its authenticity, which can make the software unusable or break. in practice, according to one of the gnupg developers targeted by this attack, the hackers could make it impossible for people using linux to download updates, which are verified via pgp." the problem lies in the sks keyserver: "the sks software was written in an obscure language by a phd student for his thesis. and because of that, according to hansen, “there is literally no one in the keyserver community who feels qualified to do a serious overhaul on the codebase.” in other words, these attacks are here to stay." 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 dan goodin's the year-long rash of supply chain attacks against open source is getting worse is a useful overview of the recent incidents pointing to the need for verifiable logs and reproducible builds. and, of course, for requiring developers to use multi--factor authentication. 	 august , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 catalin cimpanu's hacking high-profile dev accounts could compromise half of the npm ecosystem is based on small world with high risks:a study of security threats in the npm ecosystem by marcus zimmerman et al: "their goal was to get an idea of how hacking one or more npm maintainer accounts, or how vulnerabilities in one or more packages, reverberated across the npm ecosystem; along with the critical mass needed to cause security incidents inside tens of thousands of npm projects at a time. ... the normal npm javascript package has an abnormally large number of dependencies -- with a package loading third-party packages from different maintainers, on average. this number is lower for popular packages, which only rely on code from other maintainers, on average, but the research team found that some popular npm packages ( ) relied on code written by more than maintainers. ... " highly influential maintainers affect more than , packages, making them prime targets for attacks," the research team said. "if an attacker manages to compromise the account of any of the most influential maintainers, the community will experience a serious security incident." furthermore, in a worst-case scenario where multiple maintainers collude, or a hacker gains access to a large number of accounts, the darmstadt team said that it only takes access to popular npm maintainer accounts to deploy malicious code impacting more than half of the npm ecosystem." 	 october , at : am 	 david. said... 	 five years after the equation group hdd hacks, firmware security still sucks by catalin cimpanu illustrates how far disk drive firmware security is ahead of the rest of the device firmware world: "in , security researchers from kaspersky discovered a novel type of malware that nobody else had seen before until then. the malware, known as nls_ .dll, had the ability to rewrite hdd firmware for a dozen of hdd brands to plant persistent backdoors. kaspersky said the malware was used in attacks against systems all over the world. kaspersky researchers claimed the malware was developed by a hacker group known as the equation group, a codename that was later associated with the us national security agency (nsa). knowing that the nsa was spying on their customers led many hdd and ssd vendors to improve the security of their firmware, eclypsium said. however, five years since the equation group's hdd implants were found in the wild and introduced the hardware industry to the power of firmware hacking, eclypsium says vendors have only partially addressed this problem. "after the disclosure of the equation group's drive implants, many hdd and ssd vendors made changes to ensure their components would only accept valid firmware. however, many of the other peripheral components have yet to follow suit," researchers said." 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 marc ohm et al analyze supply chain attacks via open source packages in three reposiotries in backstabber’s knife collection: a review of open source software supply chain attacks: "this paper presents a dataset of malicious software packages that were used in real-world attacks on open source software supply chains,and which were distributed via the popular package repositories npm, pypi, and rubygems. those packages, dating from november to november , were manually collected and analyzed. the paper also presents two general attack trees to provide a structured overview about techniques to inject malicious code into the dependency tree of downstream users, and to execute such code at different times and under different conditions." 	 may , at : am 	 david. said... 	 bruce schneier's survey of supply chain attacks starts: "the atlantic council has a released a report that looks at the history of computer supply chain attacks." the atlantic council also has a summary of the report entitled breaking trust: shades of crisis across an insecure software supply chain: "software supply chain security remains an under-appreciated domain of national security policymaking. working to improve the security of software supporting private sector enterprise as well as sensitive defense and intelligence organizations requires more coherent policy response together industry and open source communities. this report profiles attacks and disclosures against the software supply chain from the past decade to highlight the need for action and presents recommendations to both raise the cost of these attacks and limit their harm." 	 july , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 via my friend jim gettys, we learn of a major milestone in the development of a truly reproducible build environment. last june jan nieuwenhuizen posted guix further reduces bootstrap seed to %. the tl;dr is: "gnu mes is closely related to the bootstrappable builds project. mes aims to create an entirely source-based bootstrapping path for the guix system and other interested gnu/linux distributions. the goal is to start from a minimal, easily inspectable binary (which should be readable as source) and bootstrap into something close to r rs scheme. currently, mes consists of a mutual self-hosting scheme interpreter and c compiler. it also implements a c library. mes, the scheme interpreter, is written in about , lines of code of simple c. mescc, the c compiler, is written in scheme. together, mes and mescc can compile a lightly patched tinycc that is self-hosting. using this tinycc and the mes c library, it is possible to bootstrap the entire guix system for i -linux and x _ -linux." the binary they plan to start from is: "our next target will be a third reduction by ~ %; the full-source bootstrap will replace the mescc-tools and gnu mes binaries by stage and m -planet. the stage project by jeremiah orians starts everything from ~ bytes; virtually nothing. have a look at this incredible project if you haven’t already done so." in mid november nieuwenhuizen tweeted: "we just compiled the first working program using a reduced binary seed bootstrap'ped*) tinycc for arm" and on december he tweeted: "the reduced binary seed bootstrap is coming to arm: tiny c builds on @guixhpc wip-arm-bootstrap branch" starting from a working tinycc, you can build the current compiler chain. 	 december , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  december ( ) 	securing the hardware supply chain 	meta: impending blog slowdown 	securing the software supply chain 	software preservation network 	blockchain: what's not to like? 	irina bolychevsky on solid 	selective amnesia 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. make opinionated software | getting real heads up! this page uses features your browser doesn't support. try a modern browser like firefox or chrome for the best experience. getting real chapter : make opinionated software next: half, not half-assed your app should take sides some people argue software should be agnostic. they say it’s arrogant for developers to limit features or ignore feature requests. they say software should always be as flexible as possible. we think that’s bullshit. the best software has a vision. the best software takes sides. when someone uses software, they’re not just looking for features, they’re looking for an approach. they’re looking for a vision. decide what your vision is and run with it. and remember, if they don’t like your vision there are plenty of other visions out there for people. don’t go chasing people you’ll never make happy. a great example is the original wiki design. ward cunningham and friends deliberately stripped the wiki of many features that were considered integral to document collaboration in the past. instead of attributing each change of the document to a certain person, they removed much of the visual representation of ownership. they made the content ego-less and time-less. they decided it wasn’t important who wrote the content or when it was written. and that has made all the difference. this decision fostered a shared sense of community and was a key ingredient in the success of wikipedia. our apps have followed a similar path. they don’t try to be all things to all people. they have an attitude. they seek out customers who are actually partners. they speak to people who share our vision. you’re either on the bus or off the bus. half, not half-assed → we made basecamp using the principles in this book. it combines all the tools teams need to get work done in a single, streamlined package. with basecamp, everyone knows what to do, where things stand, and where to find things they need. copyright © - basecamp. all rights reserved. back to basecamp.com getting real the smarter, faster, easier way to build a successful web application by basecamp introduction 	 chapter what is getting real 	 chapter about basecamp 	 chapter caveats, disclaimers, and other preemptive strikes the starting line 	 chapter build less 	 chapter what's your problem? 	 chapter fund yourself 	 chapter fix time and budget, flex scope 	 chapter have an enemy 	 chapter it shouldn't be a chore stay lean 	 chapter less mass 	 chapter lower your cost of change 	 chapter the three musketeers 	 chapter embrace constraints 	 chapter be yourself priorities 	 chapter what’s the big idea? 	 chapter ignore details early on 	 chapter it’s a problem when it’s a problem 	 chapter hire the right customers 	 chapter scale later 	 chapter make opinionated software feature selection 	 chapter half, not half-assed 	 chapter it just doesn’t matter 	 chapter start with no 	 chapter hidden costs 	 chapter can you handle it? 	 chapter human solutions 	 chapter forget feature requests 	 chapter hold the mayo process 	 chapter race to running software 	 chapter rinse and repeat 	 chapter from idea to implementation 	 chapter avoid preferences 	 chapter “done!” 	 chapter test in the wild 	 chapter shrink your time the organization 	 chapter unity 	 chapter alone time 	 chapter meetings are toxic 	 chapter seek and celebrate small victories staffing 	 chapter hire less and hire later 	 chapter kick the tires 	 chapter actions, not words 	 chapter get well rounded individuals 	 chapter you can’t fake enthusiasm 	 chapter wordsmiths interface design 	 chapter interface first 	 chapter epicenter design 	 chapter three state solution 	 chapter the blank slate 	 chapter get defensive 	 chapter context over consistency 	 chapter copywriting is interface design 	 chapter one interface code 	 chapter less software 	 chapter optimize for happiness 	 chapter code speaks 	 chapter manage debt 	 chapter open doors words 	 chapter there’s nothing functional about a functional spec 	 chapter don’t do dead documents 	 chapter tell me a quick story 	 chapter use real words 	 chapter personify your product pricing and signup 	 chapter free samples 	 chapter easy on, easy off 	 chapter silly rabbit, tricks are for kids 	 chapter a softer bullet promotion 	 chapter hollywood launch 	 chapter a powerful promo site 	 chapter ride the blog wave 	 chapter solicit early 	 chapter promote through education 	 chapter feature food 	 chapter track your logs 	 chapter inline upsell 	 chapter name hook support 	 chapter feel the pain 	 chapter zero training 	 chapter answer quick 	 chapter tough love 	 chapter in fine forum 	 chapter publicize your screwups post-launch 	 chapter one month tuneup 	 chapter keep the posts coming 	 chapter better, not beta 	 chapter all bugs are not created equal 	 chapter ride out the storm 	 chapter keep up with the joneses 	 chapter beware the bloat monster 	 chapter go with the flow conclusion 	 chapter start your engines jpmorgan prime money market fund-morgan | j.p. morgan asset management 	 	 welcome 	 funds products 	 mutual funds 	 etfs 	 smartretirement funds 	 portfolios 	 money market funds 	 commingled funds 	 featured funds asset class capabilities 	 fixed income 	 equity 	 multi-asset solutions 	 alternatives 	 global liquidity 	 investment strategies investment approach 	 etf investing 	 model portfolios 	 separately managed accounts 	 sustainable investing 	 variable insurance portfolios 	 commingled pension trust funds college planning 	 college savings plan 	 college planning essentials defined contribution 	 retirement solutions 	 target date strategies 	 full-service (k) solution 	 retirement income 	 insights market insights 	 market insights overview 	 guide to the markets 	 quarterly economic & market update 	 guide to alternatives 	 market updates 	 on the minds of investors 	 principles for successful long-term investing 	 weekly market recap portfolio insights 	 portfolio insights overview 	 asset class views 	 equity 	 fixed income 	 long-term capital market assumptions 	 monthly strategy report 	 sustainable investing retirement insights 	 retirement insights overview 	 guide to retirement 	 principles for a successful retirement 	 defined contribution insights 	 tools portfolio construction 	 portfolio construction tools overview 	 portfolio analysis 	 model portfolios 	 investment comparison 	 bond ladder illustrator defined contribution 	 retirement plan tools & resources overview 	 target date compass® 	 core menu evaluator℠ 	 price smart℠ 	 resources 	 account service forms 	 tax planning 	 news & fund announcements 	 insights app 	 events 	 library 	 about us 	 contact us skip to main content 	 account login 	 														login 	 														register 	 welcome 	 														my collections 	 														logout 	 role 	 country 	 shareholder login search menu close search you are about to leave the site close j.p. morgan asset management’s website and/or mobile terms, privacy and security policies don't apply to the site or app you're about to visit. please review its terms, privacy and security policies to see how they apply to you. j.p. morgan asset management isn’t responsible for (and doesn't provide) any products, services or content at this third-party site or app, except for products and services that explicitly carry the j.p. morgan asset management name. continue go back 				 	 		 		 		 					 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 j.p. morgan asset management 	 	 capital gains distributions 	 edelivery 	 fund documents 	 glossary 	 help 	 how to invest 	 important links 	 mutual fund fee calculator 	 accessibility 	 form crs and form adv brochures 	 investment stewardship 	 privacy 	 proxy information 	 senior officer fee summary 	 simple iras 	 site disclaimer 	 terms of use j.p. morgan 	 	 j.p. morgan 	 jpmorgan chase 	 chase 	 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 this website is a general communication being provided for informational purposes only. it is educational in nature and not designed to be a recommendation for any specific investment product, strategy, plan feature or other purposes. by receiving this communication you agree with the intended purpose described above. any examples used in this material are generic, hypothetical and for illustration purposes only. none of j.p. morgan asset management, its affiliates or representatives is suggesting that the recipient or any other person take a specific course of action or any action at all. communications such as this are not impartial and are provided in connection with the advertising and marketing of products and services. prior to making any investment or financial decisions, an investor should seek individualized advice from personal financial, legal, tax and other professionals that take into account all of the particular facts and circumstances of an investor's own situation.   opinions and statements of financial market trends that are based on current market conditions constitute our judgment and are subject to change without notice. we believe the information provided here is reliable but should not be assumed to be accurate or complete. the views and strategies described may not be suitable for all investors.   information regarding mutual funds/etf:   investors should carefully consider the investment objectives and risks as well as charges and expenses of a mutual fund or etf before investing. the summary and full prospectuses contain this and other information about the mutual fund or etf and should be read carefully before investing. to obtain a prospectus for mutual funds: contact jpmorgan distribution services, inc. at - - - or download it from this site. exchange traded funds: call - - jpm-etf or download it from this site.   j.p. morgan funds and j.p. morgan etfs are distributed by jpmorgan distribution services, inc., which is an affiliate of jpmorgan chase & co. affiliates of jpmorgan chase & co. receive fees for providing various services to the funds. jpmorgan distribution services, inc. is a member of finra  finra's brokercheck   information regarding commingled funds:   for additional information regarding the commingled pension trust funds of jpmorgan chase bank, n.a., please contact your j.p. morgan asset management representative.   the commingled pension trust funds of jpmorgan chase bank n.a. are collective trust funds established and maintained by jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. under a declaration of trust. the funds are not required to file a prospectus or registration statement with the sec, and accordingly, neither is available. the funds are available only to certain qualified retirement plans and governmental plans and is not offered to the general public. units of the funds are not bank deposits and are not insured or guaranteed by any bank, government entity, the fdic or any other type of deposit insurance. you should carefully consider the investment objectives, risk, charges, and expenses of the fund before investing.   information for all site users:   j.p. morgan asset management is the brand name for the asset management business of jpmorgan chase & co. and its affiliates worldwide.   not fdic insured | no bank guarantee | may lose value   telephone calls and electronic communications may be monitored and/or recorded. personal data will be collected, stored and processed by j.p. morgan asset management in accordance with our privacy policies at https://www.jpmorgan.com/privacy.   if you are a person with a disability and need additional support in viewing the material, please call us at - - - for assistance.    copyright © jpmorgan chase & co., all rights reserved dshr's blog: unstoppable code? dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. tuesday, june , unstoppable code? this is the website of defi , a "decentralized finance" system running on the binance smart chain, after the promoters pulled a $ m exit scam. their message sums up the ethos of cryptocurrencies: the business model of crypto is to provide a platform for crooks to scam muppets without running the risk of jail time. few understand this. https://t.co/vfeyosrkpe — trolly🧻 mctrollface 🌷🥀💩 (@tr llytr llface) may , governments around the world have started to wake up to the fact that this message isn't just for the "muppets", it is also the message of cryptocurrencies for governments and civil society. below the fold i look into how governments might respond. the externalities of cryptocurrencies include: 	massive carbon emissions. 	funding "rogue states" such as north korea and iran. 	tax evasion. 	laundering the proceeds of crime, including the drug trade, theft and fraud, and armed robbery. 	an epidemic of ransomware. 	a wave of securities fraud targeting the greedy and vulnerable. 	shortages of products including graphics cards, hard disks, and chips in general as limited fab capacity is diverted to mining asics. 	abuse of free tiers of web services. 	noise pollution. it seems that recent ransomware attacks, including the may th one on colonial pipeline and the less publicized may st one on scripps health la jolla, have reached a tipping point. kat jerick's scripps health slowly coming back online, weeks after attack reports: "it’s likely that it’s taking a long time because of negotiations going on with the perpetrators, and the prevailing narrative is that they have the contents of the electronic health records system that are being used for 'double extortion,'" said michael hamilton, former chief information security officer for the city of seattle and ciso of healthcare cybersecurity firm ci security, in an email to healthcare it news. if that's true, scripps certainly wouldn't be alone: the healthcare industry saw a number of high-profile ransomware incidents in the last year, including a cyberattack on universal health services that led to a lengthy network shutdown and a $ million loss. more recently, customers of the electronic health record vendor aprima also reported weeks of security-related outages. in response governments are trying to regulate (us) or ban (china, india) cryptocurrencies. the libertarians who designed the technology believed they had made governments irrelevant. for example, the decentralized autonomous organization (dao)'s home page said: the dao's mission: to blaze a new path in business organization for the betterment of its members, existing simultaneously nowhere and everywhere and operating solely with the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code. this was before a combination of vulnerabilities in the underlying code was used to steal its entire contents, about % of all the ether in circulation. if cryptocurrencies are based on the "iron will of unstoppable code" how would regulation or bans work? nicholas weaver explains how his group stopped the plague of viagra spam in the ransomware problem is a bitcoin problem: although they drop-shipped products from international locations, they still needed to process credit card payments, and at the time almost all the gangs used just three banks. this revelation, which was highlighted in a new york times story, resulted in the closure of the gangs’ bank accounts within days of the story. this was the beginning of the end for the spam viagra industry. ... subsequently, any spammer who dared use the “viagra” trademark would quickly find their ability to accept credit cards irrevocably compromised as someone would perform a test purchase to find the receiving bank and then pfizer would send the receiving bank a nastygram. weaver draws the analogy with cryptocurrencies and "big-game" ransomware: these operations target companies instead of individuals, in an attempt to extort millions rather than hundreds of dollars at a time. the revenues are large enough that some gangs can even specialize and develop zero-day vulnerabilities for specialized software. even the cryptocurrency community has noted that ransomware is a bitcoin problem. multimillion-dollar ransoms, paid in bitcoin, now seem to be commonplace. this strongly suggests that the best way to deal with this new era of big-game ransomware will involve not just securing computer systems (after all, you can’t patch against a zero-day vulnerability) or prosecuting (since russia clearly doesn’t care to either extradite or prosecute these criminals). it will also require disrupting the one payment channel capable of moving millions at a time outside of money laundering laws: bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. ... there are only three existing mechanisms capable of transferring a $ million ransom — a bank-to-bank transfer, cash or cryptocurrencies. no other mechanisms currently exist that can meet the requirements of transferring millions of dollars at a time. the ransomware gangs can’t use normal banking. even the most blatantly corrupt bank would consider processing ransomware payments as an existential risk. my group and i noticed this with the viagra spammers: the spammers’ banks had a choice to either unbank the bad guys or be cut off from the financial system. the same would apply if ransomware tried to use wire transfers. cash is similarly a nonstarter. a $ million ransom is pounds ( kilograms) in $ bills, or two full-weight suitcases. arranging such a transfer, to an extortionist operating outside the u.s., is clearly infeasible just from a physical standpoint. the ransomware purveyors need transfers that don’t require physical presence and a hundred pounds of stuff. this means that cryptocurrencies are the only tool left for ransomware purveyors. so, if governments take meaningful action against bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, they should be able to disrupt this new ransomware plague and then eradicate it, as was seen with the spam viagra industry. for in the end, we don’t have a ransomware problem, we have a bitcoin problem. i agree with weaver that disrupting the ransomware payment channel is an essential part of a solution to the ransomware problem. it would require denying cryptocurrency exchanges access to the banking system, and global agreement to do this would be hard. given the involvement of major financial institutions and politicians, it would be hard even in the us. so what else could be done? nearly a year ago joe kelly wrote a two-part post explaining how governments could take action against bitcoin (and by extension any proof-of-work blockchain). in the first part, how to kill bitcoin (part ): is bitcoin ‘unstoppable code’? he summarized the crypto-bro's argument: they say bitcoin can’t be stopped. just like there’s no way you can stop two people sending encrypted messages to each other, so — they say — there’s no way you can stop the bitcoin network. there’s no ceo to put on trial, no central server to seize, and no organisation to put pressure on. the bitcoin network is, fundamentally, just people sending messages to each other, peer to peer, and if you knock out node on the network, or even , nodes, the honey badger don’t give a shit: the other , + nodes keep going like nothing happened, and more nodes can come online at any time, anywhere in the world. so there you have it: it’s thousands of people running nodes — running code — and it’s unstoppable… therefore bitcoin is unstoppable code; q.e.d.; case closed; no further questions your honour. this money is above the law, and governments cannot possibly hope to control it, right? the problem with this, as with most of the crypto-bros arguments, is that it applies to the platonic ideal of the decentralized blockchain. in the real world economies of scale mean things aren't quite like the ideal, as kelly explains: it’s not just a network, it’s money. the whole system is held together by a core structure of economic incentives which critically depends on bitcoin’s value and its ability to function for people as money. you can attack this. it’s not just code, it’s physical. proof-of-work mining is a real-world process and, thanks to free-market forces and economies of scale, it results in large, easy-to-find operations with significant energy footprints and no defence. you can attack these. if you can exploit the practical reality of the system and find a way to reduce it to a state of total economic dysfunction, then it doesn’t matter how resilient the underlying peer-to-peer network is, the end result is the same — you have killed bitcoin. kelly explains why the idea of regulating cryptocurrencies is doomed to failure: the entire point of bitcoin is to neutralise government controls on money, which includes aml and taxes. notice that there’s no great technological difficulty in allowing for the completely unrestricted anonymous sending of a fixed-supply money — the barrier is legal and societal, because of the practical consequences of doing that. so the cooperation of the crypto world with the law is a temporary arrangement, and it’s not an honest handshake. the right hand (truthfully) expresses “we will do everything we can to comply” while the left hand is hard at work on the technology which makes that compliance impossible. sure, bitcoin is pretty traceable now, and sometimes it even helps with finding criminals who don’t have the technical savvy to cover their tracks, but you’ll be fighting a losing battle over time as stronger, more convenient privacy tooling gets added to the bitcoin protocol and the wider ecosystem around it. ... so yeah: half measures like aml and censorship aren’t going to cut it. if you want to kill bitcoin, that means taking it out wholesale; it means forcing the system into disequilibrium and inducing economic collapse. in how to kill bitcoin (part ): no can spend kelly explains how a group of major governments could seize control of the majority of the mining power and mount a specific kind of % attack. the basic idea is that governments ban businesses, including exchanges, from transacting in bitcoin, and seize % of the hash rate to mine empty blocks: as it stands, after seizing % of the active hash rate, you can generate proof-of-work hashes at x the speed of the remaining miners around the world. 	you control ~ exahashes/sec, they control ~ exahashes/sec 	for every valid block that rebel miners, collectively, can produce on the bitcoin blockchain, you can produce ... you use your limitless advantage to execute the following strategy: 	mine an empty block — i.e. a block which is perfectly valid but contains no transactions 	keep – unannounced blocks to yourself — i.e. mine – ‘extra’ empty blocks ahead of where the chain tip is now, but don’t actually share any of these blocks with the network 	whenever a rebel miner announces a valid block, orphan it (override it) by announcing a longer chain with more cumulative proof-of-work — i.e. announce of your blocks 	repeat (go back to ) the result of this is that bitcoin transactions are no longer being processed, and you’ve created a black hole of expenditure for rebel miners. 	every time a rebel miner spends $ to mine a block, it’s money down the drain: they don’t earn any block rewards for it 	all transactions just sit in the mempool, being (unstoppably) messaged back and forth between nodes, waiting to be included in a block, but they never make it in in other words, no-one can spend their bitcoin, no matter who they are or where they are in the world. empty blocks wouldn't be hard to detect and ignore, but it would be easy for the government miners to fill their blocks with valid transactions between addresses that they control. 	 	source things have changed since kelly wrote, in ways that complicate his solution. when he wrote, it was estimated that % of the bitcoin mining power was located in china; china could have implemented kelly's attack unilaterally. but since then china has been gradually increasing the pressure on cryptocurrency miners. this has motivated new mining capacity to set up elsewhere. the graph shows a recent estimate, with only % in china. as david gerard reports: bitcoin mining in china is confirmed to be shutting down — miners are trying to move containers full of mining rigs out of the country as quickly as possible. it’s still not clear where they can quickly put a medium-sized country’s worth of electricity usage. [reuters] ... here’s a twitter thread about the miners getting out of china before the hammer falls. you’ll be pleased to hear that this is actually good news for bitcoin. [twitter] 	 	source if the recent estimate is correct, kelly's assumption that a group of governments could seize % of the mining power looks implausible. the best that could be done would be an unlikely agreement between the us and china for %. so for now lets assume that the chinese government is doing this alone with only / of the mining power. because mining is a random process, they are thus only able on average to mine blocks for every one from the "rebel" miners. because bitcoin users would know the blockchain was under attack, they would need to wait several blocks (the advice is ) before regarding a transaction as final. the rebels would have to win six times in a row, with probability . %, for a transaction to go through. the bitcoin network can normally sustain a transaction rate of around k/hr. waiting block times would reduce this to about /hr. even if the requirement was only to wait block times, the rate would be degraded to about /hr, so the attack would greatly reduce the supply of transactions and greatly increase their price. the recent cryptocurrency price crash caused average transaction fees to spike to about $ . in the event of an attack like this hodl-ers would be desperate to sell their bitcoin, so bidding for the very limited supply of transactions would be intense. anyone on the buy-side of these transactions would be making a huge bet that the attack would fail, so the "price" of bitcoin in fiat currencies would collapse. thus the economics for the rebel miners would look bleak. their chances of winning a block reward would be greatly reduced, and the value of any reward they did win would be greatly reduced. there would be little incentive for the rebels to continue spending power to mine doomed blocks, so the cost of the attack for the government would drop rapidly once in place. the cost of the attack is roughly / of . btc/block times block/day. even making the implausible assumption that the price didn't collapse from its current $ k/btc the cost is $ m/day or $ . b/yr. a drop in the bucket for a major government. thus it appears that, until the concentration of mining power in china decreases further, the chinese government could kill bitcoin using kelly's attack. for an analysis of an alternate attack on the bitcoin blockchain see in the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain by eric budish. kelly addresses the government attacker: normally what keeps the core structure of incentives in balance in the bitcoin system, and the reason why miners famously can’t dictate changes to the protocol, or collude to double-spend their coins at will, is the fact that for-profit miners have a stake in bitcoin’s future, so they have a very strong disincentive towards using their power to attack the network. in other words, for-profit miners are heavily invested in and very much care about the future value of bitcoin, because their revenue and the value of their mining equipment critically depends on it. if they attack the network and undermine the integrity of bitcoin and its fundamental value proposition to end users, they’re shooting themselves in the foot. you don’t have this problem. in fact this critical variable is flipped on its head: you have a stake in the destruction of bitcoin’s future. you are trying to get the price of btc to $ , and the value of all future block rewards along with it. attacking the network to undermine the integrity of bitcoin and its value proposition to end users is precisely your goal. this fundamentally breaks the game theory and the balance of power in the system, and the result is disequilibrium. in short, bitcoin is based on a mexican standoff security model which only works as a piece of economic design if you start from the assumption that every actor is rational and has a stake in the system continuing to function. that is not a safe assumption. there are two further problems. first, bitcoin is only one, albeit the most important, of almost , cryptocurrencies. second, some of these other cryptocurrencies don't use proof-of-work. ethereum, the second most important cryptocurrency, after nearly seven years work, is promising shortly to transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake. the resources needed to perform a % attack on a proof-of-stake blockchain are not physical, and thus are not subject to seizure in the way kelly assumes. i have written before on possible attacks in economic limits of proof-of-stake blockchains, but only in the context of double-spending attacks. i plan to do a follow-up post discussing sabotage attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains once i've caught up with the literature 	 	source update: the economist's graphic detail convincingly demonstrates crypto-miners are probably to blame for the graphics-chip shortage. the subhead sums up the graph: secondhand graphics-card prices move nearly in lockstep with those of ethereum the report compares the effect of eth "price" on gpus and cpus: since asking prices for six gpus tracked by keepa have moved in lockstep with ethereum’s value. in late the currency’s first big rally coincided with a surge in listed gpu prices. once the crypto bubble burst, gpu costs fell back to earth. another boom began last year. as ethereum’s price rose from $ in march to $ , last month, the value of mining hardware once again followed suit. in six months, the six gpus’ listed prices climbed by %. those of cpus barely budged. the gpu shortage has hurt data scientists and computer-aided-design users as well as gamers. some relief may be on the way. ethereum’s price is now % below its record high. gpu prices have yet to fall, but if history is any guide, they probably will soon. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 dan goodin's shortages loom as ransomware hamstrings the world’s biggest meat producer reveals the latest cryptocurrency externality: "a ransomware attack has struck the world’s biggest meat producer, causing it to halt some operations in the us, canada, and australia while threatening shortages throughout the world, including up to a fifth of the american supply. brazil-based jbs sa said on monday that it was the target of an organized cyberattack that had affected servers supporting north american and australian it operations. a white house spokeswoman later said the meat producer had been hit by a ransomware attack “from a criminal organization likely based in russia” and that the fbi was investigating." 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 today's ransomware attacks: - live streams go down across cox radio and tv stations in apparent ransomware attack. - fujifilm becomes the latest victim of a network-crippling ransomware attack. and, christopher bing reports u.s. to give ransomware hacks similar priority as terrorism, official says: "the u.s. department of justice is elevating investigations of ransomware attacks to a similar priority as terrorism in the wake of the colonial pipeline hack and mounting damage caused by cyber criminals, a senior department official told reuters. internal guidance sent on thursday to u.s. attorney’s offices across the country said information about ransomware investigations in the field should be centrally coordinated with a recently created task force in washington. “it’s a specialized process to ensure we track all ransomware cases regardless of where it may be referred in this country, so you can make the connections between actors and work your way up to disrupt the whole chain,” said john carlin, acting deputy attorney general at the justice department." sure, that'll fix the problem. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 i missed one of yesterday's ransomware attacks. lawrence abrams reports that uf health florida hospitals back to pen and paper after cyberattack. that is yet another major hospital chain crippled. 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 heather kelly manages to write an entire article entitled ransomware attacks are closing schools, delaying chemotherapy and derailing everyday life without pointing out that ransomware is enabled by cryptocurrencies. 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 william turton and kartikay mehrotra report that hackers breached colonial pipeline using compromised password: "hackers gained entry into the networks of colonial pipeline co. on april through a virtual private network account, ... the account was no longer in use at the time of the attack but could still be used to access colonial’s network, ... the account’s password has since been discovered inside a batch of leaked passwords on the dark web. that means a colonial employee may have used the same password on another account that was previously hacked, ... the vpn account, which has since been deactivated, didn’t use multifactor authentication" three strikes and you're out; unrevoked obsolete account, reused password, no fa. 	 june , at : pm 	 fazal majid said... 	 i was going to suggest ransomware authors might use precious metals as an alternative, but it turns out $ m in palladium is xpd (troy oz) at g each, or kg, basically the same as the suitcase full of $ notes. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the feds understand the importance of disrupting the ransomware payment channel. dan goodin reports that us seizes $ . million colonial pipeline paid to ransomware attackers: "on monday, the us justice department said it had traced . of the roughly bitcoins colonial pipeline paid to darkside, which the biden administration says is likely located in russia. ... fbi deputy director paul m. abbate said at a press conference. "for financially motivated cyber criminals, especially those presumably located overseas, cutting off access to revenue is one of the most impactful consequences we can impose." ... the law enforcement success intensifies speculation that colonial pipeline paid the ransom not to gain access to a decryptor it knew was buggy but rather to help the fbi track darkside and its mechanism for obtaining and laundering ransoms. the speculation is reinforced by the fact that colonial pipeline paid in bitcoin, despite that option requiring an additional percent added to the ransom. bitcoin is pseudo-anonymous, meaning that while names aren't attached to digital wallets, the wallets and the coins they store can still be tracked." criming on an immutable public ledger has risks. this is good news for monero! 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 today's ransomware news includes: - ransomware hits capitol hill contractor by catalin cimpanu: "a company that provides a user engagement platform for us politicians has suffered a ransomware attack, leaving many lawmakers unable to email their constituents for days." - ransomware struck another pipeline firm—and gb of data leaked by andy greenberg: "a group identifying itself as xing team last month posted to its dark web site a collection of files stolen from linestar integrity services, a houston-based company that sells auditing, compliance, maintenance, and technology services to pipeline customers. the data, ... includes , emails, accounting files, contracts, and other business documents, around gb of software code and data, and gb of human resources files that includes scans of employee driver's licenses and social security cards." 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 there is a fairly reasonable discussion of this post on hacker news. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the new york times reports that jbs the meat processor paid $ million in ransom to hackers. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 reuters reports that more chinese provinces issue bans on cryptomining: "authorities in china's northwestern province of qinghai and a district in neighbouring xinjiang ordered cryptocurrency mining projects to close this week, as local governments put into practice beijing's call to crack down on the industry. ... the qinghai office of china's ministry of industry and information technology, on wednesday ordered a ban on new cryptomining projects in the province, and told existing ones to shut down, according to a notice seen by reuters and confirmed by local officials. cryptominers who set up projects claiming to be running big data and super-computing centres will be punished, and companies are barred from providing sites or power supplies to mining activities. the development & reform commission of xinjiang's changji hui prefecture also sent out a notice on wednesday, seen by reuters and confirmed with officials, ordering a cleanup of the sector." 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 wolfie zhao's here's what yunnan is actually doing with bitcoin mining reports that yunnan, where mining is hydro-powered, isn't banning mining explicitly, but it is requiring miners to pay the grid price for power, which could make it uneconomic: "the media report said the yunnan energy bureau is requiring subordinate departments to inspect and then either shut down or rectify bitcoin mining farms that are using unauthorized hydroelectricity. this includes power stations that are directly supplying energy to bitcoin mining farms without paying a profit cut to the government." 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 it turns out that i have time to work on a post about attacking proof-of-stake blockchains. kai morris reports that buterin explains why ethereum . upgrade won’t arrive until late : "to the disappointment of many however, the shipping of shard chains is not expected until sometime in late , according to ethereum’s latest roadmap. while a transition from pow to pos is expected to take place sometime in / , the inclusion of shard chains is seen by many as the official completion of the ethereum . upgrade. while many have believed the delay was due to the technically-burdensome transition, the actual issue is apparently something different." buterin is blaming his co-workers for the delay in shipping the project they've worked on now for seven years. 	 june , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 venturebeat reports that cybereason: % of orgs that paid the ransom were hit again: "cybereason’s study found that the majority of organizations that chose to pay ransom demands in the past were not immune to subsequent ransomware attacks, often by the same threat actors. in fact, % of organizations that paid the ransom were hit by a second attack, and almost half were hit by the same threat group." 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 danny palmer asks have we reached peak ransomware?. betteridge's law of headlines supplies the answer, no! 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 hannah murphy reports that monero emerges as crypto of choice for cybercriminals: "for cybercriminals looking to launder illicit gains, bitcoin has long been the payment method of choice. but another cryptocurrency is coming to the fore, promising to help make dirty money disappear without a trace. while bitcoin leaves a visible trail of transactions on its underlying blockchain, the niche “privacy coin” monero was designed to obscure the sender and receiver, as well as the amount exchanged. as a result, it has become an increasingly sought-after tool for criminals such as ransomware gangs, posing new problems for law enforcement." 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 strong evidence for the # business case for cryptocurrencies in roxanne henderson and loni prinsloo's south african brothers vanish, and so does $ . billion in bitcoin: "the first signs of trouble came in april, as bitcoin was rocketing to a record. africrypt chief operating officer ameer cajee, the elder brother, informed clients that the company was the victim of a hack. he asked them not to report the incident to lawyers and authorities, as it would slow down the recovery process of the missing funds. some skeptical investors roped in the law firm, hanekom attorneys, and a separate group started liquidation proceedings against africrypt. ... the firm’s investigation found africrypt’s pooled funds were transferred from its south african accounts and client wallets, and the coins went through tumblers and mixers -- or to other large pools of bitcoin -- to make them essentially untraceable." exit scams, they.re what bitcoin was made for. 	 june , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the uk government's glacial approach to regulating cryptocurrency creeps forward, as reuters reports in uk financial watchdog cracks down on cryptocurrency exchange binance: "britain’s financial regulator has ordered binance, one of the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges, to stop all regulated activity and issued a warning to consumers about the platform, which is coming under growing scrutiny globally. ... since january, the fca has required all firms offering cryptocurrency-related services to register and show they comply with anti-money laundering rules. however, this month it said that just five firms had registered, and that the majority were not yet compliant." 	 june , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ▼  june ( ) 	taleb on cryptocurrency economics 	china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	dna data storage: a different approach 	mining is money transmission (updated) 	mempool flooding 	meta: apology to commentors 	unreliability at scale 	unstoppable code? 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. dshr's blog: the bitcoin "price" dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, january , the bitcoin "price" jemima kelly writes no, bitcoin is not “the ninth-most-valuable asset in the world” and its a must-read. below the fold, some commentary. 	 	source the "price" of btc in usd has quadrupuled in the last three months, and thus its "market cap" has sparked claims that it is the th most valuable asset in the world. kelly explains the math: just like you would calculate a company’s market capitalisation by multiplying its stock price by the number of shares outstanding, with bitcoin you just multiply its price by its total “supply” of coins (ie, the number of coins that have been mined since the first one was in january ). simples! if you do that sum, you’ll see that you get to a very large number — if you take the all-time-high of $ , and multiply that by the bitcoin supply (roughly . m) you get to just over $ bn. and, if that were accurate and representative and if you could calculate bitcoin’s value in this way, that would place it just below tesla and alibaba in terms of its “market value”. (on wednesday!) then kelly starts her critique, which is quite different from mine in stablecoins: in the context of companies, the “market cap” can be thought of as loosely representing what someone would have to pay to buy out all the shareholders in order to own the company outright (though in practice the shares have often been over- or undervalued by the market, so shareholders are often offered a premium or a discount). companies, of course, have real-world assets with economic value. and there are ways to analyse them to work out whether they are over- or undervalued, such as price-to-earnings ratios, net profit margins, etc. with bitcoin, the whole value proposition rests on the idea of the network. if you took away the coinholders there would be literally nothing there, and so bitcoin’s value would fall to nil. trying to value it by talking about a “market cap” therefore makes no sense at all. secondly, she takes aim at the circulating btc supply: another problem is that although . m bitcoins have indeed been mined, far fewer can actually be said to be “in circulation” in any meaningful way. for a start, it is estimated that about per cent of bitcoins have been lost in various ways, never to be recovered. then there are the so-called “whales” that hold most of the bitcoin, whose dominance of the market has risen in recent months. the top . per cent of bitcoin addresses now control per cent of the supply (including many that haven’t moved any bitcoin for the past half-decade), and more than per cent of the bitcoin supply hasn’t been moved for the past year, according to recent estimates. the small circulating supply means that btc liquidity is an illusion: the idea that you can get out of your bitcoin position at any time and the market will stay intact is frankly a nonsense. and that’s why the bitcoin religion’s “hodl” mantra is so important to be upheld, of course. because if people start to sell, bad things might happen! and they sometimes do. the excellent crypto critic trolly mctrollface (not his real name, if you’re curious) pointed out on twitter that on saturday a sale of just bitcoin resulted in a per cent drop in the price. and there are a lot of "whales' hodl-ing. if one decides to cash out, everyone will get trampled in the rush for the exits: more than , wallets contain over , bitcoin in them. what would happen to the price if just one of those tried to unload their coins on to the market at once? it wouldn’t be pretty, we would wager. what we call the “bitcoin price” is in fact only the price of the very small number of bitcoins that wash around the retail market, and doesn’t represent the price that . m bitcoins would actually be worth, even if they were all actually available. 	 	source note that kelly's critique implictly assumes that btc is priced in usd, not in the mysteriously inflatable usdt. the graph shows that the vast majority of the "very small number of bitcoins that wash around the retail market" are traded for, and thus priced in usdt. so the actual number of bitcoins being traded for real money is a small fraction of a very small number. bitfinex & tether have agreed to comply with the new york supreme court and turn over their financial records to the new york attorney general by th january. if they actually do, and the details of what is actually backing the current stock of nearly billion usdt become known, things could get rather dynamic. as tim swanson explains in parasitic stablecoins, the b usd are notionally in a bank account, and the solvency of that account is not guaranteed by any government deposit insurance. so even if there were a bank account containing b usd, if there is a rush for the exits the bank holding that account could well go bankrupt. to give a sense of scale, the btc sale that crashed the "price" by % represents ( / . ) / = hours of mining reward. if miners were cashing out their rewards, they would be selling btc or $ m/day. in the long term, the lack of barriers to entry means that the margins on mining are small. but in the short term, mining capacity can't respond quickly to large changes in the "price". it certainly can't increase four times in three months. 	 	source lets assume that three months ago, when btc≈ , usdt, the btc ecosystem was in equilibrium with the mining rewards plus fees slightly more than the cost of mining. while the btc "price" has quadrupled, the hash rate and thus the cost of mining has oscillated between m and m terahash/s. it hasn't increased significantly, so miners only now need to sell about btc or $ m/day to cover their costs. with the price soaring, they have an incentive to hodl their rewards. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin comments: 	 david. said... 	 alex pickard was an early buyer of btc, and became a miner in . but the scales have fallen from his eyes, in bitcoin: magic internet money he explains that btc is useless for anything except speculation: "essentially overnight it became “digital gold” with no use other than for people to buy and hodl ... and hope more people would buy and hodl, and increase the price of btc until everyone on earth sells their fiat currency for btc, and then…? well, what exactly happens then, when btc can only handle about , transactions per day and . billion people need to buy goods and services?" and he is skeptical that tether will survive: "if tether continues as a going concern, and if the rising price of btc is linked to usdt issuance, then btc will likely continue to mechanically build a castle to the sky. i have shown how btc price increases usually follow usdt issuance. in late , when roughly billion usdt were redeemed, the price of btc subsequently fell by over %. now, imagine what would happen if tether received a cease-and-desist order, and its bank accounts were seized. today’s digital gold would definitely lose its luster." 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the saga of someone trying to turn "crypto" into "fiat". 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 an anonymous bitcoin hodl-er finally figured out the tether scam and realized his winnings. his must-read account is the bit short: inside crypto’s doomsday machine: "the legitimate crypto exchanges, like coinbase and bitstamp, clearly know to stay far away from tether: neither supports tether on their platforms. and the feeling is mutual! because if tether ltd. were ever to allow a large, liquid market between tethers and usd to develop, the fraud would instantly become obvious to everyone as the market-clearing price of tether crashed far below $ . kraken is the biggest usd-banked crypto exchange on which tether and us dollars trade freely against each other. the market in that trading pair on kraken is fairly modest — about $ m worth of daily volume — and tether ltd. surely needs to keep a very close eye on its movements. in fact, whenever someone sells tether for usd on kraken, tether ltd. has no choice but to buy it — to do otherwise would risk letting the peg slip, and unmask the whole charade. my guess is that maintaining the tether peg on kraken represents the single biggest ongoing capital expense of this entire fraud. if the crooks can’t scrape together enough usd to prop up the tether peg on kraken, then it’s game over, and the whole shambles collapses. and that makes it the fraud’s weak point." 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 tether's bank is deltec, in the bahamas. the anonymous bitcoin hodl-er points out that: "bahamas discloses how much foreign currency its domestic banks hold each month." as of the end of september , all bahamian banks in total held about $ . b usd worth of foreign currency. at that time there were about . b usdt in circulation. even if we assume that deltec held all of it, usdt was only % backed by actual money. 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 david gerard's tether printer go brrrrr — cryptocurrency’s substitute dollar problem collects a lot of nuggets about tether, but also this: "usdc loudly touts claims that it’s well-regulated, and implies that it’s audited. but usdc is not audited — accountants grant thornton sign a monthly attestation that centre have told them particular things, and that the paperwork shows the right numbers. an audit would show for sure whether usdc’s reserve was real money, deposited by known actors — and not just a barrel of nails with a thin layer of gold and silver on top supplied by dubious entities. but, y’know, it’s probably fine and you shouldn’t worry." 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in addresses are responsible for % of all cryptocurrency money laundering, catalin cimpanu discusses a report from chainalysis: " , addresses received % of all criminally-linked cryptocurrency funds in , a sum estimated at around $ . billion. ... the company believes that the cryptocurrency-related money laundering field is now in a vulnerable position where a few well-orchestrated law enforcement actions against a few cryptocurrency operators could cripple the movement of illicit funds of many criminal groups at the same time. furthermore, additional analysis also revealed that many of the services that play a crucial role in money laundering operations are also second-tier services hosted at larger legitimate operators. in this case, a law enforcement action wouldn't even be necessary, as convincing a larger company to enforce its anti-money-laundering policies would lead to the shutdown of many of today's cryptocurrency money laundering hotspots." 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in bitcoin is now worth $ , — and it's ruining the planet faster than ever, eric holthaus points out the inevitable result of the recent spike in btc: "the most recent data, current as of february from the university of cambridge shows that bitcoin is drawing about . gigawatts of electricity, an annualized consumption of terawatt-hours – about a half-percent of the entire world’s total – or about as much as the entire country of pakistan. since most electricity used to mine bitcoin comes from fossil fuels, bitcoin produces a whopping million tons of carbon dioxide annually, about the same amount as switzerland does by simply existing." 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 in elon musk wants clean power, but tesla's dealing in environmentally dirty bitcoin notes that: "tesla boss elon musk is a poster child of low-carbon technology. yet the electric carmaker's backing of bitcoin this week could turbocharge global use of a currency that's estimated to cause more pollution than a small country every year. tesla revealed on monday it had bought $ . billion of bitcoin and would soon accept it as payment for cars, sending the price of the cryptocurrency though the roof. ... the digital currency is created via high-powered computers, an energy-intensive process that currently often relies on fossil fuels, particularly coal, the dirtiest of them all." but reuters fails to ask where the $ . b that spiked btc's "price" came from. it wasn't musk's money, it was the tesla shareholder's money. and how did they get it? by selling carbon offsets. so musk is taking subsidies intended to reduce carbon emissions and using them to generate carbon emissions. 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 one flaw in eric holthaus' bitcoin is now worth $ , — and it's ruining the planet faster than ever is that while he writes: "there are decent alternatives to bitcoin for people still convinced by the potential social benefits of cryptocurrencies. ethereum, the world’s number two cryptocurrency, is currently in the process of converting its algorithm from one that’s fundamentally competitive (proof-of-work, like bitcoin uses) to one that’s collaborative (proof-of-stake), a move that will conserve more than % of its electricity use." he fails to point out that (a) ethereum has been trying to move to proof-of-stake for many years without success, and (b) there are a huge number of other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies that, in aggregate, also generate vast carbon emissions. 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 four posts worth reading inspired by elon musk's pump-and-hodl of bitcoin. first, jamie powell's tesla and bitcoin: the accounting explains how $ . b of btc will further obscure the underlying business model of tesla. of course, if investors actually understood tesla's business model they might not be willing to support a pe of, currently, , . , so the obscurity may be the reason for the hodl. second, izabella kaminska's what does institutional bitcoin mean? looks at the investment strategies hedge funds like blackrock will use as they "dabble in bitcoin". it involves the btc futures market being in contango and is too complex to extract but well worth reading. third, david gerard's number go up with tether — musk and bitcoin set the world on fire points out that musk's $ . b only covers hours of usdt printing: "tether has given up caring about plausible appearances, and is now printing a billion tethers at a time. as i write this, tether states its reserve as $ , , , . of book value. that’s $ . billion — every single dollar of which is backed by … pinky-swears, maybe? tether still won’t reveal what they’re claiming to constitute backing reserves." in bitcoin's 'elon musk pump' rally to $ k was exclusively driven by whales, joseph young writes: "n recent months, so-called “mega whales” sold large amounts of bitcoin between $ , and $ , . orders ranging from $ million to $ million rose significantly across major cryptocurrency exchanges, including binance. but as the price of bitcoin began to consolidate above $ , after the correction from $ , , the buyer demand from whales surged once again. analysts at “material scientist” said that whales have been showing unusually large volume, around $ million in hours. this metric shows that whales are consistently accumulating bitcoin in the aftermath of the news that tesla bought $ . billion worth of btc." 	 february , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 ethereum consumes about . twh/yr - much less than bitcoin's twh/yr, but still significant. it will continue to waste power until the switch to proof-of-stake, underway for the past years, finally concludes. don't hold your breath. 	 february , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the title of jemima kelly's hey citi, your bitcoin report is embarrassingly bad says all that needs to be said, but her whole post is a fun read. 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 jemima kelley takes citi's embarrassing "bitcoin report" to the woodshed again in the many chart crimes of *that* citi bitcoin report: "not only was this “report” actually just a massive bitcoin-shilling exercise, it also contained some really quite embarrassing errors from what is meant to be one of the top banks in the world (and their “premier thought leadership” division at that). the error that was probably most shocking was the apparent failure of the six citi analysts who authored the report to grasp the difference between basis points and percentage points." 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 adam tooze's talking (and reading) about bitcoin is an economist's view of bitcoin: "to paraphrase gramsci, crypto is the morbid symptom of an interregnum, an interregnum in which the gold standard is dead but a fully political money that dares to speak its name has not yet been born. crypto is the libertarian spawn of neoliberalism’s ultimately doomed effort to depoliticize money." tooze quotes izabella kaminska contrasting the backing of "fiat" by the requirement to pay tax with bitcoin: "private “hackers” routinely raise revenue from stealing private information and then demanding cryptocurrency in return. the process is known as a ransom attack. it might not be legal. it might even be classified as extortion or theft. but to the mindset of those who oppose “big government” or claim that “tax is theft”, it doesn’t appear all that different. a more important consideration is which of these entities — the hacker or a government — is more effective at enforcing their form of “tax collection” upon the system. the government, naturally, has force, imprisonment and the law on its side. and yet, in recent decades, that hasn’t been quite enough to guarantee effective tax collection from many types of individuals or corporations. hackers, at a minimum, seem at least comparably effective at extracting funds from rich individuals or multinational organisations. in many cases, they also appear less willing to negotiate or to cut deals." 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 ibm blockchain is a shell of its former self after revenue misses, job cuts: sources by ian allison is the semi-official death-knell for ibm's hyperledger: "ibm has cut its blockchain team down to almost nothing, according to four people familiar with the situation. job losses at ibm (nyse: ibm) escalated as the company failed to meet its revenue targets for the once-fêted technology by % this year, according to one of the sources." david gerard comments: "hyperledger was a perfect ibm project — a potemkin village open source project, where all the work was done in an ibm office somewhere." 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 ketan joshi's bitcoin is a mouth hungry for fossil fuels is a righteous rant about cryptocurrencies' energy usage: "i think the story of bitcoin isn’t a sideshow to climate; it’s actually a very significant and central force that will play a major role in dragging down the accelerating pace of positive change. this is because it has an energy consumption problem, it has a fossil fuel industry problem, and it has a deep cultural / ideological problem. all three, in symbiotic concert, position bitcoin to stamp out the hard-fought wins of the past two decades, in climate. years of blood, sweat and tears – in activism, in technological development, in policy and regulation – extinguished by a bunch of bros with laser-eye profile pictures." 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 the externalities of cryptocurrencies, and bitcoin in particular, don't just include ruining the climate, but also ruining the lives of vulnerable elderly who have nothing to do with "crypto". mark rober's fascinating video glitterbomb trap catches phone scammer (who gets arrested) reveals that indian phone scammers transfer their ill-gotten gains from stealing the life savings of elderly victims from the us to india using bitcoin. 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 the subhead of noah smith's bitcoin miners are on a path to self-destruction is: "producing the cryptocurrency is a massive drain on global power and computer chip supplies. another way is needed before countries balk." 	 march , at : am 	 david. said... 	 in before bitfinex and tether, bennett tomlin pulls together the "interesting" backgrounds of the "trustworthy" people behind bitfinex & tether. 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 david gerard reports that: "coinbase has had to pay a $ . million fine to the cftc for allowing an unnamed employee to wash-trade litecoin on the platform. on some days, the employee’s wash-trading was % of the litecoin/bitcoin trading pair’s volume. coinbase also operated two trading bots, “hedger and replicator,” which often matched each others’ orders, and reported these matches to the market." as he says: "if coinbase — one of the more regulated exchanges — did this, just think what the unregulated exchanges get up to." especially with the "trustworthy" characters running the unregulated exchanges. 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 martin c. w. walker and winnie mosioma's regulated cryptocurrency exchanges: sign of a maturing market or oxymoron? examines the (mostly lack of) regulation of exchanges and concludes; "in general, cryptocurrencies lack anyone that is genuinely accountable for core processes such as transfers of ownership, trade validation and creation of cryptocurrencies. a concern that can ultimately only be dealt with by acceptance of the situation or outright bans. however, the almost complete lack of regulation of the highly centralised cryptocurrency exchanges should be an easier-to-fill gap. regulated entities relying on prices from “exchanges” for accounting or calculation of the value of futures contracts are clearly putting themselves at significant risk." coinbase just filed for a $ b direct listing despite just having been fine $ . m forwash-tradding litecoin. 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 izabella kaminska outlines the the risks underlying coinbase's ipo in why coinbase’s stellar earnings are not what they seem. the sub-head is: "it’s easy to be profitable if your real unique selling point is being a beneficiary of regulatory arbitrage." and she concludes: "coinbase may be a hugely profitable business, but it may also be a uniquely risky one relative to regulated trading venues such as the cme or ice, neither of which are allowed to take principal positions to facilitate liquidity on their platforms. instead, they rely on third party liquidity providers. coinbase, however, is not only known to match client transactions on an internalised “offchain” basis (that is, not via the primary blockchain) but also to square-off residual unmatched positions via bilateral relationships in crypto over-the-counter markets, where it happens to have established itself as a prominent market maker. it’s an ironic state of affairs because the netting processes that are at the heart of this system expose coinbase to the very same risks that real-time gross settlement systems (such as bitcoin) were meant to vanquish." 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 nathan j. robinson hits the nail on the head with why cryptocurrency is a giant fraud: "you may have ignored bitcoin because the evangelists for it are some of the most insufferable people on the planet—and you may also have kicked yourself because if you had listened to the first guy you met who told you about bitcoin way back, you’d be a millionaire today. but now it’s time to understand: is this, as its proponents say, the future of money?" and: "but as is generally the case when someone is trying to sell you something, the whole thing should seem extremely fishy. in fact, much of the cryptocurrency pitch is worse than fishy. it’s downright fraudulent, promising people benefits that they will not get and trying to trick them into believing in and spreading something that will not do them any good. when you examine the actual arguments made for using cryptocurrencies as currency, rather than just being wowed by the complex underlying system and words like “autonomy,” “global,” and “seamless,” the case for their use by most people collapses utterly. many believe in it because they have swallowed libertarian dogmas that do not reflect how the world actually works." robinson carefully dismantles the idea that cryptocurrencies offer "security", "privacy", "convenience", and many of the other arguments for them. tghe whole article is well worth reading. 	 april , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 rob beschizza reports on the effects of elon musk's cryptocurrency dump: "after elon musk turned on bitcoin, so goes the market. bitcoin lost about % of its value in a few hours before recovering to rest about % down, reports cnn business. julia horowitz writes that it's bad news for crypto in general, with similar falls for ethereum, dogecoin and the rest" 	 may , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ▼  january ( ) 	effort balancing and rate limits 	isp monopolies 	the bitcoin "price" 	two million page views! 	the new oldweb.today 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. code lib | we are developers and technologists for libraries, museums, and archives who are dedicated to being a diverse and inclusive community, seeking to share ideas and build collaboration. about chat code of conduct conference jobs journal local mailing list planet wiki code lib.org was migrated from drupal to jekyll in june . some links may still be broken. to report issues or help fix see: https://github.com/code lib/code lib.github.io posts 	nov , code lib 	sep , code lib 	aug , code lib 	apr , code lib journal issue call for papers 	oct , issue of the code lib journal 	aug , code lib 	jul , issue of the code lib journal 	jun , code lib journal issue call for papers 	oct , code lib journal # 	oct , c l : call for presentation/panel proposals 	oct , code lib 	jul , code lib journal # 	apr , code lib journal # 	sep , jobs.code lib.org studied 	aug , code lib 	jul , code lib northern california: stanford, ca 	jul , code lib journal # 	apr , code lib journal # : special issue on diversity in library technology 	mar , code lib will be in philadelphia 	mar , code lib conference proposals 	feb , code lib north : st. catharines, on 	feb , code lib videos 	jan , code of conduct 	dec , code lib diversity scholarships 	dec , your code does not exist in a vacuum 	dec , your chocolate is in my peanut butter! mixing up content and presentation layers to build smarter books in browsers with rdfa, schema.org, and linked data topics 	dec , you gotta keep 'em separated: the case for "bento box" discovery interfaces 	dec , refinery — an open source locally deployable web platform for the analysis of large document collections 	dec , programmers are not projects: lessons learned from managing humans 	dec , our $ , problem: why library school? 	dec , making your digital objects embeddable around the web 	dec , leveling up your git workflow 	dec , level up your coding with code club (yes, you can talk about it) 	dec , how to hack it as a working parent: or, should your face be bathed in the blue glow of a phone at am? 	dec , helping google (and scholars, researchers, educators, & the public) find archival audio 	dec , heiðrún: dpla's metadata harvesting, mapping and enhancement system 	dec , got git? getting more out of your github repositories 	dec , feminist human computer interaction (hci) in library software 	dec , dynamic indexing: a tragic solr story 	dec , docker? vms? ec ? yes! with packer.io 	dec , digital content integrated with ils data for user discovery: lessons learned 	dec , designing and leading a kick a** tech team 	dec , consuming big linked open data in practice: authority shifts and identifier drift 	dec , byob: build your own bootstrap 	dec , book reader bingo: which page-turner should i use? 	dec , beyond open source 	dec , awesome pi, lol! 	dec , annotations as linked data with fedora and triannon (a real use case for rdf!) 	dec , american (archives) horror story: lto failure and data loss 	dec , a semantic makeover for cms data 	dec , code lib lighting talks 	nov , store 	nov , voting for code lib prepared talks is now open. 	nov , keynote voting for the conference is now open! 	sep , code lib : call for proposals 	sep , code lib north (ottawa): tuesday october th, 	sep , code libbc: november and , 	sep , conference schedule 	jul , code lib journal issue 	jul , code lib norcal july in san mateo 	jul , code lib 	apr , code lib trip report - zahra ashktorab 	apr , code lib trip report- nabil kashyap 	apr , code lib trip report - junior tidal 	apr , code lib trip report - jennifer maiko kishi 	apr , code lib trip report - j. (jenny) gubernick 	apr , code lib trip report - emily reynolds 	apr , code lib trip report - coral sheldon hess 	apr , code lib trip report - christina harlow 	apr , code lib trip report - arie nugraha 	mar , call for proposals: code lib journal, issue 	feb , code of conduct 	jan , code lib call for host proposals 	jan , code lib sponsors 	jan , websockets for real-time and interactive interfaces 	jan , we are all disabled! universal web design making web services accessible for everyone 	jan , visualizing solr search results with d .js for user-friendly navigation of large results sets 	jan , visualizing library resources as networks 	jan , under the hood of hadoop processing at oclc research 	jan , towards pasta code nirvana: using javascript mvc to fill your programming ravioli 	jan , sustaining your open source project through training 	jan , structured data now: seeding schema.org in library systems 	jan , quick and easy data visualization with google visualization api and google chart libraries 	jan , queue programming -- how using job queues can make the library coding world a better place 	jan , phantomjs+selenium: easy automated testing of ajax-y uis 	jan , personalize your google analytics data with custom events and variables 	jan , organic free-range api development - making web services that you will actually want to consume 	jan , next generation catalogue - rdf as a basis for new services 	jan , more like this: approaches to recommending related items using subject headings 	jan , lucene's latest (for libraries) 	jan , discovering your discovery system in real time 	jan , dead-simple video content management: let your filesystem do the work 	jan , building for others (and ourselves): the avalon media system 	jan , behold fedora : the incredible shrinking repository! 	jan , all tiled up 	jan , a reusable application to enable self deposit of complex objects into a digital preservation environment 	jan , a book, a web browser and a tablet: how bibliotheca alexandrina's book viewer framework makes it possible 	jan , conference schedule 	jan , code lib conference diversity scholarship recipients 	nov , code lib diversity scholarships (application deadline: dec. , , pm est) 	nov , code lib keynote speakers 	sep , code lib 	jun , code lib conference prospectus for sponsors 	mar , code lib conference proposals 	jan , ask anything! 	dec , code lib call for host proposals 	dec , the care and feeding of a crowd 	dec , the avalon media system: a next generation hydra head for audio and video delivery 	dec , solr update 	dec , rest is your mobile strategy 	dec , practical relevance ranking for million books. 	dec , pitfall! working with legacy born digital materials in special collections 	dec , n characters in search of an author 	dec , linked open communism: better discovery through data dis- and re- aggregation 	dec , hybrid archival collections using blacklight and hydra 	dec , html video now! 	dec , hands off! best practices and top ten lists for code handoffs 	dec , hacking the dpla 	dec , google analytics, event tracking and discovery tools 	dec , evolving towards a consortium marcr redis datastore 	dec , ead without xslt: a practical new approach to web-based finding aids 	dec , de-sucking the library user experience 	dec , data-driven documents: visualizing library data with d .js 	dec , creating a commons 	dec , citation search in solr and second-order operators 	dec , browser/javascript integration testing with ruby 	dec , architecting scholarsphere: how we built a repository app that doesn't feel like yet another janky old repository app 	dec , all teh metadatas re-revisited 	dec , actions speak louder than words: analyzing large-scale query logs to improve the research experience 	nov , code lib scholarship (deadline: december , ) 	nov , code lib 	nov , code lib schedule 	oct , code lib conference call for propoosals 	sep , keynote voting for the conference is now open! 	jul , dates set for code lib in chicago 	may , code lib journal - call for proposals 	may , ruby-marc . . released 	apr , code lib journal: editors wanted 	feb , code lib journal issue is published! 	feb , ask anything! – facilitated by carmen mitchell- code lib 	jan , relevance ranking in the scholarly domain - tamar sadeh, phd 	jan , kill the search button ii - the handheld devices are coming - jørn thøgersen, michael poltorak nielsen 	jan , stack view: a library browsing tool - annie cain 	jan , search engine relevancy tuning - a static rank framework for solr/lucene - mike schultz 	jan , practical agile: what's working for stanford, blacklight, and hydra - naomi dushay 	jan , nosql bibliographic records: implementing a native frbr datastore with redis - jeremy nelson 	jan , lies, damned lies, and lines of code per day - james stuart 	jan , indexing big data with tika, solr & map-reduce - scott fisher, erik hetzner 	jan , in-browser data storage and me - jason casden 	jan , how people search the library from a single search box - cory lown 	jan , discovering digital library user behavior with google analytics - kirk hess 	jan , building research applications with mendeley - william gunn 	jan , your ui can make or break the application (to the user, anyway) - robin schaaf 	jan , your catalog in linked data - tom johnson 	jan , the golden road (to unlimited devotion): building a socially constructed archive of grateful dead artifacts - robin chandler 	jan , quick and <del>dirty</del> clean usability: rapid prototyping with bootstrap - shaun ellis 	jan , “linked-data-ready” software for libraries - jennifer bowen 	jan , html microdata and schema.org - jason ronallo 	jan , hathitrust large scale search: scalability meets usability - tom burton-west 	jan , design for developers - lisa kurt 	jan , beyond code: versioning data with git and mercurial - charlie collett, martin haye 	jan , all teh metadatas! or how we use rdf to keep all of the digital object metadata formats thrown at us - declan fleming 	dec , discussion for elsevier app challenge during code lib 	dec , so you want to start a kindle lending program 	dec , code lib call for host proposals 	nov , code lib scholarship (deadline: december , ) 	oct , code lib sponsor listing 	oct , code lib schedule 	jul , code lib 	feb , code lib sponsorship 	jan , vufind beyond marc: discovering everything else - demian katz 	jan , one week | one tool: ultra-rapid open source development among strangers - scott hanrath 	jan , letting in the light: using solr as an external search component - jay luker and benoit thiell 	jan , kuali ole: architecture for diverse and linked data - tim mcgeary and brad skiles 	jan , keynote address - diane hillmann 	jan , hey, dilbert. where's my data?! - thomas barker 	jan , enhancing the mobile experience: mobile library services at illinois - josh bishoff - josh bishoff 	jan , drupal as rapid application development tool - cary gordon 	jan , code lib in seattle 	jan , lightning talks 	jan , breakout sessions 	jan , (yet another) home-grown digital library system, built upon open source xml technologies and metadata standards - david lacy 	jan , why (code ) libraries exist - eric hellman 	jan , visualizing library data - karen coombs 	jan , sharing between data repositories - kevin s. clarke 	jan , practical relevancy testing - naomi dushay 	jan , opinionated metadata (om): bringing a bit of sanity to the world of xml metadata - matt zumwalt 	jan , mendeley's api and university libraries: three examples to create value - ian mulvany 	jan , let's get small: a microservices approach to library websites - sean hannan 	jan , gis on the cheap - mike graves 	jan , fiwalk with me: building emergent pre-ingest workflows for digital archival records using open source forensic software - mark m 	jan , enhancing the performance and extensibility of the xc’s metadataservicestoolkit - ben anderson 	jan , chicago underground library’s community-based cataloging system - margaret heller and nell taylor 	jan , building an open source staff-facing tablet app for library assessment - jason casden and joyce chapman 	jan , beyond sacrilege: a couchapp catalog - gabriel farrell 	jan , ask anything! – facilitated by dan chudnov 	jan , a community-based approach to developing a digital exhibit at notre dame using the hydra framework - rick johnson and dan brubak 	dec , code lib schedule 	dec , code lib call for host proposals 	nov , scholarships to attend the code lib conference (deadline dec. , ) 	sep , code lib sponsorship 	jun , issue of the code lib journal 	mar , location of code lib 	mar , code lib : get ready for the best code lib conference yet! 	mar , issue of the code lib journal 	mar , vote on code lib hosting proposals 	feb , you either surf or you fight: integrating library services with google wave - sean hannan - code lib 	feb , vampires vs. werewolves: ending the war between developers and sysadmins with puppet - bess sadler - code lib 	feb , the linked library data cloud: stop talking and start doing - ross singer - code lib 	feb , taking control of library metadata and websites using the extensible catalog - jennifer bowen - code lib 	feb , public datasets in the cloud - rosalyn metz and michael b. klein - code lib 	feb , mobile web app design: getting started - michael doran - code lib 	feb , metadata editing – a truly extensible solution - david kennedy and david chandek-stark - code lib 	feb , media, blacklight, and viewers like you (pdf, . mb) - chris beer - code lib 	feb , matching dirty data – yet another wheel - anjanette young and jeff sherwood - code lib 	feb , library/mobile: developing a mobile catalog - kim griggs - code lib 	feb , keynote # : catfish, cthulhu, code, clouds and levenshtein distance - paul jones - code lib 	feb , keynote # : cathy marshall - code lib 	feb , iterative development done simply - emily lynema - code lib 	feb , i am not your mother: write your test code - naomi dushay, willy mene, and jessie keck - code lib 	feb , how to implement a virtual bookshelf with solr - naomi dushay and jessie keck - code lib 	feb , hive: a new tool for working with vocabularies - ryan scherle and jose aguera - code lib 	feb , enhancing discoverability with virtual shelf browse - andreas orphanides, cory lown, and emily lynema - code lib 	feb , drupal : a more powerful platform for building library applications - cary gordon - code lib 	feb , do it yourself cloud computing with apache and r - harrison dekker - code lib 	feb , cloud lib - jeremy frumkin and terry reese - code lib 	feb , becoming truly innovative: migrating from millennium to koha - ian walls - code lib 	feb , ask anything! – facilitated by dan chudnov - code lib 	feb , a better advanced search - naomi dushay and jessie keck - code lib 	feb , ways to enhance library interfaces with oclc web services - karen coombs - code lib 	feb , code lib lightning talks 	feb , code lib breakout sessions 	feb , code lib participant release form 	feb , code lib hosting proposals solicited 	jan , code lib scholarship recipients 	jan , code lib north 	dec , scholarships to attend the code lib conference 	dec , code lib registration 	dec , conference info 	dec , code lib schedule 	dec , code lib sponsorship 	nov , code lib conference prepared talks voting now open! 	oct , code lib call for prepared talk proposals 	sep , vote for code lib keynotes! 	jul , code lib 	jun , code lib journal: new issue now available 	may , visualizing media archives: a case study 	may , the open platform strategy: what it means for library developers 	may , if you love something...set it free 	may , what we talk about when we talk about frbr 	may , the rising sun: making the most of solr power 	may , great facets, like your relevance, but can i have links to amazon and google book search? 	may , freecite - an open source free-text citation parser 	may , freebasing for fun and enhancement 	may , extending biblios, the open source web based metadata editor 	may , complete faceting 	may , a new platform for open data - introducing ‡biblios.net web services 	may , sebastian hammer, keynote address 	may , blacklight as a unified discovery platform 	may , a new frontier - the open library environment (ole) 	may , the dashboard initiative 	may , restafarian-ism at the nla 	may , open up your repository with a sword! 	may , lusql: (quickly and easily) getting your data from your dbms into lucene 	may , like a can opener for your data silo: simple access through atompub and jangle 	may , libx . 	may , how i failed to present on using dvcs for managing archival metadata 	may , djatoka for djummies 	may , a bookless future for libraries: a comedy in acts 	may , why libraries should embrace linked data 	mar , code lib journal: new issue now available 	feb , see you next year in asheville 	feb , code lib lightning talks 	feb , code lib venue voting 	feb , oclc grid services boot camp ( preconference) 	feb , code lib hosting proposals 	jan , code lib logo 	jan , code lib logo debuts 	jan , code lib breakout sessions 	jan , call for code lib hosting proposals 	jan , code lib scholarship recipients 	jan , code lib t-shirt design contest 	dec , code lib registration open! 	dec , code lib journal issue published 	dec , code lib gender diversity and minority scholarships 	dec , calling all code libers attending midwinter 	dec , logo design process launched 	dec , code lib schedule 	dec , pre-conferences 	nov , voting on presentations for code lib open until december 	nov , drupal lib unconference ( / / darien, ct) 	oct , call for proposals, code lib conference 	oct , ne.code lib.org 	sep , code lib keynote voting 	sep , logo? you decide 	sep , solrpy google code project 	sep , code lib 	sep , code lib sponsorship 	aug , code libnyc 	aug , update from linkedin 	jul , linkedin group growing fast 	jul , code lib group on linkedin 	apr , elpub open scholarship: authority, community and sustainability in the age of web . 	mar , code libcon lightning talks 	mar , brown university to host code lib 	feb , desktop presenter software 	feb , presentations from libraryfind pre-conference 	feb , vote for code lib host! 	feb , karen coyle keynote - r&d: can resource description become rigorous data? 	feb , code libcon breakout sessions 	feb , call for code lib hosting proposals 	jan , code lib conference t-shirt design 	jan , code lib registration now open! 	dec , zotero and you, or bibliography on the semantic web 	dec , xforms for metadata creation 	dec , working with the worldcat api 	dec , using a css framework 	dec , the wayback machine 	dec , the making of the code lib journal 	dec , the code lib future 	dec , show your stuff, using omeka 	dec , second life web interoperability - moodle and merlot.org 	dec , rdf and rda: declaring and modeling library metadata 	dec , ÖpënÜrl 	dec , oss web-based cataloging tool 	dec , marcthing 	dec , losing sleep over rest? 	dec , from idea to open source 	dec , finding relationships in marc data 	dec , dlf ils discovery interface task force api recommendation 	dec , delivering library services in the web . environment: osu libraries publishing system for and by librarians 	dec , couchdb is sacrilege... mmm, delicious sacrilege 	dec , building the open library 	dec , building mountains out of molehills 	dec , a metadata registry 	dec , code lib gender diversity and minority scholarships 	dec , conference schedule 	nov , code lib keynote survey 	oct , code lib call for proposals 	oct , code lib schedule 	jul , code lib conference 	jul , random #code lib quotes 	jun , request for proposals: innovative uses of crossref metadata 	may , library camp nyc, august , 	apr , code lib - video, audio and podcast available 	mar , code lib - day video available 	mar , erik hatcher keynote 	mar , my adventures in getting data into the archiviststoolkit 	mar , karen schneider keynote "hurry up please it's time" 	mar , code lib conference feedback available 	mar , code lib video trickling in 	mar , code lib.org restored 	feb , code lib will be in portland, or 	feb , code lib blog anthology 	feb , the intellectual property disclosure process: releasing open source software in academia 	feb , polling for interest in a european code lib 	feb , call for proposals to host code lib 	feb , code lib scholarship recipients 	feb , delicious! flare + simile exhibit 	jan , open access self-archiving mandate 	jan , evergreen keynote 	jan , code lib t-shirt contest 	jan , stone soup 	jan , #code lib logging 	jan , two scholarships to attend the code lib conference 	dec , conference schedule now available 	dec , code lib pre-conference workshop: lucene, solr, and your data 	dec , traversing the last mile 	dec , the xquery exposé: practical experiences from a digital library 	dec , the bibapp 	dec , smart subjects - application independent subject recommendations 	dec , open-source endeca in lines or less 	dec , on the herding of cats 	dec , obstacles to agility 	dec , myresearch portal: an xml based catalog-independent opac 	dec , libraryfind 	dec , library-in-a-box 	dec , library data apis abound! 	dec , get groovy at your public library 	dec , fun with zeroconfmetaopensearch 	dec , free the data: creating a web services interface to the online catalog 	dec , forget the lipstick. this pig just needs social skills. 	dec , atom publishing protocol primer 	nov , barton data 	nov , mit catalog data 	oct , code lib downtime 	oct , call for proposals 	aug , code lib audio 	aug , book club 	jul , code libcon site proposals 	jul , improving code libcon * 	jun , code lib conference hosting 	jun , learning to scratch our own itches 	jun , code lib conference 	jun , code lib conference schedule 	jun , code lib conference lightning talks 	jun , code lib conference breakouts 	mar , results of the journal name vote 	mar , #dspace 	mar , #code lib logging 	mar , regulars on the #code lib irc channel 	mar , code lib journal name vote 	mar , code lib journal: mission, format, guidelines 	mar , #code lib irc channel faq 	feb , cufts aim/aol/icq bot 	feb , code lib journal: draft purpose, format, and guidelines 	feb , code lib breakout sessions 	feb , unapi revision 	feb , code lib presentations will be available 	feb , planet update 	feb , weather in corvallis for code lib 	feb , holiday inn express 	feb , conference wiki 	jan , portland hostel 	jan , lightning talks 	jan , code lib t-shirt design vote! 	jan , portland jazz festival 	jan , unapi version 	jan , conference schedule in hcalendar 	jan , code lib t-shirt design contest 	jan , conference schedule set 	jan , code lib registration count pool 	jan , wikid 	jan , the case for code lib c( ) 	jan , teaching the library and information community how to remix information 	jan , practical aspects of implementing open source in armenia 	jan , lipstick on a pig: ways to improve the sex life of your opac 	jan , generating recommendations in opacs: initial results and open areas for exploration 	jan , erp options in an oss world 	jan , ahah: when good is better than best 	jan , , lines of code, and other topics from oclc research 	jan , what blog applications can teach us about library software architecture 	jan , standards, reusability, and the mating habits of learning content 	jan , quality metrics 	jan , library text mining 	jan , connecting everything with unapi and opa 	jan , chasing babel 	jan , anatomy of adore 	jan , voting on code lib presentation proposals 	jan , one more week for proposals 	dec , code lib card 	dec , planet facelift 	dec , registration is open 	dec , planet code lib & blogs 	dec , code lib call for proposals 	nov , code lib conference : schedule 	nov , panizzi 	nov , drupal installed 	nov , code lib subscribe via rss code lib 	code lib 	 code lib 	 code lib.social 	 code lib 	 code lib we are developers and technologists for libraries, museums, and archives who are dedicated to being a diverse and inclusive community, seeking to share ideas and build collaboration. washboard blues - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	washboard blues 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 single by paul whiteman and his concert orchestra 	"washboard blues" 	 recording by paul whiteman and his concert orchestra. 	single by paul whiteman and his concert orchestra 	a-side	"among my souvenirs" 	written	 	released	  ( ) 	recorded	november , 	genre	blues 	label	victor 	songwriter(s)	 	hoagy carmichael 	fred b. callahan 	irving mills "washboard blues" is a popular song written by hoagy carmichael, fred b. callahan and irving mills. on november , , it was recorded in chicago by paul whiteman and his concert orchestra, featuring piano and lead vocals by carmichael, and was released as victor -b (the b-side of "among my souvenirs")[ ] the song is an evocative washerwoman's lament. though the verse, chorus, and bridge pattern is present, the effect of the song is of one long, cohesive melodic line with a dramatic shifting of tempo. the cohesiveness of the long melody perfectly matches the lyrical description of the crushing fatigue resulting from the repetitious work of washing clothes under primitive conditions.[ ] credits[edit] a copy of the lyrics from the indiana university archives of the hoagy carmichael collection credits f. b. callahan with the words to "washboard blues".[ ] references[edit] 	^ greenwald, matthew. "washboard blues". allmusic. retrieved march . 	^ wilder, alec ( ). american popular song: the great innovators - . new york & oxford: oxford university press. p.  . isbn  - - - . 	^ "hoagy carmichael collection". webapp .dlib.indiana.edu. retrieved - - . external links[edit] 	"washboard blues", paul whiteman ( )—internet archive. 	 "paul whiteman and his concert orchestra* - among my souvenirs / washboard blues (shellac)". discogs.com. retrieved - - . 	authority control 	 	musicbrainz work retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=washboard_blues&oldid= " 		categories: 	songs with music by hoagy carmichael 	blues songs 	 songs 	songs with lyrics by irving mills hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz work identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			suomi 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on january , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 dshr's blog: why decentralize? dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, december , why decentralize? in blockchain: hype or hope? (paywalled until june ' ) radia perlman asks what exactly you get in return for the decentralization provided by the enormous resource cost of blockchain technologies? her answer is: a ledger agreed upon by consensus of thousands of anonymous entities, none of which can be held responsible or be shut down by some malevolent government ... [but] most applications would not require or even want this property. two important essays published last february by pioneers in the field provide different answers to perlman's question: 	vitalik buterin's answer in the meaning of decentralization is that what you get depends on what exactly you mean by "decentralization". 	nick szabo's answer in money, blockchains, and social scalability is "social scalability" below the fold i try to apply our experience with the decentralized lockss technology to ask whether their arguments hold up. i'm working on a follow-up post based on chelsea barabas, neha narula and ethan zuckerman's defending internet freedom through decentralization from last august, which asks the question specifically about the decentralized web and thus the idea of decentralized storage. buterin the meaning of decentralization is the shorter and more accessible of the two essays. vitalik buterin is a co-founder of ethereum, as one can tell from the links in his essay, which starts by discussing what decentralization means: when people talk about software decentralization, there are actually three separate axes of centralization/decentralization that they may be talking about. while in some cases it is difficult to see how you can have one without the other, in general they are quite independent of each other. the axes are as follows: 	architectural (de)centralization — how many physical computers is a system made up of? how many of those computers can it tolerate breaking down at any single time? 	political (de)centralization — how many individuals or organizations ultimately control the computers that the system is made up of? 	logical (de)centralization— does the interface and data structures that the system presents and maintains look more like a single monolithic object, or an amorphous swarm? one simple heuristic is: if you cut the system in half, including both providers and users, will both halves continue to fully operate as independent units? he notes that: blockchains are politically decentralized (no one controls them) and architecturally decentralized (no infrastructural central point of failure) but they are logically centralized (there is one commonly agreed state and the system behaves like a single computer) the global lockss network (gln) is decentralized on all three axes. individual libraries control their own network node; nodes cooperate but do not trust each other; no network operation involves more than a small proportion of the nodes. the clockss network, built from the same technology, is decentralized on the architectural and logical axes, but is centralized on the political axis since all the nodes are owned by the clockss archive. buterin then asks: why is decentralization useful in the first place? there are generally several arguments raised: 	fault tolerance— decentralized systems are less likely to fail accidentally because they rely on many separate components that are not likely. 	attack resistance— decentralized systems are more expensive to attack and destroy or manipulate because they lack sensitive central points that can be attacked at much lower cost than the economic size of the surrounding system. 	collusion resistance — it is much harder for participants in decentralized systems to collude to act in ways that benefit them at the expense of other participants, whereas the leaderships of corporations and governments collude in ways that benefit themselves but harm less well-coordinated citizens, customers, employees and the general public all the time. as regards fault tolerance, i think what buterin meant by "that are not likely" is "that are not likely to suffer common-mode failures", because he goes on to ask: do blockchains as they are today manage to protect against common mode failure? not necessarily. consider the following scenarios: 	all nodes in a blockchain run the same client software, and this client software turns out to have a bug. 	all nodes in a blockchain run the same client software, and the development team of this software turns out to be socially corrupted. 	the research team that is proposing protocol upgrades turns out to be socially corrupted. 	in a proof of work blockchain, % of miners are in the same country, and the government of this country decides to seize all mining farms for national security purposes. 	the majority of mining hardware is built by the same company, and this company gets bribed or coerced into implementing a backdoor that allows this hardware to be shut down at will. 	in a proof of stake blockchain, % of the coins at stake are held at one exchange. his recommendations for improving fault tolerance: are fairly obvious: 	it is crucially important to have multiple competing implementations. 	the knowledge of the technical considerations behind protocol upgrades must be democratized, so that more people can feel comfortable participating in research discussions and criticizing protocol changes that are clearly bad. 	core developers and researchers should be employed by multiple companies or organizations (or, alternatively, many of them can be volunteers). 	mining algorithms should be designed in a way that minimizes the risk of centralization 	ideally we use proof of stake to move away from hardware centralization risk entirely (though we should also be cautious of new risks that pop up due to proof of stake). they may be "fairly obvious" but some of them are very hard to achieve in the real world. for example: 	what matters isn't that there are multiple competing implementations, but rather what fraction of the network's resources use the most common implementation. pointing, as buterin does, to a list of implementations of the ethereum protocol (some of which are apparently abandoned) is interesting but if the majority of mining power runs one of them the network is vulnerable. since one of them is likely to be more efficient than the others, a monoculture is likely to arise. 	similarly, the employment or volunteer status of the "core developers and researchers" isn't very important if they are vulnerable to the kind of group-think that we see in the bitcoin community. 	while it is true that the ethereum mining algorithm is designed to enable smaller miners to function, it doesn't address the centralizing force i described in economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks. if smaller mining nodes are more cost-effective, economies of scale will drive the network to be dominated by large collections of smaller mining nodes under unified control. if they aren't more cost-effective, the network will be dominated by collections of larger mining nodes under unified control. either way, you get political centralization and lose attack resistance. the result is, as buterin points out, that the vaunted attack resistance of proof-of-work blockchains like bitcoin's is less than credible: in the case of blockchain protocols, the mathematical and economic reasoning behind the safety of the consensus often relies crucially on the uncoordinated choice model, or the assumption that the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently. if any one actor gets more than / of the mining power in a proof of work system, they can gain outsized profits by selfish-mining. however, can we really say that the uncoordinated choice model is realistic when % of the bitcoin network’s mining power is well-coordinated enough to show up together at the same conference? but it turns out that coordination is a double-edged sword: many communities, including ethereum’s, are often praised for having a strong community spirit and being able to coordinate quickly on implementing, releasing and activating a hard fork to fix denial-of-service issues in the protocol within six days. but how can we foster and improve this good kind of coordination, but at the same time prevent “bad coordination” that consists of miners trying to screw everyone else over by repeatedly coordinating % attacks? and this makes resisting collusion hard: collusion is difficult to define; perhaps the only truly valid way to put it is to simply say that collusion is “coordination that we don’t like”. there are many situations in real life where even though having perfect coordination between everyone would be ideal, one sub-group being able to coordinate while the others cannot is dangerous. as tonto said to the lone ranger, "what do you mean we, white man?" our sosp paper showed how, given a large surplus of replicas, the lockss polling protocol made it hard for even a very large collusion among the peers to modify the consensus of the non-colluding peers without detection. the large surplus of replicas allowed each peer to involve a random sample of other peers in each operation. absent an attacker, the result of each operation would be landslide agreement or landslide disagreement. the random sample of peers made it hard for an attacker to ensure that all operations resulted in landslides. alas, this technique has proven difficult to apply in other contexts, which in any case (except for cryotcurrencies) find it difficult to provide a sufficient surplus of replicas. szabo nick szabo was a pioneer of digital currency, sometimes even suspected of being satoshi nakamoto. his essay money, blockchains, and social scalability starts by agreeing with perlman that blockchains are extremely wasteful of resources: blockchains are all the rage. the oldest and biggest blockchain of them all is bitcoin, ... running non-stop for eight years, with almost no financial loss on the chain itself, it is now in important ways the most reliable and secure financial network in the world. the secret to bitcoin’s success is certainly not its computational efficiency or its scalability in the consumption of resources. ... bitcoin’s puzzle-solving hardware probably consumes in total over megawatts of electricity. ... rather than reduce its protocol messages to be as few as possible, each bitcoin-running computer sprays the internet with a redundantly large number of “inventory vector” packets to make very sure that all messages get accurately through to as many other bitcoin computers as possible. as a result, the bitcoin blockchain cannot process as many transactions per second as a traditional payment network such as paypal or visa. szabo then provides a different answer than perlman's to the question "what does bitcoin get in return for this profligate expenditure of resources?" the secret to bitcoin’s success is that its prolific resource consumption and poor computational scalability is buying something even more valuable: social scalability. ... social scalability is about the ways and extents to which participants can think about and respond to institutions and fellow participants as the variety and numbers of participants in those institutions or relationships grow. it's about human limitations, not about technological limitations or physical resource constraints. he measures social scalability thus: one way to estimate the social scalability of an institutional technology is by the number of people who can beneficially participate in the institution. ... blockchains, and in particular public blockchains that implement cryptocurrencies, increase social scalability, even at a dreadful reduction in computational efficiency and scalability. people participate in cryptocurrencies in three ways, by mining, transacting, and hodl-ing. in practice most miners simply passively contribute resources to a few large mining pools in return for a consistent cash flow. chinese day-traders generate the vast majority of bitcoin transactions. % of bitcoin are hodl-ed by a small number of early adopters. none of these are really great social scalability. bitcoin is a scheme to transfer money from many later to a few earlier adopters: bitcoin was substantially mined early on - early adopters have most of the coins. the design was such that early users would get vastly better rewards than later users for the same effort. cashing in these early coins involves pumping up the price, then selling to later adopters, particularly in the bubbles. thus bitcoin was not a ponzi or pyramid scheme, but a pump-and-dump. anyone who bought in after the earliest days is functionally the sucker in the relationship. szabo goes on to discuss the desirability of trust minimization and the impossibility of eliminating the need for trust: trust minimization is reducing the vulnerability of participants to each other’s and to outsiders’ and intermediaries’ potential for harmful behavior. ... in most cases an often trusted and sufficiently trustworthy institution (such as a market) depends on its participants trusting, usually implicitly, another sufficiently trustworthy institution (such as contract law). ... an innovation can only partially take away some kinds of vulnerability, i.e. reduce the need for or risk of trust in other people. there is no such thing as a fully trustless institution or technology. ... the historically recent breakthroughs of computer science can reduce vulnerabilities, often dramatically so, but they are far from eliminating all kinds of vulnerabilities to the harmful behavior of any potential attacker. szabo plausibly argues that the difference between conventional internet services and blockchains is that between matchmaking and trust-minimization: matchmaking is facilitating the mutual discovery of mutually beneficial participants. matchmaking is probably the kind of social scalability at which the internet has most excelled. ... whereas the main social scalability benefit of the internet has been matchmaking, the predominant direct social scalability benefit of blockchains is trust minimization. ... trust in the secret and arbitrarily mutable activities of a private computation can be replaced by verifiable confidence in the behavior of a generally immutable public computation. this essay will focus on such vulnerability reduction and its benefit in facilitating a standard performance beneficial to a wide variety of potential counterparties, namely trust-minimized money. szabo then describes his vision of "trust-minimized money" and its advantages thus: a new centralized financial entity, a trusted third party without a “human blockchain” of the kind employed by traditional finance, is at high risk of becoming the next mt. gox; it is not going to become a trustworthy financial intermediary without that bureaucracy. computers and networks are cheap. scaling computational resources requires cheap additional resources. scaling human traditional institutions in a reliable and secure manner requires increasing amounts accountants, lawyers, regulators, and police, along with the increase in bureaucracy, risk, and stress that such institutions entail. lawyers are costly. regulation is to the moon. computer science secures money far better than accountants, police, and lawyers. given the routine heists from exchanges it is clear that the current bitcoin ecosystem is much less secure than traditional financial institutions. and imagine if the huge resources devoted to running the bitcoin blockchain were instead devoted to additional security for the financial institutions! szabo is correct that: in computer science there are fundamental security versus performance tradeoffs. bitcoin's automated integrity comes at high costs in its performance and resource usage. nobody has discovered any way to greatly increase the computational scalability of the bitcoin blockchain, for example its transaction throughput, and demonstrated that this improvement does not compromise bitcoin’s security. the lockss technology's automated security also comes from using a lot of computational resources, although by doing so it avoids expensive and time-consuming copyright negotiations. but then szabo argues that because of the resource cost and the limited transaction throughput, the best that can be delivered is a reduced level of security for most transactions: instead, a less trust-minimized peripheral payment network (possibly lightning ) will be needed to bear a larger number of lower-value bitcoin-denominated transactions than bitcoin blockchain is capable of, using the bitcoin blockchain to periodically settle with one high-value transaction batches of peripheral network transactions. despite the need for peripheral payment networks, szabo argues: anybody with a decent internet connection and a smart phone who can pay $ . -$ transaction fees – substantially lower than current remitance fees -- can access bitcoin any where on the globe. 	 	transaction fees that was then. current transaction fees are in the region of $ , with a median transaction size of about $ k, so the social scalability of bitcoin transactions no longer extends to "anybody with a decent internet connection and a smart phone". as i wrote: to oversimplify, the argument for bitcoin and its analogs is the argument for gold, that because the supply is limited the price will go up. the history of the block size increase shows that the supply of bitcoin transactions is limited to something around per second. so by the same argument that leads to hodl-ing, the cost of getting out when you decide you can't hodl any more will always go up. and, in particular, it will go up the most when you need it the most, when the bubble bursts. szabo's outdated optimism continues: when it comes to small-b bitcoin, the currency, there is nothing impossible about paying retail with bitcoin the way you’d pay with a fiat currency. ... gold can have value anywhere in the world and is immune from hyperinflation because its value doesn’t depend on a central authority. bitcoin excels at both these factors and runs online, enabling somebody in albania to use bitcoin to pay somebody in zimbabwe with minimal trust in or and no payment of quasi-monopoly profits to intermediaries, and with minimum vulnerability to third parties. 	 	mining pools / / they'd better be paying many tens of thousands of dollars to make the transaction fees to the quasi-monopoly mining pools (top pools = . % of the mining power) worth the candle. bitcoin just lost % of its "value" in a day, which would count as hyperinflation if it hadn't recently gained % in a day. in practice, they need to trust exchanges. and, as david gerard recounts in chapter , retailers who have tried accepting bitcoin have found the volatility, the uncertainty of transactions succeeding and the delays impossible to live with. szabo's discussion of blockchains has worn better than his discussion of cryptocurrencies. it starts with a useful definition: it is a blockchain if it has blocks and it has chains. the “chains” should be merkle trees or other cryptographic structures with ... post-unforgeable integrity. also the transactions and any other data whose integrity is protected by a blockchain should be replicated in a way objectively tolerant to worst-case malicious problems and actors to as high a degree as possible (typically the system can behave as previously specified up to a fraction of / to / of the servers maliciously trying to subvert it to behave differently). and defines the benefit blockchains provide thus: to say that data is post-unforgeable or immutable means that it can’t be undetectably altered after being committed to the blockchain. contrary to some hype this doesn’t guarantee anything about a datum’s provenance, or its truth or falsity, before it was committed to the blockchain. but this doesn't eliminate the need for (trusted) governance because % or less attacks are possible: and because of the (hopefully very rare) need to update software in a manner that renders prior blocks invalid – an even riskier situation called a hard fork -- blockchains also need a human governance layer that is vulnerable to fork politics. the possibility of % attacks means that it is important to identify who is behind the powerful miners. szabo's earlier "bit gold" was based on his "secure property titles": also like today’s private blockchains, secure property titles assumed and required securely distinguishable and countable nodes. given the objective % hashrate attack limit to some important security goals of public blockchains like bitcoin and ethereum, we actually do care about the distinguishable identity of the most powerful miners to answer the question “can somebody convince and coordinate the %? or the % of the top three pools. identification of the nodes is the basic difference between public and private blockchains: so i think some of the “private blockchains” qualify as bona fide blockchains; others should go under the broader rubric of “distributed ledger” or “shared database” or similar. they are all very different from and not nearly as socially scalable as public and permissionless blockchains like bitcoin and ethereum. all of the following are very similar in requiring an securely identified (distinguishable and countable) group of servers rather than the arbitrary anonymous membership of miners in public blockchains. in other words, they require some other, usually far less socially scalable, solution to the sybil (sockpuppet) attack problem: 	private blockchains 	the “federated” model of sidechains (alas, nobody has figured out how to do sidechains with any lesser degree of required trust, despite previous hopes or claims). sidechains can also be private chains, and it’s a nice fit because their architectures and external dependencies (e.g. on a pki) are similar. 	multisig-based schemes, even when done with blockchain-based smart contracts 	threshold-based “oracle” architectures for moving off-blockchain data onto blockchains like blockchains, the lockss technology can be used in public (as in the global lockss network) or private (as in the clockss archive) networks. the clockss network identifies its nodes using a public key infrastructure (pki): the dominant, but usually not very socially scalable, way to identify a group of servers is with a pki based on trusted certificate authorities (cas). to avoid the problem that merely trusted third parties are security holes, reliable cas themselves must be expensive, labor-intensive bureaucracies that often do extensive background checks themselves or rely on others (e.g. dun and bradstreet for businesses) to do so. public certificate authorities have proven not trustworthy but private cas are within the trust border of the sponsoring organization. szabo is right that: we need more socially scalable ways to securely count nodes, or to put it another way to with as much robustness against corruption as possible, assess contributions to securing the integrity of a blockchain. but in practice, the ideal picture of blockchains hasn't worked out for bitcoin: that is what proof-of-work and broadcast-replication are about: greatly sacrificing computational scalability in order to improve social scalability. that is satoshi’s brilliant tradeoff. it is brilliant because humans are far more expensive than computers and that gap widens further each year. and it is brilliant because it allows one to seamlessly and securely work across human trust boundaries (e.g. national borders), in contrast to “call-the-cop” architectures like paypal and visa that continually depend on expensive, error-prone, and sometimes corruptible bureaucracies to function with a reasonable amount of integrity. 	 	total daily transaction fees with the overhead cost of transactions currently running at well over $ m/day its not clear that "humans are far more expensive than computers". with almost daily reports of thefts over $ m bitcoin lacks "a reasonable amount of integrity" at the level most people interact with it. it is possible that other public blockchain applications might not suffer these problems. but mining blocks needs to be costly for the chain to deter sybil attacks, and these costs need to be covered. so, as i argued in economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks, there has to be an exchange rate between the chains "coins" and the fiat currencies that equipment and power vendors accept. economies of scale will apply, and drive centralization of the network. if the "coins" become, as bitcoins did, channels for flight capital and speculation the network will also become a target for crime. private blockchains escape these problems, but they lack social scalability and have single points of failure; their advantages over more conventional and efficient systems are unclear. posted by david. at : am labels: bitcoin, distributed web, security, techno-hype comments: 	 anonymous said... 	 «szabo's discussion of blockchains has worn better than his discussion of cryptocurrencies. it starts with a useful definition:» i dunno why techies pay so much attention to "blockchain" coins, the issues within etc. have been thoroughly discussed for decades. the only big deal is that a lot of "greater fools" have rushed into pump-and-dump schemes. as to "blockchains" techies are routinely familiar with the linux kernel 'git' crypto blockchain ledger, which was designed precisely to ensure that source code deposits and withdrawals into contributors' accounts were cryptographically secured in a peer-to-peer way to ensure malicious servers could not subvert the kernel source. 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 one-stop counterfeit certificate shops for all your malware-signing needs by dan goodin is an example of why treating certificate authorities as "trusted third parties" is problematic: "a report published by threat intelligence provider recorded future ... identified four such sellers of counterfeit certificates since . two of them remain in business today. the sellers offered a variety of options. in , one provider calling himself c@t advertised certificates that used a microsoft technology known as authenticode for signing executable files and programming scripts that can install software. c@t offered code-signing certificates for macos apps as well. his fee: upwards of $ , per certificate." note that these certificates are not counterfeit, they are real certificates "registered under legitimate corporations and issued by comodo, thawte, and symantec—the largest and most respected issuers". they are the result of corporate identity theft and failures of the verification processes of the issuers. 	 february , at : am 	 david. said... 	 "over , users will have their ssl certificates revoked by tomorrow morning, march , in an incident between two companies —trustico and digicert— that is likely to have a huge impact on the ca (certificate authority) industry as a whole in the coming months." is the start of a catalin cimpanu post. it is a complicated story of certificate authorities behaving badly (who could have imagined?). cimpanu has a useful timeline. the gist is that trustico used to resell certificates from digicert but was switching to resell certificates from comodo. during this spat with digicert, it became obvious that: a) trustico's on-line certificate generation process captured and stored the user's private keys, which is a complete no-no. dan goodin writes: "private keys for tls certificates should never be archived by resellers, and, even in the rare cases where such storage is permissible, they should be tightly safeguarded. a ceo being able to attach the keys for , certificates to an email raises troubling concerns that those types of best practices weren't followed. (there's no indication the email was encrypted, either, although neither trustico nor digicert provided that detail when responding to questions.)" b) trustico's approach to website security was inadequate. they had to take their website down: "shortly after a website security expert disclosed a critical vulnerability on twitter that appeared to make it possible for outsiders to run malicious code on trustico servers. the vulnerability, in a trustico.com website feature that allowed customers to confirm certificates were properly installed on their sites, appeared to run as root. by inserting commands into the validation form, attackers could call code of their choice and get it to run on trustico servers with unfettered "root" privileges, the tweet indicated." 	 march , at : am post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  december ( ) 	why decentralize? 	updating flash vs. hard disk 	science friday's "file not found" 	bad identifiers 	cliff lynch's stewardship in the "age of algorithms" 	international digital preservation day 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. andromeda yelton 	skip to content 	 		 			 				 					 											 							 						 													andromeda yelton 										 				 									 						menu					 				 			 		 	 				 				home 	about 	contact 	resume 	hamlet 	lita 	talks 	machine learning (ala midwinter ) 	boston python meetup (august , ) 	swib 	libtechconf 	code lib keynote 	texas library association 	online northwest : five conversations about code 	new jersey esummit (may , ) 	westchester library association (january , ) 	bridging the digital divide with mobile services (webjunction, july ) 		 	 	 	 	 		 	 		 		 			 						 				 			 			i haven’t failed, i’ve tried an ml approach that *might* work! 			 	 		 when last we met i was turning a perfectly innocent neural net into a terribly ineffective one, in an attempt to get it to be better at face recognition in archival photos. i was also (what cultural heritage technology experience would be complete without this?) being foiled by metadata. so, uh, i stopped using metadata. 🤦‍♀️ with twinges of guilt. and full knowledge that i was tossing out a practically difficult but conceptually straightforward supervised learning problem for…what? well. i realized that the work that initially inspired me to try my hand at face recognition in archival photos was not, in fact, a recognition problem but a similarity problem: could the charles teenie harris collection find multiple instances of the same person? this doesn’t require me to identify people, per se; it just requires me to know if they are the same or different. and you know what? i can do a pretty good job of getting different people by randomly selecting two photos from my data set — they’re not guaranteed to be different, but i’ll settle for pretty good. and i can do an actually awesome job of guaranteeing that i have two photos of the same person with the ✨magic✨ of data augmentation. keras (which, by the way, is about a trillionty times better than hand-coding stuff in octave, for all i appreciate that coursera made me understand the fundamentals by doing that) — keras has an imagedatagenerator class which makes it straightforward to alter images in a variety of ways, like horizontal flips, rotations, or brightness changes — all of which are completely plausible ways that archival photos of the same person might differ inter alia! so i can get two photos of the same person by taking one photo, and messing with it. and at this point i have a siamese network with triplet loss, another concept that coursera set me up with (via the deeplearning.ai sequence). and now we are getting somewhere! well. we’re getting somewhere once you realize that, when you make a siamese network architecture, you no longer have layers with the names of your base network; you have one giant layer which is just named vggface or whatever, instead of having all of its constituent layers, and so when you try to set layer.trainable = true whenever the layer name is in a list of names of vggface layers…uh…well…it turns out you just never encounter any layers by that name and therefore don’t set layers to be trainable and it turns out if you train a neural net which doesn’t have any trainable parameters it doesn’t learn much, who knew. but. anyway. once you, after embarrassingly long, get past that, and set layers in the base network to be trainable before you build the siamese network from it… this turns out to work much better! i now have a network which does, in fact, have decreased loss and increased accuracy as it trains. i’m in a space where i can actually play with hyperparameters to figure out how to do this best. yay! …ok, so, does it get me anywhere in practice? well, to test that i think i’m actually going to need a corpus of labeled photos so that i can tell if given, say, one of web du bois, it thinks the most similar photos in the collection are also those of web du bois, which is to say… alas, metadata. 			 			 				 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			leave a comment 			 									may , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			i haven’t failed, i’ve just tried a lot of ml approaches that don’t work 			 	 		 “let’s blog every friday,” i thought. “it’ll be great. people can see what i’m doing with ml, and it will be a useful practice for me!” and then i went through weeks on end of feeling like i had nothing to report because i was trying approach after approach to this one problem that simply didn’t work, hence not blogging. and finally realized: oh, the process is the thing to talk about… hi. i’m andromeda! i am trying to make a neural net better at recognizing people in archival photos. after running a series of experiments — enough for me to have written , words of notes — i now have a neural net that is ten times worse at its task. 🎉 and now i have , words of notes to turn into a blog post (a situation which gets harder every week). so let me catch you up on the outline of the problem: 	download a whole bunch of archival photos and their metadata (thanks, dpla!) 	use a face detection ml library to locate faces, crop them out, and save them in a standardized way 	benchmark an off-the-shelf face recognition system to see how good it is at identifying these faces 	retrain it 	benchmark my new system step : profit, right? well. let me also catch you up on some problems along the way: alas, metadata archival photos are great because they have metadata, and metadata is like labels, and labels mean you can do supervised learning, right? well…. is he “du bois, w. e. b. (william edward burghardt), - ” or “du bois, w. e. b. (william edward burghardt) - ” or “du bois, w. e. b. (william edward burghardt)” or “w.e.b. du bois”? i mean, these are all options. people have used a lot of different metadata practices at different institutions and in different times. but i’m going to confuse the poor computer if i imply to it that all these photos of the same person are photos of different people. (i have gone through several attempts to resolve this computationally without needing to do everything by hand, with only modest success.) what about “photographs”? that appears in the list of subject labels for lots of things in my data set. “photographs” is a person, right? i ended up pulling in an entire other ml component here — spacy, to do some natural language processing to at least guess which lines are probably names, so i can clear the rest of them out of my way. but spacy only has ~ % accuracy on personal names anyway and, guess what, because everything is terrible, in predictable ways, it has no idea “kweisi mfume” is a person. is a person who appears in the photo guaranteed to be a person who appears in the photo? nope. is a person who appears in the metadata guaranteed to be a person who appears in the photo? also nope! often they’re a photographer or other creator. sometimes they are the subject of the depicted event, but not themselves in the photo. (spacy will happily tell you that there’s personal name content in something like “martin luther king day”, but mlk is unlikely to appear in a photo of an mlk day event.) oh dear, linear algebra ok but let’s imagine for the sake of argument that we live in a perfect world where the metadata is exactly what we need — no more, no less — and its formatting is perfectly consistent. 🦄 here you are, in this perfect world, confronted with a photo that contains two people and has two names. how do you like them apples? i spent more time than i care to admit trying to figure this out. can i bootstrap from photos that have one person and one name — identify those, subtract them out of photos of two people, go from there? (not reliably — there’s a lot of data i never reach that way — and it’s horribly inefficient.) can i do something extremely clever with matrix multiplication? like…once i generate vector space embeddings of all the photos, can i do some sort of like dot-product thing across all of my photos, or big batches of them, and correlate the closest-match photos with overlaps in metadata? not only is this a process which begs the question — i’d have to do that with the ml system i have not yet optimized for archival photo recognition, thus possibly just baking bad data in — but have i mentioned i have taken exactly one linear algebra class, which i didn’t really grasp, in ? what if i train yet another ml system to do some kind of k-means clustering on the embeddings? this is both a promising approach and some really first-rate yak-shaving, combining all the question-begging concerns of the previous paragraph with all the crystalline clarity of black box ml. possibly at this point it would have been faster to tag them all by hand, but that would be admitting defeat. also i don’t have a research assistant, which, let’s be honest, is the person who would usually be doing this actual work. i do have a -year-old and i am strongly considering paying her to do it for me, but to facilitate that i’d have to actually build a web interface and probably learn more about aws, and the prospect of reading aws documentation has a bracing way of reminding me of all of the more delightful and engaging elements of my todo list, like calling some people on the actual telephone to sort out however they’ve screwed up some health insurance billing. nowhere to go but up despite all of that, i did actually get all the way through the steps above. i have a truly, spectacularly terrible neural net. go me! but at a thousand-plus words, perhaps i should leave that story for next week…. 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			 comment 			 									april , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			this time: speaking about machine learning 			 	 		 no tech blogging this week because most of my time was taken up with telling people about ml instead! one talk for an internal harvard audience, “alice in dataland”, where i explained some of the basics of neural nets and walked people through the stories i found through visualizing hamlet data. one talk for the niso plus conference, “discoverability in an ai world”, about ways libraries and other cultural heritage institutions are using ai both to enhance traditional discovery interfaces and provide new ones. this was recorded today but will be played at the conference on the rd, so there’s still time to register if you want to see it! niso plus will also include a session on ai, metadata, and bias featuring dominique luster, who gave one of my favorite code lib talks, and one on ai and copyright featuring one of my go-to jd/mlses, nancy sims. and i’m prepping for an upcoming talk that has not yet been formally announced. which is to say, i guess, i have a lot of talks about ai and cultural heritage in my back pocket, if you were looking for someone to speak about that 😉 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			leave a comment 			 									february , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			archival face recognition for fun and nonprofit 			 	 		 in , dominique luster gave a super good code lib talk about applying ai to metadata for the charles “teenie” harris collection at the carnegie museum of art — more than , photographs of black life in pittsburgh. they experimented with solutions to various metadata problems, but the one that’s stuck in my head since is the face recognition one. it sure would be cool if you could throw ai at your digitized archival photos to find all the instances of the same person, right? or automatically label them, given that any of them are labeled correctly? sadly, because we cannot have nice things, the data sets used for pretrained face recognition embeddings are things like lots of modern photos of celebrities, a corpus which wildly underrepresents ) archival photos and ) black people. so the results of the face recognition process are not all that great. i have some extremely technical ideas for how to improve this — ideas which, weirdly, some computer science phds i’ve spoken with haven’t seen in the field. so i would like to experiment with them. but i must first invent the universe set up a data processing pipeline. three steps here: 	fetch archival photographs; 	do face detection (draw bounding boxes around faces and crop them out for use in the next step); 	do face recognition. for step , i’m using dpla, which has a super straightforward and well-documented api and an easy-to-use python wrapper (which, despite not having been updated in a while, works just fine with python . , the latest version compatible with some of my dependencies). for step , i’m using mtcnn, because i’ve been following this tutorial. for step , face recognition, i’m using the steps in the same tutorial, but purely for proof-of-concept — the results are garbage because archival photos from mid-century don’t actually look anything like modern-day celebrities. (neural net: “i have % confidence this is stevie wonder!” how nice for you.) clearly i’m going to need to build my own corpus of people, which i have a plan for (i.e. i spent some quality time thinking about numpy) but haven’t yet implemented. so far the gotchas have been: gotcha : if you fetch a page from the api and assume you can treat its contents as an image, you will be sad. you have to treat them as a raw data stream and interpret that as an image, thusly: from pil import image import requests response = requests.get(url, stream=true) response.raw.decode_content = true data = requests.get(url).content image.open(io.bytesio(data)) this code is, of course, hilariously lacking in error handling, despite fetching content from a cesspool of untrustworthiness, aka the internet. it’s a first draft. gotcha : you see code snippets to convert images to pixel arrays (suitable for ai ingestion) that look kinda like this: np.array(image).astype('uint '). except they say astype('float ') instead of astype('uint '). i got a creepy photonegative effect when i used floats. gotcha : although pil was happy to manipulate the .pngs fetched from the api, it was not happy to write them to disk; i needed to convert formats first (image.convert('rgb')). gotcha : the suggested keras_vggface library doesn’t have a pipfile or requirements.txt, so i had to manually install keras and tensorflow. luckily the setup.py documented the correct versions. sadly the tensorflow version is only compatible with python up to . (hence the comment about dpyla compatibility above). i don’t love this, but it got me up and running, and it seems like an easy enough part of the pipeline to rip out and replace if it’s bugging me too much. the plan from here, not entirely in order, subject to change as i don’t entirely know what i’m doing until after i’ve done it: 	build my own corpus of identified people	this means the numpy thoughts, above 	it also means spending more quality time with the api to see if i can automatically apply names from photo metadata rather than having to spend too much of my own time manually labeling the corpus 	decide how much metadata i need to pull down in my data pipeline and how to store it 	figure out some kind of benchmark and measure it 	try out my idea for improving recognition accuracy 	benchmark again 	hopefully celebrate awesomeness 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			leave a comment 			 									february , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			sequence models of language: slightly irksome 			 	 		 not much ai blogging this week because i have been buried in adulting all week, which hasn’t left much time for machine learning. sadface. however, i’m in the last week of the last deeplearning.ai course! (well. of the deeplearning.ai sequence that existed when i started, anyway. they’ve since added an nlp course and a gans course, so i’ll have to think about whether i want to take those too, but at the moment i’m leaning toward a break from the formal structure in order to give myself more time for project-based learning.) this one is on sequence models (i.e. “the data comes in as a stream, like music or language”) and machine translation (“what if we also want our output to be a stream, because we are going from a sentence to a sentence, and not from a sentence to a single output as in, say, sentiment analysis”). and i have to say, as a former language teacher, i’m slightly irked. because the way the models work is — ok, consume your input sentence one token at a time, with some sort of memory that allows you to keep track of prior tokens in processing current ones (so far, so okay). and then for your output — spit out a few most-likely candidate tokens for the first output term, and then consider your options for the second term and pick your most-likely two-token pairs, and then consider all the ways your third term could combine with those pairs and pick your most likely three-token sequences, et cetera, continue until done. and that is…not how language works? look at cicero, presuming upon your patience as he cascades through clause after clause which hang together in parallel but are not resolved until finally, at the end, a verb. the sentence’s full range of meanings doesn’t collapse until that verb at the end, which means you cannot be certain if you move one token at a time; you need to reconsider the end in light of the beginning. but, at the same time, that ending token is not equally presaged by all former tokens. it is a verb, it has a subject, and when we reached that subject, likely near the beginning of the sentence, helpfully (in latin) identified by the nominative case, we already knew something about the verb — a fact we retained all the way until the end. and on our way there, perhaps we tied off clause after clause, chunking them into neat little packages, but none of them nearly so relevant to the verb — perhaps in fact none of them really tied to the verb at all, because they’re illuminating some noun we met along the way. pronouns, pointing at nouns. adjectives, pointing at nouns. nouns, suspended with verbs like a mobile, hanging above and below, subject and object. adverbs, keeping company only with verbs and each other. there’s so much data in the sentence about which word informs which that the beam model casually discards. wasteful. and forcing the model to reinvent all these things we already knew — to allocate some of its neural space to re-engineering things we could have told it from the beginning. clearly i need to get my hands on more modern language models (a bizarre sentence since this class is all of years old, but the field moves that fast). 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			 comment 			 									january , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			adapting coursera’s neural style transfer code to localhost 			 	 		 last time, when making cats from the void, i promised that i’d discuss how i adapted the neural style transfer code from coursera’s convolutional neural networks course to run on localhost. here you go! step : first, of course, download (as python) the script. you’ll also need the nst_utils.py file, which you can access via file > open. step : while the coursera file is in .py format, it’s ipython in its heart of hearts. so i opened a new file and started copying over the bits i actually needed, reading them as i went to be sure i understood how they all fit together. along the way i also organized them into functions, to clarify where each responsibility happened and give it a name. the goal here was ultimately to get something i could run at the command line via python dpla_cats.py, so that i could find out where it blew up in step . step : time to install dependencies. i promptly made a pipenv and, in running the code and finding what importerrors showed up, discovered what i needed to have installed: scipy, pillow, imageio, tensorflow. whatever available versions of the former three worked, but for tensorflow i pinned to the version used in coursera — . . — because there are major breaking api changes with the current ( .x) versions. this turned out to be a bummer, because tensorflow promptly threw warnings that it could be much faster on my system if i compiled it with various flags my computer supports. ok, so i looked up the docs for doing that, which said i needed bazel/bazelisk — but of course i needed a paleolithic version of that for tensorflow . . compat, so it was irritating to install — and then running that failed because it needed a version of java old enough that i didn’t have it, and at that point i gave up because i have better things to do than installing quasi-eoled java versions. updating the code to be compatible with the latest tensorflow version and compiling an optimized version of that would clearly be the right answer, but also it would have been work and i wanted messed-up cat pictures now. (as for the rest of my dependencies, i ended up with scipy== . . , pillow== . . , and imageio== . . , and then whatever sub-dependencies pipenv installed. just in case the latest versions don’t work by the time you read this. 🙂 at this point i had achieved goal , aka “getting anything to run at all”. step : i realized that, honestly, almost everything in nst_utils wanted to be an imageutility, which was initialized with metadata about the content and style files (height, width, channels, paths), and carried the globals (shudder) originally in nst_utils as class data. this meant that my new dpla_cats script only had to import imageutility rather than * (from x import * is, of course, deeply unnerving), and that utility could pingpong around knowing how to do the things it knew how to do, whenever i needed to interact with image-y functions (like creating a generated image or saving outputs) rather than neural-net-ish stuff. everything in nst_utils that properly belonged in an imageutility got moved, step by step, into that class; i think one or two functions remained, and they got moved into the main script. step : ughhh, scope. the notebook plays fast and loose with scope; the raw python script is, rightly, not so forgiving. but that meant i had to think about what got defined at what level, what got passed around in an argument, what order things happened in, et cetera. i’m not happy with the result — there’s a lot of stuff that will fail with minor edits — but it works. scope errors will announce themselves pretty loudly with exceptions; it’s just nice to know you’re going to run into them. step a: you have to initialize the adam optimizer before you run sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer()). (thanks, stackoverflow!) the error message if you don’t is maddeningly unhelpful. (failedpreconditionerror, i mean, what.) step : argparse! i spent some quality time reading this neural style implementation early on and thought, gosh, that’s argparse-heavy. then i found myself wanting to kick off a whole bunch of different script runs to do their thing overnight investigating multiple hypotheses and discovered how very much i wanted there to be command-line arguments, so i could configure all the different things i wanted to try right there and leave it alone. aw yeah. i’ve ended up with the following: parser.add_argument('--content', required=true) parser.add_argument('--style', required=true) parser.add_argument('--iterations', default= ) # was parser.add_argument('--learning_rate', default= . ) # was . parser.add_argument('--layer_weights', nargs= , default=[ . , . , . , . , . ]) parser.add_argument('--run_until_steady', default=false) parser.add_argument('--noisy_start', default=true) content is the path to the content image; style is the path to the style image; iterations and learning_rate are the usual; layer_weights is the value of style_layers in the original code, i.e. how much to weight each layer; run_until_steady is a bad api because it means to ignore the value of the iterations parameter and instead run until there is no longer significant change in cost; and noisy_start is whether to use the content image plus static as the first input or just the plain content image. i can definitely see adding more command line flags if i were going to be spending a lot of time with this code. (for instance, a layer_names parameter that adjusted what style_layers considered could be fun! or making “significant change in cost” be a user-supplied rather than hardcoded parameter!) step a: correspondingly, i configured the output filenames to record some of the metadata used to create the image (content, style, layer_weights), to make it easier to keep track of which images came from which script runs. stuff i haven’t done but it might be great: updating tensorflow, per above, and recompiling it. the slowness is acceptable — i can run quite a few trials on my macbook overnight — but it would get frustrating if i were doing a lot of this. supporting both num_iterations and run_until_steady means my iterator inside the model_nn function is kind of a mess right now. i think they’re itching to be two very thin subclasses of a superclass that knows all the things about neural net training, with the subclass just handling the iterator, but i didn’t spend a lot of time thinking about this. reshaping input files. right now it needs both input files to be the same dimensions. maybe it would be cool if it didn’t need that. trying different pretrained models! it would be easy to pass a different arg to load_vgg_model. it would subsequently be annoying to make sure that style_layers worked — the available layer names would be different, and load_vgg_model makes a lot of assumptions about how that model is shaped. as your reward for reading this post, you get another cat image! a friend commented that a thing he dislikes about neural style transfer is that it’s allergic to whitespace; it wants to paint everything with a texture. this makes sense — it sees subtle variations within that whitespace and it tries to make them conform to patterns of variation it knows. this is why i ended up with the noisy_start flag; i wondered what would happen if i didn’t add the static to the initial image, so that the original negative space stayed more negative-spacey. this, as you can probably tell, uses the harlem renaissance style image. it’s still allergic to negative space — even without the generated static there are variations in pixel color in the original — but they are much subtler, so instead of saying “maybe what i see is coiled hair?” it says “big open blue patches; we like those”. but the semantics of the original image are more in place — the kittens more kitteny, the card more readable — even though the whole image has been pushed more to colorblocks and bold lines. i find i like the results better without the static — even though the cost function is larger, and thus in a sense the algorithm is less successful. look, one more. superhero! 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			leave a comment 			 									january , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			dear internet, merry christmas; my robot made you cats from the void 			 	 		 recently i learned how neural style transfer works. i wanted to be able to play with it more and gain some insights, so i adapted the coursera notebook code to something that works on localhost (more on that in a later post), found myself a nice historical cat image via dpla, and started mashing it up with all manner of images of varying styles culled from dpla’s list of primary source sets. (it really helped me that these display images were already curated for looking cool, and cropped to uniform size!) these sweet babies do not know what is about to happen to them. let’s get started, shall we? style image from the fake news in the s: yellow journalism primary source set. i really love how this one turned out. it’s pulled the blue and yellow colors, and the concerned face of the lower kitten was a perfect match for the expression on the right-hand muckraker. the lines of the card have taken on the precise quality of those in the cartoon — strong outlines and textured interiors. “merry christmas” the bird waves, like an eager newsboy. style image from the food and social justice exhibit. this is one of the first ones i made, and i was delighted by how it learned the square-iness of its style image. everything is more snapped to a grid. the colors are bolder, too, cueing off of that dominant yellow. the christmas banner remains almost readable and somehow heraldic. style image from the truth, justice, and the american way primary source set. how about christmas of steel? these kittens have broadly retained their shape (perhaps as the figures in the comic book foreground have organic detail?), but the background holly is more polygon-esque. the colors have been nudged toward primary, and the static of the background has taken on a swirl of dynamic motion lines. style image from the visual art during the harlem renaissance primary source set. how about starting with something boldly colored and almost abstract? why look: the kittens have learned a world of black and white and blue, with the background transformed into that stippled texture it picked up from the hair. the holly has gone more colorblocky and the lines bolder. style image from the treaty of versailles and the end of world war i primary source set. this one learned its style so aptly that i couldn’t actually tell where the boundary between the second and third images was when i was placing that equals sign. the soft pencil lines, the vertical textures of shadows and jail bars, the fact that all the colors in the world are black and white and orange (the latter mostly in the middle) — these kittens are positively melting before the force of wilsonian propaganda. imagine them in the hall of mirrors, drowning in gold and reflecting back at you dozens of times, for full nightmare effect. style image from the victorian era primary source set. shall we step back a few decades to something slightly more calming? these kittens have learned to take on soft lines and swathes of pale pink. the holly is perfectly happy to conform itself to the texture of these new england trees. the dark space behind the kittens wonders if, perhaps, it is meant to be lapels. i totally can’t remember how i found this cropped version of us food propaganda. and now for kittens from the void. brown, it has learned. the world is brown. the space behind the kittens is brown. those dark stripes were helpfully already brown. the eyes were brown. perhaps they can be the same brown, a hole dropped through kitten-space. i thought this was honestly pretty creepy, and i wondered if rerunning the process with different layer weights might help. each layer of the neural net notices different sorts of things about its image; it starts with simpler things (colors, straight lines), moves through compositions of those (textures, basic shapes), and builds its way up to entire features (faces). the style transfer algorithm looks at each of those layers and applies some of its knowledge to the generated image. so i thought, what if i change the weights? the initial algorithm weights each of five layers equally; i reran it weighted toward the middle layers and entirely ignoring the first layer, in hopes that it would learn a little less about gaping voids of brown. same thing, less void. this worked! there’s still a lot of brown, but the kitten’s eye is at least separate from its facial markings. my daughter was also delighted by how both of these images want to be letters; there are lots of letter-ish shapes strewn throughout, particularly on the horizontal line that used to be the edge of a planter, between the lower cat and the demon holly. so there you go, internet; some christmas cards from the nightmare realm. may bring fewer nightmares to us all. 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			 comment 			 									december , december , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			this week in my ai 			 	 		 after visualizing a whole bunch of theses and learning about neural style transfer and flinging myself at t-sne i feel like i should have something meaty this week but they can’t all be those weeks, i guess. still, i’m trying to hold myself to friday ai blogging, so here are some work notes: 	finished course of the deeplearning.ai sequence. yay! the facial recognition assignment is kind of buggy and poorly documented and i felt creepy for learning it in the first place, but i’m glad to have finished. only one more course to go! it’s a -week course, so if i’m particularly aggressive i might be able to get it all done by year’s end. 	tried making a d version of last week’s visualization — several people had asked — but it turned out to not really add anything. oh well. 	been thinking about charlie harper’s talk at swib this year, generating metadata subject labels with doc vec and dbpedia. this talk really grabbed me because he started with the exact same questions and challenges as hamlet — seriously, the first seven and a half minutes of this talk could be the first seven and a half minutes of a talk on hamlet, essentially verbatim — but took it off in a totally different direction (assigning subject labels). i have lots of ideas about where one might go with this but right now they are all sparkling voronoi diagrams in my head and that’s not a language i can readily communicate. 	all done with the second iteration of my ai for librarians course. there were some really good final projects this term. yay, students! 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			 comment 			 									december , december , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			though these be matrices, yet there is method in them. 			 	 		 when i first trained a neural net on , theses to make hamlet, one of the things i most wanted to do is be able to visualize them. if word vec places documents ‘near’ each other in some kind of inferred conceptual space, we should be able to see some kind of map of them, yes? even if i don’t actually know what i’m doing? turns out: yes. and it’s even better than i’d imagined. , graduate theses, arranged by their conceptual similarity. let me take you on a tour! region is biochemistry. the red dots are biology; the orange ones, chemistry. theses here include positional cloning and characterization of the mouse pudgy locus and biosynthetic engineering for the assembly of better drugs. if you look closely, you will see a handful of dots in different colors, like a buttery yellow. this color is electrical engineering & computer science, and its dots in this region include computational regulatory genomics : motifs, networks, and dynamics — that is to say, a computational biology thesis that happens to have been housed in computation rather than biology. the green south of region is physics. but you will note a bit of orange here. yes, that’s chemistry again; for example, dynamic nuclear polarization of amorphous and crystalline small molecules. if (like me), you almost majored in chemistry and realized only your senior year that the only chemistry classes that interested you were the ones that were secretly physics…this is your happy place. in fact, most of the theses here concern nuclear magnetic resonance applications. region has a striking vertical green stripe which turns out to be the nuclear engineering department. but you’ll see some orange streaks curling around it like fingers, almost suggesting three-dimensional depth. i point this out as a reminder that the original neural net embeds these , documents in a -dimensional space; i have projected that down to dimensions because i don’t know about you but i find dimensions somewhat challenging to visualize. however — just as objects may overlap in a -dimensional photo even when they are quite distant in -dimensional space — dots that are close together in this projection may be quite far apart in reality. trust the overall structure more than each individual element. the map is not the territory. that little yellow thumb by region is mathematics, now a tiny appendage off of the giant discipline it spawned — our old friend buttery yellow, aka electrical engineering & computer science. if you zoom in enough you find eecs absolutely everywhere, applied to all manner of disciplines (as above with biology), but the bulk of it — including the quintessential parts, like compilers — is right here. dramatically red region , clustered together tightly and at the far end, is architecture. this is a renowned department (it graduated i.m. pei!), but definitely a different sort of creature than most of mit, so it makes sense that it’s at one extreme of the map. that said, the other two programs in its school — urban studies & planning and media arts & sciences — are just to its north. region — tiny, yellow, and pale; you may have missed it at first glance — is linguistics island, housing theses such as topics in the stress and syntax of words. you see how there are also a handful of red dots on this island? they are brain & cognitive science theses — and in particular, ones that are secretly linguistics, like intonational phrasing in language production and comprehension. similarly — although at mit it is not the department of linguistics, but the department of linguistics & philosophy — the philosophy papers are elsewhere. (a few of the very most abstract ones are hanging out near math.) and what about region , the stingray swimming vigorously away from everything else? i spent a long time looking at this and not seeing a pattern. you can tell there’s a lot of colors (departments) there, randomly assorted; even looking at individual titles i couldn’t see anything. only when i looked at the original documents did i realize that this is the island of terrible ocr. almost everything here is an older thesis, with low-quality printing or even typewriting, often in a regrettable font, maybe with the reverse side of the page showing through. (a randomly chosen example; pdf download.) a good reminder of the importance of high-quality digitization labor. a heartbreaking example of the things we throw away when we make paper the archival format for born-digital items. and also a technical inspiration — look how much vector space we’ve had to carve out to make room for these! the poor neural net, trying desperately to find signal in the noise, needing all this space to do it. i’m tempted to throw out the entire leftmost quarter of this graph, rerun the d projection, and see what i get — would we be better able to see the structures in the high-quality data if they had room to breathe? and were i to rerun the entire neural net training process again, i’d want to include some sort of threshhold score for ocr quality. it would be a shame to throw things away — especially since they will be a nonrandom sample, mostly older theses — but i have already had to throw away things i could not ocr at all in an earlier pass, and, again, i suspect the neural net would do a better job organizing the high-quality documents if it could use the whole vector space to spread them out, rather than needing some of it to encode the information “this is terrible ocr and must be kept away from its fellows”. clearly i need to share the technical details of how i did this, but this post is already too long, so maybe next week. tl;dr i reached out to matt miller after reading his cool post on vectorizing the dpla and he tipped me off to umap and here we are — thanks, matt! and just as clearly you want to play with this too, right? well, it’s super not ready to be integrated into hamlet due to any number of usability issues but if you promise to forgive me those — have fun. you see how when you hover over a dot you get a label with the format . -x.txt? it corresponds to a url of the format https://hamlet.andromedayelton.com/similar_to/x. go play :). 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			 comments 			 									december , december , 							 					 		 			 				 			 			of such stuff are (deep)dreams made: convolutional networks and neural style transfer 			 	 		 skipped fridai blogging last week because of thanksgiving, but let’s get back on it! top-of-mind today are the firing of ai queen timnit gebru (letter of support here) and a couple of grant applications that i’m actually eligible for (this is rare for me! i typically need things for which i can apply in my individual capacity, so it’s always heartening when they exist — wish me luck). but for blogging today, i’m gonna talk about neural style transfer, because it’s cool as hell. i started my ml-learning journey on coursera’s intro ml class and have been continuing with their deeplearning.ai sequence; i’m on course of there, so i’ve just gotten to neural style transfer. this is the thing where a neural net outputs the content of one picture in the style of another: via https://medium.com/@build_it_for_fun/neural-style-transfer-with-swift-for-tensorflow-b b . ok, so! let me explain while it’s still fresh. if you have a neural net trained on images, it turns out that each layer is responsible for recognizing different, and progressively more complicated, things. the specifics vary by neural net and data set, but you might find that the first layer gets excited about straight lines and colors; the second about curves and simple textures (like stripes) that can be readily composed from straight lines; the third about complex textures and simple objects (e.g. wheels, which are honestly just fancy circles); and so on, until the final layers recognize complex whole objects. you can interrogate this by feeding different images into the neural net and seeing which ones trigger the highest activation in different neurons. below, each × grid represents the most exciting images for a particular neuron. you can see that in this network, there are layer neurons excited about colors (green, orange), and about lines of particular angles that form boundaries between dark and colored space. in layer , these get built together like tiny image legos; now we have neurons excited about simple textures such as vertical stripes, concentric circles, and right angles. via https://adeshpande .github.io/the- -deep-learning-papers-you-need-to-know-about.html, originally from zeller & fergus, visualizing and understanding convolutional networks so how do we get from here to neural style transfer? we need to extract information about the content of one image, and the style of another, in order to make a third image that approximates both of them. as you already expect if you have done a little machine learning, that means that we need to write cost functions that mean “how close is this image to the desired content?” and “how close is this image to the desired style?” and then there’s a wrinkle that i haven’t fully understood, which is that we don’t actually evaluate these cost functions (necessarily) against the outputs of the neural net; we actually compare the activations of the neurons, as they react to different images — and not necessarily from the final layer! in fact, choice of layer is a hyperparameter we can vary (i super look forward to playing with this on the coursera assignment and thereby getting some intuition). so how do we write those cost functions? the content one is straightforward: if two images have the same content, they should yield the same activations. the greater the differences, the greater the cost (specifically via a squared error function that, again, you may have guessed if you’ve done some machine learning). the style one is beautifully sneaky; it’s a measure of the difference in correlation between activations across channels. what does that mean in english? well, let’s look at the van gogh painting, above. if an edge detector is firing (a boundary between colors), then a swirliness detector is probably also firing, because all the lines are curves — that’s characteristic of van gogh’s style in this painting. on the other hand, if a yellowness detector is firing, a blueness detector may or may not be (sometimes we have tight parallel yellow and blue lines, but sometimes yellow is in the middle of a large yellow region). style transfer posits that artistic style lies in the correlations between different features. see? sneaky. and elegant. finally, for the style-transferred output, you need to generate an image that does as well as possible on both cost functions simultaneously — getting as close to the content as it can without unduly sacrificing the style, and vice versa. as a side note, i think i now understand why deepdream is fixated on a really rather alarming number of eyes. since the layer choice is a hyperparameter, i hypothesize that choosing too deep a layer — one that’s started to find complex features rather than mere textures and shapes — will communicate to the system, yes, what i truly want is for you to paint this image as if those complex features are matters of genuine stylistic significance. and, of course, eyes are simple enough shapes to be recognized relatively early (not very different from concentric circles), yet ubiquitous in image data sets. so…this is what you wanted, right? the eager robot helpfully offers. https://www.ucreative.com/inspiration/google-deep-dream-is-the-trippiest-thing-in-the-internet/ i’m going to have fun figuring out what the right layer hyperparameter is for the coursera assignment, but i’m going to have so much more fun figuring out the wrong ones. 	 	 		 				 			 				andromeda			 							 					uncategorized				 			 			 comments 			 									december , december , 							 					 		 			 			 	 		posts navigation 		older posts 	 		 		 	 		 		 						 				create a free website or blog at wordpress.com. 				 							 		 	 		 		 	 		 	 		 		 		 					 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 				 		 the distant reader - project gutenberg to study carrel 	 browse carrels browse public carrels 	 create carrels new carrel from project gutenberg from cord- 	 sign in 	 home 	new carrel create carrel from a... 	file 	zip file 	url 	list of urls 	biorxiv file 	hathitrust file 	gutenberg 	cord- gutenbergcarrel use this page to: ) search a subset ( , items) of the venerable project gutenberg, ) refine the results, and ) create a study carrel from the list of found items. the content of project gutenberg is strong on english literature, american literature, and western philosophy, but just about any word or phrase will return something. this is a quick an easy way to create carrels whose content represents the complete works of a given author or an introduction a given subject. enter a word, a few words, or a few words surrounded by quote marks to begin. the index supports an expressive query language, described in a blog posting. stymied? search for everything and use the resulting page to limit your query. query search with thanks to our generous sponsors and partners 	about this project 	acknowledgments 	contact us attorney general james ends virtual currency trading platform bitfinex’s illegal activities in new york | new york state attorney general skip to main content 	our office 	bio of the attorney general 	year in review 	divisions and bureaus 	regional offices 	regional office contact information 	media 	press releases 	event archive 	livestream 	resources 	charities registry 	complaint forms 	consumer resources 	data security breach information 	effective ref policy memoranda 	employment opportunities 	faqs 	find an attorney 	forms 	help for homeowners 	identity theft 	lemon law protections 	make a foil request 	offering plan data search 	opinions 	presentation request form 	publications 	registrations 	student lending 	tenants’ rights 	triple c awards 	victims’ rights 	initiatives 	animal protection initiative 	conviction review bureau 	cuffs 	debt settlement & collection 	tips on debt settlement companies 	debt collection companies 	process servers: know your rights 	bureau of consumer frauds & protection 	free educational programs 	human trafficking initiative 	immigration services fraud initiative 	land bank community revitalization 	land bank report 	ny open government 	pennies for charity 	protect our homes 	smart seniors 	office of special investigation 	source of income discrimination 	taxpayer protection initiative 	contact us 	search you are here home » media center » press releases » february rd local menu attorney general james ends virtual currency trading platform bitfinex’s illegal activities in new york bitfinex and tether must submit to mandatory reporting on efforts to stop new york trading bitfinex and tether deceived clients and market by overstating reserves, hiding approximately $ million in losses around the globe  new york – new york attorney general letitia james today continued her efforts to protect investors from fraudulent and deceptive virtual or “crypto” currency trading platforms by requiring bitfinex and tether to end all trading activity with new yorkers. millions around the country and the world today use virtual currencies as decentralized digital currencies — unlike real, regulated government currencies, including the u.s. dollar — to buy goods and services, often times anonymously, through secure online transactions. stablecoins, specifically, are virtual currencies that are always supposed to have the same real-dollar value. in the case of tether, the company represented that each of its stablecoins were backed one-to-one by u.s. dollars in reserve. however, an investigation by the office of the attorney general (oag) found that ifinex — the operator of bitfinex — and tether made false statements about the backing of the “tether” stablecoin, and about the movement of hundreds of millions of dollars between the two companies to cover up the truth about massive losses by bitfinex. an agreement with ifinex, tether, and their related entities will require them to cease any further trading activity with new yorkers, as well as force the companies to pay $ . million in penalties, in addition to requiring a number of steps to increase transparency. “bitfinex and tether recklessly and unlawfully covered-up massive financial losses to keep their scheme going and protect their bottom lines,” said attorney general james. “tether’s claims that its virtual currency was fully backed by u.s. dollars at all times was a lie. these companies obscured the true risk investors faced and were operated by unlicensed and unregulated individuals and entities dealing in the darkest corners of the financial system. this resolution makes clear that those trading virtual currencies in new york state who think they can avoid our laws cannot and will not. last week, we sued to shut down coinseed for its fraudulent conduct. this week, we’re taking action to end bitfinex and tether’s illegal activities in new york. these legal actions send a clear message that we will stand up to corporate greed whether it comes out of a traditional bank, a virtual currency trading platform, or any other type of financial institution.” a stablecoin without stability – tethers weren’t fully backed at all times the oag’s investigation found that, starting no later than mid- , tether had no access to banking, anywhere in the world, and so for periods of time held no reserves to back tethers in circulation at the rate of one dollar for every tether, contrary to its representations. in the face of persistent questions about whether the company actually held sufficient funds, tether published a self-proclaimed ‘verification’ of its cash reserves, in , that it characterized as “a good faith effort on our behalf to provide an interim analysis of our cash position.” in reality, however, the cash ostensibly backing tethers had only been placed in tether’s account as of the very morning of the company’s ‘verification.’ on november , , tether publicized another self-proclaimed ‘verification’ of its cash reserve; this time at deltec bank & trust ltd. of the bahamas. the announcement linked to a letter dated november , , which stated that tethers were fully backed by cash, at one dollar for every one tether. however, the very next day, on november , , tether began to transfer funds out of its account, ultimately moving hundreds of millions of dollars from tether’s bank accounts to bitfinex’s accounts. and so, as of november , — one day after their latest ‘verification’ — tethers were again no longer backed one-to-one by u.s. dollars in a tether bank account.  as of today, tether represents that over billion tethers have been issued and are outstanding and traded in the market. when no bank backs you, turn to shady entities — bitfinex hid massive losses in and , bitfinex began to increasingly rely on third-party “payment processors” to handle customer deposits and withdrawals from the bitfinex trading platform. in , while attempting to “move money [more] efficiently,” bitfinex suffered a massive and undisclosed loss of funds because of its relationship with a purportedly panama-based entity known as “crypto capital corp.” bitfinex responded to pervasive public reports of liquidity problems by misleading the market and its own clients. on october , , bitfinex claimed to “not entirely understand the arguments that purport to show us insolvent,” when, for months, its executives had been pleading with crypto capital to return almost a billion dollars in assets. on april , — after the oag revealed in court documents that approximately $ million had gone missing and that bitfinex and tether had been misleading their clients — the company issued a false statement that “we have been informed that these crypto capital amounts are not lost but have been, in fact, seized and safeguarded.” the reality, however, was that bitfinex did not, in fact, know the whereabouts of all of the customer funds held by crypto capital, and so had no such assurance to make.  the oag investigation shines a light on unlawful trading in new york state from the beginning of its interaction with the oag, ifinex and tether falsely claimed that they did not allow trading activity by new yorkers. the oag investigation determined that to be untrue and that the companies have operated for years as unlicensed and unregulated entities, illegally trading virtual currencies in the state of new york. in april , the oag sought and obtained an injunction against further transfers of assets between and among bitfinex and tether, which are owned and controlled by the same small group of individuals. that action — under section of new york’s martin act — ultimately led to a july decision by the new york state appellate division of the supreme court, first department, holding that: 	bitfinex and tether — and other virtual currency trading platforms and cryptocurrencies operating from various locations around the world — are still subject to oag jurisdiction if doing business in new york; 	the stablecoin “tether” and other virtual currencies were “commodities” under section of the martin act, and noted that virtual currencies may also constitute securities under the act; and 	the oag had established the factual predicate necessary to uphold the injunction and require production of documents and information relevant to its investigation in advance of the filing of a formal suit. bitfinex and tether banned from continuing illegal activities in new york today’s agreement requires bitfinex and tether to discontinue any trading activity with new yorkers. in addition, these companies must submit regular reports to the oag to ensure compliance with this prohibition. further, the companies must submit to mandatory reporting on core business functions. specifically, both bitfinex and tether will need to report, on a quarterly basis, that they are properly segregating corporate and client accounts, including segregation of government-issued and virtual currency trading accounts by company executives, as well as submit to mandatory reporting regarding transfers of assets between and among bitfinex and tether entities. additionally, tether must offer public disclosures, by category, of the assets backing tethers, including disclosure of any loans or receivables to or from affiliated entities. the companies will also provide greater transparency and mandatory reporting regarding the use of non-bank “payment processors” or other entities used to transmit client funds. finally, bitfinex and tether will be required to pay $ . million in penalties to the state of new york.   in september , the oag issued its virtual markets integrity initiative report, which highlighted the “substantial potential for conflicts between the interests” of virtual currency trading platforms, insiders, and issuers. bitfinex was one of the trading platforms examined in the report.    this matter was handled by senior enforcement counsel john d. castiglione and assistant attorneys general brian m. whitehurst and tanya trakht of the investor protection bureau; assistant attorneys general ezra sternstein and johanna skrzypczyk of the bureau of internet and technology; and legal assistant charmaine blake — all supervised by bureau of internet and technology chief kim berger and senior enforcement counsel for economic justice kevin wallace. the investor protection bureau is led by chief peter pope. both the bureau of internet and technology and the investor protection bureau are part of the division for economic justice, which is overseen by chief deputy attorney general chris d’angelo and first deputy attorney general jennifer levy.  groups audience:  bureau of internet and technology (bit) investor protection bureau translate this page translation disclaimer previous press releases 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january visit the press release archive search: 	home 	contact us 	employment 	disclaimer 	privacy policy 	accessibility policy 	employees resources © new york state attorney general. all rights reserved. select a language below / seleccione el idioma abajo disclaimer this google™ translation feature is provided for informational purposes only. the office of attorney general's website is provided in english. however, the "google translate" option may assist you in reading it in other languages. google translate cannot translate all types of documents, and it may not give you an exact translation all the time. anyone relying on information obtained from google translate does so at his or her own risk. the office of attorney general does not make any promises, assurances, or guarantees as to the accuracy of the translations provided. the state of new york, its officers, employees, and/or agents shall not be liable for damages or losses of any kind arising out of, or in connection with, the use or performance of such information, including but not limited to, damages or losses caused by reliance upon the accuracy of any such information, or damages incurred from the viewing, distributing, or copying of such materials. a copy of this disclaimer can also be found on our disclaimer page. close this box or use the [ x ] none max planck vlib news |   	 		 						max planck vlib news 			 			 				search 			 			 				primary menu 				skip to content 					home 	about 	contact 	disclaimer 	privacy policy 			 		 		 			 				 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 		 	 	 	 		 		 	 	 				 			sfx link resolver 		 			mpg/sfx server maintenance, thursday june, - pm 		 			 . june eia		 	 		 		the mpg/sfx server will undergo scheduled maintenance due to a hardware upgrade. the downtime will start at pm. services are expected to be back after approximately one hour. we apologize for any inconvenience. 	 	 	outage 	 	 				 			sfx link resolver 		 			mpg/sfx server maintenance, tuesday december, - pm 		 			 . november eia		 	 		 		the database of the mpg/sfx server will undergo scheduled maintenance. the downtime will start at pm. services are expected to be back after minutes. we apologize for any inconvenience. 	 	 	outage 	 	 				 			resources, sfx link resolver 		 			how to get elsevier articles after december , 		 			 . december inga		 	 		 		the max planck digital library has been mandated to discontinue their elsevier subscription when the current agreement expires on december , . read more about the background in the full press release. nevertheless, most journal articles published until that date will remain available, due to the rights stipulated in the mpg contracts to date. to fulfill the content needs of max planck researchers when elsevier shuts off access to recent content at the beginning of january, the max planck libraries and mpdl have coordinated the setup of a common document order service. this will be integrated into the mpg/sfx interface and can be addressed as follows: step : search in sciencedirect, start in any other database or enter the article details into the mpg/sfx citation linker. step : click the mpg/sfx button. note: in sciencedirect, it appears in the “get access” section at the top of those article pages for which the full text is no longer available: step : check the options in the service menu presented to you, e.g. free available full text versions (if available). step : to order the article via your local library or the mpdl, select the corresponding link, e.g. "request document via your local library". please note that the wording might differ slightly according to your location. step : add your personal details to the order form in the next screen and submit your document request. the team in your local library or at the mpdl will get back to you as soon as possible. please feel free to contact us if you face any problem or want to raise a question. update, . . : check out our new flyer "how to deal with no subscription deal" prepared in cooperation with max planck’s phdnet. 	 	 	elsevier document-delivery 	 	 				 			resources 		 			aleph multipool-recherche: parallele suche in mpg-bibliothekskatalogen 		 			 . november inga		 	 		 		update, . . : die multipool-suche gibt es jetzt auch als webinterface. der multipool-expertenmodus im aleph katalogisierungs-client dient der schnellen recherche in mehreren datenbanken gleichzeitig. dabei können die datenbanken entweder direkt auf dem aleph-server liegen oder als externe ressourcen über das z . -protokoll angebunden sein. zusätzlich zu den lokalen bibliotheken ist der mpi bibliothekskatalog im gbv auf dem aleph-sever bereits vorkonfiguriert. die multipool-funktion ist im aleph katalogisierungs-client im recherche-bereich zu finden ( . tab): unterhalb des bereichs zur auswahl der relevanten datenbanken kann man die suchanfrage eintragen. hinweise zur verwendeten kommandosprache finden sich in der aleph-hilfe. nach dem absenden der suchanfrage wird die ergebnisliste mit den datenbanken und der jeweiligen treffermenge im unteren rahmen angezeigt: zum Öffnen eines einzelnen sets genügt ein doppelklick: bei gemeinsamen katalogen – wie z.b. dem mpi bibliothekskatalog im gbv – findet sich der hinweis auf die bestandshaltende bibliothek in der datensatz-vollanzeige: zur einrichtung der multipool-suche müssen die vom lokalen aleph-client genutzten konfigurationsdateien (library.ini und searbase.dat) erweitert werden. bei bedarf stellen wir die von uns genutzten dateien gerne zur verfügung. weiterführende informationen finden sich auch im aleph wiki: 	download und installation des aleph clients 	einrichtung weiterer z . -zugänge 	 	 	aleph 	 	 				 			vlib portal 		 			goodbye vlib! shutdown after october , 		 			 . october inga		 	 		 		in the max planck virtual library (vlib) was launched, with the idea of making all information resources relevant for max planck users simultaneously searchable under a common user interface. since then, the vlib project partners from the max planck libraries, information retrieval services groups, the gwdg and the mpdl invested much time and effort to integrate various library catalogs, reference databases, full-text collections and other information resources into metalib, a federated search system developed by ex libris. with the rise of large search engines and discovery tools in recent years, usage slowly shifted away and the metasearch technology applied was no longer fulfilling user’s expection. therefore, the termination of most vlib services was announced two years ago and now we are approaching the final shutdown: the vlib portal will cease to operate after the th of october . as you know, there are many alternatives to the former vlib services: mpg.rena will remain available for browsing and discovering electronic resources available to max planck users. in addition, we’ll post some information on how to cross search max planck library catalogs soon. let us take the opportunity to send a big "thank you!" to all vlib users and collaborators within and outside the max planck society. it always was and will continue to be a pleasure to work with and for you. goodbye!… and please feel free to contact us in case of any further question. 	 	 	 	 	 				 			mpg.ebooks, sfx link resolver 		 			https only for mpg/sfx and mpg.ebooks 		 			 . november eia		 	 		 		as of next week, all http requests to the mpg/sfx link resolver will be redirected to a corresponding https request. the max planck society electronic book index is scheduled to be switched to https only access the week after, starting on november , . regular web browser use of the above services should not be affected. please thoroughly test any solutions that integrate these services via their web apis. please consider re-subscribing to mpg.ebooks rss feeds. 	 	 	ebookshttpsrss 	 	 				 			sfx link resolver 		 			https enabled for mpg/sfx 		 			 . june inga		 	 		 		the mpg/sfx link resolver is now alternatively accessible via the https protocol. the secure base url of the productive mpg/sfx instance is: https://sfx.mpg.de/sfx_local. https support enables secure third-party sites to load or to embed content from mpg/sfx without causing mixed content errors. please feel free to update your applications or your links to the mpg/sfx server. 	 	 	https 	 	 				 			resources 		 			citation trails in primo central index (pci) 		 			 . june inga		 	 		 		 the may release brought an interesting functionality to the primo central index (pci): the new "citation trail" capability enables pci users to discover relevant materials by providing cited and citing publications for selected article records. at this time the only data source for the citation trail feature is crossref, thus the number of citing articles will be below the "cited by" counts in other sources like scopus and web of science. further information: 	short video demonstrating the citation trail feature (by ex libris). 	detailed feature description (by ex libris) 	 	 	pciprimo-central-indexscopusweb-of-science 	 	 				 			sfx link resolver 		 			mpg/sfx server maintenance, wednesday april, - am 		 			 . april inga		 	 		 		the mpg/sfx server updates to a new database (mariadb) on wednesday morning. the downtime will begin at am and is scheduled to last until am. we apologize for any inconvenience. 	 	 	outage 	 	 				 			resources 		 			proquest illustrata databases discontinued 		 			 . april inga		 	 		 		last year, the information provider proquest decided to discontinue its "illustrata technology" and "illustrata natural science" databases. unfortunately, this represents a preliminary end to proquest’s long-year investment into deep indexing content. in a corresponding support article proquest states that there "[…] will be no loss of full text and full text + graphics images because of the removal of deep indexed content". in addition, they announce to "[…] develop an even better way for researchers to discover images, figures, tables, and other relevant visual materials related to their research tasks". the mpg.rena records for proquest illustrata: technology and proquest illustrata: natural science have been marked as "terminating" and will be deactivated soon. 	 	 	proquest 		 		posts navigation 		 			 … next →		 	 			 		 	 	 	in short 			in this blog you'll find updates on information resources, vendor platform and access systems provided by the max planck digital library. use mpg.rena to search and browse through the journal collections, ebook collections and databases available to mpg researchers. 		 new resources in mpg.rena 	brill scholarly editions . june 	current digest of the russian press (east view) . june 	ogonek digital archive (east view) . june 	f research . june 	confidential print: middle east, - . june mpdl news 		  	 	 		 		news categories 				coins ( ) 	exlibris ( ) 	localization ( ) 	materials ( ) 	mpg.ebooks ( ) 	mpg.rena ( ) 	question and answer ( ) 	resources ( ) 	sfx link resolver ( ) 	tools ( ) 	vlib portal ( ) 			related blogs 			fhi library mpis stuttgart library pubman blog 			 	 		 		 			 			 								proudly powered by wordpress 			 		 	 	 chocolate kiddies european tour - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	chocolate kiddies european tour 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		chocolate kiddies european tour the chocolate kiddies is a three-act broadway-styled revue that, in its inaugural production – from may to september – toured berlin, hamburg, stockholm, and copenhagen. the show never actually performed on broadway,[ ] but was conceived, assembled, and rehearsed there. chocolate kiddies commissioned new works, but was also an amalgamation and adaptation of several leading african american acts in new york, specifically harlem, intended to showcase exemplary jazz and african american artistry of the harlem renaissance. early jazz was uniquely american; and, while new orleans enjoys popularity for being its birthplace, the jazz emerging from harlem during the renaissance had, on its own merits, captured international intrigue.[ ] contents 	 history 	 . departure 	 . arrival and tour 	 . la revue nègre opening in paris 	 production personnel and cast 	 . production 	 . cast 	 selected songs 	 gallery 	 selected subsequent tours 	 . bibliography 	 notes and references 	 . notes 	 . references history[edit] see also: history of the jews in russia and russian civil war the impetus for producing the chocolate kiddies was partly a culmination or outgrowth of (i) the success of a harlem (and atlantic city) jazz band led by sam wooding ( – ) and a floor show, initially developed for the opening of the nest club and (ii) the success of eubie blake and noble sissle's broadway musical, the chocolate dandies, which, after performances, closed november , ... leaving some of the cast available, from which, the chocolate kiddies picked up choreographer charlie davis and singer lottie gee. the cast included singer adelaide hall, who came from the miller and lyles broadway production runnin' wild, the three eddies, rufus greenlee and thaddeus drayton, bobbie and babe goins, charles davis and sam wooding and his orchestra. leoni leonidoff[ ] (né leonid davydovich leonidoff-bermann; born abt. ) became the owner-producer of the chocolate kiddies tour. he was a russian-jewish exile living in berlin as a theatrical impresario. leonidoff's introduction to wooding was possibly influenced by a russian-jewish-born american impresario living in new york, morris gest ( – )[ ] and his brother and partner, sam gest ( – ), an impresario living in berlin. leonidoff, in , signed wooding to take his band on a european tour, provided that a musical revue was added.[ ] russian-born jewish american impresario arthur seymour lyons[ ] ( – ) staged an adaptation and, for several weeks prior to departure, rehearsed the company at bryant hall.[ ] before settling on the name chocolate kiddies, the show had been billed as the club alabam revue and club alabam fantasies.[note ] duke ellington, with jo trent as lyricist, composed four songs for the production – his first work for a musical revue genre.[ ] departure[edit] after a farewell reception at the bamville club in harlem two days earlier, over theatrical professionals swarmed the white star line pier (either pier or ; current site of chelsea piers) on may , , as wooding, his band, and the revue performers boarded the ss arabic and departed for hamburg.[ ] members of the revue who did not travel aboard the ss arabic included helen miles, willie robbins, arthur robbins, ruth williams, and evelyn dove, who traveled from london.[ ] lottie gee was aboard as lottie kyer – she had been married from to to pianist "peaches" kyer (né wilson harrison kyer; – ).[ ] arrival and tour[edit] the company arrived in hamburg may , , and traveled to berlin, arriving may and opened may at the admiralspalast, where they performed weeks. one of the audience members, -year-old berliner alfred lion, later said, "it was the first time i saw colored musicians and heard the music. i was flabbergasted . . . – it was something brand new, but it registered with me right away." thirteen years later, in , lions co-founded blue note records in new york.[ ] the chocolate kiddies orchestra also did a recording sessions in berlin june – , , at vox records. on july , chocolate kiddies opened in hamburg at the thalia theater for performances, ending august . then stockholm, opening august and closing september . the stockholm performances included a benefit for the swedish red cross, for the brother of the king.[ ] then they performed in copenhagen in the circus building,[ ] opening september , closing september .[ ][ ][ ] la revue nègre opening in paris[edit] hotsy totsy, a tab dance revue backed by the charleston jazz band, led by claude hopkins, renamed la revue nègre, opened in paris october , . the cast included will marion cook and josephine baker. at least one chocolate kiddies cast member, lydia jones, joined the production.[ ] production personnel and cast[edit] production[edit] book and staging: 	arthur seymour lyons music: 	joe trent (né joseph hannibal trent; – ), lyrics 	duke ellington, music 	 "deacon jazz" – prior to the debut of the chocolate kiddies, jo trent and the deacons recorded "deacon jazz" c. november in new york; jo trent (vocals); otto hardwick (c-melody sax); duke ellington (piano); george francis (banjo); sonny greer (drums) – discographer brian rust lists fred guy on banjo; matrix t- - ; jazz panorama jplp 	 "jig walk," charleston 	 "jim dandy" 	 "with you"[ ] orchestration: 	arthur johnston ( – ) choreographer: 	charles davis (né charles columbus davis; – ) ‡ [note ][ ] set design and costumes: 	willy pogany ( – ) publisher: 	robbins-engel; oclc  cast[edit] sam wooding's orchestra from club alabam 	 sam wooding, piano, leader 	 willie lewis ( – ), clarinet 	 eugene sedric ( – ), clarinet, tenor sax 	 garvin bushell ( – ), clarinet, alto sax, oboe, bassoon 	 tommy ladnier ( – ), trumpet 	 bobby martin ( – ), trumpet 	 maceo elmer edwards ( – ), trumpet 	 herb flemming ( – ), trombone 	 john warren, tuba 	 johnny mitchell, banjo 	 george howe ( – ),[note ] drums huvudroller (swedish) (leading roles): 	greenlee & drayton 	 rufus greenlee ( – )[note ] 	 thaddeus "teddy" drayton ( – )[ ] 	the three eddies 	 shakey beasley (né clarence beasley; born abt. ) 	 earle "tiny" ray ( – ) 	 chick horsey ( – )[note ] 	leading roles (continued) 	 evelyn dove ( – ) 	 margaret sims (maiden – )[note ][ ][ ][ ] 	bobby and babe goins (acrobatic dancers)[ ][ ][ ][note ] 	 robert goins (né walter robert goins; – ) 	 mary goins (née mary or marie hall; ) 	leading roles (continued) 	 arthur "strut" payne (né arthur henry payne; – ), baritone 	 adelaide hall ( – )[ ] 	 lottie gee ( – ) 	 charles davis ( – )[note ] 	 george staton (né george franklin staten; – ) 	 willy robbins – in one segment, robbins and chick horsey performed "two happy boys" in blackface. according to recollections of garvin bushell, "they sang a song, then they went 'wah wah, wah wah,' and bobby martin emulated their speech with his trumpet. that was a big hit. they were trying to do johnny hudgins's act."[ ][ ] 	 jessie crawford 	 arabella fields ( – ) 	 lydia jones[note ] 	 helen miles 	 ruth williams prisbelönta dansöser från new yorks största neger teatrar (award winning dance shows from new york's greatest black theaters) 	 allegritta anderson ( – )[note ] 	 viola ("jap") branch 	 pearl brown 	 marie bushell (née marie roberts; – )[note ] 	 thelma green ( – ), wife of rufus greenlee[note ] 	 bernice miles (née bernice m. miles; – ) 	 rita walker ( – )[note ] 	 thelma watkins (maiden; – )[note ] 	 mamie savoy 	 bobbie vincent ( – )[note ][ ][ ] 	 arthur robbins selected songs[edit] 	from act 	"night life in a negro cafe in harlem in new york" 	 "deacon jazz," sang by adelaide hall with chorus 	from act 	"symphonic concert jazz concert by the sam wooding orchestra of the club alabam, new york" 	 "indian love call" 	 "st. louis blues" 	 "medley of american hits" 	 "shanghai shuffle" – vox (audio) ( recording) 	 "alabamy bound" – vox (audio) ( recording) 	 "o katharina," l. wolfe gilbert ( – ) (words), richard fall ( – ) (music) – vox ; re-released on jazz panorama (vinyl) lp (audio) ( recording) 	 "by the waters of minnetonka," thurlow lieurance ( – ) (w&m) – vox; re-released on jazz oracle (sv) bdw (cd vol. of ) (audio) 	from act 	 "jim dandy," a strut dance 	 "with you," sung by lottie gee 	 "jig walk," charleston, to which an ensemble danced the charleston gallery[edit] while in berlin, the band, recorded several selections for the berlin-based vox label. 	sam wooding and his orchestra aka the chocolate kiddies 	 			 			 photo taken at the vox phonograph studio — sam wooding and his orchestra; seated, left to right: tommy ladnier (trumpet), john warren (tuba) (behind), sam wooding (piano/leader), willie lewis (reeds), george howe ( – ) (drums). standing, left to right: herb flemming (trombone), eugene sedric (reeds), johnny mitchell (banjo), bobby martin (trumpet), garvin bushell (reeds), maceo elmer edwards ( – ) (trumpet).[ ] not pictured: arthur lange ( – ), arthur johnston ( – ), arrangers 			 		 selected subsequent tours[edit] 	 – chocolate kiddies russian tour 	 – sam wooding and the chocolate kiddies, with much of the cast performed in argentina in for six months, returning to new york december , , aboard the voltaire (de). 	 – sam wooding and his orchestra, billed as the "chocolate kiddies orchestra," toured spain in , without the chorus and dancers. they performed in san sebastián, madrid, and barcelona. the tour has been chronicled as spain's first live jazz performances by americans. on july , , while in barcelona, the orchestra recorded ten songs for parlophon. eight of the songs were recorded twice, to accommodate different record formats. 		musicians: bobby martin ( – ) (trumpet, vocals), doc cheatham ( – ) (trumpet, vocals, arranger), albert wynn ( – ) (trombone), billy burns ( – ) (trombone), willie lewis ( – ) (clarinet, alto sax, bari sax, vocals), jerry blake ( – ) (clarinet, alto sax, vocals), gene sedric ( – ) (clarinet, tenor sax, vocals), freddy johnson ( – ) (piano, vocals, arranger), johnny mitchell (banjo, guitar), sumner leslie "king" edwards ( – ) (tuba, bass), ted fields (né edward fields; – ) (drums), sam wooding (director) bibliography[edit] 	williams, iain cameron underneath a harlem moon: the harlem to paris years of adelaide hall archived - - at the wayback machine. bloomsbury publishers, isbn  - - - . chapter : the chocolate kiddies come to town - is devoted to the chocolate kiddies tour. notes and references[edit] notes[edit] 	^ club alabam was a broadway after-theater jazz club set in a rathskeller of the now bygone th street theatre at west th street. the club endured since the theater's inception in , originally known as the "little club," but became known as "club alabam" in and henceforth flourished with jazz. following the prohibition, the bar closed and remained vacant for years. on march , —  months and  days after the united states officially entered world war ii — the american theatre wing opened it back up as the stage door canteen for american and allied servicemen. the property, as of , was owned and managed by the kushner companies. 	^ a b charles davis aka c. columbus davis ( – ), when he died, was living in englewood, new jersey, at reis avenue. his big break came as a principal dancer in shuffle along, after which, he rapidly rose to notability as a choreographer at the apollo and lafayette theatres in harlem. davis also did the choreography for the broadway musical, rang tang. he and his wife, cecile ( – ), had two daughters, meta j. davis ( – ) and anna l. davis ( – ) (duke ellington's music for the theatre, by john childs franceschina, mcfarland & company, , p. ; oclc  ) 	^ george howe (aka george washington howe; né robert washington howe; – ), drummer, led the house band at the nest club beginning , when teddy hill was in the band. luis russell replaced howe in . howe had been the drummer for sam wooding. howe and fellow musician george e. dyer ( – ), both, in the mid- s, living in glens falls, drowned november , , in the champlain canal, near fort ann, after a car driven by howe submerged in the canal as a result of side-swiping a -ton truck (u.s. class ) towing another -ton truck on comstock road. they were returning from a gig at a nightclub operated by maxie gordon (né maxime godon gordon; – ) – two miles from whitehall. they had left hudson falls at : am and were followed by jimmie gillespie and banjoist percy richardson. trombonist benny morton ( – ), also at the gig, decided at the last minute not to ride with howe and dyer. howe was buried at cypress hills national cemetery, brooklyn. 	^ rufus greenlee (né rufus edward greenlee; – ), born in asheville, north carolina, became a native of new haven, connecticut. from about - to about , he was married to cast member thelma greene (see greene's brief bio in notes). in greenlee's post-vaudeville days, beginning in the mid- s, until is death, he owned and operated the monterey cafe, a jazz venue in new haven at – dixwell avenue in the dixwell neighborhood. johnny "hammond" smith's album, black coffee, was recorded there. as a side note, his grand nephew, lou jones ( – ), was an olympic gold medalist in the × metres relay in the summer games. 	^ chick horsey (né layburn horsey; – ), born in chester, pennsylvania, died july , , in naples, italy, at the hotel diana. 	^ margaret sims (maiden; – ), born in washington, d.c., was a blues singer. in , the new york age stated that she epitomized the complete metamorphosis of the blues singer. she married broadway producer irvin colloden miller ( – ). her sister, edith g. sims ( – ), was the second of three wives of actor jimmy baskett ( – ). 	^ philadelphia-born bobby goins (né walter robert goins; – ) and babe (aka "baby") goins (née mary or marie hall; born ) were a husband-and-wife acrobatic dance team who, with productions, toured europe several times. bobby and babe married april , , in manhattan – seventeen days prior to embarking on the european tour. that tour, incidentally, was babe's first break as a performer.      babe, who toured europe three more times, won celebrated acclaim on all tours. according to an article published by the new york age (may , ), babe was born in havana, cuba; tho', some sources give washington, d.c., as her place of birth. at age three babe moved to washington, d.c. bobby and babe divorced around .      bobby – on january , , in manhattan – married again to irene winifred bennett (maiden; – ). babe – on may , , in manhattan – married again to william f. joyce, jr. however, a article in the new york age (may ) stated that babe and joyce were married (in ).      bobby went on to dance as a member of the crackerjacks, a dance team that influenced the next-generation of professional dancers in harlem. bobby became a member of the american guild of variety artists. bobby – on january , , in manhattan – married again to irene winifred bennett (maiden; – ). 	^ lydia jones was portrayed in a one-woman off-broadway play, the sensational josephine baker, by cheryl howard (née cheryl gay alley; born ), wife of ron howard 	^ allegretta anderson (née alegretta summers; – ) was a chicago-born actress who – on may , , in chicago – married julian kirby anderson ( – ). she later was married to agaton h. magboo. she acted in the film, georgia rose. 	^ marie bushell (née marie roberts; – ) was the first of two wives of garvin bushell. they married july , , in manhattan. 	^ thelma greene (née thelma m. contee; – ) was, from about to about , married to cast member rufus greenlee. her stage surname was that of her ex-husband, jesse warren greene (born ), who she married around , and with whom she had a daughter, jessica iris greene ( – ), who, in , married edward d. julian austin. thelma, between and , married leonard g. hyman (né leonard grimke hyman; born ), who, from to , had been head of the photography division and official photographer at the tuskegee institute. leonard hyman's predecessors and successors there were distinguished photographers, notably frances benjamin johnston ( – ) and c. m. battey ( – ), who he replaced. p. h. polk ( – ) was, at the time, one of hyman's assistants, and in , succeeded him as head of photography. 	^ rita walker (maiden – ) – on april , , in manhattan – married dennis ragland ( – ). 	^ thelma watkins (maiden; – ) was born in philadelphia. at some point, she married james adrian mcdaniel (born c. ). the date-of-birth on her birth certificate – november , – differs from the date listed on two ship manifests: 	 ss arabic, which departed new york may , , and arrived in hamburg may , (storyville, vol. , august–september , p. ) 	 ss nieuw amsterdam, which departed boulogne-sur-mer february , , and arrived in new york march , (ancestry.com) 	^ bobbie vincent (née bobbye vincson; – ), born in kansas city, missouri, went on to perform with other companies, including performances in buenos aires in with clarence robinson's cotton club revue company, booked by b and b artists bureau of harlem, headed by william b. cohen and b.l. burtt (né bernard lamberson burtt; – ). more than two decades later, she was an official of the x-glamour girls revue, composed of former entertainers from the cotton club. the company performed in october , , at the riviera ballroom in new york at broadway and rd street. one of her older sisters, flash amber vincson ( – ), married – on august , , in chicago – vaudeville entertainer buck washington ( – ) of buck and bubbles. references[edit] 	^ a b "jazz as deliverance: the reception and institution of american jazz during the weimar republic," by susan carol cook, phd, american music (peer-reviewed journal published by the university of illinois press), vol. , no. , special jazz issue, spring , pps. - ; oclc  , (article), issn  - (publication) (accessible via jstor at www.jstor.org/stable/ ; subscription required) 	^ traveling blues: the life and music of tommy ladnier, by bo lindström (born ) and daniel vernhettes (born ), paris: jazz'edit ( ); oclc  , 	^ "berlin colored revue," billboard, may , 	^ a b the jazz republic: music, race, and american culture in weimar germany, by jonathan o. wipplinger, university of michigan press ( ), pps. – ; oclc  	^ "colored show scores big in berlin – chocolate kiddies with russian owner, opens at admiral palast," variety, vol. , no. , may , , p. 	^ a b "'chocolate kiddies company sails for germany – over professionals swarm white star line pier as s.s. arabic leaves – hundreds of co-theatrical celebrities attend 'farewell' as guest of colored vaudeville comedy club," by floyd g. snelson, jr. (né floyd grant snelson, jr.; – ), pittsburgh courier, may , , p. (accessible via newspapers.com; subscription required) 	^ the biographical encyclopedia of jazz, leonard feather (posthumous ed.) and ira gitler (ed.), oxford university press ( ), p. 	^ a b "sam wooding and the chocolate kiddies at the thalia-theater in hamburg th july, to th august, ," by berhard h. behncke, storyville, vol. , august–september , p. – (accessible via national jazz archive at link) 	^ an encyclopedia of south carolina jazz and blues musicians (re: "william harrison 'peaches' kyer"), by benjamin franklin, university of south carolina press ( ); oclc  	^ voices of the jazz age: profiles of eight vintage jazzmen, by chip deffaa, university of illinois press ( , ), p. ; oclc  	^ a b "the chocolate kiddies in copenhagen," by hans larsen, the record changer, no. , april , pps. – 	^ "denne bande frække sorte slubberter – sam wooding i københavn, " (in swedish), by erik wiedemann (de) ( – ), musik und forskning, , københavn , pps. – ; issn  - x 	^ "staging the great migration: the chocolate kiddies and the german experience of the new negro renaissance," by paul j. edwards, modernism/modernity (johns hopkins university press ), vol. , cycle , august , ; oclc  	^ "will marion cook and the tab show, with particular emphasis on hotsy totsy and la revue nègre ( )," by peter m. lefferts, university of nebraska-lincoln ( ) 	^ chocolate kiddies, coloured revue (sic), presented by arthur s. lyons, robbins-engel; european distributor – berlin: victor alberti of the musikalienhandlung graphisches kabinett (© ); oclc  note: alberti's (born abt. in miskolc, hungary) music shop, until , was in berlin on rankestrasse (de). he was a music publisher and distributor, well-known for distributing jazz sheet music and recordings. by , he was partners with armin l. robinson (de) ( – ) 	^ "obituary: charlie davis," new york daily news, september , , p. , col. (accessible via newspapers.com; subscription required) 	^ thaddeus drayton collection; – at schomburg center for research in black culture, manuscripts, archives and rare books division at the new york public library oclc  	^ "pleases galleryites," new york age, june , , p. (accessible via newspapers.com; subscription required) 	^ "margaret sims dies in new york," pittsburgh courier, march , , p. (accessible via newspapers.com; subscription required) 	^ "death notices: goins, walter robert, sr.," new york daily news, december , , p. , col. (accessible via newspapers.com; subscription required) 	^ "on the spot – baby goins," by dean glynn, new york age, may , , p. (accessible via newspapers.com; subscription required) 	^ jazz dance: the story of american vernacular dance, marshall stearns and jean stearns ( ed.) 	 collier-macmillan ( ); oclc  	 macmillan ( ); oclc  	 schirmer ( ); oclc  , ; isbn  - - - - 	 da capo press (paperback) ( ); oclc  ; isbn  - - - - 	^ underneath a harlem moon: the harlem to paris years of adelaide hall (chapter : "the chocolate kiddies come to town"), by iain cameron williams, continuum ( ), pps. – & ; oclc  , isbn  - - - - 	^ black people: entertainers of african descent in europe and germany, by rainer erich lotz (de) (re: "chocolate kiddies"), birgit lotz verlag ( ), pps. & 	^ "louis armstrong, eccentric dance, and the evolution of jazz on the eve of swing," by brian harker, journal of the american musicological society, vol. , no. , spring , p. (of pps. – ) (accessible via jstor at www.jstor.org/stable/ . /jams. . . . ) 	^ "blues is my business," by victoria spivey ( – ), record research, robert colton & len kunstadt, eds., issue , october , begins on p. ; issn  - 	^ "pretty manicurist" (photo of vincson), topeka plain dealer, vol. , no. , november , , p. (accessible via genealogybank.com at www.genealogybank.com/nbshare/ac ; subscription required) 	^ "chocolate kiddies: the show that brought jazz to europe and russia in ," by björn englund (sv) (born ), storyville, december –january , pps. – retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=chocolate_kiddies_ _european_tour&oldid= " 		categories: 	 s in music 	 s-related lists 	harlem renaissance 	harlem hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	webarchive template wayback links 	ac with elements 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 		 		add links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 mit license - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	mit license 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		permissive free software license mit license	 	publisher	massachusetts institute of technology 	spdx identifier	mit (see list for more)[ ] 	debian fsg compatible	yes[ ] 	fsf approved	yes[ ][ ] 	osi approved	yes[ ] 	gpl compatible	yes[ ][ ] 	copyleft	no[ ][ ] 	linking from code with a different licence	yes the mit license is a permissive free software license originating at the massachusetts institute of technology (mit)[ ] in the late s.[ ] as a permissive license, it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has, therefore, high license compatibility.[ ][ ] the wikipedia and wikimedia commons projects use the alternative name expat license. the mit license is compatible with many copyleft licenses, such as the gnu general public license (gpl); mit licensed software can be re-licensed as gpl software, and integrated with other gpl software, but not the other way around.[ ] the mit license also permits reuse within proprietary software, provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the mit license terms and the copyright notice, or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement. mit-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software,[ ][ ] which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses. as of [update], mit was the most popular software license found in one analysis,[ ] continuing from reports in that mit was the most popular software license on github, ahead of any gpl variant and other free and open-source software (foss) licenses.[ ] notable projects that use the mit license include the x window system, ruby on rails, nim, node.js, lua and jquery. notable companies using the mit license include microsoft (.net core), google (angular) and facebook (react). contents 	 license terms 	 variations 	 . x 	 . other variations 	 minor ambiguity and variants 	 comparison to other licenses 	 . bsd 	 . gnu gpl 	 relation to patents 	 origins 	 reception 	 see also 	 references 	 further reading 	 external links license terms[edit] the mit license has the identifier mit in the spdx license list.[ ][ ] it is also known as the "expat license".[ ] it has the following terms:[ ] copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders> permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "software"), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software. variations[edit] x [edit] the x license, a variation of the mit license, has the identifier x in the spdx license list.[ ][ ] it is also known as the "mit/x consortium license" by the x consortium (for x ).[ ] it has the following terms:[ ] copyright (c) <date> x consortium permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "software"), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the x consortium be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software. except as contained in this notice, the name of the x consortium shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this software without prior written authorization from the x consortium. x window system is a trademark of x consortium, inc. other variations[edit] the spdx license list contains extra mit license variations. examples include:[ ] 	mit- , a variation with the attribution paragraph removed. 	mit-advertising, a variation with an additional advertising clause. minor ambiguity and variants[edit] massachusetts institute of technology has been using many licenses for software since its creation, so the phrase "the mit license" is theoretically ambiguous.[ ] for example, mit offers four licensing options for the fftw[ ] c source code library, one of which is the gpl v . and the other three of which are not open-source. "mit license" may refer to the expat license (used for the xml parsing library expat)[ ] or to the x license (also called "mit/x consortium license"; used for x window system by the mit x consortium).[ ] the "mit license" published by the open source initiative[ ] is the same as the "expat license". the x consortium was dissolved late in , and its assets transferred to the open group,[ ] which released x r initially under the same license. the x license[ ] and the x r "mit license" chosen for ncurses by the free software foundation[ ] both include the following clause, absent in the expat license:[ ] except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this software without prior written authorization. as of , the successor to the x window system is the x.org server, which is licensed under what is effectively the common mit license, according to the x.org licensing page: the x.org foundation has chosen the following format of the mit license as the preferred format for code included in the x window system distribution. this is a slight variant of the common mit license form published by the open source initiative the "slight variant" is the addition of the phrase "(including the next paragraph)". some ignore this history, referring to only one mit license, as illustrated by github's licensing advice and the legal text for the mit license at github's service choosealicense.com. comparison to other licenses[edit] bsd[edit] the original bsd license also includes a clause requiring all advertising of the software to display a notice crediting its authors. this "advertising clause" (since disavowed by uc berkeley[ ]) is present in the modified mit license used by xfree . the university of illinois/ncsa open source license combines text from both the mit and bsd licenses; the license grant and disclaimer are taken from the mit license. the isc license contains similarities to both the mit and simplified bsd licenses, the biggest difference being that language deemed unnecessary by the berne convention is omitted.[ ][ ] gnu gpl[edit] the gnu gpl is explicit about the patent grant an author would be giving when the code (or derivative work) is distributed,[ ] the mit license does not discuss patents. moreover, the gpl license impacts "derivative works", but the mit license does not. relation to patents[edit] like the bsd license, the mit license does not include an express patent license although some commentators[ ][ ] state that the grant of rights covers all potential restrictions including patents. both the bsd and the mit licenses were drafted before the patentability of software was generally recognized under us law.[ ] the apache license version . [ ] is a similarly permissive license that includes an explicit contributor's patent license. of specific relevance to us jurisdictions, the mit license uses the terms "sell" and "use" that are also used in defining the rights of a patent holder in title of the united states code section . this has been construed by some commentators[ ][ ] as an unconventional but implicit license in the us to use any underlying patents. origins[edit] one of the originators of the mit license, computer scientist jerry saltzer, has published his recollections of its early development, along with documentary evidence.[ ] see also.[ ] reception[edit] as of [update], according to whitesource software[ ] the mit license was used in % of four million open source packages. as of [update], according to black duck software[ ][better source needed] and a blog[ ] from github, the mit license was the most popular free software license, with the gnu gplv coming second in their sample of repositories. see also[edit] 	free and open-source software portal 	comparison of free and open-source software licenses 	isc license – similar to the mit license, but with language deemed unnecessary removed 	category:software using the mit license references[edit] 	^ a b "spdx license list". spdx.org. spdx working group. 	^ "license information". the debian project. software in the public interest (published july , ). – . archived from the original on july , . retrieved july , . ... this page presents the opinion of some debian-legal contributors on how certain licenses follow the debian free software guidelines (dfsg). ... licenses currently found in debian main include:	... 	expat/mit-style licenses 	... 	^ a b c d "various licenses and comments about them". the gnu project. free software foundation (published april , ). – . expat license. archived from the original on july , . retrieved july , . ... this is a lax, permissive non-copyleft free software license, compatible with the gnu gpl. it is sometimes ambiguously referred to as the mit license. ... 	^ a b c "various licenses and comments about them". the gnu project. free software foundation (published april , ). – . x license. archived from the original on july , . retrieved july , . ... this is a lax permissive non-copyleft free software license, compatible with the gnu gpl. ... this license is sometimes called the mit license, but that term is misleading, since mit has used many licenses for software. ... 	^ "licenses by name". open source initiative. n.d. archived from the original on july , . retrieved july , . ... the following licenses have been approved by the osi. ...	... 	mit license (mit) 	... 	^ certified copyfree licenses 	^ lawrence rosen, open source licensing, p. (prentice hall ptr, st ed. ) 	^ a b "the mysterious history of the mit license". opensource.com. opensource.com. retrieved july , . the date? the best single answer is probably . but the complete story is more complicated and even a little mysterious. [...] precursors from . the x consortium or x license variant from . or the expat license from or . 	^ hanwell, marcus d. (january , ). "should i use a permissive license? copyleft? or something in the middle?". opensource.com. retrieved may , . permissive licensing simplifies things one reason the business world, and more and more developers [...], favor permissive licenses is in the simplicity of reuse. the license usually only pertains to the source code that is licensed and makes no attempt to infer any conditions upon any other component, and because of this there is no need to define what constitutes a derived work. i have also never seen a license compatibility chart for permissive licenses; it seems that they are all compatible. 	^ a b "licence compatibility and interoperability". open-source software - develop, share, and reuse open source software for public administrations. joinup.ec.europa.eu. archived from the original on june , . retrieved may , . the licences for distributing free or open source software (foss) are divided in two families: permissive and copyleft. permissive licences (bsd, mit, x , apache, zope) are generally compatible and interoperable with most other licences, tolerating to merge, combine or improve the covered code and to re-distribute it under many licences (including non-free or 'proprietary'). 	^ "various licenses and comments about them". free software foundation. retrieved july , . 	^ "paid software includes mit licensed library, does that put my app under mit too?". stackexchange.com. retrieved july , . 	^ a b "open source licenses in : trends and predictions". may , . archived from the original on may , . retrieved may , . 	^ a b balter, ben (march , ). "open source license usage on github.com". github.com. retrieved november , . mit . %, other . % 	^ "mit license". spdx.org. spdx working group. 	^ a b "open source initiative osi – the mit license:licensing". open source initiative. retrieved december , . 	^ a b c "various licenses and comments about them#expat license". free software foundation. retrieved december , . 	^ "mit license explained in plain english - tldrlegal". tldrlegal.com. retrieved july , . 	^ "x license". spdx.org. spdx working group. 	^ a b c "various licenses and comments about them#x license". free software foundation. retrieved december , . 	^ " . . x consortium", . x/mit licenses, the xfree project, march 	^ "x license explained in plain english - tldrlegal". tldrlegal.com. retrieved march , . 	^ "various licenses and comments about them". gnu project. retrieved july , . 	^ "fftw - fastest fourier transform in the west". massachusetts institute of technology. retrieved july , . 	^ dickey, thomas e. "copyrights/comments". retrieved october , . 	^ dickey, thomas e. "ncurses — frequently asked questions (faq)". 	^ "to all licensees, distributors of any version of bsd". university of california, berkeley. july , . retrieved november , . 	^ "copyright policy". openbsd. retrieved june , . the isc copyright is functionally equivalent to a two-term bsd copyright with language removed that is made unnecessary by the berne convention. 	^ de raadt, theo (march , ). "re: bsd documentation license?". openbsd-misc (mailing list). 	^ "patents and gplv - fsfe". fsfe - free software foundation europe. retrieved december , . 	^ "why so little love for the patent grant in the mit license?". january , . archived from the original on january , . retrieved january , . 	^ "free and open source software and your patents". may , . archived from the original on may , . retrieved may , . 	^ stern and allen, open source licensing, p. in understanding the intellectual property license (practicing law institute ) 	^ "the mit license, line by line". may , . archived from the original on may , . retrieved may , . 	^ christian h. nadan ( ), "closing the loophole: open source licensing & the implied patent license", the computer & internet lawyer, aspen law & business, ( ), by using patent terms like "deal in", "use", and "sell", the mit license grant is more likely to be deemed to include express patent rights than the bsd license. 	^ saltzer, jerome h (november , ). "the origin of the "mit license"". ieee annals of the history of computing. ( ): – . doi: . /mahc. . . issn  - . retrieved november , . 	^ "top licenses". black duck software. november , . archived from the original on september , . retrieved november , . . mit license %, . gnu general public license (gpl) . % further reading[edit] 	 mitchell, kyle e. (september , ). "the mit license, line by line". /dev/lawyer. archived from the original on september , . retrieved september , . external links[edit] 	mit license variants 	the mit license template (open source initiative official site) 	expat license 	x license 		v 	t 	e free and open-source software 	general	 	alternative terms for free software 	comparison of open-source and closed-source software 	comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 	free software 	free software project directories 	gratis versus libre 	long-term support 	open-source software 	open-source software development 	outline 	timeline 	software packages	 	audio 	bioinformatics 	codecs 	configuration management 	drivers 	graphics 	wireless 	geophysics 	health 	mathematics 	office suites 	operating systems 	programming languages 	routing 	television 	video games 	web applications 	e-commerce 	android apps 	ios apps 	commercial 	trademarked 	formerly proprietary 	formerly open-source 	community	 	free software movement 	history 	open-source-software movement 	organizations 	events 	licenses	 	afl 	apache 	apsl 	artistic 	beerware 	bsd 	creative commons 	cddl 	epl 	free software foundation 	gnu gpl 	gnu lgpl 	isc 	mit 	mpl 	python 	python software foundation license 	shared source initiative 	sleepycat 	unlicense 	wtfpl 	zlib 	types and standards	 	comparison of licenses 	contributor license agreement 	copyleft 	debian free software guidelines 	definition of free cultural works 	free license 	the free software definition 	the open source definition 	open-source license 	permissive software license 	public domain 	viral license 	challenges	 	digital rights management 	hardware restrictions 	license proliferation 	mozilla software rebranding 	proprietary device drivers 	proprietary firmware 	proprietary software 	sco/linux controversies 	software patents 	software security 	trusted computing 	related topics	 	forking 	gnu manifesto 	microsoft open specification promise 	open-core model 	open-source hardware 	shared source initiative 	source-available software 	the cathedral and the bazaar 	revolution os 	 	 portal 	 category retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=mit_license&oldid= " 		categories: 	free and open-source software licenses 	permissive software licenses 	massachusetts institute of technology software 	x window system 	massachusetts institute of technology hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	use american english from march 	all wikipedia articles written in american english 	use mdy dates from march 	articles containing potentially dated statements from 	all articles containing potentially dated statements 	articles containing potentially dated statements from 	all articles lacking reliable references 	articles lacking reliable references from november 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	bân-lâm-gú 	Български 	català 	Čeština 	dansk 	deutsch 	español 	esperanto 	فارسی 	français 	galego 	한국어 	bahasa indonesia 	italiano 	עברית 	Кыргызча 	latviešu 	മലയാളം 	bahasa melayu 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	polski 	português 	Русский 	shqip 	simple english 	slovenčina 	slovenščina 	Српски / srpski 	suomi 	svenska 	ไทย 	türkçe 	Українська 	tiếng việt 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 file:altair.jpg - wikimedia commons 	 	 	 	 	file:altair.jpg 	 		from wikimedia commons, the free media repository 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			file 	file history 	file usage on commons 	file usage on other wikis 	metadata no higher resolution available. altair.jpg ‎( × pixels, file size: kb, mime type: image/jpeg) file information structured data captions englishadd a one-line explanation of what this file represents russianЗвезда Альтаир captions summary[edit] 	descriptionaltair.jpg	 english: the star altair 	source	 http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia 	author	 nasa/jpl/caltech/steve golden 	 	this image or video was catalogued by jet propulsion laboratory of the united states national aeronautics and space administration (nasa) under photo id: pia . this tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. a normal copyright tag is still required. see commons:licensing. العربيَّة | беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ | български | català | čeština | deutsch | english | español | فارسی | français | galego | magyar | հայերեն | bahasa indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | македонски | മലയാളം | nederlands | polski | português | русский | sicilianu | türkçe | українська | 中文 | 中文（简体）‎ | +/− licensing[edit] 	public domainpublic domainfalsefalse 	 	this file is in the public domain in the united states because it was solely created by nasa. nasa copyright policy states that "nasa material is not protected by copyright unless noted". (see template:pd-usgov, nasa copyright policy page or jpl image use policy.) 	 	 	warnings: 	use of nasa logos, insignia and emblems is restricted per u.s. law cfr . 	the nasa website hosts a large number of images from the soviet/russian space agency, and other non-american space agencies. these are not necessarily in the public domain. 	materials based on hubble space telescope data may be copyrighted if they are not explicitly produced by the stsci.[ ] see also {{pd-hubble}} and {{cc-hubble}}. 	the soho (esa & nasa) joint project implies that all materials created by its probe are copyrighted and require permission for commercial non-educational use. [ ] 	images featured on the astronomy picture of the day (apod) web site may be copyrighted. [ ] 	the national space science data center (nssdc) site has been known to host copyrighted content. its photo gallery faq states that all of the images in the photo gallery are in the public domain "unless otherwise noted." original upload log[edit] 	date/time	username	resolution	size	edit summary 	 : , november 	user:makary	 × 	 kb	 <span class="comment">(altair_pia .jpg credit: nasa/jpl/caltech/steve golden source:http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia )</span> file history click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 		date/time	thumbnail	dimensions	user	comment 	current	 : , march 		 × ( kb)	betacommandbot (talk | contribs)	move approved by: user:lerk this image was moved from image:pia .jpg == summary == altair == opis == altair_pia .jpg credit: nasa/jpl/caltech/steve golden source:http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia == licensing == {{pd-us you cannot overwrite this file. file usage on commons there are no pages that use this file. file usage on other wikis the following other wikis use this file: 	usage on ar.wikipedia.org 	النسر الطائر (نجم) 	usage on ast.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on be-tarask.wikipedia.org 	Альтаір 	Шаблён:Зорка 	Шаблён:Зорка/Дакумэнтацыя 	usage on bg.wikipedia.org 	Алтаир 	usage on ca.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on de.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on en.wikipedia.org 	altair 	user:mitternacht 	user:invaderxan 	user:radicalone/ubx design/altair 	user:invaderxan/trash 	user:miniwikiuser 	user:altairpayne 	user:boyangcheng 	user:commander v 	user:crab rangoons 	user:bhootrina 	user:bobbylon 	wikipedia:userboxes/science/astronomy 	usage on eo.wikipedia.org 	altairo 	usage on et.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on fa.wikipedia.org 	کرکس پرنده 	usage on fi.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on fr.wikipedia.org 	altaïr 	usage on ga.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on gl.wikipedia.org 	alpha aquilae 	usage on id.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on incubator.wikimedia.org 	wt/mnc/ᡳᡤᡝᡵᡳ ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ 	wp/ckt/Пэгытти 	usage on it.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on ja.wikipedia.org 	アルタイル 	usage on ko.wikipedia.org 	독수리자리 	알타이르 	usage on la.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on lt.wikipedia.org 	altayras 	usage on mk.wikipedia.org 	Алтаир 	usage on ml.wikipedia.org 	ആൾട്ടയർ 	usage on nn.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on no.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on oc.wikipedia.org 	agla (constellacion) 	usage on pl.wikipedia.org 	altair (gwiazda) 	usage on pl.wiktionary.org 	النسر الطائر 	usage on pt.wikipedia.org 	altair (estrela) 	usage on ro.wikipedia.org 	altair 	usage on ru.wikipedia.org 	Альтаир 	usage on ru.wikiquote.org 	Альтаир 	usage on ru.wiktionary.org 	ҫӑлтӑр 	жұлдыз view more global usage of this file. metadata this file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. if the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. the timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong. 	_error	 structured data items portrayed in this file depicts retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=file:altair.jpg&oldid= " 		category: 	altair hidden categories: 	files from nasa with known ids 	pd nasa 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			english 	not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			file 	discussion 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			view 	edit 	history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigate 	 	 		 			main page 	welcome 	community portal 	village pump 	help center 		 	 	 	participate 	 	 		 			upload file 	recent changes 	latest files 	random file 	contact us 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	concept uri 	cite this page 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at : . 	files are available under licenses specified on their description page. all structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc license; all unstructured text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and the privacy policy. 		privacy policy 	about wikimedia commons 	disclaimers 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 platform cooperative - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	platform cooperative 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		business structure type a platform cooperative, or platform co-op, is a cooperatively owned, democratically governed business that establishes a computing platform, and uses a website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services. platform cooperatives are an alternative to venture capital-funded platforms insofar as they are owned and governed by those who depend on them most—workers, users, and other relevant stakeholders. contents 	 typology 	 examples 	 platform co-operativism 	 . history of the term 	 . . roots in criticism of the sharing economy 	 public policy 	 . spain 	 . . barcelona 	 . united states 	 . united kingdom 	 advocacy 	 . organizations 	 . campaigns 	 criticisms of the viability of platform cooperatives 	 . dominance of established players 	 . difficulty securing early-stage capital 	 see also 	 references typology[edit] while there is no commonly accepted typology of platform cooperatives, researchers often ontologize platform cooperatives by industry. some potential categories include: transportation, on-demand labor, journalism, music, creative projects, timebank, film, home health care, photography, data cooperatives, marketplaces.[ ] other typologies differentiate platform cooperatives by their governance or ownership structures. platform cooperatives have been contrasted with platform capitalism. companies that try to focus on fairness and sharing, instead of just profit motive, are described as cooperatives, whereas more traditional and common companies that focus solely on profit, like airbnb and uber, are platform capitalists (or cooperativist platforms vs capitalist platforms). in turn, projects like wikipedia, which rely on unpaid labor of volunteers, can be classified as commons-based peer-production initiatives.[ ]: , examples[edit] many platform co-operatives use business models similar to better-known apps or web services, but with a cooperative structure. for example, there are numerous driver-owned taxi apps that allow customers to submit trip requests and notify the nearest driver, similar to uber.[ ][ ] the internet of ownership website includes a directory of the platform co-op "ecosystem".[ ] eva [ ] is a ride-sharing application that offers a service similar to uber, but in line with its cooperative members priorities: cheaper for rider members and better wages for driver members.[ ] fairbnb.coop [ ] is an online marketplace and hospitality service for people to lease or rent short-term lodging. foremost, it is also a community of activists, coders, researchers and designers working to create the platform to enable hosts and guests to connect for travel and cultural exchange, while minimizing the cost to communities. it is an alternative to commercial platforms.[ ] fairmondo is an online marketplace for ethical goods and services, that originated from germany and has expanded to the uk. joining as a stakeholder is open for all and the minimum share is limited to an affordable amount, with stakeholders exercising a democratic control through one-member-one-vote principle.[ ] it is a cooperative alternative to amazon and ebay.[ ] green taxi cooperative is the largest taxi company in the denver metro area.[ ] organized by the communications workers of america local , its members buy into the cooperative for a one-time membership fee of $ and then pay fees amounting to a "fraction" of what large companies charge drivers.[ ] despite having a mobile application through which riders can schedule pickups, and thus competing directly with ride-hailing applications like uber and lyft, as of november the green taxi cooperative reportedly held % market share in denver.[ ] meet.coop is an open source meeting and conferencing tool.[ ] midata is a cooperatively owned, zurich-based, online platform that seeks to serve as an exchange for members' medical data. using an open-source application, members are able to securely share their medical data with doctors, friends, and researchers, and are provided access to "data analysis, visualization and interpretation tools". members can also consent to their data's use in medical research and clinical trials. in a pilot project, post-bariatric-surgery patients are able to upload data to the platform, including their weight and daily step count, and follow their own post-surgery progress.[ ] savvy cooperative is a multi-stakeholder patient-owned research insights cooperative that seeks to match patients with patient engagement leaders, digital health companies, and clinical innovation leads, enabling industry and start-up tech companies to easily conduct user research with patients to ensure the products that go-to-market are patient-centric and focused on patient needs. using savvy's platform, patients can find and apply for gigs that match their conditions, get reimbursed for their participation, and qualify for dividends based on their co-op participation. savvy is majority patient-owned.[ ] stocksy united is a platform cooperative headquartered in victoria, british columbia. it is a "highly curated collection of royalty-free stock photography and video footage that is 'beautiful, distinctive, and highly usable.'"[ ] in , stocksy earned $ . million in sales—doubling its revenues from the year prior—and paid a dividend of $ , to its members.[ ] up & go is a digital marketplace for professional home services that allows users to schedule services such as house cleaning, dog walking, and handywork with worker-owned businesses that have fair work practices.[ ][ ] resonate [ ] is music streaming coop [ ] similar to spotify. collective tools is a cooperatively owned cloud service that offers storage, communication and canvas boards to organisations as well as storage and email to private persons.[ ] platform co-operativism[edit] platform cooperativism is an intellectual framework and movement which advocates for the global development of platform cooperatives. its advocates object to the techno-solutionist claim that technology is, by default, the answer to all social problems.[ ][ ][ ] rather, proponents of the movement claim that ethical commitments such as the building of the global commons, support of inventive unions, and promotion of ecological and social sustainability as well as social justice, are necessary to shape an equitable and fair social economy.[ ] platform cooperativism advocates for the coexistence of cooperatively owned business models and traditional, extractive models with the goal of a more diversified digital labor landscape respecting fair working conditions.[ ] platform cooperativism draws upon other attempts at digital disintermediation, including the peer-to-peer production movement, led by michel bauwens, vasilis kostakis and the p p foundation,[ ] which advocates for "new kinds of democratic and economic participation"[ ] that rest "upon the free participation of equal partners, engaged in the production of common resources", as well as the radically distributed, non-market mechanisms of networked peer-production promoted by yochai benkler.[ ] marjorie kelly's book owning our future contributed the distinction between democratic and extractive ownership design to this discussion.[ ] while platform cooperatives are structured as cooperatives, granting democratic control to workers, customers, users, or other key stakeholders, companies and initiatives that support the ecosystem of the cooperative platform economy are considered a part of the platform cooperativism movement insofar as they attempt to encourage, develop, and sustain its development. it has also been argued that, as the spread of platform cooperativism "will require a different kind of ecosystem -- with appropriate forms of finance, law, policy, and culture -- to support the development of democratic online enterprises", any person or business associated with the development of this ecosystem can be considered a proponent of platform cooperativism.[ ] history of the term[edit] the term "platform cooperativism" was coined by new school professor trebor scholz in a article titled, "platform cooperativism vs. the sharing economy", in which he criticized popular sharing economy platforms and called for the creation of democratically controlled cooperative alternatives that "allow workers to exchange their labor without the manipulation of the middleman".[ ] shortly thereafter, journalist nathan schneider published an article, "owning is the new sharing", which documented a variety of projects using cooperative models for digitally mediated commerce, as well as online, distributed funding-models which hoped to replace the venture capital model predominant in the technology sector.[ ] both scholz and schneider would later credit the work and provocations of other researchers and digital-labor advocates as their inspiration, including, among others, lawyer janelle orsi of the sustainable economies law center, who had "called on technology companies in the sharing economy to share ownership and profits with their users", and amazon mechanical turk organizer kristy milland who had proposed a worker-owned alternative to the platform at the "digital labor: sweatshops, picket lines, barricades" conference in november .[ ][ ] there are several other precursors to platform cooperativism. in , the italian cooperative federation legacoop promulgated a manifesto on the "cooperative commons", which called for bringing the lessons of the cooperative movement to control over online data.[ ] the same year mayo fuster morell published an article named "horizons of digital commons" in which she pointed to the evolution of commons-based peer production merging with cooperatives and the social economy.[ ] the article reflects on an event named building digital commons, which took place in october . it was the goal of the event to further connect the cooperative tradition and collaborative production. other previous similar terms on new forms of cooperativism such as "open cooperativism"[ ] and also studies of how the digital environment opens up new possibilities for the cooperative tradition[ ] are of relevance to the new term platform cooperativism. in , scholz published a primer on platform cooperativism, "platform cooperativism: challenging the corporate sharing economy", which was published in five languages[ ] and helped to internationalize the concept.[ ] in , he published uberworked and underpaid: how workers are disrupting the digital economy,[ ] which further developed the concept. together, scholz and schneider went on to convene an event on the subject, "platform cooperativism. the internet. ownership. democracy", at the new school in november ,[ ] and edit a book, ours to hack and to own: the rise of platform cooperativism, a new vision for the future of work and a fairer internet.[ ] roots in criticism of the sharing economy[edit] proponents of platform cooperativism claim that, by ensuring the financial and social value of a platform circulate among these participants, platform cooperatives will bring about a more equitable and fair digitally mediated economy in contrast with the extractive models of corporate intermediaries. the concept of platform cooperativism emerged from the discourse surrounding digital labor, popular in the late s and early s, which critiqued the use of digitally mediated labor markets to evade traditional labor protections.[ ] early studies of digital labor, using the theories of italian workerists, focused on the "free" or "immaterial" labor performed by users of web . platforms (sometimes referred to as "playbor"), while later analyses served to critique the "crowd fleecing"[ ][ ] of digital laborers by microtask labor-brokerages such as amazon mechanical turk and crowdflower.[ ] in , the digital labor discourse shifted to the so-called "sharing economy", resulting in an increase in both academic and media attention to the practices and policies of online markets for labor, services, and goods.[ ] researchers and labor advocates argued that platforms such as uber and taskrabbit were unfairly classifying full-time workers as independent contractors rather than employees, thus avoiding legally granted labor protections such as minimum-wage laws[ ][ ][ ] and the right to join a union with which to engage in collective bargaining,[ ] as well as different benefits offered to workers with employee status, including time off, unemployment insurance, and healthcare.[ ] other research focused on the automated management of the digital workplace by algorithms, without worker recourse. for example, the wage-per-mile by drivers on the uber platform is controlled moment-to-moment by a surge pricing algorithm,[ ][ ] and its drivers can lose their jobs if they fall behind any one of a number of metrics logged by the platform including ride-acceptance percentage (minimum %) and customer-rating ( . out of ).[ ] sharing economy workers who complained about this algorithmic management were often ignored, (e.g. a taskrabbit discussion forum was shut down in response to worker unrest)[ ] and sometimes told that, insofar as the platform owners do not employ their contracted labor force, they were not actually being managed by the technology companies behind the platforms on which they worked.[ ][ ] insofar as platform cooperatives offer worker-owners a more robust degree of control of the platforms they use, the model was seen as offering an ethical alternative to existing sharing economy platforms.[ ] as these early critiques of the sharing economy remain relevant, platform cooperatives tend to highlight their efforts to provide their worker-owners with a living wage or a fair share of revenues, benefits, control over the platform's design, and democratic influence over the management of the cooperative business. public policy[edit] the platform cooperativism movement has seen a number of global policy proposals and successes. spain[edit] barcelona[edit] barcelona has a long tradition of connecting cooperativism and collaborative production.[ ] as long ago as of october , an event was held to "promote dialogue between the cooperative tradition and digital commons".[ ] the social economy and consumption commission of barcelona city council in started a program on platform cooperativism.[ ] the program includes the provision of match-funding to support entrepreneurship and "la communificadora", an entrepreneurship training and support course, among others.[ ] a march international event by barcola (node about collaborative economy and commons-based peer production in barcelona) produced a set of policy proposals for european governments. integrated as concrete actions for the municipal action plan of the barcelona city council, following a consultative online participatory process, as well as aiming at other local authorities in spain and the government of catalonia, the resulting document criticized the organizational rationale of "multinational corporations based in silicon valley" which, though similar to collaborative-commons economic models, "behave in the style of the prevailing globalized capitalist economic model, based on extracting profits through networked collaboration". that joint statement of public policies for the collaborative economy, which integrates a commons-oriented vision in such an emerging paradigm, claimed that by privatizing certain aspects of the collaborative commons model these companies created "severe inequalities and loss of rights". the organization and participants at the event proposed the creation of favorable regulations for truly collaborative economic models, with measures like the funding of an incubator of new projects in the collaborative economy, including platform cooperativism, as well as the reassigning of public spaces for jointly managed working and manufacturing spaces. embedded in a wider framework of action research for the co-design of public policies, some of these policy proposals have been met with support by members of the barcelona city government. outputs from that process have resulted in specific measures like the incubation of new collaborative economy initiatives following a cooperativist model, or the possibility of new funding schemes for civic projects via transparent "match-funding". united states[edit] nyc council member brad lander of brooklyn's th district, founding co-chair of the council's progressive caucus, released a report in entitled, "raising the floor for workers in the gig economy: tools for nyc & beyond",[ ] which analyzes the contingent work sector in new york city and "presents policy tools for cities seeking to protect gig workers from wage theft and discrimination, provide access to portable benefits, and establish new frameworks for worker organizing".[ ] under his leadership, the nyc council unanimously passed the "freelance isn't free act", which provides freelance workers with a right to full and timely payment, along with new tools for enforcement, and amendments to the nyc human rights law to clarify that employment protections apply to independent and contingent workers.[ ] in his report, nyc council member brad lander presented platform cooperativism as a model to help laborers in the digital economy.[ ][ ] the us department of agriculture appeared to offer its support for the platform cooperativism movement with a feature story in the september/october issue of its magazine, rural cooperatives.[ ] "rural americans have been organizing cooperatives to develop countervailing economic power against larger investor-owned corporations for more than a century. this cooperative movement has now moved into the sharing economy that has been developing throughout the country. wherever investor-owners of software platforms are satisfying the needs of rural asset owners and users, the sharing economy will be welcomed. however, when the need arises, cooperatively-owned software platforms are proving to be a viable alternative." united kingdom[edit] in , jeremy corbyn, leader of the labour party and the opposition in the united kingdom, released a digital democracy manifesto calling for, among other policies, the fostering of "the cooperative ownership of digital platforms for distributing labour and selling services". he proposed that the national investment bank, as well as regional banks, would "finance social enterprises whose websites and apps are designed to minimise the costs of connecting producers with consumers in the transport, accommodation, cultural, catering and other important sectors of the british economy".[ ] advocacy[edit] organizations[edit] platform cooperativism consortium (pcc) the platform cooperativism consortium is a "think-and-do tank"[ ] for the platform cooperativism movement based at the new school in new york city.[ ] as a "global network of researchers, platform co-ops, independent software developers, artists, designers, lawyers, activists, publishing outlets, and funders",[ ] it engages in research, advocacy, education, and technology-based projects. it was launched in november at the occasion of the "building the cooperative internet" conference.[ ] the internet of ownership the internet of ownership is a website which maintains a global directory of platform cooperatives[ ] and a calendar of events[ ] concerning the platform cooperativism movement. it is maintained by nathan schneider and devin balkind.[ ] campaigns[edit] in september , nathan schneider wrote the article "here's my plan to save twitter: let's buy it" [ ] in which he asked "what if users were to band together and buy twitter for themselves?" once in users' hands, schneider suggested, twitter could be turned into a platform co-op. criticisms of the viability of platform cooperatives[edit] dominance of established players[edit] some critics of platform cooperativism claim that platform cooperatives will have trouble challenging established, venture-capital-funded platforms. nick srnicek writes that, due to "the monopolistic nature of platforms, the dominance of network effects, and the vast resources behind these companies … even if all that software would be made open-source, a platform like facebook would still have the weight of its existing data, network effects, and financial resources to fight off any co-op arrival."[ ] rufus pollock expresses similar concerns that platform coops will face major challenges reaching adequate scale, particularly given their inability to raise traditional equity capital.[ ] in addition, he argues that coops often have slow and inefficient decision-making processes which will hamper them in their ability to compete successfully. finally, he points out there is the risk that platform coops will go "bad" becoming an exclusive club for their members (for example, a ride-sharing coop might end up controlled only by drivers who then exploit consumers). evgeny morozov writes that "efforts at platform cooperativism are worthwhile; occasionally, they do produce impressive and ethical local projects. there is no reason why a cooperative of drivers in a small town cannot build an app to help them beat uber locally. but there is also no good reason to believe that this local cooperative can actually build a self-driving car: this requires massive investment and a dedicated infrastructure to harvest and analyze all of the data. one can, of course, also create data ownership cooperatives but it's unlikely they will scale to a point of competing with google or amazon."[ ] while this may be true in certain sectors, arun sundararajan claims that, "economic theory suggests that worker cooperatives are more efficient than shareholder corporations when there isn't a great deal of diversity in the levels of contribution across workers, when the level of external competition is low, and when there isn't the need for frequent investments in response to technological change." using uber as an example of a dominant platform, he continues: "cab drivers, after all, offer a more or less uniform service in an industry with a limited amount of competition. once the technology associated with 'e-hail' is commoditized, the potential for a worker cooperative appears to be in place, since each local market is contestable."[ ] regardless, the possibility of dominant platforms turning the flows of data they receive from their larger user-bases into market-securing technological innovations remains a challenge. for example, uber seeks to use the data they currently collect from drivers using their app to automate the taxi industry, thus eliminating the need for their workforce altogether and likely dropping the value of a ride below that on which a human laborer can survive. difficulty securing early-stage capital[edit] though sundararajan believes there are markets in which platform cooperatives might thrive, he finds their primary barrier to entry to be the initial securing of funds, especially given their ideological devaluation of the need to generate profits for investor-stakeholders. he does note, however, that a number of alternative fundraising models may pave the way for the widespread market-entry of platform cooperatives. among those he mentions is fairshare, a stakeholder model that differentiates between founders, workers, users, and investors, each with distinct voting rights, payouts, and permissions to trade shares on the open market. other models he mentions include crypto-coin crowdfunding, philanthropic investment, and "provider stock ownership programs" that mimic the traditional joint-ownership form of the "employee stock ownership program".[ ] see also[edit] 	commons-based peer production 	cooperative 	sharing economy 	solidarity economy 	unionized cooperative 	workers' self-management references[edit] 	^ scholz, trebor ( december ). "the prospects of platform cooperativism". slideshare. retrieved december . 	^ dariusz jemielniak; aleksandra przegalinska ( february ). collaborative society. mit press. isbn  - - - - . 	^ "profile of people's ride: a co-operative, driver-owned alternative to uber". august . retrieved november . 	^ schneider, nathan. "denver taxi drivers are turning uber's disruption on its head". the nation. retrieved november . 	^ "the internet of ownership: directory". 	^ "eva". retrieved march . 	^ "eva". eva.coop. retrieved - - . 	^ "fairbnb.coop". retrieved march . 	^ "a smart and fair solution for community-powered tourism". fairbnb.coop. retrieved - - . 	^ "welcome to fairmondo". fairmondo. retrieved december . 	^ scholz, trebor ( ). platform cooperativism: challenging the sharing economy (pdf). new york: rosa luxemburg stiftung. 	^ schneider, nathan ( september ). "denver taxi drivers are turning uber's disruption on its head". the nation. retrieved december . 	^ kenny, andrew ( december ). "a third of denver's taxi drivers have joined green taxi cooperative to fight uber". denverite. retrieved december . 	^ "archived copy". green taxi co-op. archived from the original on february . retrieved december .cs maint: archived copy as title (link) 	^ "meet coop". 	^ midata https://www.midata.coop/. retrieved december . missing or empty |title= (help) 	^ "this co-op wants to put money back into patients' hands". techcrunch. retrieved - - . 	^ a b pontefract, dan ( october ). "platform cooperatives like stocksy have a purpose uber and airbnb never will". forbes. retrieved december . 	^ up & go http://www.upandgo.coop/. retrieved december . missing or empty |title= (help) 	^ "archived copy". archived from the original on october . retrieved december .cs maint: archived copy as title (link) 	^ "resonate". retrieved march . 	^ "fairshares association: the association for multi-stakeholder co-operation in member-owned social enterprises". retrieved march . 	^ "collective.tools | everything you need to get organised – in one place". collective.tools. retrieved - - . 	^ scholz, trebor ( april ). "think outside the boss: cooperative alternatives to the sharing economy". public seminar. retrieved december . 	^ schneider, nathan ( december ). "an internet of ownership: democratic design for the online economy". the internet of ownership. archived from the original on december . retrieved december . 	^ o'dwyer, rachel ( ). scholz, trebor; schneider, nathan (eds.). ours to hack and own: the rise of platform cooperativism, a new vision for the future of work and a fairer internet. new york: or books. p.  . 	^ "mission". platform cooperativism consortium. retrieved december . 	^ scholz, trebor ( ). uberworked and underpaid: how workers are disrupting the digital economy. new york city: polity. part ii. 	^ "p p foundation". p p foundation. retrieved december . 	^ "our story". p p foundation. archived from the original on february . retrieved december . 	^ a b scholz, trebor ( december ). "platform cooperativism vs. the sharing economy". medium. retrieved december . 	^ kelly, marjorie ( ). owning our future. berrett-koehler publishers. isbn  - . 	^ schneider, nathan; scholz, trebor ( ). "introduction". in scholz, trebor; schneider, nathan (eds.). ours to hack and own: the rise of platform cooperativism, a new vision for the future of work and a fairer internet. new york: or books. 	^ schneider, nathan ( december ). "owning is the new sharing". shareable. retrieved december . 	^ schneider, nathan ( ). "the meanings of words". in scholz, trebor; schneider, nathan (eds.). ours to hack and own: the rise of platform cooperativism, a new vision for the future of work and a fairer internet. new york: or books. 	^ sifry, micah l. ( october ). "a conversation with trebor scholz on the rise of platform cooperativism". civic hall. retrieved december . 	^ "digital commons: manifesto". legacoop. . archived from the original on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ fuster morell, mayo (september ). "horizontes del procomún digital" (pdf). archived from the original (pdf) on april . retrieved april . 	^ bauwens, m., kostakis, v. ( ). "from the communism of capital to capital for the commons: towards an open co-operativism". triplec. ( ): – . doi: . /triplec.v i . . 	^ de peuter & dyer-witheford, g. ( ). "commons and cooperatives". affinities: a journal of radical theory, culture, and action. ( ). 	^ "the platform cooperativism primer". platform.coop. archived from the original on march . retrieved december . 	^ "contributors". platform cooperativism consortium. retrieved december . 	^ scholz, trebor ( ). uberworked and underpaid: how workers are disrupting the digital economy. new york city: polity. 	^ "platform cooperativism. the internet. ownership. democracy". platform.coop. retrieved december .[permanent dead link] 	^ scholz, trebor; schneider, nathan, eds. ( ). ours to hack and own: the rise of platform cooperativism, a new vision for the future of work and a fairer internet. new york: or books. 	^ sifry, micah l. ( october ). "a conversation with trebor scholz on the rise of platform cooperativism". civic hall. retrieved december . 	^ scholz, trebor ( ). "chapter ". uberworked and underpaid: how workers are disrupting the digital economy. new york city: polity. 	^ terranova, tiziana ( ). network culture: politics for the information age. pluto press. isbn  - - - . 	^ scholz, trebor ( ). "how platform cooperativism can unleash the network". in scholz, trebor; schneider, nathan (eds.). ours to hack and own: the rise of platform cooperativism, a new vision for the future of work and a fairer internet. new york: or books. p.  . 	^ scholz, trebor ( december ). "platform cooperativism vs. the sharing economy". medium. retrieved december . 	^ cheng, denise (october ). is sharing really caring? a nuanced introduction to the peer economy (pdf). 	^ "sharing economy . : can innovation and regulation work together?". knowledge@wharton. november . retrieved december . 	^ bauwens, michel ( october ). "how uber drivers, making less than the minimum wage, are organizing with assistance of taxi drivers". p p foundation. retrieved december . 	^ smith, rebecca; leberstein, sarah (september ). rights on demand: ensuring workplace standards and worker security in the on-demand economy (pdf). national employment law project. p.  . archived from the original (pdf) on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ smith, rebecca; leberstein, sarah (september ). rights on demand: ensuring workplace standards and worker security in the on-demand economy (pdf). national employment law project. p.  . archived from the original (pdf) on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ rosenblat, alex; stark, luke ( october ). uber's drivers: information asymmetries and control in dynamic work (pdf). data & society. p.  .[permanent dead link] 	^ a b slee, tom ( november ). "why canada should de-activate uber". tom slee. retrieved december . 	^ weber, harrison ( july ). "taskrabbit users revolt as the company shuts down its bidding system". venture beat. retrieved december . 	^ biddle, sam ( july ). "if taskrabbit is the future of employment, the employed are fucked". gawker. retrieved december . 	^ claburn, thomas ( august ). "uber drivers under algorithmic management: study". information week. retrieved december . 	^ scholz, trebor ( ). platform cooperativism: challenging the sharing economy (pdf). new york: rosa luxemburg stiftung. 	^ fuster, mayo ( ). "horizontes de procomún digital". barcelona: caritas. 	^ "digital commons event, october , barcelona". archived from the original on - - . 	^ fuster, mayo. "presentation barcelona collaborative economy action plan - platform cooperativism action". archived from the original on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ barcelona collaborative economy action plan. http://emprenedoria.barcelonactiva.cat/emprenedoria/es/edit.do?codiidioma= &id= &id_activitat_mestre= &dia= &mes= &any= . missing or empty |title= (help) 	^ a b "raising the floor for workers in the gig economy: tools for nyc & beyond". brad lander. september . archived from the original on march . retrieved december . 	^ a b "brad lander". platform cooperativism. archived from the original on december . retrieved december . 	^ lee, adaline ( november ). "hack the union talks the passage of freelance isn't free". freelancer's union. retrieved december . 	^ borst, alan (october ). "'platform co-ops' gaining traction" (pdf). rural cooperatives magazine. washington d.c.: us department of agriculture. 	^ "digital democracy manifesto". jeremy corbyn. archived from the original on august . retrieved december . 	^ " areas of activities". platform cooperativism consortium. retrieved december . 	^ platform cooperativism consortium http://platformcoop.newschool.edu/. retrieved december . missing or empty |title= (help) 	^ sharp, darren ( november ). "international consortium launched at second platform cooperativism conference". shareable. retrieved december . 	^ sharp, darren ( november ). "contributors - platform cooperativism consortium". shareable. retrieved december . 	^ a b "directory". the internet of ownership. archived from the original on november . retrieved december . 	^ "events". the internet of ownership. archived from the original on october . retrieved december . 	^ schneider, nathan ( september ). "here's my plan to save twitter: let's buy it". the guardian. retrieved december . 	^ srnicek, nick ( ). platform capitalism. new york city: polity. p.  . 	^ information coops: collective funding of information goods from software to medicines 	^ morozov, evgeny ( december ). "data populists must seize our information – for the benefit of us all". the guardian. retrieved december . 	^ sundararajan, arun ( ). the sharing economy: the end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. cambridge: mit press. p.  . 	^ sundararajan, arun ( ). the sharing economy: the end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. cambridge: mit press. p.  . 		v 	t 	e sharing economy 	companies	 	transportation	 	alopeyk 	blablacar 	beat 	bolt 	bykea 	didi 	 	fasten 	free now 	gett 	gojek 	grab 	indriver 	kakaotaxi 	lyft 	ola cabs 	snapp 	swvl 	turo 	uber 	careem 	via 	wingly 	waymo 	yourdrive 	pathao 	yandex.taxi 	tapsi 	hospitality	 	for-profit	 	airbnb 	couchsurfing 	non-profit	 	bewelcome 	pasporta servo 	servas international 	trustroots 	warm showers 	project funding	 	gofundme 	indiegogo 	kickstarter 	patreon 	retail	 	craigslist 	mercadolibre 	vinted 	kijiji 	music and film	 	sofar sounds 	tudou 	services and freelancing	 	pickle 	taskrabbit 	thumbtack 	swap and renting	 	erento 	the freecycle network 	streetbank 	tourism	 	toursbylocals 	withlocals 	concepts	 	social peer-to-peer processes	 	peer-to-peer banking 	peer-to-peer carsharing 	peer-to-peer lending 	peer-to-peer ridesharing 	 	barter 	bicycle-sharing system 	blockchain 	book swapping 	borrowing center 	decentralization 	carpool 	carsharing 	clothing swap 	co-living 	collaborative consumption 	crowdfunding 	crowdsourcing 	expert network 	flight sharing 	garden sharing 	home exchange 	homestay 	open innovation 	platform cooperative 	platform economy 	product-service system 	reuse 	ridesharing company 	scooter-sharing system 	tool library 	two-sided market 	uberisation 	upcycling 	wiki 	labour	 	india	 	indian federation of app-based transport workers 	united states	 	national taxi workers' alliance (ny) 	 rideshare drivers united (ca) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=platform_cooperative&oldid= " 		categories: 	cooperatives 	sharing economy 	business models hidden categories: 	cs maint: archived copy as title 	cs errors: missing title 	cs errors: bare url 	all articles with dead external links 	articles with dead external links from may 	articles with permanently dead external links 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			Ελληνικά 	español 	français 	bahasa indonesia 	italiano 	português 	suomi 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 the open library blog | a web page for every book 	 		 		 	the open library blog 	a web page for every book 		 	skip to content 	 		about 	 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 							 					« older posts 					 					 										 				 	 		 				 				 					open library tags explained—for readers seeking buried treasure 					 	by nicknorman 	 | 	published: june , 	 				 					 					 						 as part of an open-source project, the open library blog has a growing number of contributors: from librarians and developers to designers, researchers, and book lovers. each contributor writes from their perspective, sharing contributions they’re making to the open library catalog. as such, the open library blog has a versatile tagging system to help patrons navigate such a diverse and wide range of content. read more » 											 					 					 					 						posted in community, librarianship, open source 						| tagged community, features, nick norman 						| leave a comment 					 					 				 			 				 				 					introducing the open library explorer 					 	by mek 	 | 	published: december , 	 				 					 					 						 try it here! if you like it, share it. bringing years of librarian-knowledge to life by nick norman with drini cami & mek at the library leaders forum (demo), open library unveiled the beta for what it’s calling the library explorer: an immersive interface which powerfully recreates and enhances the experience of navigating a physical library. if the tagline doesn’t grab your attention, wait until you see it in action: drini showcasing library explorer at the library leaders forum get ready to explore in this article, we’ll give you a tour of the open library explorer and teach you how one may take full advantage of its features. you’ll also get a crash course on the + years of library history which led to its innovation and an opportunity to test-drive it for yourself. so let’s get started!   read more » 											 					 					 					 						posted in community, interface/design, librarianship 						| tagged features, nick norman, openlibrary 						| comments closed 					 					 				 			 				 				 					importing your goodreads & accessing them with open library’s apis 					 	by mek 	 | 	published: december , 	 				 					 					 						 by mek today joe alcorn, founder of readng, published an article (https://joealcorn.co.uk/blog/ /goodreads-retiring-api) sharing news with readers that amazon’s goodreads service is in the process of retiring their developer apis, with an effective start date of last tuesday, december th, . a screenshot taken from joe alcorn’s post the topic stirred discussion among developers and book lovers alike, making the front-page of the popular hacker news website. hacker news at - - : pm pacific. read more » 											 					 					 					 						posted in uncategorized 						| tagged apis 						| comments closed 					 					 				 			 				 				 					on bookstores, libraries & archives in the digital age 					 	by brewster kahle 	 | 	published: october , 	 				 					 					 						 the following was a guest post by brewster kahle on against the grain (atg) – linking publishers, vendors, & librarians read more » 											 					 					 					 						posted in discussion, librarianship, uncategorized 						| tagged founder 						| comments closed 					 					 				 			 				 				 					amplifying the voices behind books with the power of data 					 	by mek 	 | 	published: september , 	 				 					 					 						 exploring how open library uses author data to help readers move from imagination to impact by nick norman, edited by mek & drini image source: pexels / pixabay from popsugar according to rené descartes, a creative mathematician, “the reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest [people] of past centuries.” if that’s true, then who are some of the people you’re talking to? read more » 											 					 					 					 						posted in community, cultural resources, data 						| tagged drini, features, mek, nick norman 						| comments closed 					 					 				 			 		 							open library is an initiative of the internet archive, a (c)( ) non-profit, building a digital library of internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. other projects include the wayback machine, archive.org and archive-it.org. your use of the open library is subject to the internet archive's terms of use. 		 		 			 				 				« older posts 					 				 							 	 	 			 					 		 		 							 		 		 		 				search 						 							 								 								 							 						 					 				 		 	 		recent posts 			 					open library tags explained—for readers seeking buried treasure 									 	 					introducing the open library explorer 									 	 					importing your goodreads & accessing them with open library’s apis 									 	 					on bookstores, libraries & archives in the digital age 									 	 					amplifying the voices behind books with the power of data 									 		 	archives 		archives 		select month june december october september august july may november october january october august july june may march december october june may february january november february january december november october august july june may april march april january august december november october july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november 			 		 				 		 	 		 	 	 	 			theme customized from thematic theme framework. 	 	 	 	 		 	 	 the butter and egg man - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the butter and egg man 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			the butter and egg man 	first edition 	written by	george s. kaufman 	date premiered	september  ,   ( - - ) 	place premiered	longacre theatre, new york city, new york, us 	original language	english 	setting	office of lehmac productions in new york city; a hotel in syracuse the butter and egg man is a play by george s. kaufman, the only play he wrote without collaborating. it was a broadway hit during the – season at the longacre theatre.[ ] adapted to film six times, it is still performed on stages today. contents 	 synopsis 	 production 	 . revivals 	 reception 	 adaptations 	 references 	 external links synopsis[edit] gregory kelly (center) in a scene from the broadway production of the butter and egg man ( ) the play's title, of course, is broadwayese of the moment—a generic name for all those gentlemen who come trustingly to gotham with bankrolls, bent upon either reckless expenditure or equally reckless investment. — from the dust jacket for the first edition of the butter and egg man (boni & liveright, )[ ] a s slang term popularized by texas guinan,[ ] a butter-and-egg man is a traveling businessman eager to spend large amounts of money in the big city[ ]—someone wealthy and unwary.[ ] a souvenir booklet for the original production of the butter and egg man devoted an entire page to the various claims of origin for the phrase.[ ] peter jones is a young man who arrives on broadway from chillicothe, ohio, hoping to invest $ , in a play and turn a profit sufficient to buy a local hotel back home. he is conned by joe lehman and jack mcclure into backing their play with a -percent stake. the play opens out-of-town in syracuse and bombs. lehman and mcclure want out, and jones buys them out, and revamps the play into a huge hit. jones then sells back to them at a huge profit after learning of claims that the play was stolen, and returns home to get his hotel.[ ] kaufman's comedy may be seen as a precursor to mel brooks' the producers.[ ] production[edit] james gleason directed the broadway production of the butter and egg man, in which his wife lucile webster (center) appeared with gregory kelly and sylvia field. promotional theatre token for the touring production of the butter and egg man ( ) gregory kelly as peter jones in the butter and egg man ( ) scene from the production of the butter and egg man at otterbein university produced by crosby gaige, the butter and egg man opened at the longacre theatre on september , , and played for performances.[ ] james gleason directed the following cast:[ ] 	gregory kelly as peter jones 	sylvia field as jane weston 	robert middlemass as joe lehman 	lucile webster as fanny lehman 	john a. butler as jack mcclure 	marion barney as mary martin 	tom fadden as a waiter 	harry neville as cecil benham 	harry stubbs as bernie sampson 	eloise stream as peggy marlowe 	puritan townsend as kitty humphries 	denman maley as oscar fritchie 	george alison as a.j. patterson when the broadway run of the play ended in april , gregory kelly starred in its national tour. kelly had a heart attack in pittsburgh in february , and the tour was abandoned.[ ] kelly was transferred to a new york city sanitarium by his wife, actress ruth gordon, but he was unable to recover and died july , , at age .[ ][ ] the london premiere of the butter and egg man took place august , , at the garrick theatre. presented by an american company, the play was performed times, closing on september , . robert middlemass reprised his broadway role as joe lehman.[ ] revivals[edit] recent stagings of the play include punch line theatre in manhattan in ,[ ] and by the off broadway atlantic theater company in .[ ][ ] reception[edit] new york critics were unanimous in their praise for the butter and egg man.[ ] in his review of the play's premiere, gilbert w. gabriel wrote in the sun that it was "the wittiest and liveliest jamboree of the behind-the-scenes ever distilled from the atmosphere of broadway."[ ] walter winchell wrote that "first nighters roared at the dialogue". "the audience nearly laughed itself to death", wrote john anderson of the new york evening post. alexander woollcott called the play "richly and continuously amusing". "if you like smart, funny, sentimental, satirical comedies, here is a chance to enjoy yourself", wrote percy hammond of the new york herald tribune.[ ] adaptations[edit] the butter and egg man has been adapted for motion pictures six times:[ ] 	it was first adapted for the screen in (with the same name), a silent film directed by richard wallace.[ ] 	the american comedy film the tenderfoot is based on the play.[ ] 	the british film hello, sweetheart is based on the play. 	the american film dance charlie dance is based on the play. 	the american film an angel from texas, which included ronald reagan in its cast, is based on the play.[ ] 	the musical film three sailors and a girl is based on the play p. g. wodehouse adapted the play for his novel, barmy in wonderland. references[edit] 	^ a b c gussow, mel (december , ). "theatre: the butter and egg man". the new york times. retrieved - - . 	^ "the butter and egg man". facsimile dust jackets llc. retrieved - - . 	^ a b bordman, gerald & thomas s. hischak. the oxford companion to american theatre, p. ( d ed. ) 	^ allen, irving lewis ( ). the city in slang: new york life and popular speech. oxford university press. p.  . isbn  - - - . 	^ "souvenir book for 'the butter and egg man'" (pdf). long island news and owl. december , . p.  . retrieved - - . 	^ "the butter and egg man ( )". george s. kaufman. retrieved - - . 	^ "the butter and egg man". internet broadway database. retrieved - - . 	^ kaufman, george s. ( ) [ ]. the butter and egg man: a play in three acts. samuel french. p.  . 	^ "gregory kelly ill; play tour ends". the new york times. february , . retrieved - - . 	^ "gregory kelly, actor, dies at ". the new york times. july , . retrieved - - . 	^ robinson, lauren (may , ). "untimely deaths of stage performers". mcny blog: new york stories. museum of the city of new york. retrieved - - . 	^ wearing, j.p. the london stage - : a calendar of productions, performers, and personnel, p. ( ) 	^ weber, bruce ( october ). george s. kaufman's jet-paced solo flight, the new york times 	^ isherwood, charles. ( oct ) review: the butter and egg man, variety 	^ a b crosby gaige introduces george s. kaufman's new comedy the butter and egg man with gregory kelly ( ). promotional brochure for the original production at the longacre theatre, new york city. 	^ gabriel, gilbert w. ( sept ). the drama's dairy godfather. kaufman's "the butter and egg man" sells a thousand laughs at our theater's expense, the sun, p. , col. 	^ goble, alan. the complete index to literary sources in film, p. ( ) (books lists six films based on the play: the butter and egg man ( ), the tenderfoot ( ), hello sweetheart ( ), dance charlie dance ( ), angel from texas ( ), and three sailors and a girl ( ) 	^ hall, mordaunt ( aug ). the screen: the worm that turned, the new york times 	^ hall, mordaunt ( may ). joe e. brown in a boisterous film conception of the stage comedy, "the butter and egg man.", the new york times 	^ crowther, bosley ( may ). an angel from texas (review), the new york times external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to the butter and egg man. 	the butter and egg man at the internet broadway database 	the butter and egg man at georgekaufman.com 		v 	t 	e george s. kaufman 	plays and musicals	 	some one in the house ( ) 	dulcy ( ) 	to the ladies ( ) 	the ' ers ( ) 	merton of the movies ( ) 	helen of troy, new york ( ) 	the deep tangled wildwood ( ) 	beggar on horseback ( ) 	be yourself ( ) 	minick ( ) 	the butter and egg man ( ) 	the cocoanuts ( ) 	the good fellow ( ) 	the royal family ( ) 	animal crackers ( ) 	june moon ( ) 	the channel road ( ) 	once in a lifetime ( ) 	the band wagon ( ) 	of thee i sing ( ) 	dinner at eight ( ) 	let 'em eat cake ( ) 	the dark tower ( ) 	merrily we roll along ( ) 	first lady ( ) 	stage door ( ) 	you can't take it with you ( ) 	i'd rather be right ( ) 	the fabulous invalid ( ) 	the american way ( ) 	the man who came to dinner ( ) 	george washington slept here ( ) 	the land is bright ( ) 	the late george apley ( ) 	seven lively arts ( ) 	hollywood pinafore ( ) 	bravo! ( ) 	the small hours ( ) 	fancy meeting you again ( ) 	the solid gold cadillac ( ) 	silk stockings ( ) 	musicals based on his plays	 	sherry! ( ) 	merrily we roll along ( ) 	films	 	someone must pay ( ) 	someone in the house ( ) 	dulcy ( ) 	to the ladies ( ) 	merton of the movies ( ) 	welcome home ( ) 	beggar on horseback ( ) 	the butter and egg man ( ) 	the cocoanuts ( ) 	not so dumb ( ) 	animal crackers ( ) 	the royal family of broadway ( ) 	june moon ( ) 	the expert ( ) 	the tenderfoot ( ) 	make me a star ( ) 	once in a lifetime ( ) 	dinner at eight ( ) 	roman scandals ( ) 	the man with two faces ( ) 	you can't take it with you ( ) 	films as a director	 	the senator was indiscreet ( ) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_butter_and_egg_man&oldid= " 		categories: 	broadway plays 	 plays 	american plays adapted into films 	plays by george s. kaufman hidden categories: 	cs : julian–gregorian uncertainty 	commons category link is on wikidata 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 		 		add links 	 		 this page was last edited on december , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 arthur j. cramp - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	arthur j. cramp 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		british-born american medical doctor, researcher, and writer ( – ) 	arthur j. cramp 	 	born	 september london, england 	died	 november (aged ) hendersonville, north carolina 	nationality	english 	alma mater	wisconsin college of physicians and surgeons 	occupation	medical researcher and writer 	known for	director of the bureau of investigation of the american medical association 	spouse(s)	lillian torrey 	children	torrey arthur joseph cramp (september , – november , ) was a medical doctor, researcher, and writer. he served as director of the american medical association's (ama) propaganda for reform department (later, the bureau of investigation and, then the department of investigation)[ ] from to . he was a regular contributor to the journal of the american medical association (jama).[ ] cramp was "a bitter opponent of proprietary and medicinal abuses."[ ] his three volume series on 'nostrums and quackery', along with his public lectures to schools, professional groups, and civic organizations across the country,[ ] helped bring awareness to the problem of patent medicines or nostrums, by subjecting the claims (made by predominantly non-medical people) to scientific analysis. he was critical the pure food and drug act, and advocated stronger regulation of product labeling and advertising.[ ] in an article announcing his death, the ama called him "a pioneer in the fight against quackery and fraud in the healing arts."[ ] contents 	 early life and education 	 career 	 nostrums and quackery 	 memberships 	 personal life 	 death 	 selected articles 	 books 	 references 	 further reading early life and education[edit] arthur joseph cramp was born in london, england.[ ] his father was a blacksmith. he received his "preliminary education" in england[ ] before moving to the united states in his late teens,[ ] around .[ ] cramp, purportedly, decided to enter medical school after his infant daughter became ill and was treated by a quack. she subsequently died.[ ][ ] cramp received his training as a medical doctor from the wisconsin college of physicians and surgeons at milwaukee, where he graduated in .[ ][ ][ ] career[edit] cramp taught science at the high school level in milwaukee, wisconsin[ ][ ] and at the seminary and the maryville, missouri high school.[ ] he also worked at the wisconsin industrial school for boys, a reformatory high school in waukesha, wisconsin before entering medical school.[ ] while at the wisconsin college of physicians and surgeons, cramp worked as an assistant in chemistry.[ ] cramp joined the american medical association staff in as an editorial assistant.[ ] he then became the director for the newly-formed propaganda for reform department.[ ] cramp made it his mission to correspond with professionals and members of the public regarding medical treatments, products, and the business practices of individuals and companies involved in marketing them.[ ] his office also maintained a laboratory for testing various products.[ ] he wrote about many of these interactions and investigations in the journal of the american medical association and hygeia, a health magazine.[ ][ ] by , cramp's "fake file," listing "products, firms, and names of promoters", contained over , entries. he kept a "testimonial file" for doctors who endorsed proprietary drugs through testimonials; over , american doctors and , foreign doctors.[ ] his office became a clearing house for information regarding untested and, sometimes, dangerous practices. his department was aware of the health risks, as well as the financial losses to consumers who were duped by fake medicine vendors.[ ] cramp advocated truth in advertising, particularly for general consumption (patent) medicines containing "secret formulas,"[ ][ ] including alcohol.[ ] he and his office called for the standardization of medicines (ingredients and dosages) and educating the public on appropriate use. he wrote, "when the public is properly informed, so that it knows what preparations to call for in order to treat its simpler ailments, advertising of secret remedies will be entirely unnecessary."[ ] he considered the emotive nature of radio advertisements of quack medicine more harmful than newspaper advertisements. according to cramp, unlike radio, newspapers had "developed standards of decency and censorship" when determining whether or not to run the advertisements.[ ] the pure food and drugs act of , followed by the sherley amendment, was an attempt to address these issues.[ ] however, cramp warned that federal legislation attempting to address false advertising and interstate trafficking of products did not fully protect the public.[ ] "no man has any moral right to so advertise as to make well persons think they are sick and sick persons thing they are very sick. such advertising is an offense against the public health." — arthur j. cramp[ ][ ] in , cramp retired from the bureau due to ill health, after suffering from a heart attack in .[ ] upon hearing of his retirement, the british medical journal published this statement: "the quack nostrum trade is international in its activities, and the british medical profession owes a great debt to dr. cramp for providing it with the information necessary for combating both home-produced and imported frauds. we can only state our thanks and express the hope that he will enjoy the leisure he has earned by his many years of strenuous combat."[ ] nostrums and quackery[edit] in , cramp published the first of three volumes called nostrums and quackery,[ ] which would become "a veritable encyclopedia on the nostrum evil and quackery."[ ] the first volume contained the educational materials, case histories, and testimonials his department had been collecting.[ ] nostrums and quackery, volume ii, published in , was a collection of legal reports of case law involving nostrums and patent medicine reprinted from the journal of the american medical association meant to educate the general public. as reviewer joseph macqueen stated, "the matter that appears has been prepared and written in no spirit of malice, and with no object except that of laying before the public certain facts, the knowledge of which is essential to a proper concept of community health."[ ] cramp's nostrums and quackery and pseudo-medicine, volume iii, foreword by george h. simmons, editor emeritus of the journal of the american medical association,[ ] was published in . as described in the science news-letter, the book contained "terse, simple and factual accounts of hundreds of nostrums and the ways of pseudo-medical practitioners."[ ] this volume, more condensed than the first two volumes, indexed , "remedies."[ ] w.a. evans, in his review, wrote "when you have read this book you will consider credulity based on fiction rather drab."[ ] a sampling of "quack cures" which cramp included in his books and lectures: deafness "cures" (subjecting individuals with hearing loss to airplane nose-dives),[ ] beauty "cures" (hair dyes, freckle removers, and reducing lotions containing harmful ingredients or promoted with false claims about their efficacy),[ ]{ obesity "cures" (including tapeworms, products containing dinitrophenol, arsenic, and other dangerous substances),[ ] cancer "quackery" (alternate cancer therapies),[ ] "consumption cure quackery" (elixirs from a bottle whose "alleged cures for consumption are born weekly"),[ ] and the wilshire i-on-a-co (a magnetic belt purported to cure cancer, bright's disease and paralysis, pernicious anemia to health, deafness, muteness, and st. vitus' dance).[ ][ ] "the remedy for the menace of the fake consumption cure is education - and more education. people are gullible not because they lack brains, but because they lack knowledge. iteration and reiteration of the fundamental facts regarding the prevention and cure of tuberculosis is the only way of overcoming the present toll of human life taken by the consumption quack cure." — arthur j. cramp[ ] memberships[edit] as reported in jama,[ ] cramp was a member of the following: 	associate fellow of the american medical association 	indiana state medical association 	society of medical history of chicago 	institute of medicine of chicago 	royal institute of public health 	chicago ornithology society 	phi rho sigma 	chicago library club personal life[edit] cramp was married to lilly torrey of skidmore, missouri,[ ] daughter of l.n. torrey.[ ] they had a daughter, torrey, who died on january , . the infant's death was caused by seizures related to meningitis.[ ] death[edit] cramp died on november , , in hendersonville, north carolina. he was . the cause of death was, reportedly, arteriosclerosis and urema.[ ] selected articles[edit] 	modern advertising and the nostrum ( )[ ] 	the nostrum and the public health ( )[ ] 	self-doctoring ( )[ ] 	patent medicines: what is a 'patent medicine' and why? ( ) [ ] 	patent medicines: what protection does the national food and drugs act give? ( )[ ] 	therapeutic thaumaturgy ( )[ ] 	i-on-a-co - the magic horse collar? ( )[ ] 	the nostrum and the public health ( )[ ] 	the bureau of investigation of the american medical association ( )[ ] 	the work of the bureau of investigation ( )[ ] 	salts and crystals quackery ( )[ ] books[edit] 	nostrums and quackery: articles on the nostrum evil, quackery and allied matters affecting the public health, volume ( ) 	nostrums and quackery: articles on the nostrum evil, quackery and allied matters affecting the public health, volume ( ) 	nostrums and quackery and pseudo-medicine, volume ( ) references[edit] 	^ a b c d e f g h i j k blaskiewicz, robert; jarsulic, mike (november ). "arthur j. cramp: the quackbuster who professionalized american medicine". skeptical inquirer. ( ): – . retrieved december . 	^ a b c d e f g h "deaths. cramp, arthur joseph". jama. ( ): . december , . doi: . /jama. . . 	^ a b jackson, charles o. ( ). "through the looking glass". food and drug legislation in the new deal. princeton university press. pp.  – . jstor j.ctt x b x. . 	^ a b c d "dr. cramp to speak here". dubuque telegraph herald and times journal. dubuque, iowa. november , . p.  . 	^ a b c d e f g h i young, james harvey ( ). "the new muckrackers". the medical messiahs: a social history of medical quackery in th century america. princeton university press. pp.  – . jstor j.ctt x dp . . 	^ fishbein, morris (december ). "the protection of the consumer of food and drugs: a symposium". law and contemporary problems. duke university school of law. ( ): – . jstor  . 	^ a b "dr. arthur j. cramp". the maryville daily forum ( ( )). november , . p.  . 	^ a b c d "the work of dr. cramp". the british medical journal. bmj. ( ): . march , . jstor  . 	^ "medical news". the british journal. bmj. ( ): . april , . jstor  . 	^ gibbons, roy j. (march , ). "pink pills and quacks cost americans millions". iowa city press citizen. iowa city, iowa. p.  . 	^ a b cramp, arthur j. (december ). "the work of the bureau of investigation". law and contemporary problems. ( ): – . doi: . / . jstor  . 	^ "alky in medicine defeats dry law: chicago doctors say prohibition won't be success until it's removed". mitchell evening republic. south dakota. may , . p.  . 	^ "would bar 'quacks' from radio talks: doctors urge federal commission and broadcasters to revise programs". new york times. may , . p.  . 	^ "health notes". santa ana register. santa ana, california. april , . p.  . 	^ "dr. cramp declares promoting sale of "patent medicines" denounces advertising of so-called cures". the ogden standard. ogden, utah. october , . p.  . 	^ macqueen, joseph (january , ). "books". oregonian. portland, oregon: morning oregonian. p.  . 	^ "first glances at new books". the science news-letter. ( ): – . april , . jstor  . 	^ evans, dr. w.a. (march , ). "how to keep well". times-picayune. new orleans, louisiana. p.  . 	^ a b "ridicules flying as deafness cure: dr. cramp tells association for hard of hearing air stunts may be harmful". new york times. june , . p.  . retrieved december . 	^ farrell, amy edman ( ). "fat, modernity, and the problem of excess". fat shame: stigma and the fat body in american culture. nyu press. pp.  – . jstor j.ctt qg v . . 	^ clow, barbara ( ). "the contours of legitimate medicine: doctors, alternative practitioners, and cancer". negotiating disease: power and cancer care, - . mcgill-queen's university press. jstor j.ctt vkn. . 	^ a b "quackery cure for tb scored". the daily herald. biloxi, mississippi. september , . p.  . 	^ fishbein, morris (october ). "the month in midical science". scientific american. ( ): – . bibcode: sciam. .. f. doi: . /scientificamerican - . jstor  . 	^ davis, jr., donald g. (december ). "the ionaco of gaylord wilshire". southern california quarterly. ( ): – . doi: . / . jstor  . 	^ "mrs. cramp visits here". maryville daily democrat forum. maryville, missouri. august , . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (october , ). "modern advertising and the nostrum". american journal of public health. ( ): – . doi: . /ajph. . . . pmc  . pmid  . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (may , ). "the nostrum and the public health". jama. ( ): . doi: . /jama. . . retrieved december . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (may , ). "self-doctoring". new castle news. new castle, pennsylvania. 	^ cramp, arthur j. (april ). "patent medicines: what is a 'patent medicine' and why?". hygeia. chicago, il: american medical association. ( ): – . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (may ). "patent medicines: what protection does the national food and drugs act give?". hygeia. ( ): . 	^ cramp, arthur j. ( ). "therapeutic thaumaturgy". american mercury. : – . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (february ). "i-on-a-co - the magic horse collar?". hygeia. v: . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (december , ). "the nostrum and the public health". new england journal of medicine. ( ): – . doi: . /nejm . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (july–august ). "the bureau of investigation of the american medical association". the american journal of police science. ( ): – . doi: . / . jstor  . 	^ cramp, arthur j. (july ). "salts and crystals quackery". hygeia. : . further reading[edit] 	eric w. boyle. ( ). quack medicine: a history of combating health fraud in twentieth-century america. praeger. pp. - . isbn  - - - - 	 harvey young, james ( ). "arthur cramp: quackery foe". pharmacy in history. ( ): – . retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=arthur_j._cramp&oldid= " 		categories: 	 births 	 deaths 	 th-century american physicians 	american skeptics 	american medical writers 	american people of english descent 	critics of alternative medicine hidden categories: 	cs : julian–gregorian uncertainty 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles with hcards 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 		 		add links 	 		 this page was last edited on may , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course | cognitive research: principles and implications | full text skip to main content advertisement search 	 get published 	 explore journals 	 books 	 about 	 my account search all springeropen articles search cognitive research: principles and implications 	 about 	 articles 	 submission guidelines download pdf 	original article 	 open access 	published: march improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course 	jessica e. brodsky  orcid: orcid.org/ - - - , , 	patricia j. brooks  orcid: orcid.org/ - - - , , 	donna scimeca , 	ralitsa todorova , 	peter galati , 	michael batson , 	robert grosso , 	michael matthews , 	victor miller & 	michael caulfield   cognitive research: principles and implications volume  , article number:  ( ) cite this article 	 accesses 	 altmetric 	 metrics details abstract college students lack fact-checking skills, which may lead them to accept information at face value. we report findings from an institution participating in the digital polarization initiative (dpi), a national effort to teach students lateral reading strategies used by expert fact-checkers to verify online information. lateral reading requires users to leave the information (website) to find out whether someone has already fact-checked the claim, identify the original source, or learn more about the individuals or organizations making the claim. instructor-matched sections of a general education civics course implemented the dpi curriculum (n =  students) or provided business-as-usual civics instruction (n =  students). at posttest, students in dpi sections were more likely to use lateral reading to fact-check and correctly evaluate the trustworthiness of information than controls. aligning with the dpi’s emphasis on using wikipedia to investigate sources, students in dpi sections reported greater use of wikipedia at posttest than controls, but did not differ significantly in their trust of wikipedia. in dpi sections, students who failed to read laterally at posttest reported higher trust of wikipedia at pretest than students who read at least one problem laterally. responsiveness to the curriculum was also linked to numbers of online assignments attempted, but unrelated to pretest media literacy knowledge, use of lateral reading, or self-reported use of lateral reading. further research is needed to determine whether improvements in lateral reading are maintained over time and to explore other factors that might distinguish students whose skills improved after instruction from non-responders. introduction young adults (ages –  years) and individuals with at least some college education are the highest internet users in the usa (pew research center, a). these groups are also most likely to use at least one social media site (pew research center, b). despite their heavy internet and social media use, college students rarely “read laterally” to evaluate the quality of the information they encounter online (mcgrew et al., ). that is, students do not attempt to seek out the original sources of claims, research the people and/or organizations making the claims, or verify the accuracy of claims using fact-checking websites, online searches, or wikipedia (wineburg & mcgrew, ). the current study reports findings from one of eleven colleges and universities participating in the digital polarization initiative (dpi), a national effort by the american democracy project of the american association of state colleges and universities to teach college students information-verification strategies that rely on lateral reading for online research (american democracy project, n.d; caulfield, a). the dpi curriculum was implemented across multiple sections of a general education civics course, while other sections taught by the same instructors received the “business-as-usual” civics curriculum. we evaluated the impact of the dpi curriculum on students’ use of lateral reading to accurately assess the trustworthiness of online information, as well their use and trust of wikipedia. we also examined factors that might influence whether students showed gains in response to the curriculum, such as their prior media literacy knowledge. how do fact-checkers assess the trustworthiness of online information? fact-checking refers to a process of verifying the accuracy of information. in journalism, this process occurs internally before publication as well as externally via articles evaluating the accuracy of publicly available information (graves & amazeen, ). ethnographic research on the practices of professional fact-checkers found that fact-checking methodology involves five steps: “choosing claims to check, contacting the speaker, tracing false claims, dealing with experts, and showing your work” (graves, , p. ). interest in the cognitive processes and strategies of professional fact-checkers is not surprising in light of concerns about the rapid spread of false information (i.e., “fake news”) via social media platforms (pennycook et al., ; vosoughi et al., ), as well as the emergence of fact-checking organizations during the twenty-first century, especially in the usa (amazeen, ). when assessing the credibility of online information, professional fact-checkers first “take bearings” by reading laterally. this means that they “[leave] a website and [open] new tabs along the browser’s horizontal axis, drawing on the resources of the internet to learn more about a site and its claims” (wineburg & mcgrew, , p. ). this practice allows them to quickly acquire background information about a source. when reading laterally, professional fact-checkers also practice “click restraint,” meaning that they review search engine results before selecting a result and rely on their “knowledge of digital sources, knowledge of how the internet and searches are structured, and knowledge of strategies to make searching and navigating effective and efficient” (wineburg & mcgrew, , p. ). in contrast to professional fact-checkers, both historians and college students are unlikely to read laterally when evaluating online information (wineburg & mcgrew, ). how do college students assess the trustworthiness of online information? how individuals assess the credibility of information has been studied across a variety of fields, including social psychology (e.g., work on persuasion), library and information science, communication studies, and literacy and discourse (see brante & strømsø, for a brief overview). when assessing the trustworthiness of online social and political information, college students tend to read vertically. this means that they look at features of the initial webpage for cues about the reliability of the information, such as its scientific presentation (e.g., presence of abstract and references), aesthetic appearance, domain name and logo, and the usefulness of the information (brodsky et al., ; mcgrew et al., ; wineburg & mcgrew, ; wineburg et al., ). college students’ use of non-epistemic judgments (i.e., based on source features) rather than epistemic judgments (i.e., based on source credibility or corroboration with other sources) has also been observed in the context of selecting sources to answer a question and when ranking the reliability of sources (list et al., ; wiley et al., ). when provided with opportunities to verify information, adults (including college students) rarely engage in online searches and when they do, they usually stay on google’s search results page (donovan & rapp, ). while looking for information, college students rely on the organization of search engine results and prior trust in specific brands (e.g., google) for cues about the credibility of the information (hargittai et al., ). low search rates, superficial search behaviors, and reliance on cognitive heuristics (e.g., reputation, endorsement by others, alignment with expectations) may be indicative of a lack of ability or lack of motivation to engage in critically evaluating the credibility of online information. according to the dual processing model of credibility assessment, use of more effortful evaluation strategies depends on users’ knowledge and skills, as well as their motivation (metzger, ; metzger & flanagin, ). drawing on the heuristic-systematic model of information processing (chen & chaiken, ), metzger and colleagues argue that the need for accuracy is one factor that motivates users to evaluate the credibility of information. users are more likely to put effort into evaluating information whose accuracy is important to them. in cases where accuracy is less important, they are likely to use less effortful, more superficial strategies, if any strategies at all. teaching college students to read laterally the current study focuses on teaching college students to read laterally when assessing the trustworthiness of online information. however, a number of other approaches have already been used to foster students’ credibility evaluation knowledge and skills. lateral reading contrasts with some of these approaches and complements others. for example, teaching students to quickly move away from the original content to consult other sources contrasts with checklist approaches that encourage close reading of the original content (meola, ). one popular checklist approach is the craap test, which provides an extensive list of questions for examining the currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose of online information (blakeslee, ; musgrove et al., ). on the other hand, lateral reading complements traditional sourcing interventions that teach students how to identify and leverage source information when assessing multiple documents (brante & strømsø, ). more specifically, lateral reading instruction emphasizes that students need to assemble a collection of documents in order to be able to assess information credibility, identify biases, and corroborate facts. lateral reading also aligns with aims of media, news, and information literacy instruction. media literacy instruction teaches students how to access, analyze, evaluate, create, reflect, and act on media messages as means of both protecting and empowering them as media consumers and producers (hobbs, , ). media literacy interventions can increase students’ awareness of factors that may affect the credibility of media messages, specifically that media content is created for a specific audience, is subject to bias and multiple interpretations, and does not always reflect reality (hobbs & jensen, ; jeong et al., ). these media literacy concepts also apply in the context of news media (maksl et al., ). lateral reading offers a way for students to act on awareness and skepticism fostered through media and news literacy interventions by leaving the original messages in order to investigate sources and verify claims. while media and news literacy instruction focuses on students’ understanding of and interactions with media content, information literacy instruction teaches students how to search for and verify information online (koltay, ). being information literate includes understanding that authority is constructed and contextual and “us[ing] research tools and indicators of authority to determine the credibility of sources, understanding the elements that might temper this credibility” (association of college & research libraries, , p. ). lateral reading offers one means of investigating the authority of a source, including its potential biases (faix & fyn, ). lateral reading is also a necessary component of “civic online reasoning” during which students evaluate online social and political information by researching a source, assessing the quality of evidence, and verifying claims with other sources (mcgrew et al., ). mcgrew et al. ( ) conducted a pilot study of a brief in-class curriculum for teaching undergraduate students civic online reasoning. one session focused explicitly on teaching lateral reading to learn more about a source, while the second session focused on examining evidence and verifying claims. civic online reasoning was assessed using performance-based assessments similar to those used in their study (mcgrew et al., ). students who received the curriculum were more likely to make modest gains in their use of civic online reasoning, as compared to a control group of students who did not receive the curriculum. aligning with this approach, the american democracy project of the american association of state colleges and universities organized the digital polarization initiative (dpi; american democracy project, n.d.) as a multi-institutional effort to teach college students how to read laterally to fact-check online information. students were instructed to practice four fact-checking “moves”: ( ) “look for trusted work” (search for other information on the topic from credible sources), ( ) “find the original” (search for the original version of the information, particularly if it is a photograph), ( ) “investigate the source” (research the source to learn more about its agenda and biases), and ( ) “circle back” (be prepared to restart your search if you get stuck) (caulfield, a). because emotionally arousing online content is more likely to be shared (berger & milkman, ), students were also taught to “check their emotions,” meaning that they should make a habit of fact-checking information that produces a strong emotional response. in the current study, we were interested in fostering students’ use of lateral reading to accurately assess the trustworthiness of online content. therefore, we focused specifically on students’ use of the first three fact-checking “moves.” these moves are all examples of lateral reading, as they require students to move away from original content and conduct searches in a new browser window (wineburg & mcgrew, ), and align with the practices of professional fact-checkers. while the dpi curriculum also taught the move of “circling back” and encouraged students to adopt the habit of “checking their emotions,” this move and habit are difficult to assess through performance-based measures and were not the focus of the assessments or analyses presented here. research objectives we present results from an efficacy study that used the american democracy project’s dpi curriculum to teach college students fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction. students in several sections of a first-year, general education civics course received the dpi curriculum in-class and completed online assignments reinforcing key information and skills, while other sections received the “business-as-usual” civics instruction. we were interested in whether students who received the dpi curriculum would be more likely to use lateral reading to correctly assess the trustworthiness of online content at posttest, as compared to “business-as-usual” controls. additionally, we wanted to know the extent to which attempting the online assignments, which reviewed the lateral reading strategies and provided practice exercises, contributed to students’ improvement. as part of the analyses, we controlled for prior media literacy knowledge. even though media literacy has not been tied directly to the ability to identify fake news (jones-jang et al., ), students with greater awareness of the media production process and skepticism of media coverage may be more motivated to investigate online content. as part of the team implementing the dpi curriculum, we were provided with performance-based assessments like the ones used by mcgrew et al. ( ) and mcgrew et al. ( ) to assess students’ lateral reading at pretest and posttest. these types of assessments are especially critical given findings that college students’ self-reported information evaluation strategies are often unrelated to their observed behaviors (brodsky et al., ; hargittai et al., ; list & alexander, ). in light of previous research on the disconnect between students’ self-reported and observed information-evaluation behaviors, we also examined whether students who received the dpi curriculum were more likely to self-report use of lateral reading at posttest, as compared to “business-as-usual” controls. in the dpi curriculum, one of the sources that students are encouraged to consult when reading laterally is wikipedia. even though they are often told by secondary school teachers, librarians, and other college instructors that wikipedia is an unreputable source (garrison, ; konieczny, ; polk et al., ), students may rely on wikipedia to acquire background information on a topic at the start of their searches (head & eisenberg, ). therefore, we were interested in whether college students who received the dpi curriculum would report higher use of and trust of wikipedia at posttest, as compared to “business-as-usual” controls. lastly, for students who received the dpi curriculum, we explored factors that might distinguish students who used lateral reading to correctly assess the trustworthiness of online content at posttest from their classmates who did not read laterally. in an effort to distinguish groups, we compared students on their use of lateral reading at pretest and their self-reported use of lateral reading at pretest. we also examined group differences in general media literacy knowledge at pretest, use of and trust of wikipedia at pretest, and number of online homework assignments attempted. methods participants first-year college students (n =  ) enrolled in a general education civics course at a large urban public university in the northeastern usa took part in the study. the university has an open-admission enrollment policy and is designated as a hispanic-serving institution. students took classes at main and satellite campuses, both serving mostly commuter students. participants’ self-reported demographics are presented in table . almost half ( . %) were first-generation students (i.e., neither of their parents attended college). table participants’ self-reported demographics for matched sections (n =  ; ndpi =  , ncontrol =  )full size table prior to the outset of the semester, the course instructors received training in the dpi curriculum and met regularly throughout the semester to go over lesson plans and ensure fidelity of instruction. four instructors taught “matched” sections of the civics course, i.e., at least one section that received the dpi curriculum and at least one section that was a “business-as-usual” control. two of the instructors taught one dpi section and one control section at the main campus, one instructor taught one dpi and one control section at the satellite campus, and one instructor taught one dpi and one control section at the main campus and one dpi section at the satellite campus. across the matched sections, we had n =  students in the five dpi sections and n =  students in the four control sections. the research protocol was classified as exempt by the university’s institutional review board. the dpi curriculum students in dpi and control sections completed the online pretest in week and online posttest in week of a -week semester. the pretest and posttest were given as online assignments and were graded based on completion. for the pretest and posttest, materials were presented in the following order: lateral reading problem set, demographic questions, wikipedia use and trust questions, self-reported use of lateral reading strategies, general media literacy scale, and language background questions. all materials are described below. in the dpi sections, instructors spent three class sessions in weeks and introducing students to the four fact-checking “moves” using two slide decks provided by developers of the dpi curriculum to colleges and universities participating in this american democracy project initiative. a script accompanying the slide decks guided instructors through explaining and demonstrating the moves to students. the slide decks included many examples of online content for instructors and students to practice fact-checking during class. the in-class dpi curriculum drew heavily on concepts and materials from caulfield ( a). in the first slide deck, students were introduced to the curriculum as a way to help them determine the trustworthiness of online information. the four moves (look for trusted work, find the original, investigate the source, and circle back) were framed as “quick skills to help you verify and contextualize web content.” students learned about the difference between vertical and lateral reading in the context of investigating the source. they also practiced applying three of the moves (looking for trusted work, finding the original, and investigating the source) to fact-check images, news stories, and blog posts by using the following techniques: checking google news and fact-checking sites to find trusted coverage of a claim, using reverse image search to find the original version of an image, and adding wikipedia to the end of a search term to investigate a source on wikipedia. in the second slide deck, students reviewed the three moves of looking for trusted work, finding the original, and investigating the source, as well as their associated techniques. students were reminded that the fourth move, circle back, involved restarting the search if their current search was not productive. students then learned that, in addition to using a reverse search to find the original version of an image, they could find the original source of an article by clicking on links. for investigating the source, students were told that they could also learn more about a source by looking for it in google news. the remainder of the slide deck provided a variety of online content for students to practice fact-checking information using the four moves. in weeks and , students in dpi sections spent three class sessions practicing evaluating online content related to immigration. this topic was chosen because it aligned with course coverage of social issues in the usa. students were also given three online assignments to review and practice the strategies at home using online content related to immigration. these online assignments were graded based on completion and are described in detail below. aside from giving the pretest and posttest as online assignments, instructors in control sections followed the standard civics curriculum (i.e., “business as usual”), which focused on the us government, society, and economy, with no mention of lateral reading strategies and/or how to evaluate online content. as students in the control sections did not complete the three interim online homework assignments, the instructors implemented their regular course assignments, such as group projects. pretest, posttest, and online assignments were all administered via qualtrics software with the links posted to the blackboard learning management system. the script, slide decks, and online homework assignments are publicly available in an online repository.footnote lateral reading problems two sets of lateral reading problems (problem sets a and b) were provided by the developers of the dpi curriculum to all campuses. problems were adapted from the stanford history education group’s civic online reasoning curriculum (stanford history education group, n.d.) and from the four moves blog (caulfield, b). to ensure fidelity of implementation across campuses, we did not make any changes to the problem sets. students completed one of the lateral reading problem sets (a or b) as a pretest and the other problem set as a posttest. set order was counterbalanced across instructors: students in sections taught by two instructors received problem set a at pretest and problem set b at posttest, and students in sections taught by the other two instructors received problem set b at pretest and problem set a at posttest. each problem set consisted of one of each of four types of lateral reading problems determined by the developers of the dpi curriculum. the problems in each set included some problems with accurate online content, while other problems featured online content that was less trustworthy. each problem was labeled by its problem type in order to frame the problem, but students could use multiple lateral reading strategies to fact-check each problem. for each problem, students indicated their level of trust in the online content using a likert scale ranging from  = very low to  = very high. students could also indicate that they were unsure (−  ). students were then prompted to “explain the major factors in deciding your level of trust” using an open-response textbox. see table for a list of each problem type, problem set, online content used, and correct trust assessments and fig.  for screenshots of two example problems. table problem type, online content, and correct trust assessment for problem sets a and bfull size table fig. screenshots of two of the lateral reading problems. note: the left panel shows the sourcing evidence problem from problem set a, and the right panel shows the clickbait science and medical disinformation problem from problem set b full size image scoring of lateral reading problems the dpi provided a rubric for scoring student responses to the prompt “explain the major factors in deciding your level of trust”:  = made no effort,  = reacted to or described original content,  = indicated investigative intent, but did not search laterally,  = conducted a lateral search using online resources such as search engines (e.g., google), wikipedia, or fact-checking sites (e.g., snopes, politifact) but failed to correctly evaluate the trustworthiness of the content (i.e., came to the incorrect conclusion or focused on researching an irrelevant aspect of the content to inform their decision), or  = conducted a lateral search and correctly evaluated the trustworthiness of the content. we established inter-rater reliability using the dpi’s rubric by having two authors independently score a randomly selected . % of the responses for each lateral reading problem in each problem set.footnote since we used an ordinal scoring scheme ranging from to , we calculated weighted cohen’s kappa k =  . as a measure of inter-rater agreement, which takes into account the closeness of ratings (cohen, ). all disagreements were resolved through discussion. the authors then divided and independently coded the remaining responses. given the volume of responses, we decided to verify manual scores of using an automated approach. first, we identified keywords that were indicative of use of lateral reading and searched each response for those keywords. keywords were determined using a top-down and bottom-up approach, meaning that some words came from the curriculum, while other words were selected by scanning students’ responses. table presents keywords and sample responses for keywords. responses that used at least one keyword were scored as , indicating that the student read laterally. responses that did not use any keywords were scored , indicating that the student did not read laterally. next, we scored responses on the likert scale asking about the trustworthiness of the online content as for incorrect trust assessment and for correct trust assessment (see table ). lastly, we combined the keyword and trust scores so that indicated no use of lateral reading or use of lateral reading but with an incorrect trust assessment, and indicated use of lateral reading with a correct trust assessment, which was equivalent to a manual score of . table keywords used to automatically score responses for lateral readingfull size table we next reviewed responses where manual and automated scores did not match ( out of responses =  . %, cohen’s kappa k =  . ).footnote twenty-three were false positives (i.e., had an automated score of and a manual score of or less), and were false negatives (i.e., had an automated score of and a manual score of ). in six of the false-negative responses, students expressed a trust assessment in their open-ended response that explicitly contradicted their trust assessment on the likert scale. all disagreements were resolved in favor of the manual scoring. self-reported use of lateral reading strategies students used a -point likert scale ranging from  = never to  = constantly to respond to the prompt “how frequently do you do the following when finding information online for school work?” for the three fact-checking moves requiring lateral reading and the habit of checking their emotions. each move was described using layman’s terms in order to make it clear for students in control sections who were not exposed to the dpi curriculum. look for trusted work was presented as “check the information with another source,” find the original was presented as “look for the original source of the information,” and investigate the source was presented as two items: “find out more about the author of the information” and “find out more about who publishes the website (like a company, organization, or government).” check your emotions was presented as “consider how your emotions affect how you judge the information,” but was not included in analyses because it reflects a habit, rather than a lateral reading strategy. the four-item scale showed good internal consistency at pretest (α = . ). use of wikipedia students were asked to respond to the question “how often do you use wikipedia to check if you can trust information on the internet?” using a -point likert scale ranging from  = never and  = constantly. trust of wikipedia students were asked to respond to the question “to what extent do you agree with the statement that ‘people should trust information on wikipedia’?” using a -point likert scale ranging from  = strongly disagree to  = strongly agree. general media literacy knowledge scale students completed an -item scale ( reverse-scored items) assessing general and news media literacy knowledge (adapted from ashley et al., , and powers et al., ). for each statement, students indicated the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the statement using a -point likert scale ranging from  = strongly disagree to  = strongly agree. the -item scale showed adequate internal consistency at pretest (α = . ); reliability increased after removing an item with low item-rest correlation (–. ) (α = . ). the -item scale was used in analyses. an exploratory principal components analysis conducted using ibm spss statistics (version ) found four components with clustering primarily based on whether or not the item was reverse-scored.footnote therefore, we interpreted clustering based on reverse-coding to be a statistical artifact and treated the scale as unidimensional. see “appendix” for students’ agreement on each item by condition at pretest. to determine accuracy of students’ media literacy knowledge, scores were recoded such that scores of through were recoded as (inaccurate) and scores of and were recoded as (accurate). “appendix” also reports accuracy on each item by condition at pretest. online homework assignments students in the dpi sections completed three online assignments to practice the lateral reading strategies covered in class. for each assignment, students were prompted to recall the four moves and a habit for reading laterally, saw slides and videos reviewing the four moves and a habit, and practiced using the four moves and a habit to investigate the validity of online content related to immigration, a topic covered in the civics course. online content was selected from the four moves blog (caulfield, b). the first homework assignment asked students to investigate an article from city journal magazine titled “the illegal-alien crime wave” (caulfield, c), the second assignment asked students to investigate a photograph that purported to show a child detained in a cage by us immigration and customs enforcement (caulfield, b), and the last assignment asked students to investigate a facebook post claiming that border patrol demanded that passengers on a greyhound bus show proof of citizenship (caulfield, a). the online assignments are publicly available in an online repository.footnote results results are organized by research questions. all analyses were run in r (version . . ; r core team, ; rstudio team, ). preliminary analyses of lateral reading at pretest prior to conducting analyses to compare students who received the dpi curriculum with “business-as-usual” controls on lateral reading at posttest, we ran a series of preliminary analyses on the pretest data to assist us in formulating the models used to evaluate posttest performance. we first examined whether students’ average scores on lateral reading problems differed by instructor or condition at pretest. for this set of analyses the dependent variable was each student’s average score across the four problems, as assessed via the dpi rubric ( to ). students’ average scores at pretest did not differ significantly by condition (mdpi =  . , sd =  . and mcontrol =  . , sd =  . ; t( ) =  . , p = . ), see table for breakdown by problem and condition. a one-way between-group anova with the instructor as the between-group variable and average score across the four problems as the dependent variable indicated that pretest performance did not differ by instructor (f( , ) =  . , p = . , ηp  =  . ). table mean score for students in each condition for each problem at pretest and posttest (n =  ; ndpi =  , ncontrol =  )full size table at the level of individual students, . % of students received a score of (i.e., read laterally and correctly assessed trustworthiness) for at least one problem at pretest ( . % of students in the dpi sections and . % in the control sections; see table for breakdown by problem type and condition). there was no significant difference across conditions, x ( ) =  . , p = . , or instructor, fisher’s exact test p = . . therefore, to evaluate the effectiveness of the dpi curriculum, we chose to examine differences in students’ scores only at posttest. for the posttest models, we created a control variable to indicate whether or not the student had engaged in lateral reading and drew the correct conclusion about the trustworthiness of the online content on one or more problems at pretest. we also included a control variable for the instructor to account for possible differences in the fidelity of implementation of the dpi curriculum. table percentage of students in each condition who received a score of (i.e., read laterally and drew the correct conclusion about the trustworthiness of the online content) on each problem type at pretest and posttest (n =  ; ndpi =  , ncontrol =  )full size table we next examined whether problem sets a and b and the four types of problems were of equal difficulty at pretest. students’ average score across the four problems did not differ significantly by problem set (mset a =  . , sd =  . and mset b =  . , sd =  . ; t( ) =  . , p = . ). to examine differences in scores by problem type, we conducted a one-way repeated-measures anova with problem type as a within-subject variable and score as the dependent variable. with a greenhouse–geisser correction for lack of sphericity, there was a main effect of problem type, f( . , . ) =  . , p = . , ηp  = . . post hoc tests with tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons indicated that the fake news problem type was harder than the photo evidence problem type (p = . ). all other problem types were of comparable difficulty. for each problem type, sets a and b were of comparable difficulty, except for the sourcing evidence problem type, where set a had an easier problem (m =  . , sd =  . ) than set b (m =  . , sd =  . ), t( . ) =  . , p < . . we retained problem type as a control variable in the posttest models. problem set order was counterbalanced at the level of instructor and therefore fully confounded with instructor (see above); hence, we chose not to include problem set as a control variable in order to be able to retain instructor as a control variable in the posttest models. differences in online homework attempts among students who received the dpi curriculum, . % of students attempted no online homework assignments, . % attempted one homework assignment, . % attempted two assignments, and . % attempted all three online homework assignments. on average, students in the dpi sections attempted . assignments (sd =  . ). given different rates of engagement with the assignments, we included the number of assignments attempted in the posttest models. differences in general media literacy knowledge across both conditions, students demonstrated high general media literacy knowledge at pretest (magreement =  . , sd =  . ; maccuracy =  . %, sd =  . %). students’ agreement as assessed via the likert scale did not differ significantly by condition (mdpi =  . , sd =  . and mcontrol =  . , sd =  . ; t( ) =  . , p = . ). the accuracy of students’ knowledge also did not differ significantly by condition (mdpi =  . %, sd =  . % and mcontrol =  . %, sd =  . %; t( ) =  . , p = . ). see “appendix” for mean agreement and accuracy per question at pretest by condition. changes in lateral reading at posttest at posttest, students in dpi sections had an average score of m =  . (sd =  . ) across the four problems and received a score of on an average of . problems (sd =  . ). in contrast, students in control sections had an average score of m =  . (sd =  . ) and received a score of on an average of . problems (sd =  . ). to address our primary research question, we ran a mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model with a logit link using the clmm function of the ordinal package (christensen, ) in r (r core team, ; rstudio team, ); see table . for each posttest problem, our ordinal dependent variable was the student’s score on the – scale from the dpi rubric. we included an intercept-only random effect for students. our fixed effects were media literacy knowledge at pretest, use of lateral reading to make a correct assessment at pretest, instructor, problem type, condition (dpi vs. control), and the number of online assignments attempted. table mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model used to predict score for each problem on a scale of to (n =  )full size table overall, the full model with all fixed effects and the random effect of student fit significantly better than the null model with only the random effect of student (x ( ) =  . , p < . ). for each fixed effect, we compared the fit of the full model to the fit of the same model with the fixed effect excluded. this allowed us to determine whether including the fixed effect significantly improved model fit; see table for model comparisons. all control variables (i.e., media literacy knowledge at pretest, use of lateral reading to make a correct assessment at pretest, instructor, and problem type) significantly improved model fit or approached significance as predictors of students’ scores on lateral reading problems. controlling for all other variables, students in the dpi sections were more likely to score higher on lateral reading problems than students in the control sections. attempting more homework assignments was also significantly associated with higher scores. therefore, we dichotomized manual scores by recoding scores of as to indicate that the response provided evidence of lateral reading with a correct conclusion about the trustworthiness of the online content; all other scores were recoded as . we then re-ran the model above with the dichotomized version of the dependent variable to see whether findings differed. for each posttest problem, our dependent variable indicated whether or not students received a score of , i.e., whether they read laterally and also drew the correct conclusion about the trustworthiness of the online content. we used a mixed-effects logistic regression model with a binomial logit link using the glmer function of the lme package (bates et al., ) in r (r core team, ; rstudio team, ); see table . table mixed-effects logistic regression model used to predict use of lateral reading and correct trustworthiness conclusion on each problem (n =  )full size table overall, the full model with all fixed effects and the random effect of student fit significantly better than the null model with only the random effect of student (x ( ) =  . , p < . ). for each fixed effect, we again compared the fit of the full model to the fit of the same model with the fixed effect excluded; see table for model comparisons. all control variables except media knowledge at pretest significantly improved model fit, indicating that they were significant predictors of scoring , i.e., reading laterally and drawing a correct conclusion about trustworthiness. controlling for all other variables, students in the dpi sections were significantly more likely to receive a score of than students in the control sections. students who attempted more homework assignments were also significantly more likely to score . changes in self-reported lateral reading at posttest descriptive statistics for students’ self-reported use of lateral reading strategies at pretest and posttest are presented in table . at pretest, students in the control and dpi sections did not differ in the frequency with which they self-reported using lateral reading strategies when finding information online for school work, t( ) = – . , p = . . on average, students at pretest reported using lateral reading strategies between sometimes and often. table descriptive statistics for self-reported use of lateral reading strategies by time and condition (n =  ; ndpi =  , ncontrol =  )full size table to examine whether students who received the dpi curriculum were more likely to self-report use of lateral reading at posttest, as compared to controls, we conducted a  ×  repeated-measures anova with time (pretest vs. posttest) as a within-subject variable, condition (dpi vs. control) as a between-subject variable, and mean self-reported use of lateral reading as the dependent variable. there was a significant main effect of time, f( , ) =  . , p = . , ηp  =  . , with students reporting higher use of lateral reading at posttest (m =  . , sd =  . ) than at pretest (m =  . , sd =  . ). there was also a significant main effect of condition, f( , ) =  . , p = . , ηp  =  . , with students in the dpi sections reporting higher use of lateral reading (m =  . , sd =  . ) than students in the control sections (m =  . , sd =  . ). the interaction of time and condition was not significant, f( , ) =  . , p = . , ηp  =  . . changes in use of and trust of wikipedia at posttest descriptive statistics for students’ use of and trust of wikipedia at pretest and posttest are presented in table . since we used single items with ordinal scales to measure these variables, we used the nonparametric wilcoxon–mann whitney test to compare students’ use and trust of wikipedia across conditions at pretest and posttest (ucla statistical consulting group, n.d.). table percentage of students who indicated each response for use and trust of wikipedia by time and condition (n =  ; ndpi =  , ncontrol =  )full size table at pretest, students in dpi sections did not differ from students in control sections in their responses to the question how often do you use wikipedia to check whether you can trust information on the internet?, median =  (rarely) for both conditions, w =  . , p = . . however, at posttest, students in dpi sections reported using wikipedia more often to fact-check information (median =  , sometimes) as compared to controls (median =  , rarely), w =  . , p = . . at pretest, students in dpi and control sections did not differ in their responses to the question to what extent do you agree with the statement that “people should trust information on wikipedia”? median =  (disagree) for both conditions, w =  , p = . . at posttest, students in dpi sections tended to report a higher level of trusting information on wikipedia (median =  , no opinion) than students in the control sections (median =  , disagree), but the difference in trust was not significant, w =  . , p = . . individual differences in lateral reading for students in dpi sections to better understand individual differences in students’ responses to the dpi curriculum, we compared students who scored (i.e., used lateral reading and correctly assessed trustworthiness) on at least one problem at posttest (n =  or . % of students in dpi sections) with their peers who did not receive a score of on any of the lateral reading problems at posttest (n =  or . % of students in dpi sections). we first looked at group differences on whether or not students read laterally and drew the correct conclusion about the trustworthiness of the online content on at least one problem at pretest and on their self-reported use of lateral reading at pretest. groups did not differ in use of lateral reading on pretest problems or self-reported use of lateral reading at pretest. next, we examined whether groups differed in their general media literacy knowledge at pretest and their use and trust of wikipedia at pretest. there was no difference between groups in general media literacy knowledge (agreement and accuracy) at pretest or in their use of wikipedia at pretest. however, students in dpi sections who used lateral reading on at least one problem at posttest reported significantly lower trust of wikipedia at pretest (median =  , disagree) than students who failed to read laterally (median =  , no opinion, w =  , p = . ). lastly, we examined whether groups differed in the number of online homework assignments attempted. students in dpi sections who used lateral reading on at least one problem at posttest attempted more online homework assignments (m =  . , sd =  . ) than students who did not read laterally at posttest (m =  . , sd =  . , t( ) = – . , p = . ). discussion the current study examined the efficacy of the digital polarization initiative’s (dpi) curriculum to teach students fact-checking strategies used by professional fact-checkers. in particular, we examined whether students in sections that administered the curriculum showed greater use of lateral reading at posttest than “business-as-usual” controls. we also examined whether conditions differed in self-reported use of lateral reading and use and trust of wikipedia at posttest. additionally, to explore possible individual differences in student responses to the curriculum, we examined whether use of lateral reading to correctly assess the trustworthiness of online content at pretest, self-reported use of lateral reading at pretest, general media literacy knowledge at pretest, use of and trust of wikipedia at pretest, and number of online homework assignments attempted distinguished students who read laterally on at least one posttest problem from their classmates did not read laterally at posttest. at posttest, students who received the dpi curriculum were more likely to read laterally and accurately assess the trustworthiness of online content, as compared to their peers in the control classes. notably, there were no differences at pretest, as students almost universally lacked the skills prior to receiving the dpi curriculum. these findings are in keeping with previous work by mcgrew et al. ( ), showing that targeted instruction in civic online reasoning (including lateral reading) can improve college students’ use of these skills. we also observed that the number of online assignments attempted was associated with use of lateral reading at posttest, with students in dpi sections who read laterally on at least one problem at posttest attempting more online homework assignments than students in dpi sections who failed to read laterally at posttest. this correlation suggests that time devoted to practicing the skills was helpful in consolidating them. however, we cannot confirm that the homework was the critical factor as students who were more diligent with their homework may also have had better in-class attendance and participation or better comprehension skills. students who put more time or effort into the homework assignments may also have provided more written justifications on the posttest problems that could be scored using the dpi rubric (bråten et al.,  ). while . % of students read and accurately assessed at least one problem after receiving the dpi curriculum, students rarely received a score of on all four problems at posttest. this finding echoes previous research showing that, even when explicitly told that they can search online for information, adults, including college students, rarely do so (donovan & rapp, ). it is possible that students may have been more motivated to use lateral reading on certain problems based on their interest or how much they valued having accurate information on the topic (metzger, ; metzger & flanagin, ). it is also possible that, for problems that produced a strong emotional response, students may have struggled to “check their emotions” sufficiently to read laterally and draw a correct conclusion about the trustworthiness of the online content (berger & milkman, ). neither of these concerns would have emerged at pretest as students were almost uniformly unaware of lateral reading strategies. since the dpi curriculum was delivered in-class, students’ responsiveness to the dpi curriculum and their performance on the posttest may also have been affected by course-related factors. we observed an effect of instructors in the current study, which speaks to the importance of providing professional development and training for instructors teaching students lateral reading strategies. another course-related factor that we could not account for was students’ attendance during class sessions when the curriculum was taught. moving delivery of the dpi curriculum to an online format, e.g., by incorporating the instruction into the online homework assignments, may help ensure fidelity of implementation of the curriculum and facilitate better tracking of student participation and effort. on average, students answered the majority ( . %) of general media literacy knowledge items correctly at pretest. while general media literacy knowledge at pretest significantly predicted scores on the – scale at posttest, it was not a significant predictor of the dichotomized score distinguishing students who did and did not receive a score of (i.e., those who did vs. did not use lateral reading to draw correct conclusions about the trustworthiness of the online content). also, notably, students in dpi sections who received a score of on at least one problem at posttest did not differ in their media literacy knowledge from students in dpi sections who never scored . these findings suggest that understanding of persuasive intent and bias in media messages may have helped students recognize the need to investigate or assess the credibility of the information, but it was not sufficient to motivate them to use the fact-checking strategies to draw the correct conclusions. traditional media literacy instruction may also be too focused on the media message, rather than on the media environment (cohen, ). students may benefit from instruction that fosters understanding of how their online behaviors and features of the internet (e.g., use of algorithms to personalize search results) shape the specific media messages that appear in their information feeds. the need for additional instruction about the online information environment is also reflected in recent findings from jones-jang et al. ( ) documenting a significant association between information literacy knowledge (i.e., knowledge of how to find and evaluate online information) and the ability to identify fake news. in addition to examining students’ performance on the lateral reading problems, we also asked students to self-report their use of lateral reading (e.g., by checking information with another source or finding out more about the author of the information). at pretest, students in both conditions reported using lateral reading strategies between sometimes and often, even though very few students in either condition demonstrated lateral reading on any of the pretest problems. although students in the dpi sections self-reported greater use of lateral reading as compared to controls, the dpi students who read at least one problem laterally at posttest did not differ in their self-reported use of lateral reading strategies from dpi students who failed to read laterally at posttest. these findings align with the dissociation between students’ perceived and actual use of lateral reading skills observed in prior studies of students’ information evaluation strategies (brodsky et al., ; hargittai et al., ; list & alexander, ). the observed dissociation may be due to students’ lack of awareness and monitoring of the strategies they use when evaluating online information (kuhn, ). instruction should aim to foster students’ metastrategic awareness, as this may improve both the accuracy of their self-reported use of lateral reading and their actual use of lateral reading. several other explanations for this dissociation are also possible. some students may have accurately reported their use of lateral reading at posttest, but did not receive any scores of on the lateral reading problems because their trustworthiness assessments were all incorrect. alternatively, list and alexander ( ) suggest that the dissociation between students’ self-reported and observed behaviors may be due to self-report measures reflecting students’ self-efficacy and attitudes toward these behaviors or their prior success in evaluating the credibility of information, rather than their actual engagement in the target behaviors. overall, although performance-based measures may be more time-consuming and resource-intensive than self-report assessments (hobbs, ; list & alexander, ; mcgrew et al., ), they are necessary for gaining insight into students’ actual fact-checking habits. despite the emphasis of the dpi curriculum on using wikipedia to research sources and its popularity among professional fact-checkers (wineburg & mcgrew, ), students in the dpi sections only reported modestly higher wikipedia use at posttest as compared to controls, and no difference in trust. difficulties with changing students’ use and trust of wikipedia may reflect influences of prior experiences with secondary school teachers, librarians, and college instructors who considered wikipedia to be an unreliable source (garrison, ; konieczny, ; polk et al., ). while mcgrew et al. ( ) argue that students should be taught how to use wikipedia “wisely,” for example, by using the references in a wikipedia article as a jumping-off point for their lateral reading, this approach may require instructors teaching fact-checking skills to change their own perceptions of wikipedia and familiarize themselves with how wikipedia works. in future implementations, the dpi curriculum may benefit from incorporating strategies for conceptual change (lucariello & naff, ) to overcome instructors’ and students’ misconceptions about wikipedia. notably, our analysis of individual differences in response to the curriculum indicated that dpi students who demonstrated lateral reading at posttest were less trusting of information on wikipedia at pretest than their peers who failed to use lateral reading at posttest. this unexpected result suggests that the lateral reading strategies were more memorable for dpi students who initially held more negative views about trusting information on wikipedia, possibly because using wikipedia as part of the dpi curriculum may have induced cognitive conflict which can foster conceptual change (lucariello & naff, ). looking ahead, additional research is needed to parse out individual differences in students’ responses to the dpi curriculum. over a third of students did not read laterally on any of the problems at posttest, but this was unrelated to their use of lateral reading to correctly assess the trustworthiness of online content at pretest, their self-reported lateral reading at pretest or their self-reported use of wikipedia at pretest to check whether information should be trusted. given prior work on the roles of developmental and demographic variables, information literacy training, cognitive styles, and academic performance in children and adolescents’ awareness and practice of online information verification (metzger et al., ), it may be fruitful to examine the role of these variables in predicting students’ responsiveness to lateral reading instruction. in addition, students’ reading comprehension and vocabulary knowledge should be taken into consideration as language abilities may impact students’ success in verifying online content (brodsky et al., ). future research also needs to examine the extent to which gains in lateral reading are maintained over time and whether students use the strategies for fact-checking information outside of the classroom context. conclusion the current study, conducted with a diverse sample of college students, examined the efficacy of the dpi curriculum in teaching students to fact-check online information by reading laterally. compared to another study of college students’ online civic reasoning (mcgrew et al., ), we used a larger sample and a more intensive curriculum to teach students these skills. our findings indicate that the dpi curriculum increased students’ use of lateral reading to draw accurate assessments of the trustworthiness of online information. our findings also indicate the need for performance-based assessments of information verification skills as we observed that students overestimate the extent to which they actually engaged in lateral reading. the modest gains that students made in wikipedia use at posttest highlight an important challenge in teaching lateral reading as college students as well as instructors may hold misconceptions about the reliability of wikipedia and ways to use it as an information source (garrison, ; konieczny, ). lastly, the lack of relation between general media literacy knowledge and use of lateral reading to draw correct conclusions about trustworthiness of online information suggests that understanding and skepticism of media messages alone is not sufficient to motivate fact-checking. instead, teaching lateral reading as part of general education courses can help prepare students for navigating today’s complex media landscape by offering them a new set of skills. availability of data and materials the r markdown file, analysis code, and instructional materials used in the current study are available in the open science framework repository at https://osf.io/ rbkd/. notes 	 .https://osf.io/ rbkd/. 	 .only . % of the responses for the sourcing evidence problem in set b were scored due to missing data or responses stating that the youtube video was unavailable. 	 .thirty-nine additional responses had clerical errors in the manual scoring that were corrected prior to reliability calculations. there were also responses that were either missing data or that stated that the youtube video was unavailable. these responses are not included in reliability calculations. 	 .given that we expected components to be correlated, we used a direct oblimin rotation with kaiser normalization (costello & osborne, ). for the four components with eigenvalues greater than . , seven non-reverse scored items clustered on the first component, four reverse-scored items clustered on the second component, two non-reverse scored items clustered on the third component, and one reverse-scored item clustered on the fourth component. three items were below our criteria of . for the minimum factor loading (stevens, , as cited in field, ). 	 .https://osf.io/ rbkd/. references 	amazeen, m. a. ( ). journalistic interventions: the structural factors affecting the global emergence of fact-checking. journalism, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . article  google scholar  	american democracy project (n.d.). digital polarization initiative. american association of state colleges and universities. retrieved june , , from https://www.aascu.org/academicaffairs/adp/digipo/. 	ashley, s., maksl, a., & craft, s. ( ). developing a news media literacy scale. journalism & mass communication educator, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . article  google scholar  	association of college & research libraries. ( ). framework for information literacy for higher education. chicago: association of college & research libraries. retrieved march , , from http://www.ala.org/acrl/files/issues/infolit/framework.pdf. 	bates, d., maechler, m., bolker, b., & walker, s. ( ). lme : linear mixed-effects models using eigen and s . cran r package, ( ), – . google scholar  	berger, j., & milkman, k. l. ( ). what makes online content viral? journal of marketing research, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /jmr. . . article  google scholar  	blakeslee, s. ( ). the craap test. loex quarterly, ( ), – . google scholar  	bråten, i., brante, e. w., & strømsø, h. i. ( ). what really matters: the role of behavioural engagement in multiple document literacy tasks. journal of research in reading, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / - . . article  google scholar  	brante, e. w., & strømsø, h. i. ( ). sourcing in text comprehension: a review of interventions targeting sourcing skills. educational psychology review, , – . https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . article  google scholar  	brodsky, j. e., barshaba, c. n., lodhi, a. k. & brooks, p. j. ( ). dissociations between college students' media literacy knowledge and fact-checking skills [paper session]. aera annual meeting san francisco, ca. retrieved march , , from http://tinyurl.com/saedj t (conference canceled). 	caulfield, m. ( a). web literacy for student fact-checkers...and other people who care about facts. pressbooks. retrieved march , , from https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. 	caulfield, m. ( b). four moves: adventures in fact-checking for students. retrieved march , , from https://fourmoves.blog/. 	caulfield. ( a). greyhound border patrol. four moves: adventures in fact-checking for students. retrieved march , , from https://fourmoves.blog/ / / /greyhound-border-patrol/. 	caulfield. ( b). detained by ice? four moves: adventures in fact-checking for students. retrieved march , , from https://fourmoves.blog/ / / /detained-by-ice/. 	caulfield. ( c). immigration crime wave? four moves: adventures in fact-checking for students. retrieved march , , from https://fourmoves.blog/ / / /immigration-crime-wave/. 	chen, s., & chaiken, s. ( ). the heuristic-systematic model in its broader context. in s. chaiken & y. trope (eds.), dual-process theories in social psychology. (pp. – ). guilford press. google scholar  	christensen, r. h. b. ( ). ordinal—regression models for ordinal data. r package version . - . retrieved march , , from https://cran.r-project.org/package=ordinal. 	cohen, j. ( ). weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. psychological bulletin, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /h . article  pubmed  google scholar  	cohen, j. n. ( ). exploring echo-systems: how algorithms shape immersive media environments. journal of media literacy education, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /jmle- - - - . article  google scholar  	costello, a. b., & osborne, j. ( ). best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. practical assessment, research & evaluation, , – . google scholar  	donovan, a. m., & rapp, d. n. ( ). look it up: online search reduces the problematic effects of exposures to inaccuracies. memory and cognition, , – . https://doi.org/ . /s - - -z. article  pubmed  google scholar  	faix, a., & fyn, a. ( ). framing fake news: misinformation and the acrl framework. portal: libraries and the academy, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . article  google scholar  	field, a. ( ). discovering statistics using spss (and sex and drugs and rock’n’roll). ( rd ed.). sage. google scholar  	garrison, j. c. ( ). instructor and peer influence on college student use and perceptions of wikipedia. the electronic library, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /el- - - . article  google scholar  	graves, l. ( ). anatomy of a fact check: objective practice and the contested epistemology of fact checking. communication, culture and critique, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /cccr. . article  google scholar  	graves, l., & amazeen, m. ( ). fact-checking as idea and practice in journalism. oxford university press. https://doi.org/ . /acrefore/ . . . book  google scholar  	hargittai, e., fullerton, l., menchen-trevino, e., & thomas, k. y. ( ). trust online: young adults’ evaluation of web content. international journal of communication, , – . google scholar  	head, a. j., & eisenberg, m. b. ( ). how today’s college students use wikipedia for course-related research. first monday. https://doi.org/ . /fm.v i . . article  google scholar  	hobbs, r. ( ). digital and media literacy: a plan of action. the aspen institute. retrieved march , , from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ed . 	hobbs, r. ( ). measuring the digital and media literacy competencies of children and teens. in f. c. blumberg & p. j. brooks (eds.), cognitive development in digital contexts. (pp. – ). elsevier. https://doi.org/ . /b - - - - . - . chapter  google scholar  	hobbs, r., & jensen, a. ( ). the past, present, and future of media literacy education. journal of media literacy education, ( ), – . google scholar  	jeong, s. h., cho, h., & hwang, y. ( ). media literacy interventions: a meta-analytic review. journal of communication, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /j. - . . .x. article  google scholar  	jones-jang, s. m., mortensen, t., & liu, j. ( ). does media literacy help identification of fake news? information literacy helps, but other literacies don’t. american behavioral scientist. https://doi.org/ . / . article  google scholar  	koltay, t. ( ). the media and the literacies: media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy. media, culture & society, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . article  google scholar  	konieczny, p. ( ). teaching with wikipedia in a st-century classroom: perceptions of wikipedia and its educational benefits. journal of the association for information science and technology, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /asi. . article  google scholar  	kuhn, d. ( ). a developmental model of critical thinking. educational researcher, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / x . article  google scholar  	list, a., & alexander, p. a. ( ). corroborating students’ self-reports of source evaluation. behaviour & information technology, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . article  google scholar  	list, a., grossnickle, e. m., & alexander, p. a. ( ). undergraduate students’ justifications for source selection in a digital academic context. journal of educational computing research, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . article  google scholar  	lucariello, j. & naff, d. ( ). how do i get my students over their alternative conceptions (misconceptions) for learning. american psychological association. retrieved march , , from http://www.apa.org/education/k /misconceptions. 	maksl, a., craft, s., ashley, s., & miller, d. ( ). the usefulness of a news media literacy measure in evaluating a news literacy curriculum. journalism & mass communication educator, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . article  google scholar  	mcgrew, s., breakstone, j., ortega, t., smith, m., & wineburg, s. ( ). can students evaluate online sources? learning from assessments of civic online reasoning. theory & research in social education, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . . . article  google scholar  	mcgrew, s., ortega, t., breakstone, s., & wineburg, s. ( ). the challenge that’s bigger than fake news: civic reasoning in a social media environment. american educator, ( ), – . google scholar  	mcgrew, s., smith, m., breakstone, j., ortega, t., & wineburg, s. ( ). improving university students’ web savvy: an intervention study. british journal of educational psychology, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /bjep. . article  google scholar  	meola, m. ( ). chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation. portal: libraries and the academy, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . article  google scholar  	metzger, m. j. ( ). making sense of credibility on the web: models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research. journal of the american society for information science and technology, , – . https://doi.org/ . /asi. . article  google scholar  	metzger, m. j., & flanagin, a. j. ( ). psychological approaches to credibility assessment online. in s. s. sundar (ed.), the handbook of the psychology of communication technology. (pp. – ). wiley. https://doi.org/ . / .ch . chapter  google scholar  	metzger, m. j., flanagin, a. j., markov, a., grossman, r., & bulger, m. ( ). believing the unbelievable: understanding young people’s information literacy beliefs and practices in the united states. journal of children and media, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . . . article  google scholar  	musgrove, a. t., powers, j. r., rebar, l. c., & musgrove, j. g. ( ). real or fake? resources for teaching college students how to identify fake news. college & undergraduate libraries, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . . . article  google scholar  	pennycook, g., cannon, t. d., & rand, d. g. ( ). prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. journal of experimental psychology: general, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /xge . article  google scholar  	pew research center. ( a). internet/broadband fact sheet [fact sheet]. retrieved march , , from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/internet-broadband/#who-uses-the-internet. 	pew research center. ( b). social media fact sheet [fact sheet]. retrieved march , , from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/. 	polk, t., johnston, m. p., & evers, s. ( ). wikipedia use in research: perceptions in secondary schools. techtrends, , – . https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . article  google scholar  	powers, k. l., brodsky, j. e., blumberg, f. c., & brooks, p. j. ( ). creating developmentally-appropriate measures of media literacy for adolescents. in proceedings of the technology, mind, and society (techmindsociety’ ) (pp. – ). association for computing machinery. https://doi.org/ . / . 	r core team. ( ). r: a language and environment for statistical computing. r foundation for statistical computing. retrieved march , , from https://www.r-project.org. 	rstudio team. ( ). rstudio: integrated development for r. boston, ma: rstudio inc. retrieved march , , from http://www.rstudio.com/. 	stanford history education group (n.d.). civic online reasoning. https://cor.stanford.edu/. 	ucla statistical consulting group (n.d.). choosing the correct statistical test in sas, spss, and r. retrieved december , from https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/whatstat/. 	vosoughi, s., roy, d., & aral, s. ( ). the spread of true and false news online. science, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /science.aap . article  google scholar  	wiley, j., goldman, s. r., graesser, a. c., sanchez, c. a., ash, i. k., & hemmerich, j. a. ( ). source evaluation, comprehension, and learning in internet science inquiry tasks. american educational research journal, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . / . article  google scholar  	wineburg, s., & mcgrew, s. ( ). lateral reading: reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information (stanford history education group working paper no. -a ). retrieved march , , from https://ssrn.com/abstract= . 	wineburg s. & mcgrew, s. ( ). lateral reading and the nature of expertise: reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information (stanford graduate school of education open archive). retrieved march , from https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/yk ht . 	wineburg, s., breakstone, j., ziv, n., & smith, m. ( ). educating for misunderstanding: how approaches to teaching digital literacy make students susceptible to scammers, rogues, bad actors, and hate mongers (stanford history education group working paper no. a- ). retrieved march , , from https://purl.stanford.edu/mf bt . download references acknowledgements we thank jay verkuilen of the graduate center, city university of new york, for statistical consultation. preliminary results were presented at the aps-stp teaching institute at the annual convention of the association for psychological science held in may and at the american psychological association’s technology, mind, and society conference held in october . funding the authors have no sources of funding to declare. author information affiliations 	the graduate center, cuny, th ave, new york, ny, , usa jessica e. brodsky & patricia j. brooks 	the college of staten island, cuny, victory blvd, staten island, ny, , usa jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews & victor miller 	lehman college, cuny, bedford park boulevard west, bronx, ny, , usa ralitsa todorova 	washington state university vancouver, ne salmon creek ave, vancouver, wa, , usa michael caulfield authors	jessica e. brodskyview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	patricia j. brooksview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	donna scimecaview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	ralitsa todorovaview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	peter galatiview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	michael batsonview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	robert grossoview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	michael matthewsview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	victor millerview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	michael caulfieldview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar contributions jeb and pjb prepared the online homework assignments, analyzed the data, and prepared the manuscript. jeb and rt coded students’ open responses for use of lateral reading. ds, pg, mb, rg, mm, and vm contributed to the design of the online homework assignments and implemented the dpi curriculum in their course sections. mc developed the in-class instructional materials and the lateral reading problems. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. corresponding author correspondence to jessica e. brodsky. ethics declarations ethics approval and consent to participate the research protocol was classified as exempt by the university’s institutional review board. consent for publication not applicable. competing interests the authors declare that they have no competing interests. additional information publisher's note springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. appendix appendix percentage of students with accurate media literacy knowledge by item and condition at pretest (n =  ; ndpi =  , ncontrol =  ). 	 item 	 agreement 	 accuracy 	 dpi m (sd) 	 control m (sd) 	 dpi m (sd) 	 control m (sd) 	 a news story that has good pictures is less likely to get published. (reverse-scored) 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 people who advertise think very carefully about the people they want to buy their product 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 when you see something on the internet the creator is trying to convince you to agree with their point of view 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 people are influenced by news whether they realize it or not 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 two people might see the same news story and get different information from it 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 photographs your friends post on social media are an accurate representation of what is going on in their life. (reverse-scored) 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 people pay less attention to news that fits with their beliefs than news that doesn’t. (reverse-scored) 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 advertisements usually leave out a lot of important information 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 news makers select images and music to influence what people think 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 sending a document or picture to one friend on the internet means no one else will ever see it. (reverse-scored) 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 individuals can find news sources that reflect their own political values 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 a reporter’s job is to tell the trutha 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 news companies choose stories based on what will attract the biggest audience 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 when you see something on the internet you should always believe that it is true. (reverse-scored) 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 two people may see the same movie or tv show and get very different ideas about it 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 news coverage of a political candidate does not influence people’s opinions. (reverse-scored) 	 . . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 people are influenced by advertisements, whether they realize it or not 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 movies and tv shows don’t usually show life like it really is 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 overall mean ( items) 	 . ( . ) 	 . ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	 . % ( . ) 	all agreement scores are on a scale of  = strongly disagree to  = strongly agree. items were reverse-scored prior to calculating overall means and standard deviations 	aitem removed due to low item-rest correlation rights and permissions open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's creative commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article's creative commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ . /. reprints and permissions about this article cite this article brodsky, j.e., brooks, p.j., scimeca, d. et al. improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course. cogn. research , ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - download citation 	received: june 	accepted: march 	published: march 	doi: https://doi.org/ . /s - - - keywords 	fact-checking instruction 	lateral reading 	media literacy 	wikipedia 	college students download pdf associated content collection the psychology of fake news advertisement 	 support and contact 	 jobs 	 language editing for authors 	 scientific editing for authors 	 leave feedback 	 terms and conditions 	 privacy statement 	 accessibility 	 cookies follow springeropen 	 springeropen twitter page 	 springeropen facebook page by using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, california privacy statement, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage cookies/do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. © biomed central ltd unless otherwise stated. part of springer nature. etsu inagaki sugimoto - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	etsu inagaki sugimoto 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			 	this article needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. find sources: "etsu inagaki sugimoto" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor (september ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) a photograph of sugimoto from a daughter of the samurai, published etsuko sugimoto (杉本 鉞子, sugimoto etsuko, – june , ), also known as etsu inagaki sugimoto, was a japanese american autobiographer and novelist.[ ] she was born nagaoka in echigo province (which means "behind the mountains")[ ] in japan, now part of niigata prefecture. her father had once been a high-ranking samurai official in nagaoka, but with the breakdown of the feudal system shortly before her birth, the economic situation of her family took a turn for the worse. although originally destined to be a priestess, she became engaged, through an arranged marriage, to a japanese merchant living in cincinnati, ohio. etsu attended a methodist school in tokyo in preparation for her life in the usa, and became a christian. in she journeyed to the usa, where she married her fiancé and became mother of two daughters. after her husband's death she returned to japan, but later went back to the united states to complete the education of her daughters there. later she lived in new york city, where she turned to literature and taught japanese language, culture and history at columbia university. she also wrote for newspapers and magazines. she died in . works[edit] sugimoto's signature 	a daughter of the samurai ( ) 	with taro and hana in japan (in cooperation with nancy virginia austen - - ) 	a daughter of the narikin ( ) 	in memoriam: florence mills wilson ( ) 	a daughter of the nohfu ( ) 	grandmother o kyo ( ) 	but the ships are sailing ( , by etsu's daughter chiyono sugimoto kiyooka; the work contains biographical details of the last years of etsu sugimoto's life) references[edit] 	^ huang, guiyou ( ). asian american autobiographers: a bio-bibliographical critical sourcebook. greenwood. p.  . isbn  . 	^ sugimoto, etsu ( ). a daughter of the samurai . p.  . isbn  – via wikisource. 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	united states 	japan 	czech republic 	netherlands 	poland 	scientific databases	 	cinii (japan) 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology 	social networks and archival context 	sudoc (france) 	 		this article about a japanese writer, poet, or screenwriter is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. 	v 	t 	e 		this asian american–related article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. 	v 	t 	e retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=etsu_inagaki_sugimoto&oldid= " 		categories: 	japanese women writers 	 th-century japanese novelists 	 births 	 deaths 	 th-century american novelists 	american women writers 	american writers of japanese descent 	english-language writers from japan 	japanese emigrants to the united states 	american novelists of asian descent 	american women novelists 	columbia university faculty 	 th-century american women writers 	people from nagaoka, niigata 	american women academics 	converts to christianity 	japanese writer stubs 	asian american stubs hidden categories: 	articles needing additional references from september 	all articles needing additional references 	articles containing japanese-language text 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ndl identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nkc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nta identifiers 	wikipedia articles with plwabn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with cinii identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with snac-id identifiers 	wikipedia articles with sudoc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	all stub articles 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 	wikisource 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	deutsch 	français 	日本語 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 		 			 th july - by david gerard - leave a comment		 		 	 	 	 	 	 		number go up! because there’s trouble at tether. specifically: [bloomberg] a u.s. probe into tether is homing in on whether executives behind the digital token committed bank fraud, a potential criminal case … the justice department investigation is focused on conduct that occurred years ago, when tether was in its more nascent stages. specifically, federal prosecutors are scrutinizing whether tether concealed from banks that transactions were linked to crypto, said three people with direct knowledge of the matter who asked not to be named because the probe is confidential. that’s the entire new information in the story. we don’t know precisely what “years ago” means here — but i’d be surprised if the new york attorney general didn’t helpfully supply a pile of information from their recently-concluded investigation. remember that bitfinex/tether were lying to their banks all through and , with banks kicking them off as soon as they found out their customer was ifinex. this week’s “number go up” happened several hours before the report broke — likely when the bloomberg reporter contacted tether for comment. btc/usd futures on binance spiked to $ , , and the btc/usd price on coinbase spiked at $ , shortly after. here’s the one-minute candles on coinbase btc/usd around : utc ( am bst on this chart) on july — the price went up $ , in three minutes. you’ve never seen something this majestically organic:     janet yellen, the secretary of the treasury, met on july with the presidential oh-sh*t working group of regulators to talk about “stablecoins.” the meeting was closed-door, but a report has leaked. they’re not happy about libra/diem-style plans, or about tether: [bloomberg] acting comptroller of the currency michael hsu said regulators are scrutinizing tether’s stockpile of commercial paper to see whether it fulfills the company’s pledge that each token is backed by the equivalent of one u.s. dollar. amy castor wrote up the present saga for her blog, [amy castor] and we both went on aviv milner’s podcast when the music stops to talk about tether’s new round of troubles. it’s minutes. [anchor.fm]     your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedamy castorbitcoinbitfinexpodcasttetherwhen the music stops	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc next article news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 			 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 chia consensus - google docs javascript isn't enabled in your browser, so this file can't be opened. enable and reload. chia consensus        share sign in the version of the browser you are using is no longer supported. please upgrade to a supported browser.dismiss file edit view tools help accessibility debug see new changes library tech talk blog | u-m library skip to main content log in library tech talk technology innovations and project updates from the u-m library i.t. division search library tech talk subscribe to rss feed get updates via email (u-m only) popular posts for library tech talk 	 digital collections completed july - june 	 library it services portfolio 	 keys to a dazzling library website redesign 	 sweet sixteen: digital collections completed july - june 	 adding ordered metadata fields to samvera hyrax tags in library tech talk 	 hathitrust 	 library website 	 mlibrary labs 	 dlxs 	 web content strategy 	 digital collections 	 mirlyn 	 digitization 	 search 	 design 	 mtagger 	 oai 	 accessibility 	 usability group 	 ux archive for library tech talk 	 show 	july ( ) 	 show 	october ( ) 	september ( ) 	august ( ) 	july ( ) 	june ( ) 	april ( ) 	march ( ) 	january ( ) 	 show 	october ( ) 	june ( ) 	april ( ) 	february ( ) 	january ( ) 	show older	 show 	december ( ) 	november ( ) 	september ( ) 	july ( ) 	april ( ) 	february ( ) 	 show 	november ( ) 	september ( ) 	august ( ) 	june ( ) 	april ( ) 	march ( ) 	february ( ) 	january ( ) 	 show 	december ( ) 	november ( ) 	august ( ) 	june ( ) 	april ( ) 	march ( ) 	february ( ) 	january ( ) 	 show 	december ( ) 	november ( ) 	october ( ) 	september ( ) 	july ( ) 	june ( ) 	may ( ) 	april ( ) 	march ( ) 	february ( ) 	january ( ) 	 show 	december ( ) 	november ( ) 	october ( ) 	september ( ) 	august ( ) 	july ( ) 	june ( ) 	 show 	december ( ) 	october ( ) 	september ( ) 	april ( ) 	march ( ) 	january ( ) 	 show 	august ( ) 	july ( ) 	june ( ) 	may ( ) 	 show 	december ( ) 	november ( ) 	september ( ) 	july ( ) 	may ( ) 	april ( ) 	march ( ) 	 show 	december ( ) 	october ( ) 	september ( ) 	august ( ) 	july ( ) 	may ( ) 	february ( ) 	january ( ) 	 show 	december ( ) 	november ( ) 	october ( ) 	september ( ) 	august ( ) 	july ( ) 	june ( ) 	may ( ) digital collections completed july - june digital content & collections (dcc) relies on content and subject experts to bring us new digital collections.from july to jun , our digital collections received . million views. during the pandemic, when there was an increased need for digital resources, usage of the digital collections jumped to . million views (july -jun ) and million views (july -june ). thank you to the many people, too numerous to reasonably list here, who are involved not just in the... july , see all posts by lauren havens library it services portfolio academic library service portfolios are mostly a mix of big to small strategic initiatives and tactical projects. systems developed in the past can become a durable bedrock of workflows and services around the library, remaining relevant and needed for five, ten, and sometimes as long as twenty years. there is, of course, never enough time and resources to do everything. the challenge faced by library it divisions is to balance the tension of sustaining these legacy systems while continuing to... october , see all posts by nabeela jaffer keys to a dazzling library website redesign the u-m library launched a completely new primary website in july after years of work. the redesign project team focused on building a strong team, internal communication, content strategy, and practicing needs informed design and development to make the project a success. september , see all posts by heidi steiner burkhardt sweet sixteen: digital collections completed july - june digital content & collections (dcc) relies on content and subject experts to bring us new digital collections. this year, digital collections were created or significantly enhanced. here you will find links to videos and articles by the subject experts speaking in their own words about the digital collections they were involved in and why they found it so important to engage in this work with us. thank you to all of the people involved in each of these digital collections! august , see all posts by lauren havens adding ordered metadata fields to samvera hyrax how to add ordered metadata fields in samvera hyrax. includes example code and links to actual code. july , see all posts by fritz freiheit sinking our teeth into metadata improvement like many attempts at revisiting older materials, working with a couple dozen volumes of dental pamphlets started very simply but ended up being an interesting opportunity to explore the challenges of making the diverse range of materials held in libraries accessible to patrons in a digital environment. and while improving metadata may not sound glamorous, having sufficient metadata for users to be able to find what they are looking for is essential for the utility of digital libraries. june , see all posts by jackson huang collaboration and generosity provide the missing issue of the american jewess what started with a bit of wondering and conversation within our unit of the library led to my reaching out to princeton university with a request but no expectations of having that request fulfilled. individuals at princeton, however, considered the request and agreed to provide us with the single issue of the american jewess that we needed to complete the full run of the periodical within our digital collection. especially in these stressful times, we are delighted to bring you a positive... june , see all posts by lauren havens pager page of 	 	 	 	 	 	… 	 	older posts library contact information university of michigan library hatcher graduate library south, s. university avenue ann arbor, mi - ( ) - | contact-mlibrary@umich.edu except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a creative commons attribution . license. for details and exceptions, see the library copyright policy. © , regents of the university of michigan man and maid - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	man and maid 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 film 	man and maid 	suzette (renée adorée) makes the tedious hours of the wounded sir nicholas thormonde (lew cody) seem less monotonous. 	directed by	victor schertzinger 	written by	elinor glyn 	starring	lew cody renée adorée harriet hammond 	cinematography	chester a. lyons 	distributed by	metro-goldwyn-mayer 	release date 	 	april  ,   ( - - ) 	running time 	 minutes 	country	united states 	languages	silent english intertitles man and maid is a lost[ ] drama film directed by victor schertzinger based on a novel by elinor glyn. the film stars lew cody, renée adorée and harriet hammond.[ ][ ] contents 	 plot 	 cast 	 references 	 external links plot[edit] boulevardier sir nicholas thormonde (lew cody) has to choose between his mistress suzette (renée adorée) and his virtuous secretary alathea (harriet hammond) in wartime paris. cast[edit] 	lew cody - sir nicholas thormonde 	renée adorée - suzette 	harriet hammond - alathea bulteel 	paulette duval - coralie 	alec b. francis - burton 	crauford kent - col. george harcourt 	david mir - maurice 	jacqueline gadsden - lady hilda buiteel 	winston miller - little bobby 	jane mercer - little hilda 	irving hartley - atwood chester references[edit] 	^ the library of congress american silent feature film survival catalog:man and maid 	^ man and maid at silentera.com 	^ the afi catalog of feature films:man and maid external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to man and maid. 	man and maid at imdb 	man and maid review at allmovie guide 	man and maid at the tcm movie database 		v 	t 	e films directed by victor schertzinger 	 	the pinch hitter ( ) 	the millionaire vagrant ( ) 	the clodhopper ( ) 	sudden jim ( ) 	the son of his father ( ) 	his mother's boy ( ) 	the hired man ( ) 	the family skeleton ( ) 	playing the game ( ) 	his own home town ( ) 	the claws of the hun ( ) 	a nine o'clock town ( ) 	coals of fire ( ) 	quicksand ( ) 	string beans ( ) 	hard boiled ( ) 	extravagance ( ) 	the sheriff's son ( ) 	the homebreaker ( ) 	the lady of red butte ( ) 	when doctors disagree ( ) 	other men's wives ( ) 	upstairs ( ) 	jinx ( ) 	pinto ( ) 	the blooming angel ( ) 	the slim princess ( ) 	what happened to rosa ( ) 	the concert ( ) 	beating the game ( ) 	made in heaven ( ) 	the bootlegger's daughter ( ) 	the kingdom within ( ) 	head over heels ( ) 	mr. barnes of new york ( ) 	long live the king ( ) 	dollar devils ( ) 	refuge ( ) 	the lonely road ( ) 	the man next door ( ) 	the scarlet lily ( ) 	the man life passed by ( ) 	chastity ( ) 	bread ( ) 	a boy of flanders ( ) 	man and maid ( ) 	thunder mountain ( ) 	the golden strain ( ) 	flaming love ( ) 	the wheel ( ) 	the lily ( ) 	siberia ( ) 	the return of peter grimm ( ) 	stage madness ( ) 	the heart of salome ( ) 	the secret studio ( ) 	the showdown ( ) 	forgotten faces ( ) 	redskin ( ) 	nothing but the truth ( ) 	fashions in love ( ) 	the wheel of life ( ) 	the laughing lady ( ) 	paramount on parade ( ) 	safety in numbers ( ) 	heads up ( ) 	the woman between ( ) 	friends and lovers ( ) 	strange justice ( ) 	uptown new york ( ) 	the constant woman ( ) 	cocktail hour ( ) 	my woman ( ) 	one night of love ( ) 	beloved ( ) 	let's live tonight ( ) 	love me forever ( ) 	the music goes 'round ( ) 	something to sing about ( ) 	the mikado ( ) 	road to singapore ( ) 	rhythm on the river ( ) 	road to zanzibar ( ) 	kiss the boys goodbye ( ) 	birth of the blues ( ) 	the fleet's in ( ) 		this article about a silent drama film from the s is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. 	v 	t 	e retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=man_and_maid&oldid= " 		categories: 	 films 	american films 	metro-goldwyn-mayer films 	american silent feature films 	 drama films 	lost american films 	american black-and-white films 	american drama films 	films directed by victor schertzinger 	lost drama films 	 lost films 	 s silent drama film stubs hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	use mdy dates from september 	template film date with release date 	commons category link from wikidata 	all stub articles 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			català 	فارسی 	italiano 	nederlands 	português 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on february , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 the origin of ‘number go up’ in bitcoin culture – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		the origin of ‘number go up’ in bitcoin culture 		 			 th may rd march - by david gerard - comments.		 		 	 	 	 	 	 			this post is ridiculously popular, for unclear reasons. please check out the news blog, buy my book — it got good reviews! — or sponsor the site! you can also sign up (for free) at the “get blog posts by email” box at your right! bitcoin believers — often the same bitcoin believers — will say whatever they think is good news for bitcoin at that moment. from anarcho-capitalism and replacing the international bankers, to stablecoins and institutional investors. because “number go up” is the only consistent bitcoin ideology. the phrase itself — without a “the,” for ungrammatical effect — has long been used wherever goodhart’s law applies — “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.” but who first applied “number go up” to cryptocurrency? this came up in a twitter discussion today, when it was mentioned by chris derose. so i went looking. the earliest “number go up” i’ve found in crypto discussion is from somethingawful — not the buttcoin thread, but one of the other somethingawful crypto threads at the time — in a comment by user blade runner, on october (archive), as the crypto bubble was in full swing: it’s legitimately amusing to see a ham shoe shine boy incessantly screeching with no knowledge of how buttcoin works beyond “number go up, me could have had big number, goon bad” there are many reasons that it’s a terrible investment, and these have been explained over and over again, and yet the man continues to screech while pointing at an imaginary number inflated by ridiculous amounts of margin trading on an exchange that can’t be withdrawn from it was promptly adopted both on that thread and the main buttcoin thread. particularly by me. the earliest crypto twitter “number go up” without a “the” that i can find is from @vexingcrypto talking about their waltoncoins, on november . though it wasn’t in the present sense:   i just locked in an order for $wtc on #binance at . and i'm not changing it as long as $btc is going up. lock your number now! change order when $btc drops then your shares for same number go up. we will see what happens. #waltonchain #bitcoin — vexing crypto 💦 (@vexingcrypto) november ,   the first usage i can find on twitter in the present usage seems to be from me, on december , about proof-of-work crypto mining:   pow is a kludge, a terrible one. it was literally never an actually good idea. and bitcoin had substantially recentralised after five years anyway. now it's just a complete waste. and as other coins have shown, nobody actually cares about % as long as number go up. — david gerard 🐍👑 🌷 (@davidgerard) december ,   @buttcoin used it the next day, about iota:   because number go up look,, i don't think you,,, really understand,,,, the blockchain,,,,, https://t.co/dsxfdengng — buttcoin (@buttcoin) december ,   since then, the number of “number go up” continue only go up. bullish! to the moon!! your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedbitcoinbuttcoinnumber go upsomethingawful	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article woolf, the university on the blockchain — or not next article news: localbitcoins less local, cryptopia, quadrigacx, crypto banking, telegram, wirecard, eos voice, kik and defund crypto, wright gets a copyright competitor 	 			 			 comments on “the origin of ‘number go up’ in bitcoin culture” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												ranulph flambard says:					 					 						 th may at : am					 									 				 					numbers go up is good. numbers go down is bad. simples. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												satoshi nakamoto says:					 					 						 th may at : pm					 									 				 					fly away goon, all the way back to gbs. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 th may at : pm					 									 				 					as a cultured denizen of pyf, c-spam and yospos, i, er, never mind. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												chris derose says:					 					 						 rd june at : pm					 									 				 					love it. the unironic adoption by the bitcoin community, of this mantra, is hilarious. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 rd june at : pm					 									 				 					numeralis ascendus! 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												flibbertygibbet says:					 					 						 th may at : am					 									 				 					“this post is ridiculously popular, for unclear reasons.” it’s the top google result for “number go up”. you somehow stumbled into seo. 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 team america: world police - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	team america: world police 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 film directed by trey parker 	team america: world police 	theatrical release poster 	directed by	trey parker 	written by	 	trey parker 	matt stone 	pam brady 	produced by	 	scott rudin 	trey parker 	matt stone 	starring	 	trey parker 	matt stone 	kristen miller 	masasa 	daran norris 	phil hendrie 	maurice lamarche 	chelsea marguerite 	jeremy shada 	fred tatasciore 	cinematography	bill pope 	edited by	thomas m. vogt 	music by	harry gregson-williams 	production companies 	scott rudin productions braniff productions 	distributed by	paramount pictures 	release date 	 	october  ,   ( - - ) (denver film festival) 	october  ,   ( - - ) (united states) 	running time 	 minutes[ ][ ] 	countries	 	germany 	united states[ ][ ] 	language	english 	budget	$ million[ ] 	box office	$ million[ ] team america: world police is a black comedy action film directed by trey parker and written by parker, matt stone and pam brady, all of whom are also known for the popular animated television series south park. starring parker, stone, kristen miller, masasa, daran norris, phil hendrie, maurice lamarche, chelsea marguerite, jeremy shada and fred tatasciore, the film is a satire of big-budget action films and their associated clichés and stereotypes, with particular humorous emphasis on the global implications of the politics of the united states. the title is derived from domestic and international political criticisms that the foreign policy of the united states frequently and unilaterally tries to "police the world". team america follows the fictional titular paramilitary police force and their recruitment of a broadway actor in an attempt to save the world from north korean dictator kim jong-il, who is leading a conspiracy of islamic terrorists and liberal hollywood actors in a bid for global destruction. instead of live actors, the film uses a style of puppetry based on supermarionation, known for its use in the british tv series thunderbirds, although stone and parker were not fans of that show. the duo worked on the script with former south park writer brady for nearly two years. the film had a troubled time in production, with various problems regarding the marionettes, as well as the scheduling extremes of having the film come out in time. in addition, the filmmakers fought with the motion picture association of america, who returned the film over nine times with an nc- rating due to an explicit sex scene in the film. the film was cut by less than a minute and rated r for "graphic crude and sexual humor, violent images and strong language – all involving puppets". the film premiered at the denver film festival on october , , and was released theatrically in the united states the following day on october , , by paramount pictures. it has received mostly positive reviews from critics and grossed over $ million worldwide against its $ million budget.[ ] contents 	 plot 	 cast 	 production 	 . development 	 . writing 	 . filming 	 . editing 	 . music 	 individuals parodied in the film 	 release 	 . home media 	 reception 	 . critical response 	 . box office 	 . filmmakers' response 	 . awards 	 soundtrack 	 legacy 	 see also 	 references 	 further reading 	 external links plot[edit] team america, a paramilitary counter-terrorist police force, eliminates a gang of terrorists in paris, accidentally destroying the eiffel tower, arc de triomphe, and the louvre in the process. the team includes lisa, an idealistic psychologist; her love interest carson; sarah, a psychic; joe, a jock who is in love with sarah; and chris, a martial arts expert who harbors a phobia towards actors. carson proposes to lisa, but a terrorist shoots him dead as he is doing it. team america leader spottswoode brings broadway actor gary johnston to team america's base in mount rushmore and asks him to use his acting skills to infiltrate a terrorist cell. unbeknownst to the team, north korean dictator and gangster kim jong-il is supplying international terrorists with weapons of mass destruction. gary infiltrates a terrorist group in cairo. the team is discovered and a chase ensues, with the team killing the terrorists. however, the city is left in ruins, drawing criticism from the film actors guild (often shown as "f.a.g." in the film), a union of liberal hollywood actors led by alec baldwin. at the base, gary tells lisa that, as a child, his acting talent caused his brother to be savagely killed by gorillas. while the two grow close and have sex, terrorists blow up the panama canal in retaliation for the cairo operation, which the film actors guild blame on team america, as well as kim chastising the terrorists for detonating one bomb too early. gary, feeling his acting talents have again resulted in innocent people dying, resigns from team america. the remaining members depart for the middle east, but are defeated and captured by north korean forces while michael moore blows up team america's base in a suicide attack. in north korea, kim invites the film actors guild and world leaders to a peace ceremony, planning to detonate a series of bombs around the globe while they are distracted. succumbing to depression, gary is reminded of his responsibility by a speech from a drunken tramp. returning to the team's base, he finds spottswoode has survived the bomb attack. after regaining spottswoode's trust by giving him a blowjob and undergoing one-day training, gary goes to north korea, where he uses his acting skills to infiltrate the base and free the team, although lisa is held hostage by kim. the team are confronted by members of the film actors guild and engage them in a fight in which most of the actors are killed. after gary uses his acting skills to save chris from susan sarandon, chris confesses to gary that the reason he dislikes actors is because he was gang-raped by the cast of the musical cats when he was years old. the team crash the peace ceremony and gary goes on stage where he convinces the world's leaders to unite, using the tramp's speech. alec baldwin can't counter gary's arguments, so kim betrays and kills baldwin, but is kicked over a balcony by lisa and impaled on a pickelhaube, exposing his true form as an enormous extraterrestrial cockroach, which flees in a spaceship, promising to return. gary and lisa happily begin a relationship and the team reunites, preparing to fight the world's terrorists once again. cast[edit] 	trey parker as gary johnston / joe smith / carson / kim jong-il / hans blix / matt damon / tim robbins / sean penn / michael moore / helen hunt / peter jennings / susan sarandon / drunk in bar / liv tyler / janeane garofalo 	matt stone as chris roth / george clooney / danny glover / ethan hawke / martin sheen 	kristen miller as lisa jones 	masasa as sarah wong 	daran norris as spottswoode 	phil hendrie as i.n.t.e.l.l.i.g.e.n.c.e. / chechen terrorist 	maurice lamarche as alec baldwin 	chelsea marguerite as french mother 	jeremy shada as jean francois 	fred tatasciore as samuel l. jackson 	scott land, tony urbano, and greg ballora as lead puppeteers the film also features a man dressed as a giant statue of kim il-sung, two black cats, two nurse sharks, and a cockroach, with the difference in size with the marionettes played for humorous effect. a poster of the barbi twins was featured on the billboard in times square, making the twins the only non-marionette humans in the film. production[edit] creators trey parker (left) and matt stone (right) were exhausted with production on team america and its scheduling extremes. development[edit] the film's origins involve parker and stone watching gerry and sylvia anderson's thunderbirds on television while bored. parker found that the series was unable to hold his interest as a child because "the dialogue was so expository and slow, and it took itself really seriously".[ ] the duo inquired about the rights to the series and found out that universal studios was doing a thunderbirds film directed by jonathan frakes. "we said, 'what? jonathan frakes is directing puppets?' and then we found out it was a live-action version, and we were disappointed," said parker.[ ] the two then read that the day after tomorrow had been sold to th century fox due to a one-line pitch regarding global warming, which parker and stone found "hilarious" and "insane". parker recalled stone running up to him during work at south park holding the paper, who sat down and read the synopsis regarding "sudden global warming attacking the earth". the two were in tears from laughing.[ ] the two got a copy of the script, and they soon realized that the day after tomorrow was the "greatest puppet script ever written".[ ] originally intending to do a shot-for-shot puppet parody of the day after tomorrow, parker and stone were advised by their lawyers that there could be legal repercussions.[ ] the spoof would have been called the day after the day after tomorrow, and been released a day later than the day after tomorrow.[ ] news broke of the duo signing on to create the film on october , , with stone revealing that it would be a homage to anderson.[ ] the news was confirmed in june , with variety quoting stone as saying "what we wanted was to do a send-up of these super important huge action movies that jerry bruckheimer makes."[ ] before production began, team america was championed at paramount pictures by scott rudin, who had been the executive producer for parker and stone's previous film, south park: bigger, longer & uncut. after the "hassle" of producing the south park film, parker and stone had vowed never to create another movie.[ ] other studio executives were initially unenthusiastic about the project: the studio was in favor of the film's lack of political correctness, but were confused by the use of puppets. the executives explained that they could not make profit from an r-rated puppet feature, and parker countered that similar things had been said about the south park film, an r-rated animated musical which had become a box-office hit.[ ] tom freston, who was co-president of viacom, paramount's parent company, also supported the film, feeling that paramount should make more lower-budget films that appeal to children and young adults after the studio's failures with adult-oriented films such as the stepford wives.[ ] according to parker and stone, executives were finally won over after they saw the dailies from the film's production.[ ] writing[edit] parker, stone, and longtime writing partner pam brady spent nearly two years perfecting the team america script. for influences, they studied scores of popular action and disaster films, such as alien, top gun, and s.w.a.t.[ ] the duo watched pearl harbor to get the nuances of the puppets just right when they were staring at each other, and also used ben affleck as a model.[ ] to help shape the film's archetypal heroes (from the true believer to the reluctant hero to the guy who sells out his friends for greater glory), they read the books of joseph campbell. "on one level, it's a big send-up," brady said. "but on another, it's about foreign policy".[ ] the first draft of the script was turned in well before the iraq war.[ ] the film takes aim at various celebrities, many of whom came out in opposition to the iraq war in . brady explained that the film's treatment of celebrities was derived from her annoyance at the screen time given to celebrities in the beginning of the iraq war, in lieu of foreign policy experts.[ ] filming[edit] the film's central concept was easier to conceive than to execute.[ ] team america was produced using a crew of about people, which sometimes required four people at a time to manipulate a marionette. the duo were forced to constantly rewrite the film during production due to the limited nature of the puppets. the puppet characters were created by the chiodo brothers, who previously designed puppets for films such as elf and dinosaur. the costumers of the crew were responsible for making sure the over , costumes remained in cohesive order and were realistic. production began on may , .[ ] the project was interrupted multiple times early on in production.[ ] as soon as filming began, parker and stone labored to find the right comic tone; the original script for the film contained many more jokes. after shooting the very first scene, the two realized the jokes were not working, and that the humor instead came from the marionettes.[ ] "puppets doing jokes is not funny," stone found. "but when you see puppets doing melodrama, spitting up blood and talking about how they were raped as children, that's funny."[ ] filming was done by three units shooting different parts at the same time. occasionally, the producers had up to five cameras set up to capture the scene.[ ] the film was mainly based on the cult classic action film megaforce, of which parker and stone had been fans. many ideas had been copied such as the flying motorcycle sequence. the film was painstakingly made realistic, which led to various shots being re-done throughout the process due to parker and stone's obsession with detail and craftsmanship. for example, a tiny uzi cost $ , to construct, and kim jong-il's eyeglasses were made with hand-ground prescription lenses.[ ] although the filmmakers hired three dozen marionette operators, simple performances from the marionettes were nearly impossible; a simple shot such as a character drinking might take a half-day to complete successfully.[ ] parker and stone agreed during production of team america that it was "the hardest thing [they'd] ever done." rather than rely on computer-generated special effects added in post-production, the filmmakers vied to capture every stunt live on film.[ ] parker likened each shot to a complicated math problem.[ ] the late september deadline for the film's completion[ ][ ] took a toll on both filmmakers, as did various difficulties in working with puppets, with stone, who described the film as "the worst time of [my] life," resorting to coffee to work -hour days, and sleeping pills to go to bed.[ ] the film was barely completed in time for its october release date. at a press junket in los angeles on october , journalists were only shown a -minute reel of highlights because there was no finished print.[ ] many of the film's producers had not seen the entire film with the sound mix until the premiere.[ ] editing[edit] "it's a back-and-forth with the board. they said it can't be as many positions, so we cut out a couple of them. we love the golden shower, but i guess they said no to that. but i just love that they have to watch it. seriously, can you imagine getting a videotape with just a close-up of a puppet asshole, and you have to watch it?" —trey parker on the clashes between him and stone and the mpaa[ ] even before the scene's submission to the motion picture association of america, parker planned to "have fun" pushing the limits by throwing in the graphic sex scene.[ ] the duo knew the racy film would be met with some opposition, but were outraged when the film came back with their harshest rating, nc- . the original cut's minute-and-a-half sex scene with gary and lisa was cut down to seconds. the original scene also featured the two puppets urinating and defecating on one another,[ ] which was based on what children do humorously with dolls such as barbie and ken. at least nine edits of the puppet love scene were shown to the mpaa before the board accepted that it had been toned down enough to qualify for an r rating.[ ] parker contrasted the mpaa's reluctance for the sex scene to their acceptance of the violence: "meanwhile, we're taking other puppets and, you know, blowing their heads off, they're covered with blood and stuff, and the mpaa didn't have a word to say about that."[ ] in addition to the sex scene, the mpaa also objected to the scene in which the hans blix puppet is eaten by sharks.[ ] stone and parker had faced a similar conflict with their previous film south park: bigger, longer & uncut in .[ ] music[edit] 	 	 harry gregson-williams – "team america march" main theme of the film team america: world police. 	 problems playing this file? see media help. the film's score was composed by harry gregson-williams. the soundtrack also contains "magic carpet ride" performed by steppenwolf, "battle without honor or humanity" performed by tomoyasu hotei, "forbidden bitter-melon dance" performed by jeff faustman, "bu dunyada askindan olmek" performed by kubat, and songs by trey parker including "everyone has aids", "freedom isn't free", "america, fuck yeah", "america, fuck yeah (bummer remix)", "derka derk (terrorist theme)", "only a woman", "i'm so ronery", "the end of an act", "montage" and "north korean melody". individuals parodied in the film[edit] famous people depicted as puppets, and lampooned, in the film include michael moore, alec baldwin, sean penn, tim robbins, helen hunt, george clooney, liv tyler, martin sheen, susan sarandon, janeane garofalo, matt damon, samuel l. jackson, danny glover, ethan hawke, kim jong-il, muammar gaddafi, tony blair, queen elizabeth ii, sultan qaboos of oman, fidel castro, peter jennings and hans blix. almost all of them are killed in gory and violent ways. north korean leader kim jong-il was parodied in the film, and the democratic people's republic of korea asked the czech republic to ban it.[ ] reactions from those parodied were mixed; baldwin found the project "so funny",[ ] and expressed interest in lending his voice to his character.[ ] in a video interview with time, baldwin related how his daughter's classmates would recite kim jong-il's line to him, "you are useress to me, arec bardwin. [sic]"[ ] sean penn, who is portrayed making outlandish claims about how happy and utopian iraq was before team america showed up, sent parker and stone an angry letter inviting them to tour iraq with him, ending with the words "fuck you".[ ] both george clooney and matt damon are said to be friends with stone and parker, and clooney has stated that he would have been insulted had he not been included in the film.[ ] damon is portrayed as a simpleton who can only say his own name. when asked about the film in , damon stated that he was confused by the portrayal, given that he was already known as both "a screenwriter and an actor": i was always bewildered by that, and i never talked to trey and matt about that. and incidentally, i believe those two are geniuses, and i don't use that word lightly. i think they are absolute geniuses, and what they've done is awesome and i'm a big fan of theirs, but i never quite understood that one.[ ] stone and parker had earlier stated in an interview that they were inspired to give the damon character that personality only after seeing the puppet that was made for him, which "looked kind of mentally deficient".[ ] kim jong-il, a noted film buff,[ ] never commented publicly about his depiction in team america: world police, although shortly after its release north korea asked the czech republic to ban the film; the country refused saying that north koreans had been rebuffed in their effort to undermine the czech republic's post-communist-era freedom.[ ] the filmmakers acknowledged this in a dvd extra and jokingly suggested he sing "i'm so ronery". michael moore is depicted as a fat, hot dog–eating glutton who partakes in suicide bombing and is referred to as a "giant socialist weasel" by i.n.t.e.l.l.i.g.e.n.c.e. stone explained the reason for this portrayal in an msnbc interview: we have a very specific beef with michael moore, […] i did an interview, and he didn't mischaracterize me or anything i said [in bowling for columbine]. but what he did do was put this cartoon [titled "a brief history of the united states of america", written by moore, animated and directed by harold moss] right after me that made it look like we did that cartoon.[ ] a deleted scene also shows meryl streep and ben affleck (who is portrayed with a real-life hand replacing his head). release[edit] the world premiere of team america: world police took place on october , in hollywood, california. the united states premiere was on october , at the denver film festival. paramount pictures released the film in the united states on october , . home media[edit] the film was released on dvd and vhs in the united states on may , by paramount home entertainment, available in both r-rated and unrated versions. the film was released on blu-ray disc on august , in the united states.[ ] reception[edit] critical response[edit] on rotten tomatoes, the film has a % approval rating based on reviews and an average score of . / . the site's consensus states, "team america will either offend you or leave you in stitches. it'll probably do both."[ ] on metacritic the film has a score of out of based on reviews from critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[ ] audiences surveyed by cinemascore gave the film a "b" grade on an a+-to-f scale.[ ] peter travers of rolling stone praised the film calling it "a ruthlessly clever musical, a punchy political parody and the hottest look ever at naked puppets."[ ] kirk honeycutt of the hollywood reporter wrote: "team america: world police is to political commentary what lap dancing is to ballet. there is no room for subtlety. aiming a rude, foul-mouthed political satire everywhere -- left, right and center -- trey parker and matt stone blow up a good deal of the world, not to mention the egos of many hollywood personalities."[ ] brian lowry of variety was positive about the satire, saying the film "goes the extra mile to piss off everybody — which includes gleefully destroying renowned hollywood liberals, literally and figuratively" but less positive about other aspects of the film "all told, the clever visual bits and hilarious songs don't entirely compensate for the many flat or beyond-over-the-top spells." lowry praised the songs saying they "deliver the movie's biggest highlights" and he also praised the production design calling it a " true technical achievement, recreating a dizzying array of sets and costumes at one-third scale and clearly having plenty of fun doing so — down to using housecats as stand-ins for terrifying panthers."[ ] richard corliss of time also highlighted the production "the real kick, however, is in the grandeur and detail of the production design, by jim dultz and david rockwell."[ ] kim newman of empire magazine called it "a patchy comedy that's stronger as a genre-mocker than a political satire."[ ] roger ebert gave the film out of stars and wrote: "i wasn't offended by the movie's content so much as by its nihilism", and was critical of the film's "sneer at both sides" approach, comparing it to "a cocky teenager who's had a couple of drinks before the party, they don't have a plan for who they want to offend, only an intention to be as offensive as possible."[ ] national review online has named the film # in its list of "the best conservative movies". brian c. anderson wrote, "the film's utter disgust with air-headed, left-wing celebrity activism remains unmatched in popular culture."[ ][better source needed] political and social commentator andrew sullivan considers the film brilliant in its skewering of both the left and right's approach on terrorism.[citation needed] sullivan (a fan of stone and parker's other work, as well) popularized the term "south park republican" to describe himself and other like-minded fiscal conservatives/social libertarians. parker himself is a registered libertarian.[ ] before the film's release, it was criticized by matt drudge and conservative group move america forward for mocking the war on terror.[ ] before team america was released, statements were released by a "senior bush administration official" condemning the film. upon receiving the news, the duo called and found it was instead a "junior staffer," causing stone to quip "what is it – junior or senior? what are we talking about here? who knows? it might have been the janitor." the two eventually decided it was free publicity, with which they were fine.[ ] some media outlets interpreted the film's release on october to be in theaters before the november elections. parker said the release date had nothing to do with the elections, and the date was pushed back as far as possible due to production delays, but they had to return to south park by october .[ ] thunderbirds creator gerry anderson was supposed to have met parker before production, but they cancelled the meeting, acknowledging he would not like the film's expletives. anderson saw the completed film and felt "there are good, fun parts [in the film] but the language wasn't to my liking."[ ] box office[edit] team america earned $ , , in its opening u.s. weekend, ranking number three behind shark tale and friday night lights. the film eventually grossed a total of $ , , , with $ , , in u.s. domestic receipts and $ , , in international proceeds.[ ] filmmakers' response[edit] in an interview with matt stone following the film's release,[ ] anwar brett of the bbc asked the following question. "for all the targets you choose to take pot-shots at," he asked, "george w. bush isn't one of them. how come?" matt stone replied, "if you want to see bush-bashing in america you only have to walk about feet to find it. trey and i are always attracted to what other people aren't doing. frankly that wasn't the movie we wanted to make." in another interview, parker and stone further clarified the end of the film which seems to justify the role of the united states as the "world police."[ ] because that's the thing that we realized when we were making the movie. it was always the hardest thing. we wanted to deal with this emotion of being hated as an american. that was the thing that was intriguing to us, and having gary the main character deal with that emotion. and so, him becoming ashamed to be a part of team america and being ashamed of himself, he comes to realize that, just as he got his brother killed by gorillas—he didn't kill his brother; he was a dick, he wasn't an asshole—so too does america have this role in the world as a dick. cops are dicks, you fucking hate cops, but you need 'em. awards[edit] in a worldwide survey of comedians by the guardian the film was ranked seventh on a list of the fifty funniest films.[ ] in , the guardian listed the film as the th greatest comedy film of all time.[ ] in the guardian ranked the film tenth on its list of best films of the st century.[ ] director quentin tarantino counted team america: world police in his list of top films released since , when his career as a filmmaker began and director edgar wright named it as one of his , favorite films.[ ][ ] 	award 	category 	nominee 	result 	empire award	best comedy	team america: world police	won 	golden schmoes	best comedy of the year best music in a movie most memorable scene in a movie	team america: world police	nominated 	golden trailer	best comedy	team america: world police	nominated 	ifmca award	best original score for a comedy film	harry gregson-williams	nominated 	golden reel award	best sound editing in feature film – animated	bruce howell (supervising sound editor) beth sterner (supervising sound editor) thomas w. small (supervising foley editor) lydia quidilla (supervising dialogue editor) robert ulrich (supervising adr editor) chuck michael (sound effects editor) peter zinda (sound effects editor) jon title (sound effects editor) michael kamper (sound effects editor) doug jackson (sound effects editor) cary butler (sound effects editor/dialogue editor) fred burke (foley editor) scott curtis (foley editor) nic ratner (music editor)	nominated 	mtv movie award	best action sequence	team america: world police	nominated 	ofcs award	best animated feature	team america: world police	nominated 	people's choice award	favorite animated movie	team america: world police	nominated 	golden satellite award	best motion picture, animated or mixed media	team america: world police	nominated 	teen choice award	choice movie: animated/computer generated	team america: world police	nominated soundtrack[edit] 	team america: world police - music from the motion picture 	soundtrack album by various artists 	released	october , january , (cd) 	recorded	 	genre		musical 	film score 	length	 : 	label	atlantic 	producer	trey parker matt stone executive producers: scott rudin scott aversano anne garefino 	harry gregson-williams film scores chronology 	 	return to sender ( ) 	team america: world police - music from the motion picture ( ) 	bridget jones: the edge of reason ( ) the film's soundtrack was released on october , and on cd on january , by atlantic records. all songs are written and performed by trey parker, except where indicated. 	no.	title	writer(s)	artist	length 	 .	"everyone has aids"		trey parker 	marc shaiman 	 	 : 	 .	"freedom isn't free"	 	 	 : 	 .	"america, fuck yeah"	 	 	 : 	 .	"derka derk (terrorist theme)"	 	 	 : 	 .	"only a woman"	 	 	 : 	 .	"i'm so ronery"	 	 	 : 	 .	"america, fuck yeah (bummer remix)"	 	 	 : 	 .	"the end of an act"	 	 	 : 	 .	"montage"	 	 	 : 	 .	"north korea melody"	 	 	 : 	 .	"the team america march"		stephen barton 	harry gregson-williams 	james mckee smith 	harry gregson-williams	 : 	 .	"lisa & gary"		gregson-williams 	smith 	gregson-williams	 : 	 .	"f.a.g."		gregson-williams 	steve jablonsky 	gregson-williams	 : 	 .	"putting a jihad on you"		gregson-williams 	jablonsky 	gregson-williams	 : 	 .	"kim jong-il"		gregson-williams 	jablonsky 	smith 	gregson-williams	 : 	 .	"mount, rush, more"		barton 	gregson-williams 	gregson-williams	 : 	total length:	 : featured songs not included in the soundtrack: 	name 	artist 	"magic carpet ride" 	steppenwolf 	"battle without honor or humanity" 	tomoyasu hotei 	"forbidden bitter-melon dance" 	jeff faustman 	"bu dünyada aşkından Ölmek" 	kubat (singer legacy[edit] in the aftermath of the december terrorism threats by guardians of peace on showings of the film the interview, which resulted in sony pictures pulling the film from release,[ ] several theatres, including alamo drafthouse cinema in austin, texas, protested the loss by scheduling free showings of team america: world police.[ ] however, paramount pulled distribution of team america from theaters, including those in cleveland, atlanta, and new orleans.[ ][ ][ ] this action was seen by president barack obama as an attack on freedom of speech by hollywood studios,[ ] and others as an act of pure cowardice.[ ] snippets of the film mocking kim jong-il are reportedly set to be included, alongside copies of the interview, in helium-filled balloons launched by north korean defectors into their home country in an effort to inspire education on the western world's views on it.[ ] see also[edit] 	list of films set in or about north korea 	list of live-action puppet films references[edit] 	^ a b "catalog – team america: world police". american film institute. retrieved december , . duration (in mins): […] countries: germany, united states 	^ "team america – world police". british board of film classification. november , . retrieved june , . approved running time m s 	^ "team america world police ( )". british film institute. retrieved june , . countries: germany, usa 	^ a b c d "team america: world police". box office mojo. retrieved december , . 	^ a b c d e f "puppetry of the meanest". in focus. october , . archived from the original on july , . retrieved june , . 	^ a b c d "trey and matt string together team america". zap it. august , . archived from the original on july , . retrieved june , . 	^ a b parker, trey (march ). south park: the complete ninth season: "two days before the day after tomorrow" (dvd audio commentary). paramount home entertainment. 	^ a b c d e "interview: matt stone/trey parker". mediasharx. october , . archived from the original on march , . retrieved june , . 	^ a b c bowles, scott (october , ). "parker, stone pull team strings, yank a few chains". usa today. retrieved june , . 	^ friedman, roger (october , ). "south park creators pull the strings". fox news channel. retrieved june , . 	^ sauriol, patrick (june , ). "'south park creators prepare team america'". mania.com (source: variety). archived from the original on october , . retrieved june , . 	^ a b c d e f g h i john horn (september , ). "launching a small-scale offensive". los angeles times. retrieved june , . 	^ a b havrilesky, heather (october , ). "puppet masters". salon. retrieved june , . 	^ a b c "puppetmasters". rolling stone. october , . archived from the original on july , . retrieved june , . 	^ "stone says team america was 'lowest point'". the guardian. december , . retrieved june , . 	^ friedman, roger (october , ). "team america: sex, puppets & controversy". fox news channel. retrieved june , . 	^ "r sex for team america puppets". e!. october , . archived from the original on july , . retrieved june , . 	^ "hollywood's new puppetmasters". columbia chronicle. october , . archived from the original on july , . retrieved june , . 	^ "south park stars upset over puppet sex censorship". contactmusic. october , . retrieved june , . 	^ weinraub, bernard (june , ). "loosening a strict film rating for south park". the new york times. retrieved march , . 	^ a b "'team america' unsettles team kim in pyongyang". worldtribune.com. retrieved november , . 	^ a b "alec baldwin on tracy morgan and kim jong-il". live questions event. time magazine official youtube channel. retrieved june , . 	^ "team america speaks!". movieweb. october , . retrieved july , . 	^ "letter by sean penn". drudgereport archives. october , . retrieved september , . 	^ "clooney supports team america duo". january , . […] the hollywood big-hitters all insist they would have been offended to be left out of the film. 	^ i am matt damon, ask me anything!, reddit, july , 	^ shepherd, jack (july , ). "matt damon reveals why he's cool with team america". the independent. 	^ "north korean leader loves hennessey, bond movies", cnn, january , 	^ "team america takes on moviegoers". today.com. october , . 	^ "team america: world police blu-ray". blu-ray.com. archived from the original on august , . retrieved may , . 	^ "team america: world police ( )". rotten tomatoes. retrieved may , . 	^ "team america: world police". metacritic. retrieved may , . 	^ "team america: world police ( ) b". cinemascore. archived from the original on december , . 	^ travers, peter (october , ). "team america: world police". rolling stone. 	^ "'team america: world police': thr's review". the hollywood reporter. 	^ lowry, brian (october , ). "team america: world police". variety. 	^ "when puppets get political - time". june , . archived from the original on june , . retrieved december , . 	^ kim newman (january , ). "team america: world police". empire (film magazine). 	^ ebert, roger (october , ). "team america: world police movie review ( )". chicago sun-times. 	^ miller, john (february , ). "the best conservative movies". national review. retrieved august , . 	^ winter, bill. "trey parker – libertarian". advocates for self-government. archived from the original on january , . retrieved december , . when asked to describe his politics, parker said he was "a registered libertarian." 	^ hassan, genevieve (october , ). "talking shop: gerry anderson". bbc news. retrieved december , . 	^ "interview with matt stone". bbc. 	^ "puppet masters – interview with matt stone and trey parker". salon. archived from the original on december , . 	^ guardian staff (december , ). "the funniest films… chosen by comedians". the guardian. retrieved december , . 	^ "team america: world police: no best comedy film of all time". the guardian. october , . retrieved june , . 	^ "the best films of the st century". the guardian. retrieved september , . 	^ brown, lane. "team america, anything else among the best movies of the past seventeen years, claims quentin tarantino". vulture. new york media llc. retrieved september , . 	^ sam disalle. "edgar wright's favorite movies". mubi. retrieved july , . 	^ humphries, rusty (december , ). "sony needs 'team america: world police'". washington times. 	^ burlingame, russ (december , ). "the interview to be replaced by team america: world police at alamo drafthouse". comicbook.com. 	^ lieberman, david (december , ). "paramount cancels team america showings, theaters say". deadline hollywood. 	^ "paramount pulls screenings of 'team america: world police,' theaters say." los angeles times. retrieved december , . 	^ "team america: world police screenings canceled in wake of controversy over the interview." the times-picayune (nola.com). retrieved december , . 	^ weigel, david (december , ). "first 'the interview,' now theaters cancel protest screenings of 'team america'". bloomberg politics. 	^ "cave! 'team america' screenings to replace 'the interview' pulled by paramount". the inquisitor. december , . 	^ bond, paul (april , ). "'the interview' sequel: inside the frightening battle raging on the north korean border". the hollywood reporter. 	moriarty visits matt & trey on the team america set! – set report from aintitcool.com 	team america: world police – synopsis, clips and images from latinoreview.com 	(october ). play: south park's puppet regime. wired . . retrieved october , . 	bbc interview with matt stone 	team america – guy in bar philosophy by composer m.regtien further reading[edit] 	 dubowsky, jack curtis ( ). "team america: world police: duplicitous voices of the socio-political spy musical". in donnelly, kevin j.; carroll, beth (eds.). contemporary musical film. edinburgh: edinburgh university press. pp.  – . isbn  - - - - . external links[edit] 		wikiquote has quotations related to: team america: world police 	team america: world police at imdb 	team america: world police at the big cartoon database 	team america: world police at box office mojo 		v 	t 	e trey parker and matt stone 	 	parker filmography 	stone filmography 	feature films	 	cannibal! the musical ( ) 	orgazmo ( ) 	baseketball ( ) 	south park: bigger, longer & uncut ( ) 	team america: world police ( ) 	television	 	time warped ( ) 	south park (since ) 	that's my bush! ( ) 	sassy justice ( ) 	music	 	chef aid: the south park album 	south park: bigger, longer & uncut soundtrack 	"blame canada" 	"timmy and the lords of the underworld" 	the book of mormon: original broadway cast recording 	theatre	 	the book of mormon (since ) 	video games	 	south park: the stick of truth ( ) 	south park: the fractured but whole ( ) 	characters	 	parker	 	stan marsh 	eric cartman 	jimmy valmer 	randy marsh 	mr. garrison 	stone	 	kyle broflovski 	kenny mccormick 	butters stotch 	gerald broflovski 	see also	 	the spirit of christmas 	your studio and you 	princess 	 days to air 	 	v 	t 	e empire award for best comedy 	 	team america: world police ( ) 	little miss sunshine ( ) 	hot fuzz ( ) 	son of rambow ( ) 	in the loop ( ) 	four lions ( ) 	the inbetweeners movie ( ) 	ted ( ) 	alan partridge: alpha papa ( ) 	paddington ( ) 	spy ( ) 	the greasy strangler ( ) 	the death of stalin ( ) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=team_america:_world_police&oldid= " 		categories: 	 films 	english-language films 	 action comedy films 	 s adventure comedy films 	 black comedy films 	 s parody films 	 s satirical films 	american action comedy films 	american adventure comedy films 	american aviation films 	american black comedy films 	american films 	american parody films 	american political satire films 	cultural depictions of kim jong-il 	films about terrorism 	films directed by trey parker 	films featuring puppetry 	films produced by scott rudin 	films scored by harry gregson-williams 	films set in egypt 	films set in new york city 	films set in north korea 	films set in panama 	films set in paris 	films set in south dakota 	films set in washington, d.c. 	films with screenplays by pam brady 	hiv/aids in film 	marionette films 	paramount pictures films 	works by trey parker and matt stone 	 comedy films hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	use mdy dates from may 	template film date with release dates 	articles using infobox film with incorrectly placed links 	articles with haudio microformats 	all articles lacking reliable references 	articles lacking reliable references from june 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from june 	album infoboxes lacking a cover 	album articles lacking alt text for covers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikiquote 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	català 	deutsch 	español 	فارسی 	français 	galego 	한국어 	italiano 	עברית 	magyar 	bahasa melayu 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	norsk nynorsk 	oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча 	polski 	português 	Русский 	Српски / srpski 	suomi 	svenska 	ไทย 	türkçe 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 fedora migration paths and tools project update: july - duraspace.org 						 			 			 					projects 	dspace 	fedora 	vivo 	who’s using 	services 	archivesdirect 	dspacedirect 	duracloud 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values and benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 			 			 					about duraspace 	projects 	services 	community 	membership 	support 	news & events 			 			 				 				 									 						 							 	 	 	 			 				 			 	 	 	 	 			projects 	dspace 	fedora 	vivo 	who’s using 	services 	archivesdirect 	dspacedirect 	duracloud 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values and benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 	 	 		 			 		 	 	 	 	 			 	 						 					 				 	 	 		home » latest news » fedora migration paths and tools project update: july 		 		 							 						 		 		fedora migration paths and tools project update: july 					 posted on july , by david wilcox 	 			 					 	 		this is the latest in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see the previous post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. we completed some final performance tests and optimizations for the university of virginia pilot. both the migration to their aws server and the fedora . indexing operation were much slower than anticipated, so the project team tested a number of optimizations, including: 	adding more processing threads 	increasing the size of the server instance  	using a separate and larger database server  	using locally attached flash storage fortunately, these improvements made a big difference; for example, ingest speed was increased from . resources per second to . resources per second. in general, this means that institutions with specific performance targets can use a combination of parallel processing and increased computational resources. feedback from this pilot has been incorporated into the migration guide, updates to the migration-utils to improve performance, updates to the aws-deployer tool to provide additional options, and improvements to the migration-validator to handle errors. the whitman college team has begun their production migration using islandora workbench. initial benchmarking has shown that running workbench from the production server rather than locally on a laptop achieves much better performance, so this is the recommended approach. the team is working collection-by-collection using csv files and a tracking spreadsheet to keep track of each collection as it is ingested and ready to be tested. they have also developed a quality control checklist to make sure everything is working as intended – we anticipate doing detailed checks on the first few collections and spot checks for subsequent collections. as we near the end of the pilot project phase of the grant work we are focused on documentation for the migration toolkit. we plan to complete a draft of this documentation over the summer, after which this draft will be shared with the broader community for feedback. we will organize meetings in the fall to provide opportunities for community members to provide additional feedback on the toolkit and make suggestions for improvements. 	 						 	 				tags: blog, fedora, fedora repository, news, open source 	 	 						 		 													 				 					 		 	 		duraspace articles 	recent articles 	rss feeds tags announcements ( ) blog ( ) cloud ( ) coar ( ) communication ( ) community ( ) conferences ( ) data curation ( ) dspace ( ) dspace ( ) dspacedirect ( ) duracloud ( ) duraspace ( ) duraspace digest ( ) education ( ) events ( ) fedora ( ) fedora repository ( ) governance ( ) higher education ( ) hydra ( ) islandora ( ) linked data ( ) lyrasis ( ) lyrasis digest ( ) meetings ( ) ndsa ( ) news ( ) open access ( ) open data ( ) open repositories ( ) open source ( ) preservation and archiving ( ) professional development ( ) registered service provider ( ) repository ( ) samvera ( ) scholarly publishing ( ) sparc ( ) technology ( ) vivo ( ) vivo camp ( ) vivo conference ( ) vivo updates ( ) web seminar ( ) 	 	 				 					 						 							 									about 	about duraspace 	history 	what we do 	board of directors 	meet the team 	policies 	reports 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values & benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 							 						 					 					 						 							 								 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license 							 						 					 				 			 		 				 		 	 go west ( film) - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	go west ( film) 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 film by buster keaton 	go west 	 	directed by	buster keaton 	written by	buster keaton lex neal 	produced by	buster keaton joseph m. schenck 	starring	buster keaton kathleen myers howard truesdale ray thompson 	cinematography	bert haines elgin lessley 	music by	konrad elfers 	distributed by	metro-goldwyn-mayer 	release date 	 	november  ,   ( - - ) 	running time 	 minutes 	country	united states 	language	silent (english intertitles) go west is an american silent comedy film directed by and starring buster keaton.[ ][ ][ ] keaton portrays friendless, who travels west to try to make his fortune. once there, he tries his hand at bronco-busting, cattle wrangling and dairy farming, eventually forming a bond with a cow named "brown eyes." eventually he finds himself leading a herd of cattle through los angeles. seventy years after the release of the film guitarist bill frisell recorded a soundtrack accompaniment go west: music for the films of buster keaton ( ). the rats & people motion picture orchestra premiered its new score for the film in . contents 	 plot 	 cast 	 references 	 external links plot[edit] a drifter identified only as "friendless" (keaton) sells the last of his possessions, keeping only a few trinkets and a picture of his mother. the money buys him only some bread and a sausage then is gone. unable to find a job in the city, he stows away on a train. he thinks it is going to new york but it is heading west. he sleeps in a barrel but the barrel rolls of the train. he manages to get a job at a cattle ranch despite having no experience. meanwhile, a neglected cow named brown eyes fails to give milk and is sent out to the field along with the other cattle intended for slaughter. as friendless tries to figure out how to milk a cow, he's told to go out and help the other ranch hands bring in the cattle. unsuccessful in riding a horse, he falls off and sees brown eyes. noticing her limp, friendless examines her hoof and removes the rock that had been hurting her. brown eyes proceeds to follow friendless around, saving him from a bull attack. realizing that he's finally found a companion, friendless strikes up a friendship with the cow, giving her his blanket at night and attempting to protect her from wild dogs. the next day, brown eyes follows friendless everywhere, much to the chagrin of the other ranch hands. friendless accidentally sets two steers loose after they'd been corralled in, but on the joking suggestion of the other hands, brings them back in by waving his red bandanna. the ranch owner (truesdale) and his daughter (myers) are preparing to sell the cattle to a stockyard, though another rancher wants to hold out for a higher price. the owner, no longer wanting to wait, prepares to ship the whole herd out. friendless, shocked to hear that brown eyes will go to a slaughterhouse, refuses to let her go. the ranch owner fires him and gives him his wages. friendless tries to buy his friend back with his earnings, but is told that it's not enough. after failing to get more money from a card game, he joins brown eyes in the cattle car and tries to find a way to free her. the train is ambushed by the other rancher and his men. friendless and the ranch owner's other hands manage to drive off the attackers, but only friendless makes it back to the train as the others chase away the rancher. arriving in los angeles, friendless frees brown eyes and leads her away, using his red bandana once more to guide the other thousand steers to the stockyard. the townspeople are terrified of the cattle as some of the cows break away and begin entering the stores, but friendless manages to corral them together. friendless ties brown eyes up before going back to retrieve the other cattle, leaving his red bandana with her in order to keep her cool. realizing his mistake, he enters a masquerade store to find something red to attract the cows. deciding on a red devil's outfit, he exits the store and the cattle begin to chase him. the police attempt to arrest him, but are mistakenly sprayed with hoses from the fire department, who flee once they see the cattle coming. the ranch owner, realizing his ruin if the cattle are not sold, drives with his daughter to the stockyard. the owner tells him that no cattle have arrived yet. defeated, the ranch owner prepares to leave when he sees friendless leading the herd into the stockyard. overjoyed, the ranch owner tells friendless that his house and anything he owns is his to ask for. friendless says that he only wants "her," gesturing behind him to where the ranch owner's daughter is. the owner is surprised and the daughter flattered, but they quickly realize that it's brown eyes that he's referring to. the three drive back to the ranch, with brown eyes beside friendless in the back seat. cast[edit] 	buster keaton as friendless 	howard truesdale as ranch owner 	kathleen myers as ranch owner's daughter 	ray thompson as ranch foreman 	brown eyes as the cow 'brown eyes' 	roscoe 'fatty' arbuckle as woman in department store (uncredited) 	joe keaton as man in barber shop (uncredited) 	gus leonard as general store owner (uncredited) 	babe london as woman in department store (uncredited) references[edit] 	^ "go west! buster keaton in good form". the register (adelaide). xci ( , ). south australia. december , . p.  . retrieved january , – via national library of australia. 	^ keaton, buster, - ; shephard, david; kino international corporation ( ), the art of buster keaton, kino international corp, retrieved january , cs maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 	^ prod co: metro goldwyn productions; keaton, buster, - . (actor); schenck, joseph m., - . (producer); lessley, elgin. (photographer); haines, bert. (photographer); cannon, raymond. (writer of accompanying material); neal, lex. (director); metro goldwyn productions ( ), go west, a metro goldwyn production, retrieved january , cs maint: multiple names: authors list (link) external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to go west ( film). 	"go west" full movie at archive.org 	go west at imdb 	go west at allmovie 	go west at the international buster keaton society 		v 	t 	e films directed by buster keaton 	shorts ( – )	 	the rough house 	one week 	convict 	the scarecrow 	neighbors 	the haunted house 	hard luck 	the high sign 	the goat 	the playhouse 	the boat 	the paleface 	cops 	my wife's relations 	the blacksmith 	the frozen north 	the electric house 	day dreams 	the balloonatic 	the love nest 	feature films	 	three ages 	our hospitality 	sherlock jr. 	the navigator 	seven chances 	go west 	battling butler 	the general 	college 	steamboat bill, jr. 	the cameraman 	spite marriage 	shorts ( – ) (for educational pictures)	 	the gold ghost 	allez oop 	tars and stripes 	grand slam opera 	blue blazes 	mixed magic 	love nest on wheels 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	viaf 	 	worldcat (via viaf) 	national libraries	 	united states retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=go_west_( _film)&oldid= " 		categories: 	 films 	 s western (genre) comedy films 	american films 	american silent feature films 	american western (genre) comedy films 	american black-and-white films 	metro-goldwyn-mayer films 	films directed by buster keaton 	films produced by joseph m. schenck 	films with screenplays by buster keaton 	 comedy films 	films set in los angeles hidden categories: 	cs maint: multiple names: authors list 	use mdy dates from september 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	template film date with release date 	commons category link is on wikidata 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcat-viaf identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	deutsch 	فارسی 	français 	italiano 	Русский 	svenska 	Українська 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 terry's worklog terry's worklog on my work (programming, digital libraries, cataloging) and other stuff that perks my interest (family, cycling, etc) 	marcedit update round-up a handful of updates have been posted related to marcedit . since the program cam out of beta.&# ; these have been mostly bug fixes and small enhancements.&# ; here’s the full list: bug fix: oclc search – multiple terms would result in an error if ‘or’ was used with specific search indexes. fixed: / enhancement: oclc&# ; continue reading marcedit update round-up 	marcedit . .x/marcedit mac . .x: coming out of beta marcedit . /marcedit mac . is officially out of beta.&# ; it has been my primary version of marcedit for about months and is where all new development has taken place since dec. .&# ; because there are significant changes (including framework supported) – marcedit . / . are not in-place upgrades.&# ; previous versions of marcedit can be installed&# ; continue reading marcedit . .x/marcedit mac . .x: coming out of beta 	exploring bibframe workflows in marcedit update: / / : i uploaded a video with sound that demonstrates the process.  you can find it here: during this past year while working on marcedit . .x/ . .x, i’ve been giving some thought to how i might be able to facilitate some workflows to allow users to move data to and from bibframe.  while the tools has&# ; continue reading exploring bibframe workflows in marcedit 	thoughts on nacos proposed process on updating cjk records i would like to take a few minutes and share my thoughts about an updated best practice recently posted by the pcc and naco related to an update on cjk records. the update is found here: https://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/naco/cjk/cjk-best-practice-ncr.docx. i’m not certain if this is active or a simply a proposal, but i’ve been having a number&# ; continue reading thoughts on nacos proposed process on updating cjk records 	marcedit . update changelog: https://marcedit.reeset.net/software/update .txt highlights preview changes one of the most requested features over the years has been the ability to preview changes prior to running them.&# ; as of . . – a new preview option has been added to many of the global editing tools in the marceditor.&# ; currently, you will find the preview option attached to&# ; continue reading marcedit . update 	how do i generate marc authority records from the homosaurus vocabulary? step by step instructions here: https://youtu.be/fjsdqi pzpq ok, so last week, i got an interesting question on the listserv where a user asked specifically about generating marc records for use in one’s ils system from a jsonld vocabulary.&# ; in this case, the vocabulary in question as homosaurus (homosaurus vocabulary site) – and the questioner was specifically&# ; continue reading how do i generate marc authority records from the homosaurus vocabulary? 	marcedit: state of the community * - * sigh &# ; original title said - .  obviously, this is for this past year (jan. -dec. , ).   per usual, i wanted to take a couple minutes and look at the state of the marcedit project. this is something that i try to do once a year to gauge the current health of the community,&# ; continue reading marcedit: state of the community * - 	marcedit . .x/ . .x (beta) updates versions are available at: https://marcedit.reeset.net/downloads information about the changes: . . change log: https://marcedit.reeset.net/software/update .txt . . change log: https://marcedit.reeset.net/software/update .txt if you are using .x – this will prompt as normal for update. . .x is the beta build, please be aware i expect to be releasing updates to this build weekly and also expect to find some issues.&# ; continue reading marcedit . .x/ . .x (beta) updates 	marcedit . .x/macos . .x timelines i sent this to the marcedit listserv to provide info about my thoughts around timelines related to the beta and release.&# ; here’s the info. dear all, as we are getting close to feb. (when i’ll make the . beta build available for testing) – i wanted to provide information about the update process going&# ; continue reading marcedit . .x/macos . .x timelines 	marcedit . change/bug fix list * updated; / change: allow os to manage supported supported security protocol types. change: remove com.sun dependency related to dns and httpserver change: changed appdata path change: first install automatically imports settings from marcedit . - .x change: field count &# ; simplify ui (consolidate elements) change: windows &# ; update help urls to oclc change: generate fast&# ; continue reading marcedit . change/bug fix list dshr's blog: library of congress storage architecture meeting dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. thursday, january , library of congress storage architecture meeting .the library of congress has finally posted the presentations from the designing storage architectures for digital collections workshop that took place in early september, i've greatly enjoyed the earlier editions of this meeting, so i was sorry i couldn't make it this time. below the fold, i look at some of the presentations. robert fontana & gary decad as usual, fontana and decad provided their invaluable overview of the storage landscape. their key points include: 	[slide ] the total amount of storage manufactured each year continues its exponential growth at around %/yr. the vast majority ( %) of it is hdd, but the proportion of flash ( %) is increasing. tape remains a very small proportion ( %). 	 [slide ] they contrast this % growth in supply with the traditionally ludicrous % growth in "demand". their analysis assumes one byte of storage manufactured in a year represents one byte of data stored in that year, which is not the case (see my post where did all those bits go? for a comprehensive debunking). so their supposed "storage gap" is actually a huge, if irrelevant, underestimate. but they hit the nail on the head with: key point: hdd % of bits and % of revenue, nand % of bits and % of revenue". 	[slide ] the kryder rates for nand flash, hdd and tape are comparable; $/gb decreases are competitive with all technologies. but, as i've been writing since at least 's storage will be a lot less free than it used to be, the kryder rate has decreased significantly from the good old days: $/gb decreases are in the %/yr range and not the classical moore’s law projection of %/yr associated with areal density doubling every years as my economic model shows, this makes long-term data storage a significantly greater investment. 	[slide ] in flash was . times as expensive as hdd. in the ratio was times. thus, despite recovering from 's supply shortages, flash has not made significant progress in eroding hdd's $/gb advantage. by continuing current trends, they project that by flash will ship more bytes than hdd. but they project it will still be times as expensive per byte. so they ask a good question: in is there demand for x more manufactured storage annually and is there sufficient value for this storage to spend $ b more annually ( . x) for this storage? jon trantham jon trantham of seagate confirmed that, as it has been for a decade, the date for volume shipments of hamr drives is still slipping in real time; "seagate is now shipping hamr drives in limited quantities to lead customers". his presentation is interesting in that he provides some details of the extraordinary challenges involved in manufacturing hamr drives, with pictures showing how small everything is: the height from the bottom of the slider to the top of the laser module is less than um the slider will fly over the disk with an air-gap of only - nm as usual, i will predict that the industry is far more likely to achieve the % cagr in areal density line on the graph than the % line. note the flatness of the "hdd product" curve for the last five years or so. tape the topic of tape provided a point-counterpoint balance. gary decad and robert fontana from ibm made the point that tape's roadmap is highly credible by showing that: tape, unlike hdd, has consistently achieved published capacity roadmaps and that: for the last years, the ratio of manufactured eb of tape to manufactured eb of hdd as remained constant in the . % range and that: unlike hdd, tape magnetic physics is not the limiting issues since tape bit cells are x larger than hdd bit cells ... the projected tape areal density in ( gbit/in ) is x smaller than today’s hdd areal density and has already been demonstrated in laboratory environments. carl watts' issues in tape industry needed only a few bullets to make his counterpoint that the risk in tape is not technological: 	ibm is the last of the hardware manufacturers: 	ibm is the only builder of lto 	ibm is the only vendor left with enterprise class tape drives 	if you only have one manufacturer how do you mitigate risk? 	these cloud archival solutions all use tape: 	amazon aws glacier and glacier deep ($ /tb/month) 	azure general purpose v storage archive ($ /tb/month) 	google gcp coldline($ /tb/month) 	if it's all the same tape, how do we mitigate risk? if, as decad and fontana claim: tape storage is strategic in public, hybrid, and private “clouds” then ibm has achieved a monopoly, which could have implications for tape's cost advantage. jon trantham's presentation described seagate's work on robots, similar to tape robots and the blu-ray robots developed by facebook, but containing hard disk cartridges descended from those we studied in 's predicting the archival life of removable hard disk drives. we showed that the bits on the platters had similar life to bits on tape. of course, tape has the advantage of being effectively a d medium where disk is effectively a d medium. cloud storage amazon, wasabi and ceph gave useful marketing presentations. julian morley reported on stanford's transition from in-house tape to cloud storage, with important cost data. i reported previously on the economic modeling morley used to support this decision. 		cold storage	us$/month 	aws	 gb	 . 		 , write operations	 . 		 , read operations	 . 		 gb retrieval	 . 		early deletion charge:	 days 	azure	 gb	 . 		 , write operations	 . 		 , read operations	 		 gb retrieval	 . 		early deletion charge:	 days 	google	 gb	 . 		 , operations	 . 		 gb retrieval	 . 		early deletion charge:	 days at the register, tim anderson's archive storage comes to google cloud: will it give aws and azure the cold shoulder? provides a handy comparison of the leading cloud providers' pricing options for archiva storage, and concludes: this table, note, is an over-simplification. the pricing is complex; operations are broken down more precisely than read and write; the exact features vary; and there may be discounts for reserved storage. costs for data transfer within your cloud infrastructure may be less. the only way to get a true comparison is to specify your exact requirements (and whether the cloud provider can meet them), and work out the price for your particular case. dna i've been writing enthusiastically about the long-term potential, but skeptically about the medium-term future, of dna as an archival storage medium for more than seven years. i've always been impressed by the work of the microsoft/uw team in this field, and karin strauss and luis ceze's dna data storage and computation is no exception. it includes details of their demonstration of a complete write-to-read automated system (see also video), and discussion of techniques for performing "big data" computations on data stored in dna. anne fischer reported on darpa's research program in molecular informatics. one of its antecedents was a darpa workshop in . her presentation stressed the diverse range of small molecules that can be used as storage media. i wrote about one non-dna approach from harvard last year. in cost-reducing writing dna data i wrote about catalog's approach, assembling a strand from a library of short sequences of bases. it is a good idea, addressing one of the big deficiencies of dna as a storage medium, its write bandwidth. but devin leake's slides are short on detail, more of an elevator pitch for investment, they start by repeating the ludicrous idc projection of "bytes generated" and equating it to demand for storage, and in particular archival storage. if you're doing a company you need a much better idea than this about the market you're addressing. henry newman the good dr. pangloss loved henry newman's enthusiasm for g networking, but i'm a lot more skeptical. it is true that early g phones can demo nearly gb/s in very restricted coverage areas in some us cities. but g phones are going to be more expensive to buy, more expensive to use, have less battery life, overheat, have less consistent bandwidth and almost non-existent coverage. in return, you get better peak bandwidth, which most people don't use. customers are already discovering that their existing phone is "good enough". g is such a deal! the reason the carriers are building out g networks isn't phones, it is because they see a goldmine in the internet of things. but combine gb/s bandwidth with the iot's notoriously non-existent security, and you have a disaster the carriers simply cannot allow to happen. the iot has proliferated for two reasons, the things are very cheap and connecting them to the internet is unregulated, so isps cannot impose hassles. but connecting a thing to the g internet will require a data plan from the carrier, so they will be able to impose requirements, and thus costs. among the requirements will have to be that the things have ul certification, adequate security and support, including timely software updates for their presumably long connected life. it is precisely the lack of these expensive attributes that have made the iot so ubiquitous and such a security dumpster-fire! fixity two presentations discussed fixity checks. mark cooper reported on an effort to validate both the inventory and the checksums of part of lc's digital collection. the conclusion was that the automated parts were reliable, the human parts not so much: 	content on storage is correct, inventory is not 	content custodians working around system limitations, resulting in broken inventory records 	content in the digital storage system needs to be understood as potentially dynamic, in particular for presentation and access 	system needs to facilitate required actions in ways that are logged and versioned buzz hayes from google explained their recommended technique for performing fixity checks on data in google's cloud. they provide scripts for the two traditional approaches: 	read the data back and hash it, which at scale gets expensive in access and bandwidth charges. 	hash the data in the cloud that stores it, which involves trusting the cloud to actually perform the hash rather than simply remember the hash computed at ingest. i have yet to see a cloud api that implements the technique published by mehul shah et al twelve years ago, allowing the data owner to challenge the cloud provider with a nonce, thus forcing it to compute the hash of the nonce and the data at check time. see also my auditing the integrity of multiple replicas. blockchain sharmila bhatia reported on an initiative by nara to investigate the potential for blockchain to assist government records management which concluded: authenticity and integrity 	blockchain distributed ledger functionality presents a new way to ensure electronic systems provide electronic record authenticity / integrity. 	may not help with preservation or long term access and may make these issues more complicated. it is important to note that what nara means by "government records" is quite different from what is typically meant by "records", and the legislative framework under which they operate may make applying blockchain technology tricky. ben fino-radin and michelle lee pitched starling, a startup claiming: simplified & coordinated decentralized storage on the filecoin network their slides describe how the technology works, but give no idea of how much it would cost to use. just as with dna and other exotic media, the real issue is economic not technical. i wrote skeptically about the economics of the filecoin network in the four most expensive words in the english language and triumph of greed over arithmetic, comparing its possible pricing to amazon's s and s rrs. of course, the numbers would have looked much worse for filecoin had i compared it with wasabi's pricing. a final request to the organizers this is always a fascinating meeting. but, please, on the call for participation next year make it clear that anyone using projections for "data generated" in their slides as somehow relevant to "data storage" and archival data storage in particular will be hauled off stage by the hook. posted by david. at : am labels: big data, bitcoin, digital preservation, government information, iot, library of congress, long-lived media, storage media comments: 	 david. said... 	 in g security, bruce schneier points out that, even if the telcos were to enforce strict security for g-connected things, we are still screwed: "security vulnerabilities in the standards ­the protocols and software for g ­ensure that vulnerabilities will remain, regardless of who provides the hardware and software. these insecurities are a result of market forces that prioritize costs over security and of governments, including the united states, that want to preserve the option of surveillance in g networks. if the united states is serious about tackling the national security threats related to an insecure g network, it needs to rethink the extent to which it values corporate profits and government espionage over security." go read the whole post and weep. 	 january , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 chris mellor reports that hard disk drive shipments fell % between and as ssd cannibalized everything except nearline. but note from fontana's graph above that capacity per drive increased faster than unit shipments decreased, so total bytes shipped still increased. 	 january , at : am 	 david. said... 	 maybe volume shipments of hamr drives will happen this year. jim salter expresses optimisms despite the long history in hamr don’t hurt ’em—laser-assisted hard drives are coming in : "seagate has been trialing tb hamr drives with select customers for more than a year and claims that the trials have proved that its hamr drives are "plug and play replacements" for traditional cmr drives, requiring no special care and having no particular poor use cases compared to the drives we're all used to." 	 february , at : am 	 david. said... 	 kevin werbach takes the g hype to the woodshed in the 'race to g' is a myth: "telecommunications providers relentlessly extol the power of fifth-generation ( g) wireless technology. government officials and policy advocates fret that the winner of the " g race" will dominate the internet of the future, so america cannot afford to lose out. pundits declare that g will revolutionize the digital world. it all sounds very thrilling. unfortunately, the hype has gone too far. g systems will, over time, replace today's g, just as next year's iphone will improve on this year's . g networks offer significantly greater transmission capacity. however, despite all the hype, they won't represent a radical break from the current mobile experience." 	 february , at : am 	 david. said... 	 an illustration of how broken the security of the things in the internet is, wang wei's a dozen vulnerabilities affect millions of bluetooth le powered devices reports that: "a team of cybersecurity researchers late last week disclosed the existence of potentially severe security vulnerabilities, collectively named 'sweyntooth,' affecting millions of bluetooth-enabled wireless smart devices worldwide—and worryingly, a few of which haven't yet been patched. all sweyntooth flaws basically reside in the way software development kits (sdks) used by multiple system-on-a-chip (soc) have implemented bluetooth low energy (ble) wireless communication technology—powering at least distinct products from several vendors including samsung, fitbit and xiaomi." a lot of the vulnerable products are medical devices ... 	 march , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 karl bode piles on the g debunking with study shows us g is an over-hyped disappointment. he reports on g download speed is now faster than wifi in seven leading g countries, a new study that would be great if the country out of wasn't the us. bode writes: "the study, in one swipe, puts to bed claims that g is a "race" that the us is somehow winning through sheer ingenuity and industry coddling deregulation, and that g will be some sort of competitive panacea (high prices also hamstring it in this area). opensignal has a whole separate study on why g won't be supplanting wifi anytime soon. all of this runs, again, in pretty stark contrast to claims by companies like verizon that g is some widely available, near mystical technology that will revolutionize everything from smart vehicles to modern medicine. 	 may , at : pm 	 david. said... 	 karl bode points out that even verizon tries to temper g enthusiasm after report clearly shows us g is slow, lame: "verizon's problem is that while the company will be deploying a lot of millimeter wave (mmwave) spectrum in key urban markets, that flavor of g lacks range and can't penetrate walls particularly well (for g conspiracy theorists, that means the technology is less likely to penetrate your skin and harm you, as well). for most users, what you see now with g is what you'll get for several years to come ... u.s. consumers, who already pay some of the highest prices in the world for verizon g service, will also need to pay $ extra a month (you know, just because), and shell out significant cash for early-adoption g devices that are fatter, more expensive, and have worse battery life than their current gear." 	 may , at : pm post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) blog rules posts and comments are copyright of their respective authors who, by posting or commenting, license their work under a creative commons attribution-share alike . united states license. off-topic or unsuitable comments will be deleted. dshr dshr in anwr recent comments full comments blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ▼  january ( ) 	regulating social media: part 	advertising is a bubble 	library of congress storage architecture meeting 	bitcoin's lightning network (updated) 	bunnie huang's betrusted project 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) lockss system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this archival unit. 	 	 simple theme. powered by blogger. news: stopping ransomware, china hates miners, ecuador cbdc history, nfts still too hard to buy – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		news: stopping ransomware, china hates miners, ecuador cbdc history, nfts still too hard to buy 		 			 th june st june - by david gerard - comments.		 		 	 	 	 	 	 			libra shrugged is in the smashwords father’s day promotion until july — and you can get it cheap with a coupon. tell your friends! tell your father! 	you can support my work by signing up for the patreon — $ or $ a month is like a few drinks down the pub while we rant about cryptos once a month. it really does help. [patreon] 	the patreon also has a $ /month corporate tier — the number is bigger on this tier, and will look more impressive on your analyst newsletter expense account. [patreon] 	and tell your friends and colleagues to sign up for this newsletter by email! [scroll down, or click here] 	i consult, and take freelance writing commissions — i have a huge one i need to get to once i can get out from under all this el salvador news … 	rats! cassie and cygnus, sisters and littermates.     bitcoin in the enterprise is ransomware a plague yet? insurance companies are already recoiling as ransomware attacks “skyrocket.” [ft, paywalled] but the most important thing in dealing with ransomware is to work on every part of the problem except the payment channels — because bitcoins are too precious to be hampered in any way. also, it’s not possible to do more than one thing at the same time, if it’s about a problem related to crypto. fix all the corporate networks in the us — then look at the payment channels. if ever. as the largest actual-dollar exchange in the us, coinbase directly makes money when ransomware victims buy the coins to pay their ransom. davide de cillo, coinbase’s head of product, is helpfully weighing in on twitter threads and explaining why you certainly shouldn’t do anything about the payment channels for ransomware. “thank god that didn’t ask for truly untraceable cash. can you imagine if we had to ban usd bills?” nice to see that the response “what about this other thing that isn’t the topic, huh” is fully industry-endorsed. [twitter, archive] others don’t go along with the crypto view of the problem. nicholas weaver: the ransomware problem is a bitcoin problem. [lawfare] jacob silverman: want to stop ransomware attacks? ban bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. [new republic] j. p. koning has a more creative solution: shoot the hostage. instead of banning crypto to stop ransoms … punish victims who pay up! [aier] although koning does point out why ransomware gangs like bitcoin — it’s the censorship resistance. this doesn’t really make the case against taking out the payment channels. [moneyness] governments aren’t taking the crypto industry line either. the us will be giving ransomware attacks similar priority to terrorism. jake sullivan, president biden’s national security adviser, said that ransomware needs to be a “priority” for nato and the g nations. and gchq says that ransomware attacks are now a bigger cyber threat to the uk than hostile states. [reuters; independent; ft, paywalled] the future of ransomware may be cyber warfare rather than obtaining bitcoins. notpetya is already thought to have been primarily a russian attack on ukrainian interests, and only secondarily about acquiring bitcoins. [war on the rocks]   wait for ransomware, and then sell assets as beyond economical recovery. structural equivalent of writing off a car and all you have to do is park it somewhere you know it'll get phished. it's better than burning the place down for the insurance because you can sell the building. — crossestman (@crossestman) june ,   baby’s on fire, but not so much in china imagine bitcoin after the apocalypse, when we’re finally free of computers: “i guess … three” “oh, well done! you win the . bitcoins!” china is thoroughly sick of the crypto miners. the province of qinghai is not permitting new mining projects, and will be closing down existing mining operations. [coindesk] yunnan province was reported to be kicking the miners out. but what it’s actually doing is forcing the miners to connect to the official grid, and not just strike deals for cheaper electricity with power plants directly, who then don’t pay the state their cut. the yunnan energy bureau is enforcing this with inspections of mining operations. paying official prices may, of course, effectively push the miners out. [fortune; the block] hashcow will no longer sell mining rigs in china. sichuan duo technology put its machines up for sale on wechat. btc.top, which does % of all bitcoin mining, is suspending operations in china, and plans to mine mainly in north america. [time] mining rigs are for sale at – % off. chinese miners are looking to set up elsewhere. some are looking to kazakhstan. [wired] some have an eye on texas — a state not entirely famous for its robust grid and ability to keep the lights on in bad weather. [cnbc] crypto miners still mean software developers can’t have nice things — cloud computing service docker is discontinuing their free tier specifically because of abusive miners, as of june. “in the last few months we have seen a massive growth in the number of bad actors who are taking advantage of this service with the goal of abusing it for crypto mining … in april we saw the number of build hours spike x our usual load and by the end of the month we had already deactivated ~ , accounts due to mining abuse. the following week we had another ~ miners spin up.” [docker] are crypto miners money transmission businesses? well, fincen explicitly says that creating fresh coins and distributing them to your pool is not. but miners also process transactions — and the trouble is that they pick and choose which ones they process. one mining pool, marathon, was blocking transmissions that ofac didn’t like — but stopped because of …  complaints from pool participants. nicholas weaver points out that this completely gives the game away: miners have always been able to comply with money transmission rules, they just got away with not doing it. [the block; lawfare] why you should care about bitcoin if you care about the planet: “bitcoin is bringing dirty power plants out of retirement. earthjustice is fighting this new trend in order to put an end to fossil fuels once and for all.” [earthjustice] shocked to see that the timeline for ethereum moving to eth and getting off proof-of-work mining has been put back to late … about months from now. this is mostly from delays in getting sharding to work properly. vitalik buterin says that this is because the ethereum team isn’t working well together. [tokenist] detect the malware — or become the malware? norton antivirus will soon have a function to mine ethereum on the user’s graphics card. nobody knows why they thought this was in any way a good idea. [press release] chia farming malware may have been spotted in the wild, infecting qnap file servers. [qnap forums]   cops accidentally shut down operation actually harmful to society https://t.co/ac bgvswzz — tom hatfield (@wordmercenary) may ,   regulatory clarity bitcoin was invented as a new form of money, free of government coercion! the trouble there is when it interacts with the government-regulated world of actual money. governments are stupid and incompetent in a great many ways — i mean, i live in the uk. my natural inclination is that governments can bugger off out of my face. which is why it annoys me about bitcoin that it keeps making the case for statism. i had someone call me out on this: my books are way too much like advocacy of the existing system. and it’s true — because both bitcoin and facebook came up with ideas that were even worse than what we have now. getting your money out past awful governments is absolutely a crypto use case. i remain sceptical of many of the people advocating it, because a lot are just scammy crooks — or at best, craven number-go-up guys pretending to care about human rights. the biden administration is proposing to collect data on foreign crypto investors active in the us, to “bolster international cooperation” and crack down on tax evasion. [bloomberg] uk legacy fiat banksters can’t cope with the demands of the burgeoning crypto economy, and they’re blocking payments to exchanges, claiming “high levels of suspected financial crime” or some such nonsense. this time it’s barclays, but also the “challenger” fintech banks monzo and starling. reddit also reports revolut blocking transactions. [telegraph; reddit] why are crypto business not getting registered with the fca in the uk?” a significantly high number of businesses are not meeting the required standards under the money laundering regulations.” the deadline is now march . [fca] cftc commissioner dan berkovitz is unhappy with defi — specifically, that it’s an unregulated market for the purpose of trading derivatives of commodities. [cftc] thailand has banned crypto exchanges from trading “gimmick” meme tokens, nfts, and tokens issued by “digital asset exchanges or related persons.” [bangkok post] the sec has updated its list of unregistered soliciting entities, who use questionable information to solicit investment. lots of crypto firms here. [sec press release; unregistered soliciting entities, pdf]   i engage in complex trading strategies; in real terms i’m consistently down but my imaginary gains are always limitless. — josh cincinnati (@acityinohio) may ,   central banking, not on the blockchain the bank of england discussion paper “new forms of digital money” is about libra/diem-style coins and central bank digital currencies (cbdcs). it’s not at all about crypto trading coins like tether, though that’s what the press has latched onto, all citing jemima kelly in the financial times laughing the tether reserves pie charts out of the room. anyway, the bank looks forward to your comments — get them in by september. [bank of england; ft, paywalled] in , ecuador tried to do a cbdc, based on us dollars: sistema de dinero electrónico. it failed pretty hard. i blogged about it here, and wrote it up in chapter of libra shrugged. now there’s a detailed history in the latin american journal of central banking, by andrés arauza, rodney garratt and diego f. ramos. [science direct] frances coppola: “i’ve written up my analysis of the bis’s proposed capital regulations for cryptocurrencies and stablecoins. with a primer on bank capital and reserves, since people still don’t seem to know what these are and how they differ from each other.” this is about banks’ own capital, not liabilities to customers. [blog post]   i have previously simplified that down to: "if someone says 'blockchain solves x', substitute database for blockchain. if it still makes sense, use a database. if it doesn't make sense, blockchain doesn't solve it." — myz lilith (@myzlilith) may ,   sales receipt fan fiction protos: “the nft market has imploded over the past month, with sales in every single category almost entirely drying up.” this was based on data from nonfungible.com — which they say protos misinterpreted. amy castor, in artnet, concurs wth nonfungible.com — the nft market is down, but not to the extent protos painted it.  [protos; nonfungible.com; artnet, paywalled] bbc: buying a pink nft cat was a crypto nightmare — a normal person tries to buy an nft, and discovers that, after years, crypto is still basically unusable garbage for normal humans. with quotes from me. crypto still has the usability of a bunch of wires on a lab bench. crypto pumpers really hate having that pointed out, and will always blame the victim. in thirty years, the crypto bros will be saying “it’s early days, give it thirty years, time will tell.” [bbc] techmonitor: ‘the apotheosis of ownership’: what is the future of nfts? with quotes from me. [techmonitor]   i have an idea for a data structure, hear me out. a linked list where every node contains a hash of all the data in the nodes behind it, and every time you want to add a new node, you need about . other computers to say ok and consume the power equivalent of a small nation — Ólafur waage (@olafurw) may ,   things happen bbc on crypto day trading: “this is the crack cocaine of gambling because it is so fast. it’s / . it’s on your phone, your laptop, it’s in your bedroom.” [bbc] someone just told me what ibm blockchain was charging for “managed blockchain”: on the order of $ per node per month. “i was speechless after receiving the quote.” ibm didn’t quite make the case against postgresql. this is a hilarious story from the s, as told in : how the government set up a fake bank to launder drug money. (podcast plus transcript.) [public radio east] beginning august, google will no longer accept ads for defi protocols, decentralised exchanges, icos, crypto loans or similar financial products. [google support] wealth manager ruffer handles large investments for “institutions, wealthy individuals and charities.” ruffer got into bitcoin in november , and assured the crypto world that they were in this for the long haul. it turns out ruffer sold up in april , for a tidy profit. the “speculative frenzy” was making them nervous. [ft, paywalled]   i wish people would stop saying “crypto” when they mean “cybercrypto”. words have meaning, people. — matt blaze (@mattblaze) june ,   hot takes new bitfinex’ed blog post just dropped: tether is setting a new standard for transparency, that is untethered from facts. a catch-up on the tether situation, as the rest of the world finally starts noticing there might be a problem here. [medium] there’s another podcast series about the quadriga crypto exchange and its allegedly-deceased founder, gerry cotten. this one is “exit scam”. for once, i’m not in this one. [exit scam] cas piancey: michael saylor of microstrategy has always been like this — what actually went down at microstrategy, and then at the sec, from to . [medium] the marshall islands sov deconstructed, by imf researcher sonja davidson — sonja was one of the people who helped look over the cbdc chapter in libra shrugged. [global fintech intelligencer] requiem for a bright idea ( ) — a post-mortem on david chaum’s digicash, a predecessor of bitcoin. [forbes, ] at last, a worthy successor to brazil.txt, but this time with grown-ups — the founder of zebi, the “indian eth,” pumps, and dumps. [reddit]   help i'm in an abusive relationship pic.twitter.com/vie rliewr — cryptofungus (@crypt fungus) june ,   living on video i’ll talk to almost any podcast or media in good faith, at the drop of a hat. (email me!) but i keep being asked to talk about crypto on clubhouse. unfortunately, clubhouse isn’t on android yet — and my a is apparently too boomer to run the clubhouse for android preview. so if you want me to debate cryptos on clubhouse, you’ll need to buy me an unlocked iphone or galaxy s . demonstrate your proof-of-stake on this one. (i am being silenced by bad faith cultural marxist wokeists not buying me a new top-end phone.) when the music stops is aviv milner’s new skeptical podcast about cryptocurrency. i went on to talk about chia and the various disk-space coins. [anchor.fm] ntd: china’s robinhoods eye us market with cryptos — with me, : on. not very crypto news, this is more about the daytrading, i.e., gambling market, with chinese stock daytrading companies looking to get into the us and offer cryptos — which they can’t do in china. because china hates cryptos. [youtube] i also did a pile of press on el salvador — it’s disconcerting to discover that my blog posts and foreign policy article seem to be the primary sources of information on the scheme. but those will be in my next el salvador post! as well as bukele, there’s the weird strike and bitcoin beach factions. the el salvador bitcoin caper would make a hilarious slapstick comedy about crook vs. crook vs. crook — if it wasn’t real life, with six and a half million victims.   already loving this book “attack of the foot blockchain” by @davidgerard pic.twitter.com/ j kcneqb — bichael (@mikelewisatx) june ,   your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedbank of englandbarclaysbisbitcoinbitfinexedblockchainbtc.topcbdccftcchiachinaclubhousecoinbasecryptokittiesdan berkovitzdavid chaumdavide de cillodefidigicashdockerearthjusticeecuadorel salvadorethereumfcagchqgerald cottengooglehashcowibmlinksmarathonmarshall islandsmichael saylormicrostrategyminingmonzonftnortonofacpodcastqinghaiqnapquadrigacxransomwareruffersdesecsichuan duo technologysovstablecoinstarlingthailandunited kingdomunited stateswhen the music stopsyunnanzebi	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article foreign policy: el salvador is printing money with bitcoin next article bitcoin myths: immutability, decentralisation, and the cult of “ million” 	 			 			 comments on “news: stopping ransomware, china hates miners, ecuador cbdc history, nfts still too hard to buy” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												ingvar says:					 					 						 th june at : am					 									 				 					fuel for future write-ups: https://irony- .medium.com/the-melting-of-iron- b e 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												allan says:					 					 						 st june at : am					 									 				 					the link to frances coppola’s blog post does not work. need to add www subdomain, here is working link: https://www.coppolacomment.com/ / /bank-capital-and-cryptocurrencies.html 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 st june at : am					 									 				 					well, it worked before! fixed 🙂 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 terry's worklog – on my work (programming, digital libraries, cataloging) and other stuff that perks my interest (family, cycling, etc) 	skip to content 	 	 	 						terry's worklog 			 			 			on my work (programming, digital libraries, cataloging) and other stuff that perks my interest (family, cycling, etc)		 	 	 	 		 			 				menu									 				close									 			 		 			home 	about me 	marcedit homepage 	github page 	privacy policy 	 	 		 			 	 	marcedit update round-up 	 		a handful of updates have been posted related to marcedit . since the program cam out of beta.  these have been mostly bug fixes and small enhancements.  here’s the full list: bug fix: oclc search – multiple terms would result in an error if ‘or’ was used with specific search indexes. fixed: / enhancement: oclc… continue reading marcedit update round-up 	 	 		published july , categorized as marcedit 	 	 	marcedit . .x/marcedit mac . .x: coming out of beta 	 		marcedit . /marcedit mac . is officially out of beta.  it has been my primary version of marcedit for about months and is where all new development has taken place since dec. .  because there are significant changes (including framework supported) – marcedit . / . are not in-place upgrades.  previous versions of marcedit can be installed… continue reading marcedit . .x/marcedit mac . .x: coming out of beta 	 	 		published june , categorized as marcedit 	 	 	exploring bibframe workflows in marcedit 	 		update: / / : i uploaded a video with sound that demonstrates the process.  you can find it here: during this past year while working on marcedit . .x/ . .x, i’ve been giving some thought to how i might be able to facilitate some workflows to allow users to move data to and from bibframe.  while the tools has… continue reading exploring bibframe workflows in marcedit 	 	 		published june , categorized as bibframe, marcedit 	 	 	thoughts on nacos proposed process on updating cjk records 	 		i would like to take a few minutes and share my thoughts about an updated best practice recently posted by the pcc and naco related to an update on cjk records. the update is found here: https://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/naco/cjk/cjk-best-practice-ncr.docx. i’m not certain if this is active or a simply a proposal, but i’ve been having a number… continue reading thoughts on nacos proposed process on updating cjk records 	 	 		published april , categorized as cataloging, marcedit 	 	 	marcedit . update 	 		changelog: https://marcedit.reeset.net/software/update .txt highlights preview changes one of the most requested features over the years has been the ability to preview changes prior to running them.  as of . . – a new preview option has been added to many of the global editing tools in the marceditor.  currently, you will find the preview option attached to… continue reading marcedit . update 	 	 		published april , categorized as marcedit 	 	 	how do i generate marc authority records from the homosaurus vocabulary? 	 		step by step instructions here: https://youtu.be/fjsdqi pzpq ok, so last week, i got an interesting question on the listserv where a user asked specifically about generating marc records for use in one’s ils system from a jsonld vocabulary.  in this case, the vocabulary in question as homosaurus (homosaurus vocabulary site) – and the questioner was specifically… continue reading how do i generate marc authority records from the homosaurus vocabulary? 	 	 		published april , categorized as marcedit 	 	 	marcedit: state of the community * - 	 		* sigh – original title said - .  obviously, this is for this past year (jan. -dec. , ).   per usual, i wanted to take a couple minutes and look at the state of the marcedit project. this is something that i try to do once a year to gauge the current health of the community,… continue reading marcedit: state of the community * - 	 	 		published march , categorized as marcedit, uncategorized 	 	 	marcedit . .x/ . .x (beta) updates 	 		versions are available at: https://marcedit.reeset.net/downloads information about the changes: . . change log: https://marcedit.reeset.net/software/update .txt . . change log: https://marcedit.reeset.net/software/update .txt if you are using .x – this will prompt as normal for update. . .x is the beta build, please be aware i expect to be releasing updates to this build weekly and also expect to find some issues.… continue reading marcedit . .x/ . .x (beta) updates 	 	 		published february , categorized as marcedit 	 	 	marcedit . .x/macos . .x timelines 	 		i sent this to the marcedit listserv to provide info about my thoughts around timelines related to the beta and release.  here’s the info. dear all, as we are getting close to feb. (when i’ll make the . beta build available for testing) – i wanted to provide information about the update process going… continue reading marcedit . .x/macos . .x timelines 	 	 		published january , categorized as marcedit 	 	 	marcedit . change/bug fix list 	 		* updated; / change: allow os to manage supported supported security protocol types. change: remove com.sun dependency related to dns and httpserver change: changed appdata path change: first install automatically imports settings from marcedit . - .x change: field count – simplify ui (consolidate elements) change: windows — update help urls to oclc change: generate fast… continue reading marcedit . change/bug fix list 	 	 		published january , categorized as marcedit 	 	 		posts navigation 		page … page older posts 				 		 	 	 	 		 	search… 	 	 	 	 				 			 																						terry's worklog																		 			 				proudly powered by wordpress.			 		 	 dark mode: 		 			 	 	 	 jacques maritain - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	jacques maritain 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		french philosopher 	 	this article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (november ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) 	jacques maritain 	maritain in the s 	born	( - - ) november paris, france 	died	 april ( - - ) (aged  ) toulouse, france 	alma mater	university of paris 	spouse(s)	raïssa maritain ​ ​ (m.  ; died  )​ 	 	era	 th-century philosophy 	region	western philosophy 	school	existential thomism 	main interests 		philosophy of religion 	political theory 	philosophy of science 	metaphysics 	 influences 		thomas aquinas 	aristotle 	charles baudelaire 	Étienne gilson 	charles maurras 	john of st. thomas 	 influenced 		mortimer j. adler 	yves congar 	jean daujat 	john haddox 	ivan illich 	john f. x. knasas 	emmanuel mounier[ ] 	yves simon 	 	part of a series on 	christian democracy 	 	 organizations 	list of christian democratic parties 	centrist democrat international 	christian democrat organization of america 	european people's party 	european christian political movement 	konrad adenauer foundation 	conservative christian fellowship 	centre for european studies 	center for public justice 	 ideas 	catholic social teaching 	christian corporatism 	christian ethics 	communitarianism 	consistent life ethic 	cultural mandate 	culture of life 	dignity of labor 	distributism 	gremialismo 	just war theory 	liberation theology 	neo-calvinism 	neo-scholasticism 	popolarismo 	progressive conservatism 	social conservatism 	social democracy 	social gospel 	social market economy 	solidarity 	sphere sovereignty 	stewardship 	subsidiarity 	welfare / welfare state 	 documents 	rerum novarum 	kuyper's stone lectures on calvinism 	graves de communi re 	quadragesimo anno 	laborem exercens 	sollicitudo rei socialis 	centesimus annus 	laudato si' 	 people 	guillaume groen van prinsterer 	herman dooyeweerd 	konrad adenauer 	giulio andreotti 	alcide de gasperi 	eduardo frei montalva 	keith joseph 	wilhelm emmanuel von ketteler 	helmut kohl 	abraham kuyper 	pope leo xiii 	jacques maritain 	pope pius xi 	robert schuman 	luigi sturzo 	josé maría arizmendiarrieta 	 related topics 	christian left 	christian anarchism 	christian communism 	christian socialism 	christian right 	christian libertarianism 	christian nationalism 	theoconservatism 	liberal democracy 	religious democracy 	buddhist 	islamic 	jewish 	mormon 	social democracy 	ethical socialism 	 	politics portal  christianity portal 		v 	t 	e 	 	part of a series on 	catholic philosophy 	  aquinas, scotus, and ockham 	 ethics 	 	cardinal virtues 	just price 	just war 	probabilism 	natural law 	personalism 	social teaching 	virtue ethics 	 schools 	 	augustinianism 	cartesianism 	molinism 	occamism 	salamanca 	scholasticism 	neo-scholasticism 	scotism 	thomism 	 philosophers 	 ancient 	ambrose 	athanasius the great 	augustine of hippo 	clement of alexandria 	cyprian of carthage 	cyril of alexandria 	gregory of nyssa 	irenaeus of lyons 	jerome 	john chrysostom 	john of damascus 	justin martyr 	origen 	paul the apostle 	tertullian 	 postclassical 	pseudo-dionysius 	boethius 	isidore of seville 	scotus eriugena 	bede 	anselm of canterbury 	hildegard of bingen 	peter abelard 	symeon the new theologian 	bernard of clairvaux 	hugh of saint victor 	thomas aquinas 	benedict of nursia 	pope gregory i 	peter lombard 	bonaventure 	albertus magnus 	duns scotus 	roger bacon 	giles of rome 	james of viterbo 	giambattista vico 	gregory of rimini 	william of ockham 	catherine of siena 	paul of venice 	 modern 	baltasar gracián 	erasmus of rotterdam 	thomas cajetan 	nicholas of cusa 	luis de molina 	teresa of Ávila 	thomas more 	francis de sales 	francisco de vitoria 	domingo de soto 	martín de azpilcueta 	tomás de mercado 	antoine arnauld 	rené descartes 	robert bellarmine 	ignacy krasicki 	hugo kołłątaj 	françois fénelon 	alphonsus liguori 	nicolas malebranche 	blaise pascal 	francisco suárez 	giovanni botero 	félicité de la mennais 	antonio rosmini 	john henry newman 	 contemporary 	pope benedict xvi 	pope john paul ii 	g. e. m. anscombe 	hans urs von balthasar 	maurice blondel 	g. k. chesterton 	yves congar 	henri de lubac 	john finnis 	reginald garrigou-lagrange 	Étienne gilson 	rené girard 	nicolás gómez dávila 	romano guardini 	john haldane 	dietrich von hildebrand 	bernard lonergan 	marshall mcluhan 	alasdair macintyre 	gabriel marcel 	jean-luc marion 	jacques maritain 	emmanuel mounier 	josef pieper 	karl rahner 	edith stein 	charles taylor 	  catholicism portal  philosophy portal 	 	v 	t 	e jacques maritain (french: [maʁitɛ̃]; november  – april ) was a french catholic philosopher. raised protestant, he was agnostic before converting to catholicism in . an author of more than books, he helped to revive thomas aquinas for modern times, and was influential in the development and drafting of the universal declaration of human rights. pope paul vi presented his "message to men of thought and of science" at the close of vatican ii to maritain, his long-time friend and mentor. the same pope had seriously considered making him a lay cardinal, but maritain rejected it.[ ] maritain's interest and works spanned many aspects of philosophy, including aesthetics, political theory, philosophy of science, metaphysics, the nature of education, liturgy and ecclesiology. contents 	 life 	 sainthood cause 	 work 	 metaphysics and epistemology 	 ethics 	 political theory 	 . integral humanism 	 . criticism 	 sayings 	 writings 	 . significant works in english 	 . other works in english 	 . original works in french 	 see also 	 notes 	 references 	 further reading 	 external links life[edit] maritain was born in paris, the son of paul maritain, who was a lawyer, and his wife geneviève favre, the daughter of jules favre, and was reared in a liberal protestant milieu. he was sent to the lycée henri-iv. later, he attended the sorbonne, studying the natural sciences: chemistry, biology and physics. at the sorbonne, he met raïssa oumançoff, a russian jewish émigré. they married in . a noted poet and mystic, she participated as his intellectual partner in his search for truth. raïssa's sister, vera oumançoff, lived with jacques and raïssa for almost all their married life. at the sorbonne, jacques and raïssa soon became disenchanted with scientism, which could not, in their view, address the larger existential issues of life. in , in light of this disillusionment, they made a pact to commit suicide together if they could not discover some deeper meaning to life within a year. they were spared from following through on this because, at the urging of charles péguy, they attended the lectures of henri bergson at the collège de france. bergson's critique of scientism dissolved their intellectual despair and instilled in them "the sense of the absolute." then, through the influence of léon bloy, they converted to the catholic faith in .[ ] in the fall of the maritains moved to heidelberg, where jacques studied biology under hans driesch. hans driesch's theory of neo-vitalism attracted jacques because of its affinity with henri bergson. during this time, raïssa fell ill, and during her convalescence, their spiritual advisor, a dominican friar named humbert clérissac, introduced her to the writings of thomas aquinas. she read them with enthusiasm and, in turn, exhorted her husband to examine the saint's writings. in thomas, maritain found a number of insights and ideas that he had believed all along. he wrote: thenceforth, in affirming to myself, without chicanery or diminution, the authentic value of the reality of our human instruments of knowledge, i was already a thomist without knowing it ... when several months later i came to the summa theologiae, i would construct no impediment to its luminous flood. from the angelic doctor (the honorary title of aquinas), he was led to "the philosopher", as aquinas called aristotle. still later, to further his intellectual development, he read the neo-thomists. beginning in , maritain taught at the collège stanislas. he later moved to the institut catholique de paris. for the – academic year, he taught at the petit séminaire de versailles. in maritain and Étienne gilson received honorary doctorates in philosophy from the pontifical university of saint thomas aquinas, angelicum.[ ] in , he gave his first lectures in north america in toronto at the pontifical institute of mediaeval studies. he also taught at columbia university; at the committee on social thought, university of chicago; at the university of notre dame, and at princeton university. from to , he was the french ambassador to the holy see. afterwards, he returned to princeton university where he achieved the "elysian status" (as he put it) of a professor emeritus in . raïssa maritain died in . after her death, jacques published her journal under the title "raïssa's journal." for several years maritain was an honorary chairman of the congress for cultural freedom, appearing as a keynote speaker at its conference in berlin.[ ] from , maritain lived with the little brothers of jesus in toulouse, france. he had an influence on the order since its foundation in . he became a little brother in .[ ] in a interview published by the commonweal magazine, they asked if he was a freemason. maritain replied: that question offends me, for i should have a horror of belonging to freemasonry. so much the worse for well-intentioned people whose anxiety and need for explanations would have been satisfied by believing me to be one.[ ] tomb of raïssa and jacques maritain jacques and raïssa maritain are buried in the cemetery of kolbsheim, a little french village in alsace where he had spent many summers at the estate of his friends, antoinette and alexander grunelius.[ ] sainthood cause[edit] a cause for beatification of him and his wife raïssa is being planned.[ ] work[edit] the foundation of maritain's thought is aristotle, aquinas, and the thomistic commentators, especially john of st. thomas. he is eclectic in his use of these sources. maritain's philosophy is based on evidence accrued by the senses and acquired by an understanding of first principles. maritain defended philosophy as a science against those who would degrade it and promoted philosophy as the "queen of sciences". in , jacques maritain completed his first contribution to modern philosophy, a -page article titled, "reason and modern science" published in revue de philosophie (june issue). in it, he warned that science was becoming a divinity, its methodology usurping the role of reason and philosophy. science was supplanting the humanities in importance.[ ] in , a committee of french bishops commissioned jacques to write a series of textbooks to be used in catholic colleges and seminaries. he wrote and completed only one of these projects, titled elements de philosophie (introduction of philosophy) in . it has been a standard text ever since in many catholic seminaries. he wrote in his introduction: if the philosophy of aristotle, as revived and enriched by thomas aquinas and his school, may rightly be called the christian philosophy, both because the church is never weary of putting it forward as the only true philosophy and because it harmonizes perfectly with the truths of faith, nevertheless it is proposed here for the reader's acceptance not because it is christian, but because it is demonstrably true. this agreement between a philosophic system founded by a pagan and the dogmas of revelation is no doubt an external sign, an extra-philosophic guarantee of its truth; but from its own rational evidence, that it derives its authority as a philosophy during the second world war, jacques maritain protested the policies of the vichy government while teaching at the pontifical institute for medieval studies in canada. "moving to new york, maritain became deeply involved in rescue activities, seeking to bring persecuted and threatened academics, many of them jews, to america. he was instrumental in founding the École libre des hautes Études, a kind of university in exile that was, at the same time, the center of gaullist resistance in the united states". after the war, in a papal audience on july , he tried unsuccessfully to have pope pius xii officially denounce anti-semitism.[ ] many of his american papers are held by the university of notre dame, which established the jacques maritain center in . the cercle d'etudes jacques & raïssa maritain is an association founded by the philosopher himself in in kolbsheim (near strasbourg, france), where the couple is also buried. the purpose of these centers is to encourage study and research of maritain's thought and expand upon them. it is also absorbed in translating and editing his writings. metaphysics and epistemology[edit] maritain's philosophy is based on the view that metaphysics is prior to epistemology. being is first apprehended implicitly in sense experience, and is known in two ways. first, being is known reflexively by abstraction from sense experience. one experiences a particular being, e.g. a cup, a dog, etc. and through reflexion ("bending back") on the judgement, e.g. "this is a dog", one recognizes that the object in question is an existent. second, in light of attaining being reflexively through apprehension of sense experience one may arrive at what maritain calls "an intuition of being". for maritain this is the point of departure for metaphysics; without the intuition of being one cannot be a metaphysician at all. the intuition of being involves rising to the apprehension of ens secundum quod est ens (being insofar as it is a being). in existence and the existent he explains: "it is being, attained or perceived at the summit of an abstractive intellection, of an eidetic or intensive visualization which owes its purity and power of illumination only to the fact that the intellect, one day, was stirred to its depths and trans-illuminated by the impact of the act of existing apprehended in things, and because it was quickened to the point of receiving this act, or hearkening to it, within itself, in the intelligible and super-intelligible integrity of the tone particular to it." (p. ) in view of this priority given to metaphysics, maritain advocates an epistemology he calls "critical realism". maritain's epistemology is not "critical" in kant's sense, which held that one could only know anything after undertaking a thorough critique of one's cognitive abilities. rather, it is critical in the sense that it is not a naive or non-philosophical realism, but one that is defended by way of reason. against kant's critical project maritain argues that epistemology is reflexive; you can only defend a theory of knowledge in light of knowledge you have already attained. consequently, the critical question is not the question of modern philosophy – how do we pass from what is perceived to what is. rather, "since the mind, from the very start, reveals itself as warranted in its certitude by things and measured by an esse[clarification needed] independent of itself, how are we to judge if, how, on what conditions, and to what extent it is so both in principle and in the various moments of knowledge?" in contrast idealism inevitably ends up in contradiction, since it does not recognize the universal scope of the first principles of identity, contradiction, and finality. these become merely laws of thought or language, but not of being, which opens the way to contradictions being instantiated in reality. maritain's metaphysics ascends from this account of being to a critique of the philosophical aspects of modern science, through analogy to an account of the existence and nature of god as it is known philosophically and through mystical experience. ethics[edit] maritain was a strong defender of a natural law ethics. he viewed ethical norms as being rooted in human nature. for maritain the natural law is known primarily, not through philosophical argument and demonstration, but rather through "connaturality". connatural knowledge is a kind of knowledge by acquaintance. we know the natural law through our direct acquaintance with it in our human experience. of central importance, is maritain's argument that natural rights are rooted in the natural law. this was key to his involvement in the drafting of the un's universal declaration of human rights. another important aspect of his ethics was his insistence upon the need for moral philosophy to be conducted in a theological context. while a christian could engage in speculative thought about nature or metaphysics in a purely rational manner and develop an adequate philosophy of nature of metaphysics, this is not possible with ethics. moral philosophy must address the actual state of the human person, and this is a person in a state of grace. thus, "moral philosophy adequately considered" must take into account properly theological truths. it would be impossible, for instance, to develop an adequate moral philosophy without giving consideration to properly theological facts such as original sin and the supernatural end of the human person in beatitude. any moral philosophy that does not take into account these realities that are only known through faith would be fundamentally incomplete.[ ] political theory[edit] maritain corresponded with, and was a friend of[ ] the american radical community organizer saul alinsky[ ] and french prime minister robert schuman.[ ] in the study the radical vision of saul alinsky, author p. david finks noted that "for years jacques maritain had spoken approvingly to montini of the democratic community organizations built by saul alinsky". accordingly, in maritain arranged for a series of meetings between alinsky and archbishop montini in milan. before the meetings, maritain had written to alinsky: "the new cardinal was reading saul’s books and would contact him soon".[ ] in an interview from , pope francis praised maritain among a small list of french liberal thinkers.[ ] integral humanism[edit] 	part of a series on 	christian democracy 	 	 organizations 	list of christian democratic parties 	centrist democrat international 	christian democrat organization of america 	european people's party 	european christian political movement 	konrad adenauer foundation 	conservative christian fellowship 	centre for european studies 	center for public justice 	 ideas 	catholic social teaching 	christian corporatism 	christian ethics 	communitarianism 	consistent life ethic 	cultural mandate 	culture of life 	dignity of labor 	distributism 	gremialismo 	just war theory 	liberation theology 	neo-calvinism 	neo-scholasticism 	popolarismo 	progressive conservatism 	social conservatism 	social democracy 	social gospel 	social market economy 	solidarity 	sphere sovereignty 	stewardship 	subsidiarity 	welfare / welfare state 	 documents 	rerum novarum 	kuyper's stone lectures on calvinism 	graves de communi re 	quadragesimo anno 	laborem exercens 	sollicitudo rei socialis 	centesimus annus 	laudato si' 	 people 	guillaume groen van prinsterer 	herman dooyeweerd 	konrad adenauer 	giulio andreotti 	alcide de gasperi 	eduardo frei montalva 	keith joseph 	wilhelm emmanuel von ketteler 	helmut kohl 	abraham kuyper 	pope leo xiii 	jacques maritain 	pope pius xi 	robert schuman 	luigi sturzo 	josé maría arizmendiarrieta 	 related topics 	christian left 	christian anarchism 	christian communism 	christian socialism 	christian right 	christian libertarianism 	christian nationalism 	theoconservatism 	liberal democracy 	religious democracy 	buddhist 	islamic 	jewish 	mormon 	social democracy 	ethical socialism 	 	 politics portal  christianity portal 	 	v 	t 	e maritain advocated what he called "integral humanism" (or "integral christian humanism").[ ] he argued that secular forms of humanism were inevitably anti-human in that they refused to recognize the whole person. once the spiritual dimension of human nature is rejected, we no longer have an integral, but merely partial humanism, one which rejects a fundamental aspect of the human person. accordingly, in integral humanism he explores the prospects for a new christendom, rooted in his philosophical pluralism, in order to find ways christianity could inform political discourse and policy in a pluralistic age. in this account he develops a theory of cooperation, to show how people of different intellectual positions can nevertheless cooperate to achieve common practical aims. maritain's political theory was extremely influential, and was a primary source behind the christian democratic movement. criticism[edit] major criticisms of maritain have included: 	santiago ramírez[who?] argued that maritain's moral philosophy adequately considered could not be distinguished in any meaningful way from moral theology as such.[ ] 	tracey rowland, a theologian at the university of notre dame (australia) has argued that the lack of a fully developed philosophy of culture in maritain and others (notably rahner) was responsible for an inadequate notion of culture in the documents of vatican ii and thereby for much of the misapplication of the conciliar texts in the life of the church following the council.[ ] 	maritain's political theory has been criticized for a democratic pluralism that appeals to something very similar to the later liberal philosopher john rawls' conception of an overlapping consensus of reasonable views. it is argued that such a view illegitimately presupposes the necessity of pluralistic conceptions of the human good.[ ] sayings[edit] 	"vae mihi si non thomistizavero" [woe to me if i do not thomisticize].[ ] 	"je n’adore que dieu" [i adore only god]. 	"the artist pours out his creative spirit into a work; the philosopher measures his knowing spirit by the real." 	"i do not know if saul alinsky knows god. but i assure you that god knows saul alinsky." 	"we do not need a truth to serve us, we need a truth that we can serve" writings[edit] significant works in english[edit] 	introduction to philosophy, christian classics, inc., westminster, md, st. , . 	the degrees of knowledge, orig. 	integral humanism, orig. 	an introduction to logic ( ) 	a preface to metaphysics ( ) ( ) 	education at the crossroads, engl. 	the person and the common good, fr. 	art and scholasticism with other essays, sheed and ward, london, 	existence and the existent, (fr. ) trans. by lewis galantiere and gerald b. phelan, image books division of doubleday & co., inc., garden city, ny, , image book, . isbn  - - - - 	philosophy of nature ( ) 	the range of reason, engl. 	approaches to god, engl. 	creative intuition in art and poetry, engl. 	man and the state, (orig.) university of chicago press, chicago, ill, . 	a preface to metaphysics, engl. 	god and the permission of evil, trans. joseph w. evans, the bruce publishing company, milwaukee, wi, (orig. ). 	moral philosophy, 	the peasant of the garonne, an old layman questions himself about the present time, trans. michael cuddihy and elizabeth hughes, holt, rinehart and winston, ny, ; orig. . 	the education of man, the educational philosophy of jacques maritain., ed. d./i. gallagher, notre dame/ind. other works in english[edit] 	religion and culture ( ) 	the things that are not caesar's ( ) 	theonas; conversations of a sage ( ) 	freedom in the modern world ( ) 	true humanism ( ) (integral humanism, ) 	a christian looks at the jewish question ( ) 	the twilight of civilization ( ) 	scholasticism and politics, new york 	science and wisdom ( ) 	religion and the modern world ( ) 	france, my country through the disaster ( ) 	the living thoughts of st. paul ( ) 	france, my country, through the disaster ( ) 	ransoming the time ( ) 	christian humanism ( ) 	saint thomas and the problem of evil, milwaukee ; 	essays in thomism, new york ; 	the rights of man and natural law ( ) 	prayer and intelligence ( ) 	give john a sword ( ) 	the dream of descartes ( ) 	christianity and democracy ( ) 	messages – , new york ; 	a faith to live by ( ) 	the person and the common good ( ) 	art & faith (with jean cocteau ) 	the pluralist principle in democracy ( ) 	creative intuition in art and history ( ) 	an essay on christian philosophy ( ) 	the situation of poetry with raïssa maritain, ) 	bergsonian philosophy ( ) 	reflections on america ( ) 	st. thomas aquinas ( ) 	the degrees of knowledge ( ) 	the sin of the angel: an essay on a re-interpretation of some thomistic positions ( ) 	liturgy and contemplation ( ) 	the responsibility of the artist ( ) 	on the use of philosophy ( ) 	god and the permission of evil ( ) 	challenges and renewals, ed. j.w. evans/l.r. ward, notre dame/ind. 	on the grace and humanity of jesus ( ) 	on the church of christ: the person of the church and her personnel ( ) 	notebooks ( ) 	natural law: reflections on theory and practice (ed. with introductions and notes, by william sweet), st. augustine's press [distributed by university of chicago press], ; second printing, corrected, . original works in french[edit] 	la philosophie bergsonienne, ( ) 	eléments de philosophie, volumes, paris / 	art et scolastique, 	théonas ou les entretiens d’un sage et de deux philosophes sur diverses matières inégalement actuelles, paris, nouvelle librairie nationale, 	antimoderne, paris, Édition de la revue des jeunes, 	réflexions sur l’intelligence et sur sa vie propre, paris, nouvelle librairie nationale, . 	trois réformateurs : luther, descartes, rousseau, avec six portraits, paris [plon], 	réponse à jean cocteau, 	une opinion sur charles maurras et le devoir des catholiques, paris [plon], 	primauté du spirituel, 	pourquoi rome a parlé (coll.), paris, spes, 	quelques pages sur léon bloy, paris 	clairvoyance de rome (coll.), paris, spes, 	le docteur angélique, paris, paul hartmann, 	religion et culture, paris, desclée de brouwer, ( ) 	le thomisme et la civilisation, 	distinguer pour unir ou les degrés du savoir, paris 	le songe de descartes, suivi de quelques essais, paris 	de la philosophie chrétienne, paris, desclée de brouwer, 	du régime temporel et de la liberté, paris, ddb, 	sept leçons sur l'être et les premiers principes de la raison spéculative, paris 	frontières de la poésie et autres essais, paris 	la philosophie de la nature, essai critique sur ses frontières et son objet, paris ( ) 	lettre sur l’indépendance, paris, desclée de brouwer, . 	science et sagesse, paris 	humanisme intégral. problèmes temporels et spirituels d'une nouvelle chrétienté; zunächst spanisch ), paris (fernand aubier), ( ) 	les juifs parmi les nations, paris, cerf, 	situation de la poesie, 	questions de conscience : essais et allocutions, paris, desclée de brouwer, 	la personne humaine et la societé, paris 	le crépuscule de la civilisation, paris, Éd. les nouvelles lettres, 	quattre essais sur l'ésprit dans sa condition charnelle, paris ( ) 	de la justice politique, notes sur le présente guerre, paris 	a travers le désastre, new york ( ) 	conféssion de foi, new york 	la pensée de st.paul, new york (paris ) 	les droits de l'homme et la loi naturelle, new york (paris ) 	christianisme et démocratie, new york (paris ) 	principes d'une politique humaniste, new york (paris ); 	de bergson à thomas d'aquin, essais de métaphysique et de morale, new york (paris ) 	a travers la victoire, paris ; 	pour la justice, articles et discours – , new york ; 	le sort de l'homme, neuchâtel ; 	court traité de l'existence et de l'existant, paris ; 	la personne et le bien commun, paris ; 	raison et raisons, essais détachés, paris 	la signification de l'athéisme contemporain, paris 	neuf leçons sur les notions premières de la philosophie morale, paris 	approaches de dieu, paris . 	l'homme et l'etat (engl.: man and state, ) paris, puf, 	pour une philosophie de l'éducation, paris 	le philosophe dans la cité, paris 	la philosophie morale, vol. i: examen historique et critique des grands systèmes, paris 	dieu et la permission du mal, 	carnet de notes, paris, ddb, 	l'intuition créatrice dans l'art et dans la poésie, paris, desclée de brouwer, (engl. ) 	le paysan de la garonne. un vieux laïc s’interroge à propos du temps présent, paris, ddb, 	de la grâce et de l'humanité de jésus, 	de l'Église du christ. la personne de l'église et son personnel, paris 	approaches sans entraves, posthum . 	la loi naturelle ou loi non écrite, texte inédit, établi par georges brazzola. fribourg, suisse: Éditions universitaires, . [lectures on natural law. tr. william sweet. in the collected works of jacques maritain, vol. vi, notre dame, in: university of notre dame press, (forthcoming).] 	oeuvres complètes de jacques et raïssa maritain, bde., – . see also[edit] 	personalism notes[edit] 	^ deweer, dries ( ). "the political theory of personalism: maritain and mounier on personhood and citizenship" (pdf). international journal of philosophy and theology. ( ): . doi: . / . . . issn  - . s cid  . 	^ donald demarco. "the christian personalism of jacques maritain". ewtn. archived from the original on december . 	^ hanna , p.  	^ piero viotto, grandi amicizie: i maritain e i loro contemporanei, , https://books.google.com/books?id=aonog klodic&pg=pa accessed february . jean leclercq, di grazia in grazia: memorie, . https://books.google.com/books?id=jxknmftj ac&pg=pa accessed february 	^ "what was the congress for cultural freedom?". www.newcriterion.com. 	^ picón, maría laura ( ). ""jacques maritain y los pequeños hermanos de jesús"". studium filosofía y teología (in spanish). t. , fasc. : – . issn  - . 	^ "an interview with jacques maritain | commonweal magazine". www.commonwealmagazine.org. retrieved november . 	^ the most comprehensive biography of the maritians is: jean-luc barre, "jacques and raissa maritain: beggars for heaven", university of notre dame press. 	^ beatification process for jacques and raissa maritain could begin on youtube ( february ) 	^ hanna , p.  	^ richard francis crane ( ). "heart-rending ambivalence: jacques maritain and the complexity of postwar catholic philosemitism". studies in christian-jewish relations. : – . 	^ maritain, an essay on christian philosophy, (ny: philosophical library, ), pp. ff. 	^ "wolfe, c.j. "lessons from the friendship of jacques maritain with saul alinsky" he catholic social science review ( ): – " (pdf). archived from the original (pdf) on april . 	^ doering, bernard e. ( ). "jacques maritain and his two authentic revolutionaries" (pdf). in kennedy, leonard a (ed.). thomistic papers. . houston, tex.: center for thomistic studies. pp.  – . isbn  - - - . oclc  . 	^ fimister, alan paul ( ). robert schuman: neo-scholastic humanism and the reunification of europe. p.  . isbn  - - - - . oclc  . 	^ ferrara, christopher a. "saul alinsky and 'saint' pope paul vi: genesis of the conciliar surrender to the world". the remnant newspaper. retrieved november . 	^ "interview pope francis". la croix (in french). may . issn  - . retrieved november . 	^ sweet, william ( ). "jacques maritain". the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. metaphysics research lab, stanford university. 	^ denis j. m. bradley. aquinas on the twofold human good: reason and human happiness in aquinas's moral science. washington: the catholic university of america press, . 	^ tracey rowland, "culture and the thomist tradition: after vatican ii" (routledge radical orthodoxy) 	^ thaddeus j. kozinski, the political problem of religious pluralism: and why philosophers can't solve it, (lexington books, ) 	^ maritain, jacques ( ). st. thomas aquinas: angel of the schools. j. f. scanlan (trans.). london: sheed & ward. p. viii. references[edit] 	g. b. phelan, jacques maritain, ny, . 	j.w. evans in catholic encyclopaedia vol xvi supplement – . 	michael r. marrus, "the ambassador & the pope; pius xii, jacques maritain & the jews", commonweal, october 	h. bars, maritain en notre temps, paris, . 	d. and i. gallagher, the achievement of jacques and raïssa maritain: a bibliography, – , ny, . 	j. w. evans, ed., jacques maritain: the man and his achievement, ny, . 	c. a. fecher, the philosophy of jacques maritain, westminster, md, . 	jude p. dougherty, jacques maritain: an intellectual profile, catholic university of america press, 	ralph mcinerny, the very rich hours of jacques maritain: a spiritual life, university of notre dame press, 	 hanna, martha ( ). the mobilization of intellect: french scholars and writers during the great war. harvard university press. isbn  . further reading[edit] 	the social and political philosophy of jacques maritain ( ) 	w. herberg (ed.), four existentialist theologians ( ) 	the philosophy of jacques maritain ( ) 	jacques maritain, antimodern or ultramodern?: an historical analysis of his critics, his thought, and his life ( ) external links[edit] 	 quotations related to jacques maritain at wikiquote 	Études maritainiennes-maritain studies 	maritain center, kolbsheim (in french) 	cercle d'etudes j. & r. maritain at kolbsheim (france). 	jacques maritain center at the university of notre dame. 	stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: jacques maritain by william sweet. 	international jacques maritain institute. 	どんな効果がある？ – 健康食品として知られるフコイダンとは of the primary and secondary literatures on jacques maritain. 	works by or about jacques maritain in libraries (worldcat catalog) 	jacques maritain, man and the state ( ) 	 	v 	t 	e aesthetics topics 	philosophers	 	abhinavagupta 	theodor w. adorno 	leon battista alberti 	thomas aquinas 	hans urs von balthasar 	alexander gottlieb baumgarten 	clive bell 	bernard bosanquet 	edward bullough 	r. g. collingwood 	ananda coomaraswamy 	arthur danto 	john dewey 	denis diderot 	hubert dreyfus 	curt john ducasse 	thierry de duve 	roger fry 	nelson goodman 	clement greenberg 	georg hegel 	martin heidegger 	david hume 	immanuel kant 	paul klee 	susanne langer 	theodor lipps 	györgy lukács 	jean-françois lyotard 	joseph margolis 	jacques maritain 	thomas munro 	friedrich nietzsche 	josé ortega y gasset 	dewitt h. parker 	stephen pepper 	david prall 	jacques rancière 	ayn rand 	louis lavelle 	george lansing raymond 	i. a. richards 	george santayana 	friedrich schiller 	arthur schopenhauer 	roger scruton 	irving singer 	rabindranath tagore 	giorgio vasari 	morris weitz 	johann joachim winckelmann 	richard wollheim 	more... 	theories	 	classicism 	evolutionary aesthetics 	historicism 	modernism 	new classical 	postmodernism 	psychoanalytic theory 	romanticism 	symbolism 	more... 	concepts	 	aesthetic emotions 	aesthetic interpretation 	art manifesto 	avant-garde 	axiology 	beauty 	boredom 	camp 	comedy 	creativity 	cuteness 	disgust 	ecstasy 	elegance 	entertainment 	eroticism 	fun 	gaze 	harmony 	judgement 	kama 	kitsch 	life imitating art 	magnificence 	mimesis 	perception 	quality 	rasa 	recreation 	reverence 	style 	sthayibhava 	sublime 	taste 	work of art 	related	 	aesthetics of music 	applied aesthetics 	architecture 	art 	arts criticism 	feminist aesthetics 	gastronomy 	history of painting 	humour 	japanese aesthetics 	literary merit 	mathematical beauty 	mathematics and architecture 	mathematics and art 	medieval aesthetics 	music theory 	neuroesthetics 	painting 	patterns in nature 	philosophy of design 	philosophy of film 	philosophy of music 	poetry 	sculpture 	theory of painting 	theory of art 	tragedy 	visual arts 	 	index 	outline 	category 	 philosophy portal 	 	v 	t 	e social and political philosophy 	ancient philosophers	 	aristotle 	augustine 	chanakya 	cicero 	confucius 	han fei 	lactantius 	laozi 	mencius 	mozi 	origen 	philo 	plato 	plutarch 	polybius 	shang 	socrates 	sun tzu 	tertullian 	thucydides 	valluvar 	xenophon 	xunzi 	medieval philosophers	 	accursius 	alpharabius 	augustinus triumphus 	avempace 	averroes 	baldus 	bartholomew 	bartolus 	bruni 	dante 	engelbert 	gelasius 	al-ghazali 	giles 	godfrey 	gratian 	gregory 	hostiensis 	ibn khaldun 	ibn tufail 	john of paris 	john of salisbury 	latini 	maimonides 	marsilius 	nizam al-mulk 	photios 	remigio 	thomas aquinas 	wang 	william of ockham 	early modern philosophers	 	ammirato 	beza 	boétie 	bodin 	bossuet 	botero 	buchanan 	calvin 	cumberland 	duplessis-mornay 	erasmus 	filmer 	grotius 	guicciardini 	harrington 	hayashi 	hobbes 	hotman 	huang 	james 	leibniz 	locke 	luther 	machiavelli 	malebranche 	mariana 	milton 	montaigne 	more 	müntzer 	naudé 	pufendorf 	rohan 	sansovino 	sidney 	spinoza 	suárez 	 th– th-century philosophers	 	bakunin 	bentham 	bolingbroke 	bonald 	bosanquet 	burke 	comte 	condorcet 	constant 	cortés 	emerson 	engels 	fichte 	fourier 	franklin 	godwin 	hamann 	hegel 	herbert 	herder 	hume 	jefferson 	justi 	kant 	political philosophy 	kierkegaard 	le bon 	le play 	madison 	maistre 	marx 	mazzini 	mill 	montesquieu 	möser 	nietzsche 	novalis 	paine 	renan 	rousseau 	royce 	sade 	schiller 	smith 	spencer 	spedalieri 	stirner 	taine 	thoreau 	tocqueville 	vico 	vivekananda 	voltaire 	 th– st-century philosophers	 	adorno 	ambedkar 	arendt 	aurobindo 	aron 	azurmendi 	badiou 	baudrillard 	bauman 	benoist 	berlin 	bernstein 	butler 	camus 	chomsky 	de beauvoir 	debord 	dewey 	dmowski 	du bois 	durkheim 	dworkin 	foucault 	gandhi 	gauthier 	gehlen 	gentile 	gramsci 	habermas 	hayek 	heidegger 	irigaray 	kautsky 	kirk 	koneczny 	kropotkin 	laclau 	lenin 	luxemburg 	manent 	mansfield 	mao 	marcuse 	maritain 	michels 	mises 	mou 	mouffe 	negri 	niebuhr 	nozick 	nursî 	oakeshott 	ortega 	pareto 	pettit 	plamenatz 	polanyi 	popper 	qutb 	radhakrishnan 	rand 	rawls 	rothbard 	russell 	santayana 	sartre 	scanlon 	schmitt 	scruton 	searle 	shariati 	shklar 	simmel 	simonović 	skinner 	sombart 	sorel 	spann 	spooner 	spirito 	strauss 	sun 	taylor 	tucker 	walzer 	weber 	Žižek 	social theories	 	anarchism 	authoritarianism 	collectivism 	communism 	communitarianism 	conflict theories 	confucianism 	consensus theory 	conservatism 	contractualism 	cosmopolitanism 	culturalism 	fascism 	feminist political theory 	gandhism 	hindu nationalism (hindutva) 	individualism 	islam 	islamism 	legalism 	liberalism 	libertarianism 	mohism 	national liberalism 	republicanism 	social constructionism 	social constructivism 	social darwinism 	social determinism 	socialism 	utilitarianism 	related articles	 	jurisprudence 	philosophy and economics 	philosophy of education 	philosophy of history 	philosophy of love 	philosophy of sex 	philosophy of social science 	political ethics 	social epistemology 	index 	 	category 	 	v 	t 	e history of catholic theology 	key figures 	general	 	history of the catholic church 	timeline 	history of the papacy 	papal primacy 	ecumenical councils 	catholic bible 	vulgate 	biblical canon 	history of christian theology 	early church	 	paul 	clement of rome 	first epistle of clement 	didache 	ignatius of antioch 	polycarp 	epistle of barnabas 	the shepherd of hermas 	aristides of athens 	justin martyr 	epistle to diognetus 	irenaeus 	montanism 	tertullian 	origen 	antipope novatian 	cyprian 	constantine to pope gregory i 	 	eusebius 	athanasius of alexandria 	arianism 	pelagianism 	nestorianism 	monophysitism 	ephrem the syrian 	hilary of poitiers 	cyril of jerusalem 	basil of caesarea 	gregory of nazianzus 	gregory of nyssa 	ambrose 	john chrysostom 	jerome 	augustine of hippo 	john cassian 	orosius 	cyril of alexandria 	peter chrysologus 	pope leo i 	boethius 	pseudo-dionysius the areopagite 	pope gregory i 	early middle ages	 	isidore of seville 	john climacus 	maximus the confessor 	monothelitism 	ecthesis 	bede 	john of damascus 	iconoclasm 	transubstantiation dispute 	predestination disputes 	paulinus ii of aquileia 	alcuin 	benedict of aniane 	rabanus maurus 	paschasius radbertus 	john scotus eriugena 	high middle ages	 	roscellinus 	gregory of narek 	berengar of tours 	peter damian 	anselm of canterbury 	joachim of fiore 	peter abelard 	decretum gratiani 	bernard of clairvaux 	peter lombard 	anselm of laon 	hildegard of bingen 	hugh of saint victor 	dominic de guzmán 	robert grosseteste 	francis of assisi 	anthony of padua 	beatrice of nazareth 	bonaventure 	albertus magnus 	boetius of dacia 	henry of ghent 	thomas aquinas 	siger of brabant 	thomism 	roger bacon 	mysticism and reforms	 	ramon llull 	duns scotus 	dante alighieri 	william of ockham 	richard rolle 	john of ruusbroec 	catherine of siena 	bridget of sweden 	meister eckhart 	johannes tauler 	walter hilton 	the cloud of unknowing 	heinrich seuse 	geert groote 	devotio moderna 	julian of norwich 	thomas à kempis 	nicholas of cusa 	marsilio ficino 	girolamo savonarola 	giovanni pico della mirandola 	reformation counter-reformation 	 	erasmus 	thomas cajetan 	thomas more 	john fisher 	johann eck 	francisco de vitoria 	thomas of villanova 	ignatius of loyola 	francisco de osuna 	john of Ávila 	francis xavier 	teresa of Ávila 	luis de león 	john of the cross 	peter canisius 	luis de molina (molinism) 	robert bellarmine 	francisco suárez 	lawrence of brindisi 	francis de sales 	baroque period to french revolution 	 	tommaso campanella 	pierre de bérulle 	pierre gassendi 	rené descartes 	mary of jesus of Ágreda 	antónio vieira 	jean-jacques olier 	louis thomassin 	jacques-bénigne bossuet 	françois fénelon 	cornelius jansen (jansenism) 	blaise pascal 	nicolas malebranche 	giambattista vico 	alphonsus liguori 	louis de montfort 	maria gaetana agnesi 	alfonso muzzarelli 	johann michael sailer 	clement mary hofbauer 	bruno lanteri 	 th century	 	joseph görres 	félicité de la mennais 	luigi taparelli 	antonio rosmini 	ignaz von döllinger 	john henry newman 	henri lacordaire 	jaime balmes 	gaetano sanseverino 	giovanni maria cornoldi 	wilhelm emmanuel freiherr von ketteler 	giuseppe pecci 	joseph hergenröther 	tommaso maria zigliara 	matthias joseph scheeben 	Émile boutroux 	modernism 	neo-scholasticism 	léon bloy 	désiré-joseph mercier 	friedrich von hügel 	vladimir solovyov 	marie-joseph lagrange 	george tyrrell 	maurice blondel 	thérèse of lisieux 	 th century	 	g. k. chesterton 	reginald garrigou-lagrange 	joseph maréchal 	pierre teilhard de chardin 	jacques maritain 	Étienne gilson 	ronald knox 	dietrich von hildebrand 	gabriel marcel 	marie-dominique chenu 	romano guardini 	edith stein 	fulton sheen 	henri de lubac 	daniel-rops 	jean guitton 	josemaría escrivá 	nouvelle théologie 	karl rahner 	yves congar 	bernard lonergan 	emmanuel mounier 	jean daniélou 	hans urs von balthasar 	alfred delp 	thomas merton 	rené girard 	johann baptist metz 	jean vanier 	henri nouwen 	 st century	 	carlo maria martini 	pope benedict xvi 	walter kasper 	raniero cantalamessa 	michał heller 	peter kreeft 	jean-luc marion 	tomáš halík 	scott hahn 	 	 catholicism portal 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	norway 	spain 	france (data) 	catalonia 	italy 	united states 	latvia 	japan 	czech republic 	australia 	greece 	israel 	 	 	korea 	croatia 	netherlands 	poland 	vatican 	art research institutes	 	artist names (getty) 	scientific databases	 	cinii (japan) 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology 	musicbrainz artist 	rero (switzerland) 	 	 	social networks and archival context 	sudoc (france) 	 	trove (australia) 	 retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=jacques_maritain&oldid= " 		categories: 	 births 	 deaths 	writers from paris 	lycée henri-iv alumni 	french political philosophers 	french roman catholic writers 	french roman catholics 	catholic philosophers 	epistemologists 	metaphysicians 	thomist philosophers 	virtue ethicists 	 th-century french philosophers 	benedictine oblates 	christian humanists 	ambassadors of france to the holy see 	converts to roman catholicism from atheism or agnosticism 	committee on social thought 	french male writers 	critics of atheism 	corresponding fellows of the medieval academy of america hidden categories: 	cs : long volume value 	cs spanish-language sources (es) 	cs french-language sources (fr) 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	articles lacking in-text citations from november 	all articles lacking in-text citations 	use dmy dates from december 	articles with hcards 	wikipedia articles needing clarification from april 	all articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases 	articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from june 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bibsys identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bne identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with cantic identifiers 	wikipedia articles with iccu identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lnb identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ndl identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nkc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nla identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nlg identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nli identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nlk identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nsk identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nta identifiers 	wikipedia articles with plwabn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with vcba identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ulan identifiers 	wikipedia articles with cinii identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz identifiers 	wikipedia articles with rero identifiers 	wikipedia articles with snac-id identifiers 	wikipedia articles with sudoc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with trove identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	ac with elements 	wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 	wikiquote 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	azərbaycanca 	Беларуская 	català 	Čeština 	cymraeg 	deutsch 	eesti 	español 	euskara 	فارسی 	français 	galego 	한국어 	Հայերեն 	bahasa indonesia 	italiano 	Қазақша 	kiswahili 	latina 	magyar 	മലയാളം 	مصرى 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	piemontèis 	polski 	português 	română 	Русский 	slovenčina 	slovenščina 	suomi 	svenska 	தமிழ் 	türkçe 	Українська 	yorùbá 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on june , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 epadd discovery module collection contributor guide - google docs javascript isn't enabled in your browser, so this file can't be opened. enable and reload. epadd discovery module collection contributor guide        share sign in the version of the browser you are using is no longer supported. please upgrade to a supported browser.dismiss file edit view tools help accessibility debug see new changes computer professionals for social responsibility - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	computer professionals for social responsibility 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		computer professionals for social responsibility	abbreviation	cpsr 	formation	 	dissolved	 	type	ngo 	purpose	promote responsible use of computer technology 	headquarters	seattle, washington 	website	cpsr.org computer professionals for social responsibility (cpsr) was a global organization promoting the responsible use of computer technology. cpsr was incorporated in following discussions and organizing that began in .[ ] it educated policymakers and the public on a wide range of issues. cpsr incubated numerous projects such as privaterra, the public sphere project, the electronic privacy information center, the st century project, the civil society project, and the computers, freedom and privacy conference. founded by u.s. computer scientists at stanford university and xerox parc, cpsr had members in over countries on six continents. cpsr was a non-profit .c. organization registered in california. when cpsr was established, it was concerned solely about the use of computers in warfare. it was focused on the strategic computing initiative, a us defense project to use artificial intelligence in military systems, but added opposition to the strategic defense initiative (sdi) shortly after the program was announced. the boston chapter helped organize a debate related to the software reliability of sdi systems which drew national attention ("software seen as obstacle in developing 'star wars', philip m. boffey, (the new york times, september , ) to these issues. later, workplace issues, privacy, and community networks were added to cpsr's agenda. cpsr began as a chapter-based organization and had chapters in palo alto, boston, seattle, austin, washington dc, portland (oregon) and other us locations as well as a variety of international chapters including peru and spain. the chapters often developed innovative projects including a slide show about the dangers of launch on warning (boston chapter) and the seattle community network (seattle chapter). cpsr sponsored two conferences: the participatory design conferences which was held biennially[ ] and the directions and implications of advanced computing (diac) symposium series which was launched in in seattle. the diac symposia have been convened roughly every other year since that time in conjunction with the community information research network (cirn) annual conference. four books (directions and implications of advanced computing; reinventing technology, rediscovering community; community practice in the network society; shaping the network society; "liberating voices: a pattern language for communication revolution") and two special sections in the communications of the acm ("social responsibility" and "social computing") resulted from the diac symposia. cpsr awarded the norbert wiener award for social and professional responsibility. some notable recipients include david parnas, joseph weizenbaum, kristen nygaard, barbara simons, antonia stone, peter g. neumann, marc rotenberg, mitch kapor, and douglas engelbart. the final award in went posthumously to the organisation's first executive director, gary chapman.[ ] the organisation was dissolved in may .[ ] references[edit] 	^ history 	^ participatory design conference, listing – , university of trier 	^ a b "cpsr dissolution and gary chapman, winner of cpsr's norbert wiener award" by douglas schuler, public sphere project, may external links[edit] 	computer professionals for social responsibility 	documentary film about norbert wiener award winner, joseph weizenbaum ("weizenbaum. rebel at work." ) 	computer professionals for social responsibility records, – . charles babbage institute, university of minnesota. 	oral history interview with severo ornstein and laura gould, charles babbage institute, university of minnesota. oral history interview by bruce bruemmer, , discussing the formation and activities of computer professionals for social responsibility. 		v 	t 	e privacy 	principles	 	expectation of privacy 	right to privacy 	right to be forgotten 	post-mortem privacy 	privacy laws	 	australia 	canada 	denmark 	england 	european union 	germany 	ghana 	new zealand 	singapore 	switzerland 	united states 	data protection authorities	 	australia 	denmark 	european union 	france 	germany 	ireland 	isle of man 	norway 	philippines 	poland 	spain 	sweden 	switzerland 	turkey 	thailand 	united kingdom 	areas	 	consumer 	medical 	workplace 	information privacy	 	law 	financial 	internet 	personal data 	personal identifier 	privacy-enhancing technologies 	social networking services 	privacy engineering 	secret ballot 	advocacy organizations	 	american civil liberties union 	center for democracy and technology 	computer professionals for social responsibility 	future of privacy forum 	electronic privacy information center 	electronic frontier foundation 	european digital rights 	global network initiative 	international association of privacy professionals 	noyb 	privacy international 	see also	 	anonymity 	carding 	cellphone surveillance 	cyberstalking 	data security 	eavesdropping 	global surveillance 	electronic harassment 	mass surveillance 	privacy engineering 	telephone tapping 	human rights 	identity theft 	panopticon 	personality rights 	search warrant 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	norway 	united states 	australia 	other	 	microsoft academic retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=computer_professionals_for_social_responsibility&oldid= " 		categories: 	computing and society 	information technology organizations 	organizations established in 	organizations disestablished in 	privacy in the united states hidden categories: 	pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bibsys identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nla identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ma identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			català 	español 	日本語 	polski 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on march , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 a line in the sand – mayo clinic’s role in insulin research | discovery's edge 	research at mayo clinic 	about 	mayo clinic news network 	advancing the science 	subscribe 	español 	research at mayo clinic 	about 	mayo clinic news network 	advancing the science 	subscribe 	español 	 		 			 				 					 				 			 			 		 	 home more stories a line in the sand – mayo clinic’s role in insulin research 	more stories a line in the sand – mayo clinic’s role in insulin research facebook twitter pinterest whatsapp millions of patients with diabetes lead normal lives because they take insulin on a daily basis to control their condition. prior to , their lives would have been much more tenuous. mayo clinic was at the forefront of the first clinical trials on insulin back then, ensuring that the new drug was safe and determining the proper doses for patients. bessie bakke had been perfectly healthy for years until she suddenly became fatigued, lost weight and developed fainting spells. misdiagnosed as having anemia, her condition deteriorated until she was nearly comatose. in october , her parents brought her to rochester, minnesota, where she was diagnosed by mayo clinic endocrinologist and researcher russell m. wilder, m.d., as having juvenile diabetes, as type diabetes was then known. russell wilder, m.d., . mayo's modest diabetes pioneer was considered by his peers to be "the ultimate gentleman." it was before the discovery of insulin, when patients with diabetes often were subjected to extreme treatments and had little hope for the future. "bessie b.," as she became known in the scientific literature, stayed at st. marys hospital where she was placed on a ketogenic diet, similar to the one pioneered by frederick allen, m.d., of the rockefeller institute. the diet consisted of a precise proportion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats determined by her weight and her blood glucose levels, and it included a series of adjustments to customize it for her specific metabolism. dr. wilder and his colleague, physiologist walter m. boothby, m.d., tried bessie b. on different diets during her -day stay in the hospital. it was one of the first attempts at individualized medicine. every element of her diet was prepared in a special kitchen under the direction of trained dietitians. dr. wilder and his staff accounted for and analyzed everything that went into and was eliminated from her body. laboratory tests determined how quickly she was metabolizing food so that doctors could properly balance and time her feedings. the amount of food she received was small, just to calories a day. in order to survive, patients with diabetes during that time had to nearly starve. insulin, normally produced by the pancreas, helps control glucose, or sugar, levels in the blood. when pancreatic islets or cells slow or stop producing insulin, diabetes mellitus results. the blood is flooded with glucose, potentially causing a coma and death. hired by william j. mayo, m.d., in to run mayo clinic's diabetes unit, dr. wilder had few options at his disposal to treat bessie b. putting her on an extreme diet was crucial. dr. wilder was not alone in attempting to control diabetes through diet. a handful of doctors in new york, chicago and boston also were having mixed success with these specialized diets. some patients were living for three, four or five years after the onset of diabetes, provided they adhered strictly to the feeding regimen. one of those patients was elizabeth hughes, daughter of charles evans hughes, the former u.s. chief justice and, in , secretary of state. the "hughes child," as dr. wilder would later refer to her, was kept alive by dr. allen's special ketogenic diet. after several years on the treatment, she weighed pounds and was barely able to walk. another patient was a -year-old boy from chicago named randall sprague, who was kept alive by rollin woodyatt, m.d., dr. wilder's mentor at the university of chicago. what happened next was to change medicine forever. a new era frederick banting, m.d., and charles best with one of their test dogs on the roof of the medical building at the university of toronto, august . photo courtesy of the thomas fisher rare book library, university of toronto. as they made their hospital rounds in the fall of , dr. wilder and his colleagues at mayo clinic heard the news. frederick banting, m.d. and charles best with one of their test dogs on the roof of the medical building at the university of toronto, august . courtesy, thomas fisher rare book library, university of toronto. university of toronto researcher dr. frederick banting and medical student charles best had been experimenting with dogs in the university laboratory of physiology professor dr. j.j.r. macleod. they had isolated, refined and proved the effectiveness of insulin in an arduous series of animal studies. the formal presentation of their discovery was made at a research conference that december in new haven, connecticut. "what a christmas gift that was — an extract of the pancreas developed at toronto, which effectively controls the symptoms of diabetes!" writes dr. wilder in his memoirs. "we learned still more about it at the meeting of the association of american physicians in the spring of . excitement prevailed." in early january , using a modified formula for the dog-derived insulin developed by biochemist james collip, dr. banting injected a -year-old boy named leonard thompson. daily doses of insulin allowed him to live another years. drs. banting and macleod received the nobel prize for physiology or medicine in for the discovery of insulin. correct insulin dosage critical photo of the same patient on dec. , , and again on feb. , , after receiving insulin treatment. photo courtesy of eli lilly and company archives. a stark contrast: the same patient on dec. , , and again on feb. , , after receiving insulin treatment. photo courtesy of eli lilly and company archives. the canadian doctors and researchers were instrumental in the first use of insulin, but still no one knew the best strategy to administer insulin to the wide variety of patients who were hanging on to life, some with multiple complications. getting the dosage right was critical to keeping the patients alive. too much insulin would cause a person to go hypoglycemic, with abnormally low blood glucose levels. with too little insulin, the body could no longer move glucose from the blood into the cells, causing high blood glucose levels. both conditions could lead to diabetic comas and even death in severe cases. the toronto group turned to a handful of top clinical researchers for help in determining optimal insulin dosing through experimental studies on patients. one of those was dr. russell wilder at mayo clinic. "samples of insulin were first received at mayo clinic in the early spring of ," reports dr. wilder. "they were for experimental trials ... but an adequate amount of insulin to insure everyone getting it who needed it was not available until the autumn of , and october of that year is the date which divides for us the insulin era from the pre-insulin era." it was as if someone had drawn an arbitrary line in the sands of time. a dramatic contrast: the same patient on dec. , , and again on feb. , , after insulin treatment. courtesy, eli lilly and company archives. once clinical studies and mass production would make insulin available, the line would be crossed. that was when the vast majority of patients with childhood diabetes had their first chance at a relatively normal life. most people today have no idea how dire a diagnosis of diabetes was in that time. "we had children with diabetes in the mayo clinic between october , , and october , , a three-year period," dr. wilder writes. "one was moribund on arrival, received satisfactory training and a dietary regimen. nine survived long enough to benefit from insulin. the others died before it came." meeting of the minds in november , dr. wilder traveled to ontario to attend a meeting of north america's foremost clinical experts in diabetes at the time. in addition to the toronto hosts, also present were experts from new york city, chicago, boston, rochester, new york, and indianapolis — and from eli lilly and company. the international pharmaceutical manufacturer would play a major role in the first mass production of insulin. dr. wilder's enthusiasm about the meeting leaps from the page of his notes: "never again was i to experience a thrill equal to that of being invited to attend the meeting in toronto of a small committee of experts, called together by professor j.j.r. macleod to undertake an extensive clinical evaluation of the product, insulin." over a cold weekend, the experts compared experiences on how to treat patients with the newly discovered insulin, what worked best to revive them from diabetic comas, and what symptoms might indicate potentially fatal complications. dr. wilder's notes show that the doctors were trying to establish dosage standards for insulin: "allen has given one dose every six hours. campbell gives his dosage / hour before meals." "woodyatt — reported a death contributed to by overdosage — no post mortem. four other patients receiving same dosages had symptoms but no ill effects." "gilchrist — has been testing potency of preparations on himself. reaction — fatigue — preparation increased pulse rate, tremor sensation." "banting — four children tell that they feel shaky." the physicians also discussed hyperglycemia and how to treat it and any unusual cases. if one had observed something, the others had to know. it was their only guide at this point. and they discussed the handful of patient deaths — from heart failure, sepsis and tuberculosis. autopsies were important, so they would know if insulin fatally interacted with other conditions. at the time, eli lilly and his managers had been urging drs. banting and macleod to patent their insulin formula so that it could be standardized and safely manufactured. patenting discoveries was not routine in academic circles at the time. in fact, it was frowned on, and dr. macleod was reluctant. yet colleagues told him it was the only way dosages could be mass-produced for further study. without a patented formula, others might develop weak or ineffective versions. in the middle of dr. wilder's notes is a stand-alone statement, apparently written as part of this effort and shared at the meeting: in my opinion, the course being pursued by the university of toronto in offering a patent to control the manufacture of insulin is wise and commendable. without such control it will be impossible to protect humanity from dangerous preparations. dr. w. j. mayo concurs in the above. — russell m. wilder the last three pages of notes are devoted to a clinical description of the hughes child. any doubt of her identity is erased by wilder's margin note: "this is the daughter of the chief justice of the supreme ct." the notes continue: "in august, at age , weight lbs., height inches. in november, the weight is lbs., height inches." the notes reveal that she was now on a different and more substantial diet, tolerating the insulin well, and thriving. after the discussion, the doctors were invited into her rooms, where they formed a semicircle around her as she was about to eat lunch. it was one of the most remarkable medical rounds in history. beyond the line randall sprague, m.d., one patient who survived long enough to benefit from the discovery of insulin and become a physician at mayo clinic. dr. wilder returned to minnesota after that november meeting but kept in close randall sprague, m.d., one patient who survived long enough to benefit from the discovery of insulin and become a physician at mayo clinic. correspondence with his colleagues, continuing his clinical studies in an attempt to refine insulin dosing. after patients, they published a seminal paper in in the journal of metabolism research, indicating that a range of to insulin units was needed to transition a patient to a normal diet. they dosed before breakfast and kept patients to a strict eating schedule, with meals at a.m., noon and : p.m. they presented detailed charts on patients of varying ages, offered first aid (epinephrine and orange juice) for patients slipping into lethargy, and concluded that physicians needed to treat patients qualitatively, watching them closely to establish the right dose for the individual. soon, case studies confirmed their early findings, along with two more major papers. after the arrival of insulin, children were admitted to the hospital at mayo clinic in those first six years of the new era. only were known to have died later of complications, and most of those dr. wilder attributed to care issues outside his influence. for bessie bakke, however, insulin came too late. after spending two and a half months at mayo clinic, she was doing well and had gone home, only to die a month later in october of . dr. wilder, dr. walter boothby and chemist carol beeler had fully documented bessie b.'s complete metabolic activity for the consecutive days, the first detailed clinical study of its kind. they presented their findings that december and published them in january in the journal of biological chemistry. in contrast, elizabeth hughes, who was treated with insulin, lived long enough to become one of dr. banting's first patients. when she died, she had received , insulin injections in years. young randall sprague made it across the line into the insulin era, as well. in fact, he thrived, attended medical school and eventually became a mayo clinic physician and a world-class endocrinologist. one of dr. wilder's closest colleagues in later years, dr. sprague wrote his friend's obituary in . the mayo clinic team treated diabetic patients, saving most of them thanks to insulin, while developing one of the best-tested metabolic diets for patients with diabetes in the nation and an excellent diabetes education program. they added papers on insulin use for pregnant women and patients with comorbidities. today, mayo clinic still trains patients about the proper care for their diabetes using many of the methods established by dr. wilder. the diabetic handbook that bore dr. wilder's name — the primer for diabetic patients — went through nine editions. he also launched the mayo clinic diet manual, which had six editions, the last authors being drs. michael jensen and cliff gastineau and nutritionist jennifer nelson. the american diabetes association (ada) now awards the banting medal for scientific achievement award as its highest scientific honor. three mayo clinic physicians have received the award: drs. wilder, leonard rowntree and robert rizza. and four have headed the ada, including dr. wilder. dr. wilder, who treated and saved thousands of patients and aided thousands more through his pioneering clinical research, remained the modest gentleman. in one of his last presentations before his death he said, "i can lay no claim to any great discovery, but i was a member of the crew and several of the ships engaged in exploration … and i must admit to a degree of pleasure in recalling these adventures." march 	tags 	more stories facebook twitter pinterest whatsapp previous articleclinician-investigator: translating science into better care next articlesecondary genetic findings: do you want to know? robert nellis 	 	 	 copy link to clipboard 	 bookmark 	 get emails for all new posts in this blog post. 	 mute this blog post 	 report blog post oldest to newest newest to oldest most replied to most liked please sign in or register to post a reply. © - mayo foundation for medical education and research (mfmer). all rights reserved. #dlfteach toolkits · #dlfteach skip to main content searchdashboardcaret-downlogin or signup 	home 	#dlfteach toolkits 	teaching with digital primary sources welcome to the #dlfteach toolkits: lesson plans for digital library instruction! this series of openly available, peer-reviewed lesson plans and concrete instructional strategies is the result of a project led by the professional development and resource sharing subgroup. this publication emerged from #dlfteach workshops, office hours, twitter chats, and open meetings. community members and digital pedagogy practitioners expressed interest in lesson plans and session outlines which they could use as a jumping-off point for their own instruction and adapt for local contexts. #dlfteach toolkit . was published in and contains twenty-one lesson plans on a variety of topics related to digital library instruction. in , the organizers of immersive pedagogy: a symposium on teaching and learning with d, augmented and virtual reality, along with #dlfteach members, initiated volume of the toolkit with a focus on immersive technologies. to come in is a third edition of the toolkit series focused on the intersection of literacies in digital library instruciton. all lessons include learning goals, preparation, and a session outline. additional materials — including slides, handouts, assessments, and datasets — are hosted in the dlf osf repository as well as linked from each lesson. download slides to see notes for presenters, and data that is too large to render in preview. there you will also find markdown versions of each lesson plan for you to use. #dlfteach toolkit . #dlfteach toolkit volume : lesson plans on immersive pedagogy #dlfteach toolkit volume cfp #dlfteach 	rss 	legal published with google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand | ars technica 	 skip to main content 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums subscribe close navigate 	store 	subscribe 	videos 	features 	reviews 	rss feeds 	mobile site 	about ars 	staff directory 	contact us 	advertise with ars 	reprints filter by topic 	biz & it 	tech 	science 	policy 	cars 	gaming & culture 	store 	forums settings front page layout grid list site theme black on white white on black sign in comment activity sign up or login to join the discussions! stay logged in | having trouble? sign up to comment and more sign up please just stop closing things — google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand google's product support has become a joke, and the company should be very concerned. ron amadeo - apr , : am utc enlarge / an artist's rendering of google's current reputation. aurich lawson reader comments with posters participating share this story 	share on facebook 	share on twitter 	share on reddit it's only april, and has already been an absolutely brutal year for google's product portfolio. the chromecast audio was discontinued january . youtube annotations were removed and deleted january . google fiber packed up and left a fiber city on february . android things dropped iot support on february . google's laptop and tablet division was reportedly slashed on march . google allo shut down on march . the "spotlight stories" vr studio closed its doors on march . the goo.gl url shortener was cut off from new users on march . gmail's ifttt support stopped working march . and today, april , we're having a google funeral double-header: both google+ (for consumers) and google inbox are being laid to rest. later this year, google hangouts "classic" will start to wind down, and somehow also scheduled for is google music's "migration" to youtube music, with the google service being put on death row sometime afterward. we are days into the year, and so far, google is racking up an unprecedented body count. if we just take the official shutdown dates that have already occurred in , a google-branded product, feature, or service has died, on average, about every nine days. some of these product shutdowns have transition plans, and some of them (like google+) represent google completely abandoning a user base. the specifics aren't crucial, though. what matters is that every single one of these actions has a negative consequence for google's brand, and the near-constant stream of shutdown announcements makes google seem more unstable and untrustworthy than it has ever been. yes, there was the one time google killed google wave nine years ago or when it took google reader away six years ago, but things were never this bad. for a while there has been a subset of people concerned about google's privacy and antitrust issues, but now google is eroding trust that its existing customers have in the company. that's a huge problem. google has significantly harmed its brand over the last few months, and i'm not even sure the company realizes it. google products require trust and investment enlarge / the latest batch of dead and dying google apps. google is a platform company. be it cloud compute, app and extension ecosystems, developer apis, advertising solutions, operating-system pre-installs, or the storage of user data, google constantly asks for investment from consumers, developers, and partner companies in the things it builds. any successful platform will pretty much require trust and buy-in from these groups. these groups need to feel the platform they invest in today will be there tomorrow, or they'll move on to something else. if any of these groups loses faith in google, it could have disastrous effects for the company. consumers want to know the photos, videos, and emails they upload to google will stick around. if you buy a chromecast or google home, you need to know the servers and ecosystems they depend on will continue to work, so they don't turn into fancy paperweights tomorrow. if you take the time to move yourself, your friends, and your family to a new messaging service, you need to know it won't be shut down two years later. if you begrudgingly join a new social network that was forced down your throat, you need to know it won't leak your data everywhere, shut down, and delete all your posts a few years later. advertisement there are also enterprise customers, who, above all, like safe bets with established companies. the old adage of "nobody ever got fired for buying ibm" is partly a reference for the enterprise's desire for a stable, steady, reliable tech partner. google is trying to tackle this same market with its paid g suite program, but the most it can do in terms of stability is post a calendar detailing the rollercoaster of consumer-oriented changes coming down the pipeline. there's a slower "scheduled release track" that delays the rollout of some features, but things like a complete revamp of gmail eventually all still arrive. g suite has a "core services" list meant to show confidence in certain products sticking around, but some of the entries there, like hangouts and google talk, still get shut down. google kills product 		google kills its augmented reality “measure” app 	google is killing “google play movies & tv” on smart tvs 	google is killing the google shopping app 	google’s vr dreams are dead: google cardboard is no longer for sale 	ex-stadia developers dish on google’s mismanagement and poor communication view more stories developers gamble on a platform's stability even more than consumers do. consumers might trust a service with their data or spend money on hardware, but developers can spend months building an app for a platform. they need to read documentation, set up sdks, figure out how apis work, possibly pay developer startup fees, and maybe even learn a new language. they won't do any of this if they don't have faith in the long-term stability of the platform. developers can literally build their products around paid-access google apis like the google maps api, and when google does things like raise the price of the maps api by x for some use cases, it is incredibly disruptive for those businesses and harmful to google's brand. when apps like reddit clients are flagged by google play "every other month" for the crime of displaying user-generated content and when it's impossible to talk to a human at google about anything, developers are less likely to invest in your schizophrenic ecosystem. hardware manufacturers and other company partners need to be able to trust a company, too. google constantly asks hardware developers to build devices dependent on its services. these are things like google assistant-compatible speakers and smart displays, devices with chromecast built in, and android and chrome os devices. manufacturers need to know a certain product or feature they are planning to integrate will be around for years, since they need to both commit to a potentially multi-year planning and development cycle, and then it needs to survive long enough for customers to be supported for a few years. watching android things chop off a major segment of its market nine months after launch would certainly make me nervous to develop anything based on android things. imagine the risk volvo is taking by integrating the new android auto os into its upcoming polestar : vehicles need around five years of development time and still need to be supported for several years after launch. google’s shutdowns cast a shadow over the entire company with so many shutdowns, tracking google's bodycount has become a competitive industry on the internet. over on wikipedia, the list of discontinued google products and services is starting to approach the size of the active products and services listed. there are entire sites dedicated to discontinued google products, like killedbygoogle.com, the google cemetery, and didgoogleshutdown.com. advertisement i think we're seeing a lot of the consequences of google's damaged brand in the recent google stadia launch. a game streaming platform from one of the world's largest internet companies should be grounds for excitement, but instead, the baggage of the google brand has people asking if they can trust the service to stay running. in addition to the endless memes and jokes you'll see in every related comments section, you're starting to see google skepticism in mainstream reporting, too. over at the guardian, this line makes the pullquote: "a potentially sticky fact about google is that the company does have a habit of losing interest in its less successful projects." ign has a whole section of a report questioning "google's commitment." from a digital foundry video: "google has this reputation for discontinuing services that are often good, out of nowhere." one of slashgear's "stadia questions that need answers" is "can i trust you, google?" enlarge / google's phil harrison talks about the new google stadia controller. google one of my favorite examples came from a kotaku interview with phil harrison, the leader of google stadia. in an audio interview, the site lays this whopper of a question on him: "one of the sentiments we saw in our comments section a lot is that google has a long history of starting projects and then abandoning them. there's a worry, i think, from users who might think that google stadia is a cool platform, but if i'm connecting to this and spending money on this platform, how do i know for sure that google is still sticking with it for two, three, five years? how can you guys make a commitment that google will be sticking with this in a way that they haven't stuck with google+, or google hangouts, or google fiber, reader, or all the other things google has abandoned over the years?" further reading hands on with google stadia: it works, but is that enough? yikes. kotaku is totally justified to ask a question like this, but to have one of your new executives face questions of "when will your new product shut down?" must be embarrassing for google. harrison's response to this question started with a surprisingly honest acknowledgement: "i understand the concern." harrison, seemingly, gets it. he seemingly understands that it's hard to trust google after so many product shutdowns, and he knows the stadia team now faces an uphill battle. for the record, harrison went on to cite google's sizable investment in the project, saying stadia was "not a trivial product" and was a "significant cross-company effort." (also for the record: you could say all the same things about google+ a few years ago, when literally every google employee was paid to work on it. now it is dead.) harrison and the rest of the stadia team had nothing to do with the closing of google inbox, or the shutdown of hangouts, or the removal of any other popular google product. they are still forced to deal with the consequences of being associated with "google the product killer," though. if stadia was an amazon product, i don't think we would see these questions of when it would shut down. microsoft's game streaming service, project xcloud, only faces questions about feasibility and appeal, not if microsoft will get bored in two years and dump the project. page: next → reader comments with posters participating share this story 	share on facebook 	share on twitter 	share on reddit ron amadeo ron is the reviews editor at ars technica, where he specializes in android os and google products. he is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. email ron@arstechnica.com // twitter @ronamadeo advertisement you must login or create an account to comment. channel ars technica ← previous story next story → related stories today on ars 	store 	subscribe 	about us 	rss feeds 	view mobile site 	contact us 	staff 	advertise with us 	reprints newsletter signup join the ars orbital transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. sign me up → cnmn collection wired media group © condé nast. all rights reserved. use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated / / ) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated / / ) and ars technica addendum (effective / / ). ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. read our affiliate link policy. your california privacy rights | do not sell my personal information the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of condé nast. ad choices in our time (short story collection) - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	 	in our time (short story collection) 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 ernest hemingway collection three mountains press paris edition of in our time boni & liveright new york edition of in our time in our time is ernest hemingway's first collection of short stories, published in by boni & liveright, new york. its title is derived from the english book of common prayer, "give peace in our time, o lord". the collection's publication history was complex. it began with six prose vignettes commissioned by ezra pound for a edition of the little review; hemingway added twelve more and in compiled the in our time edition (with a lower-case title), which was printed in paris. to these were added fourteen short stories for the edition, including "indian camp" and "big two-hearted river", two of his best-known nick adams stories. he composed "on the quai at smyrna" for the edition. the stories' themes – of alienation, loss, grief, separation – continue the work hemingway began with the vignettes, which include descriptions of acts of war, bullfighting and current events. the collection is known for its spare language and oblique depiction of emotion, through a style known as hemingway's "theory of omission" (iceberg theory). according to his biographer michael reynolds, among hemingway's canon, "none is more confusing ... for its several parts – biographical, literary, editorial, and bibliographical – contain so many contradictions that any analysis will be flawed."[ ] hemingway's writing style attracted attention, with literary critic edmund wilson saying it was "of the first distinction";[ ] the edition of in our time is considered one of hemingway's early masterpieces.[ ] contents 	 background and publication history 	 . the little review 	 . in our time 	 . in our time 	 contents 	 . edition 	 . edition 	 structure 	 themes 	 style 	 reception and legacy 	 references 	 sources 	 external links background and publication history[edit] e. o. hoppé's photograph of ezra pound, taken two years before the poet taught hemingway to write in the imagist style hemingway was years old when in , shortly after he was posted to the italian front as a red cross ambulance driver, he sustained a severe wound from mortar fire. for the next six months, he recuperated in a milan hospital, where he fell in love with nurse agnes von kurowsky. shortly after his return to the us, she informed him that she was engaged to an italian officer. soon after, he turned to journalism.[ ] a few months after marrying hadley richardson in , he was posted to paris as international correspondent for the toronto star, reporting on the greco-turkish war and sporting events in spain and germany.[ ] in paris he befriended gertrude stein, ezra pound, f. scott fitzgerald, james joyce, ford madox ford, and john dos passos,[ ] establishing a particularly strong friendship with pound.[ ] pound's influence extended to promoting the young author, placing six of hemingway's poems in the magazine poetry.[ ] in august he asked hemingway to contribute a small volume to the modernist series he was editing, and bill bird was publishing for his three mountains press, which pound envisioned as the "inquest into the state of the modern english language".[ ] pound's commission turned hemingway's attention toward fiction, and had profound consequences on his development as a writer.[ ] hemingway and his wife hadley on winter holiday in chamby (montreux), on december , , nearly all of hemingway's early writing – his juvenilia and apprentice fiction, including the duplicates – was lost.[ ][ ] he had been sent on assignment to cover the conference of lausanne, leaving hadley, who was sick with a cold, behind in paris. in lausanne he spent days covering the conference, and the evenings drinking with lincoln steffens.[ ] before setting off to meet him in switzerland, thinking he would want to show his work to steffens, hadley packed all his manuscripts into a valise which was subsequently stolen at gare de lyon train station.[ ] although angry and upset, hemingway went with hadley to chamby (montreux) to ski, and apparently did not post a reward for the recovery of the valise.[ ] an early story, "up in michigan", survived the loss because gertrude stein had told him it was unprintable (in part because of a seduction scene), and he had stuffed it in a drawer.[ ] a month later in a letter to pound, he mentioned that "you, naturally, would say, "good" etc. but don't say it to me. i ain't reached that mood."[ ] in his reply, pound pointed out that hemingway had only lost "the time it will ... take you to rewrite the parts you can remember ... if the middle, i.e., form, of the story is right then one ought to be able to reassemble it from memory ... if the thing wobbles and won't reform ... then it never wd. have been right."[ ] critics are uncertain whether he took pound's advice and re-created existing stories or whether everything he wrote after the loss of the suitcase was new.[ ] the little review[edit] in february , hemingway and hadley visited italy; in rapallo they met pound, who almost certainly commissioned the prose pieces for the literary magazine the little review during their visit.[ ] still upset at the loss of his work, hemingway had not written since the previous december,[ ] but he slowly wrote six new paragraphs, submitting them for the march deadline.[ ][ ] hemingway scholar milton cohen says at that point hemingway knew the pieces for the little review would "govern the remainder of the book that pound had commissioned."[ ] the six prose pieces ranged from to words and were about war and bullfighting.[ ] the battle scenes came from the experiences of hemingway's friend chink dorman-smith who was at the battle of mons; the matador story originated from another friend, mike strater. hemingway himself witnessed the events which inspired the story about the greco-turkish war. the last of the series was taken from news of the execution of six greek cabinet ministers during the trial of the six.[ ] the little review's "exiles" edition, scheduled to be published in the spring, was finally released in october , leading with hemingway's work. it featured pieces from modernists such as gertrude stein, george antheil, e. e. cummings and jean cocteau. hemingway's vignettes were titled "in our time", suggesting a cohesive set.[ ] in our time[edit] in june , hemingway took hadley, with robert mcalmon and bird, to spain where he found a new passion with his first visits to the bullfights.[ ] during the summer he wrote five new vignettes (chapters – ), all about bullfighting,[ ] finishing the last two on his return to paris in august.[ ] that summer he also honed new narrative techniques in chapters – .[ ] in august he reported to pound that he was about to begin the last two pieces (chapters and ),[ ] implemented revisions that pound suggested, and sent the manuscript to bill bird. then he left paris with hadley (who was pregnant with their first child) for toronto,[ ] where he was living when bird finished producing the book.[ ] hemingway's passport photograph the pieces he submitted to bird were at first untitled (pound called the submission blank);[ ] later the title in our time – from the book of common prayer – was chosen.[ ] bird printed the volume on a hand-press with handmade paper, telling hemingway, "i'm going to pull something really fancy with your book".[ ] the book contained eighteen vignettes[ ] and only thirty-one pages; each one was laid out with plenty of white space, highlighting the brevity of the prose. according to cohen, the "visual suddenness intensifies its narrative abruptness, heightens the shock of violence, and the chillingly matter-of-fact tone".[ ] the book's presentation was intended as unconventional, with its use of lowercase throughout and lack of quotation marks.[ ] when challenged by american editors over the use of lowercase in the titles, hemingway admitted that it could be seen as "silly and affected".[ ] bird designed the distinctive dust jacket – a collage of newspaper articles in four languages[ ] – to highlight that the vignettes carried a sense of journalism or news.[ ] the frontispiece is a woodcut portrait of the author, which during the printing process bled through to the next page, ruining more than half the print run so that only of the copies printed were deemed suitable to sell. the rest were sent to reviewers and friends.[ ] in our time[edit] a year later hemingway was back in paris, where he wrote some of his best short stories and told scott fitzgerald that, of the new material, "indian camp" and "big two-hearted river" were superior.[ ] over the next six months, one of his most productive periods according to critic jackson benson, he wrote eight short stories.[ ] the stories were combined with the earlier vignettes and sent to boni & liveright in new york toward the end of the year.[ ] in march he was in schruns, austria when the acceptance cable and $ advance arrived, with a request to option his next two books. directly afterward, he received a letter from max perkins of scribner's, who had read bird's paris edition and thought it lacked commercial appeal, and queried whether the young writer had stories to offer to bolster the collection. in his reply, hemingway explained that he had already entered a contract with boni & liveright.[ ] when he received the contract for the book, boni & liveright requested that "up in michigan" be dropped for fear it might be censored; in response hemingway wrote "the battler" to replace the earlier story.[ ] the new york edition contained the fourteen short stories with the vignettes interwoven as "interchapters".[ ] boni & liveright published the book on october , ,[ ] with a print-run of copies, costing $ each,[ ] which saw four reprints.[ ] the firm designed a "modish" dust jacket, similar to the paris edition, and elicited endorsements from ford madox ford, gilbert seldes, john dos passos, and donald ogden stewart. boni & liveright claimed american copyright for the works published in france.[ ] hemingway was disappointed with the publisher's marketing efforts,[ ] and that december he complained to boni & liveright about their handling of the book, citing a lack of advertising, claiming they could have had " , in sales" and that he should have requested a $ advance.[ ] he later broke his contract with the firm, signing with max perkins at scribner's the following year.[ ] scribner's bought the rights from boni & liveright,[ ] releasing the second american edition on october , , which saw one reprint.[ ] the scribner's edition included an introduction by edmund wilson and hemingway's "introduction by the author", which was renamed as "on the quai at smyrna" in the publication of the fifth column and the first forty-nine stories.[ ] when in our time was re-issued in , "on the quai at smyrna" replaced "indian camp" as the first story.[ ] contents[edit] edition[edit] nick sat against the wall of the church where they had dragged him to be clear of machine-gun fire in the street. both legs stuck out awkwardly. he had been hit in the spine. the day was very hot. rinaldi, big-backed, his equipment sprawling, lay face downward against the wall ... the pink wall of the house opposite had fallen out from the roof ... two austrian dead lay in the rubble in the shade of the house. up the street were other dead. things were getting forward in the town. —ernest hemingway, "chapter ", in our time[ ] the in our time collection consists of eighteen vignettes.[ ] five center on world war i (chapters , , , , ), and six on bullfighting (chapters and to ); the others center around news stories.[ ] chapter is the longest; it details a soldier's affair with a red cross nurse,[ ] and is based on hemingway's relationship with agnes von kurowsky.[ ] the piece about a robbery and murder in kansas city originated in a newspaper story hemingway covered as a cub reporter at the kansas city star;[ ] it is followed by the story of the public hanging of the chicago mobster sam cardinelli. the last, "l'envoi", is about the king of greece and sophia of prussia giving an interview in the palace garden during the revolution.[ ] edition[edit] the new york edition begins with the short stories "indian camp" and "the doctor and the doctor's wife". the two are linked thematically; they are set in michigan and introduce nick adams. nick witnesses an emergency caesarean section and a suicide in the first; the tension between his parents in the second. the next story, "the end of something", is also set in michigan, and details nick's break-up with his girlfriend; "the three-day blow" follows, where nick and a friend get drunk. "the battler" is about nick's chance encounter with a prize-fighter. "a very short story", which was the longest vignette in the previous edition, comes next and is followed by "soldier's home", set in oklahoma, and "the revolutionist", set in italy. the next three are set in europe and detail unhappy marriages: "mr. and mrs. elliot", "cat in the rain" and "out of season". they are placed before nick's reappearance in "cross country snow", which takes place in switzerland. the penultimate "my old man" concerns horse-racing in italy and paris, and the volume ends with the two-part nick adams story "big two-hearted river", set in michigan. the vignettes were re-ordered and placed between the short stories as interchapters.[ ] structure[edit] whether the collection has a unified structure has been a source of debate among hemingway critics. according to reynolds the collection should be "read as a predictable step in any young author's career" and the pieces considered as "discrete units".[ ] yet he admits that hemingway's remarks, and the complexity of the structure, suggests the stories and vignettes were meant to be an interconnected whole.[ ] in a letter to pound in august , hemingway told him he had finished the full set of eighteen vignettes, saying of them, "when they are read together, they all hook up ... the bulls start, then reappear, then finish off. the war starts clear and noble just like it did ... gets close and blurred and finished with the feller who goes home and gets clap."[ ] he went on to say of "in our time" that "it has form all right".[ ] on october , , he wrote to edmund wilson, "finished the book of stories with a chapter of 'in our time' between each story – that is the way they are meant to go – to give the picture of the whole before examining it in detail".[ ] benson notes that all the fiction hemingway had produced was included in the collection, that the connection between stories and vignettes is tenuous at best, and that pound had an influence in editing the final product.[ ] benson calls the work a "prose poem of terror", where looking for connections is meaningless.[ ] conversely, linda wagner-martin suggests the unrelenting tone of horror and somber mood unify the separate pieces.[ ] one of its early reviewers, d. h. lawrence, referred to it as a "fragmentary novel".[ ] ernest hemingway in a milan hospital, . the -year-old author is recovering from world war i shrapnel wounds. hemingway scholar wendolyn tetlow says that from its inception the collection was written with a rhythmic and lyrical unity reminiscent of pound's "hugh selwyn mauberley" and t.s. eliot's the waste land.[ ] the carefully crafted sequence continues in the edition, beginning with the first five nick adams stories, which are about violence and doom, empty relationships and characters lacking self-awareness.[ ] the first two stories, "indian camp" and "the doctor and the doctor's wife", can be read as an exercise in counterpoint, where feelings of loss, anger, and evil are ignored and repressed. "the end of something" and "the three-day blow" also form a pair; in the first nick breaks up with his girlfriend, in the second he gets drunk and denies the relationship has ended, convincing himself that it will all work out. this state of denial continues in "the battler", the fifth story; when faced with violence nick will not recognize that he is in danger.[ ] "a very short story", about betrayal, and wounding, ends the sequence according to tetlow, who suggests these are stories in which hemingway writes about the "most bitter feelings of loss and disillusionment". the characters face loss with inner strength, stoicism and a sense of acceptance; they build strength in the stories that come after,[ ] gaining self-awareness as they accept the futility and pain of life.[ ] the collection ends with "big two-hearted river", in which nick finds tranquility, perhaps even happiness, in solitude. wagner-martin notes that "it is this essential tranquility that in retrospect heightens the tension and sorrow of the preceding pieces."[ ] another hemingway scholar, jim berloon, disagrees with tetlow,[ ] writing that its only unity consists of similarities in tone and style and the recurrence of the nick adams character. although the first vignettes share a common thread about the war, each is distinctly framed, weakening any structural unity that might have existed.[ ] he blames the war, saying that it was too hard for hemingway to write about it cohesively, that it was "too large, terrible, and mentally overwhelming to grasp in its entirety".[ ] instead, he says, hemingway wrote fragments, "discrete glimpses into hell ... like the wreckage of battle lit up from a shell burst at night."[ ] the structure apparent in the collection of vignettes is lost in the later edition because the short stories seem to bear little if any relationship to the interchapters, shattering the carefully constructed order.[ ] the sense of discordance is intensified because the action is about unnamed men and soldiers, only referred to with pronouns, and unspecified woundings.[ ] the characters are transformed through circumstances and settings, where danger exists overtly, on the battlefield, or, in one case, by a chance sexual encounter in a chicago taxi.[ ] critic e. r. hageman notes the in our time vignettes are linked chronologically, spanning ten years from to , and the choices were deliberate. world war i and the aftermath were "the experience of his generation, the experience that dumped his peers and his elders into graves, shell-holes, hospitals, and onto gallows. these were 'in our time', hemingway is saying, and he remarks the significant and the insignificant."[ ] themes[edit] t. s. eliot, shown in a photograph, influenced hemingway's style. the stories contain themes hemingway was to revisit over the course of his career. he wrote about initiation rites, early love, marriage problems, disappointment in family life and the importance of male comradeship.[ ] the collection conjures a world of violence and war, suffering, executions; it is a world stripped of romance, where even "the hero of the bullfight chapter pukes".[ ] hemingway's early- th century is a time "out of season", where war, death, and tangled, unfulfilling relationships reign.[ ] alienation in the modern world is particularly evident in "out of season", which bears similarities to eliot's the waste land.[ ] eliot's waste land motif exists throughout much of hemingway's early fiction, but is most notable in this collection, the sun also rises ( ), and a farewell to arms ( ). he borrowed eliot's device of using imagery to evoke feeling.[ ] benson attributes similarities between hemingway and eliot to pound, who edited both.[ ] motifs and themes reappear, the most obvious being the juxtaposition of life and death. there are some recurring images such as water and darkness – places of safety.[ ] benson notes how, after reading the first few vignettes and stories, readers "realize we are in hell." hemingway conjures a world where "the weak are pitilessly exploited by the strong, and ... all functions of life ... promise only pain."[ ] hemingway's semi-autobiographical character nick adams is "vital to hemingway's career", writes mellow,[ ] and generally his character reflects hemingway's experiences.[ ] nick, who features in eight of the stories,[ ] is an alter ego, a means for hemingway to express his own experiences, from the first story '"indian camp" which features nick as a child.[ ] according to critic howard hannum, the trauma of birth and suicide hemingway paints in "indian camp" rendered a leitmotif that gave hemingway a unified framework for the nick adams stories.[ ] it is followed by "the doctor and the doctor's wife", which mellows says is written with a sense of "hostility and resignation", and sheds a rare light on hemingway's childhood. in the story, -year-old nick hides from his angry and violent father; the mother, a christian scientist, is distanced, withdrawn in her bedroom, reading science and health.[ ] "big two-hearted river", the concluding and climactic piece, details nick's return from war.[ ] in it nick knows he has left his needs behind; debra moddelmog highlights how all of the nick storylines, and most of the others in the collection, are about a "flight from pain".[ ] she believes that gertrude stein's definition of the lost generation applies to in our time as much, if not more so, as to the sun also rises; that "nick seems to believe that the things most worth having and caring about – life, love, ideals, companions, peace, freedom – will be lost sooner or later, and he is not sure how to cope with this assurance, except through irony, bitterness, and, sometimes, wishful thinking."[ ] in the last story he learns to come to terms with the loss of his friends, and acknowledges "all the loss he has experienced in the last few years and, equally important, the loss he has come to expect."[ ] style[edit] biographer mellow believes that in our time is hemingway's most experimental book, particularly with its unusual narrative form.[ ] the vignettes have no traditional sense of narrative; they begin in the middle.[ ] shifting points-of-view and narrative perspectives disguise autobiographical details.[ ] pound taught hemingway to write sparingly.[ ] pound wrote to him that "anything put on top of the subject is bad ... the subject is always interesting enough without blankets."[ ] hemingway would write in a moveable feast (published posthumously in ), "if i started to write elaborately, like someone presenting or introducing something, i found that i could cut that scrollwork or ornament out and throw it away and start with the first true simple declarative sentence i had written."[ ] in our time was written during the author's experimentation phase, his first attempts towards a minimalist style.[ ] the prose in "indian camp" and "big two-hearted river" is sharper and more abstract than in other stories, and by employing simple sentences and diction – techniques he learned writing for newspapers – the prose is timeless with an almost mythic quality, explains benson.[ ] the tightly compressed sentence structure emulates and reflects pound's imagist style, bringing to prose narrative the stripped-down style pound famously established in with poems such as "in a station of the metro". thomas strychacz compares hemingway's prose to pound's poetry, writing, "hemingway's terse, tight-lipped, tightly wound fragments are equally extraordinary in their dramatic intensity."[ ] the taut style is apparent from the first vignette,[ ] in which a brigade of drunken soldiers march to champagne. with supreme understatement he alludes to the second battle of champagne, an offensive lasting from september to december , , in which , french troops were killed in the first three weeks:[ ] everybody was drunk. the whole battery was drunk going along the road in the dark. we were going to champagne. the lieutenant kept riding his horse out into the fields and saying to him, "i'm drunk, i tell you, mon vieux. oh i am so soused." we went along the road all night in the dark and the adjutant kept riding up alongside my kitchen and saying, "you must put it out. it is dangerous. it will be observed." we were fifty kilometers from the front but the adjutant worried about the fire in my kitchen. it was funny going along that road. that was when i was a kitchen corporal. — ernest hemingway, "chapter ", in our time.[ ] the vignette opening with the words "we were in a garden at mons" is equally understated; the narrator writes, "the first german i saw climbed up over the garden wall. we waited till he got one leg over then potted him. he ... looked awfully surprised".[ ] the description repeats images, is dispassionate and warps logic, according to strychacz.[ ] these set the model for flash fiction – fiction that is condensed without unnecessary descriptive detail.[ ] in a moveable feast hemingway wrote that "out of season", written in , was the first story where he applied the theory of omission, known as his iceberg theory. he explained that the stories in which he left out the most important parts, such as not writing about the war in "big two-hearted river", are the best of his early fiction.[ ] as carlos baker describes the technique, the hard facts float above water while the supporting structure, including the symbolism, operates out of sight.[ ] hemingway wrote in the preface to death in the afternoon, a writer may choose what to include and what to omit from a story.[ ] if a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. the dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. a writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. — ernest hemingway, death in the afternoon[ ] reception and legacy[edit] hemingway's bullfighting scenes were compared to francisco goya's art.[ ] hemingway's writing style attracted attention after the release of the parisian edition of in our time in . edmund wilson described the writing as "of the first destinction",[ ] writing that the bullfight scenes were like francisco goya paintings, that the author "had almost invented a form of his own", and it had "more artistic dignity than any written by an american about the period of the war."[ ] the edition of in our time is considered one of hemingway's masterpieces.[ ] reviewers and critics noticed, and the collection received positive reviews on its publication.[ ] the new york times described the language as "fibrous and athletic, colloquial and fresh, hard and clean, his very prose seems to have an organic being of its own". a reviewer for time wrote, "ernest hemingway is somebody; a new honest un-'literary' transcriber of life – a writer."[ ] reviewing if for the bookman, f. scott fitzgerald wrote hemingway was an "augury" of the age and that the nick adams stories were "temperamentally new" in american fiction.[ ] his parents, however, described the book as "filth", disturbed by the passage in "a very short story" which tells of a soldier contracting gonorrhea after a sexual encounter with a sales girl in a taxicab.[ ] bird sent five copies to them which were promptly returned, eliciting a letter from hemingway, who complained, "i wonder what was the matter, whether the pictures were too accurate and the attitude toward life not sufficiently distorted to please who ever bought the book or what?"[ ] in our time was ignored and forgotten by literary critics for decades. benson attributes the neglect to various factors. the sun also rises, published the next year, is considered the more important book followed fairly rapidly by the popular a farewell to arms two years after in ; critics' general assumption seemed to be that hemingway's talent lay in writing prose rather than "sophisticated, complex design";[ ] and in our time stories were combined with subsequent collections in the publication of the fifth column and the first forty-nine stories in , drawing the critics' attention away from the book as an entity, toward the individual stories. in , when scribner's released the paperback edition of in our time, it began to be taught in american universities, and by the end of the decade, the first critical study of the collection appeared. benson describes the collection as the author's first "major achievement";[ ] wagner-martin as "his most striking work, both in terms of personal involvement and technical innovation."[ ] references[edit] 	^ a b reynolds ( ), 	^ a b quoted in wagner-martin ( ), 	^ a b c d mellow ( ), 	^ putnam, thomas ( ). "hemingway on war and its aftermath". prologue magazine. vol. , no. . retrieved november , 	^ desnoyers, megan floyd. "ernest hemingway: a storyteller's legacy" jfk library. retrieved september , 	^ a b reynolds ( ), 	^ a b c d e f cohen ( ), – 	^ a b c d smith ( ), – 	^ a b reynolds ( ), 	^ mellow ( ), 	^ mellow ( ), 	^ smith ( ), 	^ cohen ( ), 	^ smith ( ), 	^ a b cohen ( ), 	^ cohen ( ), 	^ a b c oliver ( ), – 	^ a b c cohen ( ), 	^ cohen ( ), 	^ a b c cohen ( ), – 	^ a b cohen ( ), 	^ a b cohen ( ), 	^ a b cohen ( ), 	^ a b baker ( ), 	^ a b mellow ( ), 	^ mellow ( ), 	^ reynolds ( ), 	^ a b cohen ( ), 	^ waldhorn ( ), 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ meyers ( ), 	^ a b c smith ( ), – 	^ benson ( ), 	^ mellow ( ), – 	^ reynolds ( ), 	^ a b c mellow ( ), 	^ a b hagemann ( ), 	^ leff ( ), 	^ a b mellow ( ), – 	^ mellow ( ), 	^ hagemann ( ), 	^ hagemann ( ), 	^ reynolds ( ), 	^ hemingway ( ), 	^ a b c oliver ( ), – 	^ oliver ( ), 	^ mellow ( ), , 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ quoted in mellow ( ), 	^ hemingway ( ), 	^ benson ( ), , 	^ benson ( ), , 	^ a b wagner-martin ( ), 	^ moddelmog ( ), 	^ a b c tetlow ( ), 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ a b barloon ( ), 	^ a b barloon ( ), 	^ barloon ( ), 	^ a b barloon ( ), 	^ hagemann ( ), 	^ a b mellow ( ), – 	^ a b bickford ( ), – 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ benson ( ), 	^ benson ( ), 	^ benson ( ), , 	^ moddelmog ( ), 	^ hannum ( ), – 	^ mellow ( ), 	^ mellow ( ), 	^ moddelmog ( ), – 	^ moddelmog ( ), 	^ moddelmog ( ), 	^ a b tetlow ( ), 	^ smith ( ), 	^ benson ( ), – 	^ strychacz ( ), 	^ tetlow ( ), 	^ hemingway ( ), 	^ quoted in stychacz ( ), 	^ strychacz ( ), 	^ hlinak ( ), 	^ baker ( ), 	^ quoted in smith ( ), 	^ a b reynolds ( ), 	^ mellow ( ), 	^ a b mellow ( ), 	^ benson ( ), 	^ benson ( ), – 	^ wagner-martin ( ), sources[edit] 	baker, carlos. ( ). hemingway: the writer as artist. ( th edition). princeton: princeton university press. isbn  - - - - 	barloon, jim. ( ). "very short stories: the miniaturization of war in hemingway's 'in our time'". the hemingway review. vol. , no. . 	benson, jackson. ( ). "patterns of connections and their development in hemingway's in our time". in reynolds, michael. (ed). critical essays on ernest hemingway's in our time. boston: g. k. hall. isbn  - - - - 	benson, jackson ( ). "ernest hemingway as short story writer". in benson, jackson. (ed). the short stories of ernest hemingway: critical essays. durham nc: duke university press. isbn  - - - - 	bickford, sylvester. ( ). "hemingway's italian waste land: the complex unity of 'out of season'". in beegel, susan f. (ed). hemingway's neglected short fiction. tuscaloosa: alabama university press. isbn  - - - - 	cohen, milton. ( ). hemingway's laboratory: the paris 'in our time'. tuscaloosa: alabama university press. isbn  - - - - 	cohen, milton. ( ). "who commissioned the little review's 'in our time'?". the hemingway review. vol. , no. . 	hagemann, e. r. ( ). "'only let the story end as soon as possible': time-and-history in ernest hemingway's in our time". in reynolds, michael. (ed) critical essays on ernest hemingway's in our time. boston: g. k. hall. isbn  - - - - 	hannum, howard. ( ). "'scared sick looking at it': a reading of nick adams in the published stories". twentieth century literature. vol. , no. . 	hemingway, ernest. ( / ) in our time. ( ed). new york: scribner. isbn  - - - - 	hemingway, ernest. ( ). ernest hemingway selected letters – . in baker, carlos. (ed). new york: charles scribner's sons. isbn  - - - - 	hlinak, matt. ( ). "hemingway's very short experiment: from 'a very short story' to a a farewell to arms". the journal of the midwest modern language association. vol. , no. . 	leff, leonard ( ). hemingway and his conspirators: hollywood, scribner's and the making of american celebrity culture. lanham, md: rowman & littlefield. isbn  - - - - 	mellow, james. ( ) hemingway: a life without consequences. new york: houghton mifflin. isbn  - - - - 	meyers, jeffrey. ( ). hemingway: a biography. new york: macmillan. isbn  - - - - 	moddelmog, debra. ( ). "the unifying consciousness of a divided conscience: nick adams as author of 'in our time'". american literature. vol. , no. . 	oliver, charles. ( ). ernest hemingway a to z: the essential reference to the life and work. new york: checkmark publishing. isbn  - - - - . 	reynolds, michael ( ). "ernest hemingway, – : a brief biography". in wagner-martin, linda. (ed). a historical guide to ernest hemingway. new york: oxford university press. isbn  - - - - 	reynolds, michael. ( ). hemingway's 'in our time': the biography of a book. in kennedy, gerald j. (ed). modern american short story sequences. cambridge: cambridge university press. isbn  - - - - 	reynolds, michael. ( ). hemingway: the paris years. new york: norton. isbn  - - - - 	smith, paul. ( ). " : hemingway's luggage and the miraculous year". in donaldson, scott (ed). the cambridge companion to ernest hemingway. new york: cambridge university press. isbn  - - - - 	smith, paul. ( ). "hemingway's early manuscripts: the theory and practice of omission". journal of modern literature. vol. , no. . 	strychacz, thomas. ( ). ''in our time, out of season". in donaldson, scott (ed). the cambridge companion to ernest hemingway. new york: cambridge university press. isbn  - - - - 	tetlow, wendolyn e. ( ). hemingway's "in our time": lyrical dimensions. cranbury nj: associated university presses. isbn  - - - - 	wagner-martin, linda. ( ). "introduction". in wagner-martin, linda (ed). ernest hemingway's the sun also rises: a casebook. new york: oxford university press. isbn  - - - - 	wagner-martin, linda. ( ). "juxtaposition in hemingway's in our time". in reynolds, michael. (ed). critical essays on ernest hemingway's in our time. boston: g. k. hall. isbn  - - - - 	waldhorn, arthur. ( edition). a reader's guide to ernest hemingway. syracuse, ny: syracuse university press. isbn  - - - - external links[edit] 	 	 in our time ( edition) at project gutenberg 	ernest hemingway collection, jfk library 		v 	t 	e ernest hemingway 	bibliography 	novels	 	the torrents of spring ( ) 	the sun also rises ( ) 	a farewell to arms ( ) 	to have and have not ( ) 	for whom the bell tolls ( ) 	across the river and into the trees ( ) 	the old man and the sea ( ) 	non-fiction	 	death in the afternoon ( ) 	green hills of africa ( ) 	posthumous	 	a moveable feast ( ) 	islands in the stream ( ) 	the dangerous summer ( ) 	the garden of eden ( ) 	true at first light ( ) 	under kilimanjaro ( ) 	short stories	 	"indian camp" ( ) 	"the doctor and the doctor's wife" ( ) 	"the end of something" ( ) 	"the three-day blow" ( ) 	"the battler" ( ) 	"a very short story" ( ) 	"soldier's home" ( ) 	"the revolutionist" ( ) 	"mr. and mrs. elliot" ( ) 	"cat in the rain" ( ) 	"out of season" ( ) 	"cross country snow" ( ) 	"my old man" ( ) 	"big two-hearted river" ( ) 	"a clean, well-lighted place" ( ) 	"a canary for one" ( ) 	"fifty grand" ( ) 	"hills like white elephants" ( ) 	"the killers" ( ) 	"the undefeated" ( ) 	"che ti dice la patria?" ( ) 	"in another country" ( ) 	"on the quai at smyrna" ( ) 	"fathers and sons" ( ) 	"a day's wait" ( ) 	"the gambler, the nun, and the radio" ( ) 	"a way you'll never be" ( ) 	"the snows of kilimanjaro" ( ) 	"the capital of the world" ( ) 	"the short happy life of francis macomber" ( ) 	short story collections	 	three stories and ten poems ( ) 	in our time ( ) 	men without women ( ) 	winner take nothing ( ) 	the fifth column and the first forty-nine stories ( ) 	the snows of kilimanjaro ( ) 	the fifth column and four stories of the spanish civil war ( ) 	the nick adams stories ( ) 	the complete short stories of ernest hemingway ( ) 	ernest hemingway: the collected stories ( ) 	story fragments	 	"on writing" 	poetry	 	 poems ( ) 	complete poems 	screenplays	 	the spanish earth ( film) 	letters and journalism	 	by-line: ernest hemingway ( ) 	ernest hemingway selected letters – ( ) 	dateline: toronto ( ) 	the cambridge edition of the letters of ernest hemingway ( ) 	adaptations	 	the sun also rises	 	 film 	 film 	opera 	the select (the sun also rises) 	ballet 	"the killers"	 	 film 	 film 	 film 	bukowski short story 	a farewell to arms	 	 film 	 film 	 tv series 	to have and have not	 	 film 	the breaking point ( ) 	the gun runners ( ) 	captain khorshid ( ) 	for whom the bell tolls	 	 film 	 tv play 	 tv series 	 song 	the old man and the sea	 	 film 	 film 	 animated film 	other film adaptations	 	the macomber affair ( ) 	under my skin ( ) 	the snows of kilimanjaro ( ) 	hemingway's adventures of a young man ( ) 	islands in the stream ( ) 	soldier's home ( ) 	my old man ( ) 	after the storm ( ) 	the garden of eden ( ) 	across the river and into the trees (upcoming) 	homes	 	birthplace and boyhood home 	michigan cottage 	hemingway-pfeiffer house 	key west home 	hotel ambos mundos, havana home 	finca vigía, cuba home 	idaho home 	depictions	 	bacall to arms ( cartoon) 	hemingway: on the edge ( play) 	in love and war ( film) 	midnight in paris ( film) 	hemingway & gellhorn ( film) 	cooper & hemingway: the true gen ( documentary) 	papa: hemingway in cuba ( film) 	hemingway ( documentary series) 	related	 	nick adams 	pilar (boat) 	iceberg theory 	ernest hemingway international billfishing tournament 	maxwell perkins 	adriana ivancich 	hemingway foundation/pen award 	hello hemingway ( film) 	michael palin's hemingway adventure ( documentary) 	hemingway crater 	kennedy library hemingway collection 	family	 	elizabeth hadley richardson (first wife) 	jack hemingway (son) 	pauline pfeiffer (second wife) 	patrick hemingway (son) 	gregory hemingway (son) 	martha gellhorn (third wife) 	mary welsh hemingway (fourth wife) 	lorian hemingway (granddaughter) 	margaux hemingway (granddaughter) 	john hemingway (grandson) 	mariel hemingway (granddaughter) 	grace hall hemingway (mother) 	leicester hemingway (brother) 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	viaf 	 	 	worldcat (via viaf) 	national libraries	 	france (data) 	united states 	other	 	sudoc (france) 	 retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=in_our_time_(short_story_collection)&oldid= " 		categories: 	 short story collections 	short story collections by ernest hemingway hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	featured articles 	articles with project gutenberg links 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with sudoc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcat-viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	বাংলা 	deutsch 	español 	français 	bahasa indonesia 	nederlands 	norsk bokmål 	polski 	Українська 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on may , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 #dlfteach toolkit volume cfp · #dlfteach skip to main content searchdashboardcaret-downlogin or signup 	home 	#dlfteach toolkits 	teaching with digital primary sources #dlfteach toolkit volume : call for proposals the dlf digital library pedagogy group invites all interested digital pedagogy practitioners to contribute to a literacy and competency centered #dlfteach toolkit, an online, open resource focused on lesson plans and concrete instructional strategies. we welcome contributors from academic and other educational institutions, including public and special libraries, in any setting, role, and career stage.   the dlf digital library pedagogy group (aka #dlfteach) is a grassroots community of practice within the larger digital library federation that is open to anyone interested in learning about or collaborating on digital library pedagogy. toolkit volume will emphasize the teaching of literacies and competencies foundational for digital scholarship and digital humanities work and/or literacies and competencies acquired through the act of engaging in such work. by “literacies” we mean visual literacy, digital literacy, data literacy, and information literacy, etc. by “competencies” we mean foundational digital skills that provide both a practical and critical understanding of digital technologies (see bryn mawr's digital competencies for more information).  example lessons include: 	a semester long digital exhibit project that has students creating metadata for visual materials related to the topic of their course. in addition to a librarian-led session on the mechanics of the platform, students learn about critical approaches to metadata and must include a reflective analysis on the potential for bias in their choice of descriptive keywords and subject terms. the project engages with information literacy frames like "authority is constructed and contextual" as well as visual literacy competencies like "acquires and organizes images and source information." 	 a project training session in which team members (faculty, staff, and students) design a data model that can address the project's research questions. the exercise works for multiple audiences and establishes a foundation in data literacy for all participants. concepts like tidy data, data types, and query languages are introduced. 	a blog post assignment that asks students to verbally interpret a privacy statement of an online company or institution to another student. students must include an audio file of their conversation with a peer (and fill out a consent form). this assignment has students engaging with multiple digital competencies: managing a digital identity, privacy, and security; collaborative communication; and digital writing and publishing. “lesson plans” are activities, basic exercises, assignments, project instruction, and the like that are used in situations ranging from one-off library sessions to multi-day workshops to semester-long courses. lesson plans can be designed for synchronous or asynchronous/remote instruction. the works we seek to include will be creative and critical in nature. ideally, they will push the boundaries of traditional approaches and frameworks. for instance, we are interested in lessons that highlight the intersections of literacies from different frameworks, not just alignment with the acrl framework for information literacy.  areas of critical importance include: 	transferable skills. how are the literacy skills gained transferable beyond that particular lesson? how might your lesson promote digital citizenship in an age of misinformation? 	attention to "implementation fidelity." how have you improved your lesson in response to assessment? 	accessibility and the digital divide. how is accessibility baked into your lesson? how do we teach technology based lessons when not everyone has equal access? our aim is to provide practitioners with lessons that can be adapted for a variety of curricular contexts and instructional roles. we highly encourage submissions that demonstrate collaborations between library staff in different roles or with instructors outside the library.   proposals are due by september st, and should be limited to words. when writing your proposals, please consider the toolkit template. proposals should include: 	a description of your lesson 	learning outcomes 	a statement on the literacies involved in your lesson 	note any collaborators (collaboration with other instructional partners is encouraged!) toolkit proposal submission form #dlfteach 	rss 	legal published with stablecoins through history — michigan bank commissioners report, – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		stablecoins through history — michigan bank commissioners report, 		 			 st january rd may - by david gerard - comment		 		 	 	 	 	 	 		a “stablecoin” is a token that a company issues, claiming that the token is backed by currency or assets held in a reserve. the token is usually redeemable in theory — and sometimes in practice. stablecoins are a venerable and well-respected part of the history of us banking! previously, the issuers were called “wildcat banks,” and the tokens were pieces of paper.   genuine as a three-dollar bill — from the american numismatic society blog.   the wildcat banking era, more politely called the “free banking era,” ran from to . banks at this time were free of federal regulation — they could launch just under state regulation. under the gold standard in operation at the time, these state banks could issue notes, backed by specie — gold or silver — held in reserve. the quality of these reserves could be a matter of some dispute. the wildcat banks didn’t work out so well. the national bank act was passed in , establishing the united states national banking system and the office of the comptroller of the currency — and taking away the power of state banks to issue paper notes. advocates of austrian economics often want to bring back “free banking” in this manner, because they despise the federal reserve. they come up with detailed theory as to how letting free banking happen again will surely work out well this time. [mises institute search] on march , the “general banking law” was passed in michigan. bray hammond’s classic “banks and politics in america” from (uk, us) tells how this all worked out (p. ): of her free-banking measure, michigan’s governor said: “the principles under which this law is based are certainly correct, destroying as they do the odious features of a bank monopoly and giving equal rights to all classes of the community.” within a year of the law’s passage, more than forty banks had been set up under its terms. within two years, more than forty were in receivership. thus america grew great. hammond quotes another source on the notes themselves: “get a real furioso plate, one that will take with all creation — flaming with cupids, locomotives, rural scenery, and hercules kicking the world over.” the ico white papers of their day. after the michigan law allowing free banking had been in effect for two years, michigan’s state banking commissioners reported to the legislature on how it was all going. the whole report is available as a scan in google books — documents accompanying the journal of the house of representatives of the state of michigan, pp. – . [google books] there’s also a bad ocr — ctrl-f to “bank commissioners’ report.” [internet archive] this is not your normal bureaucratic report from civil servants to the legislature. it’s a work of thundering victorian passion, excoriating the criminals and frauds the commissioners found themselves responsible for dealing with. we should have more official reports that you could do a dramatic reading of: the peculiar embarrassments which they have had to encounter, and the weighty responsibilities consequent thereupon, clothes this duty with a new character. it becomes an act of justice to themselves, and to those who have honored them with so important a trust. at the period the commissioners entered upon their labors, every portion of the state was flooded with a paper currency, issued by the institutions created under the general banking law. new organizations were daily occurring, and the public mind was everywhere agitated with apprehension and distrust. the state was in the midst of the evils consequent upon an excessive and doubtful circulation. rumors of the most frightful and reckless frauds were daily increasing. in this emergency, prompt and vigorous action was imperiously demanded, as well by the public voice as the urgent necessity of the case. upon a comparison of opinions, the commissioners united in the conclusion that their duty was of a two fold character. the first, and most obvious one, was to take immediate and decided measures in ascertaining and investigating the affairs of every institution suspected of fraud, and closing the door against the evil without delay. the second was a duty of far more difficult and delicate a nature, and involving the assumption of a deep responsibility. the report outlines the problems in each particular district, and lists the local troubled banks. the commissioners tried to distinguish fraudulent banks from merely inept ones, and help the second sort get back on their feet for the public good. most of it’s tedious detail. but there’s considerable parallels to our wonderful world of crypto: the loan of specie from established corporations, became an ordinary traffic, and the same money, set in motion a number of institutions. specie certificates, verified by oath, were every where exhibited, although these very certificates had been cancelled at the moment of their creation, by a draft for a similar amount; and yet such subterfuges were pertinaciously insisted upon, as fair business transactions, sanctioned by custom and precedent. stock notes were given, for subscriptions to stock, and counted as specie, and thus not a cent of real capital actually existed, beyond the small sums paid in by the upright and unsuspecting farmer and mechanic, whose little savings and honest name were necessary to give confidence and credit. the notes of institutions thus constituted, were spread abroad upon the community, in every manner, and through every possible channel; property, produce, stock, farming utensils, every thing which the people of the country were tempted, by advanced prices, to dispose of, were purchased and paid for in paper, which was known by the utterers to be absolutely valueless. large amounts of notes were hypothecated for small advances, or loans of specie, to save appearances. quantities of paper were drawn out by exchange checks, that is to say, checked out of the banks, by individuals who had not a cent in bank, with no security, beyond the verbal understanding that notes of other banks should be returned, at some future time. the banking system at the time featured barrels of gold that were carried to other banks, just ahead of the inspectors: the singular spectacle was presented, of the officers of the state, seeking for banks in situations the most inaccessible and remote from trade, and finding at every step, an increase of labor, by the discovery of new and unknown organizations. before they could be arrested, the mischief was done; large issues were in circulation, and no adequate remedy for the evil. gold and silver flew about the country with the celerity of magic; its sound was heard in the depths of the forest, yet like the wind, one knew not whence it came or whither it was going. such were a few of the difficulties against which the commissioners had to contend. the vigilance of a regiment of them would have been scarcely adequate, against the host of bank emissaries, which scoured the country to anticipate their coming, and the indefatigable spies which hung upon their path, to which may be added perjuries, familiar as dicers’ oaths, to baffle investigation. bray hammond’s book elaborates on these stories: their cash reserves were sometimes kegs of nails and broken glass with a layer of coin on top. specie exhibited to the examiners at one bank was whisked through the trees to be exhibited at another the next day. banknotes increased liquidity— they helped value flow faster through the economy. who benefited from this increase in liquidity? mostly the fraudulent banknote issuers: it has been said, with some appearance of plausibility, that these banks have at least had the good effect of liquidating a large amount of debt. this may be true; but whose debts have they liquidated? those of the crafty and the speculative — and by whom? let every poor man, from his little clearing and log hut in the woods, make the emphatic response by holding up to view, as the rewards of his labor, a handful of promises to pay, which, for his purposes, are as valueless as a handful of the dry leaves at his feet. were this the extent of the evil, the indomitable energy and spirit of our population, who have so manfully endured it, would redeem the injury. but when it is considered how much injury is inflicted at home, by the sacrifice of many valuable farms, and the stain upon the credit of the state abroad, the remedy is neither so easy nor so obvious. when we reflect, too, that the laws are ineffective in punishing the successful swindler, and that the moral tone of society seems so far sunk as to surround and protect the dishonest and fraudulent with countenance and support, it imperatively demands that some legislative action should be had, to enable the prompt and rigorous enforcement of the laws, and the making severe examples of the guilty, no matter how protected and countenanced. passing around the corporate shell after you’ve scoured it has long been the fashion: so that the singular exhibition has been made of banks passing from hand to hand like a species of merchandize, each successive purchaser less conscientious than the preceding, and resorting to the most desperate measures for reimbursement on his speculation. the stablecoins of the day depreciated horribly, even while the institutions were still up and running, and it was the innocent members of the public stuck with the tokens who paid: under the present law, the order in which the means and securities are to be realized and exhausted, will protract the payment of their liabilities to an indefinite period, and make them utterly useless to the great body of the bill holders, whose daily necessities compel them to sell at an enormous loss. the banks themselves, through their agents, are thus enabled to buy up their circulation at an immense depreciation, and their debtors to pay their liabilities in the notes of banks, purchased at a great discount. the daily advertisements for the purchase of safety fund notes in exchange for land and goods, and the placards every where to be seen in the windows of merchants and brokers, is a sufficient argument for the necessity of the measure proposed. the commissioners pause here to examine the rationale for having free banking at all — principles of freedom, versus how it actually worked out in practice. they quote william m. gouge’s a short history of paper-money and banking in the united states, , p. : [google books] a reform will not be accomplished in banking, as some suppose, by granting charters to all who apply for them. it would be as rational to abolish political aristocracy, by multiplying the number of nobles. the one experiment has been tried in germany, the other in rhode island. competition in that which is essentially good, in farming, in manufactures, and in regular commerce, is productive of benefit ; but competition in that which is essentially evil, may not be desirable. no one has yet proposed to put an end to gambling by giving to every man the privilege of opening a gambling house. this story reminds me of recent stablecoin “attestations,” and documents waved at apparently credulous journalists: the farmers’ and mechanics’ bank of pontiac, presented a more favorable exhibit in point of solvency, but the undersigned having satisfactorily informed himself that a large proportion of the specie exhibited to the commissioners, at a previous examination, as the bona fide property of the bank, under the oath of the cashier, had been borrowed for the purpose of exhibition and deception; that the sum of ten thousand dollars which had been issued for “exchange purposes,” had not been entered on the books of the bank, reckoned among its circulation, or explained to the commissioners. what do you do with bankers so bad you can’t tell if they’re crooks or just bozos? you put their backsides in jail, with personal liability for making good: upon officially visiting the berrien county bank, the undersigned found its operations suspended by his predecessor, col. fitzgerald. on investigation of its affairs, with that gentleman, much was exhibited betraying either culpable mismanagement, or gross ignorance of banking. col. fitzgerald, however, with the usual vigilance and promptitude characteristic of all his official acts, had, previous to my arrival, caused the arrest of some of the officers of the institution, under the provisions of the act of december th, ; and required of the proprietors to furnish real estate securities to a considerable amount, conditioned to be released on the entire re-organization of the bank, and its being placed on a sound and permanent basis, or suffer a forfeiture of the lands pledged, which, together with their assets in bank, individual responsibility and the real estate security, given in conformity to law, must in the worst event, be more than sufficient to satisfy and pay all their liabilities. in crypto, not even the frauds are new. fortunately, we have suitable remedies to hand — such as the stable act. put the stablecoin issuers under firm regulation. your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedbray hammondmichiganstablecoinunited states	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article news: twitter on the blockchain, the us coup on the blockchain, gensler in at the sec, ripple ex-cto loses bitcoin keys next article blockchain debate podcast: diem is a glorified paypal (david gerard vs. bryce weiner) 	 			 			one comment on “stablecoins through history — michigan bank commissioners report, ” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												steve brown says:					 					 						 th january at : am					 									 				 					perhaps you’ll be interested in my article: how wildcat notes were distributed: the carpet-baggers the term ‘carpet-bagger’ does not refer to northerners migrating south after the civil war but refers to the fact that circulators of wildcat notes traveled with a carpet bag full of their dubious offerings. the idea was to transport notes from inaccessible town a to inaccessible town b where the distributor purchased whatever goods and livestock that he could, assuming that anyone from town b accepted the notes. when the notes get to town b’s bank the bank happily takes the notes for debt – but not for coin – and the bank pays the notes out to their unsuspecting customers in lieu of coin whenever and wherever possible. this way of business carries on until all of the carpet-bagger’s currency is in circulation in town b. [a reverse of this very situation is likely played out in the reverse direction, eg a town b carpet-bagger distributes bank b’s dubious notes in town a.] while the business of the town is carried on in this way quite legitimately for some period of time, eventually it becomes worthwhile for town b’s bank to replenish it’s specie simply to ensure it’s own liquidity when town b customers begin to demand coin, for example with a tightening of credit. in this case the town b bank opts for the very simple expedient of refusing to honor town a’s bank notes and forces holders to sell the notes at a significant discount to a local broker for specie. the local broker and the bank then split the difference with regard to these transactions and the bank then replenishes it’s coin. while the scenario described above seems complex, the underlying principle is quite simple and can be reduced in money terms to a usurious form of interest charged on the bank’s customers, where usury is an exorbitant or unlawful rate of interest. usury was illegal in all states until the marquette nat. bank of minneapolis v. first of omaha service corp’s supreme court decision reinstated the abuse in ; the modern analogy concerns credit swaps and is not illegal. the old credit swap system was very common during coin shortages when banks and their customers were forced to exercise their wits amidst an improvised local monetary crisis, and useful when paper notes could be exchanged for real goods and services, until credit tightening created demand for coin. a simpler but riskier proposition worked in larger metropolitan areas in the east, this idea was simply to transport notes from a far-off bank to a broker in another state who was willing to accept the notes at a significant discount. the risk here involved acceptance of the notes, as this was never guaranteed. as technology improved we can see how counterfeiting evolved into a significant industry by , but it was not counterfeiting alone that constricted the economy of the united states. the major impediment to financial progress was greed and self-interest within a developing capitalist society which was largely unregulated, and incapable of policing itself in order to ensure the ascendance of the common financial good, the problem addressed beginning with the treasury act of . in conclusion we see that the term ‘wildcat’ began with highly dubious banking practices engendered by coin shortages, poor communications and bad roads characteristic of the early nineteenth century. the end of the civil war, telegraphic communication and railroad development all occurred at approximately the same time, along with the beginning of the industrial revolution, and even though wildcat banks would disappear, dubious banking practices did not and wildcat mines, oil, and many other types of questionable investments would take the wildcat bank’s place in history with significant modern examples easily identifiable today. @newsypaperz 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 limits of resolution: the rayleigh criterion | physics 		 		 		 			 				 				 					skip to main content 				 									 					 						 						 							 						 							 																	physics 															 						 					 											 							 								 																	 										wave optics 									 								 								 								 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 							 						 					 							 	 			 				 		 				limits of resolution: the rayleigh criterion 				 					 											 					 learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to: 	discuss the rayleigh criterion. light diffracts as it moves through space, bending around obstacles, interfering constructively and destructively. while this can be used as a spectroscopic tool—a diffraction grating disperses light according to wavelength, for example, and is used to produce spectra—diffraction also limits the detail we can obtain in images. figure  a shows the effect of passing light through a small circular aperture. instead of a bright spot with sharp edges, a spot with a fuzzy edge surrounded by circles of light is obtained. this pattern is caused by diffraction similar to that produced by a single slit. light from different parts of the circular aperture interferes constructively and destructively. the effect is most noticeable when the aperture is small, but the effect is there for large apertures, too. figure  . (a) monochromatic light passed through a small circular aperture produces this diffraction pattern. (b) two point light sources that are close to one another produce overlapping images because of diffraction. (c) if they are closer together, they cannot be resolved or distinguished. how does diffraction affect the detail that can be observed when light passes through an aperture? figure  b shows the diffraction pattern produced by two point light sources that are close to one another. the pattern is similar to that for a single point source, and it is just barely possible to tell that there are two light sources rather than one. if they were closer together, as in figure  c, we could not distinguish them, thus limiting the detail or resolution we can obtain. this limit is an inescapable consequence of the wave nature of light. there are many situations in which diffraction limits the resolution. the acuity of our vision is limited because light passes through the pupil, the circular aperture of our eye. be aware that the diffraction-like spreading of light is due to the limited diameter of a light beam, not the interaction with an aperture. thus light passing through a lens with a diameter d shows this effect and spreads, blurring the image, just as light passing through an aperture of diameter d does. so diffraction limits the resolution of any system having a lens or mirror. telescopes are also limited by diffraction, because of the finite diameter d of their primary mirror. take-home experiment: resolution of the eye draw two lines on a white sheet of paper (several mm apart). how far away can you be and still distinguish the two lines? what does this tell you about the size of the eye’s pupil? can you be quantitative? (the size of an adult’s pupil is discussed in physics of the eye.) just what is the limit? to answer that question, consider the diffraction pattern for a circular aperture, which has a central maximum that is wider and brighter than the maxima surrounding it (similar to a slit) (see figure  a). it can be shown that, for a circular aperture of diameter d, the first minimum in the diffraction pattern occurs at [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex] (providing the aperture is large compared with the wavelength of light, which is the case for most optical instruments). the accepted criterion for determining the diffraction limit to resolution based on this angle was developed by lord rayleigh in the th century. the rayleigh criterion for the diffraction limit to resolution states that two images are just resolvable when the center of the diffraction pattern of one is directly over the first minimum of the diffraction pattern of the other. see figure  b. the first minimum is at an angle of [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex], so that two point objects are just resolvable if they are separated by the angle [latex]\displaystyle\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex], where λ is the wavelength of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) and d is the diameter of the aperture, lens, mirror, etc., with which the two objects are observed. in this expression, θ has units of radians. figure  . (a) graph of intensity of the diffraction pattern for a circular aperture. note that, similar to a single slit, the central maximum is wider and brighter than those to the sides. (b) two point objects produce overlapping diffraction patterns. shown here is the rayleigh criterion for being just resolvable. the central maximum of one pattern lies on the first minimum of the other. making connections: limits to knowledge all attempts to observe the size and shape of objects are limited by the wavelength of the probe. even the small wavelength of light prohibits exact precision. when extremely small wavelength probes as with an electron microscope are used, the system is disturbed, still limiting our knowledge, much as making an electrical measurement alters a circuit. heisenberg’s uncertainty principle asserts that this limit is fundamental and inescapable, as we shall see in quantum mechanics. example . calculating diffraction limits of the hubble space telescope the primary mirror of the orbiting hubble space telescope has a diameter of . m. being in orbit, this telescope avoids the degrading effects of atmospheric distortion on its resolution. 	what is the angle between two just-resolvable point light sources (perhaps two stars)? assume an average light wavelength of nm. 	if these two stars are at the million light year distance of the andromeda galaxy, how close together can they be and still be resolved? (a light year, or ly, is the distance light travels in year.) strategy the rayleigh criterion stated in the equation [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex] gives the smallest possible angle θ between point sources, or the best obtainable resolution. once this angle is found, the distance between stars can be calculated, since we are given how far away they are. solution for part the rayleigh criterion for the minimum resolvable angle is [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex]. entering known values gives [latex]\begin{array}{lll}\theta&=& . \frac{ \times ^{- }\text{ m}}{ . \text{ m}}\\\text{ }&=& . \times ^{- }\text{ rad}\end{array}\\[/latex] solution for part the distance s between two objects a distance r away and separated by an angle θ is s = rθ. substituting known values gives [latex]\begin{array}{lll}s&=&\left( . \times ^ \text{ ly}\right)\left( . \times ^{- }\text{ rad}\right)\\\text{ }&=& . \text{ ly}\end{array}\\[/latex] discussion the angle found in part  is extraordinarily small (less than / , of a degree), because the primary mirror is so large compared with the wavelength of light. as noticed, diffraction effects are most noticeable when light interacts with objects having sizes on the order of the wavelength of light. however, the effect is still there, and there is a diffraction limit to what is observable. the actual resolution of the hubble telescope is not quite as good as that found here. as with all instruments, there are other effects, such as non-uniformities in mirrors or aberrations in lenses that further limit resolution. however, figure   gives an indication of the extent of the detail observable with the hubble because of its size and quality and especially because it is above the earth’s atmosphere. figure  . these two photographs of the m galaxy give an idea of the observable detail using the hubble space telescope compared with that using a ground-based telescope. (a) on the left is a ground-based image. (credit: ricnun, wikimedia commons) (b) the photo on the right was captured by hubble. (credit: nasa, esa, and the hubble heritage team (stsci/aura)) the answer in part  indicates that two stars separated by about half a light year can be resolved. the average distance between stars in a galaxy is on the order of light years in the outer parts and about light year near the galactic center. therefore, the hubble can resolve most of the individual stars in andromeda galaxy, even though it lies at such a huge distance that its light takes million years for its light to reach us. figure   shows another mirror used to observe radio waves from outer space. figure  . a -m-diameter natural bowl at arecibo in puerto rico is lined with reflective material, making it into a radio telescope. it is the largest curved focusing dish in the world. although d for arecibo is much larger than for the hubble telescope, it detects much longer wavelength radiation and its diffraction limit is significantly poorer than hubble’s. arecibo is still very useful, because important information is carried by radio waves that is not carried by visible light. (credit: tatyana temirbulatova, flickr) diffraction is not only a problem for optical instruments but also for the electromagnetic radiation itself. any beam of light having a finite diameter d and a wavelength λ exhibits diffraction spreading. the beam spreads out with an angle θ given by the equation [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex]. take, for example, a laser beam made of rays as parallel as possible (angles between rays as close to θ = º as possible) instead spreads out at an angle [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex], where d is the diameter of the beam and λ is its wavelength. this spreading is impossible to observe for a flashlight, because its beam is not very parallel to start with. however, for long-distance transmission of laser beams or microwave signals, diffraction spreading can be significant (see figure  ). to avoid this, we can increase d. this is done for laser light sent to the moon to measure its distance from the earth. the laser beam is expanded through a telescope to make d much larger and θ smaller. figure  . in figure   we see that the beam produced by this microwave transmission antenna will spread out at a minimum angle [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex] due to diffraction. it is impossible to produce a near-parallel beam, because the beam has a limited diameter. in most biology laboratories, resolution is presented when the use of the microscope is introduced. the ability of a lens to produce sharp images of two closely spaced point objects is called resolution. the smaller the distance x by which two objects can be separated and still be seen as distinct, the greater the resolution. the resolving power of a lens is defined as that distance x. an expression for resolving power is obtained from the rayleigh criterion. in figure  a we have two point objects separated by a distance x. according to the rayleigh criterion, resolution is possible when the minimum angular separation is [latex]\displaystyle\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}=\frac{x}{d}\\[/latex] where d is the distance between the specimen and the objective lens, and we have used the small angle approximation (i.e., we have assumed that x is much smaller than d), so that tan θ ≈ sin θ ≈ θ. therefore, the resolving power is [latex]\displaystyle{x}= . \frac{\lambda{d}}{d}\\[/latex] figure  . (a) two points separated by at distance x and a positioned a distance d away from the objective. (credit: infopro, wikimedia commons) (b) terms and symbols used in discussion of resolving power for a lens and an object at point p. (credit: infopro, wikimedia commons) another way to look at this is by re-examining the concept of numerical aperture (na) discussed in microscopes. there, na is a measure of the maximum acceptance angle at which the fiber will take light and still contain it within the fiber. figure  b shows a lens and an object at point p. the na here is a measure of the ability of the lens to gather light and resolve fine detail. the angle subtended by the lens at its focus is defined to be θ = α. from the figure and again using the small angle approximation, we can write [latex]\displaystyle\sin\alpha=\frac{\frac{d}{ }}{d}=\frac{d}{ d}\\[/latex] the na for a lens is na = n sin α, where n is the index of refraction of the medium between the objective lens and the object at point p. from this definition for na, we can see that [latex]\displaystyle{x}= . \frac{\lambda{d}}{d}= . \frac{\lambda}{ \sin\alpha}= . \frac{\lambda{n}}{na}\\[/latex] in a microscope, na is important because it relates to the resolving power of a lens. a lens with a large na will be able to resolve finer details. lenses with larger na will also be able to collect more light and so give a brighter image. another way to describe this situation is that the larger the na, the larger the cone of light that can be brought into the lens, and so more of the diffraction modes will be collected. thus the microscope has more information to form a clear image, and so its resolving power will be higher. one of the consequences of diffraction is that the focal point of a beam has a finite width and intensity distribution. consider focusing when only considering geometric optics, shown in figure  a. the focal point is infinitely small with a huge intensity and the capacity to incinerate most samples irrespective of the na of the objective lens. for wave optics, due to diffraction, the focal point spreads to become a focal spot (see figure  b) with the size of the spot decreasing with increasing na. consequently, the intensity in the focal spot increases with increasing na. the higher the na, the greater the chances of photodegrading the specimen. however, the spot never becomes a true point. figure  . (a) in geometric optics, the focus is a point, but it is not physically possible to produce such a point because it implies infinite intensity. (b) in wave optics, the focus is an extended region. section summary 	diffraction limits resolution. 	for a circular aperture, lens, or mirror, the rayleigh criterion states that two images are just resolvable when the center of the diffraction pattern of one is directly over the first minimum of the diffraction pattern of the other. 	this occurs for two point objects separated by the angle [latex]\theta= . \frac{\lambda}{d}\\[/latex], where λ is the wavelength of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) and d is the diameter of the aperture, lens, mirror, etc. this equation also gives the angular spreading of a source of light having a diameter d. conceptual questions 	a beam of light always spreads out. why can a beam not be created with parallel rays to prevent spreading? why can lenses, mirrors, or apertures not be used to correct the spreading? problems & exercises 	the -m-diameter arecibo radio telescope pictured in figure   detects radio waves with a . cm average wavelength. (a) what is the angle between two just-resolvable point sources for this telescope? (b) how close together could these point sources be at the million light year distance of the andromeda galaxy? 	assuming the angular resolution found for the hubble telescope in example , what is the smallest detail that could be observed on the moon? 	diffraction spreading for a flashlight is insignificant compared with other limitations in its optics, such as spherical aberrations in its mirror. to show this, calculate the minimum angular spreading of a flashlight beam that is originally . cm in diameter with an average wavelength of nm. 	(a) what is the minimum angular spread of a -nm wavelength he-ne laser beam that is originally . mm in diameter? (b) if this laser is aimed at a mountain cliff . km away, how big will the illuminated spot be? (c) how big a spot would be illuminated on the moon, neglecting atmospheric effects? (this might be done to hit a corner reflector to measure the round-trip time and, hence, distance.) 	a telescope can be used to enlarge the diameter of a laser beam and limit diffraction spreading. the laser beam is sent through the telescope in opposite the normal direction and can then be projected onto a satellite or the moon. (a) if this is done with the mount wilson telescope, producing a . -m-diameter beam of -nm light, what is the minimum angular spread of the beam? (b) neglecting atmospheric effects, what is the size of the spot this beam would make on the moon, assuming a lunar distance of . × m? 	the limit to the eye’s acuity is actually related to diffraction by the pupil. (a) what is the angle between two just-resolvable points of light for a . -mm-diameter pupil, assuming an average wavelength of nm? (b) take your result to be the practical limit for the eye. what is the greatest possible distance a car can be from you if you can resolve its two headlights, given they are . m apart? (c) what is the distance between two just-resolvable points held at an arm’s length ( . m) from your eye? (d) how does your answer to (c) compare to details you normally observe in everyday circumstances? 	what is the minimum diameter mirror on a telescope that would allow you to see details as small as . km on the moon some , km away? assume an average wavelength of nm for the light received. 	you are told not to shoot until you see the whites of their eyes. if the eyes are separated by . cm and the diameter of your pupil is . mm, at what distance can you resolve the two eyes using light of wavelength nm? 	(a) the planet pluto and its moon charon are separated by , km. neglecting atmospheric effects, should the . -m-diameter mount palomar telescope be able to resolve these bodies when they are . × km from earth? assume an average wavelength of nm. (b) in actuality, it is just barely possible to discern that pluto and charon are separate bodies using an earth-based telescope. what are the reasons for this? 	the headlights of a car are . m apart. what is the maximum distance at which the eye can resolve these two headlights? take the pupil diameter to be . cm. 	when dots are placed on a page from a laser printer, they must be close enough so that you do not see the individual dots of ink. to do this, the separation of the dots must be less than raleigh’s criterion. take the pupil of the eye to be . mm and the distance from the paper to the eye of cm; find the minimum separation of two dots such that they cannot be resolved. how many dots per inch (dpi) does this correspond to? 	unreasonable results. an amateur astronomer wants to build a telescope with a diffraction limit that will allow him to see if there are people on the moons of jupiter. (a) what diameter mirror is needed to be able to see . m detail on a jovian moon at a distance of . × km from earth? the wavelength of light averages nm. (b) what is unreasonable about this result? (c) which assumptions are unreasonable or inconsistent? 	construct your own problem. consider diffraction limits for an electromagnetic wave interacting with a circular object. construct a problem in which you calculate the limit of angular resolution with a device, using this circular object (such as a lens, mirror, or antenna) to make observations. also calculate the limit to spatial resolution (such as the size of features observable on the moon) for observations at a specific distance from the device. among the things to be considered are the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation used, the size of the circular object, and the distance to the system or phenomenon being observed. glossary rayleigh criterion: two images are just resolvable when the center of the diffraction pattern of one is directly over the first minimum of the diffraction pattern of the other selected solutions to problems & exercises . (a)  . × − rad; (b)  ly .  . × − rad . (a)  . × − rad; (b) diameter of m .  . cm . (a) yes. should easily be able to discern; (b) the fact that it is just barely possible to discern that these are separate bodies indicates the severity of atmospheric aberrations. 					 				 licenses and attributions cc licensed content, shared previously 	college physics. authored by: openstax college. located at: http://cnx.org/contents/ da d -b - c- cf- c ed a/college_physics. license: cc by: attribution. license terms: located at license 									 									 				 				 					 				previous			 		 					 				next			 			 			 			 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 perpetual futures - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	perpetual futures 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		in finance, a perpetual futures contract, also known as a perpetual swap, is an agreement to non-optionally buy or sell an asset at an unspecified point in the future. perpetual futures are cash-settled, and differ from regular futures in that they lack a pre-specified delivery date, and can thus be held indefinitely without the need to roll over contracts as they approach expiration. payments are periodically exchanged between holders of the two sides of the contracts, long and short, with the direction and magnitude of the settlement based on the difference between the contract price and that of the underlying asset, as well as, if applicable, the difference in leverage between the two sides. perpetual futures were first proposed by economist robert shiller in , to enable derivatives markets for illiquid assets.[ ] however, perpetual futures markets have only developed for cryptocurrencies, following their introduction in by bitmex.[ ][ ] cryptocurrency perpetuals are characterised by the availability of high leverage, sometimes over times the margin, and by the use of auto-deleveraging, which compels high-leverage, profitable traders to forfeit a portion of their profits to cover the losses of the other side during periods of high market volatility, as well as insurance funds, pools of assets intended to prevent the need for auto-deleveraging. perpetuals serve the same function as contracts for difference (cfds), allowing indefinite, leveraged tracking of an underlying asset or flow, but differ in that a single, uniform contract is traded on an exchange for all time-horizons, quantities of leverage, and positions, as opposed to separate contracts for separate quantities of leverage typically traded directly with a broker.[ ] contents 	 history 	 mechanism 	 . as used in cryptocurrency markets 	 . . liquidation and insurance funds 	 . . auto-deleveraging 	 see also 	 references history[edit] holding a futures contract indefinitely requires periodically rolling over the contract into a new one before the contract's expiry. however, given that the price of futures typically differs from spot prices, rolling over contracts, particularly repeatedly, creates significant basis risk, leading to inefficiencies when used for hedging or speculation.[ ] in an attempt to remedy these ills, the chinese gold and silver exchange of hong kong developed an "undated futures" market, wherein one-day futures would be rolled over automatically, with the difference between future and spot prices settled between the counterparties.[ ] in , robert shiller proposed perpetual futures, alongside a method for generating asset-price indices using hedonic regression, accounting for unmeasured qualities by adding dummy variables that represent elements of the index, indicating the unique quality of each element, a form of repeated measures design. this was intended to permit the creation of derivatives markets for illiquid, infrequently-priced assets, such as single-family homes, as well as untraded indices and flows of income, such as labour costs or the consumer price index.[ ] the first significant uses of perpetual futures came in the form of cryptocurrency contracts, first offered by bitmex in may , that became popular amongst traders by permitting highly-leveraged trading at different time-horizions in a liquid market without inordinate counterparty risk in the absence of regulated intermediaries. as a result, $ . t in cryptocurrency derivatives were traded in the third quarter of , with a large majority of that volume consisting of perpetual futures.[ ][ ] mechanism[edit] perpetual futures for the value of a cash flow, dividend or index, as envisioned by shiller, require the payment of a daily settlement, intended to mirror the value of the flow, from one side of the contract to the other. at any day t, the dividend s t + {\displaystyle s_{t+ }} , paid from shorts to longs, is defined as: s t + = ( f t + − f t ) + ( d t + − r t f t ) {\displaystyle s_{t+ }=(f_{t+ }-f_{t})+(d_{t+ }-r_{t}f_{t})} where f t {\displaystyle f_{t}} is the price of the perpetual at day t, d t {\displaystyle d_{t}} is the dividend paid to owners of the underlying asset on day t, and r t {\displaystyle r_{t}} is the return on an alternative asset (expected to be a short-term, low-risk rate) between time t and t+ .[ ] as used in cryptocurrency markets[edit] the perpetual contracts offered by cryptocurrency derivative exchanges are typically priced by versions of the above formula, where the difference in cryptocurrency prices from one day to the other can be thought of as the dividend due to owners of the asset. however, a number of conventions have developed in the cryptocurrency perpetual market, due to greater volatility and the lack of regulatory requirements mandating a particular market structure. unlike traditional futures, cryptocurrency perpetuals typically use the cryptocurrency as their base currency, making them inverse futures.[ ] settlement between different sides of the trade, known as funding, typically occurs every eight hours. in addition, given the lack of a cryptocurrency repo market and, consequently, an overnight rate, the base interest on cryptocurrency perpetuals is usually a fixed percentage set by the exchange. liquidation and insurance funds[edit] cryptocurrency derivatives exchanges lack central counterparty clearing, intermediaries in regulated derivatives markets that take collateral and adjust margin requirements in an attempt to eliminate counterparty risk, the risk that holders of one side in the contract will fail to cover their obligations in the event of a margin call after an adverse price move. as a result, liquidation is performed before the one side of the contract reaches bankruptcy, when the contract's remaining margin reaches a pre-specified value (the maintenance margin, which determines the liquidation price). if the exchange is able to close out the contract at a profit, the proceeds are typically inserted into the exchange's insurance fund, which guarantees the profitable side when counterparty margin is insufficient, usually when the price of the asset has moved sharply in one direction and the exchange was unable to liquidate at a profit. auto-deleveraging[edit] if the exchange's insurance fund is depleted, whether globally or for a particular contract, accounts are ranked according to their profit and leverage. this is used to form an "auto-deleveraging" queue, where the positions of traders at the front of the queue are closed, at the bankruptcy price, to prevent market losers from going into default.[ ] auto-deleveraging is intended to reduce counterparty risk by penalising the riskiest traders, as opposed to the more evenly-spread "mutualised" model used by central clearing, and balance risk in a fully automated manner, requiring no manual discretion by intermediaries.[ ] see also[edit] 	futures contract 	contract for difference references[edit] 	^ a b c shiller, robert j, . "measuring asset values for cash settlement in derivative markets: hedonic repeated measures indices and perpetual futures," journal of finance, american finance association, vol. ( ), pages - , july. 	^ a b c alexander, carol; choi, jaehyuk; park, heungju; sohn, sungbin ( - - ). "bitmex bitcoin derivatives: price discovery, informational efficiency and hedging effectiveness". rochester, ny. doi: . /ssrn. . s cid  . ssrn  . cite journal requires |journal= (help) 	^ alexander, carol; deng, jun; zou, bin ( - - ). "optimal hedging with margin constraints and default aversion and its application to bitcoin perpetual futures". arxiv: . [q-fin.rm]. 	^ gardner, b. l. ( ). rollover hedging and missing long‐term futures markets. american journal of agricultural economics, ( ), - . 	^ gehr jr, adam k. "undated futures markets." the journal of futures markets ( - ) , no. ( ): . 	^ "derivatives' disparities: surveying the bitcoin perpetual swap market". coin metrics. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ kraken intelligence ( - - ). "the tail wags the dog: an evolution of bitcoin futures". cite journal requires |journal= (help) 	^ "what is auto-deleveraging (adl)?". bybit official help. retrieved - - . 	^ "auto deleveraging examples - bitmex". www.bitmex.com. retrieved - - . 		v 	t 	e derivatives market 	derivative (finance) 	options	 	terms	 	credit spread 	debit spread 	exercise 	expiration 	moneyness 	open interest 	pin risk 	risk-free interest rate 	strike price 	synthetic position 	the greeks 	volatility 	vanillas	 	american 	bond option 	call 	employee stock option 	european 	fixed income 	fx 	option styles 	put 	warrants 	exotics	 	asian 	barrier 	basket 	binary 	chooser 	cliquet 	commodore 	compound 	forward start 	interest rate 	lookback 	mountain range 	rainbow 	swaption 	strategies	 	collar 	covered call 	fence 	iron butterfly 	iron condor 	straddle 	strangle 	protective put 	risk reversal 	spreads	 	back 	bear 	box 	bull 	butterfly 	calendar 	diagonal 	intermarket 	jelly roll 	ratio 	vertical 	valuation	 	binomial 	black 	black–scholes 	finite difference 	garman–kohlhagen 	lattices 	margrabe 	put–call parity 	mc simulation 	real options 	trinomial 	vanna–volga 	swaps	 	amortising 	asset 	basis 	conditional variance 	constant maturity 	correlation 	credit default 	currency 	dividend 	equity 	forex 	forward rate agreement 	inflation 	interest rate 	overnight indexed 	total return 	variance 	volatility 	year-on-year inflation-indexed 	zero coupon inflation-indexed 	zero coupon swap 		forwards 	futures 	 	contango 	commodities future 	currency future 	dividend future 	forward market 	forward price 	forwards pricing 	forward rate 	futures pricing 	interest rate future 	margin 	normal backwardation 	perpetual futures 	single-stock futures 	slippage 	stock market index future 	exotic derivatives	 	commodity derivative 	energy derivative 	freight derivative 	inflation derivative 	property derivative 	weather derivative 	other derivatives	 	collateralized debt obligation (cdo) 	constant proportion portfolio insurance 	contract for difference 	credit-linked note (cln) 	credit default option 	credit derivative 	equity-linked note (eln) 	equity derivative 	foreign exchange derivative 	fund derivative 	fund of funds 	interest rate derivative 	mortgage-backed security 	power reverse dual-currency note (prdc) 	market issues	 	consumer debt 	corporate debt 	government debt 	great recession 	municipal debt 	tax policy retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=perpetual_futures&oldid= " 		categories: 	derivatives (finance) 	futures markets hidden categories: 	cs errors: missing periodical 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 		 		add links 	 		 this page was last edited on june , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 national bank act - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	national bank act 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		primary federal legislation authorizing the creation of national banks in the us the first national bank in philadelphia the national banking acts of and were two united states federal banking acts that established a system of national banks, and created the united states national banking system. they encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of u.s. treasury securities and established the office of the comptroller of the currency as part of the united states department of the treasury and a system of nationally chartered banks. the act shaped today's national banking system and its support of a uniform u.s. banking policy. contents 	 background 	 national bank acts 	 . national bank act of 	 . national bank act of 	 . national bank acts of and 	 resurgence of state banks 	 legacy 	 see also 	 notes 	 further reading 	 external links background[edit] at the end of the second bank of the united states in , the control of banking regimes devolved mostly to the states. different states adopted policies including a total ban on banking (as in wisconsin), a single state-chartered bank (as in indiana and illinois), limited chartering of banks (as in ohio), and free entry (as in new york).[ ] while the relative success of new york's "free banking" laws led a number of states to also adopt a free-entry banking regime, the system remained poorly integrated across state lines. though all banknotes were uniformly denominated in dollars, notes would often circulate at a steep discount in states beyond their issue. in the end, there were well-publicized frauds arising in states like michigan, which had adopted free entry regimes but did not require redeemability of bank issues for specie. the perception of dangerous "wildcat banking”, along with the poor integration of the u.s. banking system, led to increasing public support for a uniform national banking regime. the united states government, on the other hand, still had limited taxation capabilities, and so had an interest in the seigniorage potential of a national bank. in , the polk administration created a united states treasury system that moved public funds from private banks to treasury branches in order to fund the mexican–american war. however, without a national currency, the revenue generated this way was limited. this became more urgent during the civil war, when congress and lincoln were struggling to finance the war efforts.[ ] without a national mechanism for issuing currency, the lincoln could not exploit the powers and loopholes that, for example, britain could with its central bank, in order to finance the high expenses involved. previously, the damage that would be done to state banks by national competition was sufficient to prevent significant national bank chartering. but using the war crisis, lincoln was able to expand this effort. a "greenback" note issued during the civil war one of the first attempts to issue a national currency came in the early days of the civil war when congress approved the legal tender act of , allowing the issue of $ million in national notes known as greenbacks and mandating that paper money be issued and accepted in lieu of gold and silver coins. the bills were backed only by the national government's promise to redeem them and their value was dependent on public confidence in the government as well as the ability of the government to give out specie in exchange for the bills in the future. many thought this promise backing the bills was about as good as the green ink printed on one side, hence the name "greenbacks."[ ] the second legal tender act,[ ] enacted july , , a joint resolution of congress,[ ] and the third legal tender act,[ ] enacted march , , expanded the limit to $ million. the largest amount of greenbacks outstanding at any one time was calculated as $ , , . .[ ] the national bank act (ch. ,  stat.  ; february , ), originally known as the national currency act, was passed in the senate by a – vote, and was supplemented a year later by the national banking act of . the goals of these acts was to create a single national currency, a nationalized bank chartering system, and to raise money for the union war effort. the act established national banks that could issue notes which were backed by the united states treasury and printed by the government itself. the quantity of notes that a bank was allowed to issue was proportional to the bank's level of capital deposited with the comptroller of the currency at the treasury. to further control the currency, the act taxed notes issued by state and local banks, essentially pushing non-federally issued paper out of circulation.[ ] since the establishment of the republic, state governments had held authority to regulate banks. before the act, state legislatures typically issued bank charters on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration whether the area needed a new bank, and if the applicant was of good moral standing. as this system could be subject to corruption, states began passing "free banking" laws in , which meant that any applicant who filled out the correct paperwork and deposited an in-kind payment to the state would be granted a charter. by the s, over half of states had such a law on the books. however, the national banking act of (ch. ,  stat.  ; june , ) brought a close to the issue by establishing federally-issued bank charters, which took banking out of the hands of state governments.[ ][ ] the first bank to receive a national charter was the first national bank of philadelphia, pennsylvania (charter # ).[ ] the first new national bank to open was the first national bank of davenport, iowa (charter # ).[citation needed] additionally, the new act converted more than , state banks to national banks.[citation needed] national bank acts[edit] $ national bank note national bank act of [edit] the national bank act of was passed on february th, , and was the first attempt to establish a federal banking system after the failures of the first and second banks of the united states, and served as the predecessor to the federal reserve act of .[ ][ ] the act allowed the creation of national banks, set out a plan for establishing a national currency backed by government securities held by other banks, and gave the federal government the ability to sell war bonds and securities (in order to help the war effort). national banks were chartered by the federal government, and were subject to stricter regulation; they had higher capital requirements and were not allowed to loan more than % of their holdings. a high tax on state banks was levied to discourage competition, and by most state banks had either received national charters or collapsed. [ ] national bank act of [edit] the act, based on a new york state law, brought the federal government into active supervision of commercial banks. it established the office of the comptroller of the currency with the responsibility of chartering, examining and supervising all national banks. national bank acts of and [edit] further acts passed in and imposed a tax to speed the adoption of the system. all banks (national or otherwise) had to pay a % tax on payments that they made in currency notes other than national bank notes. the tax rate was intentionally set so high as to effectively prohibit further circulation of state bank and private notes. by this time the conversion from state banks to national banks was well underway. the constitutionality of the tax came before the supreme court in veazie bank v. fenno, a case by a state-chartered maine bank and the collector of internal revenue. the court ruled – in favor of the government. state banks declined until the s, when the growing popularity of checks and the declining profitability of national bank currency issues caused a resurgence. resurgence of state banks[edit] the granting of charters led to the creation of many national banks and a national banking system which grew at a fast pace. the number of national banks rose from immediately after the act to , in .[citation needed] initially, this rise in national banking came at the expense of state banking—the number of state banks dwindled from , in to in .[citation needed] though state banks were no longer allowed to issue notes, local bankers took advantage of less strict capital requirements ($ , for state banks vs. $ , – , for national banks) and opened new branches en masse. these new state banks then served as competition for national banks, growing to , in number by .[citation needed] the years leading up to the passing of the % tax on banknotes consisted of events surrounding the national banking act of . during this time period, hugh mcculloch was determined to "fight against the national banking legislation, which he rightly perceived as a threat to state-chartered banking. although he tried to block the system's creation, he [mcculloch] was not determined to be its champion."[citation needed] part of his plans to revamp this portion of the banking system included hiring a new staff, being hands-on with several aspects such as "personally evaluating applications for bank charters and consoled prospective bankers", and "assisting in the design of the new national bank notes, and arranged for their engraving, printing, and distribution." as an end result of mcculloch's efforts, many banks were just not willing to conform to his system of operations. this prompted congress to pass "a percent tax on the notes of state banks, signaling its determination that national banks would triumph and the state banks would fade away." a later act, passed on march , , imposed a tax of percent on the notes of state banks to take effect on july , . similar to previous taxes, this effectively forced all non-federal currency from circulation. it also resulted in the creation of demand deposit accounts, and encouraged banks to join the national system, increasing the number of national banks substantially.[ ] legacy[edit] the national banking acts served to create the (federal-state) dual structure that is now a defining characteristic of the u.s. banking system and economy. the comptroller of the currency continues to have significance in the u.s. economy and is responsible for administration and supervision of national banks as well as certain activities of bank subsidiaries (per the gramm-leach-bliley act of ).[ ] in the act was used by john d. hawke, jr., comptroller of the currency, to effectively bar state attorneys general from national bank oversight and regulatory roles. many blame the resulting lack of oversight and regulation for the late- s recession, the bailout of the u.s. financial system and the subprime mortgage crisis.[ ] see also[edit] 	banks portal 	us banking law 	cuomo v. clearing house ass'n, l.l.c. notes[edit] 	^ dowd, kevin ( ). "us banking in the 'free banking' period". in dowd, kevin (ed.). the experience of free banking. isbn  . 	^ lincoln and the founding of the national banking system 	^ a b c d gale encyclopedia of u.s. economic history. detroit: gale, . 	^ ch. ,  stat.  	^ united states congress. resolution of january , , no. . washington d.c.: 	^ ch. ,  stat.  	^ backus, charles k. ( ), the contraction of the currency, chicago, ill.: the honest money league of the northwest – via google books 	^ a b grossman, richard s. ( ), u.s. banking history, civil war to wwii, economic history services, archived from the original on - - 	^ the north american ( ). philadelphia and popular philadelphians. philadelphia: the american printing house. p.  – via google books. 	^ a b dieterle, david a.; simmons, katherine m. ( ). government and the economy: an encyclopedia. abc-clio. pp.  – . isbn  . retrieved may . 	^ mason, james e. ( ). the transformation of commercial banking in the united states, - . routledge. p.  . isbn  . 	^ berner, robert & grow, brian (october , ). "they warned us about the mortgage crisis". business week. further reading[edit] 	 allen, larry ( ). the encyclopedia of money ( nd ed.). santa barbara, ca: abc-clio. pp.  – . isbn  - . 	 friedman, milton; schwartz, anna j. ( ). a monetary history of the united states, – . pp.  – . isbn  - . 	 niven, john ( ). samuel p. chase: a biography. new york: oxford university press. pp.  – . isbn  - . external links[edit] 	national-bank act as amended, the federal reserve act and other laws relating to national banks. february, : document compiled under the direction of the comptroller of the currency for the use of the senate, providing dates of acts relating to national banks, – , text of the acts and amendments, and indexes. 	an act to provide a national currency, secured by a pledge of united states bonds, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof, act of june , , national bank act of , national banking act of 	an act to provide for a national currency, secured by a pledge of united states stocks, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof, act of february , , national bank act, national banking act, national currency act 	the library of congress 	history of the office of the comptroller of the currency 	history of banking at about.com 		v 	t 	e bank regulation in the united states 	federal authorities	 	consumer financial protection bureau 	farm credit administration 	federal deposit insurance corporation 	federal financial institutions examination council 	federal housing finance agency 	federal reserve board of governors 	financial stability oversight council 	national credit union administration 	office of the comptroller of the currency 	major federal legislation	 	independent treasury act 	national bank act 	federal reserve act 	mcfadden act 	 banking act 	glass–steagall act 	federal credit union act 	bank holding company act 	interest rate control act of 	truth in lending act 	bank secrecy act 	fair credit reporting act 	home mortgage disclosure act 	community reinvestment act 	electronic fund transfer act 	financial institutions regulatory and interest rate control act of 	monetary control act 	depository institutions act 	competitive equality banking act of 	firrea 	fdicia 	truth in savings act 	riegle-neal ibbea 	gramm–leach–bliley act 	fair and accurate credit transactions act 	emergency economic stabilization act 	credit card act 	dodd-frank 	federal reserve board regulations 	 	extensions of credit by federal reserve banks (reg a) 	equal credit opportunity (reg b) 	home mortgage disclosure (reg c) 	reserve requirements for depository institutions (reg d) 	electronic fund transfer (reg e) 	limitations on interbank liabilities (reg f) 	international banking operations (reg k) 	consumer leasing (reg m) 	loans to insiders (reg o) 	privacy of consumer financial information (reg p) 	prohibition against the paying of interest on demand deposits (reg q) 	credit by brokers and dealers (reg t) 	credit by banks and persons other than brokers or dealers for the purpose of purchasing or carrying margin stock (reg u) 	transactions between member banks and their affiliates (reg w) 	borrowers of securities credit (reg x) 	truth in lending (reg z) 	unfair or deceptive acts or practices (reg aa) 	community reinvestment (reg bb) 	availability of funds and collection of checks (reg cc) 	truth in savings (reg dd) 	types of bank charter	 	credit union 	federal savings association 	national bank 	state bank 	state authorities	 	california 	colorado 	florida 	illinois 	maryland 	michigan 	new jersey 	new york 	ohio 	oklahoma 	oregon 	pennsylvania 	tennessee 	virginia 	terms	 	call report 	cael rating 	camels rating system 	thrift financial report 	other topics	 	banking in the united states 	fair debt collection 	history of central banking in the united states 	wildcat banking 	 	 category 	 economics portal 	 banks portal 	 	v 	t 	e federal reserve system 	 	federal open market committee (fomc) 	chair 	vice chair 	governors 	federal reserve banks 	banknotes	 	federal reserve note 	federal reserve bank note 	 	reports	 	beige book 	federal reserve statistical release 	monetary policy report to the congress 	federal funds	 	discount window 	bank rate 	federal funds 	federal funds rate 	overnight rate 	primary dealer 	history (antecedents)	 	 – 	 	aldrich–vreeland act ( ) 	federal reserve act ( ) 	pittman act ( ) 	post–world war i recession ( – ) 	 – depression 	roaring twenties ( – ) 	wall street crash of 	great depression ( – ) 	regulation d (c. ) 	panic of 	emergency banking act ( ) 	regulation q ( ) 	glass–steagall act ( ) 	gold reserve act ( ) 	 – recession 	 – 	 	bretton woods system ( – ) 	employment act of 	 recession 	u.s. treasury department accord ( ) 	 recession 	bank holding company act ( ) 	 recession 	 – recession 	fomc actions ( –present) 	kennedy slide of 	truth in lending act ( ) 	 – recession 	nixon shock ( ) 	smithsonian agreement ( ) 	 – 	 	 – stock market crash 	 – recession 	equal credit opportunity act ( ) 	home mortgage disclosure act ( ) 	community reinvestment act ( ) 	federal reserve reform act ( ) 	electronic fund transfer act ( ) 	humphrey–hawkins full employment act ( ) 	didmc act ( ) 	early s recession ( ; – ) 	federal reserve v. investment co. institute ( ) 	 – 	 	northeast bancorp v. federal reserve ( ) 	savings and loan crisis ( – ) 	black monday ( ) 	greenspan put 	expedited funds availability act ( ) 	firre act ( ) 	friday the th mini-crash ( ) 	early s recession ( – ) 	fdic improvement act ( ) 	 s u.s. economic expansion ( – ) 	dot-com bubble ( – ) 	 mini-crash 	gramm–leach–bliley act ( ) 	 recession 	 / stock market crash ( ) 	 stock market downturn 	u.s. housing market correction ( – ) 	 –	 	great recession ( – ) 	 – u.s. bear market 	 – financial crisis 	subprime mortgage crisis responses ( – ) 	emergency economic stabilization act ( ) 	unfair or deceptive acts or practices ( ) 	commercial paper funding facility ( – ) 	primary dealer credit facility ( – ) 	bloomberg v. federal reserve ( ) 	 supervisory capital assessment program 	term asset-backed securities loan facility ( – ) 	public–private investment program for legacy assets ( –) 	 flash crash 	dodd–frank act ( ) 	august stock markets fall 	 – stock market selloff 	covid- economic impact ( ) 	 stock market crash 	commercial paper funding facility ( – ) 	chairs	 	charles s. hamlin ( – ) 	william p. g. harding ( – ) 	daniel r. crissinger ( – ) 	roy a. young ( – ) 	eugene meyer ( – ) 	eugene r. black ( – ) 	marriner s. eccles ( – ) 	thomas b. mccabe ( – ) 	william m. martin ( – ) 	arthur f. burns ( – ) 	g. william miller ( – ) 	paul volcker ( – ) 	alan greenspan ( – ) 	ben bernanke ( – ) 	janet yellen ( – ) 	jerome powell ( –present) 	current governors	 	jerome powell (chair) 	richard clarida (vice chair) 	randal quarles (vice chair for supervision) 	lael brainard 	michelle bowman 	christopher waller 	 seat vacant 	current presidents (by district)	 	eric s. rosengren (boston) 	john c. williams (new york) 	patrick t. harker (philadelphia) 	loretta j. mester (cleveland) 	thomas barkin (richmond) 	raphael bostic (atlanta) 	charles l. evans (chicago) 	james b. bullard (st. louis) 	neel kashkari (minneapolis) 	esther george (kansas city) 	robert steven kaplan (dallas) 	mary c. daly (san francisco) 	related	 	central bank 	criticism of the federal reserve 	fed model 	fedspeak retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=national_bank_act&oldid= " 		categories: 	 in american politics 	 in law 	 th united states congress 	united states federal banking legislation hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from march 	articles with unsourced statements from august 	articles with unsourced statements from october 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			português 	Русский 	svenska 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 tether is ‘too big to fail’ — the entire cryptocurrency industry utterly depends on it – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		tether is ‘too big to fail’ — the entire cryptocurrency industry utterly depends on it 		 			 th december nd march - by david gerard - comments.		 		 	 	 	 	 	 		tether is a us dollar substitute token, issued by tether inc., an associate of cryptocurrency exchange bitfinex. tether is a favourite of the crypto trading markets — it moves at the speed of crypto, without all that tedious regulation and monitoring that actual dollars attract. also, exchanges that are too dodgy to get dollar banking can use tethers instead. bryce weiner has written a good overview of how tether works in relation to the cryptocurrency industry. his piece says nothing that any regular reader of this blog won’t already know, but he says it quite well. [medium] weiner’s thesis: the whole crypto industry depends on tether staying up. tether is too big to fail. the purpose of the crypto industry, and all its little service sub-industries, is to generate a narrative that will maintain and enhance the flow of actual dollars from suckers, and keep the party going. increasing quantities of tethers are required to make this happen. we just topped twenty billion alleged dollars’ worth of tethers, sixteen billion of those just since march . if you think this is sustainable, you’re a fool.   bitcoin-tether volumes are now magnitudes greater than bitcoin-dollar volumes. #btc #usdt pic.twitter.com/zizueitkwr — kaiko (@kaikodata) december ,   pump it! does crypto really need tether? ask the trading market — stablecoins are overwhelmingly tethers by volume. i suspect the other stablecoins are just a bit too regulated for the gamblers. tether is functionally unregulated. in fact, the whole crypto market is overwhelmingly tethers by volume — tether has more trading volume than the next three coins, bitcoin, ethereum and xrp, combined. [decrypt] in march, when the price of bitcoin crashed, a pile of exchanges and whales (large holders) put money, or maybe bitcoins, into tether to keep the system afloat. at least some percentage of the backing for tethers might exist! (all are now complicit in a manner that would be discoverable in court.) this is why crypto is so up in arms about the proposed stable act, which would require stablecoin issuers to become banks — the act would take out tether immediately, given tether’s extensive and judicially-recognised connections to new york state, and there is no way on earth that a company that comports itself in the manner of tether is getting a banking charter. (the tether printer was quiet for about a week after the stable act came out — and the price of bitcoin slid down about $ , .) the bitcoin price is visibly pumped by releases of tethers — particularly on weekends. i find it strangely difficult to believe real-money institutional investors are so keen to get on the phone to tether on a saturday.   a snapshot of coinbase btc/usd this weekend. spot when tethers were deployed on binance or huobi.   clap if you believe in tether but it’s far wider than the traders. every person making money from crypto — not just bitcoin, but everything else touching crypto — is painfully aware they need tether to keep the market pumped. all the little service sub-industries are vested in making crypto look real — and not just handwaving nonsense held up by a hilariously obvious fraud. so tether must be propped up, at all cost — in the face of behaviour that, at any real financial institution, would have had the air-raid sirens going off long ago. the big question is: what are all those tethers backed by? tether used to confidently claim that every tether was backed by a dollar held in a bank account. this turned out not to be the case — so now tethers are backed by dollars, or perhaps bitcoins, or loans, or maybe hot air. various unfortunately gullible journalists have embarrassed themselves by taking what tether tells them at face value. matthew leising from bloomberg confidently declared in december , based on documents supplied to him by tether, that tether seemed fully backed and solvent! [bloomberg] then four months later, the new york attorney general revealed that tether had admitted to them that tethers were no more than % backed, and the backing had failed in october   — tether had snowed leising. i don’t recall leising ever speaking of this again, even to walk back his claim. larry cermak from the block fell for the same trick recently, from tether and from people working closely with tether. [twitter] bitfinex/tether was supposed to give the nyag a pile of documents by now. the nyag is talking to the companies about document production, and just what documents they do and don’t have — so proceedings have been delayed until january . [letter, pdf]     the end game dan davies’ book lying for money (uk, us) talks about the life cycle of frauds. a fraud may start small — but it has to keep growing, to cover up the earlier fraud. so a fraud will grow until it can’t. i did a chat with the ft alphaville unofficial telegram a few weeks ago. someone asked a great question: “who’s going to make out like a bandit when/if bitcoin collapses?” most scam collapses involve someone taking all the money. in the case of bitcoin and tether, i think the answer is … nobody. a whole lot of imaginary value just vanishes, like morning dew. i can’t think of a way for tether or the whales to exit scam with a large pile of actual dollars — because a shortage of actual dollars is crypto’s whole problem. i mean, i’m sure someone will do well. but there’s no locked-up pile of money to plunder. crypto “market cap” is a marketing fiction — there’s very little realisable money there. what was the “market cap” of beanie babies in ? imaginary, that’s what. so how does this end? the main ways out i see are nyag or the cftc finally getting around to doing something. either of those are a long way off — because regulators move at the speed of regulators. even the nyag proceeding is just an investigation at this stage, not a case as such. everyone in crypto’s service industries has a job that’s backed by the whales. perhaps the whales will keep funding stuff? i’m not counting on it, given all the redundancies and shut-down projects over and . this will keep going until it can’t. remember that it took seventeen years to take down bernie madoff. he got institutional buyers in, too.   past asset bubble veteran inch the inchworm, his ty slightly askew, hitting the sauce after seeing his crypto portfolio   your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedbryce weinerlarry cermakmatthew leisingnew yorktether	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article facebook’s libra is now diem; stable act says stablecoins must get banking licenses next article news: coinbase key holders leave, ethereum . slashing, libra may not become diem, regulatory clarity in france 	 			 			 comments on “tether is ‘too big to fail’ — the entire cryptocurrency industry utterly depends on it” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												brendan says:					 					 						 th december at : pm					 									 				 					tether’s design is so flawed it has to fail and when it does it will take btc and the rest of crypto with it. i predicted this over years ago and got out of crypto and into bsv – the real bitcoin which is not dependent on scammy fraudsters running a counterfeit usd operation to pump the price. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 th december at : am					 									 				 					they had us in the second half meme 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												eloi says:					 					 						 th december at : am					 									 				 					bsv is crypto… 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												mark chamberlain says:					 					 						 th december at : am					 									 				 					it would be interesting to know if there are any institutional or hedge fund players who understand this enough to be short crypto. plus how would it work? if you borrow the currency to sell it short and the price goes to zero and stops trading, how do you close your position? 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												dylan says:					 					 						 th december at : pm					 									 				 					this depends on a reliable way of shorting crypto, and i wouldn’t trust any of the existing exchanges enough to give money to them (unless i was ok losing that money). and i trust the “trustless” smart contract tools for doing this sort of thing even less. plus, you’d have to be confident about when the crypto market explodes, which is difficult to call given how manipulated it is. the market can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 th december at : pm					 									 				 					yeah, in crypto the platforms themselves are part of the threat model. i expect you could deal with, say, cme in confidence. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												mark chamberlain says:					 					 						 th december at : pm					 									 				 					the news today is about how the shorts were sold out in this new move. the better idea might be to short the new index fund bitw (if i was crazy enough to try). it’s now trading at an insane premium to nav, when you can instead just buy bitcoin itself through paypal. the kind of thing that happens at blow off tops…. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												greg allen says:					 					 						 th december at : pm					 									 				 					not really – see articles on alphaville etc post-lehman, on how the move to mandate exchange settlement of derivatives just moved the counterparty risk from other banks to a single centralized exchange. i wouldn’t assume the exchange is sufficiently capitalized to help, and i wouldn’t even expect it to be on the hook for the other side of your futures contract 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												massimo says:					 					 						 th january at : am					 									 				 					interesting thesis, could you deepen the subject please? 				 							 		 	 			 				 					 												mark bloomfield says:					 					 						 th january at : pm					 									 				 					please keep on at this: the message needs to get out. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												sesang says:					 					 						 th january at : am					 									 				 					nice read. ty 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												david says:					 					 						 th january at : pm					 									 				 					excellent article. there’s no worst blind that those who don’t want to see. 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 information technology and libraries 	 		skip to main content 		skip to main navigation menu 		skip to site footer 	 	 				 			 				 																 																								 								 							 																	 									 								 									 						 																					 				 					current 				 							 	 				 					archives 				 							 	 				 					announcements 				 							 	 				 					about 				 										 									 										about the journal 									 								 	 									 										editorial team 									 								 	 									 										submissions 									 								 	 									 										contact 									 								 	 									 										privacy statement 									 								 							 				 																								 		 		 		 			search 		 		 			 				search 			 			 			 		 													 					 								 				 							 				 					register 				 							 	 				 					login 				 							 				 			 		 						 			 	 			 			 		 	 		 				 			 				current issue 			 			 				vol no ( ) 			 			 		 		 						 				 				 							 				 					published: 				 				 					 - - 				 			 			 		 		 			 									 					editorials 				 							 						 	 	 	 		 			improving ital's peer review 							 					letter from the editor 				 					 	 		 				 			kenneth j. varnum 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			making room for change through rest 					 	 		 				 			margaret heller 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			do space’s virtual interview lab 							 					using simple technology to serve the public in a time of crisis 				 					 	 		 				 			michael p. sauers 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			service barometers 							 					using lending kiosks to locate patrons 				 					 	 		 				 			will yarbrough 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 				 			 									 					articles 				 							 						 	 	 	 		 			the impact of covid- on the use of academic library resources 					 	 		 				 			ruth sara connell, lisa c. wallis, david comeaux 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			emergency remote library instruction and tech tools 							 					a matter of equity during a pandemic 				 					 	 		 				 			kathia ibacache, amanda rybin, eric vance 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			off-campus access to licensed online resources through shibboleth 					 	 		 				 			dr. francis jayakanth, dr. anand t. byrappa, mr. raja visvanathan 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			a framework for measuring relevancy in discovery environments 					 	 		 				 			blake l. galbreath, alex merrill, corey m. johnson 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			beyond viaf 							 					wikidata as a complementary tool for authority control in libraries 				 					 	 		 				 			carlo bianchini, stefano bargioni, camillo carlo pellizzari di san girolamo 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			algorithmic literacy and the role for libraries 					 	 		 				 			michael ridley, danica pawlick-potts 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 	 						 	 	 	 		 			persistent urls and citations offered for digital objects by digital libraries 					 	 		 				 			nicholas homenda 		 		 				 		 	 	 				 																										 	 		 		 	pdf 	 				 	 	 					 				 		 			 				view all issues 			 		 	 		 	 									 				 	 		 			open journal systems 		 	 	information 	 			 					 						for readers 					 				 	 					 						for authors 					 				 	 					 						for librarians 					 				 	 	current issue 	 			 				 					 				 			 	 				 					 				 			 	 				 					 				 			 	 			 			 	 		 		 			 				 			 		 	 register your interest: open knowledge justice programme community meetups register your interest: open knowledge justice programme community meetups the open knowledge justice programme is kicking off a series of free, monthly community meetups to talk about public impact algorithms. do you want to learn more about pias, what they are, how to spot them, and how they may affect your clients? join us: to listen to each other and our guest speakers; perhaps to share and learn about this fast-changing issue. when? lunch time every second thursday of the month how? register your interest using the form below more info: www.thejusticeprogramme.org/community * required name * your answer email * your answer affiliation organisation you're working with. if not affiliated to any organisation, please write 'no affiliation' your answer are you a... * barrister solicitor student academic civil society organisation other: country * your answer why are you interested in joining the community meetups? * your answer sign up to be added to the open knowledge justice programme mailing list. you will receive an occasional newsletter with curated news on public impact algorithms and announcements of upcoming trainings. please add me to the mailing list anything else you would like to share? your answer i agree with open knowledge foundation retaining the provided personal information in order to communicate with me as part of the open knowledge justice programme * we only retain minimal information for the purpose of facilitating the community meetups and share updates on the programme. agreeing to this use of your data allows us to send you a calendar invite and register your name and email in the list of participants. yes required submit never submit passwords through google forms. this form was created inside of open knowledge foundation.  forms     エロセフレ作り日記 エロセフレ作り日記 	セフレ募集に向いてない女性！セフレ作りのときに注意すべきタイプとは？ 出会い系サイトを使ってセフレ募集する時には、注意しなければいけないタイプがいます。 後で面倒なことにならないために、最初から危険な香りのする女性には手を出す前のが良いです。 どんなタイプの女性に気をつけるべきなのでしょう [&# ;] 	セフレ作りのためのプロフィールはどうすればいいの？コツを伝授します 出会い系サイトでセフレ募集をするために、力を入れておきたいのがプロフィールの作成です。メッセージを送った女性から返信を貰えるかどうかは、プロフィール次第となることも多いものです。そんなプロフィール作成のポイントを、簡単に [&# ;] 	セフレが作れない！出会い系サイトで出会えない男性が見直すべきポイント 出会い系サイトを利用してセフレ募集しているのに、なかなかセフレができないという人がいます。 そんな男性が陥っている原因について具体的に挙げますので、当てはまっている場合は改善してください。 注意点を守れば出会い系サイトで [&# ;] 	セフレにできる狙い目女性は？出会い系サイトでアプローチすべき女性を紹介！ わがままは言わないので出会い系サイトで絶対にセフレ募集したいという人は、どんな女性をターゲットにすべきでしょうか？ 年齢や特徴などからセフレになりやすい人を選んで、アプローチしていきましょう。 具体的な戦略を挙げていきま [&# ;] jean leon gerome ferris - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	jean leon gerome ferris 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		american painter 	jean leon gerome ferris 	the first thanksgiving 	born	( - - )august , philadelphia, pennsylvania 	died	march , ( - - ) (aged  ) philadelphia, pennsylvania 	nationality	american 	education	pennsylvania academy of the fine arts 	known for	painting writing the declaration of independence, , ferris's idealized depiction of (left to right) benjamin franklin, john adams, and thomas jefferson of the committee of five working on the declaration, was widely reprinted. the landing of william penn jean leon gerome ferris (august , – march , [ ]) was an american painter best known for his series of scenes from american history, entitled the pageant of a nation, the largest series of american historical paintings by a single artist.[ ] life and career[edit] ferris was born in philadelphia, pennsylvania, the son of stephen james ferris, a portrait painter who was a devotee of jean-léon gérôme (after whom he was named) and also an admirer of mariano fortuny.[ ] he grew up around art; he was trained by his father[ ] and his uncles edward moran and thomas moran were both acclaimed painters.[ ] ferris enrolled in the pennsylvania academy of the fine arts in and trained further at the académie julian beginning in under william-adolphe bouguereau.[ ] he also met his namesake jean-léon gérôme, who greatly influenced his decision to paint scenes from american history. ferris wrote, "[gérôme's] axiom was that one would paint best that with which he is most familiar".[ ] his early subjects were orientalist in nature since that movement was in vogue when he was young. in , he exhibited a painting entitled feeding the ibis which was valued at $ .[ ] by , he had gained a reputation as a historical painter, and he embarked on his dream of creating a series of paintings that told a historical narrative. in , he sold general howe's levee, , but he later realized that such a series could not be complete if the separate paintings could not be kept together. consequently, he never sold another, but he did sell the reproduction rights to various publishing companies. this had the effect of greatly popularizing his work, as these companies made prints, postcards, calendars, and blank-backed trade cards to use in advertisements. laminated cards of these works were still being sold as late as .[ ] ferris married annette amelia ryder in , and the couple had a daughter named elizabeth mary.[ ] he died in philadelphia in . the paintings showed idealized portrayals of famous moments from american history. the complete series was shown at independence hall in philadelphia from to , then moved next door to congress hall. in later years, it was shown in a number of locations, including the smithsonian institution, before being returned to the ferris family.[ ] his works were widely popular for many years, but modern critics are far less generous in their praise. the american philosophical society claims that his historical paintings confuse "verity with verisimilitude",[ ] and art historian gerald ackerman describes them as "splendid in the accuracy of accessories, clothing and especially in the details of land conveyances and ships", but "extremely dry in execution and rather monotonous in composition."[ ] references[edit] 	^ sponsel, rudolf. "j.l.g. ferris ( – )" (in german). allgemeine und integrative psychotherapie. retrieved - - . 	^ a b c d nuhn, roy (april ). "j. l. g. ferris". the antique shoppe newspaper. retrieved - - . 	^ "the ferris collection". building a national collection. smithsonian institution. retrieved - - . 	^ a b mitnick, barbara j. ( ). "paintings for the people". in ayres, william (ed.). picturing history: american painting – . rizzoli international publications. pp.  – . isbn  - - - . 	^ a b c ackerman, gerald m. ( ). american orientalists. acr edition. pp.  – . isbn  - - - . 	^ the national cyclopaedia of american biography, volume . j. t. white co. . p.  . 	^ fanelli, doris devine; diethorn, karie ( ). history of the portrait collection, independence national historical park. american philosophical society. p.  . isbn  - - - . external links[edit] 	 media related to jean leon gerome ferris at wikimedia commons 	authority control 	general	 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	united states 	art research institutes	 	artist names (getty) 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology 	social networks and archival context retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=jean_leon_gerome_ferris&oldid= " 		categories: 	 births 	 deaths 	 th-century american painters 	 th-century american painters 	alumni of the académie julian 	american male painters 	artists from philadelphia 	orientalist painters 	pennsylvania academy of the fine arts alumni hidden categories: 	cs german-language sources (de) 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles with hcards 	commons category link from wikidata 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ulan identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with snac-id identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			azərbaycanca 	esperanto 	فارسی 	français 	nederlands 	português 	Русский 	simple english 	svenska 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 number go up! new bitcoin peak, exactly three years after the last — what’s happening here – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		number go up! new bitcoin peak, exactly three years after the last — what’s happening here 		 			 th december th december - by david gerard - comment		 		 	 	 	 	 	 		so firstly, i called it two years ago:   i'd expect the bubbly headlines to start again - , it feels to me like that's about how long it will take to grow a fresh crop of greater fools. in general – there's always going to be people who are desperate to buy into this year's version of ostrich farming. — david gerard 🐍👑 (@davidgerard) november ,   not that this was any feat of prognostication. bitcoin is a speculative commodity without a use case — there is nothing it can do, other than bubble, or fail to be bubbling. it was always destined to stagger along, and then jump at some point, almost certainly for stupid reasons. remember that the overarching goal of the entire crypto industry is to get those rare actual-dollars flowing in again. that’s what this is about. we saw about million tethers being lined up on binance and huobi in the week previously. these were then deployed en masse.     pump it! you can see the pump starting at : utc on december. btc was $ , . on coinbase at : utc. notice the very long candles, as bots set to sell at $ , sell directly into the pump. tether hit billion, i hit , twitter followers, btc hit $ , . it is clearly as jfk jr. foretold. a series of peaks followed, as the pumpers competed with bagholders finally taking their chance to cash out — including $ , , at : utc december, $ , . precisely at : utc december, and the peak as i write this, $ , . precisely at : utc december. this was exactly three years after the previous high of $ , . on december . [fortune]   coinbase btc/usd chart at the moment of the peak. dull, isn’t it?   can you cash out? the coinbase chart showed quite a lot of profit-taking, as bagholders could finally dump. when you see a pump immediately followed by a drop, that’s what’s happening. approximately zero of the people saying “best investment of the last decade” got in a decade ago — they bought at a peak, and are deliriously happy that they can finally cash out. seriously: if you have bitcoin bags, this is the time to at least make up your cost basis — sell enough btc to make up the actualmoney you put in. then the rest is free money. binance and coinbase showed the quality we’ve come to expect of cryptocurrency exchanges — where you can make them fall over by using them. but i’m sure coinbase will get right onto letting you have your actual dollars. [cointelegraph]     so does everyone love bitcoin now? not on the evidence. the google chart is still dead — see above. that peak in is what genuine organic retail interest looks like. this isn’t that, at all. retail still isn’t diving into bitcoin — even with michael saylor at microstrategy and jack dorsey at square spending corporate funds on marketing bitcoin as an investment for actual institutions, and getting holders at hedge funds to do the same. but the marketing will continue. remember that there’s a lot of stories happening in crypto right now. bitmex is still up, but arthur hayes is a fugitive. the department of justice accuses bitmex — and specifically hayes — of trading directly against their own customers. ifinex (bitfinex/tether) are woefully short of the documents that the new york attorney general subpoenaed and that they’ve been fighting against producing for two years now, and that they must produce by january . remember: if ifinex had the documents, they’d have submitted them by now. so there’s a pile of people in trouble — who have coins they need to dump. (and john mcafee did promise “i will eat my dick on national television” if btc didn’t hit $ , within three years of . so maybe this is a last ditch mcafee penis pump.) [the dickening] a pumped bitcoin peak is just one story among many going on right now — and a completely expected one. update: here’s the smoking gun that this was a  coordinated pump fueled by stablecoins — different addresses trying to deposit stablecoins to exchanges in one block of transactions on ethereum, just a few minutes before the first price peak. [twitter]   lots of people deposited stablecoins to exchanges mins before breaking $ k. price is all about consensus. i guess the sentiment turned around to buy $btc at that time. this indicator is helpful to see buying power. set alert 👉 https://t.co/xjy mvaa pic.twitter.com/gv j n r g — ki young ju 주기영 (@ki_young_ju) december ,   start the new year by finding a way to create a little joy, no matter how small or fleeting pic.twitter.com/fiicb bw c — foone (@foone) january , your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedbinancebitcoincoinbasenumber go uptrading	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article me in bitcoinblog.de: “bitcoin piles up so many layers of ideas that are bad or wrong or just don’t work.” next article sec sues ripple labs, claiming xrp is a security 	 			 			one comment on “number go up! new bitcoin peak, exactly three years after the last — what’s happening here” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												sherman mccoy says:					 					 						 st december at : am					 									 				 					i am curious what pair are the arbitrage bots arbitraging? they end up holding tether i presume after selling into the pump, what then? 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 falvey memorial library blog falvey memorial library blog the collection of blogs published by falvey memorial library, villanova university bitcoin myths: immutability, decentralisation, and the cult of “ million” – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		bitcoin myths: immutability, decentralisation, and the cult of “ million” 		 			 th june th july - by david gerard - comments.		 		 	 	 	 	 	 		the bitcoin blockchain is famously promoted as “immutable.” is the structure of bitcoin itself immutable? is the million btc limit out of the control of any individual? is bitcoin a decentralised entity of its own, the essence of its operating parameters unalterable by mere fallible humans? is bitcoin truly trustless? well, no, obviously. even though bitcoiners literally argue all the above — most notably saifedean ammous in the bitcoin standard, and andreas antonopoulos in his books on bitcoin — and these ideas are standard in the subculture. decentralisation was always a phantom. at most it’s a way to say “can’t sue me, bro.” every process in bitcoin tends to centralisation — because bitcoin runs on economic incentives, and centralised systems are more economically efficient. trustlessness is also a phantom. bitcoin had to create an entire infrastructure of trusted entities to operate in the world. something called “bitcoin” will be around for decades. all you need is the software, the blockchain data, and two or more enthusiasts. but bitcoin’s particular mythology and operating parameters are entirely separate questions. bitcoin’s basic operating parameters are unlikely to change in the near future — but this is entirely based on trust in the humans who run it. their actions are based in whether changes risk spooking the suckers with the precious actual-dollars. the bitcoin cash debacle destroyed any hope of substantive change to bitcoin for a while, leaving bitcoin as just a speculative trading commodity with nothing else going for it. but if a new narrative is needed, all bets are off. social convention is entirely normal, and how everything else works — but it’s not the promise of immutable salvation through code. that was always delusion at best.   image by mike in space   how bitcoin is marketed bitcoin is not about the technology. it’s never been about the technology. bitcoin is about the psychology of getting rich for free. people will say and do anything if you tell them they can get rich for free. you don’t even have to deliver. bitcoin also has an elaborate political mythology — which is largely delusional and literally based in conspiracy theories. the marketing pitch is that the actual-money economy will surely collapse any moment now! and if you get into bitcoin, you can get rich from this. if you want to get rich for free, take on this weird ideology. don’t worry if you don’t understand the ideology yet — just keep doing the things, and you’ll get rich for free! that the mythology is so clearly at odds with reality is a feature, not a bug — it just proves the world’s out to get you, and you need to stick with the tribe. so the key ingredient in bitcoin is mythology. and job number one is: don’t spook the suckers. also, say “ million” a lot. it’s a mantra to remind the believers to keep the faith. the centralisation of mining when satoshi nakamoto designed bitcoin, he wanted the process of generating new bitcoins to be distributed. he distributed coins to whoever processed a block of transactions. (these blocks were chained together to form the ledger — which was called the “block chain” in the original bitcoin source code.) just giving away bitcoins to anyone who asked wouldn’t work because of the sybil problem — where you couldn’t tell if a thousand people asking for coins were really just one guy with a thousand sockpuppets. satoshi’s way around this was to require some form of unfakeable commitment before you’d be allowed to validate the transactions, and win the coins. he came up with using an old idea called “proof-of-work” — which is really proof of waste. you waste electricity to show your commitment, and the competitors win bitcoins in proportion to how much electricity they waste. this is called “bitcoin mining,” in an analogy to gold mining. miners guess numbers and calculate a hash as fast as they can; if their guess hashes to a small enough number, they win the bitcoins! satoshi envisioned widely distributed bitcoin mining — “proof-of-work is essentially one-cpu-one-vote.” [bitcoin white paper, pdf] the problem here is that mining has economies of scale. the bigger a mining operation you have, the more you can optimise the process, and calculate more hashes with each watt-hour of energy. this means that proof-of-work mining naturally centralises. and this is what we see happening in practice. for the first year, satoshi personally did a lot of the mining — accumulating a stash of around a million bitcoins, that he never moved. more individual cpu users joined in over and ; but by late , people started mining on video cards, which could calculate hashes much faster — to satoshi’s shock. [thread] when you have a tiny share of all the mining, rewards are sporadic — you might not see a bitcoin for months. the solution was to join together in mining pools, who would share the rewards. the first was slushpool in late . the deepbit pool ran from to ; at its peak, it controlled % of mining. by late , application-specific ics (asics) that did nothing but mine bitcoins as fast as possible were being deployed; you couldn’t compete without using asics. the most successful early asic manufacturer was bitmain — who also controlled a large mining pool. the doomsday scenario in early bitcoin was a “ % attack” — if you had % of mining, you could block anyone else’s transactions and accept only those you wanted, and the bitcoin blockchain would read the way you wanted it to. if anyone achieved %, it was game over! ghash.io achieved % in july . [guardian, ] the ghash.io pool promptly split apart, to calm the upset bitcoin fan base. nobody spoke of the % problem in bitcoin again. (though altcoins have frequently suffered % attacks.) even ammous talked about % attacks in the bitcoin standard and somehow forgot to mention that this had already happened. but from on, bitcoin mining was indisputably centralised. in , the men controlling % of bitcoin mining stood on stage together at a conference. three or four entities have run bitcoin mining since then.  the only thing preventing miner misbehaviour is wanting to avoid spooking the suckers — it’s completely trust-based. bitcoin now uses a country’s worth of electricity [digiconomist; cbeci] for no actual reason. you could do the transactions on a iphone. controlling the mining chips also controls mining. you can’t afford to piss off bitmain — as sia found out, when they couldn’t get chips for their minor altcoin fabricated in china because bitmain didn’t like it. the centralisation of development bitcoin’s operating parameters get tweaked all the time. there’s even a standard process for suggesting improvements. peter ryan’s essay “bitcoin’s third rail: the code is controlled” details how the bitcoin development process works in practice: you submit changes to a core group, who then decide whether this is going in. the core group then decides what goes in and how it will work. [ryan research] the thing is, this is completely normal. this is how real open source projects work. the essay presents this basic reality in a straightforward fashion; i’d take issue only with the headline, which paints this as in any way surprising or shocking. it really isn’t. there are multiple bitcoin wallets — the official bitcoin.org wallet and many, many others. so the wallet software is nicely varied. you are, of course, trusting the developers — because approximately zero bitcoin users are capable of auditing the code, let alone doing so. hardware wallets such as ledger have also been exploited plenty of times. what if you don’t like what the developers do? the fundamental promise of free software, or open source software, is that you have the freedom to change the code and do your own version, and the original developers can’t stop you. if you don’t like the official version of linux, you can go off and do your own. in the world of cryptocurrency, this means you can take the bitcoin code, tweak a few numbers, and start your own altcoin. and thousands did. what this doesn’t get you is control of the existing network that runs a crypto-token that’s called “btc” and sold for a lot of actual money on crypto exchanges. that’s the prize. the centralisation of trading crypto exchanges also benefit from economies of scale — there’s more liquidity and volume on the biggest exchanges. however, there’s now a reasonable variety of exchanges to choose from — not like , when everyone’s coins were in mt. gox. you can even pick whether you want a pro-regulation exchange like gemini, or a free-for-all offshore casino! exchanges collectively hold one important power: what they trade as the token with the ticker symbol “btc.” as we’ll see later, this power needs consideration. crypto remains utterly dependent on the us dollar. bitcoin maxis who profess to hate dollars will never shut up about the dollar price of their holding. (unless number goes down — then they’re suddenly into bitcoin for the technology.) the point of crypto trading is to cash out at some point — and actual dollars have regulation. fincen are interested in what you do with actual money. dollars pretty much always pass through the new york banking system, which creates a number of issues for crypto companies. a few exchanges let you get actual dollars in and out. many more — including some of the most popular — are too dodgy to get proper banking. these use tethers, a stablecoin supposedly worth one dollar. crypto trading solved the tawdry nuisance of dollars being regulated by using tethers instead, and cashing out your bitcoin winnings through coinbase or bitstamp as gateway exchanges. if you can believe the numbers reported by the tether exchanges — which, to be fair, you probably can’t without a massive fudge factor — then the overwhelming majority of trading against bitcoin, or indeed any other crypto, is in tethers. this becomes a systemic issue for the crypto markets when tether’s backing turns out to be ludicrously questionable. the crypto market pumpers seem to think tether is in trouble, and now the usdc stablecoin is issuing dollar-equivalent tokens at a rate of billions a month. usdc’s accountant attestations recently changed from saying that every usdc is backed by dollars in a bank account to saying that they may also be backed by “approved investments” — though not what those investments might be, or what the proportion is. [march attestation, pdf] i’m sure it’ll be fine. scaling bitcoin bitcoin doesn’t work at scale, and can’t work — because they took satoshi’s paper-and-string proof of concept and pressed it into production. this approach never goes well. but insisting the fatal flaws are actually features has pacified the suckers so far. bitcoin is not very fast. it can process a theoretical maximum of about to transactions per second (tps) — total, world-wide, across the whole network. in practice, it’s usually around to tps. for comparison, visa claims up to , tps. [visa, pdf] in mid- , the bitcoin network finally filled its tiny transaction capacity. transactions became slow, expensive and clogged. by october , bitcoin regularly had around , unconfirmed transactions waiting, and in may it peaked at , stuck in the queue. [ft, , free with login] nobody could agree how to fix this, and everyone involved despised each other. the possible solutions were: 	increase the block size. this would increase centralisation even further. (though that ship really sailed in .) 	the lightning network: bolt on a completely different non-bitcoin network, and do all the real transactions there. this only had the minor problem that the lightning network’s design couldn’t possibly fix the problem. 	do nothing. leave the payment markets to use a different cryptocurrency that hasn’t clogged yet. (payment markets, such as the darknets, ended up moving to other coins that worked better.) bitcoin mostly chose option — though is talked up, just as if saying “but, the lighting network!” solves the transaction clog. but, the lightning network! the lightning network was proposed in february as a solution to the clog that everyone could see was coming. it’s really clearly an idea someone made up off the top of their heads — but it was immediately seized upon as a possible solution, because nobody had any better ideas. lightning doesn’t work as advertised, and can’t work. this is not a matter of a buggy or incomplete implementation — this is a matter of the blitheringly incompetent original design: prepaid channels, and a mesh network that would literally require new mathematics to implement. users have to set up a pre-funded channel for lightning transactions, by doing an expensive transaction on the bitcoin blockchain. this contains all the money you think you’ll ever spend in the channel. this is ridiculously impractical. you’re not going to send money back-and-forth with a random coffee shop — you want to give them money and get your coffee. lightning’s promise of thousands of transactions per second can obviously only work if you have large centralised entities who almost everyone opens channels with. you could call them “banks,” or “money transmitters.” lightning originally proposed a mesh network — you send money from a to b via c, d and e, who all have their own funded channels set up. but routing transactions across a mesh network, from arbitrary point a to arbitrary point b, without a centralised map or directory, is an unsolved problem in computer science. this is even before the added complication of the network’s liquidity changing with every transaction. this basic design parameter of lightning requires a solution nobody knows how to code. again, this drives lightning toward central entities as the only way to get your transactions across the network. there are other technical issues in the fundamental design of lightning, which make it a great place to lose your money to bugs, errors or happenstance. [reddit] frances coppola has written several essays on lightning’s glaring design failures as a payment system. [forbes, ; blog post, ; blog post, ; coindesk, ] lightning is an incompetent banking system, full of credit risks, set up by people who had no idea that’s what they were designing, and that they’re still in denial that that’s what lightning is. the only purpose lightning serves is as an excuse for bitcoin’s miserable failure to scale, with the promise it’ll be great in eighteen months. lightning has been promising that it’s eighteen months from greatness since . a good worked example of lightning as an all-purpose excuse can be seen in the present version of el salvador’s nascent bitcoin system. strike loudly proclaims it uses lightning — but their own faq says they don’t pass transactions from the rest of the network. bitcoin beach uses lightning — but reports indicate it doesn’t reliably pass money back out again, except via the slow and expensive bitcoin blockchain. with sufficient thrust, pigs fly just fine. [rfc ] the lightning fans strap a rocket to porky and then try to sell you on his graceful aerobatics. the bitcoin cash split so why not just make the bitcoin blocks bigger? if bitcoin sucks, we can fix it, right? bitcoin cash, in , was the last time there was a serious attempt to fix bitcoin’s operating parameters. bitcoin developers could see the blocks filling in early . some proposed a simple fix: raise the size of a block of transactions from megabyte to or megabytes. but the bitcoin community was sufficiently dysfunctional that even this simple proposal led to community schisms, code forks, retributive ddos attacks, death threats, a split between the chinese miners and the american core programmers … and plenty of other clear evidence that this and other problems in the bitcoin protocol could never be fixed by a consensus process. “trustlessness” just ends up attracting people who can’t be trusted. [new york times] this didn’t make the problems go away. finally, in late , large holder roger ver, in concert with large mining pool and mining hardware manufacturer bitmain, promoted bitcoin cash, with large blocks, as the replacement for the deprecated bitcoin software. this wasn’t just starting a fresh altcoin — it was a fork of the blockchain itself. so everyone who had a large bitcoin holding suddenly had the same holding of bitcoin cash as well. free money! the bitcoin cash split was a decentralised judgement of solomon — wherein an exasperated solomon says “all right, we’ll just cut the baby in two then,” and the mothers think that’s a great idea, and start fighting bitterly over whether to slice the kid horizontally or vertically. bitcoin cash launched in september , and wanted to take over the “btc” ticker on exchanges. this failed — it had to go with bch. but bitcon cash did have a chance at the “btc” ticker for a while there; exchanges were watching to see if bitcoin cash became more popular. bitmain mined bch furiously instead of mining btc — and btc’s block times went from ten minutes to over an hour. as it happened, bitcoin was in the middle of a bubble — so nobody much noticed or cared, because all the number-go-up action was happening on exchanges, and not on chain. ver owned bitcoin.com, and furiously promoted bch as a bitcoin that you could use for cash transactions. this was a worthy ambition — but nobody much cared. mostly, the few retail users of bitcoin would get confused between the two, and end up sending money to an address on the wrong chain. bitcoin cash completely failed to gain traction as a retail crypto. most glaringly, it failed to get any takeup in the darknet markets — the first real use case for bitcoin, and the people having the most practical trouble with bitcoin’s transaction clog. the btc version of bitcoin also lost all traction as a retail crypto — the average transaction fee peaked at around $ in december . it was around this time that bitcoin advocates stopped trying to pretend that bitcoin would ever work as currency. they went in hard on the “digital gold” narrative, and pretended this had always been the intention — and never mind that the bitcoin white paper is literally titled “bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system.” there were other completely ridiculous fights to the death for insanely low stakes around this time — segwit (which was eventually adopted, making blocks slightly larger), segwit x (which wasn’t), and uasf (where non-miners thought they could sabotage protocol changes they didn’t like). these were different in technical terms, but not different in bitterness or stupidity. none of the disputes were really technical — it was all the politics of who got to make money. everyone involved hated everyone else, and characterised their opponents as working in bad faith to sabotage bitcoin. they figured that if they shouted enough abuse at each other, they’d get rich faster, or something. bitcoin cash fell flat on its face. bitmain ended up with million bch “inventory” — that is, a pile of coins there was no market for — and fired its entire bch team in late . [ccn] bch continues as just another altcoin with hopes and dreams — and not as any serious prospect to take over from btc. the main thing keeping it alive is that it’s listed on coinbase. also, you can still send bcashers into conniptions just by calling bitcoin cash “bcash” — the bcashers decided that calling bch-coin “bcash” was a slur. though their real objection was that this term leaves out the word “bitcoin.” it’s unfortunate that bcash’s graphic designer never told them about the effects of putting a transparent logo png on a white background, so it looks like it says “b cash.” [bitcoincash.org, archive] jonathan bier has written a book about this slice of bitcoin history: the blocksize war (us, uk). peter ryan has reviewed the book; he thinks the chronology is correct, but the presentation is horribly slanted. [twitter] i concur, and it’s glaring right from the intro — it’s a book-length blog rant about people who really pissed bier off, and it’s incomprehensible if you weren’t following all of this at the time. it’s on kindle unlimited.   this is why you get a proper graphic artist, and pay them.   but the blockchain’s immutable, right? the blockchain is probably immutable — there’s no real way to change past entries without redoing all the hash-guessing that got to the present. but the blockchain is data interpreted by software. in , ethereum suffered the collapse of the dao — a decentralised organisation, deliberately restricted from human interference, running on “the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code.” (bold in original.) the dao was hacked — taking % of all ether at the time with it. how did the ethereum developers get around this? they changed how the software interpreted the data! immutability lasted precisely until the big boys were in danger of losing money. there’s already legal rumblings in this direction — craig wright, the man who has previously failed to be satoshi nakamoto, has sent legal letters to bitcoin developers demanding that they aid him in recovering , bitcoins that he doesn’t have the keys for. [reuters] has history ended, then? there are people who would quite like the million bitcoin limit to change: the miners. the halving dropped the issuance of bitcoins from . btc per block to . btc. in , that’ll drop again, to . btc. the question is power — miners have a lot of power in the bitcoin system. that power is shaky at present, because so much mining just got kicked out of china. can they swing a change to bitcoin issuance? the bit where proof-of-work mining uses a country’s worth of electricity to run the most inefficient payment system in human history is finally coming to public attention, and is probably bitcoin’s biggest public relations problem. normal people think of bitcoin as this dumb nerd money that nerds rip each other off with — but when they hear about proof-of-work, they get angry. externalities turn out to matter. ethereum is the other big crypto that’s relatively convertible to and from actual money. if ethereum can pull off a move away from proof-of-work, that will create tremendous pressure on bitcoin to change, or be hobbled politically and risk the all-important interfaces to actual money. (that said, ethereum just put off the change from proof-of-work to … about eighteen months away, where it’s been since . ah well.) bitcoin mythology has changed before, and it’ll change again. “ million” will be broken — if number-go-up requires it. the overriding consideration for any change to bitcoin is: it must not risk shaking the faith of the most dedicated suckers. they supply the scarce actual-dollars that keep the casino going.   this article was a commission: to write about “the fallacy that bitcoin is immutable, when apparently a vote can increase the m cap or do anything else.” if you have a question you really want in-depth coverage of, and that i haven’t got around to doing a deep dive on — i write for money! your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedbitcoinbitcoin cashbitcoin corebookcraig wrightethereumghash.iojonathan bierlightning networkminingmt goxpeter ryansatoshi nakamototetherthe blocksize warthe daotradingusdcvisa	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article news: stopping ransomware, china hates miners, ecuador cbdc history, nfts still too hard to buy next article el salvador: chivo wallet, strike speaks, users test the bitcoin system so far 	 			 			 comments on “bitcoin myths: immutability, decentralisation, and the cult of “ million”” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												paul j says:					 					 						 th june at : pm					 									 				 					just to note that in the linked article – https://www.ryanresearch.co/post/bitcoin-s-third-rail-the-code-is-controlled – he refers to bip without realizing it was an april fool’s joke (that satoshi failed to set a limit, so we will in this bip in ). that has confused me a little. is the million number in the original code or added later and if so do you know when? 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												brandon says:					 					 						 th june at : am					 									 				 					the mil limit was original. it’s a natural consequence of the reward decay rules though. this makes it an indirect limit which is why the april fools joke is technically not a joke, there really is no coded upper limit. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												des says:					 					 						 th june at : am					 									 				 					bip- was not a joke, just tongue-in-cheek. it fixed a bug that would have caused the subsidy (aka block reward) to roll back around to btc after halving intervals or ~ years (~ ). and to answer your question, the issuance limit is the sum of subsidies up to the point where the block reward goes to (after halvings or around ~ ), specifically , , , , , sat or , , . btc. the curve is exponential, so % of that will already have been mined by the th halving in ~ . this can be changed but i find it highly unlikely; if btc is still a thing by the whales are unlikely to agree to a change that will immediately devalue their hodlings, 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												mark rimer says:					 					 						 th june at : am					 									 				 					great review on butt-history, and especially the lightning network, david! it’s the definition of, “ that’s so stupid; you must be explaining it wrong!” goes right up there with the log-scale graphs that lie about data right on same graph! 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 th june at : am					 									 				 					i had this argument with someone on twitter about lightning this week – they were convinced it was just a matter of further development, and not a matter of a design that couldn’t work unless they discovered new mathematics. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												brandon says:					 					 						 th june at : am					 									 				 					another big myth is that bitcoin has no monetary authority. it actually does but it is a democratic authority. all of the things that a central planner can do are possible in bitcoin as well. bitcoin wallets can be blacklisted/blocked from transacting, the coin cap can be changed, taxes/fees can be introduced, pretty much anything that a bank or government can do to a us dollar account can be done to a bitcoin wallet by the developers, nodes, and miners. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 th june at : am					 									 				 					not so much democratic as plutocratic. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												blake says:					 					 						 th june at : pm					 									 				 					exactly, bitcoin banks and financial services will act like all other banks and financial services, in fact, they will probably be bought by the existing banks, if successful. 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 background: "toward a national archival finding aid network" planning initiative ( - ) - building a national finding aid network - confluence 	skip to content 	skip to breadcrumbs 	skip to header menu 	skip to action menu 	skip to quick search linked applicationsloading… confluence 	 spaces 	 	 hit enter to search 	 help 	 online help 	 keyboard shortcuts 	 feed builder 	 what’s new 	 available gadgets 	 about confluence 	 	 	 	 log in 	 		 			 building a national finding aid network page tree browse pages configurespace tools 			 		 	 	 attachments ( ) 	 page history 	 people who can view 	 page information 	 resolved comments 	 view in hierarchy 	 view source 	 export to pdf 	 export to word 	 pages 	 building a national finding aid network 	 about the project skip to end of banner 	 	jira links go to start of banner background: "toward a national archival finding aid network" planning initiative ( - ) skip to end of metadata 	 created by adrian turner, last modified on feb , go to start of metadata summary with crucial funding support from the us institute of museum and library services (imls) under the provisions of the library services and technology act (lsta), administered in california by the state librarian, the cdl coordinated a -year collaborative planning initiative (october – september ) with the following key objectives: 	identify key challenges facing finding aid aggregators. 	uncover and validate high-level stakeholder (archivists, researchers, etc.) requirements and needs for finding aid aggregations. 	explore the possibilities of shared infrastructure and services among current finding aid aggregators, to test the theory that collaboration will benefit our organizations, contributors, and end users. if so, identify potential shared infrastructure and service models. 	determine if there is collective interest and capacity to collaborate on developing shared infrastructure. 	develop a concrete action plan for next steps based on the shared needs, interests and available resources within the community of finding aid aggregators. discussions of viable collaboration models and sustainability strategies will be included. developing a collective understanding of requirements and challenges was a necessary first step for establishing the trajectory of any future finding aid aggregation effort. the planning initiative produced the following key deliverables. key deliverables see project reports and resources partners and roles 	group 	role 	member resources 	core partners 	this group comprised representatives from state and regional archival description aggregators. members did not represent their institution but rather leveraged their background and experience within the field to inform the group's work. expectations for core partners: 	identify one or more individuals who can provide complete, objective, and correct information on the past and/or present program, for incorporation into a profile of the current us archival description aggregator landscape 	review the profile and findings, in advance of the symposium; 	prepare for and attend the symposium; 	serve on one or more working groups after the symposium and participate actively in the work of those groups; 	participate actively in formulating and vetting the action plan that results from this work. 	roster 	advisory partners 	this group comprised representatives from state and regional projects or programs that provide some form of support for finding aid and archival description aggregation, but who did not have capacity at this time to be core partners. this group also included those entities no longer providing services, as well as those planning to do so in the future. expectations for advisory partners: 	identify one or more individuals who can provide complete, objective, and correct information on the past and/or present program, for incorporation into a profile of the current us archival description aggregator landscape. 	review and optionally provide feedback on the action plan that results from this project. 	roster 	expert advisors 	advisors were invited to the project symposium to advise, inspire, and contribute to the discussions in a variety of key areas. this group included representatives from organizations that provide services that are part of the archival description ecosystem, as well as organizational development, community engagement, and sustainability. expectations: 	review the profile of the current us archival description aggregator landscape, in advance of the symposium; 	prepare for and attend the symposium in spring . 	constructively comment on the action plan that results from this project. 	roster 	project team 	jodi allison-bunnell (ab consulting): jodi’s responsibilities included: providing leadership and research analyst support services for surveying and establishing a profile of finding aid aggregators and related organizations; facilitating stakeholder discussions; and assisting in the creation of a final report and recommendations. adrian turner (california digital library, senior product manager): adrian’s responsibilities included: coordinating project activities; supporting cdl's administration of the lsta-funded project; and serving as a core partner, drawing from his experience with cdl's online archive of california (oac) service. 	 grant proposal lsta ( - ) project proposal - 	 		 	 no labels 		 overview content tools activity contact us | privacy policy | accessibility 	powered by atlassian confluence . . 	printed by atlassian confluence . . 	report a bug 	atlassian news atlassian {"serverduration": , "requestcorrelationid": " fa d f "} the duchess of duke street - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the duchess of duke street 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		television series 	 	this article needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. find sources: "the duchess of duke street" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor (december ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) 	the duchess of duke street 	 	genre	drama 	created by	john hawkesworth 	starring	gemma jones christopher cazenove victoria plucknett john cater john welsh richard vernon 	theme music composer	alexander faris 	country of origin	united kingdom 	no. of series	 	no. of episodes	 	production 	running time	 minutes 	release 	original network	bbc 	original release	 september  ( - - ) – december  ( - - ) the duchess of duke street is a bbc television drama series set in london between and . it was created by john hawkesworth, previously the producer of the itv period drama upstairs, downstairs.[ ] it starred gemma jones as louisa leyton trotter, the eponymous "duchess" who works her way up from servant to renowned cook to proprietrix of the upper-class bentinck hotel in duke street, st. james's, in london.[ ] the story is loosely based on the real-life career of rosa lewis (née ovenden), the "duchess of jermyn street", who ran the cavendish hotel in london, which still stands, at the corner of duke st, st. james’s'.[ ] when the show first aired, there were many people who still remembered her, as she lived until .[ ] according to census returns, she was born in leyton, essex, to a watchmaker. in the series, louisa's family name is leyton, and her father is a clockmaker. the programme lasted for two series totalling episodes, shown in and . shown later on pbs in the united states, it was nominated for an emmy award for outstanding limited series in .[ ] the theme music was composed by alexander faris.[ ] contents 	 plot summary 	 cast 	 episodes 	 . series 	 . series 	 references 	 external links plot summary[edit] beautiful but low-born louisa leyton (gemma jones) has one driving ambition: to become a great cook. she finds employment as a cook in the household of lord henry norton (bryan coleman). his handsome, wealthy, aristocratic nephew, charlie tyrrell (christopher cazenove), attempts to seduce her, but she rebuffs him, refusing to be sidetracked from her ambition to become the best cook in london. louisa manages to convince lord norton's sexist french chef, monsieur alex (george pravda), into accepting her as his apprentice. the main characters (from left to right): charles tyrrell, louisa trotter, major smith-barton, merriman, starr, mary. when louisa is unexpectedly called upon to prepare a dinner by herself, she catches the eye of one of the guests, edward, the prince of wales (roger hammond), who admires both her cooking and her appearance. after the dinner, louisa is pressured into becoming edward's mistress. against her own wishes, she agrees to marry lord norton's head butler, augustus 'gus' trotter (donald burton), to maintain the appearance of respectability and to protect the royal reputation. gus and louisa are given a house, and her involvement with the prince commences. in time, edward's mother, queen victoria, dies leaving edward to assume the throne as king edward vii and causing him to end his relationship with louisa. louisa's shaky marriage to gus becomes strained, both from her affair with the prince and her great success as a chef. in an effort to help him recover his pride, louisa purchases the bentinck hotel and talks a reluctant gus into managing it. before long, abetted by his sister, he lets the authority go to his head. his arrogance alienates the staff and, more importantly, the guests. once louisa discovers that he has lavishly entertained his friends and driven away the guests, she throws both him and his meddling sister out. then she discovers, to her horror, the mountain of bills he has left unpaid. with only mary, one of lord norton's servants, to assist her, she sets to work to pay the debts, taking any and all cooking jobs, however humble, but finally she collapses, exhausted from overwork, in the street very early one morning. charlie tyrrell is passing by (leaving a late-night assignation) and takes her back to the bentinck. once he learns of louisa's financial woes, he convinces her to allow him to help her to the extent that he becomes a silent partner in the hotel. louisa keeps one of the bentinck's previous employees, the elderly head waiter merriman (john welsh). she hires the brisk, soldierly starr (john cater), who is always accompanied by his dog fred, as the porter. from their former employer, louisa takes along her loyal welsh assistant and friend mary (victoria plucknett). (in the final episode, starr and mary get engaged.) rounding out the principal cast is major toby smith-barton (richard vernon), an upper-class, retired army officer. the major enjoys wagering on the horse races and ends up unable to pay his hotel bill. reluctant to "toss him out on the street" and liking the man, louisa offers the major a position: general adviser, bellhop and greeter. charlie and louisa eventually have a very passionate romance. infatuated with charlie, louisa begins to neglect both the hotel and her cooking. recognizing what is happening, the major steps in and has a discreet word with charles. knowing how much the establishment means to louisa, charlie leaves for an extended stay in america, giving louisa a chance to refocus on her business. grief-stricken at first, louisa eventually regains her balance and makes the bentinck a great success, only to discover that she is pregnant. eventually, louisa secretly gives birth to their illegitimate daughter lottie (lalla ward). louisa accepts charlie's suggestion that lottie be discreetly adopted by a young couple who work on his estate. later, charlie and louisa agree it is best they remain friends, not lovers. upon the death of his father, charlie inherits the family fortune and the title of lord haslemere. with louisa's approval, charlie marries another woman. he tells louisa that if his marriage has any hope of working, he will have to be away from her. however, when charlie's wife later dies, he and louisa renew their relationship. they decide to postpone their wedding until the end of the first world war. tragically, charlie dies of a head injury received while fighting in the trenches. louisa is grief-stricken, but gradually recovers. louisa informs the teenage lottie the identity of her true parents. lottie accepts her mother's offer to take her to london. louisa, not quite knowing what to do with her, eventually sends her to a swiss finishing school to become a lady. when lottie returns, she has her heart set on being a singer instead. louisa's parents occasionally make an appearance. she is on very good terms with her ineffectual, but loving father (john rapley), but not with her critical, abrasively selfish mother (june brown). late in the series, louisa's father dies, but not before giving his modest savings to his granddaughter to help her pursue her singing career. louisa becomes reconciled to lottie's career choice. cast[edit] 	gemma jones as louisa trotter (née leyton) 	victoria plucknett as mary 	john welsh as merriman 	john cater as starr 	richard vernon as major smith-barton 	christopher cazenove as charles "charlie" tyrrell, later lord haslemere 	mary healey as mrs. cochrane, louisa's head cook at the bentinck 	doreen mantle as mrs catchpole, lord henry's housekeeper 	sammie winmill as ethel, a maid at the bentinck 	holly de jong as violet, another maid 	donald burton as augustus trotter 	june brown as mrs. violet leyton 	john rapley as mr. ernest leyton 	lalla ward as lottie, louisa's daughter. (ward is only eight years and six months younger than gemma jones. philippa shackleton played lottie as a child in one episode.) 	bryan coleman as lord henry norton, louisa's employer for part of the first series, beginning in the first episode 	christine pollon as aunt gwyneth, mary's aunt and occasional seamstress at the bentinck 	george pravda as monsieur alex 	roger hammond as the prince of wales, later king edward vii 	martin shaw as arthur, louisa's brother 	joanna david as lady margaret hazlemere episodes[edit] series [edit] 	no. in series 	no. in season 	title 	directed by 	written by 	original air date 	 	 	"a present sovereign"	bill bain	john hawkesworth	  september   ( - - ) 	 wishing to learn to be an excellent cook, outspoken and ambitious louisa leyton is hired as assistant to monsieur alex, a french chef working in the london home of lord henry norton. resented by other kitchen staff, louisa bonds with mary, the target of their frequent malice, forms a friendship with head butler gus trotter, and fends off the attentions of the aristocratic charlie tyrrell. when lord henry unexpectedly returns during monsieur alex's holiday, she must cook dinner for a group that includes the prince of wales. 	 	 	"honour and obey"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth and jeremy paul	  september   ( - - ) 	 when the prince of wales asks to borrow louisa's services as a cook, it turns out that more than her cooking appeals to him. to preserve appearances, she is pressured into marrying gus trotter, who has fallen in love with her, even though she does not return his feelings. the newly married couple leave the nortons' service for the house provided for them. 	 	 	"a nice class of premises"	bill bain	david butler and john hawkesworth	  september   ( - - ) 	 the death of queen victoria ends louisa's relationship with the prince, now king edward vii, forcing the trotters to face their future together. under the influence of his resentful sister, nora, gus wants to take in lodgers to make ends meet. instead, over his objections, louisa sets out to rebuild her career as a chef, taking on mary as her assistant. when gus's drinking begins leading him into indiscretion, louisa buys the bentinck hotel in duke street and installs him as manager, with disastrous results. 	 	 	"the bargain"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth and jack rosenthal	  september   ( - - ) 	 after throwing gus and nora out of the hotel, louisa sets to work to repay the debts they have allowed to accumulate with the assistance of mary and the hotel's long-serving, aged head waiter, merriman. when louisa collapses from overwork, charlie tyrrell steps in and becomes a silent investor in the hotel in return for a permanent private suite. 	 	 	"a bed of roses"	bill bain	john hawkesworth	  october   ( - - ) 	 equipped with hall porter starr and his dog, fred, the newly refurbished bentinck reopens and, under louisa's management, becomes a success as long-term guests such as the major take up residence until her developing friendship with charlie begins to put the bentinck at risk. when charlie leaves for america to see his dying father, louisa regains her focus on the business - only to discover she is pregnant. leaving mary in charge, she goes into hiding to have the baby, a girl she names charlotte. charlie, now lord haslemere, finds the baby a place with a childless couple on his estate. 	 	 	"for love or money"	raymond menmuir	john hawkesworth	  october   ( - - ) 	 a visiting german baron claiming to be a friend of lord haslemere's creates trouble at the bentinck with some of the other guests. 	 	 	"a lady of virtue"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth and jeremy paul	  october   ( - - ) 	 when the liberals celebrate a by-election result at the bentinck, a politically ambitious mp at the party sets out to seduce a visiting artist believed to be incorruptibly devoted to her husband. 	 	 	"trouble and strife"	raymond menmuir	john hawkesworth and jeremy paul	  october   ( - - ) 	 while louisa takes a holiday in france, starr's estranged former common-law wife, lizzie, blackmails him into helping her get a job as laundry maid at the bentinck. starr finally confides in the major after money is found missing from a hotel guest's room. 	 	 	"the outsiders"	simon langton	john hawkesworth and rosemary anne sisson	  october   ( - - ) 	 charlie pushes louisa to accept as a hotel guest an obviously mismatched unassuming man. seeing that charlie is at loose ends, louisa arranges for an art dealer to include his paintings in a gallery show, where he discovers the difference between being an amateur and being a genuine talent. 	 	 	"lottie's boy"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth and julia jones	  november   ( - - ) 	 mary's disapproving aunt gwyneth, the servants' ball, and attentive guest marcus carrington sow dissent between louisa and mary, whose abrupt departure leaves the hotel in a muddle. louisa and the major give their money to carrington, a risk-taking city whizkid and the son of an old friend of the major's, to invest in the stock market. 	 	 	"no letters, no lawyers"	simon langton	bill craig and john hawkesworth	  november   ( - - ) 	 a discontented departing guest's refusal to pay his bill lands him in court and the hotel in the newspapers, to the displeasure of both louisa and his newspaper publisher uncle, who sends a journalist to work undercover at the hotel. the publicity gives the bentinck's owners ammunition for their demand to renegotiate louisa's lease now that the hotel is successful. with the hotel at risk, louisa is forced to sue the paper for libel, pushing the journalist to unearth the details of her earlier life. 	 	 	"a matter of honour"	bill bain	julian bond and john hawkesworth	  november   ( - - ) 	 insufficient staff and a row over a racing result nearly derail a special dinner that the king's newly married former equerry asks louisa to cook at his ascot home for a group of guests that includes charlie haslemere. 	 	 	"one night's grace"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth and ken taylor	  november   ( - - ) 	 a mysterious young woman causes dissent between charlie and louisa, speculation among the staff, and a visit from the police when she comes to stay with charlie for a few days. 	 	 	"plain sailing"	raymond menmuir	john hawkesworth and jeremy paul	  december   ( - - ) 	 charlie is caught in the middle when louisa buys a house at cowes to move her entire operation to the seaside for a few weeks' summer vacation, upsetting the stuffy sailing club next door. among louisa's guests is the professional dancer irene baker, who develops a close friendship with charlie. 	 	 	"a test of love"	bill bain	john hawkesworth	  december   ( - - ) 	 the funeral of king edward vii provides the occasion for a visit from louisa's former employer, lord henry norton. as charlie haslemere's sole surviving relative, he tells louisa it's time for charlie to marry - and he thinks he's found the right woman. one snag: as soon as charlie's engagement to margaret wormold is announced, irene baker sues him for breach of promise of marriage. in the ensuing court case, louisa and mertiman are required to testify. series [edit] 	no. in series 	no. in season 	title 	directed by 	written by 	original air date 	 	 	"family matters"	bill bain	julia jones	  september   ( - - ) 	 when louisa's brother returns from his travels after a long time away, his doting mother talks her reluctant daughter into hiring him, as the hotel is short-staffed. arthur soon antagonises the longtime servants, precipitating an ugly family quarrel after louisa discharges him. 	 	 	"poor catullus"	cyril coke	jeremy paul	  september   ( - - ) 	 two young men play a prank, sending louisa love letters purportedly from their oxford university professor. louisa and professor stubbs soon turn the tables on the tricksters, but she is tempted by his somewhat inebriated offer to take her to america to start a new life. the next morning, however, he remembers nothing of the previous night. charlie's wife, margaret, seeks louisa's help in searching for a house in london. 	 	 	"a lesson in manners"	cyril coke	rosemary anne sisson	  september   ( - - ) 	 when an elderly but vibrant bentinck regular guest dies unexpectedly, she surprises everyone by leaving nearly all of her considerable wealth to her attentive chauffeur prince rather than her indifferent, spendthrift nephew eddie sturgess. when prince considers entering british society, louisa decides it would be fun to pass him off as a gentleman, under eddie and the major's tutelage, despite the latter's warning. the major is proved right in the end. 	 	 	"winter lament"	simon langton	maggie wadey	  september   ( - - ) 	 louisa visits the haslemeres at their country estate and finds that margaret's strange behaviour is putting a great strain on the marriage. louisa also sees her daughter lottie for the first time since giving her up as a baby. louisa tries her best to help margaret, but in the end, the disturbed, emaciated woman wanders outside one night and is found dead the next morning. 	 	 	"the passing show"	bill bain	john hawkesworth	  october   ( - - ) 	 louisa rouses charlie out of his depression after margaret's death. meanwhile, sir martin mallory, a famous but aging actor, seduces violet. when louisa finds out, she sacks her chambermaid without a reference, forcing the poor girl to try to take up streetwalking. an understanding police inspector persuades louisa to relent a little and provide a reference and assistance finding more respectable employment. 	 	 	"your country needs you"	simon langton	john hawkesworth	  october   ( - - ) 	 when great britain enters the first world war, louisa is ultra-patriotic, until charlie joins the coldstream guards. the major returns to active duty. in exchange for getting starr reinstated in the army (it was established in season , episode that when starr was a sergeant in the sudan campaign, he caught his young wife with another soldier, and was imprisoned and dishonourably discharged for his subsequent actions), the major gets louisa to hire gaspard, a belgian refugee. 	 	 	"the patriots"	bill bain	bill craig and john hawkesworth	  october   ( - - ) 	 autumn . louisa is cold to shirkers who avoid military service, particularly bentinck resident mr. appleby. a naval intelligence lieutenant uncovers an espionage ring which is reading the correspondence of high-ranking officers who frequent the bentinck. gaspard commits suicide to avoid arrest. his confederate, american hotel guest brewster, is not so quick. louisa is embarrassed to learn appleby is also a spy, but for the british. 	 	 	"the reluctant warrior"	simon langton	john hawkesworth and rosemary anne sisson	  october   ( - - ) 	 winter . the hotel sustains minor damage from a zeppelin bomb attack. some soldiers are assigned to deal with what may be a buried unexploded bomb very near the bentinck. ethel is attracted to one of them, a conscientious objector ("conshie") despised by everyone else. among louisa's guests are an -year-old and the officer with whom she has eloped. tired of waiting for a demolitions expert and fed up with the sneers aimed at him, the conshie clive digs around and finds there is no bomb. he also discovers the body of fred, starr's dog. before clive leaves, ethel accepts his engagement ring. (in a later episode, ethel is a bereaved widow who just wants her clive back.) 	 	 	"tea and a wad"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth	  october   ( - - ) 	 spring . the hotel is empty as repairs are being made. the major persuades louisa to set up a canteen in boulogne for troops with no place to go while waiting for transportation back to britain. a helpful soldier eventually confesses to mary that he is a deserter. she consults the major, who comes up with a plan to get him out of his predicament. a rival do-gooder creates trouble for louisa. the general in charge turns out to be a bentinck regular. louisa agrees to marry charlie after the war ends. 	 	 	"shadows"	bill bain	john hawkesworth and jeremy paul	  november   ( - - ) 	 summer . louisa opens the bentinck to recuperating soldiers. mary is attracted to brian, one of the convalescents. charlie receives a head wound and returns to the hotel for a rest. the wound takes a turn for the worse, and he begins to go blind. an eminent brain surgeon advises against surgery so soon after the previous operation. charlie suddenly dies while sitting louisa's parlour as she is talking to him. 	 	 	"where there's a will"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth and julia jones	  november   ( - - ) 	 louisa is in dire financial straits, but stubbornly refuses to cash the cheques of the soldiers who stayed at her hotel. grief-stricken over charlie's death, she decides to sell up the bentinck. her father makes her read a letter from charlie, which gives her renewed resolve to go on. with the money he left her in his will, she sets about restoring the hotel to its former glory. 	 	 	"the legion of the living"	gerry mill	john hawkesworth and maggie wadey	  november   ( - - ) 	 louisa returns to the haslemeres' estate for a memorial service, and the truth of lottie's parentage is exposed. louisa offers to take lottie back to london. 	 	 	"lottie"	bill bain	john hawkesworth and jeremy paul	  december   ( - - ) 	 louisa tells mary, starr, and merriman lottie is her daughter. she has the major show the young woman the sights of london, but inevitably, rumours swirl around her. brian returns, embittered by the war and irritated by mary's attempts to help him. he leaves, breaking mary's heart. finally, louisa decides to send her daughter to a swiss finishing school. 	 	 	"blossom time"	gerry mill	john hawkesworth and jeremy paul	  december   ( - - ) 	 lottie returns on a school holiday, bringing with her one of her teachers, miss olive bradford. the major and miss bradford fall in love and become engaged. lottie falls for a handsome young man, but when she incautiously reveals who her parentage, his interest in her vanishes. 	 	 	"poor little rich girl"	cyril coke	john hawkesworth and julia jones	  december   ( - - ) 	 louisa and lottie clash over her future. lottie is determined to become a singer. she meets her grandfather for the first time. he becomes her ally, giving her his meagre life savings before he dies. lottie moves in with her grandmother, who tells louisa she understands lottie, whereas she could never fathom louisa. 	 	 	"ain't we got fun"	bill bain	john hawkesworth	  december   ( - - ) 	 louisa permits an american woman to write her biography, though she insists on final approval of the result. merriman wins a newspaper contest and samples life, even sauntering into the bentinck for a drink, before his money runs out and he returns to his usual post. mary and starr inform louisa that they have become engaged. louisa is furious at first, as she has a policy of not employing married people, but eventually gives in. references[edit] 	^ "john hawkesworth - telegraph". the daily telegraph. london: tmg. october . issn  - . oclc  . 	^ "bfi screenonline: hawkesworth, john ( - ) biography". www.screenonline.org.uk. 	^ "rosa lewis, cavendish hotel london, duchess of duke street, rosa lewis hotel london". thecavendish-london.co.uk. . retrieved may . 	^ " reasons to watch the duchess of duke street - the duchess of duke street - drama channel". drama.uktv.co.uk. 	^ "the duchess of duke street ii masterpiece theatre | television academy". emmys.com. . retrieved may . 	^ "alexander faris, composer of tv theme tunes, obituary". the independent. october . external links[edit] 	the duchess of duke street at imdb 		v 	t 	e edward vii 	family	 	alexandra of denmark (wife) 	albert victor, duke of clarence and avondale (son) 	george v (son) 	louise, princess royal (daughter) 	princess victoria (daughter) 	maud, queen of norway (daughter) 	queen victoria (mother) 	albert, prince consort (father) 	events	 	royal baccarat scandal 	coronation 	honours 	medal 	police medal 	coronation cases 	state funeral 	reign	 	edwardian era 	edwardian architecture 	prime ministers 	emperor of india 	household 	namesakes	 	king edward vii land 	king edward vii-class battleship 	hms king edward vii 	hospitals 	london 	falkland islands 	sheffield 	schools 	king edward vii academy 	king edward vii and queen mary school 	king edward vii school, sheffield 	king edward vii school, melton mowbray 	king edward vii school, johannesburg 	king edward vii school, taiping 	eduardo vii park 	prince albert 	king edward vii stakes 	depictions	 	film and television	 	the coronation of edward vii ( ) 	"guest of honour" ( ) 	fall of eagles ( ) 	jennie: lady randolph churchill ( ) 	edward the seventh ( ) 	the duchess of duke street ( ) 	lillie ( ) 	mrs brown ( ) 	the lost prince ( ) 	victoria & abdul ( ) 	statues and memorials	 	king edward vii memorial 	edward vii monument 	bangalore statue 	bootle statue 	books	 	the edwardians ( ) 	and having writ... ( ) 	flashman and the tiger ( ) 	stamps	 	edward vii d tyrian plum 	mistresses	 	agnes keyser 	alice keppel 	daisy greville 	hortense schneider 	lady susan vane-tempest 	lillie langtry 	nellie clifden 	patsy cornwallis-west 	honours	 	royal family order 	knights grand cross of the royal victorian order 	knights commander of the royal victorian order 	related	 	arthur sassoon 	olga de meyer 	lady randolph churchill 	sarah bernhardt 	homburg hat 	caesar (dog) 	king edward vii's town coach retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_duchess_of_duke_street&oldid= " 		categories: 	bbc television dramas 	television series set in the s 	television series set in the s 	television series set in the s 	 british television series debuts 	 british television series endings 	 s british drama television series 	english-language television shows 	television shows set in london hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	use dmy dates from march 	use british english from august 	articles needing additional references from december 	all articles needing additional references 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			galego 	italiano 	עברית 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 sophie treadwell - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	sophie treadwell 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 american playwright 	 	this article cites its sources but does not provide page references. you can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise. (october ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) sophie anita treadwell (october , – february , ) was an american playwright and journalist of the first half of the th century. she is best known for her play machinal which is often included in drama anthologies as an example of an expressionist or modernist play. treadwell wrote dozens of plays, several novels, as well as serial stories and countless articles that appeared in newspapers. in addition to writing plays for the theatre, treadwell also produced, directed and acted in some of her productions. the styles and subjects of treadwell's writings are vast, but many present women's issues of her time, subjects of current media coverage, or aspects of treadwell's mexican heritage.[ ] sophie treadwell on u.s. auto tour contents 	 heritage and childhood 	 university and early career 	 new york 	 broadway 	 later years 	 plays and novels 	 . plays and novels 	 journalism 	 contemporaries and context 	 resources and further reading 	 references 	 external links heritage and childhood[edit] sophie anita treadwell was born in in stockton, california.[ ] between and , treadwell's father, alfred treadwell, deserted her and her mother, nettie fairchild treadwell, and moved to san francisco.[ ][ ] although treadwell originally excelled at school, after her father left she struggled, which others have attributed to the frequency with which she and her mother relocated.[ ] while treadwell primarily lived with her mother, occasionally treadwell would spend summers in san francisco with her father. during these visits, treadwell was first exposed to theatre; she witnessed famous actresses helena modjeska and sarah bernhardt in the merchant of venice and phèdre, respectively. in , treadwell and her mother moved to san francisco.[ ] although treadwell's father was also born in stockton, ca, he spent most of his formative years in mexico with his native-born mother.[ ] both treadwell's paternal grandmother and great-grandmother were mexican women of spanish descent.[ ] treadwell's father had a catholic education and was fluent in five languages.[ ] treadwell's strong female role model was her grandmother anna gray fairchild, a scottish immigrant, who managed the family's large ranch in stockton after the death of her husband.[ ] traces of treadwell's heritage—both mexican and european can be gleaned from her works, as can references to her parents' troubled marriage and her time spent at the ranch in stockton.[ ] university and early career[edit] treadwell at uc berkeley[ ] treadwell received her bachelor of letters in french from the university of california at berkeley, where she studied from to .[ ][ ] at berkeley, treadwell became very involved with the school's extracurricular drama and journalism activities, serving as the college's correspondent for the san francisco examiner.[ ] due to financial pressure, treadwell had to work several jobs during her studies; receiving additional training in shorthand and typing, teaching english as a second language in the evenings, as well as working in the circulation department of the san francisco call.[ ] it was also during this time that she first began to write; early drafts of shorter plays, songs, and short fictional stories.[ ] during college, treadwell had her first brushes with mental illness, a variety of nervous conditions that would plague her and lead to several extended hospitalizations throughout her life.[ ][ ] after college, treadwell moved to los angeles where she worked for a brief time as a vaudeville singer.[ ] she then studied acting and was mentored by renowned polish actress helena modjeska, whose memoirs she was hired to write in .[ ] in , treadwell married william o. mcgeehan, better known as 'mac', a beloved sports writer for the san francisco bulletin.[ ][ ] new york[edit] in , treadwell moved to new york,[ ] following her husband who had already made the cross-country move for his career.[ ] in new york, treadwell joined the lucy stone league of suffragists.[ ] treadwell participated in a -mile march with the league, which delivered a petition on women's suffrage to the legislature of new york.[ ] treadwell maintained a separate residence from her husband, an idea encouraged by the league.[ ] her marriage was said to be one of mutual independence and acceptance of differing interests.[ ] in new york, treadwell befriended and became associated with many well known modernist personalities and modern artists of the time, notably louise and walter arensberg who ran a new york salon, and painter marcel duchamp. congruous with treadwell's advocacy for sexual independence, birth control rights, and increased sexual freedom for women, treadwell had a brief affair with the artist maynard dixon between and .[ ][ ] treadwell reached the peak of her professional career in journalism and in theatre in new york in the s.[ ] treadwell attended lectures and completed an extensive study with richard boleslavsky of the moscow art theatre which proved to be both influential and motivational for treadwell's varied theatrical pursuits.[ ] treadwell underwent media controversy in the mid- s for a drawn out dispute with the famous john barrymore; barrymore attempted to produce a play about edgar allan poe supposedly written by his wife michael strange, which borrowed heavily from a manuscript that treadwell had written and shared with him years prior. treadwell brought a lawsuit against barrymore for stoppage of the play and won, although she was criticized heavily in the media.[ ] treadwell lectured and advocated openly for authors rights and was the first american playwright to win royalty payments for a play production from the soviet union.[ ] in addition to her accomplishments, treadwell traveled often with 'mac' across the united states, europe, and northern africa. treadwell's husband died in due to heart complications, while they were on vacation in the state of georgia.[ ] broadway[edit] treadwell set herself apart from many female writers of her day, by pursuing commercial productions of her works on broadway. seven of treadwell's plays, listed below, appeared on the great white way between and .[ ] gringo was treadwell's first play to be produced on broadway.[ ] most of these plays were only written by treadwell, but she also produced lone valley and o, nightingale, the later of which she even staged.[ ] new york became the setting for the majority of treadwell's plays.[ ] 	gringo 	o nightingale 	machinal 	ladies leave 	lone valley 	plumes in the dust 	hope for a harvest critics often negatively judged treadwell's plays as having poorly developed plots, unsympathetic characters, or objectionable themes.[ ] treadwell was also known for having tense relationships with producers because she was reluctant to accept their feedback and edit her work.[ ] later years[edit] in the s and 's treadwell turned to writing mostly fiction in the form of short stories and novels, which may be influenced by the lack of success from her broadway ventures.[ ][ ] treadwell lived for a time as an expatriate in vienna, austria as well as in torremolinos in southern spain.[ ] when sophie returned to the u.s. she lived in newton, connecticut, but also spent time in mexico and stockton. in , treadwell adopted a young german boy, whom she named william. sophie retired in the mid- s to tucson, arizona where she spent her final years.[ ][ ] after a brief hospital stay, treadwell died on february , .[ ] plays and novels[edit] treadwell is credited with writing at least plays,[ ] numerous serials and journalistic articles, short stories, and several novels. the subjects of her writings are as diverse as the mediums she was writing in. many of treadwell's works are difficult to obtain and the majority of her plays have not previously been produced. many of treadwell's plays follow the traditional late nineteenth century well-made play structure, but some share the more modern style and feminist concerns treadwell is known for, including her often anthologized machinal.[ ] although treadwell's plays primarily feature lead female characters, the women presented vary greatly in their behavior, beliefs, and social status.[ ] some of treadwell's plays contain hints of autobiography from treadwell's heritage to her extra-marital affair.[ ] below is a chronological chart of her known works. plays and novels[edit] 	title	year	background 	a man's own	 	one-act written when treadwell was only years old; this play is set in an office in chicago, il and concerns economics and family matters[ ] 	le grand prix	 	sophie's first full-length play[ ] 	the right man	 [ ]	 	the settlement	 	unpublished[ ][ ] 	the high cost	 [ ]	begun in under the title constance darrow[ ] 	an unwritten chapter	 	a one-act later renamed sympathy, it is a stage adaptation of the serial how i got my husband and how i lost him.[ ] sympathy was the first of treadwell's plays to be produced, in san francisco.[ ] this -character one-act is set in an apartment and the characters are jean traig, a performer and mori, her servant, and a man; the play has romantic and economic themes.[ ] 	guess again	 – 	 -character one-act[ ] romance set in a new york apartment 	to him who waits	 – 	one-act[ ][ ] 	his luck	 – 	one-act[ ] 	la cachucha	 – 	one-act[ ] set in a ny apartment and the characters are dancer seniorita viviana ybarra y de la guerra, businessman john s. watkins, and musician senor alvaredos. the subject matter of the play is both domestic and romantic[ ] 	john doane	 – 	a one-act,[ ] featuring six characters with an abstract setting and family, romantic, and social subject matter[ ] 	claws	 – [ ]	ms treadwell wrote, produced, and acted in this play's first production[ ] 	trance	 	 -character comedic one-act[ ] set in a house london, england. the subject is listed as family and the characters are madame de vere, charlie, and john randolphe[ ] 	madame bluff	 	comedy[ ] 	the answer	 	 -act, -character play set in an apartment in new york city. the subject matter of the play is war and domestic matters and several of the characters in the play represent military personnel[ ] 	the eye of the beholder	 	one-act, previously titled mrs. wayne.[ ][ ] treadwell copyrighted this drama in , a historical accolade for a female playwright at this time.[ ] this -character drama is set in a rural house and the play's subject matter revolves around family matters and romance.[ ] produced in at the american century theater in arlington, va[ ] 	rights	 	based on the life of mary wollstonecraft[ ] 	gringo	 	ran on broadway december -january ,[ ] this -act drama is set in a mine and camp in mexico and if loaded with subject matter of: violence, interracial romance (white and hispanic), family, and intellectual matters. occupations listed for this -character play include: journalist, miner, servant, homemaker, criminal, laborer, and musician.[ ] treadwell drew heavily from her recent interview with pancho villa for the content of this play.[ ] 	o nightingale	 	a comedy, originally titled loney lee starred helen hayes and ran on broadway april -may .[ ][ ] treadwell also produced the shows transfer to broadway and played a supporting role onstage under the pseudonym constance elliot.[ ] 	machinal	 	titled the life machine in the london premiere,[ ] premiered on broadway september -november and was revived on broadway january -march .[ ] the story of machinal is told over scenes by identifies characters.[ ] six distinct settings appear in the play: office, house, hotel, hospital, bar, courtroom, prison,[ ] the main character in the play is the 'young woman,' played in the broadway production by rebecca hall.[ ] none of the characters are named, but identified by their station or occupation. the story is loosely based on the murder trial of ruth snyder. this play has also been revived off broadway and on television and is, by far, treadwell's best known work.[ ] 	ladies leave	 	a comedy, ran on broadway in october .[ ] a character play in -acts that is set in a nyc apartment which deals with the subjects of family, domestic, and social matter, as well as romance. occupations represented in the play include doctor, servant, publisher, and editor[ ] 	the island	 	a comedy set in rural mexico with subject matter of mostly romantic and socially centered content. a writer, servant, and military personnel are represented among the eight characters in the play[ ] 	lusita	 	a novel with a focus on women in the mexican revolution, informed by treadwell's interview with pancho villa almost a decade prior.[ ] 	lone valley	 	written, staged, and produced by treadwell, ran on broadway march ,[ ] after six years of work-shopping and edits by treadwell[ ] 	intimations for saxophone	 	produced in at arena stage in washington, d.c.[ ] 	plumes in the dust	 	ran on broadway in november [ ] starring henry hull portraying edgar allan poe[ ] 	hope for a harvest	 	an unpublished novel and a play; the play was later adapted for tv broadcast in .[ ] harvest was treadwell's last play to premier on broadway during her lifetime, it ran november–december at the guild theatre featuring fredric march and florence eldridge.[ ][ ] the genre is noted as drama, and the play is set in a rural house in treadwell's own san joaquin valley california. there are characters in the play and the subjects range from economics and social issues, to family and romance.[ ] this play is largely autobiographical, and discusses the loss of the american work ethic and problems of racism during world war ii.[ ] the attack on pearl harbor just ten days after harvest's opening, is believed to have severely affected american audiences' ability to sympathyzie with the plays message, leading to the play closing shortly thereafter.[ ] 	highway	 	a -act comedy set in a restaurant in rural texas. the play features characters of white, hispanic, and american indian races with a myriad of occupations with subject matter ranging from economics and family, to health and romance.[ ] highway was produced originally in pasadena, california and remade for television broadcast in the mid- s.[ ] 	the last border	 	this play is set in the federal district of mexico city, and the characters are white or hispanic. the play's subjects include violence, romance, and social issues[ ] 	judgement in the morning	 	a -act play set both in the upper-east side and an upper-west side of new york city, with a multiracial cast who portray a range of socioeconomically divided characters from a lawyer and politician—to a laborer and a criminal[ ] 	gary	 	a -act drama set in an upper west side apartment in new york city including topics of socioeconomic and family matters, romance, and violence . the four character are labeled as wilma a laborer, peggy a prostitute, garry a criminal, and dave a journalist; the abstract notes that the characters feature both heterosexual and bisexual orientations[ ] the world premiere of this play will be presented at the white bear theatre in london from june – , . 	one fierce hour and sweet	 	a novel published by appleton-century-crofts[ ] 	woman with lilies	 [ ]	treadwell's final play, produced under the title now he doesn't want to play at the university of arizona.[ ] journalism[edit] treadwell's first job as a journalist was with the san francisco bulletin, where she was hired in as a feature writer and theatre critic.[ ] she interviewed celebrities, such as jack london, and covered several high-profile murder trials.[ ] later, when living in new york, treadwell covered the murder trials of ruth snyder and judd gray whose stories influenced subsequent plays.[ ][ ] treadwell also wrote two popular serial stories for the bulletin, one based on treadwell's under cover research about charity available to women in need for which treadwell disguised herself as a homeless prostitute, the other was a fiction titled how i got my husband and how i lost him which provided the source material for her later play sympathy.[ ] treadwell traveled to france to cover the first world war; she was only female foreign correspondent writing from overseas at that time, accredited by the state department.[ ][ ] because treadwell was not permitted access to the front lines, she volunteered as a nurse and focused her writing on the effect the war was having on the women in europe. in , harper's weekly published her feature women in black.[ ] when sophie returned to new york, she was hired by the new york american, later renamed new york herald tribune where she wrote as a journalist and served as an expert on mexican-american relations and mexico.[ ][ ] in , sophie covered the end of the mexican revolution and wrote a front page piece on the flight of mexican president don venustiano carranza.[ ][ ] in , she was the only foreign journalist permitted to interview pancho villa.[ ] that two-day interview gained treadwell notoriety in the journalism field as well as provided a basis for sophie's first broadway play gringo and her later novel lusita.[ ] in , sophie spent ten months in mexico city as a correspondent for the tribune. years later, treadwell wrote for the tribune about her visit to post-war germany.[ ][ ] contemporaries and context[edit] although treadwell was writing during the height of the little theatre movement in the united states, her desire to produce her works on broadway for mainstream audiences set her apart from her contemporaries. treadwell was only peripherally involved in the movement through her work at the provincetown players during their early existence.[ ] noteworthy women playwrights writing in the same era as treadwell are:[ ][ ] 	zoe akins 	djuna barnes 	rachel crothers 	zona gale 	alice gerstenberg 	susan glaspell 	georgia douglas johnson 	edna st. vincent millay 	gertrude stein through the use of various 'isms' these playwrights explored new and alternative ways of presenting women's lives in their plays.[ ] treadwell remained widely unknown and un-talked about in the world of theatre scholarship until select feminist scholars resuscitated interest in her works following revivals of machinal in by the new york shakespeare festival and in by the royal national theatre in london.[ ] resources and further reading[edit] the majority of treadwell's works are stored at the university of arizona library special collections and the rest at the billy rose theatre collection at the new york public library. the rights to treadwell's works were passed on in her will to the roman catholic diocese of tucson: a corporation sole.[ ][ ] one who wishes to obtain the rights to treadwell's plays can address an enquiry to: fiscal and administrative services, diocese of tucson, po box , tucson, az . proceeds earned from the production or printing of treadwell's works are used to benefit native american children in arizona. further biographical information and critical analysis about treadwell may be found in: 	"broadway's bravest woman: selected writings of sophie treadwell". edited and with introductions by jerry dickey and miriam lopez-rodiriguez. southern illinois university press, . 	"susan glaspell and sophie treadwell". barbara ozieblo and jerry dickey. routledge, . 	dickey, jerry ( ). "the expressionist movement: sophie treadwell". in murphy, brenda (ed.). the cambridge companion to american women playwrights. cambridge university press. pp.  – . isbn  . all of treadwell's plays are published electronically in "north american women's drama" through the academic database publisher alexander street press. access to this resource is available by purchase directly through asp's website, or through library access at many academic institutions that have purchased a license to the database. in addition, machinal is (or was) included in the following anthologies:[ ] 	twenty-five best plays of the modern american theatre by john glassner- now out of print, originally published in 	plays by american women: – judith barlow's anthology, published in 	norton anthology of drama 	north american women's drama 	the routledge drama anthology and sourcebook 	plays and performance texts by women - manchester university press references[edit] 	^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "the sophie treadwell collection". the sophie treadwell collection. special collections, university of arizona library. retrieved may , . 	^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah dickey, jerry; lopez-rodriguez, miriam ( ). broadway's bravest woman. southern illinois university. isbn  - - - . 	^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am ozieblo, barbara; dickey, jerry ( ). susan glaspell and sophie treadwell. routledge. isbn  - - - . 	^ a b c d e f g h i "sophie treadwell". internet broadway database. the broadway league. retrieved march , . 	^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "north american women's drama". alexander street press. missing or empty |url= (help) 	^ brockett, oscar g.; hildy, franklin j. ( ). history of the theatre (foundation ed.). boston: allyn and bacon. p.  . isbn  - - - . external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to sophie treadwell. 	the sophie treadwell collection 	north american women's drama, alexander street 	the literary encyclopedia article, sophie treadwell 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	france (data) 	united states 	israel 	korea 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology 	social networks and archival context 	sudoc (france) 	 retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=sophie_treadwell&oldid= " 		categories: 	expressionist dramatists and playwrights 	modernist theatre 	 births 	 deaths 	writers from stockton, california 	american women dramatists and playwrights 	 th-century american actresses 	american people of mexican descent 	american people of spanish descent 	american people of scottish descent 	american women journalists 	 th-century american dramatists and playwrights 	 th-century american women writers 	journalists from california 	people from newtown, connecticut 	 th-century american non-fiction writers hidden categories: 	cs errors: requires url 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles lacking page references from october 	use mdy dates from october 	commons category link is on wikidata 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nli identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nlk identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with snac-id identifiers 	wikipedia articles with sudoc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			afrikaans 	עברית 	مصرى 	Русский 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 inclusive terminology guide glossary - carissa chew - nls - . .pdf - google drive sign in news – duraspace.org news – duraspace.org 	fedora migration paths and tools project update: july this is the latest in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see the previous post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. we completed some final performance tests and optimizations for the university... read more &# ; the post fedora migration paths and tools project update: july appeared first on duraspace.org. 	all aboard for fedora . as you may have heard, earlier this month the fedora . release candidate was announced, which means we are moving full steam ahead toward an official full production release of the software. after long years of laying down the tracks to guide us toward a shiny new fedora, this train is nearly ready to... read more &# ; the post all aboard for fedora . appeared first on duraspace.org. 	fedora migration paths and tools project update: may this is the eighth in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see last month’s post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. the university of virginia has completed their data migration and successfully... read more &# ; the post fedora migration paths and tools project update: may appeared first on duraspace.org. 	fedora migration paths and tools project update: april this is the seventh in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see last month’s post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. born digital has set up both staging and production servers for... read more &# ; the post fedora migration paths and tools project update: april appeared first on duraspace.org. 	meet the members welcome to the first in a series of blog posts aimed at introducing you to some of the movers and shakers who work tirelessly to advocate, educate and promote fedora and other community-supported programs like ours. at fedora, we are strong because of our people and without individuals like this advocating for continued development we... read more &# ; the post meet the members appeared first on duraspace.org. 	fedora migration paths and tools project update: january this is the fourth in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see last month’s post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. the grant team has been focused on completing an initial build... read more &# ; the post fedora migration paths and tools project update: january appeared first on duraspace.org. 	fedora migration paths and tools project update: december this is the third in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see last month’s post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. the principal investigator, david wilcox, participated in a presentation for cni... read more &# ; the post fedora migration paths and tools project update: december appeared first on duraspace.org. 	fedora alpha release is here today marks a milestone in our progress toward fedora &# ; the alpha release is now available for download and testing! over the past year, our dedicated fedora team, along with an extensive list of active community members and committers, have been working hard to deliver this exciting release to all of our users. so... read more &# ; the post fedora alpha release is here appeared first on duraspace.org. 	fedora migration paths and tools project update: october this is the first in a series of monthly blog posts that will provide updates on the imls-funded fedora migration paths and tools: a pilot project. the first phase of the project began in september with kick-off meetings for each pilot partner: the university of virginia and whitman college. these meetings established roles and responsibilities... read more &# ; the post fedora migration paths and tools project update: october appeared first on duraspace.org. 	fedora in the time of covid- the impacts of coronavirus disease are being felt around the world, and access to digital materials is essential in this time of remote work and study. the fedora community has been reflecting on the value of our collective digital repositories in helping our institutions and researchers navigate this unprecedented time.  many member institutions have... read more &# ; the post fedora in the time of covid- appeared first on duraspace.org. subspace: a solution to the farmer's dilemma.pdf - google drive sign in proof of stake - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	 	proof of stake 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 proof of stake (pos) protocols are a class of consensus mechanisms for blockchains that work by selecting validators in proportion to their quantity of holdings in the associated cryptocurrency. unlike a proof of work (pow) protocol, pos systems do not incentivize extreme amounts of energy consumption. the first functioning use of pos for cryptocurrency was peercoin in . the biggest proof-of-stake blockchain by "market cap” is cardano. contents 	 description 	 attacks 	 variants 	 . variations of stake definition 	 . delegated proof of stake 	 implementations 	 references description for a blockchain transaction to be recognized, it must be appended to the blockchain. validators carry out this appending; in most protocols, they receive a reward for doing so.[ ] for the blockchain to remain secure, it must have a mechanism to prevent a malicious user or group from taking over a majority of validation. pos accomplishes this by requiring that validators have some quantity of blockchain tokens, requiring potential attackers to acquire a large fraction of the tokens on the blockchain to mount an attack.[ ] proof of work, another commonly used consensus mechanism, uses a validation of computational prowess to verify transactions, requiring a potential attacker to acquire a large fraction of the computational power of the validator network.[ ] this incentivizes consuming huge quantities of energy. pos is tremendously more energy-efficient.[ ] in , elon musk and bill gates were seen as damaging sentiment towards proof-of-work blockchains such as bitcoin and ethereum by publicising their massive energy consumption. the efficiency of proof-of-stake coins such as cardano, eos, bitgreen and stellar led to them being described as "green coins".[ ][ ][ ][ ] attacks pos protocols can suffer from the nothing-at-stake problem, where validator nodes validate conflicting copies of the blockchain because there is minimal cost to doing so, and a smaller chance of losing out on rewards by validating a block on the wrong chain. if this persists, it can allow double-spending.[ ] this can be mitigated through penalizing validators who validate conflicting chains[ ] or by structuring the rewards so that there is no economic incentive to create conflicts.[ ] variants variations of stake definition the exact definition of "stake" varies from implementation to implementation. for instance, some cryptocurrencies use the concept of "coin age", the product of the number of tokens with the amount of time that a single user has held them, rather than merely the number of tokens, to define a validator's stake.[ ] delegated proof of stake delegated proof of stake (dpos) systems separate the roles of the stake-holders and validators, by allowing stake-holders to delegate the validation role.[ ] implementations the first functioning implementation of a proof-of-stake cryptocurrency was peercoin, introduced in .[ ] other cryptocurrencies, such as blackcoin, nxt, cardano, and algorand followed.[ ] however, as of [update], pos cryptocurrencies were still not as widely used as proof-of-work cryptocurrencies.[ ] the biggest proof-of-stake blockchains by “market cap” in were cardano, polkadot and solana. other prominent pos platforms include avalanche,[ ] tron, eos, algorand, and tezos.[ ][ ][ ] there have been repeated proposals for ethereum to switch from a pow to pos mechanism.[ ][ ] in april , the ethereum foundation announced that it planned to switch to a pos system by the end of .[ ] however, switching to a pos system is a substantial change, and progress has not been steady. william entriken, an ethereum developer, said: "you have to switch to proof of stake. proof of work should be illegal." however, the change has "always been three months away. these things don't just happen immediately."[ ] references 	^ a b c d saleh, fahad ( - - ). "blockchain without waste: proof-of-stake". the review of financial studies. ( ): – . doi: . /rfs/hhaa . issn  - . 	^ a b c tasca, paolo; tessone, claudio j. ( - - ). "a taxonomy of blockchain technologies: principles of identification and classification". ledger. . doi: . /ledger. . . issn  - . 	^ zhang, rong; chan, wai kin (victor) ( ). "evaluation of energy consumption in block-chains with proof of work and proof of stake". journal of physics: conference series. ( ): . bibcode: jphcs a z. doi: . / - / / / . issn  - . 	^ leyes, kevin (june , ). "elon musk's tweet radically changed the crypto game". entrepreneur.com. 	^ sorkin, andrew ross (march , ). "why bill gates is worried about bitcoin". the new york times. 	^ partridge, joanna (june , ). "bitcoin price back above $ , after elon musk comments". the guardian. 	^ kaplan, ezra (may , ). "cryptocurrency goes green: could 'proof of stake' offer a solution to energy concerns?". nbc news. 	^ a b c xiao, y.; zhang, n.; lou, w.; hou, y. t. ( ). "a survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks". ieee communications surveys and tutorials. ( ): – . arxiv: . . doi: . /comst. . . issn  - x. s cid  . 	^ li, wenting; andreina, sébastien; bohli, jens-matthias; karame, ghassan ( ). "securing proof-of-stake blockchain protocols". in garcia-alfaro, joaquin; navarro-arribas, guillermo; hartenstein, hannes; herrera-joancomartí, jordi (eds.). data privacy management, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. lecture notes in computer science. cham: springer international publishing. pp.  – . doi: . / - - - - _ . isbn  - - - - . 	^ gecgil, tezcan. " cryptos to buy for their potentially profitable partnerships". www.nasdaq.com. retrieved - - . 	^ ashworth, will (july , ). "solana vs. cardano: which is the better ethereum killer?". investor place. 	^ hissong, samantha (july , ). "the crypto world is getting greener. is it too little too late?". rolling stone. 	^ nguyen, cong t.; hoang, dinh thai; nguyen, diep n.; niyato, dusit; nguyen, huynh tuong; dutkiewicz, eryk ( ). "proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms for future blockchain networks: fundamentals, applications and opportunities". ieee access. : – . doi: . /access. . . 	^ a b sparkes, matthew ( - - ). "nft developers say cryptocurrencies must tackle their carbon emissions". new scientist. doi: . /s - ( ) - . retrieved - - . 	^ a b lau, yvonne ( - - ). "ethereum founder vitalik buterin says long-awaited shift to 'proof-of-stake' could solve environmental woes". forbes. retrieved - - . 		v 	t 	e cryptocurrencies 	technology	 	blockchain 	cryptocurrency tumbler 	cryptocurrency exchange 	cryptocurrency wallet 	cryptographic hash function 	decentralized exchange 	decentralized finance 	distributed ledger 	fork 	lightning network 	metamask 	non-fungible token 	smart contract 	consensus mechanisms	 	proof of authority 	proof of personhood 	proof of space 	proof of stake 	proof of work 	proof of work currencies	 	sha- -based	 	bitcoin 	bitcoin cash 	counterparty 	lbry 	mazacoin 	namecoin 	peercoin 	titcoin 	ethash-based	 	ethereum 	ethereum classic 	scrypt-based	 	auroracoin 	bitconnect 	coinye 	dogecoin 	litecoin 	equihash-based	 	bitcoin gold 	zcash 	randomx-based	 	monero 	x -based	 	dash 	petro 	other	 	ambacoin 	firo 	iota 	primecoin 	verge 	vertcoin 	proof of stake currencies	 	algorand 	cardano 	eos.io 	gridcoin 	nxt 	peercoin 	polkadot 	steem 	tezos 	tron 	erc- tokens	 	augur 	aventus 	bancor 	basic attention token 	chainlink 	kin 	kodakcoin 	minds 	the dao 	uniswap 	stablecoins	 	dai 	diem 	tether 	usd coin 	other currencies	 	ankr 	chia 	filecoin 	hbar (hashgraph) 	nano 	neo 	ripple 	safemoon 	stellar 	whoppercoin 	related topics	 	airdrop 	bitlicense 	blockchain game 	complementary currency 	crypto-anarchism 	cryptocurrency bubble 	cryptocurrency scams 	digital currency 	distributed ledger technology law 	double-spending 	hyperledger 	initial coin offering 	initial exchange offering 	initiative q 	list of cryptocurrencies 	token money 	virtual currency 	 	 category 	 commons 	 list retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=proof_of_stake&oldid= " 		categories: 	cryptography 	cryptocurrencies hidden categories: 	wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages 	articles containing potentially dated statements from 	all articles containing potentially dated statements 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	view source 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			Čeština 	deutsch 	eesti 	español 	فارسی 	français 	한국어 	italiano 	日本語 	polski 	português 	Русский 	ไทย 	türkçe 	Українська 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 netscape navigator - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	netscape navigator 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		web browser this article is about the original netscape navigator product (versions to . ). for the final release, see netscape navigator . for a full list of netscape software releases, see netscape (web browser). netscape navigator	 	netscape navigator . 	developer(s)	netscape 	initial release	  december ; years ago ( - - )[ ] 	 	final release	 . . . /  february ; years ago ( - - ) 	 ➔ back to article "netscape navigator" 	type	web browser 	website	archive.netscape.com  netscape navigator was a proprietary web browser, and the original browser of the netscape line, from versions to . , and .x. it was the flagship product of the netscape communications corp and was the dominant web browser in terms of usage share in the s, but by around its use had almost disappeared.[ ] this was partly because the netscape corporation (later purchased by aol) did not sustain netscape navigator's technical innovation in the late s.[ ] the business demise of netscape was a central premise of microsoft's antitrust trial, wherein the court ruled that microsoft's bundling of internet explorer with the windows operating system was a monopolistic and illegal business practice. the decision came too late for netscape, however, as internet explorer had by then become the dominant web browser in windows. the netscape navigator web browser was succeeded by the netscape communicator suite in . netscape communicator's .x source code was the base for the netscape-developed mozilla application suite, which was later renamed seamonkey.[ ] netscape's mozilla suite also served as the base for a browser-only spinoff called mozilla firefox. the netscape navigator name returned in when aol announced version of the netscape series of browsers, netscape navigator . on december , aol canceled its development but continued supporting the web browser with security updates until march . aol allows downloading of archived versions of the netscape navigator web browser family. aol maintains the netscape website as an internet portal.[ ] contents 	 history and development 	 . origin 	 . rise of netscape 	 . decline 	 legacy 	 see also 	 references 	 external links history and development[edit] origin[edit] mosaic netscape . , a pre- . version, with image of the mozilla mascot, and the mosaic logo in the top-right corner. netscape navigator was inspired by the success of the mosaic web browser, which was co-written by marc andreessen, a part-time employee of the national center for supercomputing applications at the university of illinois. after andreessen graduated in , he moved to california and there met jim clark, the recently departed founder of silicon graphics. clark believed that the mosaic browser had great commercial possibilities and provided the seed money. soon mosaic communications corporation was in business in mountain view, california, with andreessen as a vice-president. since the university of illinois was unhappy with the company's use of the mosaic name, the company changed its name to netscape communications (suggested by product manager greg sands[ ]) and named its flagship web browser netscape navigator. netscape announced in its first press release ( october ) that it would make navigator available without charge to all non-commercial users, and beta versions of version . and . were indeed freely downloadable in november and march , with the full version . available in december . netscape's initial corporate policy regarding navigator claimed that it would make navigator freely available for non-commercial use in accordance with the notion that internet software should be distributed for free.[ ] however, within two months of that press release, netscape apparently reversed its policy on who could freely obtain and use version . by only mentioning that educational and non-profit institutions could use version . at no charge.[ ] the reversal was complete with the availability of version . beta on march , in which a press release states that the final . release would be available at no cost only for academic and non-profit organizational use. gone was the notion expressed in the first press release that navigator would be freely available in the spirit of internet software. some security experts and cryptographers found out that all released netscape versions had major security problems with crashing the browser with long urls and bits encryption keys.[ ][ ] the first few releases of the product were made available in "commercial" and "evaluation" versions; for example, version " . " and version " . n". the "n" evaluation versions were completely identical to the commercial versions; the letter was there to remind people to pay for the browser once they felt they had tried it long enough and were satisfied with it. this distinction was formally dropped within a year of the initial release, and the full version of the browser continued to be made available for free online, with boxed versions available on floppy disks (and later cds) in stores along with a period of phone support. during this era, "internet starter kit" books were popular, and usually included a floppy disk or cd containing internet software, and this was a popular means of obtaining netscape's and other browsers.[ ] email support was initially free and remained so for a year or two until the volume of support requests grew too high. during development, the netscape browser was known by the code name mozilla, which became the name of a godzilla-like cartoon dragon mascot used prominently on the company's web site. the mozilla name was also used as the user-agent in http requests by the browser. other web browsers claimed to be compatible with netscape's extensions to html and therefore used the same name in their user-agent identifiers so that web servers would send them the same pages as were sent to netscape browsers. mozilla is now a generic name for matters related to the open source successor to netscape communicator and is most identified with the browser firefox. rise of netscape[edit] when the consumer internet revolution arrived in the mid- s, netscape was well-positioned to take advantage of it. with a good mix of features and an attractive licensing scheme that allowed free use for non-commercial purposes, the netscape browser soon became the de facto standard, particularly on the windows platform. internet service providers and computer magazine publishers helped make navigator readily available. an innovation that netscape introduced in was the on-the-fly display of web pages, where text and graphics appeared on the screen as the web page downloaded. earlier web browsers would not display a page until all graphics on it had been loaded over the network connection; this meant a user might have only a blank page for several minutes. with netscape, people using dial-up connections could begin reading the text of a web page within seconds of entering a web address, even before the rest of the text and graphics had finished downloading. this made the web much more tolerable to the average user. through the late s, netscape made sure that navigator remained the technical leader among web browsers. new features included cookies, frames,[ ] proxy auto-config,[ ] and javascript (in version . ). although those and other innovations eventually became open standards of the w c and ecma and were emulated by other browsers, they were often viewed as controversial. netscape, according to critics, was more interested in bending the web to its own de facto "standards" (bypassing standards committees and thus marginalizing the commercial competition) than it was in fixing bugs in its products. consumer rights advocates were particularly critical of cookies and of commercial web sites using them to invade individual privacy. in the marketplace, however, these concerns made little difference. netscape navigator remained the market leader with more than % usage share. the browser software was available for a wide range of operating systems, including windows ( . , , , nt), macintosh, linux, os/ ,[ ] and many versions of unix including osf/ , sun solaris, bsd/os, irix, aix, and hp-ux, and looked and worked nearly identically on every one of them. netscape began to experiment with prototypes of a web-based system, known internally as "constellation", which would allow a user to access and edit his or her files anywhere across a network no matter what computer or operating system he or she happened to be using.[ ] industry observers forecast the dawn of a new era of connected computing. the underlying operating system, it was believed, would not be an important consideration; future applications would run within a web browser. this was seen by netscape as a clear opportunity to entrench navigator at the heart of the next generation of computing, and thus gain the opportunity to expand into all manner of other software and service markets. decline[edit] 	 	this section needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. find sources: "netscape navigator" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor (december ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) usage share of netscape navigator, – with the success of netscape showing the importance of the web (more people were using the internet due in part to the ease of using netscape), internet browsing began to be seen as a potentially profitable market. following netscape's lead, microsoft started a campaign to enter the web browser software market. like netscape before them, microsoft licensed the mosaic source code from spyglass, inc. (which in turn licensed code from university of illinois). using this basic code, microsoft created internet explorer (ie). the competition between microsoft and netscape dominated the browser wars. internet explorer, version . (shipped in the internet jumpstart kit in microsoft plus! for windows [ ]) and ie, version . (the first cross-platform version of the web browser, supporting both windows and mac os[ ]) were thought by many to be inferior and primitive when compared to contemporary versions of netscape navigator. with the release of ie version . ( ) microsoft was able to catch up with netscape competitively, with ie version . ( ) further improvement in terms of market share. ie . ( ) improved stability and took significant market share from netscape navigator for the first time. there were two versions of netscape navigator . , the standard edition and the gold edition. the latter consisted of the navigator browser with e-mail, news readers, and a wysiwyg web page compositor; however, these extra functions enlarged and slowed the software, rendering it prone to crashing. this gold edition was renamed netscape communicator starting with version . ; the name change diluted its name-recognition and confused users. netscape ceo james l. barksdale insisted on the name change because communicator was a general-purpose client application, which contained the navigator browser. the aging netscape communicator .x was slower than internet explorer . . typical web pages had become heavily illustrated, often javascript-intensive, and encoded with html features designed for specific purposes but now employed as global layout tools (html tables, the most obvious example of this, were especially difficult for communicator to render). the netscape browser, once a solid product, became crash-prone and buggy; for example, some versions re-downloaded an entire web page to re-render it when the browser window was re-sized (a nuisance to dial-up users), and the browser would usually crash when the page contained simple cascading style sheets, as proper support for css never made it into communicator .x. at the time that communicator . was being developed, netscape had a competing technology called javascript style sheets. near the end of the development cycle, it became obvious that css would prevail, so netscape quickly implemented a css to jsss converter, which then processed css as jsss (this is why turning javascript off also disabled css). moreover, netscape communicator's browser interface design appeared dated in comparison to internet explorer and interface changes in microsoft and apple's operating systems. by the end of the decade, netscape's web browser had lost dominance over the windows platform, and the august microsoft financial agreement to invest one hundred and fifty million dollars in apple required that apple make internet explorer the default web browser in new mac os distributions. the latest ie mac release at that time was internet explorer version . for macintosh, but internet explorer was released later that year. microsoft succeeded in having isps and pc vendors distribute internet explorer to their customers instead of netscape navigator, mostly due to microsoft using its leverage from windows oem licenses, and partly aided by microsoft's investment in making ie brandable, such that a customized version of ie could be offered. also, web developers used proprietary, browser-specific extensions in web pages. both microsoft and netscape did this, having added many proprietary html tags to their browsers, which forced users to choose between two competing and almost incompatible web browsers. in march , netscape released most of the development code base for netscape communicator under an open source license.[ ] only pre-alpha versions of netscape were released before the open source community decided to scrap the netscape navigator codebase entirely and build a new web browser around the gecko layout engine which netscape had been developing but which had not yet incorporated. the community-developed open source project was named mozilla, netscape navigator's original code name. america online bought netscape; netscape programmers took a pre-beta-quality form of the mozilla codebase, gave it a new gui, and released it as netscape . this did nothing to win back users, who continued to migrate to internet explorer. after the release of netscape and a long public beta test, mozilla . was released on june . the same code-base, notably the gecko layout engine, became the basis of independent applications, including firefox and thunderbird. on december , the netscape developers announced that aol had canceled development of netscape navigator, leaving it unsupported as of march .[ ][ ] archived and unsupported versions of the browser remain available for download. legacy[edit] netscape's contributions to the web include javascript, which was submitted as a new standard to ecma international. the resultant ecmascript specification allowed javascript support by multiple web browsers and its use as a cross-browser scripting language, long after netscape navigator itself had dropped in popularity. another example is the frame tag, which is widely supported today, and that has been incorporated into official web standards such as the "html . frameset" specification. in a pc world column, the original netscape navigator was considered the "best tech product of all time" due to its impact on the internet.[ ] see also[edit] 	timeline of web browsers 	comparison of web browsers 	list of web browsers 	netscape 	mosaic 	mozilla 	lou montulli references[edit] 	^ "netscape ceo barksdale's deposition in microsoft suit (text)". bloomberg.com. october . retrieved december . 	^ "roads and crossroads of the internet history". netvalley.com. archived from the original on february . retrieved september . 	^ netscape's brief history archived february at the wayback machine retrieved on - - 	^ clark, jim ( ). netscape time. st. martin's press. 	^ tom drapeau ( december ). "end of support for netscape web browsers". the netscape blog. archived from the original on december . retrieved december . 	^ "greg sands". retrieved february . 	^ "netscape communications offers new network navigator free on the internet". aol.com. archived from the original on december . retrieved september . 	^ "netscape communications ships release . of netscape navigator and netscape servers" (press release). aol.com. september . archived from the original on march . retrieved september . 	^ demailly, laurent ( july ). "netscape (in)security (problems)". archived from the original on january . retrieved october . 	^ "hackers alert netscape to another flaw". the new york times. september . p. d . archived from the original on january . retrieved october . 	^ mark robbin brown; steven forrest burnett; tim evans; heather fleming; galen grimes; david gunter; jerry honeycutt; peter kent; margaret j. larson; bill nadeau; todd stauffer; ian stokell; john williams ( ). netscape navigator starter kit. que. isbn  - - - - . 	^ ladd, eric. "using html . , java . , and cgi; ch. , frames". archived from the original on october . 	^ "navigator proxy auto-config file format". netscape navigator documentation. march . archived from the original on december . retrieved january . 	^ watson, dave ( july ). "a quick look at netscape". the southern california os/ user group. archived from the original on july . retrieved august . 	^ gordon, john ( december ). "why google loves chrome: netscape constellation". gordon's notes. retrieved december . 	^ "download web browser - internet explorer". windows.microsoft.com. microsoft. archived from the original on october . retrieved september . 	^ "microsoft internet explorer web browser available on all major platforms, offers broadest international support" (press release). microsoft. april . archived from the original on august . retrieved september . 	^ hamerly, jim (january ). "freeing the source: the story of mozilla". o'reilly. archived from the original on december . retrieved september . 	^ bbc news - technology - final goodbye for early web icon bbc news archived march at the wayback machine retrieved february 	^ "curtains for netscape - tech bytes". canadian broadcasting company. archived from the original on july . retrieved june . 	^ "the best tech products of all time". pcworld. april . archived from the original on september . retrieved september . external links[edit] 	notice for netscape navigator . for os/ and netscape communicator . for os/ users 	the hidden features of netscape navigator . 	netscape browser archive - early netscape, sillydog 	preceded by first 	netscape navigator ( - . ) 	succeeded by netscape communicator ( ) 		v 	t 	e gopher 	a protocol for document search and retrieval on the internet 	active clients	 	dooble 	lynx 	w m 	webpositive 	discontinued clients	 	agora 	arachne 	amaya 	arena 	at&t pogo 	beonex communicator 	camino 	cello 	classilla 	conkeror 	cyberjack 	elinks 	epiphany 	galeon 	gophervr 	ibrowse 	internet explorer 	internet explorer for mac 	kazehakase 	libwww 	line mode browser 	minimo 	minuet 	mosaic 	mothra 	mozilla application suite 	netscape 	omniweb 	slipknot 	songbird 	tkwww 	udiwww 	xb browser 	previously supported	 	epiphany 	firefox 	flock 	internet explorer 	seamonkey 	server software	 	bucktooth 	netpresenz 	pygopherd 	squid 	synchronet 	search engines	 	jughead 	veronica 	wide area information server (wais) 	content	 	allmusic 	ccso nameserver 	gophermap 	phlog 	hosts	 	sdf public access unix system 	the well 	people	 	john goerzen 	mark p. mccahill 	 	v 	t 	e netscape 	browser versions	 	mosaic netscape 	netscape navigator 	 	 	 	 	netscape communicator 	 	 	netscape 	 	 	netscape browser 	netscape navigator 	netscape plugin application programming interface (npapi) 	e-mail clients	 	netscape mail & newsgroups 	netscape messenger 	other components	 	netscape composer 	server software	 	netscape enterprise server 	netscape application server 	netscape proxy server 	netscape directory server 	netscape server application programming interface (nsapi) 	web services	 	netscape.com 	propeller.com 	open directory project 	netscape isp 	people	 	eric j. bina 	james h. clark 	brendan eich 	daniel glazman 	jamie zawinski 	lou montulli 	marc andreessen 	eric a. meyer 	mitchell baker 	see also	 	gecko 	jsss 	mariner 	netscape 	netscape public license 	mozilla 	aol 	iplanet 	 	v 	t 	e timeline of web browsers 	 	general 	 	comparison 	lightweight 	history 	list 	for unix 	usage share 	 	 s 	 	 	 	worldwideweb (nexus) 	 	 	line mode browser 	libwww 	 	 	erwise 	macwww (samba) 	midaswww 	tkwww 	violawww 	 	 	amosaic 	arena 	cello 	emacs/w 	lynx 	ncsa mosaic 	vms mosaic 	 	 	airmosaic 	internet in a box 	ant fresco 	argo 	ibm webexplorer 	slipknot 	minuet 	navipress 	mosaic/mosaic netscape/netscape navigator 	spyglass mosaic 	tcp/connect ii 	 	 	agora 	alynx 	amsd ariadna 	cyberjack 	eworld web browser 	grail 	internet explorer 	internet explorer 	netscape navigator 	netshark 	omniweb 	hotjava 	udiwww 	webshark 	w m 	 	 	cyberdog 	arachne 	aweb 	ibrowse 	amaya 	internet explorer 	netscape navigator 	opera 	oracle powerbrowser 	tcpconnect 	voyager 	 	 	netscape communicator 	internet explorer 	opera . 	 	 	neoplanet 	mozilla application suite 	opera – . 	 	 	icab 	internet explorer 	omniweb 	opera . – . 	 	 s 	 	 	 	beonex communicator 	galeon 	k-meleon 	mediabrowser 	netscape 	opera – . 	 	 	icab . 	internet explorer 	omniweb 	opera – . 	 	 	avant browser 	camino 	epiphany 	netscape 	opera – . 	 	 	greenbrowser 	maxthon 	opera – . 	safari 	slimbrowser 	 	 	avant browser 	phoenix/firebird/firefox 	opera . – . 	 	 	aol explorer 	deepnet explorer 	firefox . 	opera – . 	safari 	 	 	avant browser 	firefox 	internet explorer 	opera – . 	 	 	maxthon 	opera . – . 	safari 	seamonkey . 	 	 	chrome 	firefox 	netscape browser 	netscape navigator 	netsurf . 	 	 	avant browser . 	chrome – 	firefox . 	internet explorer 	opera – . 	pale moon 	safari 	seamonkey . 	 	 s 	 	 	 	chrome – 	firefox . 	lunascape . . 	maxthon 	netsurf . 	opera – . 	safari 	 	 	chrome – 	firefox – 	internet explorer 	lunascape . 	opera – . 	seamonkey . – . 	waterfox 	 	 	chrome – 	firefox – 	internet explorer 	lunascape . 	maxthon . 	netsurf . 	safari 	yandex browser 	 	 	chrome – 	firefox – 	internet explorer 	opera – 	safari 	seamonkey . – . 	 	 	chrome – 	firefox – 	lunascape . 	netsurf . 	opera – 	safari 	seamonkey . – . 	 	 	chrome – 	firefox – 	lunascape . – . 	microsoft edge , 	opera – 	safari 	seamonkey . – . 	vivaldi 	 	 	blisk . . – . . 	chrome – 	firefox – 	lunascape . – . 	microsoft edge 	opera – 	safari 	yandex . – . 	 	 	chrome – 	firefox – 	microsoft edge , 	opera – 	safari 	seamonkey . – . 	basilisk 	brave 	vivaldi . – . 	 	 	blisk . . – . . 	chrome – 	firefox – 	microsoft edge – 	opera – 	safari 	waterfox . – . 	yandex . – . 	 	 	blisk . – . . 	chrome – 	firefox – 	opera – 	safari 	vivaldi . – . 	waterfox . – . a 	whale . – . 	yandex . – . 	 	 s 	 	 	 	blisk . 	brave . – . 	chrome – 	firefox – 	microsoft edge – 	opera – 	seamonkey . 	vivaldi . – . 	safari 	 	 	blisk . . . — 	brave . — 	chrome — 	firefox — 	microsoft edge — 	opera — 	seamonkey . . 	vivaldi . — 	yandex . . — 	 	related topics 	 	 d markup language for web 	aliweb 	arpanet 	ascii 	bitnet 	browser wars 	compuserve 	elm 	email 	file transfer protocol 	gopher 	html 	hypercard 	hytelnet 	ncsa telnet 	nls 	prodigy 	teletext 	telnet 	usenet 	uucp 	videotex 	viewdata 	virtual reality markup language 	web page 	whole internet user's guide and catalog 	world wide web 	x. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=netscape_navigator&oldid= " 		categories: 	latest preview software release templates 	netscape 	 software 	cross-platform web browsers 	discontinued web browsers 	gopher clients 	history of web browsers 	os/ web browsers 	posix web browsers hidden categories: 	webarchive template wayback links 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	use dmy dates from january 	articles needing additional references from december 	all articles needing additional references 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	azərbaycanca 	bân-lâm-gú 	català 	Čeština 	deutsch 	español 	esperanto 	فارسی 	français 	galego 	한국어 	हिन्दी 	hrvatski 	bahasa indonesia 	interlingua 	Íslenska 	italiano 	עברית 	ಕನ್ನಡ 	latviešu 	magyar 	मराठी 	bahasa melayu 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	polski 	português 	română 	Русский 	simple english 	slovenčina 	slovenščina 	Српски / srpski 	suomi 	svenska 	தமிழ் 	ไทย 	Українська 	vèneto 	tiếng việt 	粵語 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 json search syntax 	 solarwinds uses cookies on its websites to make your online experience easier and better. by using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. for more information on cookies, see our cookie policy. continue 	visit solarwinds.com 	documentation 	contact us 	customer portal 	 toggle navigation 	 academy 	 solarwinds academy 	 classes 	 guided curriculum 	 elearning 	 certification solarwinds academy the solarwinds academy offers education resources to learn more about your product. the curriculum provides a comprehensive understanding of our portfolio of products through virtual classrooms, elearning videos, and professional certification. 	 see what's offered available resources 	 virtual classrooms calendar 	 elearning video index 	 solarwinds certified professional program virtual classrooms attend virtual classes on your product and a wide array of topics with live instructor sessions or watch on-demand videos to help you get the most out of your purchase. 	 find a class open sessions and popular classes 	 general office hours 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 see all 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager guided curriculum whether learning a newly-purchased solarwinds product or finding information to optimize the software you already own, we have guided product training paths that help get customers up to speed quickly. 	 view suggested paths elearning on-demand videos on installation, optimization, and troubleshooting. 	 see all videos popular videos 	 upgrading isn't as daunting as you may think 	 upgrading your orion platform deployment using microsoft azure 	 upgrading from the orion platform . to . 	 don't let the gotchas get you 	 how to install npm and other orion platform products 	 upgrading the orion platform 	 see all videos 	 navigating the web console 	 prepare a sam installation 	 installing server & application monitor 	 how to install sem on vmware 	 customer success with the solarwinds support community 	 new job, new to solarwinds? solarwinds certified professional program become a solarwinds certified professional to demonstrate you have the technical expertise to effectively set up, use, and maintain solarwinds’ products. 	 learn more study aids 	 access rights manager 	 architecture and design 	 database performance analyzer 	 diagnostics 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 network performance monitor 	 server & application monitor 	 onboarding & upgrading 	 new to solarwinds 	 orion assistance program 	 upgrade resource center 	 support offerings 	 smartstart 	 what’s new upgrade resource center see helpful resources, answers to frequently asked questions, available assistance options, and product-specific details to make your upgrade go quickly and smoothly. 	 visit the upgrade resource center product-specific upgrade resources 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 storage resource monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 web performance monitor 	 log analyzer orion assistance program this program connects you with professional consulting resources who are experienced with the orion platform and its products. these services are provided at no additional charge for customers who were/are running one of the orion platform versions affected by sunburst or supernova. 	 learn more support offerings our customer support plans provide assistance to install, upgrade, and troubleshoot your product. choose what best fits your environment and organization, and let us help you get the most out of your purchase. we support all our products, / / . 	 learn more available programs 	 professional 	 premier 	 premier enterprise smartstart our smartstart programs help you install and configure or upgrade your product. get assistance from solarwinds’ technical support experts with our onboarding and upgrading options. we also offer a self-led program for network performance monitor (npm) and server & application monitor (sam) if you need help doing it yourself. 	 learn more available programs 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 smartstart self-led for npm and sam what’s new at solarwinds find the latest release notes, system requirements, and links to upgrade your product. 	 learn more new to solarwinds you just bought your first product. now what? find out more about how to get the most out of your purchase. from installation and configuration to training and support, we've got you covered. 	 learn more 	 support offerings 	 premier support 	 smartstart 	 working with support premier support we offer paid customer support programs to assist you with installation, upgrading and troubleshooting. choose what best fits your environment and budget to get the most out of your software. get priority call queuing and escalation to an advanced team of support specialist. available programs 	 premier support 	 premier enterprise support smartstart our smartstart paid programs are intended help you install and configure or upgrade your product. you’ll be assisted by solarwinds’ technical support experts who are dedicated to quickly and efficiently help you with getting up and running or moving to the latest version of your product. available programs 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 working with support working with support a glossary of support availability, tips, contact info, and customer success resources. we're here to help. 	 learn more 	 products 	 network management 	 systems management 	 database management 	 it security 	 it service management 	 application management 	 documentation network management 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 engineer's toolset 	 view all network management products 	 network topology mapper 	 user device tracker 	 voip network quality manager 	 log analyzer 	 enterprise operations console your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class systems management 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 storage resource monitor 	 web performance monitor 	 server configuration monitor 	 backup 	 view all systems management products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class it security 	 security event manager 	 access rights manager 	 serv-u managed file transfer server 	 serv-u ftp server 	 patch manager 	 identity monitor 	 view all it security products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class database management 	 database performance analyzer 	 database performance monitor 	 view all database management products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class it service management 	 dameware remote everywhere 	 dameware remote support 	 dameware mini remote control 	 service desk 	 web help desk 	 view all it service management products 	 kiwi syslog server 	 kiwi cattools 	 ipmonitor 	 mobile admin your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class application management 	 appoptics 	 pingdom 	 papertrail 	 loggly 	 view all application management products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class 	 community 	 thwack® 	 orange matter 	 logicalread thwack® over , users—get help, be heard, improve your product skills 	 visit thwack available programs 	 solarwinds lab 	 thwack tuesday tips (ttt) 	 thwackcamp™ on-demand orange matter practical advice on managing it infrastructure from up-and-coming industry voices and well-known tech leaders 	 view orange matter logicalread blog articles, code, and a community of database experts 	 read the blog 	 submit a ticket 	 	 academy 	 solarwinds academy 	 see what's offered 	 virtual classrooms calendar 	 elearning video index 	 solarwinds certified professional program 	 classes 	 find a class 	 general office hours 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 see all 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 guided curriculum 	 view suggested paths 	 elearning 	 see all videos 	 upgrading isn't as daunting as you may think 	 upgrading your orion platform deployment using microsoft azure 	 upgrading from the orion platform . to . 	 don't let the gotchas get you 	 how to install npm and other orion platform products 	 upgrading the orion platform 	 see all videos 	 navigating the web console 	 prepare a sam installation 	 installing server & application monitor 	 how to install sem on vmware 	 customer success with the solarwinds support community 	 new job, new to solarwinds? 	 certification 	 learn more 	 access rights manager 	 architecture and design 	 database performance analyzer 	 diagnostics 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 network performance monitor 	 server & application monitor 	 onboarding & upgrading 	 new to solarwinds 	 learn more 	 orion assistance program 	 learn more 	 upgrade resource center 	 visit the upgrade resource center 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 storage resource monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 web performance monitor 	 log analyzer 	 support offerings 	 learn more 	 professional 	 premier 	 premier enterprise 	 smartstart 	 learn more 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 smartstart self-led for npm and sam 	 what’s new 	 learn more 	 support offerings 	 premier support 	 premier support 	 premier enterprise support 	 smartstart 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 working with support 	 working with support 	 learn more 	 products 	 network management 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 engineer's toolset 	 view all network management products 	 network topology mapper 	 user device tracker 	 voip network quality manager 	 log analyzer 	 enterprise operations console 	 systems management 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 storage resource monitor 	 web performance monitor 	 server configuration monitor 	 backup 	 view all systems management products 	 it security 	 security event manager 	 access rights manager 	 serv-u managed file transfer server 	 serv-u ftp server 	 patch manager 	 identity monitor 	 view all it security products 	 database management 	 database performance analyzer 	 database performance monitor 	 view all database management products 	 it service management 	 dameware remote everywhere 	 dameware remote support 	 dameware mini remote control 	 service desk 	 web help desk 	 view all it service management products 	 kiwi syslog server 	 kiwi cattools 	 ipmonitor 	 mobile admin 	 application management 	 appoptics 	 pingdom 	 papertrail 	 loggly 	 view all application management products 	 documentation 	 community 	 thwack® 	 visit thwack 	 orange matter 	 view orange matter 	 logicalread 	 read the blog 	 submit a ticket 	 documentation forpapertrail json search syntax in addition to using the google-esque search syntax to find things in your logs, papertrail can parse a json object that appears at the end of a log line. each line can contain arbitrary string data before the json. for example: copy - - : : debug {"a": ,"b": } this is a beta feature and the final syntax might change. if you have any questions or suggestions, please contact contact us. json search syntax root level search copy json.orgid: example matches: 	exact match	{ "orgid": } 	substring match	{ "orgid": } nested search copy json.user.name:pete example matches: 	exact match	{ "user": {"name": "pete"} } 	substring match	{ "user": {"name": "peter" } } exact match copy json.orgid:" " example matches: 	exact match	{ "orgid": } negation copy json.cursor.tail:false and -json.orgid: example matches: 	different value for orgid	{ "orgid": , "cursor": {"tail": false} } 	orgid not present	{ "cursor": {"tail": false} } the scripts are not supported under any solarwinds support program or service. the scripts are provided as is without warranty of any kind. solarwinds further disclaims all warranties including, without limitation, any implied warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. the risk arising out of the use or performance of the scripts and documentation stays with you. in no event shall solarwinds or anyone else involved in the creation, production, or delivery of the scripts be liable for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or other pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of or inability to use the scripts or documentation. we’re geekbuilt.® developed by network and systems engineers who know what it takes to manage today's dynamic it environments, solarwinds has a deep connection to the it community. the result? it management products that are effective, accessible, and easy to use. 	 	 	 	 company investors career center resource center email preference center for customers for government gdpr resource center solarwinds trust center legal documents privacy california privacy rights security information documentation & uninstall information sitemap © solarwinds worldwide, llc. all rights reserved. an alternative approach to nucleic acid memory | nature communications skip to main content thank you for visiting nature.com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript. advertisement 	 view all journals 	 search 	 my account login 	 explore content 	 journal information 	 publish with us 	 sign up for alerts 	 rss feed 	nature 	nature communications 	articles 	 article an alternative approach to nucleic acid memory download pdf 	article 	 open access 	published: april an alternative approach to nucleic acid memory 	george d. dickinson  orcid: orcid.org/ - - -  na , 	golam md mortuza  orcid: orcid.org/ - - -  na , 	william clay  na , 	luca piantanida  orcid: orcid.org/ - - -  na , 	christopher m. green  orcid: orcid.org/ - - -  naff , 	chad watson , 	eric j. hayden  orcid: orcid.org/ - - - , 	tim andersen  orcid: orcid.org/ - - - , 	wan kuang , 	elton graugnard  orcid: orcid.org/ - - - , 	reza zadegan  orcid: orcid.org/ - - -  naff & 	william l. hughes  orcid: orcid.org/ - - -   nature communications volume  , article number:  ( ) cite this article 	 accesses 	 citations 	 altmetric 	 metrics details subjects 	dna computing and cryptography 	dna nanostructures 	information storage 	super-resolution microscopy abstract dna is a compelling alternative to non-volatile information storage technologies due to its information density, stability, and energy efficiency. previous studies have used artificially synthesized dna to store data and automated next-generation sequencing to read it back. here, we report digital nucleic acid memory (dnam) for applications that require a limited amount of data to have high information density, redundancy, and copy number. in dnam, data is encoded by selecting combinations of single-stranded dna with ( ) or without ( ) docking-site domains. when self-assembled with scaffold dna, staple strands form dna origami breadboards. information encoded into the breadboards is read by monitoring the binding of fluorescent imager probes using dna-paint super-resolution microscopy. to enhance data retention, a multi-layer error correction scheme that combines fountain and bi-level parity codes is used. as a prototype, fifteen origami encoded with ‘data is in our dna!\n’ are analyzed. each origami encodes unique data-droplet, index, orientation, and error-correction information. the error-correction algorithms fully recover the message when individual docking sites, or entire origami, are missing. unlike other approaches to dna-based data storage, reading dnam does not require sequencing. as such, it offers an additional path to explore the advantages and disadvantages of dna as an emerging memory material. download pdf introduction as outlined by the semiconductor research corporation, memory materials are approaching their physical and economic limits , . motivated by the rapid growth of the global datasphere , and its environmental impacts, new non-volatile memory materials are needed. as a sustainable alternative, dna is a viable option because of its information density, significant retention time, and low energy of operation . while synthesis and sequencing cost curves drive innovations in the field, divergent approaches to nucleic acid memory (nam) have been constrained because of the ease of using sequencing to recover stored digital information , , , , , , , , . here, we report digital nucleic acid memory (dnam) as an alternative to sequencer-based dna memory. inspired by progress in dna nanotechnology , dnam uses advancements in super-resolution microscopy (srm) to access digital data stored in short oligonucleotide strands that are held together for imaging using dna origami. in dnam, non-volatile information is digitally encoded into specific combinations of single-stranded dna, commonly known as staple strands, that can form dna origami nanostructures when combined with a scaffold strand. when formed into origami, the staple strands are arranged at addressable locations (fig.  ) that define an indexed matrix of digital information. this site-specific localization of digital information is enabled by designing staple strands with nucleotides that extend from the origami. extended staple strands have two domains: the first domain forms a sequence-specific double helix with the scaffold and determines the address of the data within the origami; the second domain extends above the origami and, if present, provides a docking site for fluorescently labeled single-stranded dna imager strands. binary states are defined by the presence ( ) or absence ( ) of the data domain, which is read with a super-resolution microscopy technique called dna-points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (dna-paint) . unique patterns of binary data are encoded by selecting which staple strands have, or do not have, data domains. as an integrated memory platform, data is entered into dnam when the staple strands encoding or are selected for each addressable site. the staple strands are then stored directly, or self-assembled into dna origami and stored. editing data is achieved by replacing specific strands or the entire content of a stored structure. to read the data, the origami is optically imaged below the diffraction limit of light using dna-paint (fig. s ). fig. : binary dnam overview. the test message (a) for optically reading dnam was ‘data is in our dna!’. the message was encoded and then synthesized into dnam origami. for clarity, only one of the designs is shown in (b). the data domain colors correspond to their bit values as follows: droplet (green), parity (blue), checksum (yellow), index (red), and orientation (magenta). site-specific localization is enabled by extending or not-extending the structural staple strands of the origami to create physical representations of s and s. the presence, absence, and identity of a data strand’s docking sequence defines the state of each data strand and is assessed by monitoring the binding of data imager strands via dna-paint in (c). afm images of an origami nanostructure are depicted in (d), with both the expected raft honeycomb structure (left) and data strands (right) visible. the scale bar is   nmin the afm images and the color scale ranges from –  nm in height. to ‘read’ the encoded message,  μl of the dna origami mixture, containing .  nm of each origami, was imaged via dna-paint. two representative origami cropped from the final rendered image are shown in (e), scale bar,  nm. all structures identified as origami in the rendered image were converted to a matrix of ’s and ’s corresponding to the pattern of localizations seen at each data domain in (f). the red boxes in (f) now indicate errors. the decoding algorithm performed error correction where possible in (g) and successfully retrieved the entire message when sufficient data droplets and indexes were recovered in (a). the blue boxes in (g) now indicate corrected errors. full size image key design features of dnam, that ensure error-free data recovery, are our error-correcting algorithms. detection of individual dna molecules using dna-paint is routinely limited by incomplete staple strand incorporation, defective imager strands, fluorophore bleaching, and/or background fluorescence . although it is possible to improve the signal-to-noise ratio by averaging multiple images of identical structures , this approach comes at a significant cost to the read speed and information density. to overcome these challenges, we created dnam-specific information encoding and decoding algorithms that combine fountain codes with a custom, bi-level, parity-based, and orientation-invariant error detection scheme. fountain codes enable transmission of data over noisy channels . they work by dividing a data file into smaller units called droplets and then sending the droplets at random to a receiver. droplets can be read in any order and still be decoded to recover the original file , so long as a sufficient number of droplets are sent to ensure that the entire file is received. we encode each droplet onto a single origami and add additional bits of information for error correction to ensure that individual droplets will be recovered, in the presence of high noise, from individual dna origami. together, the error-correction and fountain codes increase the probability that the message is fully recovered while reducing the number of origami that must be observed. in this report, we describe a working prototype of dnam. as a proof of concept, we encoded the message ‘data is in our dna!\n’ into origami and recovered the message using dna-paint. we divided the message into digital droplets, each encoded by a separately synthesized origami with addressable staple strands that space out data domains approximately  nm apart. a single dna-paint recording recovered the message from  fmoles of origami, with approximately origami needing to be read to reach a % probability of full data retrieval. by combining the spatial control of dna nanotechnology with our error-correction algorithms, we demonstrate dnam as an alternative approach to prototyping dna-based storage for applications that require a limited amount of data to have high information density, redundancy, and copy number. results recovery of a message encoded into dnam to test our dnam concept, we encoded the message ‘data is in our dna!\n’ into distinct dna origami nanostructures (fig.  a). each origami was designed with a unique  ×  data matrix that was generated by our encoding algorithm with data domains positioned ~  nm apart. for encoding purposes, the message was converted to binary code (ascii) and then segmented into overlapping data droplets that were each bits. inspired in part by digital encoding formats like qr-codes, the addressable sites on each origami were used to encode one of the -bit data droplets, as well as information used to ensure the recovery of each data droplet. specifically, each origami was designed to contain a -bit binary index ( – ), twenty bits for parity checks, four bits for checksums, and four bits allocated as orientation markers (fig.  b). to fully recover the encoded message, we then synthesized each origami separately and deposited an approximately equal mixture of all designs (~  fmoles of total origami) onto a glass coverslip. the data domains were accessible for binding via fluorescently labeled imager probes because they faced the bulk solution and not the coverslip (fig.  c). high-resolution atomic force microscopy (afm) was used in tapping mode to confirm the structural integrity of the origami and the presence of the data domains (fig.  d). , frames from a single field of view were recorded using dna-paint (~ origami identified in  µm ). the super-resolution images of the hybridized imager strands were then reconstructed from blinking events identified in the recording to map the positions of the data domains on each origami (fig.  e). using a custom localization processing algorithm, the signals were translated to a  ×  grid and converted back to a -bit binary string—which was passed to the decoding algorithm for error correction, droplet recovery, and message reconstruction (fig.  f, g). the process enabled successful recovery of the dnam encoded message from a single super-resolution recording. quality control of dnam we evaluated all of the origami structures using afm to confirm that the different designs were successfully synthesized, with their data domains in the correct location. automated image processing algorithms were developed to identify, orient, and average multiple images of each origami from the dna-paint recording of the mixture (fig.  ). although the edges of the origami were more sensitive to data strand insertion failures (fig. s ), the results confirmed that all of the data domains, in each of the origami designs, were detectable in each of the three separate experiments. the afm images further confirmed that the general shapes of all origami designs were as expected with properly positioned data domains (fig.  d, fig. s ). the results indicate that the extended staple strands do not prevent the synthesis of the unique origami designs. fig. : dna-paint imaging of dnam indicates all sites are recovered in a single read. dnam origami from a dna-paint recording were identified and classified by aligning and template matching them with the design matrixes (design) in which all potential docking sites are shown. filled circles indicate sites encoded ‘ ’ (dark gray) or ‘ ’ (white). colored boxes indicate the regions of the matrixes used for the droplet (green), parity (blue), checksum (yellow), index (red), and orientation (magenta). for clarity, only the first design image includes the colored matrix sites. averaged images of randomly selected origami, grouped by index, are depicted (dna-paint). scale bar,  nm. full size image further afm analysis of dnam origami as an additional quality control step, we used afm to examine origami deposited onto a glass coverslip immediately following srm imaging. we were not able to resolve individual docking sites in these images, most likely due to the increased roughness of glass, as compared to mica. however, it was possible to count the number of origami in a field of view for comparison with srm. the densities of origami estimated from the images were . and . origami/µm for afm and srm, respectively, suggesting that ~ % of the total origami deposited on glass have their data domains facing away from the coverslip and available for imager strand binding. to further investigate the variance in error rates between origami designs, we resynthesized the most error-prone origami (origami index ). dna-paint imaging indicated that the new batch showed .  ±  false-negative errors per origami, consistent with the original experiment, while the second batch showed .  ±  false-negative errors (fig.  ). this suggests that at least a portion of the variance in error rates is independent of origami design and may be caused by variations in mixing, folding, and purification conditions. fig. : all dnam data strings were recovered from a single read. (a) plots the numbers of each origami index observed in a single recording, based on template matching. the mean counts are shown as gray bars, with the percentage of the total origami indicated on the secondary axis. in (b), the mean number of total errors (top) for each structure is shown, based on template matching. the same errors are also shown after being grouped into false negatives (middle) and false positives (bottom). (c) depicts the percent of origami passed to the decoding algorithm that had both their indexes and data strings correctly identified. in (d), the percentage of each origami decoded is plotted against the mean number of errors for each structure. (e) shows histograms of the total mean numbers of errors found in origami identified by template matching (open bars) and the decoding algorithm (gray bars). the difference between the two is plotted in blue. mean values for three experiments are depicted in all graphs, error bars indicate ±sd. individual data points are plotted as small black circles. full size image data encoding/decoding strategy for dnam our encoding approach added error-correction bits of data to every origami structure so that data droplets can be determined from individual origami even when data domains are incorrectly resolved, and the entire message recovered if some droplets are missed entirely. to evaluate the performance of the decoding algorithm, we examined the frequency and types of errors in the dna-paint images and the effect of these errors on our decoding outcomes. we used a template matching strategy where each of the origami designs was considered a template, and each individual origami in the field of view was compared to these designs to find the best match. we identified the total number of origami that matched or did not match, each design (fig.  a, b). we then determined the number of each design identified by the decoding algorithm when recovering the message (fig.  c): a process independent of template matching and blind to the droplet data contained in the dna origami. we observed a clear negative correlation between the number of errors detected in a specific design and the number of corresponding origami that were successfully decoded by the algorithm (fig.  d). the results indicate that, even though there was a low relative abundance of several origami in the deposition mixture (particularly origami index ) and a mean of .  ±  . false errors per origami across the different designs, our error-correction scheme enabled successful message recovery. false positives were much less common in our experiments, with a mean of .  ±  . (fig.  b). furthermore, the mean number of errors overcome by the decoding algorithm ( .  ±  . ) was lower than the mean number of errors observed across all the origami ( .  ±  . ), demonstrating the challenge of decoding origami when several fluorescent signals are missing (fig.  e). nevertheless, the ability of our data encoding and decoding strategy to recover the message despite errors in individual origami is promising, and the results provide useful guidelines for evaluating and optimizing origami performance for future dnam designs. sampling analysis of dnam given the observed frequency of missing data points, we then used a random sampling approach to determine the number of origami needed to decode the ‘data is in our dna!\n’ message under our experimental conditions. we started with all the decoded binary output strings that were obtained from the single-field-of-view recordings and took random subsamples of – binary strings. we passed each random subsample of strings through the decoding algorithm and determined the number of droplets that were recovered (fig.  ). based on the algorithmic settings used in the experiment, we found that only ~ successfully decoded origami were needed to recover the message with near % probability. this number is largely driven by the presence of origami in our sample that were prone to high error rates and thus rarely decoded correctly (i.e., origami index ). fig. : number of dnam origami required to recover the message. the mean number of unique dnam origami correctly decoded for randomly selected subsamples of decoded binary strings are shown. the analysis was broken out by the number of errors corrected for each origami, three examples are plotted ( , , and ). black filled circles depict the mean results for nine error corrections, which is the ‘maximum allowable number of errors’ parameter used in the decoding algorithm for all other analysis reported here. the horizontal lines indicate the probability of recovering the message with different numbers of unique droplets. with fourteen or more droplets, the message should always be recovered (thick green line, and above indicates % chance of recovery) and with nine or fewer droplets the message will never be recovered (thick red line and below indicates % chance of recovery). mean values for three experiments are shown. error bars indicate ±sd. individual data points are plotted behind as smaller gray symbols. full size image simulations of dnam simulations were run to determine the size efficiency of the encoding scheme, as well as its ability to recover from errors. as shown in fig.  a, the number of origami required to encode a message of length n increases roughly at a linear rate up to n =  bytes of data. larger message sizes require more bits to be devoted to indexing, decreasing the number of available data bits per origami—creating a practical limit of  kb of data for the prototype described in this work. this limit can be increased by increasing the number of bits per origami. to determine the ability of the decoding and error correction algorithm to recover information in the presence of increasing error rates, in silico origami that encoded randomly generated data were subjected to increasing bit error rates. the decoding algorithm robustly recovers the entire message for all tested message sizes when the average number of errors per origami is less than . (fig.  b). at . errors per origami, the message recovery rate drops to . %, and as expected decreases rapidly with higher error rates ( % recovery at . errors per origami, and . % at errors per origami). an important feature of our algorithm is that the origami recovery rate can be low (as low as % in these experiments) and still recover the entire message % of the time. fig. : dnam origami and message recovery rates in the presence of increasing errors. simulations were performed to determine the theoretical success rates for correctly decoding individual dnam origami and recovering encoded messages. in (a), the mean number of dnam origami needed to successfully recover messages of increasing length with (circles) or without (squares) redundant bits are plotted. in (b), the mean success for recovering both individual origami (triangles) and the entire message (diamonds) are plotted against the mean number of errors per origami (errors were randomly generated for simulated data). simulation recovery rates are averages of all message sizes tested ( to , bits). for comparison, the mean success rate for experimental data is also plotted (open circles). for experimental data, the mean success was estimated by comparing the decode algorithm’s results with that of the template-matching algorithm. all simulations were repeated times. experimental data were derived from independent dna-paint recordings. full size image discussion our results demonstrate a proof of concept for writing and reading digital information encoded in oligonucleotides. because of the durability of dna, dnam has long-term future potential for archival information storage. currently, the most widely used material for this purpose is magnetic tape. recent advancements in tape report a two-dimensional areal information density up to gbit/cm , though the current commercially available material typically has lower density . although relevant only for reading throughput, not storage, the information density of tape can be compared to the dnam origami, which contains data domains spaced at  nm intervals to achieve an areal density of about gbit/cm . after accounting for using ~ / of the bits for indexing and error correction, this results in an areal data density of gbit/cm . it is possible to increase dnam areal density by placing a data domain at every turn in the dna helix (~ .  nm spacing), a distance that has been resolved by srm . other avenues to increasing density are also available, such as previously reported multiplexing techniques with multiple fluorophores and orthogonal binding sequences with different binding kinetics , and incorporation of each of these approaches is expected to impact reading throughput. in terms of durability, typical magnetic tape lasts for – years, while double-stranded dna is estimated to be stable for millions of years under optimal environmental conditions . with our optical microscope setup and origami deposition protocol, we can image the unique origami designs needed to store  kb of data (fig.  ), albeit in several recordings. we conservatively estimate it would take ~ recordings to ensure a % probability of successful data recovery given our current error rates. to efficiently handle larger datasets, it is necessary to improve the data capacity of individual origami, which will allow a larger range of indexing values and increase the proportion of bits dedicated to the data as compared to indexing, error-correction, and orientation. this could be achieved by engineering larger origami or by increasing data density—either by placing data sites closer together or by using multiplexing techniques to augment bit depth at each site (see si, supplemental calculations). our results also indicate that advancements in origami-based information storage and reading will require a coordinated effort between improvements in origami synthesis, substrate deposition, dna-paint, and coding algorithms. for example, our subsampling approach (fig.  ) showed that a decoding algorithm that corrected up to nine errors easily recovered our entire message, while algorithms that corrected only five or fewer errors are much less computationally expensive but rarely recovered our full message. this makes sense, given that most of the origami detected had more than five errors (fig.  e). we anticipate that reducing the number of errors by improving origami design and optimizing imager strand performance would allow more efficient algorithms for data recovery, which would, in turn, decrease the number of bits dedicated to error correction and thus increase information density. our fountain code algorithm is robust to randomly lost packets of information, as long as the receiver receives k + ε packets, where k is the minimum number of packets required to encode the file under perfect conditions (i.e., k is equal to the file size) and ε is the number of additional packets received. the probability of being able to decode the file is then ( −δ), where δ is upper-bounded by −kε . this equation implies that all things being equal, the larger the file size the greater the likelihood of successfully recovering the file at the receiver. normally, the transmitter continues to transmit droplets in a fountain code until the receiver acknowledges successful file recovery. in the case of dnam, this is not possible since the number of droplets must be fixed ahead of time to equal the number of origami. reducing the error rates, or improving error correction/detection, would have the added benefit of reducing the number of droplets and hence origami discarded by the fountain code. these improvements would make it easier to determine the minimum number of droplets per dna origami needed to ensure robust file recovery while increasing information density even further. the lower abundance and higher error rate of origami index (fig.  ) indicate that some designs have defects that we could not detect by afm and/or srm. careful defect analysis indicates that incorporated but inactive data domains play a greater role in producing errors than unincorporated staple strands . future dnam research should focus on sequence optimization to minimize variation in hybridization rates and the formation of off-target structures . it should also include the use of larger dna origami and increased bit depth through multiplexing. future work on dnam will also need to address scalability if dnam is to compete with established memory storage systems. in this report, we describe the storage of a small amount of data in order to illustrate the potential of dnam. scaling to much larger data sets requires substantial engineering improvements in both write and read speeds (see fig. s and supplemental calculations for further comparisons). for writing, the rate-limiting step is the selection of the oligonucleotide data strands. in our lab, we use an epmotion liquid-handling system to pipette oligonucleotides. while this machine could handle thousands of sample transfers per day, it limits the write speed to thousands of bits per day as each data strand encodes bit. as far as we are aware, the fastest liquid-transfer system available is the echo ® liquid handler, which is reported by the manufacturer to process ~ , samples per day, allowing ~ .  mb per day for -bit data strands. for dnam to reach write speeds equivalent to tape (hundreds of mb per second) using laboratory hardware, significant increases in either the number of bits per strand and the rate of transfer of samples or the rate at which dna oligonucleotides can be synthesized will be necessary. while writing information into dna at a competitive rate is a sincere challenge that is facing the entire dna-memory field , and is likely to undergo rapid innovation as the market for synthesized dna increases, the approach we have used here, in which a library of premade oligonucleotides are drawn on, is currently the fastest approach for dnam. due to the inherently parallel nature of dna-paint imaging, the read speed of dnam is arguably less of a challenge to scale up to deal with large amounts of data. the rate-limiting factors for dna-paint are the camera integration time needed to collect sufficient photons to resolve an emitter and the number of emitters that can be identified in a single frame of a recording. the latest report on dna-paint by strauss and jungmann describes a -fold speed-up in data collection for origami very similar to those we imaged in dnam . in their experiments,  nm resolution of the binding site was demonstrated with  ms camera integration times. another recent innovation, using deep learning to rapidly identify the centroids of overlapping emitter blink events (deep-storm ), has been shown to be able to process dense srm data (~ emitters/µm ). taken together we estimate that by using densely-deposited dnam origami with data strands placed  nm apart, an emccd camera with a  ×  imaging array, the deep-storm algorithm, and straus and jungmann’s -fold speed-up methodology, we could currently collect data at a rate of ~  mb per day (see si, supplemental calculations). further improvements in reading speed could be achieved by increasing the imaging array area—via larger sensors or multiple cameras and using multicolored probes or three-dimensional information to collect multiple bits worth of data simultaneously from one site. our hope is that this dnam prototype will motivate this work and more. dna is an emerging material for data storage due to its high information density, high durability, low energy of operation, and the declining costs of synthesis . the traditional approach in the field is to design and synthesize unique oligonucleotides that encode data directly into their sequence. this data is recovered by reading the pool of oligonucleotides using sequencing. in contrast, dnam takes advantage of another property of dna—its programmability. by encoding binary data into dna origami and reading it as spatially and temporally distinct hybridization events, dnam decouples information recovery from sequencing. editing the data is trivial through the inclusion or exclusion of sequence extensions from a library of staple strands. data strands can be stored directly or incorporated into origami and then stored; separating the d storage density from the d reading density. in addition, dnam is a massively parallel process because the large optical field of view affords tens of thousands of origami to be imaged simultaneously, and the number of optical read heads is proportional to the concentration of the imager strands in solution. rather than averaging thousands of dna-paint images together to resolve the digital data , individual origami were read here using custom encoding, decoding, and error-correction algorithms. our algorithms combined fountain codes with bi-level parity codes to significantly enhance our data retention—creating a multi-layer error correction scheme that encoded index, orientation, parity, and checksum bits into the origami. as a proof of concept, several bytes of data were recovered in a single dna-paint recording. even when the dna origami recovery rate was poor (as low as %), the message was recovered % of the time. as an alternative platform for testing dna-memory technology, dnam offers a pathway to explore the advantages and disadvantages of dna as a material for information storage and encryption, as previously demonstrated by zhang et al. . because of the scaling challenges of using dna as a memory material, this is particularly true for applications like barcoding that require a limited amount of data to have high information density, redundancy, and copy number. methods the materials purchased for this study, and their respective vendors, are outlined in table  . all other reagents were obtained from sigma. table materials.full size table buffers as previously described , two buffers were used to prepare and image dna origami: a deposition buffer and an imaging buffer. the deposition buffer contained . × tbe and  mm mgcl . the imaging buffer contained the deposition buffer with the supplement of  nm pcd,  mm trolox,  nm imager strands, and  mm pca. pca was added to the imaging buffer immediately before the start of a dna-paint recording. encoding algorithm the encoding algorithm used a multi-layer error correction scheme to encode message data bits along with the index, orientation, and error correction bits onto multiple origami (fig. s ). at the message level, the algorithm used a fountain code to encode the data. let m be a message string composed of a sequence of n bits. the fountain code algorithm first divides m into k equally sized and non-overlapping substrings s , s , …, sk, where the concatenation s s …sk = m, and then systematically combines one to many segments using the binary xor operation to form multiple data blocks called droplets. the number of segments d used to form each droplet are typically drawn from a distribution based on the soliton distribution: $$p\left( \right) = /k$$ ( ) the soliton distribution ensures that the algorithm encodes the optimal number of single-segment droplets necessary for the decode step. once the number of segments d for a droplet is determined, the droplet is formed by xor’ing d randomly selected, unique segments from m, with each segment being selected with probability /k. for our experiments, we divided the message ‘data is in our dna!\n’ into segments of bits each. the segments were then combined via an xor in different combinations using the fountain code algorithm to form the droplets. while the theoretical minimum number of -bit droplets required to decode the message is , the redundancy provided by the additional droplets ensured that the message would be recoverable in all cases involving the loss of one droplet, and in some cases with the loss of up to five droplets (fig.  ). after generating the droplets using fountain codes, the encoding algorithm encoded each droplet onto fifteen  ×  matrixes, and sequentially added index and orientation marker bits, computed and added checksum bits, and then added parity bits (fig.  b). these matrixes were used to construct origami structures, with a one-to-one mapping between the matrixes and the origami’s data domains. figure  b shows the layout of how droplet information was encoded onto each origami, composed of bits of droplet data (green coloring in fig.  b), four indexing bits (red), four orientation bits (magenta), four checksum bits (yellow), and twenty parity bits (blue). it is important to note that the layout of the data, orientation, and index bits relative to the corresponding parity and checksum bits is invariant to rotation, which made it possible for the error correction algorithm to perform error detection and recovery before determining the orientation (fig. s ). this led to more robust data recovery. dna origami folding rectangular dna origami structures (~  ×   nm) were designed based on previous work by rafat et al. with potential docking strand sites arranged in a  ×  matrix with  nm spacing. then, using the protocol described by schnitzbauer et al. a mixture of extended and unmodified staple strands (si tables s and s ) were selected to fold the m scaffold into the designed shape, with extended strands located at the ‘ ’ positions described in the design matrix (si table s ). as described in the introduction, an extended staple strand has a binding site for the m imager strand, unmodified strands bind solely to the scaffold dna to induce folding. using this method, origami designs were created that matched the matrixes output by the encoding algorithm. we assembled individual origami designs by combining  nm m mp with × unmodified stands, × extended strands, × tae and  mm mgcl (in nuclease-free water;  µl total volume) and folding in a mastercycler nexus thermal cycler (eppendorf) using the following heating cycle: [  min  °c,  min  °c, then from  °c to  °c over  h]. we purified the origami by running them on an ice-cooled . % agarose gel containing . × tbe and  mm mgcl , excising the single sharp band, and collecting the exudate of the crushed gel piece. sharp triangle origami used as fiducial markers were prepared similarly, as previously described (see s table s for oligonucleotide sequences). all purified origami were stored in the dark at  °c until use. glass coverslip preparation borosilicate glass coverslips (  ×  and  ×   mm, # gold seal coverglass) were sonicated in . % (v/v) liquinox and nano-pure water (  min in each) to remove contaminants and dried at  °c for at least  min. fiducial markers (  µl of .  pm aunps) were deposited onto the coverslips for  min at room temperature. the labeled coverslips were rinsed with methanol and nano-pure water and stored at  °c prior to use. dna origami deposition onto coverslips the glow discharge technique previously described by green was used to deposit dna origami onto glass coverslips using an air-plasma vacuum glow-discharge system. briefly, coverslips that had been cleaned and labeled with fiducial markers were exposed to glow discharge generated using an electrode coupled v electro-technic bd- a high-frequency generator under torr of vacuum for  s. for dna-paint analysis, a sticky-slide flow cell (~  µl channel volume) was glued to the coverslip, dna origami were then deposited by introducing  µl of .  nm origami (a mixture of dnam origami and sharp triangle origami added as additional fiducial markers, in deposition buffer) into the flow chamber and incubated for  min at room temperature. after deposition, the flow chamber was rinsed with ml of deposition buffer (no dna origami) and refilled with imaging buffer. when performing afm measurements on samples previously used for dna-paint, a custom fluid chamber, modified from jungmann et al. , was used. a  ×   mm coverslip was glued to a microscope slide using double-sided sticky tape with the addition of a thin layer of gel sealant—to both seal any gaps and weaken the binding of tape to the glass. once dna-paint imaging had been performed the sealant allowed the coverslip to be easily removed for further afm analysis. fluorescence microscopy dna origami was imaged below the diffraction limit of light via dna-paint using an inverted nikon eclipse ti microscope from nikon instruments in total internal reflectance fluorescence (tirf) mode. the images were acquired using: an optical feedback focal-drift correction system developed in-house or the perfect focus system from nikon instruments; an oil-immersion cfi apochromat × tirf objective with a . numerical aperture, plus an extra × . magnification from nikon instruments; and a / / /  nm laser quad band set tirf filter cube from chroma. a  nm laser source excited fluorescence from the dna-paint imager strands within an evanescent field extending a few hundred nanometers above the surface of the glass coverslip. the emitted fluorescence was imaged onto the full chip with  ×  pixels ( pixel =   μm) using a proem emccd camera from princeton instruments at a  ms exposure time (~ frames/s). during an experimental recording, each of the individual data strands, within a dnam origami’s matrix, transiently and repeatedly bound an imager strand, which emits a signal, creating a series of blinks. images with blinking events were recorded into a stack (typically , frames per recording) using nikon nis-elements version . . (nikon instruments) or lightfield version (princeton instruments) prior to processing and analysis. dna-paint fluorophore localization after recording a dna-paint stack, the center position of signals (localizations) emitted by imager probes, transiently binding to dna origami docking strands, were identified using the imagej thunderstorm plugin . the localizations were rendered and then drift corrected using the picasso-render software package, as described by schnitzbauer et al. . data visualization and peak fitting of image data for psf analysis were performed using originpro version b (originlab). localization data processing a custom algorithm was developed for identifying clusters of localizations, determining the maximum likelihood position of the emitters, and generating binary matrix data. the algorithm selected localization clusters at random from the localization list. to do this, it sampled random points in the list, determined the average position of nearby localizations, and counted the localizations within a radius (r) and the localizations within a band r < r <  r. the algorithm accepted clusters if the counts in the inner circle were greater than a threshold and the counts in the outer band were less than % of the counts in the inner band. this ensured selection of bright clusters that were isolated from other clusters. the algorithm then fits the cluster localizations to a grid of emitters. an idealized grid was created using the average dna-paint image produced by several thousand individual origami structures of the same architecture used in this work. the algorithm performed fitting using a maximum likelihood estimation for the likelihood function: $$l\left( {i,x_c,y_c,\theta ,{\mathrm{{\delta}}}x_g^ ,b} \right) = \mathop {\prod }\limits_i \left( {\mathop {\sum }\limits_k \frac{{i_k}}{a}\exp \left( { - \frac{{\left( {x_i - x_k\left( {x_c,y_c,\theta } \right)} \right)^ + \left( {y_i - y_k\left( {x_c,y_c,\theta } \right)} \right)^ }}{{{\mathrm{{\delta}}}x_i^ + {\mathrm{{\delta}}}x_g^ }}} \right)} \right) \ast \frac{b}{a} \ast p(n,i,b)$$ ( ) where ik is the intensity of the kth emitter, (xc, yc) is the center position of the grid, θ is the rotation angle of the grid, Δxg is the global lateral uncertainty caused by an error in drift correction, b is the background, Δxi is the lateral position uncertainty of localization i reported by the thunderstorm analysis described above, (xi, yi) is the position of the ith localization, (xk, yk) is the position of the kth emitter, as a function of the center position and rotation of the grid, a is the area of the cluster, and n is the number of localizations found in the cluster. a is a normalization constant given by: $$a = \pi \left( {{\mathrm{{\delta}}}x_i^ + {\mathrm{{\delta}}}x_g^ } \right)$$ ( ) p(n,i,b) is the probability of finding n localizations given the intensity of each grid point and the background intensity, determined from the poisson distribution of mean value n. this likelihood function determines the probability of finding localizations at all of the observed sites given a set of point emitters at the grid sites with intensity ik and background intensity b. the optimization utilized the l-bfgs-b method of the minimize function provided by scipy to minimize −log(l) subject to the constraint that all intensities are positive. signals that did not align to the  ×  grid were filtered to minimize fragmented origami and to reduce inadvertent assimilation of the triangular origami fiducial markers into the results. the algorithm then assigned the emitters a binary value ( or ) using an empirically derived threshold value. this binary matrix data was decoded using the decoding algorithm described below. in parallel with this blind cluster analysis, the processing algorithm also carried out a template matching step to more reliably identify individual origami and analyze their errors. this additional step used the known origami designs as templates, matching the observed origami to the best fit, based on the total number of errors. this method was more robust to higher error rates than the blind cluster analysis and allowed more origami to be identified for image averaging and error analysis (fig.  ). it should be noted, however, that the template matching method cannot be considered as a data reading method because it requires a priori knowledge of the data being analyzed. for this reason, none of the analysis of the recovery rates or data density discussed here used data obtained from pattern matching. decoding algorithm the decoding algorithm (fig. s ) utilized a multi-layer error correction/encoding scheme to recover the data in the presence of errors. the algorithm first works at the dnam origami level (step , below), using the parity and checksum bits, to attempt to identify and correct errors and recover the correct matrix. after recovery, the algorithm uses binary operations to recover the original data segments from the droplets (step , below). decoding algorithm: step –error correction given raw binary matrix data m for a single dnam origami, the output from the localization data processing step, the matrix decoding algorithm determined which, if any, bits were associated with checksum and parity errors by calculating the bi-level matrix parity and checksum values, as described in fig. s . any discrepancies between the calculated parity and checksum values and the values recovered from the origami were noted, and a weight for each of the bits associated with the errant parity/checksum calculation was deduced. if no parity/checksum errors were detected for a particular matrix, then the data was assumed to be accurate, and the algorithm proceeded to extract the message data. to determine the site(s) of likely errors, the decoding algorithm first determined a weight for every cell in m, beginning with data cells (the cells containing droplet, index, or orientation bits) and proceeding to parity and checksum cells. let \(p_{c_{ij}}\) be the set of parity functions calculated over a given data cell cij. then for each data cell cij: $$x_{ij} = \mathop {\sum }\limits_{f_{c_{pq}} \in p_{c_{ij}}} \left| {c_{pq} - f_{c_{pq}}\left( {\mathbf{m}} \right)} \right|$$ ( ) where cpq is the parity cell where the expected binary value of f is stored. the weight for each parity cell cij was then calculated based on the number of non-zero weights greater than for the data cells associated with it. more formally, let cij be a parity cell and \(d_{c_{ij}}\) be the set of data cells used in the calculation of cij. then the weight xij for each parity cell cij is: $$x_{ij} = \mathop {\sum }\limits_{c_{pq} \in d_{c_{ij} \wedge x_{pq} > }} {\mathop{\rm{sgn}}} \left( {x_{pq}} \right)$$ ( ) the higher the weight value, the higher the probability that the corresponding cell had an error. an overall score for the matrix was then calculated by summing over all xij and normalizing by the sum of the correctly matched parity bits. this value was designated as the overall weight of the matrix. higher values of this weight correspond to matrixes with more errors. $${\mathrm{overall}}\,{\mathrm{matrix}}\,{\mathrm{weight}} = \frac{{\mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{i = }^ \mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{j = }^ x_{ij}}}{{\# {\mathrm{number}}\,{\mathrm{of}}\,{\mathrm{matched}}\,{\mathrm{parity}}\,{\mathrm{bits}}}}$$ ( ) the algorithm then performed a greedy search to correct the errors using a priority queue ordered by the overall matrix weight (fig. s ). the algorithm began by iteratively altering each of the probable site errors and computing the overall matrix weight of the modified matrix for each, placing each potential bit flip into a priority queue where the flips that produced the lowest overall weights had the highest priority. at each step, the algorithm selected the bit flip associated with the highest priority in the queue and then repeated this process on the resulting matrix. this process was continued until the algorithm produced a matrix with no mismatches or until it reached the maximum number of allowed bit flips ( for our simulation/experiment). if it reached the maximum number of flips, it returned to the queue to pursue the next highest priority path. if the algorithm found a matrix with no mismatches, it then checked the orientation bits and oriented the matrix accordingly. the droplet and index data were then extracted and passed to the next step. if the queue was emptied without finding a correct matrix, the algorithm terminated in failure. decoding algorithm: step –fountain code decoding after extracting the droplet and index data from multiple origami the algorithm attempted to recover the full message (fig. s ). once decoded, each droplet had one or multiple segments xored in it. using the recovered indexes the algorithm determined how many and which segments were contained in each droplet. to decode the message, the algorithm maintained a priority queue of droplets based on the number of segments they contained (their degree), with the lowest degree droplets having the highest priority. the algorithm looped through the queue, removing the lowest degree droplet, attempting to use it to reduce the degree of the remaining droplets using xor operations, and re-queuing the resulting droplets. upon finding a droplet of ‘degree one’ it stored it as a segment for the final message. if all segments were recovered, the algorithm terminated successfully. data simulation test to test the robustness of our encoding and decoding algorithms, origami data were simulated with randomly generated messages and errors. first, random binary messages of size m were created (for m =  to , bits, at -bit intervals). these messages were then divided into m/b equally sized segments, where b is the number of data bits to be encoded onto an individual origami. for fixed-size origami, larger messages necessitated a smaller b, as more bits had to be dedicated to the index. in these cases, b varied between eight (for m =  , ) and twelve (for m =  ). after determining message segments, droplets were formed using the fountain code algorithm and encoded onto origami, along with the corresponding index, orientation, and error-correcting bits. ten in silico copies of each unique origami were created, and – bits flipped at random to introduce errors. the origami was decoded as described above. reporting summary further information on research design is available in the nature research reporting summary linked to this article. code availability dna-paint images were analyzed using custom and publicly available codes (as indicated). the encoding/decoding algorithms were written in-house using python, version . . . the source codes for the encoding, decoding, and localization algorithms are available on github at https://github.com/boisestate/nam. the schematic in fig.  c of digital nucleic acid memory was derived from a model created using nanodesign (www.autodeskresearch.com/projects/nanodesign). data availability the original dna-paint recordings and drift-corrected centroid localization data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the zenodo repository with the identifier “https://doi.org/ . /zenodo. â€�. source data are provided with this paper. any other relevant data are available from the authors upon reasonable request. source data are provided with this paper. references 	 .victor, z. semiconductor synthetic biology roadmap. – https://doi.org/ . /rg. . . . . ( ). 	 .itrs. international technology roadmap for semiconductors, results. itrpv vol. – https://www.semiconductors.org/wp-content/uploads/ / / _ -itrs- . -executive-report- .pdf. accessed st march . ( ). 	 .reinsel, d., gantz, j. & rydning, j. the digitization of the world-from edge to core. idc white paper us https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our-story/trends/files/idc-seagate-dataage-whitepaper.pdf. accessed st march . ( ). 	 .zhirnov, v., zadegan, r. m., sandhu, g. s., church, g. m. & hughes, w. l. nucleic acid memory. nat. mater. , – ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .organick, l. et al. random access in large-scale dna data storage. nat. biotechnol. , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  	 .goldman, n. et al. towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized dna. nature , – ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .grass, r. n., heckel, r., puddu, m., paunescu, d. & stark, w. j. robust chemical preservation of digital information on dna in silica with error-correcting codes. angew. chem. int. ed. , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  	 .bornholt, j. et al. a dna-based archival storage system. acm sigarch comput. archit. n. , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .shipman, s. l., nivala, j., macklis, j. d. & church, g. m. molecular recordings by directed crispr spacer acquisition. science. , aaf - –aaf -  ( ). article  google scholar  	 .erlich, y. & zielinski, d. dna fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture. science , – ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .blawat, m. et al. forward error correction for dna data storage. procedia comput. sci. , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .yazdi, s. m. h. t., gabrys, r. & milenkovic, o. portable and error-free dna-based data storage. sci. rep. , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .lee, h., kalhor, r., goela, n., bolot, j. & church, g. enzymatic dna synthesis for digital information storage. biorxiv , https://doi.org/ . / . ( ). 	 .wang, p., meyer, t. a., pan, v., dutta, p. k. & ke, y. the beauty and utility of dna origami. chem , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  	 .nieves, d. j., gaus, k. & baker, m. a. b. dna-based super-resolution microscopy: dna-paint. genes , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .jungmann, r. et al. single-molecule kinetics and super-resolution microscopy by fluorescence imaging of transient binding on dna origami. nano lett. , – ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .schnitzbauer, j., strauss, m. t., schlichthaerle, t., schueder, f. & jungmann, r. super-resolution microscopy with dna-paint. nat. protoc. , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  	 .luby, m. lt codes. in proceedings of the rd annual ieee symposium on foundations of computer science (ieee, ) – (ieee, ). 	 .mackay, d. j. c. fountain codes. iee proc. commun. , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .greengard, s. the future of data storage. commun. acm , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .gwosch, k. c. et al. minflux nanoscopy delivers d multicolor nanometer resolution in cells. nat. methods , – ( ). 	 .wade, o. k. et al. -color super-resolution imaging by engineering dna-paint blinking kinetics. nano lett. , – ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .langari, s. m. m., yousefi, s. & jabbehdari, s. fountain-code aided file transfer in vehicular delay tolerant networks. adv. electr. comput. eng. , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .green, c.m. nanoscale optical and correlative microscopies for quantitative characterization of dna nanostructures. https://doi.org/ . /td/ /boisestate (boise state university theses and dissertations, ). 	 .hata, h., kitajima, t. & suyama, a. influence of thermodynamically unfavorable secondary structures on dna hybridization kinetics. nucleic acids res. , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  	 .strauss, s. & jungmann, r. up to -fold speed-up and multiplexing in optimized dna-paint. nat. methods , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  	 .nehme, e., weiss, l. e., michaeli, t. & shechtman, y. deep-storm: super-resolution single-molecule microscopy by deep learning. optica , ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .takabayashi, s. et al. boron-implanted silicon substrates for physical adsorption of dna origami. int. j. mol. sci. , ( ). 	 .zhang, y. et al. dna origami cryptography for secure communication. nat. commun. , ( ). ads  article  google scholar  	 .aghebat rafat, a., pirzer, t., scheible, m. b., kostina, a. & simmel, f. c. surface-assisted large-scale ordering of dna origami tiles. angew. chem. int. ed. , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  	 .rothemund, p. w. k. folding dna to create nanoscale shapes and patterns. nature , – ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .dai, m., jungmann, r. & yin, p. optical imaging of individual biomolecules in densely packed clusters. nat. nanotechnol. , – ( ). ads  cas  article  google scholar  	 .ovesný, m., křížek, p., borkovec, j., Å vindrych, z. & hagen, g. m. thunderstorm: a comprehensive imagej plug-in for palm and storm data analysis and super-resolution imaging. bioinformatics , – ( ). article  google scholar  	 .oliphant, t. e. python for scientific computing. comput. sci. eng. , – ( ). cas  article  google scholar  download references acknowledgements this research was funded in part by the national science foundation (eccs ), the semiconductor research corporation, and the state of idaho through the idaho global entrepreneurial mission and higher education research council. author information author notes	christopher m. green present address: center for bio/molecular science and engineering, u.s. naval research laboratory, washington, dc, usa 	reza zadegan present address: department of nanoengineering, joint school of nanoscience and nanoengineering, north carolina a&t state university, greensboro, nc, usa 	these authors contributed equally: george d. dickinson, golam md mortuza, william clay, luca piantanida. affiliations 	micron school of materials science and engineering, boise state university, boise, id, usa george d. dickinson, william clay, luca piantanida, christopher m. green, chad watson, elton graugnard, reza zadegan & william l. hughes 	department of computer science, boise state university, boise, id, usa golam md mortuza & tim andersen 	department of biological sciences, boise state university, boise, id, usa eric j. hayden 	department of electrical and computer engineering, boise state university, boise, id, usa wan kuang authors	george d. dickinsonview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	golam md mortuzaview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	william clayview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	luca piantanidaview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	christopher m. greenview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	chad watsonview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	eric j. haydenview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	tim andersenview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	wan kuangview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	elton graugnardview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	reza zadeganview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar 	william l. hughesview author publications you can also search for this author in pubmed google scholar contributions w.l.h. conceived the concept. e.j.h., t.a., w.k., e.g., r.z., and w.l.h. designed the study. c.w., e.j.h., t.a., w.k., e.g., and w.l.h. supervised the work. c.w. managed the research project. g.d.d. and l.p. synthesized the dna origami and performed dna-paint imaging. l.p. carried out afm imaging and analysis. t.a. and g.m.m. developed the encoding-decoding algorithms and necessary software, performed data processing, and generated the simulations. g.d.d. and w.c. developed the image-analysis software and analyzed the dna-paint recordings. c.m.g. performed preliminary experiments and contributed critical suggestions to experimental design. all authors prepared the manuscript. corresponding author correspondence to william l. hughes. ethics declarations competing interests the authors declare no competing interests. additional information peer review information nature communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. peer reviewer reports are available. publisher’s note springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. supplementary information supplementary information peer review file reporting summary source data source data rights and permissions open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s creative commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article’s creative commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ . /. reprints and permissions about this article cite this article dickinson, g.d., mortuza, g.m., clay, w. et al. an alternative approach to nucleic acid memory. nat commun , ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - -y download citation 	received: february 	accepted: march 	published: april 	doi: https://doi.org/ . /s - - -y comments by submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines. if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. download pdf advertisement explore content 	 research articles 	 reviews & analysis 	 news & comment 	 videos 	 collections 	 subjects 	 follow us on facebook 	 follow us on twitter 	 sign up for alerts 	 rss feed journal information 	 about the journal 	 editors' highlights 	 contact 	 top articles 	 editorial policies publish with us 	 for authors 	 for reviewers 	 submit manuscript search search articles by subject, keyword or author show results from all journals this journal search advanced search quick links 	explore articles by subject 	find a job 	guide to authors 	editorial policies nature communications (nat commun) issn - (online) nature.com sitemap 	about us 	press releases 	press office 	contact us 	 	 	 discover content 	journals a-z 	articles by subject 	nano 	protocol exchange 	nature index publishing policies 	nature portfolio policies 	open access author & researcher services 	reprints & permissions 	research data 	language editing 	scientific editing 	nature masterclasses 	nature research academies libraries & institutions 	librarian service & tools 	librarian portal 	open research 	recommend to library advertising & partnerships 	advertising 	partnerships & services 	media kits 	branded content career development 	nature careers 	nature conferences 	nature events regional websites 	nature africa 	nature china 	nature india 	nature italy 	nature japan 	nature korea 	nature middle east legal & privacy 	privacy policy 	use of cookies 	manage cookies/do not sell my data 	legal notice 	accessibility statement 	terms & conditions 	california privacy statement © springer nature limited close sign up for the nature briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. email address sign up i agree my information will be processed in accordance with the nature and springer nature limited privacy policy. close get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. sign up for nature briefing news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 		 			 th july th july - by david gerard - comments.		 		 	 	 	 	 	 			get your signed copies of attack of the foot blockchain and libra shrugged, for £ the pair plus postage — £ uk, £ europe, £ rest of world. see the post for details. 	you can support my work by signing up for the patreon — $ or $ a month to support this world of delights! [patreon] 	and remind your friends and colleagues to sign up to get my newsletter by email. [scroll down, or click here]     el salvador calls cardano el faro got hold of a presentation from the cardano foundation and whizgrid — a white-label crypto exchange provider — to president bukele’s bitcoin team on june , the day before bukele announced el salvador’s embrace of bitcoin. the zoom videos leaked last week revealed the plan to release a new electronic colón-dollar. this fresh leak outlines how to introduce the colón-dollar, pay welfare subsidies with the system, and use qr codes for daily transactions in shops. that is: they presented a completely generic electronic payment system, that doesn’t benefit from cryptocurrency in any way. (reader tv comments: “the first slide in that presentation is so generic and slapped together that they neglected to replace the euro sign with a dollar sign.”) the story is in spanish, but the leaked slides are in english. the presentation is nine slides at the bottom of the page on el faro — you need to swipe sideways to go to the next slide. [el faro] “cryptoassets as national currency? a step too far” by tobias adrian and rhoda weeks-brown, imf. it’s clear from how adrian and weeks-brown talk about “cryptoassets,” and that the one they name is “bitcoin,” that this is about el salvador and nothing else. this is a perfect response from the people who know about these things, and adrian in particular — who wrote a paper in may that pretty closely anticipated facebook’s june plan for libra. i don’t expect president bukele to pay very much attention. [imf] everybody still hates binance how cryptocurrency exchanges work: 	withdrawals are temporarily unavailable due to unscheduled scheduled maintenance. 	funds are absolutely safe. 	scurrilous rumours that we have been hacked, or “hacked,” are entirely untrue, and we will sue anyone spreading such. 	to file as an unsecured creditor, please contact our receivers, grabbit, skimm & runne accountants, at their mail boxes etc in the caymans. good news for binance — the securities commission of malaysia officially recognises binance! and cz personally! the securities commission has announced actions against binance for “illegally operating a digital asset exchange (dax)” — binance is not registered in malaysia. [press release] the action is against binance holdings limited (cayman islands), binance digital limited (uk), binance uab (lithuania), binance asia services pte ltd (singapore), and changpeng zhao himself. binance must disable binance.com and its mobile app in malaysia by august, stop all marketing and email to malaysians, and restrict malaysians from binance’s telegram group. cz is personally ordered to make sure these all happen. binance was included on the securities commission’s investor alert list in july . the list also contains a pile of “potential clone entities” using “binance” in their names. [sc, archive] the securities commission finishes: “those who currently have accounts with binance are strongly urged to immediately cease trading through its platforms and to withdraw all their investments immediately.” couldn’t put it better myself. binance is stopping margin trading against euros, pounds or australian dollars from august, and has stopped all margin trading in any currency in germany, italy and the netherlands. [reuters; reuters] binance is totally not insolvent! they just won’t give anyone their cryptos back because they’re being super-compliant. kyc/aml laws are very important to binance, especially if you want to get your money back after suspicious activity on your account — such as pressing the “withdraw” button. please send more kyc. [binance] cz is looking for a patsy to stand up front while he keeps collecting the money — a replacement ceo for binance, with a “strong regulatory background,” so cz can “contribute to binance and the bnb ecosystem. i don’t have to be ceo to do that.” [coindesk] the long blockchain of bitcoin etfs goldman sachs proposes a “defi and blockchain equity” exchange-traded fund! [sec filing] the goldman sachs innovate defi and blockchain equity etf (the “fund”) seeks to provide investment results that closely correspond, before fees and expenses, to the performance of the solactive decentralized finance and blockchain index (the “index”). solactive doesn’t have an index of that name. solactive told cryptonews that goldman would be using their “solactive blockchain technology performance index” — which is a list of global tech companies that have, at most, put out a blockchain-themed press release. no riot blockchain, no microstrategy, no coinbase — instead, we have nokia (who?) and accenture. when a client thinks they want “blockchain” exposure, the advisor could just recommend this. [cryptonews] solactive later told cryptonews that they were putting together a new index for goldman’s etf. though the sec filling says that the etf is “not sponsored, promoted, sold or supported in any other manner by solactive ag.” we’ll see what the eventual list looks like. regulatory clarity the new jersey cease and desist order against blockfi offering its blockfi interest accounts has been delayed, and will not go into effect before september . [twitter] vermont’s department of financial regulation has also asked blockfi to show cause within days why the company should not be issued a cease and desist on its blockfi interest accounts. vermont asked blockfi about this back in january , and considered blockfi’s response “unsatisfactory.” [coindesk] south korea changes its tax rules to make it easier to seize crypto to pay back taxes. [reuters] the new australian securities and investments commission chair, joseph longo, warns about unregulated cryptocurrency trading “and other economic threats to pandemic recovery.” he means investment scams. [abc] i fought the law for tether’s criminal investigation by the department of justice, and the coincidental spike in the price of bitcoin, see yesterday’s post. coiners’ continuing assertions that anyone should assume good faith in bitfinex or tether when they’re known bad actors in extensively documented, and indeed legally binding, detail is upton sinclair’s law — “it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it” — on pcp. here’s me on a turkish crypto blog talking about tether and usdc. google translate gives a reasonable rendition of my original answers. [pa sosyal] virgil griffith is the ethereum foundation developer who evangelised ethereum to north korea and got himself arrested in . griffith was out on bail, but violated his bail conditions by trying to access his coinbase account — he got his mother to log in, which totally doesn’t count, right? “though the defendant is a bright well-educated man, his method of circumvention of the order was neither clever nor effective,” said the judge. griffith is back behind bars until his hearing in september. [amy castor; order, pdf] na-no some nano fan on twitter wanted me to listen to a podcast featuring nano foundation director george coxon. i said i’d listen for $ — very cheap consulting indeed. after one guy tried paying me in nano, and multiple people attempted to explain to him in small words why digital pogs do not in fact constitute dollars, another guy sent $ in actual money via paypal. as a man of my word, i live-tweeted the ordeal. you’ll be unsurprised to hear that this podcast did not, in fact, sell me on nano. nano is an ambitious but insignificant research coin. and not even a very fast one — at transactions per second (for comparison, a private ethereum instance can do tps), it’s not quite taking over the world any time soon. and even without proof-of-work, nano still wants to use bitcoin’s broken and incompetent conspiracy theory economics — it’s all austrian economics, bitcoin variant. if this podcast is the sort of marketing that convinces nano’s bloody awful twitter pumpers, i can see why they’re like they are. the nicest thing i can say is they’re not as bad as the xrp or iota pumpers from back in the day. the next time someone wants me to listen to their crypto podcast, it’ll be $ . that’s actual-money usd, not your altcoin. a third podcast will probably be $ . i’ll double the price from there until the requests stop. [twitter] things happen no, amazon is not accepting bitcoin, you idiots. this rumour was entirely based on a single blue-sky job advertisement for a “digital currency and blockchain product lead” to “develop the case for the capabilities which should be developed” — which crypto promoters then pushed as far as they thought they could. [reuters; amazon, archive] microstrategy has announced its q earnings. businesses still buy their software — the useful thing that mstr does — giving the company “one of our best operational quarters in our software business in years, highlighted by % revenue growth” to $ . million. however, “digital asset impairment losses” are $ . million — it seems that bitcoin went down. but that’s fine — “going forward, we intend to continue to deploy additional capital into our digital asset strategy.” good luck with that. [press release] the huobi and okcoin crypto exchanges are closing their mainland chinese subsidiaries — both companies’ operations are now thoroughly hong kong-based. [scmp] not your json, not your coins. but the ethereum foundation turns out to be a touchable — and suable — entity. someone bought , eth in the original ethereum crowdfunding in , the download of the private key failed, and the foundation can’t give them a backup copy. the foundation offered the buyers , eth in a settlement, but they want all , eth. [wjla] hot takes bruce schneier: bitcoin isn’t usable as a currency. so if you’re getting bitcoins in bulk from anywhere other than buying them, you’re likely a criminal. [blog post] notes on mondex, an early stored-value card, and how a lot of what they did in the s is relevant to cbdcs today. [chyp] samantha keeper: the nft rube goldberg machine, or, why is nft art so lazy? “art and automation’s merger long predates cryptoart’s use of procedural generation. you’ll never hear nft sellers talk seriously about that history, though, cause it reveals not just nft art’s contradictions, but also its cynical laziness.” [storming the ivory tower]   even darkweb black markets don't want to deal with antivaxxers and covid deniers. pic.twitter.com/n pt q njz — malwaretech (@malwaretechblog) july ,   hard to believe it's only been six months since the gamestop short squeeze kicked off a populist uprising that will fundamentally change capitalism forever. — osita nwanevu (@ositanwanevu) july ,   your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedamazonasicaustraliabinanceblockficardanoel faroel salvadoretfethereum foundationgeorge coxongoldman sachshuobiimfjoseph longolinksmalaysiamicrostrategymondexnanonew jerseynftokcoinsolactivesouth koreatethervermontvirgil griffithwhizgrid	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast next article news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 	 			 			 comments on “news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												tv says:					 					 						 th july at : pm					 									 				 					the first slide in that presentation is so generic and slapped together that they neglected to replace the euro sign with a dollar sign. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 th july at : pm					 									 				 					lol, well spotted! 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												elsie h. says:					 					 						 th july at : pm					 									 				 					you’re not familiar with nokia, the world-famous manufacturer of rubber boots? i’m not sure what a rubber boots have to do with the blockchain, but they’d probably be a good investment for goldman sachs regardless. 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 oh, how i miss you tonight - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	oh, how i miss you tonight 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 single by jeanne black 	"oh, how i miss you tonight" 	single by jeanne black 	b-side	"a little bit lonely" 	released	december 	genre	pop 	length	 : 	label	capitol 	songwriter(s)	benny davis, joe burke, mark fisher 	jeanne black singles chronology 	 	"you'll find out" ( ) 	"oh, how i miss you tonight" ( ) 	"don't speak to me" ( ) "oh, how i miss you tonight" is a popular song, published in , written by benny davis, joe burke, and mark fisher. popular recordings of the song in were by ben selvin, benson orchestra of chicago, lewis james and irving kaufman.[ ] other notable recordings[edit] 	 bing crosby - recorded july , for decca records with john scott trotter and his orchestra.[ ] 	 perry como - recorded on november , for rca victor with russ case and his orchestra.[ ] 	 jeanne black released a version of the song as a single which reached # on the u.s. pop chart.[ ] 	 jim reeves[ ] 	 glenda collins - decca f 	 frank sinatra - included in his album all alone. 	 nat king cole - for his album dear lonely hearts. 	 frank fontaine abc-paramount rpm single 	 burl ives - for the album my gal sal[ ] 	 doris day - included in her album the love album. references[edit] 	^ whitburn, joel ( ). joel whitburn's pop memories - . wisconsin, usa: record research inc. p.  . isbn  - - - . 	^ "a bing crosby discography". bing magazine. international club crosby. retrieved august , . 	^ "perry como discography". kokomo.ca/. retrieved august , . 	^ "jeanne black, "oh, how i miss you tonight" chart position". retrieved november , . 	^ " cat.com". cat.com. retrieved august , . 	^ "discogs.com". discogs.com. retrieved august , . 		v 	t 	e deborah allen 	studio albums	 	trouble in paradise 	cheat the night 	let me be the first 	delta dreamland 	notable singles	 	"let's stop talkin' about it" 	"baby i lied" 	"i've been wrong before" 	"i hurt for you" 	related articles	 	discography 	"can i see you tonight" 	"don't worry 'bout me baby" 	"i'm only in it for the love" 	"hurt me bad (in a real good way)" 	authority control 	 	musicbrainz work retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=oh,_how_i_miss_you_tonight&oldid= " 		categories: 	 songs 	 singles 	songs with music by joe burke (composer) 	songs written by benny davis 	songs written by mark fisher (songwriter) 	jeanne black songs 	jim reeves songs 	deborah allen songs 	capitol records singles hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles with haudio microformats 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz work identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			nederlands 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on june , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 lovers in quarantine - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	lovers in quarantine 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 film by frank tuttle 	lovers in quarantine 	lobby card 	directed by	frank tuttle 	written by	townsend martin (scenario) luther reed (scenario) 	based on	quarantine by f. tennyson jesse 	produced by	adolph zukor jesse lasky 	starring	bebe daniels 	cinematography	j. roy hunt 	distributed by	paramount pictures 	release date 	 	october  ,   ( - - ) 	running time 	 reels; , feet 	country	united states 	language	silent (english intertitles) lovers in quarantine is an extant american silent comedy film starring bebe daniels and directed by frank tuttle. it was produced by famous players-lasky and distributed by paramount pictures. the film is based on a broadway play quarantine by f. tennyson jesse.[ ][ ][ ] the film entered the public domain on january , .[ ] contents 	 cast 	 preservation 	 references 	 external links cast[edit] 	bebe daniels as diana 	harrison ford as anthony blunt 	alfred lunt as mackintosh josephs 	eden gray as pamela gordon 	edna may oliver as amelia pincent 	diana kane as lola 	ivan f. simpson as the silent passenger 	marie shotwell as mrs. borroughs 	gunboat smith as minor role (uncredited) preservation[edit] a print of lovers in quarantine is preserved at the library of congress.[ ][ ] references[edit] 	^ the american film institute catalog feature films: - by the american film institute, c. 	^ the afi catalog of feature films: lovers in quarantine(wayback) 	^ progressive silent film list: lovers in quarantine at silentera.com 	^ duke university public domain day 	^ catalog of holdings the american film institute collection and the united artists collection at the library of congress by the american film institute, c. 	^ the library of congress american silent feature film survival catalog: lovers in quarantine external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to category:lovers in quarantine. 	lovers in quarantine at imdb 	synopsis at allmovie 	lobby card 		v 	t 	e films directed by frank tuttle 	 	the cradle buster ( ) 	second fiddle ( ) 	youthful cheaters ( ) 	puritan passions ( ) 	grit ( ) 	dangerous money ( ) 	a kiss in the dark ( ) 	miss bluebeard ( ) 	the manicure girl ( ) 	the lucky devil ( ) 	lovers in quarantine ( ) 	the american venus ( ) 	the untamed lady ( ) 	love 'em and leave 'em ( ) 	kid boots ( ) 	blind alleys ( ) 	one woman to another ( ) 	time to love ( ) 	the spotlight ( ) 	love and learn ( ) 	something always happens ( ) 	easy come, easy go ( ) 	varsity ( ) 	his private life ( ) 	marquis preferred ( ) 	the canary murder case ( ) 	the studio murder mystery ( ) 	the greene murder case ( ) 	sweetie ( ) 	only the brave ( ) 	men are like that ( ) 	the benson murder case ( ) 	paramount on parade ( ) 	true to the navy ( ) 	love among the millionaires ( ) 	her wedding night ( ) 	it pays to advertise ( ) 	no limit ( ) 	dude ranch ( ) 	this reckless age ( ) 	this is the night ( ) 	the big broadcast ( ) 	dangerously yours ( ) 	pleasure cruise ( ) 	roman scandals ( ) 	ladies should listen ( ) 	springtime for henry ( ) 	here is my heart ( ) 	all the king's horses ( ) 	the glass key ( ) 	two for tonight ( ) 	college holiday ( ) 	waikiki wedding ( ) 	doctor rhythm ( ) 	paris honeymoon ( ) 	i stole a million ( ) 	charlie mccarthy, detective ( ) 	lucky jordan ( ) 	this gun for hire ( ) 	hostages ( ) 	the hour before the dawn ( ) 	don juan quilligan ( ) 	the great john l. ( ) 	suspense ( ) 	swell guy ( ) 	gunman in the streets ( ) 	the magic face ( ) 	hell on frisco bay ( ) 	a cry in the night ( ) 	island of lost women ( ) 		this article about a silent comedy film from the s is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. 	v 	t 	e retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=lovers_in_quarantine&oldid= " 		categories: 	 films 	american silent feature films 	american films based on plays 	films directed by frank tuttle 	 comedy films 	 films 	american comedy films 	american films 	american black-and-white films 	surviving american silent films 	 comedy films 	 s silent comedy film stubs hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	use mdy dates from september 	template film date with release date 	commons category link is locally defined 	all stub articles 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			bahasa indonesia 	norsk bokmål 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 catalog record: the golden cocoon; a novel | hathitrust digital library 	 skip to main 	 skip to similar items 	 home 	 menu 	 about 	 welcome to hathitrust 	 our partnership 	 our digital library 	 our collaborative programs 	 our research center 	 news & publications 	 collections 	 help 	 feedback 	 search hathitrust 	 log in hathitrust digital library search full-text index search field list all fields title author subject isbn/issn publisher series title available indexes full-text catalog full view only search hathitrust 	 advanced full-text search 	 advanced catalog search 	 search tips the golden cocoon; a novel, by ruth cross. description tools 	 cite this 	 export citation file 	main author: 	cross, ruth. 	language(s): 	 english 	published: 	 new york, harper & brothers, . 	edition: 	 first edition. 	physical description: 	 p. l., p. cm. 	locate a print version: 	 find in a library viewability 	item link	original source 	 full view 	 	 university of michigan view hathitrust marc record 	 similar items 	 golden cocoon 	author 	lindstrom, virginia k., - 	published 	 	 enchantment, a novel 	author 	cross, ruth, b. . 	published 	 	 the steel cocoon, a novel 	author 	plagemann, bentz, - 	published 	 	 soldier of good fortune : an historical novel 	author 	cross, ruth, b. . 	published 	 	 the golden poppy; a novel 	author 	deprend, jeffrey. 	published 	 	 the golden poppy a novel 	author 	deprend, jeffrey. 	published 	 	 the golden house. a novel 	author 	warner, charles dudley, - . 	published 	 	 the golden ones : a novel 	author 	slaughter, frank g. (frank gill), - . 	published 	 	 the golden bowl; a novel 	author 	manfred, frederick feikema, - . 	published 	 	 the golden honeycomb : a novel 	author 	markandaya, kamala, - . 	published 	 	 home 	 about 	 collections 	 help 	 feedback 	accessibility 	 take-down policy 	 privacy 	 contact data unbound : helping organizations access and share data effectively. special focus on web apis for data integration. 	 		data unbound 		helping organizations access and share data effectively. special focus on web apis for data integration. 	 	 	skip to content 	about 	 		 			 				 					 						some of what i missed from the cmd-d automation conference 						 	 	 the cmd-d|masters of automation one-day conference in early august would have been right up my alley: it’ll be a full day of exploring the current state of automation technology on both apple platforms, sharing ideas and concepts, and showing what’s possible—all with the goal of inspiring and furthering development of your own automation projects. fortunately, those of us who missed it can still get a meaty summary of the meeting by listening to the podcast segment upgrade # : masters of automation – relay fm. i've been keen on automation for a long time now and was delighted to hear the panelists express their own enthusiasm for customizing their macs, iphones, or ipads to make repetitive tasks much easier and less time-consuming. noteworthy take-aways from the podcast include: 	something that i hear and believe but have yet to experience in person: non-programmers can make use of automation through applications such as automator — for macos — and workflow for ios. also mentioned often as tools that are accessible to non-geeks: hazel and alfred – productivity app for mac os x. 	automation can make the lives of computer users easier but it's not immediately obvious to many people exactly how. 	to make a lot of headway in automating your workflow, you need a problem that you are motivated to solve. 	many people use applescript by borrowing from others, just like how many learn html and css from copying, pasting, and adapting source on the web. 	once you get a taste for automation, you will seek out applications that are scriptable and avoid those that are not. my question is how to make it easier for developers to make their applications scriptable without incurring onerous development or maintenance costs? 	e-book production is an interesting use case for automation. 	people have built businesses around scripting photoshop [is there really a large enough market?] 	omnigroup's automation model is well worth studying and using. i hope there will be a conference next year to continue fostering this community of automation enthusists and professionals. 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					automation macos 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						fine-tuning a python wrapper for the hypothes.is web api and other #ianno followup 						 	 	 in anticipation of #ianno hack day, i wrote about my plans for the event, one of which was to revisit my own python wrapper for the nascent hypothes.is web api. instead of spending much time on my own wrapper, i spent most of the day working with jon udell's wrapper for the api. i've been working on my own revisions of the library but haven't yet incorporated jon's latest changes. one nice little piece of the puzzle is that i learned how to introduce retries and exponential backoff into the library, thanks to a hint from nick stenning and a nice answer on stackoverflow . other matters in addition to the python wrapper, there are other pieces of follow-up for me. i hope to write more extensively on those matters down the road but simply note those topics for the moment. videos from the conference i might start by watching videos from #ianno conference: i annotate – youtube. because i didn't attend the conference per se, i might glean insight into two particular topics of interest to me (the role of page owner in annotations and the intermingling of annotations in ebooks.) an extension for embedding selectors in the url i will study and try treora/precise-links: browser extension to support web annotation selectors in uris. i've noticed that the same annotation is shown in two related forms: 	https://hyp.is/zj dyi teeetmxvupjlhsw/blog.dataunbound.com/ / / /revisiting-hypothes-is-at-i-annotate- / 	https://blog.dataunbound.com/ / / /revisiting-hypothes-is-at-i-annotate- /#annotations:zj dyi teeetmxvupjlhsw does the precise-links extension let me write the selectors into the url? 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					annotation 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						revisiting hypothes.is at i annotate 						 	 	 i'm looking forward to hacking on web and epub annotation at the #ianno hack day. i won't be at the i annotate conference per se but will be curious to see what comes out of the annual conference. i continue to have high hopes for digital annotations, both on the web and in non-web digital contexts. i have used hypothesis on and off since oct . my experiences so far: 	i like the ability to highlight and comment on very granular sections of articles for comment, something the hypothes.is annotation tool makes easy to do. i appreciate being able to share annotation/highlight with others (on twitter or facebook), though i'm pretty sure most people who bother to click on the links might wonder "what's this" when they click on the link. a small user request: hypothes.is should allow a user to better customize the facebook preview image for the annotation. 	 i've enjoyed using hypothes.is for code review on top of github. (exactly how hypothes.is complements the extensive code-commenting functionality in github might be worth a future blog post.) my plans for hack day python wrapper for hypothes.is this week, i plan to revisit rdhyee/hypothesisapi: a python wrapper for the nascent hypothes.is web api to update or abandon it in favor of new developments. (for example, i should look at kshaffer/pypothesis: python scripts for interacting with the hypothes.is api.) epubs + annotations i want to figure out the state of art for epubs and annotations. i'm happy to see the announcement of a partnership to bring open annotation to ebooks from march . i'd definitely like to figure out how to annotate epubs (e.g., oral literature in africa (at unglue.it) or moby dick). the best approach is probably for me to wait until summer at which time we'll see the fruits of the partnership: together, our goal is to complete a working integration of hypothesis with both epub frameworks by summer . nyu plans to deploy the readiumjs implementation in the nyu press enhanced networked monographs site as a first use case. based on lessons learned in the nyu deployment, we expect to see wider integration of annotation capabilities in ebooks as epub uptake continues to grow. in the meantime, i can catch up on the current state of futurepress/epub.js: enhanced ebooks in the browser., grok epub cfi updates, and relearn how to parse epubs using python (e.g., rdhyee/epub_avant_garde: an experiment to apply ideas from https://github.com/sandersk/ebook_avant_garde to arbitrary epubs). role of page owners i plan to check in on what's going on with efforts at hypothes.is to involve owners in page annotations: in the past months we launched a small research initiative to gather different points of view about website publishers and authors consent to annotation. our goal was to identify different paths forward taking into account the perspectives of publishers, engineers, developers and people working on abuse and harassment issues. we have published a first summary of our discussion on our blog post about involving page owners in annotation. i was reminded of these efforts after reading that audrey watters had blocked annotation services like hypothes.is and genius from her domains: 	un-annotated 	episode : marginalia in the spirit of communal conversation, i threw in my two cents: have there been any serious exploration of easy opt-out mechanisms for domain owners? something like robots.txt for annotation tools? 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					annotation 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						my thoughts about fargo.io using fargo.io 						 	 	 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					uncategorized 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						organizing your life with python: a submission for pycon ? 						 	 	 i have penciled into my calendar a trip  to montreal to attend pycon .   in my moments of suboptimal planning, i wrote an overly ambitious abstract for a talk or poster session i was planning to submit.  as i sat down this morning to meet the deadline for submitting a proposal for a poster session (nov ), i once again encountered the ominous (but for me, definitive) admonition: avoid presenting a proposal for code that is far from completion. the program committee is very skeptical of "conference-driven development". it's true: my efforts to organize my life with python are in the early stages. i hope that i'll be able to write something like the following for pycon . organizing your life with python david allen's getting things done (gtd) system is a popular system for personal productivity. although gtd can be implemented without any computer technology, i have pursued two different digital implementations, including my current implementation using evernote, the popular note-taking program. this talk explores using python in conjunction with the evernote api to implement gtd on top of evernote. i have found that a major practical hinderance for using gtd is that it way too easy to commit to too many projects. i will discuss how to combine evernote, python, gtd with concepts from personal kanban to solve this problem. addendum: whoops…i find it embarrassing that i already quoted my abstract in a previous blog post in september that i had forgotten about. oh well. where's my fully functioning organization system when i need it! tagged pycon, python 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					evernote gtd 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						current status of data unbound llc in pennsylvania 						 	 	 i'm currently in the process of closing down data unbound llc in pennsylvania.  i submitted the paperwork to dissolve the legal entity in april and have been amazed to learn that it may take up to a year to get the final approval done.  in the meantime, as i establishing a similar california legal entity, i will certainly continue to write on this blog about apis, mashups, and open data. 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					data unbound llc 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						must get cracking on organizing your life with python 						 	 	 talk and tutorial proposals for pycon are due tomorrow ( / ) .  i was considering submitting a proposal until i took the heart the appropriate admonition against "conference-driven" development of the program committee.   i will nonetheless use the oct and nov deadlines for lightning talks and proposals respectively to judge whether to submit a refinement of the following proposal idea: organizing your life with python david allen's getting things done (gtd) system is a popular system for personal productivity.  although gtd can be implemented without any computer technology, i have pursued two different digital implementations, including my current implementation using evernote, the popular note-taking program.  this talk explores using python in conjunction with the evernote api to implement gtd on top of evernote. i have found that a major practical hinderance for using gtd is that it way too easy to commit to too many projects.  i will discuss how to combine evernote, python, gtd with concepts from personal kanban to solve this problem.   						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					getting things done python 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						embedding github gists in wordpress 						 	 	 as i gear up i to write more about programming, i have installed the embed github gist plugin. so by writing [gist id= ] in the text of this post, i can embed https://gist.github.com/rdhyee/ into the post to get: from itertools import islice def triangular(): n = i = while true: yield n i += n += i # <codecell> for i, n in enumerate(islice(triangular(), )): print i+ , n tagged gist, github 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					wordpress 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						working with open data 						 	 	 i'm very excited to be teaching a new course working with open data at the uc berkeley school of information in the spring semester: open data — data that is free for use, reuse, and redistribution — is an intellectual treasure-trove that has given rise to many unexpected and often fruitful applications. in this course, students will ) learn how to access, visualize, clean, interpret, and share data, especially open data, using python, python-based libraries, and supplementary computational frameworks and ) understand the theoretical underpinnings of open data and their connections to implementations in the physical and life sciences, government, social sciences, and journalism.   						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					uncategorized 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				 					 						a mundane task: updating a config file to retain old settings 						 	 	 i want to have a hand in creating an excellent personal information manager (pim) that can be a worthy successor to ecco pro. so far, running eccoext (a clever and expansive hack of ecco pro) has been a eminently practical solution.   you can download the most recent version of this actively developed extension from the files section of the ecco_pro yahoo! group.   i would do so regularly but one of the painful problems with unpacking (using unrar) the new files is that there wasn't an updater that would retain the configuration options of the existing setup.  so a mundane but happy-making programming task of this afternoon was to write a python script to do exact that function, making use of the builtin configparser library. """ compare eccoext.ini files my goal is to edit the new file so that any overlapping values take on the current value """ current_file_path = "/private/tmp/ /c/program files/ecco/eccoext.ini" new_file_path = "/private/tmp/ /c/utils/eccoext.ini" updated_file = "/private/tmp/ /c/utils/updated_eccoext.ini" # extract the key value pairs in both files to compare the two # http://docs.python.org/library/configparser.html import configparser def extract_values(fname): # generate a parsed configuration object, set of (section, options) config = configparser.safeconfigparser() options_set = set() config.read(fname) sections = config.sections() for section in sections: options = config.options(section) for option in options: #value = config.get(section,option) options_set.add((section,option)) return (config, options_set) # process current file and new file (current_config, current_options) = extract_values(current_file_path) (new_config, new_options) = extract_values(new_file_path) # what are the overlapping options overlapping_options = current_options & new_options # figure out which of the overlapping options are the values different for (section,option) in overlapping_options: current_value = current_config.get(section,option) new_value = new_config.get(section,option) if current_value != new_value: print section, option, current_value, new_value new_config.set(section,option,current_value) # write the updated config file with open(updated_file, 'wb') as configfile: new_config.write(configfile) 						 					 				 				 					 					raymond yee					ecco pro python 					comments ( ) 					permalink 				 			 			 				« older posts 				 			 		 	 	 			pages 	about 	 				categories 					amazon 	annotation 	announcments 	apis 	architecture 	art history 	automation 	bibliographics 	bioinformatics 	bplan 	chickenfoot 	citizendium 	collaboration 	consulting 	copyright 	creative commons 	data mining 	data unbound llc 	digital scholarship 	ecco pro 	education 	evernote 	firefox 	flickr 	freebase 	getting things done 	google 	government 	gtd 	hardware 	hci 	higher education 	humanities 	imaging 	ischool 	journalism 	libraries 	macos 	mashups 	meta 	mith api workshop 	mixing and remixing information 	notelets 	oclc 	open access 	open data 	openid 	personal information management 	personal news 	politics 	processing 	programming tip 	prototype 	publishing 	python 	recovery.gov tracking 	repositories 	rest 	screen scraping 	screencast 	services 	soap 	training 	tutorial 	uc berkeley 	uncategorized 	web hosting 	web services 	web 	weblogging 	wikipedia 	wordpress 	writing 	zotero 			 	 				tags 				api art history books chickenfoot codepad coins creative commons data hosting data portability educause exif firefox flickr freebase jcdl jcdl kses library of congress mashups mashup symfony django metadata news nytimes amazonec amazons omb openid openlibrary openoffice.org photos politics project bamboo python pywin recovery.gov tracking screencast stimulus sychronization video webcast wikipedia windows xp wmi wordpress workshops xml in libraries zotero 			 	blogroll 		information services and technology, uc berkeley 	uc berkeley 	 				rss feeds 					all posts 	all comments 			 	 				meta 					log in 			 	 				blog search 				 					 						 						 					 				 			 	 	 		© 		| 		thanks, wordpress 		| 		barthelme theme by scott allan wallick 		| 		 standards compliant xhtml & css 		| 		 rss posts & comments 	 when will ethereum . fully launch? roadmap promises speed, but history says otherwise $ 	 btc $ , 	 eth $ , 	 xrp $ . 	 bch $ 	 xmr $ . 	 dash $ 	 eos $ . 	 zec $ 	 ada $ . 	 neo $ . 	 bnb $ 	 xlm $ . 	 usdt $ . 	 miota $ . 	 doge $ . x 	 btc $ , - . % 	 eth $ , - . % 	 xrp $ . + . % 	 bch $ + . % 	 eos $ . + . % 	 doge $ . + . % 	 english 	 advertise 	 careers 	 news 	 bitcoin news 	 ripple news 	 ethereum news 	 litecoin news 	 altcoin news 	 blockchain news 	 business news 	 technology news 	 policy & regulations 	 markets 	 market news 	 price indexes 	 market analysis 	 heatmap 	 top cryptocurrencies 	 magazine 	 people 	 top 	 top 	 opinion 	 expert take 	 interview 	 cryptopedia 	 explained 	 how to crypto 	 bitcoin 	 ethereum 	 dogecoin 	 bitcoin cash 	 ripple 	 lightning network 	 altcoin 	 defi 	 trading 	 nft 	 industry 	 dapplist 	 events 	 jobs 	 press releases 	 store 	 blockshow 	 consulting 	 consulting services 	 technology providers 	 industry reports 	 video 	 markets pro julia magas dec , when will ethereum . fully launch? roadmap promises speed, but history says otherwise the new ethereum . roadmap review: what updates have been added, and how soon can they be implemented? total views total shares listen to article : analysis on dec. , shortly after the long-awaited release of ethereum . , platform founder vitalik buterin announced an updated roadmap. at first glance, it does not differ much from the previous version from march. however, it brought some clarity on current progress and further stages, giving grounds for estimating how soon a full-fledged transition to proof-of-stake and the launch of sharding can be expected. just a spoiler: the full implementation of ethereum . will not be coming soon. formally ethereum . , but not yet dec. marked a pivotal event for the entire crypto industry as the first block of the new ethereum network was generated, the one developers had been preparing to see through for the past few years. ethereum . is expected to become a super-fast, reliable version of the previous blockchain, all thanks to so-called sharding and the transition to the pos consensus algorithm. in fact, the update that came out under the name ethereum . is not entirely what its namesake claims to be, and the beacon chain, its first phase, is actually phase . the beacon chain is needed exclusively for the development and testing of innovations that, if successful, will be introduced into the main ethereum . network. thus, the second upgrade is more fundamental, as the platform will finally let go of proof-of-work and will be fully supported by the stakers. simply put, phase — aka the beacon chain — lays a basis for implementing staking and sharding in the next upgrade, or as figuratively explained by the ethereum team, serves as “a new engine” of the future spacecraft. even though ethereum formally switched to version . , the network still depends on the computing power of miners. the developers also launched pos in parallel to gradually recruiting the stakers necessary to ensure the stable operation of the network. praneeth srikanti, investment principle at consensys ventures, discussed with cointelegraph the structure and functionality of the beacon chain: “the new beacon chain runs on casper pos for itself and the shard chains — and would ultimately be managing validators, choosing a block proposer for each shard and organizing validator groups (in the form of committees) for voting on the proposed blocks and managing consensus rules.” srikanti added that the pos mechanism is already live on the beacon chain and that it requires attestations for shard blocks and pos votes for the beacon chain blocks. the network is now ready enough for users to join and become validators. to do so, they need to have ether (eth) in their accounts, locked for transfer and exchange until the network fully transitions to new characteristics. the rewards that validators receive for supporting the new blockchain will also be locked until the release of the next phase, meaning that stakers will probably be able to access their funds no earlier than or . commenting on how the changes in the ethereum . roadmap can affect stakers, jay hao, ceo of okex, told cointelegraph: “while it does most likely mean that users will have to wait longer until they can withdraw their eth from staking, there are still many advantages to staking eth. to start with, stakers are supporting the move to eth . and the eth community. they will earn generous rewards when they do withdraw and, it is always possible (especially in this fast-paced industry) that other solutions will appear that expedite this new timeline.” the implementation of shards — another unique invention of ethereum, thanks to which the network will be able to provide services to hundreds of millions of users — will also be available only in future versions of the blockchain. it’s expected that there will be of them in the new ethereum network, with the beacon chain acting as a control blockchain. the paradox is that sharding is not applied to the beacon chain, which will actually be the focal point of the network. current progress the ethereum development team has been repeatedly criticized for missing deadlines and constantly delaying the updates. so, what is the real state of affairs at this time? judging by the progress bar that the developers of ethereum have added to the new roadmap, the implementation of the second update is not expected anytime soon. work on the most important tasks necessary for a full transition to a new network — namely, eth /eth merge implementation — is in its early stages, with about % completed. things are more positive on the sharding frontier, with about half of the work already done, judging by the progress bar. the good news is that the new roadmap is missing phases . , and others that were present in previous versions of the document. this means that a full-fledged transition to a new network can be expected sooner and that the next phase will be the final one, combining all of the most important updates. earlier, it was expected that shard chains would appear in phase , and only after that, in the second phase, would snark/stark transactions become possible. now, all of these updates are expected to be launched under phase , and some progress has already been made toward that end. the organization of the teams’ work has also changed from step-by-step to parallel. the new roadmap suggests that the execution of each task is organized autonomously and is not disrupted in the event of difficulties with the other segments. in other words, different teams can work on different tasks at the same time, which may speed up the transition to the new network. some of the tasks can be expected soon, as indicated by the roadmap. in particular, the developers have already done the bulk of the work on implementing the eip protocol, aimed at stabilizing the cost of commissions on the network and gas repricing. in addition, the release of evm , which will allow for faster operations of the ethereum virtual machine, is in the process of transitioning to a more advanced version called “ethereum-flavored webassembly,” or ewasm. interestingly, ewasm is the only major implementation missing in the new roadmap. it will probably come as part of the upgrade called “vm upgrades,” and its implementation will not be carried out in the next phase. it’s expected that ewasm will manage the work of smart contracts and make the network more decentralized. layer-two solutions advancing scalability and security such as snark/stark operations, post-quantum crypto and the launch of cbc casper — an improved version of the protocol that will mark the final transition of the network to the staking model — remain among the solutions that are likely to appear much later on. when will eth fully launch? looking at how fast the relevant updates were implemented in the previous versions of ethereum roadmaps, it turns out that the planned and real release dates are about a year apart, at the very minimum. thus, for example, according to the estimates made by the developers of large blockchain software company consensys in may , the release of the beacon chain blockchain was supposed to have happened back in . regarding the ewasm release, the full-scale launch of the machine is supposed to occur in or . this means that it should be expected to come no earlier than to — the time frame that coincides with the one set by the ethereum developer team for the ethereum . mainnet release. still, the full scope of work that needs to be done before the ethereum . blockchain becomes fully complete can make it challenging to set predictions. meanwhile, some suggest that upgrade releases could be delayed for an even longer period of time. youtube crypto blogger boxmining recommended adding one to two years to the previous estimates, suggesting that the market will see casper and sharding in full glory only in to . a more pessimistic forecast suggests that it might take years before the market will see the final version of ethereum . . himanshu bisht, marketing head at razor network — which operates on a pos consensus algorithm — told cointelegraph that such a timeframe is realistic: “mainnet ethereum will need to ‘merge’ with the beacon chain at some point. this will be the start of a new phase of the ethereum ecosystem in a true sense. however, we might not be able to see this before february, .” nir kshetri, a professor at the university of north carolina-greensboro and a research fellow at kobe university, agreed that the ethereum . transition is likely to take a fair bit of time. according to him, the evm upgrade is a challenging process, as he further told cointelegraph: “organizations are likely to be effectively locked in evm and it is difficult to break the self-reinforcing mechanism. there are already millions of existing smart contracts and enormous amounts of tools and languages, optimizations. on top of that convincing ethereum users that the pos is safe and secure is a challenge of another magnitude.” paolo ardoino, chief technology officer of crypto exchange bitfinex, told cointelegraph that the full transition to ethereum . could take three years, although he doesn’t rule out a faster development: “i think that after this initial phase, it is likely that the pace of ethereum . development will improve over the coming year. we wonder if full ethereum . transition will be complete up to years from now, but we expect token transfers will likely be available earlier than that.” on the other hand, a streamlined organization of ethereum client operations and the work of developers, as well as immense assistance from the community, can significantly reduce the time frame of the roadmap. in general, as the beacon chain explorer shows, the deployment of the new pos network is proceeding successfully. at the moment, more than , users have become stakers, with almost . million eth staked so far. 	 #proof-of-stake 	 #ethereum related news 	 blockchain can disrupt higher education today, global labor market tomorrow 	 q&a: here’s what you may not know about privacy preserving computation networks 	 the rise of dex robots: amms push for an industrial revolution in trading 	 bitcoin still on track to $ k despite growing risks, says strategic investor lyn alden 	 jpmorgan report: eth could kick-start $ b staking industry by 	 finance redefined: the $ million bet on eth . making waves! june -july load more articles editor’s choice 	 london court orders binance to trace hackers behind $ . m fetch.ai attack 	 ethereum alone not enough to disrupt big tech: jack dorsey 	 opensea trading volume explodes , % ytd amid nft boom 	 wyoming’s crypto-friendly bill could be a sandbox in action, sen. lummis says 	 ada hits $ for the first time since may ahead of cardano smart contract announcement cointelegraph youtube subscribe advertise with us 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 the dying swan - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	 	the dying swan 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			the dying swan 	anna pavlova in costume for the dying swan, buenos aires, argentina, c. 	choreographer	mikhail fokine 	music	camille saint-saëns, (le cygne from le carnaval des animaux) 	premiere	 st. petersburg, russia 	created for	anna pavlova 	genre	romantic 	type	classical ballet the dying swan (originally the swan) is a solo dance choreographed by mikhail fokine to camille saint-saëns's le cygne from le carnaval des animaux as a pièce d'occasion for the ballerina anna pavlova, who performed it about , times. the short ballet ( minutes) follows the last moments in the life of a swan, and was first presented in st. petersburg, russia in . the ballet has since influenced modern interpretations of odette in tchaikovsky's swan lake and has inspired non-traditional interpretations as well as various adaptations. contents 	 background 	 plot summary 	 performances and critical commentary 	 legacy 	 see also 	 references 	 external links background[edit] inspired by swans that she had seen in public parks and by lord tennyson's poem "the dying swan", anna pavlova, who had just become a ballerina at the mariinsky theatre, asked michel fokine to create a solo dance for her for a gala concert being given by artists from the chorus of the imperial mariinsky opera. fokine suggested saint-saëns's cello solo, le cygne, which fokine had been playing at home on a mandolin to a friend's piano accompaniment, and pavlova agreed. a rehearsal was arranged and the short dance was completed quickly.[ ] fokine remarked in dance magazine (august ): it was almost an improvisation. i danced in front of her, she directly behind me. then she danced and i walked alongside her, curving her arms and correcting details of poses. prior to this composition, i was accused of barefooted tendencies and of rejecting toe dancing in general. the dying swan was my answer to such criticism. this dance became the symbol of the new russian ballet. it was a combination of masterful technique with expressiveness. it was like a proof that the dance could and should satisfy not only the eye, but through the medium of the eye should penetrate the soul.[ ] in , fokine told dance critic arnold haskell: small work as it is, [...] it was 'revolutionary' then, and illustrated admirably the transition between the old and the new, for here i make use of the technique of the old dance and the traditional costume, and a highly developed technique is necessary, but the purpose of the dance is not to display that technique but to create the symbol of the everlasting struggle in this life and all that is mortal. it is a dance of the whole body and not of the limbs only; it appeals not merely to the eye but to the emotions and the imagination.[ ] plot summary[edit] 	 	 le cygne (from le carnaval des animaux) performed by john mitchel 	 problems playing this file? see media help. the ballet was first titled the swan but then acquired its current title, following pavlova's interpretation of the work's dramatic arc as the end of life. the dance is composed principally of upper body and arm movements and tiny steps called pas de bourrée suivi.[ ] french critic andré levinson wrote: arms folded, on tiptoe, she dreamily and slowly circles the stage. by even, gliding motions of the hands, returning to the background from whence she emerged, she seems to strive toward the horizon, as though a moment more and she will fly—exploring the confines of space with her soul. the tension gradually relaxes and she sinks to earth, arms waving faintly as in pain. then faltering with irregular steps toward the edge of the stage—leg bones quiver like the strings of a harp—by one swift forward-gliding motion of the right foot to earth, she sinks on the left knee—the aerial creature struggling against earthly bonds; and there, transfixed by pain, she dies.[ ] performances and critical commentary[edit] the dying swan was first performed by pavlova at a gala at the noblemen's hall in saint petersburg, russia on friday, december , .[ ] it was first performed in the united states at the metropolitan opera house in new york city on march , . american dance critic and photographer carl van vechten noted that the ballet was "the most exquisite specimen of [pavlova's] art which she has yet given to the public."[ ] pavlova performed the piece approximately , times,[ ] and on her deathbed in the hague, reportedly cried, "prepare my swan costume."[ ][ ] fokine's granddaughter, isabelle, notes that the ballet does not make "enormous technical demands" on the dancer but it does make "enormous artistic ones because every movement and every gesture should signify a different experience," which is "emerging from someone who is attempting to escape death." she notes that modern performances are significantly different from her grandfather's original conception and that the dance today is often made to appear to be a variation of swan lake, which she describes as "odette at death's door." isabelle says that the ballet is not about a ballerina being able to transform herself into a swan, but about death, with the swan as a metaphor.[ ] legacy[edit] the dying swan by anna pavlova ( sec), ~ ; yvette chauvire ( sec), ~ ; natalia makarova ( sec) pavlova was recorded dancing the dying swan in a silent film, to which sound is often added. the short ballet has influenced interpretations of odette in tchaikovsky's swan lake, particularly during the parting of the lovers in the first lakeside scene.[ ] the dance was almost immediately adapted by various ballerinas internationally. as a result, fokine published an official version of the choreography in , highlighted with photographs of his wife vera fokina demonstrating the ballet's sequential poses. at a later date, kirov-trained natalia makarova commented: of fokine's original choreography [...] only scattered fragments remain [...] he created only the bourrées [a walking or running ballet step usually executed on the points of the toes] for pavlova. subsequently, every performer [...] has used the piece at her own taste and at her own risk [...] in russia i had danced dudinskaya's version and [...] experienced a certain discomfort [...] from all the sentimental stuff—the rushing around the stage, the flailing of the arms [...] to the contemporary eye, its conventions look almost ludicrous [...] the dance needs total emotional abandon, conveying the image of a struggle with death or a surrender to it [...] as for the emotional content, i was helped by pavlova, whose film of the work i saw. even today, her swan is striking—the flawless feeling for style, the animated face—although certain melodramatic details seem superfluous.[ ] the ballet has been variously interpreted and adapted. the russian film the dying swan by director yevgeni bauer is the story of an artist who strangles a ballerina.[ ] maya plisetskaya interpreted the swan as elderly and stubbornly resisting the effects of aging, much like herself. eventually, the piece came to be considered one of pavlova's trademarks.[ ] more recently, les ballets trockadero de monte carlo has performed a parody version that emphasizes every excess dormant in the choreography.[ ] in , street theatre artist judith lanigan created a hula hoop adaptation that has been performed at international street theatre festivals, comedy and burlesque events, and in traditional and contemporary circuses.[ ] several figure skaters have performed the dying swan with skate-choreography inspired by the ballet. olympic bronze medallist maribel vinson reviewed sonja henie's professional debut for the new york times, noting: the crowd settled quickly into a receptive mood for sonja's famous interpretation of the dying swan of saint-saëns. with spotlights giving the ice the effect of water at night, miss henie, outlined in a blue light, performed the dance made immortal by pavlova. whether one agrees that such posturing is suited to the medium of ice, there is no doubt that miss henie's rendition is a lovely thing. too much toe work at the start leaves the feeling that this does not belong to skating, but when she glides effortlessly back and forth, she is free as a disembodied spirit and there is an ease of movement that ballet never can produce.[ ] some ballerinas, including ashley bouder of new york city ballet and nina ananiashvili, formerly of american ballet theatre and the bolshoi ballet, have used dying swan arms in swan lake when making odette's exit at the end of act ii (the first lakeside scene).[ ] ogden nash, in his "verses for camille saint-saëns' 'carnival of the animals'", mentions pavlova: the swan can swim while sitting down, for pure conceit he takes the crown, he looks in the mirror over and over, and claims to have never heard of pavlova. in response to impact of the – coronavirus pandemic on the performing arts, carlos acosta, artistic director of the birmingham royal ballet, adapted fokine's choreography with the ballerina raising her head at the end instead, and with céline gittens, principal dancer of the company, and the musicians performing in their respective homes.[ ] misty copeland, principal dancer with the american ballet theatre, invited other dancers to dance the swan to raise fund for the relief fund of the participating dancers' companies and other related funds.[ ] see also[edit] 	alicia markova "the dying swan" (painting) references[edit] notes 	^ a b balanchine & mason , p.  . 	^ balanchine & mason , pp.  – . 	^ a b , balanchine & mason , p.  . 	^ a b gerskovic , p.  . 	^ oxford dictionary of dance. 	^ a b mccauley , p.  . 	^ gerskovic , p.  . 	^ carter , p.  . 	^ aloff , pp.  – . 	^ youngblood , p.  . 	^ garafola , pp.  – . 	^ les ballets trockadero de monte carlo. 	^ judith lanigan. 	^ skate web's historical skating pictures. 	^ smodyrev biography. 	^ winship, lyndsey ( april ). "the swan: three minutes of dance to soothe the soul in lockdown". the guardian. 	^ stahl, jennifer ( may ). " ballerinas from around the world perform "the dying swan" for covid- relief". dance magazine. references 	 aloff, mindy ( ). dance anecdotes: stories from the world of ballet, broadway, the ballroom, and modern dance. oxford: oxford university press. isbn  - - - - . 	 balanchine, george; mason, francis ( ). stories of the great ballets. new york: anchor books. isbn  - - - - . 	 carter, alexandra ( ). rethinking dance history: a reader. london: routledge. isbn  - - - - . 	 garafola, lynn ( ). legacies of twentieth-century dance. new york: wesleyan university press. isbn  - - - - . 	 gerskovic, robert ( ) [ ]. ballet : a complete guide to learning and loving the ballet. pompton plains, nj: limelight editions. isbn  - - - - . 	 mccauley, martin ( ). who's who in russia since . london and new york: routledge. isbn  - - - - . 	 youngblood, denise jeanne ( ). the magic mirror: moviemaking in russia, – . madison, wi: university of wisconsin press. isbn  - - - - . further reading 	 "the dying swan". oxford dictionary of dance. oxford university press. retrieved august , . 	 "les ballets trockadero de monte carlo". glbtq, inc. . archived from the original on july , . retrieved august , . 	 "judith lanigan". judith lanigan. . retrieved august , . 	 "sonja henie does the swan thing". skateweb's historical skating pictures. skateweb. – . retrieved august , . 	 smodyrev, mikhail; translated by anna korisch. "nina ananiashvili's biography and repertory". retrieved august , . external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to le cygne. 	 "pas de bourrée". merriam-webster online. merriam-webster. . retrieved august , . 	"the dying swan" by tennyson (complete text) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_dying_swan&oldid= " 		categories: 	 ballet premieres 	ballets by michel fokine 	ballets to the music of camille saint-saëns hidden categories: 	articles with haudio microformats 	commons category link is on wikidata 	good articles 	articles containing video clips 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			deutsch 	español 	français 	italiano 	മലയാളം 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk nynorsk 	ਪੰਜਾਬੀ 	Русский 	svenska 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on april , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 low-code development platform - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	low-code development platform 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		a low-code development platform (lcdp) provides a development environment used to create application software through a graphical user interface instead of traditional hand-coded computer programming. a low-coded platform may produce entirely operational applications, or require additional coding for specific situations. low-code development platforms reduce the amount of traditional hand coding, enabling accelerated delivery of business applications. a common benefit is that a wider range of people can contribute to the application's development—not only those with coding skills. lcdps can also lower the initial cost of setup, training, deployment and maintenance.[ ] low-code development platforms trace their roots back to fourth-generation programming language and the rapid application development tools of the s and early s. similar to these predecessor development environments, lcdps are based on the principles of model-driven design, automatic code generation, and visual programming.[ ] the concept of end-user development also existed previously, although lcdps brought some new ways of approaching this development. the low-code development platform market traces its origins back to .[ ] the specific name "low-code" was not put forward until june, ,[ ] when it was used by the industry analyst forrester research. along with no-code development platforms, low-code was described as "extraordinarily disruptive" in forbes magazine in .[ ] contents 	 use 	 reception 	 security and compliance concerns 	 analyst coverage and crowd evaluation 	 criticisms 	 low-code vs. no-code 	 see also 	 references 	 external links use[edit] as a result of the micro computer revolution businesses have deployed computers widely across their employee bases, enabling widespread automation of business processes using software. the need for software automation and new applications for business processes places demands on software developers to create custom applications in volume, tailoring them to organizations' unique needs.[ ] low-code development platforms have been and are developed as a means to allow for quick creation and use of working applications that can address the specific process- and data needs of the organization.[ ] reception[edit] research firm forrester estimated in that the total market for low-code development platforms would grow to $ . billion by .[ ] segments in the market include database, request handling, mobile, process and general purpose low-code platforms.[ ] low-code development's market growth can be attributed to its flexibility and ease.[ ] low-code development platforms are shifting focus towards general purpose of applications, with the ability to add in custom code when needed or desired.[ ] mobile accessibility is one of the driving factors of using low-code development platforms.[ ] instead of developers having to spend time creating multi-device software, low-code packages typically come with that feature standard.[ ] because they require less coding knowledge, nearly anyone in a software development environment can learn to use a low-code development platform. features like drag and drop interfaces help users visualize and build the application[ ] security and compliance concerns[edit] concerns over low-code development platform security and compliance are growing, especially for apps that use consumer data. there can be concerns over the security of apps built so quickly and possible lack of due governance leading to compliance issues.[ ] however, low-code apps do also fuel security innovations. with continuous app development in mind, it becomes easier to create secure data workflows. still the fact remains that low-code development platforms that do not apply and strictly adhere to normalized systems theory[ ] do not solve the challenge of increasing complexity due to changes.[ ] analyst coverage and crowd evaluation[edit] a forrester report about low-code development platforms ("the forrester wave™: low-code development platforms, q ") featured a -criteria evaluation of low-code development platform providers.[ ] an updated forrester report charting the growth of the low-code market was published in july (vendor landscape: a fork in the road for low-code development platforms) highlighting industry trends:[ ] 	growth - the low-code market is forecast to increase to over $ billion over the next five years. 	diversification - two major developing market segments focus on the needs of business ("citizen") developers and of ad&d (app dev) professionals. 	integration - as adoption of low-code expands and businesses look towards technologies like ai, robotics and machine learning, solutions must grow to offer these capabilities. a g crowd report about low-code development platforms evaluated market share and user reviews for products.[ ] forrester published an updated report in august . the report covers key trends including the continuing adoption of low code platforms by enterprise companies and the merging of low code platforms with existing developer tools into a broader application development ecosystem.[ ] criticisms[edit] some it professionals question whether low-code development platforms are suitable for large-scale and mission-critical enterprise applications.[ ] others have questioned whether these platforms actually make development cheaper or easier.[ ] additionally, some cios have expressed concern that adopting low-code development platforms internally could lead to an increase in unsupported applications built by shadow it.[ ] low-code vs. no-code[edit] main article: no-code development platform no-code development platforms are similar to low-code development platforms but require no coding at all.[ ] the line between the two is not sharp. however, there are a number of key differences: 	app creator - no-code platforms are accessible to any end-business user while low-code platforms require professional developers who can work within the platform's constraints. 	core design - no-code platforms tend to function off a model-driven, declarative approach where the end user dictates an app's design through drag and drop manipulation or simple expressions. low-code platforms depend more on hand coding to specify an application's core architecture.[ ] 	user interface - no-code platforms most often rely on a preset user interface layer which simplifies and streamlines an app's design. low-code platforms may provide greater flexibility in ui options at the cost of additional coding and complexity requirements.[ ] see also[edit] 	drakon 	end-user computing 	end-user development 	flow-based programming 	list of online database creator apps 	list of low-code development platforms 	visual programming language references[edit] 	^ a b richardson, clay (june , ). "new development platforms emerge for customer-facing applications". www.forrester.com. retrieved november . 	^ lonergan, kevin ( july ). "on the down low: why cios should care about low-code - information age". information age. information age. archived from the original on february . retrieved january . 	^ a b marvin, rob ( august ). "how low-code development seeks to accelerate software delivery - sd times". sd times. san diego times. retrieved november . 	^ a b bloomberg, jason. "the low-code/no-code movement: more disruptive than you realize". www.forbes.com. retrieved august . 	^ a b c marvin, rob. "building an app with no coding: myth or reality?". pcmag. pc mag. retrieved november . 	^ http://www.zdnet.com/article/developers-were-on-board-with-low-code-tools/ 	^ a b richardson, clay. "vendor landscape: the fractured, fertile terrain of low-code application platforms" (pdf). forrester research. archived from the original (pdf) on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ hammond, jeffrey. "the forrester wave™: mobile low-code platforms for business developers, q ". www.forrester.com. forrester research. archived from the original on august . retrieved august . 	^ a b c rubens, paul. "use low-code platforms to develop the apps customers want". cio. cio magazine. 	^ mannaert, herwig; verelst, jan; de bruyn, peter ( ). normalized systems theory: from foundations for evolvable software toward a general theory for evolvable design. isbn  . 	^ richardson, clay. "the forrester wave™: low-code development platforms, q ". www.forrester.com. forrester research. archived from the original on november . retrieved november . 	^ rymer, john ( july ). "vendor landscape: a fork in the road for low-code development platforms". forrester research. archived from the original on february . retrieved september . 	^ "archived copy". archived from the original on - - . retrieved - - .cs maint: archived copy as title (link) 	^ hammond, jeffrey. "the forrester wave™: mobile low-code platforms for business developers, q ". www.forrester.com. forrester research. archived from the original on august . retrieved august . 	^ rymer, john. "low-code platforms deliver customer facing apps fast, but can they scale up?". forrester research. archived from the original on february . retrieved january . 	^ reselman, bob. "why the promise of low-code software platforms is deceiving". techtarget. archived from the original on may . retrieved may . 	^ shore, joel ( july ). "how no-code development tools can benefit it". search cloud applications. techtarget magazine. archived from the original on march . retrieved january . 	^ rouse, margaret. "low-code/no-code development platform (lcnc platform)". www.techtarget.com. retrieved august . 	^ woods, dan. "when no code makes sense for legacy app migration". www.forbes.com. retrieved august . external links[edit] 	pattani, aneri ( november ) "a coding revolution in the office cube sends message of change to it". cnbc. retrieved november . retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=low-code_development_platform&oldid= " 		categories: 	enterprise architecture 	software development hidden categories: 	cs maint: archived copy as title 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			deutsch 	فارسی 	italiano 	עברית 	nederlands 	日本語 	polski 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 "the craap test" by sarah blakeslee 	 	 		 	home 	 search 	browse collections 	my account 	about 	 digital commons network™ 	 		skip to main content 		 			 				 	 		 	 	 			 				 					home 				 			 	 				 					about 				 			 	 				 					faq 				 			 	 				 					my account 				 			 	 			 			 					 			 				 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 		  	  	 		 		 		 		 			home 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 > 			community engagement 		 		 		 		 		 		 > 			loex 		 		 		 		 		 		 > 			loexquarterly 		 		 		 		 > 			vol. 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 > 			no. ( ) 		 		 		 		 		 	   	 	 			loex quarterly 	 	 article title the craap test authors sarah blakeslee publication date fall recommended citation blakeslee, sarah ( ) "the craap test," loex quarterly: vol. : no. , article . available at: https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / 	 	 download 	 downloads since january , 	 share 	 		 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 coins   						 	  	  				 					 						 	 		follow 	 	journal home 	about this journal 	aims & scope 	editorial board 	policies 	submit article 	most popular papers 	notify me via email or rss select an issue: 	 								 								all issues 							 vol. , no. vol. , no. / vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. vol. , no. 		 	   enter search terms: select context to search: in this journal in this repository across all repositories advanced search   							  					 			 			 				 	 	 	 	digital commons 	 		home | 		about | 		faq | 		my account | 		accessibility statement 	 	 	 	 		privacy 	 		copyright	 	 	 					 		 	 the thingology blog 	 		 			 		 	 	 		the librarything blog 		thingology 	 	 	 		 		 			 			 				monday, april th, 			 				new syndetics unbound feature: mark and boost electronic resources 				 					proquest and librarything have just introduced a major new feature to our catalog-enrichment suite, syndetics unbound, to meet the needs of libraries during the covid- crisis. our friends at proquest blogged about it briefly on the proquest blog. this blog post goes into greater detail about what we did, how we did it, and what efforts like this may mean for library catalogs in the future. what it does the feature, “mark and boost electronic resources,” turns syndetics unbound from a general catalog enrichment tool to one focused on your library’s electronic resources—the resources patrons can access during a library shutdown. we hope it encourages libraries to continue to promote their catalog, the library’s own and most complete collection repository, instead of sending patrons to a host of partial, third-party eresource platforms. the new feature marks the library’s electronic resources and “boosts,” or promotes, them in syndetics unbound’s discovery enhancements, such as “you may also like,” “other editions,” “tags” and “reading levels.” here’s a screenshot showing the feature in action. how it works the feature is composed of three settings. by default, they all turn on together, but they can be independently turned off and on. 	boost electronic resources chooses to show electronic editions of an item where they exist, and boosts such items within discovery elements. 	mark electronic resources with an “e” icon marks all electronic resources—ebooks, eaudio, and streaming video. 	add electronic resources message at top of page adds a customizable message to the top of the syndetics unbound area. “mark and boost electronic holdings” works across all enrichments. it is particularly important for “also available as” which lists all the other formats for a given title. enabling this feature sorts electronic resources to the front of the list. we also suggest that, for now, libraries may want to put “also available as” at the top of their enrichment order. why we did it your catalog is only as good as your holdings. faced with a world in which physical holdings are off-limits and electronic resources essential, many libraries have discouraged use of the catalog, which is dominated by non-digital resources, in favor of linking directly to overdrive, hoopla, freegal and so forth. unfortunately, these services are silos, containing only what you bought from that particular vendor. “mark and boost electronic resources” turns your catalog toward digital resources, while preserving what makes a catalog important—a single point of access to all library resources, not a vendor silo. maximizing your electronic holdings to make the best use of “mark and boost electronic resources,” we need to know about all your electronic resources. unfortunately, some systems separate marc holdings and electronic holdings; all resources appear in the catalog, but only some are available for export to syndetics unbound. other libraries send us holding files with everything, but they are unable to send us updates every time new electronic resources are added. to address this issue, we have therefore advanced a new feature—”auto-discover electronic holdings.” turn this on and we build up an accurate representation of your library’s electronic resource holdings, without requiring any effort on your part. adapting to change “mark and boost electronic resources” is our first feature change to address the current crisis. but we are eager to do others, and to adapt the feature over time, as the situation develops. we are eager to get feedback from librarians and patrons! — the proquest and librarything teams 				 				 				 				labels: new features, new product, syndetics unbound 				 				 				posted by tim @ : pm 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				thursday, october th, 			 				introducing syndetics unbound 				 					 short version today we’re going public with a new product for libraries, jointly developed by librarything and proquest. it’s called syndetics unbound, and it makes library catalogs better, with catalog enrichments that provide information about each item, and jumping-off points for exploring the catalog. to see it in action, check out the hartford public library in hartford, ct. here are some sample links: 	the raven boys by maggie stiefvater 	alexander hamilton by ron chernow 	faithful place by tana french we’ve also got a press release and a nifty marketing site. update: webinars every week! we’re now having weekly webinars, in which you can learn all about syndetics unbound, and ask us questions. visit proquest’s webex portal to see the schedule and sign up! long version the basic idea syndetics unbound aims to make patrons happier and increase circulation. it works by enhancing discovery within your opac, giving patrons useful information about books, movies, music, and video games, and helping them find other things they like. this means adding elements like cover images, summaries, recommendations, series, tags, and both professional and user reviews. in one sense, syndetics unbound combines products—the proquest product syndetics plus and the librarything products librarything for libraries and book display widgets. in a more important sense, however, it leaps forward from these products to something new, simple, and powerful. new elements were invented. static elements have become newly dynamic. buttons provide deep-dives into your library’s collection. and—we think—everything looks better than anything syndetics or librarything have done before! (that’s one of only two exclamation points in this blog post, so we mean it.) simplicity syndetics unbound is a complete and unified solution, not a menu of options spread across one or even multiple vendors. this simplicity starts with the design, which is made to look good out of the box, already configured for your opac and look. the installation requirements for syndetics unbound are minimal. if you already have syndetics plus or librarything for libraries, you’re all set. if you’ve never been a customer, you only need to add a line of html to your opac, and to upload your holdings. although it’s simple, we didn’t neglect options. libraries can reorder elements, or drop them entirely. we expect libraries will pick and choose, and evaluate elements according to patron needs, or feedback from our detailed usage stats. libraries can also tweak the look and feel with custom css stylesheets. and simplicity is cheap. to assemble a not-quite-equivalent bundle from proquest’s and librarything’s separate offerings would cost far more. we want everyone who has syndetics unbound to have it in its full glory. comprehensiveness and enrichments syndetics unbound enriches your catalog with some sixteen enrichments, but the number is less important than the options they encompass. these include both professional and user-generated content, information about the item you’re looking at, and jumping-off points to explore similar items. quick descriptions of the enrichments: boilterplate covers for items without covers. premium cover service. syndetics offers the most comprehensive cover database in existence for libraries—over million full-color cover images for books, videos, dvds, and cds, with thousands of new covers added every week. for syndetics unbound, we added boilerplate covers for items that don’t have a cover, which include the title, author, and media type. summaries. over million essential summaries and annotations, so patrons know what the book’s about. about the author. this section includes the author biography and a small shelf of other items by the author. the section is also adorned by a small author photo—a first in the catalog, although familiar elsewhere on the web. look inside. includes three previous syndetics enrichments—first chapters or excerpts, table of contents and large-size covers—newly presented as a “peek inside the book” feature. series. shows a book’s series, including reading order. if the library is missing part of the series, those covers are shown but grayed out. you may also like. provides sharp, on-the-spot readers advisory in your catalog, with the option to browse a larger world of suggestions, drawn from librarything members and big-data algorithms. in this and other enrichments, syndetics unbound only recommends items that your library owns. the syndetics unbound recommendations cover far more of your collection than any similar service. for example, statistics from the hartford public library show this feature on % of items viewed. professional reviews includes more than . million reviews from library journal, school library journal, new york times, the guardian, the horn book, booklist, bookseller + publisher magazine, choice, publisher’s weekly, and kirkus. a la carte review sources include voice of youth advocates: voya, doody’s medical reviews and quill and quire. reader reviews includes more than . million vetted, reader reviews from librarything members. it also allows patrons and librarians to add their own ratings and reviews, right in your catalog, and then showcase them on a library’s home page and social media. also available as helps patrons find other available formats and versions of a title in your collection, including paper, audio, ebook, and translations. exploring the tag system tags rethinks librarything’s celebrated tag clouds—redesigning them toward simplicity and consistency, and away from the “ransom note” look of most clouds. as data, tags are based on over million tags created by librarything members, and hand-vetted by our staff librarians for quality. a new exploration interface allows patrons to explore what librarything calls “tag mashes”—finding books by combinations of tags—in a simple faceted way. i’m going to be blogging about the redesign of tag clouds in the near future. considering dozens of designs, we decided on a clean break with the past. (i expect it will get some reactions.) book profile is a newly dynamic version of what bowker has done for years—analyzing thousands of new works of fiction, short-story collections, biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs annually. now every term is clickable, and patrons can search and browse over one million profiles. explore reading levels reading level is a newly dynamic way to see and explore other books in the same age and grade range. reading level also includes metametrics lexile® framework for reading. click the “more” button to get a new, super-powered reading-level explorer. this is one my favorite features! (second and last exclamation point.) awards highlights the awards a title has won, and helps patrons find highly-awarded books in your collection. includes biggies like the national book award and the booker prize, but also smaller awards like the bram stoker award and oklahoma’s sequoyah book award. browse shelf gives your patrons the context and serendipity of browsing a physical shelf, using your call numbers. includes a mini shelf-browser that sits on your detail pages, and a full-screen version, launched from the detail page. video and music adds summaries and other information for more than four million video and music titles including annotations, performers, track listings, release dates, genres, keywords, and themes. video games provides game descriptions, esrb ratings, star ratings, system requirements, and even screenshots. book display widgets. finally, syndetics unbound isn’t limited to the catalog, but includes the librarything product book display widgets—virtual book displays that go on your library’s homepage, blog, libguides, facebook, twitter, pinterest, or even in email newsletters. display widgets can be filled with preset content, such as popular titles, new titles, dvds, journals, series, awards, tags, and more. or you point them at a web page, rss feed, or list of isbns, upcs, or issns. if your data is dynamic, the widget updates automatically. here’s a page of book display widget examples. find out more made it this far? you really need to see syndetics unbound in action. check it out. again, here are some sample links of syndetics unbound at hartford public library in hartford, ct: the raven boys by maggie stiefvater, alexander hamilton by ron chernow, faithful place by tana french. webinars. we hold webinars every tuesday and walk you through the different elements and answer questions. to sign up for a webinar, visit this webex page and search for “syndetics unbound.” interested in syndetics unbound at your library? go here to contact a representative at proquest. or read more about at the syndetics unbound website. or email us at ltflsupport@librarything.com and we’ll help you find the right person or resource. 				 				 				 				labels: librarything for libraries, new feature, new features, new product 				 				 				posted by tim @ : am 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				thursday, january th, 			 				alamw in boston (and free passes)! 				 					abby and kj will be at ala midwinter in boston this weekend, showing off librarything for libraries. since the conference is so close to librarything headquarters, chances are good that a few other lt staff members may appear, as well! visit us. stop by booth # to meet abby & kj (and potential mystery guests!), get a demo, and learn about all the new and fun things we’re up to with librarything for libraries, tinycat, and librarything. get in free. are you in the boston area and want to go to alamw? we have free exhibit only passes. click here to sign up and get one! note: it will get you just into the exhibit hall, not the conference sessions themselves. 				 				 				 				labels: uncategorized 				 				 				posted by kate @ : pm 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				thursday, june th, 			 				for ala : three free opac enhancements 				 					 for a limited time, librarything for libraries (ltfl) is offering three of its signature enhancements for free! there are no strings attached. we want people to see how librarything for libraries can improve your catalog. 	check library. the check library button is a “bookmarklet” that allows patrons to check if your library has a book while on amazon and most other book websites. unlike other options, librarything knows all of the editions out there, so it finds the edition your library has. learn more about check library 	other editions let your users know everything you have. don’t let users leave empty-handed when the record that came up is checked out. other editions links all your holdings together in a frbr model—paper, audiobook, ebook, even translations. 	lexile measures put metametrics’ the lexile framework® for reading in your catalog, to help librarians and patrons find material based on reading level. in addition to showing the lexile numbers, we also include an interactive browser. easy to add ltfl enhancements are easy to install and can be added to every major ils/opac system and most of the minor ones. enrichments can be customized and styled to fit your catalog, and detailed usage reporting lets you know how they’re doing. see us at ala. stop by booth at ala annual this weekend in san francisco to talk to tim and abby and see how these enhancements work. if you need a free pass to the exhibit hall, details are in this blog post. sign up we’re offering these three enhancements free, for at least two years. we’ll probably send you links showing you how awesome other enhancements would look in your catalog, but that’s it. find out more http://www.librarything.com/forlibraries or email abby blachly at abby@librarything.com. 				 				 				 				labels: alaac , lexile measures, librarything for libraries, ltfl 				 				 				posted by abby @ : pm 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				tuesday, june rd, 			 				ala in san francisco (free passes) 				 					 our booth. but this is kate, not tim or abby. she had the baby. tim and i are headed to san francisco this weekend for the ala annual conference. visit us. stop by booth # to talk to us, get a demo, and learn about all the new and fun things we’re up to with librarything for libraries! stay tuned this week for more announcements of what we’ll be showing off. no, really. it’s going to be awesome. get in free. in the sf area and want to go to ala? we have free exhibit only passes. click here to sign up and get one. it will get you just into the exhibit hall, not the conference sessions themselves. 				 				 				 				labels: ala, alaac 				 				 				posted by abby @ : pm 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				monday, february th, 			 				new “more like this” for librarything for libraries 				 					we’ve just released “more like this,” a major upgrade to librarything for libraries’ “similar items” recommendations. the upgrade is free and automatic for all current subscribers to librarything for libraries catalog enhancement package. it adds several new categories of recommendations, as well as new features. we’ve got text about it below, but here’s a short ( : ) video: what’s new similar items now has a see more link, which opens more like this. browse through different types of recommendations, including: 	similar items 	more by author 	similar authors 	by readers 	same series 	by tags 	by genre you can also choose to show one or several of the new categories directly on the catalog page. click a book in the lightbox to learn more about it—a summary when available, and a link to go directly to that item in the catalog. rate the usefulness of each recommended item right in your catalog—hovering over a cover gives you buttons that let you mark whether it’s a good or bad recommendation. try it out! click “see more” to open the more like this browser in one of these libraries: 	spokane county library district 	arapahoe public library 	waukegan public library 	cape may public library 	sails library network find out more find more details for current customers on what’s changing and what customizations are available on our help pages. for more information on librarything for libraries or if you’re interested in a free trial, email abby@librarything.com, visit http://www.librarything.com/forlibraries, or register for a webinar. 				 				 				 				labels: librarything for libraries, ltfl, recommendations, similar books 				 				 				posted by abby @ : pm 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				thursday, february th, 			 				subjects and the ship of theseus 				 					i thought i might take a break to post an amusing photo of something i wrote out today: the photo is a first draft of a database schema for a revamp of how librarything will do library subjects. all told, it has tables. gulp. about eight of the tables do what a good cataloging system would do: 	distinguishes the various subject systems (lcsh, medical subjects, etc.) 	preserves the semantic richness of subject cataloging, including the stuff that never makes it into library systems. 	breaks subjects into their facets (e.g., “man-woman relationships — fiction”) has two subject facets most of the tables, however, satisfy librarything’s unusual core commitments: to let users do their own thing, like their own little library, but also to let them benefit from and participate in the data and contributions of others.( ) so it: 	links to subjects from various “levels,” including book-level, edition-level, isbn-level and work-level. 	allows members to use their own data, or “inherit” subjects from other levels. 	allows for members to “play librarian,” improving good data and suppressing bad data.( ) 	allows for real-time, fully reversible aliasing of subjects and subject facets. the last is perhaps the hardest. nine years ago (!) i compared librarything to the “ship of theseus,” a ship which is “preserved” although its components are continually changed. the same goes for much of its data, although “shifting sands” might be a better analogy. accounting for this makes for some interesting database structures, and interesting programming. not every system at librarything does this perfectly. but i hope this structure will help us do that better for subjects.( ) weird as all this is, i think it’s the way things are going. at present most libraries maintain their own data, which, while generally copied from another library, is fundamentally siloed. like an evolving species, library records descend from each other; they aren’t dynamically linked. the data inside the records are siloed as well, trapped in a non-relational model. the profession that invented metadata, and indeed invented sharing metadata, is, at least as far as its catalogs go, far behind. eventually that will end. it may end in a “library goodreads,” every library sharing the same data, with global changes possible, but reserved for special catalogers. but my bet is on a more librarything-like future, where library systems will both respect local cataloging choices and, if they like, benefit instantly from improvements made elsewhere in the system. when that future arrives, we got the schema! . i’m betting another ten tables are added before the system is complete. . the system doesn’t presume whether changes will be made unilaterally, or voted on. voting, like much else, existings in a separate system, even if it ends up looking like part of the subject system. . this is a long-term project. our first steps are much more modest–the tables have an order-of-use, not shown. first off we’re going to duplicate the current system, but with appropriate character sets and segmentation by thesaurus and language. 				 				 				 				labels: cataloging, subjects 				 				 				posted by tim @ : pm 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				tuesday, january th, 			 				librarything recommends in bibliocommons 				 					 does your library use bibliocommons as its catalog? librarything and bibliocommons now work together to give you high-quality reading recommendations in your bibliocommons catalog. you can see some examples here. look for “librarything recommends” on the right side. 	not that kind of girl (daniel boone regional library) 	carthage must be destroyed (ottowa public library) 	the martian (edmonton public library) 	little bear (west vancouver memorial library) 	station eleven (chapel hill public library) 	the brothers karamazov (calgary public library) quick facts: 	as with all librarything for libraries products, librarything recommends only recommends other books within a library’s catalog. 	librarything recommends stretches across media, providing recommendations not just for print titles, but also for ebooks, audiobooks, and other media. 	librarything recommends shows up to two titles up front, with up to three displayed under “show more.” 	recommendations come from librarything’s recommendations system, which draws on hundreds of millions of data points in readership patterns, tags, series, popularity, and other data. not using bibliocommons? well, you can get librarything recommendations—and much more—integrated in almost every catalog (opac and ils) on earth, with all the same basic functionality, like recommending only books in your catalog, as well as other librarything for libraries feaures, like reviews, series and tags. check out some examples on different systems here. 	sirsidynix enterprise (saint louis public library) 	sirsidynix horizon information portal (hume libraries) 	sirsidynix elibrary (spokane county public library) 	iii encore (arapahoe public library) 	iii webpac pro (waukegan public library) 	polaris (cape may county library) 	ex libris voyager (university of wisconsin-eau claire) interested? bibliocommons: email info@bibliocommons.com or visit http://www.bibliocommons.com/augmentedcontent. see the full specifics here. other systems: email abby@librarything.com or visit http://www.librarything.com/forlibraries. 				 				 				 				labels: uncategorized 				 				 				posted by tim @ : pm 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				thursday, october th, 			 				new: annotations for book display widgets 				 					our book display widgets is getting adopted by more and more libraries, and we’re busy making it better and better. last week we introduced easy share. this week we’re rolling out another improvement—annotations! book display widgets is the ultimate tool for libraries to create automatic or hand-picked virtual book displays for their home page, blog, facebook or elsewhere. annotations allows libraries to add explanations for their picks. some ways to use annotations . explain staff picks right on your homepage. . let students know if a book is reserved for a particular class. . add context for special collections displays. how it works check out the librarything for libraries wiki for instructions on how to add annotations to your book display widgets. it’s pretty easy. interested? watch a quick screencast explaining book display widgets and how you can use them. find out more about librarything for libraries and book display widgets. and sign up for a free trial of either by contacting ltflsupport@librarything.com. 				 				 				 				labels: book display widgets, librarything for libraries, new feature, new features, widgets 				 				 				posted by kj @ : am 				 comments »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 		 			 			 				tuesday, october th, 			 				send us a programmer, win $ , in books. 				 					 we just posted a new job post job: library developer at librarything (telecommute). to sweeten the deal, we are offering $ , worth of books to the person who finds them. that’s a lot of books. rules! you get a $ , gift certificate to the local, chain or online bookseller of your choice. to qualify, you need to connect us to someone. either you introduce them to us—and they follow up by applying themselves—or they mention your name in their email (“so-and-so told me about this”). you can recommend yourself, but if you found out about it from someone else, we hope you’ll do the right thing and make them the beneficiary. small print: our decision is final, incontestable, irreversible and completely dictatorial. it only applies when an employee is hired full-time, not part-time, contract or for a trial period. if we don’t hire someone for the job, we don’t pay. the contact must happen in the next month. if we’ve already been in touch with the candidate, it doesn’t count. void where prohibited. you pay taxes, and the insidious hidden tax of shelving. employees and their families are eligible to win, provided they aren’t work contacts. tim is not. » job: library developer at librarything (telecommute) 				 				 				 				labels: jobs 				 				 				posted by tim @ : am 				 comment »				 				 				 								 									 				 				 	 				share 				 				 			 				 		 			 page of ... ...»last » 		 		 	 	 	 	 		 		thingology is librarything's ideas blog, on the philosophy and methods of tags, libraries and suchnot. 			the librarything blog 	rss feed 	combined feed 	 			 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 			recent posts 			 				new syndetics unbound feature: mark and boost electronic resources 						 	 				introducing syndetics unbound 						 	 				alamw in boston (and free passes)! 						 	 				for ala : three free opac enhancements 						 	 				ala in san francisco (free passes) 						 		 	recent comments 	máy phun phân bón on the librarything programming quiz! 	janis jones on book display widgets from librarything for libraries 	marie seltenrych on book display widgets from librarything for libraries 	tye bishop on introducing thingisbn 	walter clark on new group: “books in —the future of the book world” 	archives 			april 	october 	january 	june 	february 	january 	october 	june 	may 	april 	march 	december 	october 	september 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	november 	october 	august 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	categories 			 signals 	aaron swartz 	academics 	ads 	ahml 	ala 	ala 	ala anaheim 	ala midwinter 	ala 	ala 	ala 	ala 	alaac 	alamw 	alamw 	alamw 	alamw 	aleph 	alexandria egypt 	amazon 	amusement 	android 	apis 	app 	arl 	arlington heights 	armenian 	astroturfing 	ato 	attention 	australia 	australian 	australian tax office 	authenticity 	awards 	barcode scanning 	bea 	ben franklin 	berkman center 	bhutan 	biblios 	bigwig 	blogging 	book blogs 	book covers 	book display widgets 	book reviews 	bookpsychic 	books 	bookstores 	booksurge 	boston 	bowdoin 	bowker 	branded apps 	brigadoon library 	britney spears 	business 	c.s. lewis 	canton 	cataloging 	categories 	censorship 	charleston 	chick lit 	chris catalfo 	christmas 	cig 	cil 	cil 	cil 	cil 	cil 	city planning 	claremont colleges 	clay shirky 	cluetrain 	code 	codi 	cognitive cost 	collection development 	commemorations 	common knowledge 	communiation 	computers in libraries 	conference 	conferencething 	contests 	copyright 	covers 	coverthing 	crime 	csuci 	curiosities 	cutter 	danmarc 	david weinberger 	ddc 	dead or alive 	department of commerce 	department of defense 	department of labor 	dewey decimal 	dewey decimal classification 	discovery layer 	django 	doc searls 	dr. horrible 	drm 	durham 	early reviewers 	east brunswick 	ebooks 	ebpl 	ebscohost 	economics 	elton john 	email 	employment 	enhancement 	enterprise 	ereaders 	erotica 	event 	evergreen 	everything is miscellaneous 	exlibris 	facebook 	fake steve 	federal libraries 	feedback 	flash-mob cataloging 	folksonomy 	frbr 	freedom 	fun 	future of cataloging 	future of the book 	gbs 	gene smith 	getting real 	giraffe 	gmilcs 	google 	google book search 	groups 	guardian 	harry potter 	harvard coop 	hidden images 	hiring 	homophily 	houghton mifflin 	humor 	ibistro 	iii 	il 	indexing 	indiebound 	inspiration 	instruction 	international 	internet archive 	internet librarians 	internships 	interviews 	iphone app 	isbns 	it conversations 	itt tallaght 	jacob nielsen 	jason griffey 	javascript 	jeff atwood 	jobs 	json 	kelly vista 	kils 	kindle 	kingston 	koha 	languages 	lccn 	lccns 	lcsh 	legacies 	legacy libraries 	legacy mob 	lexile measures 	lianza 	lianza 	lib . 	liblime 	librarians 	libraries 	libraries of the dead 	library . gang 	library anywhere 	library blogging 	library journal 	library of congress 	library of congress report 	library of the futurue 	library science 	library technology 	librarycampnyc 	librarything 	librarything for libraries 	librarything for publishers 	librarything local 	linden labs 	lis 	los gatos 	lter 	ltfl 	ltfl categories 	ltfl libraries 	ltfl reviews 	maine 	marc 	marcthing 	marié digby 	mashups 	masonic control 	masons 	meet-up 	metadata 	metasexdactyly 	michael gorman 	michael porter 	microsoft 	microsoft songsmith 	mike wesch 	milestone 	mobile 	mobile catalog 	mobile web 	monopoly 	moose 	movers and shakers 	nc 	ncsu 	neil gaiman 	nela 	new feature 	new features 	new product 	newspapers 	nipply 	nook 	north carolina 	oclc 	oclc numbers 	oh 	opacs 	open data 	open library 	open shelves classification 	open source 	openness 	osc 	overdrive 	paid memberships 	palinet 	pay what you want 	physical world 	pla 	pla 	pla 	podcasts 	policy 	politics 	polls 	portland 	portland public library 	power laws 	print culture 	profile pictures 	qr code 	ra 	radiohead 	randolph county public library 	rcpl 	readers advisory 	reading 	recommendations 	reloadevery 	remixability 	reviews 	rhinos 	richland county 	rights 	riverine metaphors 	roy tennant 	rusa mars 	safe for work if you're a cataloger 	san francisco state university 	santathing 	scanning 	schaufferwaffer 	screencasts 	seattle public library 	second life 	secret santas 	serendipity 	series 	sfsu 	shelf browse 	shelfari 	shirky 	similar books 	sincerity 	sirsidynix 	slco 	small libraries 	social cataloging 	social media 	social networking 	songsmith 	sony reader 	sopac 	spam 	stack map 	stats 	steve lawson 	strangeness 	subjects 	syndetics unbound 	syria 	tag mirror 	tagging 	tagmash 	tags 	talis 	talks 	tax exemption 	the 	thingisbn 	tim 	tipping points 	tools 	translation 	twitter 	uclassify 	ugc 	uncategorized 	usability 	user generated content 	users 	utnapishtim 	vc 	vertical social networks 	very short list 	visualizations 	voyager 	vufind 	web 	web . 	webinars 	weddings 	weinberger 	west virginia 	westlaw 	widgets 	wikimania 	wikimania 	wirral 	wirral libraries 	work disambiguation 	working group on the future of bibliographic control 	works 	worldcat 	worldcat local 	xisbn 	youtube 	zombies 	zoomii 	meta 				register 	log in 	entries rss 	comments rss 	wordpress.org 	 	help/faqs | 	about | 	privacy/terms | 	blog | 	contact | 	apis | 	wikithing | 	common knowledge | 	legacy libraries | 	early reviewers | 	zeitgeist 	copyright librarything and/or members of librarything, authors, publishers, libraries, cover designers, amazon, bol, bruna, etc. the clash of the wolves - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the clash of the wolves 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 film 	the clash of the wolves 	lobby card 	directed by	noel m. smith 	written by	charles logue 	story by	charles logue 	starring	rin tin tin charles farrell june marlowe 	cinematography	edwin b. dupar allen thompson joseph walker 	edited by	clarence kolster 	production company 	warner bros. 	distributed by	warner bros. 	release date 	 	november  ,   ( - - ) 	running time 	 minutes 	country	united states 	language	silent (english intertitles) 	budget	$ , [ ] 	box office	$ , [ ] play media the full film the clash of the wolves is a american silent western/adventure film produced and distributed by warner bros. directed by noel m. smith, the film stars canine actor rin tin tin, charles farrell and june marlowe. it was filmed on location in chatsworth, california, and at what would later become the joshua tree national park.[ ] it was transferred onto mm film by associated artists productions[ ] in the s and shown on television. a mm print of the film was discovered in south africa and restored in . in , the clash of the wolves was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the united states library of congress and selected for preservation in the national film registry.[ ][ ] contents 	 plot 	 cast 	 reviews and reception 	 . box office 	 preservation status 	 accolades 	 references 	 external links plot[edit] lobo, wolfdog leader of a wolf pack, has a price on his head. one day suffering from a thorn in his paw, he is found by dave weston, a borax prospector and befriended. the animal returns love and loyalty. later lobo saves dave from attacks of scheming villain william 'borax' horton, who has designs on dave's claim. once again the villain attacks the young prospector and leaves him for dead on the site of the claim. lobo arrives and dave sends him with a message to town for help. in the meantime a posse is hunting lobo, but he manages to escape them and at the same time, decoy them to dave. there, they learn that lobo is man's best friend. cast[edit] 	rin tin tin as lobo 	nanette as lobo's mate 	charles farrell as dave weston 	june marlowe as may barstowe 	heinie conklin as alkali bill 	will walling as sam barstowe 	pat hartigan as william 'borax' horton reviews and reception[edit] michael l. simmons wrote in the exhibitors trade review, that "he (rin-tin-tin) brings to the role of leader of a wolf-pack, an intelligence, a beauty of motion, an impressive cleverness that should find wide favor. he is a spectacle, in my opinion, well worth the price of admission." simmons went on to say that "it is obvious throughout; every time the human cast stacks up alongside the exploits of the animal players, the latter stands out far ahead in the ability to compel interest."[ ] motion picture news reviewer george t. pardy praised the performance of rin-tin-tin, saying; "his work all through is extraordinary and far above that of his average doggish contemporaries in filmland...the thrills are many and pungent, mostly arising from the endeavors to trap or shoot lobo of folks who know that there is a price set on the head of the kingly wolf."[ ] a review in the film daily was critical of the film stating, "no doubt the author is chiefly to blame for furnishing a script that is a mixture of dizzy melodrama, burlesque, caricature - anything in fact far removed from reality. director noel smith struggled bravely with it. he deserves credit for getting over the dog sequences with a snap and a punch. the rest of the weak story seemed to have him licked."[ ] box office[edit] according to warner bros records the film earned $ , domestically and $ , foreign.[ ] preservation status[edit] a mm projection print of the clash of the wolves was found in south africa and returned to the united states. it underwent restoration and preservation in .[ ][ ] abridged and full versions survive in the library of congress packard campus for audio-visual conservation.[ ] accolades[edit] in , the clash of the wolves was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the united states library of congress and selected for preservation in the national film registry.[ ][ ] references[edit] 	^ a b c warner bros financial information in the william shaefer ledger. see appendix , historical journal of film, radio and television, ( ) :sup , - p doi: . / 	^ "clash of the wolves". silentera.com. retrieved april , . 	^ movies from aap warner bros features & cartoons sales book directed at tv 	^ "librarian of congress adds films to national film registry". library of congress, washington, d.c. usa. retrieved april , . 	^ a b "complete national film registry listing | film registry | national film preservation board | programs at the library of congress | library of congress". library of congress, washington, d.c. usa. retrieved june , . 	^ michael l. simmons (november ). "the clash of the wolves". exhibitors trade review. ( ): . 	^ george t. pardy (november ). "the clash of the wolves". motion picture news. ( ): . 	^ "the clash of the wolves". the film daily. ( ): . november . 	^ "clash of the wolves (motion picture)". library of congress. retrieved november , . 	^ "clash of the wolves". ucla film and television archive. retrieved november , . 	^ catalog of holdings the american film institute collection and the united artists collection at the library of congress, p. , c. the american film institute 	^ "news from the library of congress". loc.gov. retrieved july , . external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to the clash of the wolves. 	the clash of the wolves essay by susan orlean at national film registry [ ] 	the clash of the wolves essay by daniel eagan in america's film legacy: the authoritative guide to the landmark movies in the national film registry, a&c black, isbn  , pages - [ ] 	the clash of the wolves at imdb 	the story of rin-tin-tin is available for free download at the internet archive 	the clash of the wolves at the american film institute catalog 	the clash of the wolves at the tcm movie database 	lobby cards and still at silenthollywood.com retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_clash_of_the_wolves&oldid= " 		categories: 	 films 	 s romance films 	 s western (genre) adventure films 	united states national film registry films 	american films 	american romance films 	american silent feature films 	american western (genre) adventure films 	american black-and-white films 	films about dogs 	films shot in california 	warner bros. films 	 s rediscovered films 	rin tin tin 	rediscovered american films 	surviving american silent films hidden categories: 	use mdy dates from september 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	template film date with release date 	commons category link is on wikidata 	articles with internet archive links 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			bahasa indonesia 	italiano 	bahasa melayu 	nederlands 	polski 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on april , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 ft alphaville’s electric vehicle bubble watch v - google sheets javascript isn't enabled in your browser, so this file can't be opened. enable and reload. ft alphaville’s electric vehicle bubble watch v        share sign in the version of the browser you are using is no longer supported. please upgrade to a supported browser.dismiss file edit view insert format data tools form add-ons help accessibility unsaved changes to drive see new changes                     accessibility     view only               		a	b		c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z	aa	ab	ac	ad	ae	af	ag	ah	ai 	 	ft alphaville's electric vehicle bubble watch 																																			 	 	once you pop, you can't stop 																																			 	 																																				 	 	latest update . . - added: evgo. earnings from: ride, arvl, ptra, blnk, solo, nio, beem, xl, hyzn, gpv 																																			 	 																																				 	 	company name	ticker		spac?	price	 week high	% from high	annual return	 -day return	 -day return 	daily change	shares (m) 	market cap ($m) 	net debt ($m) 	enterprise value ($m) 	ttm revenues ($m) 	ttm ebitda ($m) 	ev/ sales	rev growth	fy revenues ($m) 	ev/ ' sales	implied sales cagr	gross margin	ttm capex ($m) 	ttm r&d ($m) 	peak market cap ($m) 	notes									 																																					 	 	manufacturers																																			 	 	tesla	tsla		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 	 , 										 	 	nio	nio		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 , . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 , 	- 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	nikola	nkla		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 , 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	xpeng	xpev		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 , 	- 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 . %	 	 	 , 										 	 	arrival	arvl		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	n/a	n/a	 	 . 	n/a	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	arcimoto	fuv		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	- %	 	 	 , 										 	 	li auto	li		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 , 	- 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	canoo	goev		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	fisker	fsr		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 , 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	lordstown	ride		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	 	n/a	n/a	 , 	 . 	n/a	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	workhorse group	wkhs		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	electrameccanica	solo		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	- %	 	 	 , 										 	 	lion electric	lev		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	electric last mile	elms		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	 . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	 	n/a	n/a	 	 . 	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	 , 										 	 	lightning emotors	zev		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 	 	 	 	- 	 . 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	- %	 	 	 , 										 	 	kandi technologies	kndi		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	- %	n/a	n/a	n/a	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	greenpower motor	gpv.to		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	- %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 . 	 	 										 	 	proterra	ptra		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	byd co	byddy		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	 , . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 	 , 										 	 	niu	niu		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	faraday future	ffie		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	 	n/a	 	 	 . 	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	 , 										 	 	hyzon corp	hyzn		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	 . %	 . 	 , 	 . 	 , 	 	- 	n/a	 	 	 . 	n/a	n/a	n/a	 	 , 										 	 	lucid motors 	lcid		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	 . %	 . %	- . %	 , . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 	 	n/a	 	 , 	 . 	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	 , 										 	 																																				 	 	charging																																			 	 	blink charging	blnk		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	n/a	 , 										 	 	evbox group	tpgy		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	n/a	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	n/a	n/a	 , 										 	 	nuvve	nvve		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	n/a	 . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	n/a	 . 	 %	 . 	 . 	 %	 %	n/a	n/a	 										 	 	chargepoint	chpt		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	- 	 	 , 										 	 	beam global	beem		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	- %	 . 	 . 	 										 	 	fastned	fast.as		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	n/a	 , 										 	 	compleo charging	c m.f		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 										 	 	volta	snpr		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	n/a	 . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 	 	 	n/a	n/a	 	 . 	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	 , 										 	 	alfen	alfen.as		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 . 	n/a	 , 										 	 	evgo	evgo		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	 	 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	- %	 	n/a	 , 										 	 																																				 	 	batteries/ cells																																			 	 	plug power	plug		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	- 	- 	- . 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	quantumscape	qs		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 	 	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	romeo power	rmo		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	- %	 	 	 , 										 	 	cbak energy technology	cbat		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	 	 	 	- . 	 . 	 %	n/a	n/a	n/a	 %	 	 	 										 	 	fuelcell energy	fcel		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 . 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	- %	 	 	 , 										 	 	ballard power systems	bldp		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	- %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 	flux power	flux		no	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 	 	 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 										 	 	freyr	frey		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	n/a	n/a	- . %	 . 	 , 	 	 , 	 	 	n/a	n/a	 	 . 	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	 , 										 	 	microvast	mvst		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	 . %	- . %	 . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	 . 	n/a	 	 . 	 %	n/a	n/a	n/a	 , 										 	 																																				 	 	other																																			 	 	hyliion holdings	hyln		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	- 	 , 	 	- 	n/a	n/a	 	 . 	n/a	n/a	 	 	 , 										 	 	xl fleet	xl		yes	 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 	- 	 	 	- 	 . 	 %	 	 . 	 %	 %	 	 	 , 										 	 																																				 	 	aggregate												 , , 		 , , 	 , 		 . 		 , 	 . 			 , 	 , 	 , , 										 	 											peak market capitalisation 		 , , 																							 	 											losses		 , 																							 	 											%		- . %																							 	 	traditional oems																																			 	 	general motors	gm			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 , . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 		r&d is only given in annual reports so figure is for fy 									 	 	ford	f			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	 , . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 											 	 	stellantis	stla			 . 	 . 	- . %	n/a	 . %	 . %	 . %	 , . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	n/a	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 											 	 	volkswagen	vow .f			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	- %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 											 	 	bmw	bmw.f			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	- . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 		r&d/ capex is only given in annual reports so figure is for fy 									 	 	toyota	tm			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 , . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 		r&d is only given in annual reports so figure is for fy 									 	 	daimler	dai.f			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	 , . 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 											 	 	honda	hmc			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	 , . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 											 	 	nissan	nsany			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	 . %	 . %	- . %	 , . 	 , 	- , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 		r&d is only given in annual reports so figure is for fy 									 	 	renault	rno.pa			 . 	 . 	- . %	 . %	- . %	 . %	- . %	 . 	 , 	 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 . 	 %	 , 	 . 	 %	 %	 , 	 , 											 	 																																				 	 	aggregate												 , 	**	 , , 	 , , 		 . 		 , , 	 . 			 , 	 , 											 	 																																				 	 	sources: google finance, capiq, refinitiv, company documents 																																			 	 	for spacs that have yet to merge, the figures presented are calculated from the pro forma figures presented in each spac"s investor presentation deck and will change once the mergers are completed. 																																			 	 	for the oems, net debt has been calculated as net debt + financing debt - financing receivables. 																																			 	 	**for japenese oems -- google keeps swtiching the market cap between jpy and usd values -- so if they look weird that's whats happened. 																																			 	 																																				 	 	fx rates																																			 	 	cad/usd	 . 																																		 	 	eur/usd	 . 																																		 	 	cny/usd	 . 																																		 	 	jpy/usd	 . 																																		 	 	hkd/usd	 . 																																		 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	 																																				 	quotes are not sourced from all markets and may be delayed up to minutes. information is provided 'as is' and solely for informational purposes, not for trading purposes or advice.disclaimer 	 	    	 sheet 	    	 a browser error has occurred. please press ctrl-f to refresh the page and try again. a browser error has occurred. please hold the shift key and click the refresh button to try again. no-code development platform - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	no-code development platform 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		software development services no-code development platform (ncdps) allow programmers and non-programmers to create application software through graphical user interfaces and configuration instead of traditional computer programming. no-code development platforms are closely related to low-code development platforms as both are designed to expedite the application development process. these platforms have both increased in popularity as companies deal with the parallel trends of an increasingly mobile workforce and a limited supply of competent software developers.[ ] a typical low-code development environment consists of these characteristics: 	drag and drop interfaces allow for easy development processes. 	a visual modelling tool that allows you to create the uis, data models, and functionality with the option to add in hand-written code when needed. 	connectors that handle the data structures, retrieval, and storage. 	out of the box functionality allows you to skip having to build your core modules from scratch, and instead focus on building new code. 	automated application lifecycle manager that allows for building, deploying, debugging, and the staging and production process. while low-code tools generally follow these guidelines, no two low-code tools are alike, and they are all designed to cater to specific functionality. platforms vary widely in their functionality, integrations, and market niche. some applications may focus solely on a specific business function such as data capture or workflow while others may seek to integrate entire enterprise resource planning tools into a mobile form factor.[ ] no-code development platforms are closely related to visual programming languages.[ ] contents 	 use 	 no-code vs. low-code 	 security concerns 	 criticisms 	 notable no-code development platforms 	 see also 	 references 	 external links use[edit] ncdps are used to meet the needs of companies that are seeking to digitize processes through cloud-based mobile applications. no-code tools are often designed with line of business users in mind as opposed to traditional it. this shift in focus is meant to help accelerate the development cycle by bypassing traditional it development constraints of time, money, and scarce software development human capital resources to allow teams to align their business strategy with a rapid development process.[ ] ncdps also often leverage enterprise-scale apis and web service catalogs, open data sets, and tested and proven template galleries, to help integrate existing business systems while adding a practical layer of user functionality. [ ] the transition from traditional enterprise software to a lean development methodology is also changing the role of traditional it leaders and departments. whereas it once provided not only approval of new technology but procurement and development of new tools, it's role is now increasingly one of governance over line of business who develop niche tools for their work stream.[ ] the potential benefits of utilizing a ncdp include: 	access - by , it has been estimated that over than half of all b e (business-to-employee) mobile apps would be created by enterprise business analysts using codeless tools. this ongoing shift is increasing the number of potential app creators from individuals with coding skills to anyone with internet access and functional business acumen. [ ] 	agility - ncdps typically provide some degree of templated user-interface and user experience functionality for common needs such as forms, workflows, and data display allowing creators to expedite parts of the app creation process. [ ] 	richness - ncdps which at one point were limited to more basic application functions increasingly provide a level of feature-richness and integrations that allows users to design, develop, and deploy apps that meet specific business needs. [ ] the common worker is becoming busier/working longer hours on average [ ] and with the proliferation of low code software tools and more access to business apis, there is a clear opportunity for workers to automate their current tasks using these new no-code development platforms. there are thousands of platforms out there with enterprises, on average, having deployed over different saas apps in their business. no-code vs. low-code[edit] the distinction between no-code and low-code development platforms can seem blurry depending on the nature of an app platform's full set of functionality. however, there are a number of key distinctions that set apart the design and use cases for each type of platform. 	app creator - no-code platforms are accessible to any end-business user while low-code platforms require developers with knowledge of coding languages who can work within a platform's constraints to streamline the development process. 	core design - no-code platforms tend to function off a model-driven, declarative approach where the end user dictates an app's design through drag and drop manipulation or simple logic. low-code platforms often employ a similar development model with a greater dependence on hand coding for dictating an application's core architecture. 	user interface - no-code platforms most often rely on a preset user interface layer which simplifies and streamlines an app's design. low-code platforms may provide greater flexibility in ui options at the cost of additional coding requirements.[ ] security concerns[edit] as no-code development platforms continue to gain in popularity, concerns over platform security have risen as well, particularly for apps that handle consumer data. a common assumption is that ncdps are more vulnerable to security threats as these apps are often built by nontechnical business users. in reality, custom code is often a greater security risk than platform code which has been validated by its consistent use across multiple applications.[ ] no-code solutions allow platforms to hide what happens behind the scenes from users, so that end-users can change or modify a field without manipulating the functionality of the app and compromising security. [ ] you should check the following features of low code platforms on their website: 	platform security audits and compliance. 	single sign on and authentication. 	platform access control. 	application access control and audits. 	secure code using plugins. 	secure api endpoints. low-code platforms keep security at the forefront of their design process. they are able to consider all avenues of protection including application protection, data protection, policies and procedures, application protection, and infrastructure protection. this covers web and mobile apps as well as crm and erp systems. additionally, built-in security controls are able to automatically mitigate risks that derive from common vulnerabilities such as sql injection or cross-site scripting (xss). vulnerability can open up with the addition of custom code, so that it must always be considered carefully prior to its addition. criticisms[edit] 	skills gap - some it professionals have questioned whether empowering ordinary business users who cannot debug code is a sustainable endeavor. 	trend vs fad - ncdps have also been compared to other coding waves such as fourth-generation programming languages and rapid application development which promised to revolutionize software development.[ ] notable no-code development platforms[edit] 	airtable 	appery.io 	appsheet google 	brandcast 	bubble 	clappia 	creatio 	dadabik 	dronahq studio 	filemaker 	hypercard 	kintone 	monday.com 	podio 	pwct 	quickbase, inc. 	aquafadas 	salesforce.com lightning platform 	shopify 	silex website builder 	unqork 	webflow 	wix.com 	wordpress 	zapier see also[edit] 	flow-based programming 	list of online database creator apps 	low-code development platforms 	rapid application development 	lean software development 	platform as a service references[edit] 	^ rouse, margaret. "low-code/no-code development platform (lcnc platform)". www.techtarget.com. retrieved august . 	^ a b ciot, thierry. "what is a low-code/no-code platform?". www.cioreview.com. retrieved august . 	^ https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/programming-without-code-no-code-software-development 	^ satell, greg. "the future of software is no-code". www.inc.com. retrieved august . 	^ tolido, ron. "app maker movement". cap gemeni. retrieved december . 	^ weiss, todd. "no-code, low-code development platforms help organizations meet growing app demand". www.itprotoday.com. retrieved august . 	^ rivera, janessa. "gartner says by , more than percent of users will use a tablet or smartphone first for all online activities". gartner. retrieved january . 	^ harris, richard. "low code and no code app development benefits". app developer magazine. retrieved january . 	^ shrivastava, anubhuti. "how zero-code platforms are becoming a boon for enterprises". trend in tech. retrieved january . 	^ shore, joel. "how no-code development tools can benefit it". www.techtarget.com. retrieved august . 	^ rubinstein, david. "industry spotlight: no-code solutions help developers help themselves". sd times. retrieved december . 	^ reselman, bob. "why the promise of low-code software platforms is deceiving". www.techtarget.com. forrester research. archived from the original on may . retrieved august . external links[edit] 	pattani, aneri ( november ) "a coding revolution in the office cube sends message of change to it". cnbc. retrieved november . retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=no-code_development_platform&oldid= " 		categories: 	enterprise architecture 	software development hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			deutsch 	עברית 	日本語 	português 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 dan cohen – vice provost, dean, and professor at northeastern university 		skip to the content 		 			 				 					 						 							 								 																	 								search 							 						 					 					 						dan cohen vice provost, dean, and professor at northeastern university 					 					 						 							 															 							menu 						 					 				 				 					 							 									about 	blog 	newsletter 	podcast 	publications 	social media 	cv 	rss 							 						 						 						 							 								 									 																				search 									 								 							 							 						 						 				 			 			 	 		 			 	 		search for: 		 	 	 			 				close search 							 		 	 		 		 	 		 			 				 					close menu 									 				 					 							about 	blog 	newsletter 	podcast 	publications 	social media 	cv 	rss 					 					 			 			 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	what’s new podcast 	humane ingenuity newsletter 	blog 	publications 		 	 	 		 	 	 			 				 					 						© 							 							dan cohen 						 						 							 								powered by wordpress							 						 					 					 						 							to the top ↑						 						 							up ↑						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 data unbound data unbound helping organizations access and share data effectively. special focus on web apis for data integration. 	some of what i missed from the cmd-d automation conference the cmd-d&# ;masters of automation one-day conference in early august would have been right up my alley: it’ll be a full day of exploring the current state of automation technology on both apple platforms, sharing ideas and concepts, and showing what’s possible—all with the goal of inspiring and furthering development of your own automation projects. fortunately, [&# ;] 	fine-tuning a python wrapper for the hypothes.is web api and other #ianno followup in anticipation of #ianno hack day, i wrote about my plans for the event, one of which was to revisit my own python wrapper for the nascent hypothes.is web api. instead of spending much time on my own wrapper, i spent most of the day working with jon udell&# ;s wrapper for the api. i&# ;ve been [&# ;] 	revisiting hypothes.is at i annotate i&# ;m looking forward to hacking on web and epub annotation at the #ianno hack day. i won&# ;t be at the i annotate conference per se but will be curious to see what comes out of the annual conference. i continue to have high hopes for digital annotations, both on the web and in non-web [&# ;] 	my thoughts about fargo.io using fargo.io 	organizing your life with python: a submission for pycon ? i have penciled into my calendar a trip  to montreal to attend pycon .   in my moments of suboptimal planning, i wrote an overly ambitious abstract for a talk or poster session i was planning to submit.  as i sat down this morning to meet the deadline for submitting a proposal for a poster [&# ;] 	current status of data unbound llc in pennsylvania i&# ;m currently in the process of closing down data unbound llc in pennsylvania.  i submitted the paperwork to dissolve the legal entity in april and have been amazed to learn that it may take up to a year to get the final approval done.  in the meantime, as i establishing a similar california legal [&# ;] 	must get cracking on organizing your life with python talk and tutorial proposals for pycon are due tomorrow ( / ) .  i was considering submitting a proposal until i took the heart the appropriate admonition against &# ;conference-driven&# ; development of the program committee.   i will nonetheless use the oct and nov deadlines for lightning talks and proposals respectively to judge whether to [&# ;] 	embedding github gists in wordpress as i gear up i to write more about programming, i have installed the embed github gist plugin. so by writing &#x b;gist id= &#x d; in the text of this post, i can embed https://gist.github.com/rdhyee/ into the post to get: 	working with open data i&# ;m very excited to be teaching a new course working with open data at the uc berkeley school of information in the spring semester: open data — data that is free for use, reuse, and redistribution — is an intellectual treasure-trove that has given rise to many unexpected and often fruitful applications. in this [&# ;] 	a mundane task: updating a config file to retain old settings i want to have a hand in creating an excellent personal information manager (pim) that can be a worthy successor to ecco pro. so far, running eccoext (a clever and expansive hack of ecco pro) has been a eminently practical solution.   you can download the most recent version of this actively developed extension from [&# ;] a modest proposal - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	a modest proposal 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 satirical essay by jonathan swift a modest proposal 	 	author	jonathan swift 	genre	satirical essay 	publication date 	 a modest proposal for preventing the children of poor people from being a burthen to their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick,[ ] commonly referred to as a modest proposal, is a juvenalian satirical essay written and published anonymously by jonathan swift in . the essay suggests that the impoverished irish might ease their economic troubles by selling their children as food to rich gentlemen and ladies. this satirical hyperbole mocked heartless attitudes towards the poor, as well as british policy toward the irish in general. in english writing, the phrase "a modest proposal" is now conventionally an allusion to this style of straight-faced satire. contents 	 synopsis 	 population solutions 	 rhetoric 	 influences 	 . tertullian's apology 	 . defoe's the generous projector 	 . mandeville's modest defence of publick stews 	 . john locke's first treatise of government 	 economic themes 	 . "people are the riches of a nation" 	 the public's reaction 	 modern usage 	 notes 	 references 	 external links synopsis[edit] swift's essay is widely held to be one of the greatest examples of sustained irony in the history of the english language. much of its shock value derives from the fact that the first portion of the essay describes the plight of starving beggars in ireland, so that the reader is unprepared for the surprise of swift's solution when he states: "a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and i make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragout."[ ] swift goes to great lengths to support his argument, including a list of possible preparation styles for the children, and calculations showing the financial benefits of his suggestion. he uses methods of argument throughout his essay which lampoon the then-influential william petty and the social engineering popular among followers of francis bacon. these lampoons include appealing to the authority of "a very knowing american of my acquaintance in london" and "the famous psalmanazar, a native of the island formosa" (who had already confessed to not being from formosa in ). in the tradition of roman satire, swift introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by paralipsis: therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients: of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound: of using neither clothes, nor household furniture, except what is of our own growth and manufacture: of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote foreign luxury: of curing the expensiveness of pride, vanity, idleness, and gaming in our women: of introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance: of learning to love our country, wherein we differ even from laplanders, and the inhabitants of topinamboo: of quitting our animosities and factions, nor acting any longer like the jews, who were murdering one another at the very moment their city was taken: of being a little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing: of teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. lastly, of putting a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill into our shop-keepers, who, if a resolution could now be taken to buy only our native goods, would immediately unite to cheat and exact upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness, nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just dealing, though often and earnestly invited to it. therefore i repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, 'till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice. population solutions[edit] george wittkowsky argued that swift's main target in a modest proposal was not the conditions in ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.[ ] swift was especially attacking projects that tried to fix population and labour issues with a simple cure-all solution.[ ] a memorable example of these sorts of schemes "involved the idea of running the poor through a joint-stock company".[ ] in response, swift's modest proposal was "a burlesque of projects concerning the poor"[ ] that were in vogue during the early th century. a modest proposal also targets the calculating way people perceived the poor in designing their projects. the pamphlet targets reformers who "regard people as commodities".[ ] in the piece, swift adopts the "technique of a political arithmetician"[ ] to show the utter ridiculousness of trying to prove any proposal with dispassionate statistics. critics differ about swift's intentions in using this faux-mathematical philosophy. edmund wilson argues that statistically "the logic of the 'modest proposal' can be compared with defence of crime (arrogated to marx) in which he argues that crime takes care of the superfluous population".[ ] wittkowsky counters that swift's satiric use of statistical analysis is an effort to enhance his satire that "springs from a spirit of bitter mockery, not from the delight in calculations for their own sake".[ ] rhetoric[edit] author charles k. smith argues that swift's rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the irish. swift's specific strategy is twofold, using a "trap"[ ] to create sympathy for the irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, "details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty" but feels emotion solely for members of his own class.[ ] swift's use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator's cool approach towards them create "two opposing points of view" that "alienate the reader, perhaps unconsciously, from a narrator who can view with 'melancholy' detachment a subject that swift has directed us, rhetorically, to see in a much less detached way."[ ] swift has his proposer further degrade the irish by using language ordinarily reserved for animals. lewis argues that the speaker uses "the vocabulary of animal husbandry"[ ] to describe the irish. once the children have been commodified, swift's rhetoric can easily turn "people into animals, then meat, and from meat, logically, into tonnage worth a price per pound".[ ] swift uses the proposer's serious tone to highlight the absurdity of his proposal. in making his argument, the speaker uses the conventional, textbook-approved order of argument from swift's time (which was derived from the latin rhetorician quintilian).[ ] the contrast between the "careful control against the almost inconceivable perversion of his scheme" and "the ridiculousness of the proposal" create a situation in which the reader has "to consider just what perverted values and assumptions would allow such a diligent, thoughtful, and conventional man to propose so perverse a plan".[ ] influences[edit] scholars have speculated about which earlier works swift may have had in mind when he wrote a modest proposal. tertullian's apology[edit] james william johnson argues that a modest proposal was largely influenced and inspired by tertullian's apology: a satirical attack against early roman persecution of christianity. johnson believes that swift saw major similarities between the two situations.[ ] johnson notes swift's obvious affinity for tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works a modest proposal and apology.[ ] in structure, johnson points out the same central theme, that of cannibalism and the eating of babies as well as the same final argument, that "human depravity is such that men will attempt to justify their own cruelty by accusing their victims of being lower than human".[ ] stylistically, swift and tertullian share the same command of sarcasm and language.[ ] in agreement with johnson, donald c. baker points out the similarity between both authors' tones and use of irony. baker notes the uncanny way that both authors imply an ironic "justification by ownership" over the subject of sacrificing children—tertullian while attacking pagan parents, and swift while attacking the english mistreatment of the irish poor.[ ] defoe's the generous projector[edit] it has also been argued that a modest proposal was, at least in part, a response to the essay the generous projector or, a friendly proposal to prevent murder and other enormous abuses, by erecting an hospital for foundlings and bastard children by swift's rival daniel defoe.[ ] mandeville's modest defence of publick stews[edit] bernard mandeville's modest defence of publick stews asked to introduce public and state controlled bordellos. the paper acknowledges women's interests and – while not being a completely satirical text – has also been discussed as an inspiration for jonathan swift's title.[ ][ ] mandeville had by already become famous for the fable of the bees and deliberations on private vices and public benefits. john locke's first treatise of government[edit] john locke commented: "be it then as sir robert says, that anciently, it was usual for men to sell and castrate their children. let it be, that they exposed them; add to it, if you please, for this is still greater power, that they begat them for their tables to fat and eat them: if this proves a right to do so, we may, by the same argument, justifie adultery, incest and sodomy, for there are examples of these too, both ancient and modern; sins, which i suppose, have the principle aggravation from this, that they cross the main intention of nature, which willeth the increase of mankind, and the continuation of the species in the highest perfection, and the distinction of families, with the security of the marriage bed, as necessary thereunto". (first treatise, sec. ). economic themes[edit] robert phiddian's article "have you eaten yet? the reader in a modest proposal" focuses on two aspects of a modest proposal: the voice of swift and the voice of the proposer. phiddian stresses that a reader of the pamphlet must learn to distinguish between the satirical voice of jonathan swift and the apparent economic projections of the proposer. he reminds readers that "there is a gap between the narrator's meaning and the text's, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody".[ ] while swift's proposal is obviously not a serious economic proposal, george wittkowsky, author of "swift's modest proposal: the biography of an early georgian pamphlet", argues that to understand the piece fully it is important to understand the economics of swift's time. wittowsky argues that not enough critics have taken the time to focus directly on the mercantilism and theories of labour in th century england. "if one regards the modest proposal simply as a criticism of condition, about all one can say is that conditions were bad and that swift's irony brilliantly underscored this fact".[ ] "people are the riches of a nation"[edit] at the start of a new industrial age in the th century, it was believed that "people are the riches of the nation", and there was a general faith in an economy that paid its workers low wages because high wages meant workers would work less.[ ] furthermore, "in the mercantilist view no child was too young to go into industry". in those times, the "somewhat more humane attitudes of an earlier day had all but disappeared and the laborer had come to be regarded as a commodity".[ ] louis a. landa composed a conducive analysis when he noted that it would have been healthier for the irish economy to more appropriately utilize their human assets by giving the people an opportunity to "become a source of wealth to the nation" or else they "must turn to begging and thievery".[ ] this opportunity may have included giving the farmers more coin to work for, diversifying their professions, or even consider enslaving their people to lower coin usage and build up financial stock in ireland. landa wrote that, "swift is maintaining that the maxim—people are the riches of a nation—applies to ireland only if ireland is permitted slavery or cannibalism"[ ] landa presents swift's a modest proposal as a critique of the popular and unjustified maxim of mercantilism in the th century that "people are the riches of a nation".[ ] swift presents the dire state of ireland and shows that mere population itself, in ireland's case, did not always mean greater wealth and economy.[ ] the uncontrolled maxim fails to take into account that a person who does not produce in an economic or political way makes a country poorer, not richer.[ ] swift also recognises the implications of this fact in making mercantilist philosophy a paradox: the wealth of a country is based on the poverty of the majority of its citizens.[ ] swift however, landa argues, is not merely criticising economic maxims but also addressing the fact that england was denying irish citizens their natural rights and dehumanising them by viewing them as a mere commodity.[ ] the public's reaction[edit] swift's essay created a backlash within the community after its publication. the work was aimed at the aristocracy, and they responded in turn. several members of society wrote to swift regarding the work. lord bathurst's letter intimated that he certainly understood the message, and interpreted it as a work of comedy: february – : "i did immediately propose it to lady bathurst, as your advice, particularly for her last boy, which was born the plumpest, finest thing, that could be seen; but she fell in a passion, and bid me send you word, that she would not follow your direction, but that she would breed him up to be a parson, and he should live upon the fat of the land; or a lawyer, and then, instead of being eat himself, he should devour others. you know women in passion never mind what they say; but, as she is a very reasonable woman, i have almost brought her over now to your opinion; and having convinced her, that as matters stood, we could not possibly maintain all the nine, she does begin to think it reasonable the youngest should raise fortunes for the eldest: and upon that foot a man may perform family duty with more courage and zeal; for, if he should happen to get twins, the selling of one might provide for the other. or if, by any accident, while his wife lies in with one child, he should get a second upon the body of another woman, he might dispose of the fattest of the two, and that would help to breed up the other. the more i think upon this scheme, the more reasonable it appears to me; and it ought by no means to be confined to ireland; for, in all probability, we shall, in a very little time, be altogether as poor here as you are there. i believe, indeed, we shall carry it farther, and not confine our luxury only to the eating of children; for i happened to peep the other day into a large assembly [parliament] not far from westminster-hall, and i found them roasting a great fat fellow, [walpole again] for my own part, i had not the least inclination to a slice of him; but, if i guessed right, four or five of the company had a devilish mind to be at him. well, adieu, you begin now to wish i had ended, when i might have done it so conveniently".[ ] modern usage[edit] a modest proposal is included in many literature courses as an example of early modern western satire. it also serves as an introduction to the concept and use of argumentative language, lending itself to secondary and post-secondary essay courses. outside of the realm of english studies, a modest proposal is included in many comparative and global literature and history courses, as well as those of numerous other disciplines in the arts, humanities, and even the social sciences.[original research?] the essay's approach has been copied many times. in his book a modest proposal ( ), the evangelical author francis schaeffer emulated swift's work in a social conservative polemic against abortion and euthanasia, imagining a future dystopia that advocates recycling of aborted embryos, fetuses, and some disabled infants with compound intellectual, physical and physiological difficulties. (such baby doe rules cases were then a major concern of the us anti-abortion movement of the early s, which viewed selective treatment of those infants as disability discrimination.) in his book a modest proposal for america ( ), statistician howard friedman opens with a satirical reflection of the extreme drive to fiscal stability by ultra-conservatives. in the edition of the handmaid's tale by margaret atwood there is a quote from a modest proposal before the introduction.[ ] a modest video game proposal is the title of an open letter sent by activist/former attorney jack thompson on october . he proposed that someone should "create, manufacture, distribute, and sell a video game" that would allow players to act out a scenario in which the game character kills video game developers.[ ][ ] hunter s. thompson's fear and loathing in america: the brutal odyssey of an outlaw journalist includes a letter in which he uses swift's approach in connection with the vietnam war. thompson writes a letter to a local aspen newspaper informing them that, on christmas eve, he is going to use napalm to burn a number of dogs and hopefully any humans they find. the letter protests against the burning of vietnamese people occurring overseas. the horror film butcher boys, written by the original the texas chain saw massacre scribe kim henkel, is said to be an updating of jonathan swift's a modest proposal. henkel imagined the descendants of folks who actually took swift up on his proposal. [ ] the film opens with a quote from j. swift. [ ] on november , jonathan swift's th birthday, the washington post published a column entitled "why alabamians should consider eating democrats' babies", by alexandra petri.[ ] in july , e. jean carroll published a book titled what do we need men for?: a modest proposal, discussing problematic behaviour of male humans.[ ][ ] on october , a satirist spoke up at an event for alexandria ocasio-cortez, claiming that a solution to the climate crisis was "we need to eat the babies".[ ] the individual also wore a t-shirt saying "save the planet, eat the children". this stunt was understood by many[ ] as a modern application of a modest proposal. notes[edit] 	^ a b a modest proposal, by dr. jonathan swift. project gutenberg. july . retrieved january . 	^ wittkowsky, swift’s modest proposal, p. 	^ a b wittkowsky, swift’s modest proposal, p. 	^ wittkowsky, swift's modest proposal, p. 	^ wittkowsky, swift's modest proposal, p. 	^ a b wittkowsky, swift's modest proposal, p. 	^ wittkowsky, swift's modest proposal, p. 	^ smith, toward a participatory rhetoric, p. 	^ a b smith, toward a participatory rhetoric, p. 	^ a b smith, toward a participatory rhetoric, p. 	^ a b smith, toward a participatory rhetoric, p. 	^ a b c johnson, tertullian and a modest proposal, p. 	^ johnson, tertullian and a modest proposal, p. 	^ baker, tertullian and swift's a modest proposal, p. 	^ waters, juliet ( february ). "a modest but failed proposal". montreal mirror. archived from the original on july . retrieved january . 	^ eine streitschrift…, essay von ursula pia jauch. carl hanser verlag, münchen . 	^ primer, i. ( march ). bernard mandeville's "a modest defence of publick stews": prostitution and its discontents in early georgian england. springer. isbn  . 	^ a b phiddian, have you eaten yet?, p. 	^ phiddian, have you eaten yet?, p. 	^ phiddian, have you eaten yet?, p. 	^ a b landa, a modest proposal and populousness, p. 	^ a b c d e landa, a modest proposal and populousness, p. 	^ swift, jonathan; scott, sir walter ( ). the works of jonathan swift: containing additional letters, tracts, and poems not hitherto published; with notes and a life of the author. a. constable. 	^ atwood, margaret. "the handmaid's tale". www.goodreads.com. 	^ saunderson, matt ( october ). "attorney proposes violent game". gamecube advanced. advanced media network. archived from the original on october . 	^ gibson, ellie ( october ). "thompson refuses to make $ k donation to charity". eurogamer. retrieved march . 	^ o'connell, joe. "a 'texas chain saw' pedigree". www.austinchronicle.com. 	^ barton, steve. "exclusive: kim henkel talks butcher boys". www.dreadcentral.com. 	^ petri, alexandra ( november ). "why alabamians should consider eating democrats' babies". the washington post. retrieved november . 	^ carroll, e. jean ( june ). "donald trump assaulted me, but he's not alone on my list of hideous men". the cut. retrieved october . 	^ "what do we need men for?: a modest proposal | indiebound.org". www.indiebound.org. retrieved october . 	^ ‘we need to eat the babies!’ climate activist confronts aoc at new york town hall, retrieved october 	^ malaea, marika ( october ). "'eat the babies!': twitter reacts to a surprise ending to the alexandria ocasio-cortez town hall meeting". newsweek. retrieved october . references[edit] 	 baker, donald c ( ), "tertullian and swift's a modest proposal", the classical journal, : – 	 johnson, james william ( ), "tertullian and a modest proposal", modern language notes, the johns hopkins university press, ( ): – , doi: . / , jstor  (subscription needed) 	 landa, louis a ( ), "a modest proposal and populousness", modern philology, ( ): – , doi: . / 	 phiddian, robert ( ), "have you eaten yet? the reader in a modest proposal", sel: studies in english literature – , rice university, ( ): – , doi: . / , hdl: / , jstor  	 smith, charles kay ( ), "toward a participatory rhetoric: teaching swift's modest proposal", college english, national council of teachers of english, ( ): – , doi: . / , jstor  	 wittkowsky, george ( ), "swift's modest proposal: the biography of an early georgian pamphlet", journal of the history of ideas, university of pennsylvania press, ( ): – , doi: . / , jstor  external links[edit] 		wikisource has original text related to this article: a modest proposal 	a modest proposal (celt) 	a modest proposal (gutenberg) 	a modest proposal – annotated text aligned to common core standards 	 a modest proposal public domain audiobook at librivox 	a modest proposal bbc radio in our time with melvyn bragg 	'a modest proposal for preventing the children of poor people from being a burthen to their parents or the country, and for making them beneficial to the publick. the third edition, dublin, printed: and reprinted at london, for weaver bickerton, in devereux-court near the middle-temple, . 	proposal to eat the children a short movie based upon swift's novel. 		v 	t 	e jonathan swift 	sermons	 	sermons of jonathan swift 	 	satires	 	meditation upon a broomstick ( ) 	a tale of a tub ( ) 	the battle of the books ( ) 	gulliver's travels ( – , ) 	essays	 	thoughts on various subjects, moral and diverting ( ) 	an argument against abolishing christianity ( ) 	the conduct of the allies ( ) 	drapier's letters ( / ) 	a modest proposal ( ) 	directions to servants (published ) 	miscellany	 	the examiner newspaper ( – ) 	"cadenus and vanessa" ( poem) 	"the lady's dressing room" ( poem) 	a complete collection of genteel and ingenious conversation ( ) 	a journal to stella (published posthumously – ) 	related	 	esther johnson 	esther vanhomrigh 	scriblerus club 	swift crater 	the house that swift built ( film) 	 	v 	t 	e global human population 	major topics	 	biocapacity 	demographics of the world 	human overpopulation 	malthusian catastrophe 	human population planning 	one-child policy 	two-child policy 	optimum population 	population 	population ethics 	population growth 	population momentum 	sustainable development 	sustainable population 	women's reproductive rights 	zero population growth 	biological and related topics	 	family planning 	pledge two or fewer 	population biology 	population decline 	population density 	physiological density 	population dynamics 	population model 	population pyramid 	projections of population growth 	human impact on the environment	 	deforestation 	desalination 	desertification 	environmental impact 	of agriculture 	of aviation 	of biodiesel 	of concrete 	of electricity generation 	of the energy industry 	of fishing 	of irrigation 	of mining 	of off-roading 	of oil shale industry 	of palm oil 	of paper 	of the petroleum industry 	of reservoirs 	of shipping 	of war 	industrialisation 	land degradation 	land reclamation 	overconsumption 	pollution 	quarrying 	urbanization 	loss of green belts 	urban sprawl 	waste 	water scarcity 	overdrafting 	population ecology 	 	deep ecology 	earth's energy budget 	food security 	habitat destruction 	i = p × a  × t 	kaya identity 	malthusian growth model 	overshoot (population) 	world energy consumption 	world energy resources 	world model 	literature	 	a modest proposal 	observations concerning the increase of mankind, peopling of countries, etc. 	an essay on the principle of population 	"how much land does a man need?" 	operating manual for spaceship earth 	population control: real costs, illusory benefits 	the limits to growth 	the population bomb 	the skeptical environmentalist 	the ultimate resource 	publications	 	population and environment 	population and development review 	lists	 	population and housing censuses by country 	metropolitan areas by population 	population milestone babies 	events and organizations 	 	 billion actions 	extinction rebellion 	international conference on population and development 	population action international 	population connection 	population matters 	population research institute 	united nations population fund 	voluntary human extinction movement 	world population day 	world population foundation 	related topics	 	classic maya collapse 	fertility and intelligence 	green revolution 	holocene extinction 	migration 	 	 commons 	 human overpopulation 	human activities with impact on the environment 	human migration retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=a_modest_proposal&oldid= " 		categories: 	essays by jonathan swift 	satirical essays 	pamphlets 	 th-century essays 	works published anonymously 	british satire 	 in great britain 	cannibalism in fiction 	 books hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	use british english from october 	use dmy dates from october 	all articles that may contain original research 	articles that may contain original research from february 	articles with librivox links 	ac with elements 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			brezhoneg 	català 	deutsch 	español 	فارسی 	français 	italiano 	עברית 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	polski 	português 	Русский 	simple english 	suomi 	svenska 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 reflections on archival user studies | rhee | reference & user services quarterly 	 	 					 				 	journal content 	 			 													search 					 								 	 				search scope 				 				all authors title abstract index terms full text 				 	 	 	 		browse 		by issue 	by author 	by title 	other journals 	 	article tools 					 			 indexing metadata 		 				 			 how to cite item 		 							 			 			email this article (login required)		 				 			 			email the author (login required)		 		 	notifications 		view 	subscribe 	 	 			 					 		home 	about 	search 	current 	archives 	about rusa 	sections 	committees 	home > 	vol , no ( ) >	rhee 	 					 		 	reflections on archival user studies 	hea lim rhee 	 			 		abstract 		 		this study is the first to focus on how developments in research trends, technology, and other factors have changed archival user studies. how have they changed in the past thirty years? how have they been conducted? this study examines and analyzes the us and canadian literature on archival user studies to trace their past, characterize their present, and uncover the issues and challenges facing the archival community in conducting user studies. it discusses findings and gives suggestions for further archival user studies. 		 		 	 	 				 			 		full text: 									html 											pdf 														 	 			 		references 		 		 							clark a. elliott, “citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations,” american archivist (spring ): – . 							elsie t. freeman, “in the eye of the beholder: archives administration from the user’s point of view,” american archivist (spring ): . 							lawrence dowler, “the role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records,” american archivist , no. / (winter/spring ): – . 							jacqueline goggin, “the indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women’s organizational records in the library of congress manuscript division,” midwestern archivist , no. ( ): – . 							fredric miller, “use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history,” american archivist (fall ): – . 							lisa r. coats, “users of ead finding aids: who are they and are they satisfied?” journal of archival organization , no. ( ): – . 							richard pearce-moses, a glossary of archival and records terminology (chicago: society of american archivists, ), s.v. “finding aid,” also available online at http://www .archivists.org/glossary/terms/f/finding-aid. 							carolyn harris, “archives users in the digital era: a review of current research trends,” dalhousie journal of interdisciplinary management ( ): – . 							anneli sundqvist, “the use of records: a literature review,” archives & social studies , no. ( ): – . 							archival education and research institutes, “discussion: archival journal ranking,” , accessed may , , http://aeri .wetpaint.com/thread/ /archival+journal+ranking. 							lawrence dowler, “the role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records,” american archivist (winter/spring ): . 							richard h. lytle, “intellectual access to archives: i. provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval,” american archivist , no. (winter ): . 							clark a. elliott, “citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations,” american archivist (spring ): – . 							elsie t. freeman, “in the eye of the beholder: archives administration from the user’s point of view,” american archivist (spring ): . 							jacqueline goggin, “the indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women’s organizational records in the library of congress manuscript division,” midwestern archivist , no. ( ): – . 							fredric miller, “use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history,” american archivist (fall ): – . 							paul conway, “facts and frameworks: an approach to studying the users of archives,” american archivist (fall ): – . 							mary jo pugh, providing reference services for archives & manuscripts (chicago: society of american archivists, ). 							helen r. tibbo, learning to love our users: a challenge to the profession and a model for practice, accessed october , , www.ils.unc.edu/tibbo/mac% spring% .pdf. 							james m. o’toole and richard j. cox, understanding archives & manuscripts (chicago: society of american archivists, ). 							bruce w. dearstyne, “what is the use of archives? a challenge for the profession,” american archivist (winter ): . 							helen r. tibbo, learning to love our users: a challenge to the profession and a model for practice, , accessed on october , , www.ils.unc.edu/tibbo/mac% spring% .pdf. 							hea lim rhee, “exploring the relationship between archival appraisal practice and user studies: u.s. state archives and records management programs” (phd diss., university of pittsburgh, ). 							morgan g. daniels and elizabeth yakel, “seek and you may find: successful search in online finding aid systems,” american archivist ( ): – . 							elizabeth yakel and deborah a. torres, “ai: archival intelligence and user expertise,” american archivist , no. (spring/summer ): – . 							elizabeth yakel and deborah a. torres, “genealogists as a ‘community of records,’” american archivist (spring/summer ): – . 							megan e. phillips, “usage patterns for holdings information sources at the university of north carolina at chapel hill manuscripts department” (master’s thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, ). 							shayera d. tangri, “evaluating changes in the methods by which users of the university of north carolina at chapel hill manuscripts department learn of the holdings of the department” (master’s thesis, university of north carolina at chapel hill, ). 							kris inwood and richard reid, “the challenge to archival practice of quantification in canadian history,” archivaria (autumn ): – . 							david bearman, “user presentation language in archives,” archives and museum informatics (winter – ): – . 							dianne l. beattie, “an archival user study: researchers in the field of women’s history,” archivaria (winter – ): – . 							wendy m. duff and catherine a. johnson, “a virtual expression of need: an analysis of e-mail reference questions,” american archivist (spring/summer ): – . 							anne j. gilliland-swetland, “an exploration of k– user needs for digital primary source materials,” american archivist (spring ): – . 							dianne l. beattie, “an archival user study: researchers in the field of women’s history,” archivaria (winter – ): – . 							helen r. tibbo, “primarily history in america: how u.s. historians search for primary materials at the dawn of the digital age,” american archivist (spring/summer ): – . 							jodi allison-bunnell, elizabeth yakel, and janet hauck, “researchers at work: assessing needs for content and presentation of archival materials,” journal of archival organization , no. ( ): – . 							ann d. gordon, using the nation’s documentary heritage: the report of the historical documents study (washington, dc: national historical publications and records commission in cooperation with the american council of learned societies, ). 							wendy m. duff and catherine a. johnson, “accidentally found on purpose: information-seeking behavior of historians in archives,” library quarterly , no. (october ): – . 							helen r. tibbo, “primary history: historians and the search for primary source materials” (proceedings presented at the acm ieee joint conference on digital libraries, july – , ), accessed february , , http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid= . . 							xiaomu zhou, “student archival research activity: an exploratory study,” american archivist (fall / winter ): – . 							wendy m. duff and catherine a. johnson, “accidentally found on purpose: information-seeking behavior of historians in archives,” library quarterly , no. (october ): – . 							wendy m. duff and catherine a. johnson, “where is the list with all the names? information-seeking behavior of genealogists,” american archivist (spring/summer ): – . 							kristina l. southwell, “how researchers learn of manuscript resources at the western history collections,” archival issues , no. ( ): – . 							barbara c. orbach, “the view from the researcher’s desk: historians’ perceptions of research and repositories,” american archivist (winter ): – 							elizabeth yakel, “listening to users,” archival issues , no. ( ): – . 							wendy duff, barbara craig, and joan cherry, “finding and using archival resources: a cross-canada survey of historians studying canadian history,” archivaria (fall ): – . 							wendy duff, barbara craig, and joan cherry, “historians’ use of archival sources: promises and pitfalls of the digital age,” public historian , no. ( ): – . 							michael e. stevens, “the historians and archival finding aids,” georgia archive (winter ): – . 							paul conway, “research in presidential libraries: a user survey,” midwestern archivist , no. ( ): - . 							christopher j. prom, “user interactions with electronic finding aids in a controlled setting,” american archivist , no. (fall/winter ): – . 							wendy scheir, “first entry: report on a qualitative exploratory study of novice user experience with online finding aids,” journal of archival organization , no. ( ): – . 							margaret o’neill adams, “analyzing archives and finding facts: use and users of digital data records,” archival science , no. ( ): – . 							elizabeth yakel and laura l. bost, “understanding administrative use and users in university archives,” american archivist ( ): – . 							elizabeth yakel, “listening to users,” archival issues , no. ( ): – . 							helen r. tibbo, “how historians locate primary resource materials: educating and serving the next generation of scholars” (paper presented at the acrl eleventh national conference charlotte, north carolina, ), www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/events/pdf/tibbo.pdf. 							magia g. krause, “undergraduates in the archives: using an assessment rubric to measure learning,” american archivist (fall/winter ): – . 							elizabeth yakel, “listening to users,” archival issues , no. ( ): – . 							herbert clark, using language (new york: cambridge university press, ), . 							karen collins, “providing subject access to images: a study of user queries,” american archivist (spring ): – . 							wendy m. duff and joan m. cherry, “archival orientation for undergraduate students: an exploratory study of impact,” american archivist (fall/winter ): – 							kristina l. southwell, “how researchers learn of manuscript resources at the western history collections,” archival issues , no. ( ): – . 							paul conway, “research in presidential libraries: a user survey,” midwestern archivist , no. ( ): – . 							james bantin and leah agne, “digitizing for value: a user-based strategy for university archives,” journal of archival organization , no. – ( ): – . 							paul conway, partners in research; improving access to the nation’s archive. user studies of the national archives and records administration (pittsburgh: archives and museum informatics, ). 							paul conway, “modes of seeing: digitized photographic archives and the experienced user,” american archivist (fall/winter ): – . 							donghee sinn, “room for archives? use of archival materials in no gun ri research,” archival science ( ): – . 							mary jo pugh, “the illusion of omniscience: subject access and the reference archivist,” american archivist (winter ): – . 							wendy m. duff, “working as independently as possible: historians and genealogists meet the archival finding aid,” in the power and the passion of archives: a festschrift in honour of kent haworth, edited by reuben ware, marion beyea, and cheryl avery (ottawa: association of canadian archivists, ), . 							mary jo pugh, providing reference services for archives & manuscripts (society of american archivists: chicago, ) 							bruce washburn, ellen eckert, and merrilee proffitt, social media and archives: a survey of archive users (oclc research: dublin, ). 							christopher j. prom, “using web analytics to improve online access to archival resources,” american archivist ( ): – . 							elaine g. toms and wendy duff, “i spent _ hours sifting through one large box . . . diaries as information behavior of the archives user: lessons learned,” journal of the american society for information science and technology , no. (december ): – . 							catherine a. johnson and wendy m. duff, “chatting up the archivist: social capital and the archival researcher,” american archivist , no. (spring/summer ): – . 							nancy mccall and lisa a. mix, “scholarly returns: patterns of research in a medical archives,” archivaria (spring ): – . 							robert p spindler and richard peace-moses, “does amc mean ‘archives made confusing’? patron understanding of usmarc amc catalog records,” american archivist (spring ): – . 							helen r. tibbo, “how historians locate primary resource materials: educating and serving the next generation of scholars” (paper presented at the acrl eleventh national conference charlotte, north carolina, ), https://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlevents/tibbo.pdf. 							margaret l. hedstrom et al., “’the old version flickers more’: digital preservation from the user’s perspective,” american archivist (spring/summer ): – . 							christopher j. prom, “using web analytics to improve online access to archival resources,” american archivist ( ): . 							kristen e. martin, “analysis of remote reference correspondence at a large academic manuscripts collection,” american archivist (spring-summer ): – . 							helen r. tibbo, “interviewing techniques for remote reference: electronic versus traditional environments,” american archivist (summer ): – . 					 		 		 	 							 		 		doi: https://doi.org/ . /rusq. n . 																																			 refbacks 	there are currently no refbacks. 		 ala privacy policy © rusa news: everybody hates chia, defi rugpull, china versus mining, china versus crypto – attack of the foot blockchain 	skip to content 	 	 		 		 		 			 			 				 					 											 					 													attack of the foot blockchain 													blockchain and cryptocurrency news and analysis by david gerard 											 				 			 			 						 		 			 		 		 		 			 				 						about the author 	attack of the foot blockchain: the book 	book extras 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	buterin’s quantum quest 	dogecoin 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . 	index 	libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain commentary and writing for others 	press coverage: attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage: libra shrugged 	table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 					 											 						 							 								 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 							 						 									 			 			 				main menu 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 		news: everybody hates chia, defi rugpull, china versus mining, china versus crypto 		 			 nd may rd may - by david gerard - comments.		 		 	 	 	 	 	 			you can support my work by signing up for the patreon — $ or $ a month is like a few drinks down the pub while we rant about cryptos once a month. it really does help. [patreon] 	the patreon also has a $ /month corporate tier — the number is bigger on this tier, and will look more impressive on your analyst newsletter expense account. [patreon] 	and tell your friends and colleagues to sign up for this newsletter by email! [scroll down, or click here] 	below: a screenshot of me in dead man’s switch, the documentary about the collapse of quadriga, looking like a skinhead thug crammed into a suit. “ew see guv oi fink we need a wurd abaht dese ‘criptose’ yuse gasbaggin on abaht”     chia petard this blog lives on hetzner cloud. i was already a happy customer, and now i’m an even happier one — hetzner’s told crypto miners and chia farmers to just bugger off. [twitter; twitter] rough translation: yes, it’s true, we have extended the terms and conditions and banned crypto mining. we have received many orders for our servers with large hard drives. however, large storage servers are increasingly being rented for this [mining]. this leads to problems with bandwidth on the storage systems. with chia mining, there is also the problem that the hard drives are extremely stressed by the many read and write cycles, and will break. the aggrieved replies from never-customers are the usual coinerism. particular points to the guy who thought that renting something meant he had the absolute right to thrash it to death. meanwhile, i’m told that bids for bulk storage on hetzner are already over three times what they were just a few months ago. [twitter] to “farm” chia, you plot and save as many bingo cards as you can. the system calls a number; if you have the right bingo card, you win. you compete by holding petabytes of bingo cards, and writing more as fast as possible. holding the bingo cards triples the price of large hard disks, and writing the bingo cards burns out an ssd in six weeks instead of ten years. chia was known to be ridiculous in , because it was stupidly obvious that amazon web services would beat all comers at masses of raw storage space. [dshr, ] in , amazon web services beats all comers at masses of storage space. so aws china had, for a short time, a page offering to rent you space for chia farming. the enterprising marketer responsible for this suggested using an “i . xlarge” high-i/o server ( cpus, gb ram, gbit networking) with a . tb ssd for plotting, and bulk storage on s to store your completed plots. they also gave basic set-up instructions for chia farming. the page disappeared in short order — but an archive exists. [the block; aws, archive, in chinese; coindesk] bram cohen, the inventor of chia, is striking back at the “fashionable fud” that chia trashes hard drives! he starts a twitter thread by saying that the claim is false — though by the end of the thread, he admits it’s true. but it’s your own fault for using consumer ssds, because the rule in crypto is always to blame the user. [twitter thread] never mind that the chia faq still tells people they can farm chia on a desktop computer (likely ssd), laptop (likely ssd) or a mobile phone. [chia, archive] decentralisation by “proof of x” will always be an engine of pointless destruction. it’s pointless because decentralisation always recentralises — because centralisation is more financially efficient. “decentralisation” only exists as a legal construct — “can’t sue me bro” — and not at all as a functional description. bitcoin mining is completely centralised. ethereum mining is completely centralised, and the network has a hard dependency on consensys. chia was launched centralised, because chia network recruited large crypto mining companies before launch. “decentralisation” is chasing a phantom. there is not a country’s worth of co value in “decentralisation” as a legal construct. saying that you can see hypothetical value in “decentralisation” is a grossly insufficient excuse for the destruction it observably results in. update: my piece on chia for foreign policy is just out!   the blockchain is just a human centipede for math — rstevens 🐳💨 (@rstevens) may ,   q. what do you call unsmokeable mushrooms? a. non-tokeable fungi nfts are the same grift as ico tokens, altcoins and bitcoin before them: invent a new form of magic bean, sell it for actual money. frequently the same grifters, too. if anyone ever tells you nfts are new: in , the french neo-avant-garde artist yves klein began dealing in what he declared to be zones of immaterial pictorial sensibility. in exchange for a sum of solid gold, klein would imbue a patch of thin air with his artistic aura and provide a receipt. one such “zone” was bequeathed to the los angeles county museum of art where it exists only as a photograph of the transaction, taken as the receipt was set ablaze and half the gold tossed into the seine. [guardian] there’s more detail on musician imogen heap’s planned nft collection. she’s going to use a ton of electricity, and pump out kilograms of carbon dioxide, to … buy carbon credits. [dezeen] the article says “this helped to remove a total of tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.” this is true only for redefinitions of “remove” that are so weasely, you’d think they were on a blockchain. carbon credits don’t remove a damn thing, and it’s a lie to claim they do. it’s a bad excuse for doing a bad thing that shouldn’t be done in the first place. [greenpeace] dapper labs has been sued by rosen law firm on behalf of plaintiff jeeun friel and others, alleging that nba top shot moments are unregistered securites. dapper issued top shots, dapper runs the marketplace, dapper controls everything about the market, and the company is notoriously slow at giving people their payouts. coindesk has the complaint. [coindesk] dominic cummings, the poundshop rasputin at the heart of british politics for most of and , is offering to do an nft of documents he has to submit to a parliamentary committee. i’m honestly surprised he wasn’t deep in crypto already, and editing past blog posts to say how he gave satoshi the idea for bitgold. [ft, paywalled] newsy: nft art auctions have a piracy problem. includes bits from me. [wptv; youtube] metakovan’s b. token scheme sold shares in a pile of beeple nfts, including the $ million jpeg. it’s not going well so far. [artnet] (“non-tokeable fungi” joke courtesy ingvar mattson daniel dern.) [file ]   this is just to say i have attached an nft to the plums that were in the ice box (and which in many senses, still are) forgive me can you help me pay the electric bill — crowsa luxemburg (@quendergeer) april ,   it has been [ ] days since the last defi rugpull defi is a decentralised finance protocol running on the binance smart chain — a private permissioned ethereum instance run by popular crypto casino binance to attract defi to a blockchain that isn’t clogged to uselessness, the way the main ethereum public chain is. today, we are all defi , as the site puts up an important customer service message: “we scammed you guys and you cant do s—t about it  ha ha. all you moon bois have been scammed and you cant do s—t about it.” a heartwarming step up from just changing the site to the word “penis.” they took $ million in users’ cryptos with them. [defi , archive] reddit users on /r/defi warned about the protocol previously — “they are either a scam, or they are completely incompetent” — but the subreddit moderator took care to remove it. the subreddit has seen no posts in the past two months — or none that were left up, at least. [twitter; reddit] defi lender blockfi has self-rugpulled. in blockfi’s march promotion, the company ran a giveaway where they would give customers a few dollars’ bonus for sufficient trading volumes — but accidentally gave them a few bitcoins’ worth instead. blockfi reversed the transactions, but sent legal threats to customers who had already withdrawn the bonus. you don’t get that sort of customer service for free. [coindesk]   the business model of crypto is to provide a platform for crooks to scam muppets without running the risk of jail time. few understand this. https://t.co/vfeyosrkpe — trolly🐴 mctrollface 🌷🥀💩 (@tr llytr llface) may ,   bitcoin in the enterprise the health service executive in ireland has been ransomwared. [cnbc; rte] the same attack hit tusla, the irish child and family agency, whose systems are linked to the hse’s. [rte] toshiba tec, meanwhile, refuses to accept that crypto is the future of payments! the toshiba subsidiary told dark side, the ransomware gang that shut down colonial pipeline, to just bugger off. [cnbc] luddites in hospitals in waikato, new zealand also refuse to embrace bitcoin as a payment platform — they won’t be paying the ransomware either. [stuff] insurer axa halts new policies to reimburse ransomware payments in france — because the authorities told them to stop directly motivating ransomware. [abc news] how a cybernews reporter applied for a job with a ransomware gang. [cybernews] sophos has published its report on the state of ransomware. [sophos]   art. pic.twitter.com/ q urxwddv — kenneth finnegan (@kwf) may ,   i heard it on the blockchain good news for ethereum in the enterprise — it’s evolved beyond the capabilities of microsoft azure! azure blockchain as a service (baas) is shutting down in september . it apparently still has any customers; they’ve been invited to move to consensys. [zdnet; microsoft] is blockchain ready for the enterprise? lol, no. the bit on the decentralized identifiers standard is hilarious — they wrote the standard, but fobbed the hard bit off onto another standards committee. [blog post] enterprise blockchain was always a proxy for the price of bitcoin. it was a way of saying “bitcoin” without touching a bitcoin. this was cool when number was going up in , and not so cool when it wasn’t. not a single one of these projects ever had a use case. not a single one, ever, did any job better than existing technologies, rather than worse. “smart contracts” are far less impressive when you realise they’re literally just “database triggers” or “stored procedures,” and that there are excellent reasons we try not to write code right there in the database in actual enterprise computing.   using a blockchain when a database would work pic.twitter.com/uswvom p o — nathaniel whittemore (@nlw) may ,   baby’s on fire china has announced, yet again, that it’s kicking out the crypto miners — to “crack down on bitcoin mining and trading behavior, and resolutely prevent the transmission of individual risks to the social field,” according to the financial stability and development committee of china’s state council. the people’s bank of china hates crypto a whole lot, and the chinese government’s been trying to push the crypto miners out since — but perhaps they’ll make it stick this time. [twitter; reuters] inner mongolia has set up a hotline to report suspected crypto mining. this is the sort of regulation the world needs. inner mongolia has been told by beijing to cut its co production considerably, and they’d rather use their quota for steel and similar useful things. [twitter; sixth tone; ft, paywalled] i am told that miners are calling around trying to get the hell out of china asap. mining facilities are set up in containers to be moved around quickly, so this isn’t hard. the hard part is that bitcoin now uses as much electricity as the netherlands. where do you put a medium-sized country’s worth of electricity usage at short notice? bitcoin is green, hypothetically! in real life, here’s a gas-powered plant that restarted just to mine bitcoins. [architect’s newspaper, archive] the state of new york is suggesting banning bitcoin mining — new operations would be frozen, pending environmental review. [coindesk] bankers have heard bitcoiners’ concerns about all the energy banks use — the bank of italy notes specifically that the target instant payment settlement (tips) system uses one , th the energy of bitcoin. [bank of italy] the european central bank describes bitcoin’s “exorbitant carbon footprint” as “grounds for concern.” [ecb] the financial times has a detailed writeup of bitcoin’s dirty energy problem. [ft, paywalled] nicehash suspends all withdrawals due to a “security incident”. funds are safe, i’m sure. [nicehash] the wyoming blockchain grifters are at it again. david dodson says: burn electricity for wyoming’s prosperity! he quotes me saying “bitcoin is literally anti-efficient,” but he puts this forward as a point in its favour. if coiners understood externalities, they wouldn’t be coiners. at least he spelt attack of the foot blockchain  right. [wyofile]   any defense of bitcoin inevitably involves an argument where no sentence has anything to do with the proceeding sentence. at its most advanced levels, even clauses stop agreeing with each other https://t.co/x zvcpppye — gorilla warfare (again) (@menshevikm) april ,   lie dream of a casino soul crypto exchanges are already forbidden in china. so instead they run “over the counter” desks, matching buyers and sellers, which is different because, uh, reasons. there’s a fresh rumour that china is closing down, or has closed down, okex and huobi’s otc desks. chinese usdt holders are also rumoured to be dumping their tethers. in probably-related news, china has also placed even tighter restrictions on dealing in cryptos for actual money. [reuters] turkey has put crypto exchanges under masak, its financial regulator. the exchanges are daunted at the work required not to be incompetent money-laundering chop shops. turkey needed to put in the new rules to follow fatf guidance on virtual asset service providers, but having not one but two exchanges messily implode just recently was probably quite motivating. [resmî gazete, pdf, in turkish; decrypt; reuters] thailand mandates improved customer service for crypto traders! in-person id checks will now be required to get a new account at an exchange. [bangkok post] the irs’ plans to subpoena the kraken crypto exchange about its users have been approved by the court. [department of justice] the irs and the department of justice are just seeking information from binance holdings ltd, you understand. binance has not, as yet, been specifically accused of wrongdoing. [bloomberg] the us treasury has called for crypto transfers of value greater than $ , to be reported to the irs. [bloomberg]   decided to put my savings into cryptcurrency pic.twitter.com/ awicacpn — matt round (@mattround) may ,   things happen you can browse in absolute privacy on the tor network! except that last year, one in four tor exit nodes was compromised — the attackers were replacing bitcoin addresses in bitcoin mixer web pages with the attackers’ address. the attacker group is stil at it — last year they had % of nodes, this year they have %. [the record] two years after singulardtv shut down breaker mag, the site archive has finally rugpulled — all article urls give “ not found” or just don’t load. i’m pretty sure most of it is on the internet archive. [breaker, archive of may ] the suit in which dave kleiman’s estate is suing craig wright over the bitcoins that wright claimed he mined with kleiman is finally going to trial, starting on november . [order, pdf] goldman sachs has finally reopened a very limited crypto trading desk, apparently due to client demand. the desk is dealing only in futures and non-deliverable trades. it has executed at least two trades. [ft, paywalled] institutional investors speak on bitcoin! “our stance with clients is the -foot pole rule: stay away from it.” [ft, paywalled] the people’s bank of china has run another dc/ep trial in shehzhen, and the users respond! with a resounding “meh.” again. it still offers nothing to end-users over alipay or wechatpay, as they already found in shenzhen in november . [bloomberg] robinhood appears to procure its dogecoin from binance, for what that’s worth. [twitter] is there anything bitcoin can’t do? in knoxville, tennessee, a user applies bitcoin to marriage counselling — and it’s transparent and cryptographically verifiable! specifically, nelson paul replogle paid a hitman in bitcoin to kill his wife, and the fbi traced the transaction through coinbase to his ip. repogle is now facing murder-for-hire charges. [wate tv, archive] bitcoins only get you out of divorce settlements if you never spend them: “courts have the power to re-open divorce settlements years afterwards if non-disclosure can be proven; if you find out five years down the line that your ex has made a big purchase from unknown funds, it may be possible to re-open a previous divorce settlement.” [ft, paywalled]   i don’t think it’s enough of a pyramid scheme, which is why i encourage crypto enthusiasts to buy my “grow your coin” intro course $ . . if you bring in three friends we’ll throw in our intermediate course for % off—then, may we also interest you in our compound just by alb https://t.co/gcczcbnvdi — hannah gais (@hannahgais) may ,   hot takes frances coppola on tether’s smoke and mirrors: “it’s not reserves we should be worrying about, it’s capital. and the total lack of transparency.” [blog post] charlie munger and warren buffett are not fans of bitcoin. “i don’t welcome a currency that’s so useful to kidnappers and extortionists and so forth, nor do i like just shuffling out of your extra billions of billions of dollars to somebody who just invented a new financial product out of thin air. i think i should say modestly that the whole damn development is disgusting and contrary to the interests of civilization.” [cnbc]   instead of enrolling in the u of m's online cryptocurrency course, try this: • send me $ k of your parents money. • i'll send them an email saying you're very smart and totally weren't playing video games the whole time. pic.twitter.com/qrr il v p — lemon 🍋 (@ahoylemon) may ,   living on video expert on facebook’s latest digital currency attempt — me on ntd, in my capacity as the guy who literally wrote the book on libra. [ntd] i spoke to radio free asia about the bitcoin crash. the google translation is usable. [radio free asia, translation] the daily mail quotes me, accurately, on bitcoin’s environmental impact. [daily mail, archive] libra shrugged, reviewed by bill ryan: battling megaliths: facebook and the american government battle over digital currency and the future of money. [medium] this harry & paul sketch from is not about crypto and tether, except it totally is: [youtube]     the underside of the washington st bridge has taken a strong anti-nft stance pic.twitter.com/nsrjpllxg — karl stomberg (@kfosterstomberg) april ,   anyone: *mentions financial derivatives* me, nodding: d$/dx — dr. anna hughes (@annaghughes) april ,   so finally @saifedean's book landed on my desk. and i have to say i'm now a convert. any asset with a scarce supply, not controlled by humans, must inevitably become the new world reserve currency. if you don't get this please learn monetary economics. pic.twitter.com/xsik ehrb — bernhard 'game theory optimal trading' mueller (@muellerberndt) may ,   meanwhile, the iraqi dinar had a bad , but has been steady this whole year. pic.twitter.com/sswm m pz — travis view (@travis_view) may ,   tell me elon's tweeting again without telling me elon's tweeting again pic.twitter.com/femro gsm — kyla (@kylascan) may ,   #dogelon 😂 pic.twitter.com/wlu b gdh — king bach (@kingbach) may ,   your subscriptions keep this site going. sign up today! share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on linkedin (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	click to share on telegram (opens in new window) 	click to share on hacker news (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	 	 	 		taggedamazonaxaazurebank of italybeeplebinanceblockfibram cohenbreakercbdcchiachinacraig wrightcybernewsdapper labsdark sidedave kleimandavid dodsondcepdefi dogecoindominic cummingsecbethereumgoldman sachshealth service executivehetznerhuobiimogen heapinner mongoliairelandirskrakenlinksmasakmetakovanminingnba top shotsnelson paul reploglenew yorknew zealandnftnicehashokexotcpbocransomwarerobinhoodsingulardtvsophostetherthailandtortoshiba tecturkeytuslaunited statesus treasurywyomingyves klein	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous article bitcoin crashed today — it was market shenanigans, not china next article foreign policy: chia is a new way to waste resources for cryptocurrency 	 			 			 comments on “news: everybody hates chia, defi rugpull, china versus mining, china versus crypto” 		 		 			 			 				 					 												austin george loomis says:					 					 						 rd may at : am					 									 				 					in exchange for a sum of solid gold, klein would imbue a patch of thin air with his artistic aura and provide a receipt. for everyone who thought michael craig-martin’s an oak tree was too tangible. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 rd may at : pm					 									 				 					notice he only threw half the gold into the seine 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												ingvar says:					 					 						 rd may at : pm					 									 				 					original source (or, at least, where i saw it) was on file , attributed to daniel dern. but, as you were writing about nfts at the time, it was imperative to pass it on. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												david gerard says:					 					 						 rd may at : pm					 									 				 					credit updated! 				 				reply 			 		 			 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. 	 	this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 		 	 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 			 click here to get signed copies of the books!   		get blog posts by email! 				 							email address 					 						 	 subscribe 				 		 support this site on patreon! 			hack through the blockchain bafflegab: 	$ /month for early access to works in progress! 	$ /month for early access and even greater support! 	$ /month corporate rate, for your analyst newsletter budget! 		buy the books! 			libra shrugged 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores attack of the foot blockchain 	 us paperback uk/europe paperback isbn- : 	kindle: uk, us, australia, canada (and all other kindle stores) — no drm 	google play books (pdf) 	apple books 	kobo 	smashwords 	other e-book stores 	available worldwide 		 rss - posts  rss - comments 		 		recent blog posts 			 					news: the senate has mild contempt for bitcoin, tether and usdc attestations, defi money market and poloniex settle with sec, poly network hack 									 	 					news: el salvador, binance vs malaysia, goldman sachs non-blockchain etf, virgil griffith 									 	 					tether criminally investigated by justice department — when the music stops podcast 									 	 					news: el salvador colón-dollar, everybody hates blockfi, tether does cnbc 									 	 					summer reading for the cryptocurrency skeptic: part 									 		excerpts from the book 			table of contents 	the conspiracy theory economics of bitcoin 	dogecoin 	buterin’s quantum quest 	icos: magic beans and bubble machines 	ethereum smart contracts in practice 	the dao: the steadfast iron will of unstoppable code 	business bafflegab, but on the blockchain 	imogen heap: “tiny human”. total sales: $ . index 		about 			 	press coverage for attack of the foot blockchain 	press coverage for libra shrugged 	my cryptocurrency and blockchain press commentary and writing 	facebook author page 	about the author 	contact the content of this site is journalism and personal opinion. nothing contained on this site is, or should be construed as providing or offering, investment, legal, accounting, tax or other advice. do not act on any opinion expressed here without consulting a qualified professional. i do not hold a position in any crypto asset or cryptocurrency or blockchain company. amazon product links on this site are affiliate links — as an amazon associate i earn from qualifying purchases. (this doesn’t cost you any extra.) 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 											 									 		 				 					 									 		 				 					 									 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 					copyright © – david gerard				 			 				 					powered by wordpress and hitmag.				 			 		 	 	 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 ruby on rails 	 solarwinds uses cookies on its websites to make your online experience easier and better. by using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. for more information on cookies, see our cookie policy. continue 	visit solarwinds.com 	documentation 	contact us 	customer portal 	 toggle navigation 	 academy 	 solarwinds academy 	 classes 	 guided curriculum 	 elearning 	 certification solarwinds academy the solarwinds academy offers education resources to learn more about your product. the curriculum provides a comprehensive understanding of our portfolio of products through virtual classrooms, elearning videos, and professional certification. 	 see what's offered available resources 	 virtual classrooms calendar 	 elearning video index 	 solarwinds certified professional program virtual classrooms attend virtual classes on your product and a wide array of topics with live instructor sessions or watch on-demand videos to help you get the most out of your purchase. 	 find a class open sessions and popular classes 	 general office hours 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 see all 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager guided curriculum whether learning a newly-purchased solarwinds product or finding information to optimize the software you already own, we have guided product training paths that help get customers up to speed quickly. 	 view suggested paths elearning on-demand videos on installation, optimization, and troubleshooting. 	 see all videos popular videos 	 upgrading isn't as daunting as you may think 	 upgrading your orion platform deployment using microsoft azure 	 upgrading from the orion platform . to . 	 don't let the gotchas get you 	 how to install npm and other orion platform products 	 upgrading the orion platform 	 see all videos 	 navigating the web console 	 prepare a sam installation 	 installing server & application monitor 	 how to install sem on vmware 	 customer success with the solarwinds support community 	 new job, new to solarwinds? solarwinds certified professional program become a solarwinds certified professional to demonstrate you have the technical expertise to effectively set up, use, and maintain solarwinds’ products. 	 learn more study aids 	 access rights manager 	 architecture and design 	 database performance analyzer 	 diagnostics 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 network performance monitor 	 server & application monitor 	 onboarding & upgrading 	 new to solarwinds 	 orion assistance program 	 upgrade resource center 	 support offerings 	 smartstart 	 what’s new upgrade resource center see helpful resources, answers to frequently asked questions, available assistance options, and product-specific details to make your upgrade go quickly and smoothly. 	 visit the upgrade resource center product-specific upgrade resources 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 storage resource monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 web performance monitor 	 log analyzer orion assistance program this program connects you with professional consulting resources who are experienced with the orion platform and its products. these services are provided at no additional charge for customers who were/are running one of the orion platform versions affected by sunburst or supernova. 	 learn more support offerings our customer support plans provide assistance to install, upgrade, and troubleshoot your product. choose what best fits your environment and organization, and let us help you get the most out of your purchase. we support all our products, / / . 	 learn more available programs 	 professional 	 premier 	 premier enterprise smartstart our smartstart programs help you install and configure or upgrade your product. get assistance from solarwinds’ technical support experts with our onboarding and upgrading options. we also offer a self-led program for network performance monitor (npm) and server & application monitor (sam) if you need help doing it yourself. 	 learn more available programs 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 smartstart self-led for npm and sam what’s new at solarwinds find the latest release notes, system requirements, and links to upgrade your product. 	 learn more new to solarwinds you just bought your first product. now what? find out more about how to get the most out of your purchase. from installation and configuration to training and support, we've got you covered. 	 learn more 	 support offerings 	 premier support 	 smartstart 	 working with support premier support we offer paid customer support programs to assist you with installation, upgrading and troubleshooting. choose what best fits your environment and budget to get the most out of your software. get priority call queuing and escalation to an advanced team of support specialist. available programs 	 premier support 	 premier enterprise support smartstart our smartstart paid programs are intended help you install and configure or upgrade your product. you’ll be assisted by solarwinds’ technical support experts who are dedicated to quickly and efficiently help you with getting up and running or moving to the latest version of your product. available programs 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 working with support working with support a glossary of support availability, tips, contact info, and customer success resources. we're here to help. 	 learn more 	 products 	 network management 	 systems management 	 database management 	 it security 	 it service management 	 application management 	 documentation network management 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 engineer's toolset 	 view all network management products 	 network topology mapper 	 user device tracker 	 voip network quality manager 	 log analyzer 	 enterprise operations console your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class systems management 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 storage resource monitor 	 web performance monitor 	 server configuration monitor 	 backup 	 view all systems management products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class it security 	 security event manager 	 access rights manager 	 serv-u managed file transfer server 	 serv-u ftp server 	 patch manager 	 identity monitor 	 view all it security products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class database management 	 database performance analyzer 	 database performance monitor 	 view all database management products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class it service management 	 dameware remote everywhere 	 dameware remote support 	 dameware mini remote control 	 service desk 	 web help desk 	 view all it service management products 	 kiwi syslog server 	 kiwi cattools 	 ipmonitor 	 mobile admin your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class application management 	 appoptics 	 pingdom 	 papertrail 	 loggly 	 view all application management products your solarwinds products come with a secret weapon. award-winning, instructor-led classes, elearning videos, and certifications. find a class 	 community 	 thwack® 	 orange matter 	 logicalread thwack® over , users—get help, be heard, improve your product skills 	 visit thwack available programs 	 solarwinds lab 	 thwack tuesday tips (ttt) 	 thwackcamp™ on-demand orange matter practical advice on managing it infrastructure from up-and-coming industry voices and well-known tech leaders 	 view orange matter logicalread blog articles, code, and a community of database experts 	 read the blog 	 submit a ticket 	 	 academy 	 solarwinds academy 	 see what's offered 	 virtual classrooms calendar 	 elearning video index 	 solarwinds certified professional program 	 classes 	 find a class 	 general office hours 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 see all 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 guided curriculum 	 view suggested paths 	 elearning 	 see all videos 	 upgrading isn't as daunting as you may think 	 upgrading your orion platform deployment using microsoft azure 	 upgrading from the orion platform . to . 	 don't let the gotchas get you 	 how to install npm and other orion platform products 	 upgrading the orion platform 	 see all videos 	 navigating the web console 	 prepare a sam installation 	 installing server & application monitor 	 how to install sem on vmware 	 customer success with the solarwinds support community 	 new job, new to solarwinds? 	 certification 	 learn more 	 access rights manager 	 architecture and design 	 database performance analyzer 	 diagnostics 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 network performance monitor 	 server & application monitor 	 onboarding & upgrading 	 new to solarwinds 	 learn more 	 orion assistance program 	 learn more 	 upgrade resource center 	 visit the upgrade resource center 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 network configuration manager 	 server & application monitor 	 storage resource monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 web performance monitor 	 log analyzer 	 support offerings 	 learn more 	 professional 	 premier 	 premier enterprise 	 smartstart 	 learn more 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 smartstart self-led for npm and sam 	 what’s new 	 learn more 	 support offerings 	 premier support 	 premier support 	 premier enterprise support 	 smartstart 	 smartstart for onboarding 	 smartstart for upgrading 	 working with support 	 working with support 	 learn more 	 products 	 network management 	 orion platform 	 network performance monitor 	 netflow traffic analyzer 	 ip address manager 	 network configuration manager 	 engineer's toolset 	 view all network management products 	 network topology mapper 	 user device tracker 	 voip network quality manager 	 log analyzer 	 enterprise operations console 	 systems management 	 server & application monitor 	 virtualization manager 	 storage resource monitor 	 web performance monitor 	 server configuration monitor 	 backup 	 view all systems management products 	 it security 	 security event manager 	 access rights manager 	 serv-u managed file transfer server 	 serv-u ftp server 	 patch manager 	 identity monitor 	 view all it security products 	 database management 	 database performance analyzer 	 database performance monitor 	 view all database management products 	 it service management 	 dameware remote everywhere 	 dameware remote support 	 dameware mini remote control 	 service desk 	 web help desk 	 view all it service management products 	 kiwi syslog server 	 kiwi cattools 	 ipmonitor 	 mobile admin 	 application management 	 appoptics 	 pingdom 	 papertrail 	 loggly 	 view all application management products 	 documentation 	 community 	 thwack® 	 visit thwack 	 orange matter 	 view orange matter 	 logicalread 	 read the blog 	 submit a ticket 	 documentation forpapertrail ruby on rails to send ruby on rails request logs, either: 	use papertrail's tiny remote_syslog daemon to read an existing log file (like production.log), or 	change rails' environment config to use the remote_syslog_logger gem. we recommend remote_syslog because it works for other text files (like nginx and mysql), has no impact on the rails app, and is easy to set up. also see controlling verbosity. send log file with remote_syslog install remote_syslog download the current release. to extract it and copy the binary into a system path, run: copy $ tar xzf ./remote_syslog*.tar.gz $ cd remote_syslog $ sudo cp ./remote_syslog /usr/local/bin rpm and debian packages are also available. configure paths to log file(s) can be specified on the command-line, or save log_files.yml.example as /etc/log_files.yml. edit it to define: 	path to your rails log file (such as production.log) and any other log file(s) that remote_syslog should watch. 	the destination host and port provided under log destinations. if no destination port was provided, set host to logs.papertrailapp.com and remove the port config line to use the default port ( ). the remote_syslog readme has complete documentation and more examples. start start the daemon: copy $ sudo remote_syslog logs should appear in papertrail within a few seconds of being written to the on-disk log file. problem? see troubleshooting. remote_syslog requires read permission on the log files it is monitoring. auto-start remote_syslog can be automated to start at boot using init scripts (examples) or your preferred daemon invocation method, such as monit or god. see remote_syslog --help or the full readme on github. troubleshooting see remote_syslog troubleshooting. send events with the remote_syslog_logger gem install remote syslog logger the easiest way to install remote_syslog_logger is with bundler. add remote_syslog_logger to your gemfile. if you are not using a gemfile, run: copy $ gem install remote_syslog_logger configure rails environment change the environment configuration file to log via remote_syslog_logger. this is almost always in config/environment.rb (to affect all environments) or config/environments/<environment name>.rb, such as config/environments/production.rb (to affect only a specific environment). add this line: copy config.logger = remotesysloglogger.new('logsn.papertrailapp.com', xxxxx) you can also specify a program name other than the default rails: copy config.logger = remotesysloglogger.new('logsn.papertrailapp.com', xxxxx, :program => "rails-#{rails_env}") where logsn and xxxxx are the name and port number shown under log destinations. alternatively, to point the logs to your local system, use localhost instead of logsn.papertrailapp.com, for the port, and ensure that the system’s syslog daemon is bound to . . . . a basic rsyslog config would consist of the following lines in /etc/rsyslog.conf: copy $modload imudp $udpserverrun verify configuration to send a test message, start script/console in an environment which has the syslog config above (for example, rails_env=production script/console). run: copy rails_default_logger.error "salutations!" the message should appear on the system's message history within minute. verbosity for more information on improving the signal:noise ratio, see the dedicated help article here. lograge we recommend using lograge in lieu of rails’ standard logging. add lograge to your gemfile and smile. log user id, customer id, and more use lograge to include other attributes in log messages, like a user id or request id. the readme has more. here’s a simple example which captures attributes: copy class applicationcontroller < actioncontroller::base   before_filter :append_info_to_payload   def append_info_to_payload(payload)     super     payload[:user_id] = current_user.try(:id)     payload[:host] = request.host     payload[:source_ip] = request.remote_ip   end end the attributes are logged in production.rb: with this block: copy config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event|   event.payload end the payload hash populated during the request above is automatically available as event.payload. payload automatically contains the params hash as params. here's another production.rb example which only logs the request params: copy config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event|   params = event.payload[:params].reject do |k|     ['controller', 'action'].include? k   end   { "params" => params } end troubleshooting colors and/or ansi character codes appear in my log messages by default, rails generates colorized log messages for non-production environments and monochromatic logs in production. papertrail renders any ansi color codes it receives (see more colorful logging with ansi color codes), so you can decide whether to enable this for any environment. to enable or disable ansi logging, change this option in your environment configuration file (such as config/environment.rb or config/environments/staging.rb). the example below disables colorized logging. rails >= .x: copy config.colorize_logging = false rails .x: copy config.active_record.colorize_logging = false see: http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#rails-general-configuration the scripts are not supported under any solarwinds support program or service. the scripts are provided as is without warranty of any kind. solarwinds further disclaims all warranties including, without limitation, any implied warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. the risk arising out of the use or performance of the scripts and documentation stays with you. in no event shall solarwinds or anyone else involved in the creation, production, or delivery of the scripts be liable for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or other pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of or inability to use the scripts or documentation. we’re geekbuilt.® developed by network and systems engineers who know what it takes to manage today's dynamic it environments, solarwinds has a deep connection to the it community. the result? it management products that are effective, accessible, and easy to use. 	 	 	 	 company investors career center resource center email preference center for customers for government gdpr resource center solarwinds trust center legal documents privacy california privacy rights security information documentation & uninstall information sitemap © solarwinds worldwide, llc. all rights reserved. kaseya vsa limited disclosure | divd csirt skip to the content. home / blog / kaseya vsa limited disclosure divd csirt making the internet safer through coordinated vulnerability disclosure 	 		 menu 	 		 						 							home 						 	 						 			 					divd 			 				 	 			 					csirt 			 				 			 	 	 		 		 						cases 					 						 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						telegram group shares stolen credentials.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						divd recommends not exposing the on-premise kaseya unitrends servers to the... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						botnet stolen credentials... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						multiple vulnerabilities discovered in kaseya vsa.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a preauth rce vulnerability has been found in vcenter server... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a preauth rce vulnerability has been found in pulse connect secure... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of credentials that phishers gained from victims has leaked and has ... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						kaseya recommends disabling the on-premise kaseya vsa servers immediately.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						on-prem exchange servers targeted with -day exploits... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						solarwinds orion api authentication bypass... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of credentials that phishers gained from victims has leaked and has ... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of vulnerable fortinet devices leaked online... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						four critical vulnerabilities in vembu bdr... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						wordpress plugin wpdiscuz has a vulnerability that alllows attackers to tak... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						data dumped from compromised pulse secure vpn enterprise servers.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						 .nl domains running wordpress scanned.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						citrix sharefile storage zones controller multiple security updates... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						smbv server compression transform header memory corruption... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						apache tomcat ajp file read/inclusion vulnerability... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						list of mirai botnet victims published with credentials... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						exploits available for ms rdp gateway bluegate... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						wildcard certificates citrix adc... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						citrix adc... 			 					 			 				 		 	 	 		 		 						cves 					 						 							 cve- - - authenticated xml external entity vulnerability in kaseya vs... 							 	 							 cve- - - authenticated local file inclusion in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - fa bypass in kaseya vsa 							 	 							 cve- - - authenticated authenticated reflective xss in kaseya vsa 							 	 							 cve- - - unautheticated rce in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - autheticated sql injection in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - unautheticated credential leak and business logic flaw in ka... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated server side request forgery in vembu product... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated arbitrary file upload and command execution ... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated remote command execution in vembu products... 							 		 	 	 		 		 						blog 					 						 							 - - : kaseya vsa limited disclosure... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update ... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update ... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya vsa advisory... 							 	 							 - - : vcenter server preauth rce... 							 	 							 - - : warehouse botnet... 							 	 							 - - : closing proxylogon case / case proxylogon gesloten... 							 	 							 - - : vembu zero days... 							 	 							 - - : pulse secure preauth rce... 							 	 					 more... 					 		 	 	 					 						donate 					 				 	 					 						rss 					 				 	 					 						contact 					 				 kaseya vsa limited disclosure 	 jul - 	 		 		 			frank breedijk 		 	 	 	english below why we are only disclosing limited details on the kaseya vulnerabilities last weekend we found ourselves in the middle of a storm. a storm created by the ransomware attacks executed via kaseya vsa, using a vulnerability which we confidentially disclosed to kaseya, together with six other vulnerabilities. ever since we released the news that we indeed notified kaseya of a vulnerability used in the ransomware attack, we have been getting requests to release details about these vulnerabilities and the disclosure timeline. in line with the guidelines for coordinated vulnerability disclosure we have not disclosed any details so far. and, while we feel it is time to be more open about this process and our decisions regarding this matter, we will still not release the full details. why the secrecy? as the ransomware attack using kaseya vsa software has shown, the effects of a malicious actor knowing the full details of a vulnerability can be devastating. this immediately poses a dilemma to anybody that discovers a critical vulnerability in a critical piece of software, do we disclose the details or not? let’s use an analogy. say a security researcher discovers a vulnerability in a high-end car. when you kick the left rear bumper in just the right way, the car doors open, and the engine starts. what should the researcher do? tell everybody, tell all the owners of this type of car, or inform the manufacturer so he can recall and fix the car? if the full details are made public, it is evident that many cars will get stolen very soon. if you inform the owners, this will likely happen too. the chances of the details remaining secret are slim if you inform a broad audience. even if you limit the details to ‘a security issue involving the bumper’, you might tip off the wrong people. telling the manufacturer there is a good chance that he comes up with a fix before large-scale car thefts are happening, and consider if you need to tell the owners to keep their car behind closed doors in the meantime. how does this relate to kaseya vsa? when we discovered the vulnerabilities in early april, it was evident to us that we could not let these vulnerabilities fall into the wrong hands. after some deliberation, we decided that informing the vendor and awaiting the delivery of a patch was the right thing to do. we hypothesized that, in the wrong hands, these vulnerabilities could lead to the compromise of large numbers of computers managed by kaseya vsa. as we stated before, kaseya’s response to our disclosure has been on point and timely; unlike other vendors, we have previously disclosed vulnerabilities to. they listened to our findings, and addressed some of them by releasing a patch resolving a number of these vulnerabilities. followed by a second patch resolving even more. we’ve been in contact with kaseya ahead of the release of both these patches, allowing us to validate that these vulnerabilities had indeed been resolved by the patch in development. unfortunately, the worst-case scenario came true on friday the nd of july. kaseya vsa was used in an attack to spread ransomware, and kaseya was compelled to use the nuclear option: shutting down their kaseya cloud and advising customers to turn off their on-premise kaseya vsa servers. a message that unfortunately arrived too late for some of their customers. we later learned that one of the two vulnerabilities used in the attack was one we previously disclosed to kasya vsa. what can we tell? in this blogpost and divd case divd- - we publish the timeline and limited details of the vulnerabilities we notified kaseya of. full disclosure? given the serious nature of these vulnerabilities and the obvious consequences of abuse of kaseya vsa we will not disclose the full details of the vulnerabilities until such time that kaseya has released a patch and this patch has been installed on a sufficient number of systems, something for which we have the monitoring scripts. in the past few days we have been working with kaseya to make sure customers turn off their systems, by tipping them off about customers that still have systems online, and hope to be able to continue to work together to ensure that their patch is installed everywhere. we have no indication that kaseya is hesitant to release a patch. instead they are still working hard to make sure that after their patch the system is as secure as possible, to avoid a repeat of this scenario. therefore we do not feel the need to lay down any kind of deadline for full disclosure at this point in time. a properly patched and secure kaseya vsa is in the best interest of security of kaseya customers and the internet at large. the vulnerabilities we notified kaseya of the following vulnerabilities: 	cve- - - a credentials leak and business logic flaw, resolution in progress. 	cve- - - an sql injection vulnerability, resolved in may th patch. 	cve- - - a remote code execution vulnerability, resolved in april th patch. (v . . ) 	cve- - - a cross site scripting vulnerability, resolution in progress. 	cve- - - fa bypass, resolution in progress. 	cve- - - a local file inclusion vulnerability, resolved in may th patch. 	cve- - - a xml external entity vulnerability, resolved in may th patch. timeline 	date	description 	 apr 	research start 	 apr 	divd starts scanning internet-facing implementations. 	 apr 	start of the identification of possible victims (with internet-facing systems). 	 apr 	kaseya informed. 	 apr 	vendor starts issuing patches v . . . resolving cve- - . 	 may 	vendor issues another patch v . . . resolving cve- - , cve- - , cve- - . 	 jun 	divd csirt hands over a list of identified kaseya vsa hosts to kaseya. 	 jun 	 . . on saas resolving cve- - and cve- - . 	 jul 	divd responds to the ransomware, by scanning for kaseya vsa instances reachable via the internet and sends out notifications to network owners 	 jul 	limited publication (after months). 	 twitter 	 facebook 	 linkedin aol - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	 	aol 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		american web portal and online service provider for other uses, see aol (disambiguation). aol	 	aol headquarters, broadway, new york city 	formerly		control video corporation ( – ) 	quantum computer services ( – ) 	america online ( – ) 	aol time warner ( – ) 	type	subsidiary 	founded		 ;  years ago ( ) (as control video corporation) 	  ( ) (as aol inc.) 	founders		marc seriff 	steve case 	jim kimsey 	william von meister 	headquarters	 broadway, new york city , united states 	area served 	worldwide 	services	web portal and online services 	number of employees 	 , 	parent		aol time warner ( – ) 	verizon communications ( – ) 	oath ( – ) 	verizon media ( –present) 	website	www.aol.com aol (stylized as aol., formerly a company known as aol inc. and originally known as america online) is an american web portal and online service provider based in new york city. it is a brand marketed by verizon media. the service traces its history to an online service known as playnet. playnet licensed its software to quantum link (q-link), who went online in november . a new ibm pc client launched in , eventually renamed as america online in . aol grew to become the largest online service, displacing established players like compuserve and the source. by , aol had about three million active users.[ ] aol was one of the early pioneers of the internet in the mid- s, and the most recognized brand on the web in the united states. it originally provided a dial-up service to millions of americans, as well as providing a web portal, e-mail, instant messaging and later a web browser following its purchase of netscape. in , at the height of its popularity, it purchased the media conglomerate time warner in the largest merger in u.s. history. aol rapidly shrank thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up and rise of broadband.[ ] aol was eventually spun off from time warner in , with tim armstrong appointed the new ceo. under his leadership, the company invested in media brands and advertising technologies. on june , , aol was acquired by verizon communications for $ .  billion.[ ][ ] on may , , verizon announced it would sell yahoo and aol to apollo for $ billion.[ ] contents 	 history 	 . – : early years 	 . – : internet age, time warner merger 	 . – : rebranding and decline 	 . – : as a digital media company 	 . – : division of verizon 	 . –present: division of apollo 	 products and services 	 . content 	 . advertising 	 . membership 	 . aol desktop 	 criticism 	 . community leaders 	 . billing disputes 	 . account cancellation 	 . direct marketing of disks 	 . software 	 . usenet newsgroups 	 . terms of service (tos) 	 . certified email 	 . search data 	 . user list exposure 	 . aol's computer checkup "scareware" 	 . nsa prism program 	 . hosting of user profiles changed, then discontinued 	 see also 	 references 	 external links history – : early years aol began in , as a short-lived venture called control video corporation (or cvc), founded by william von meister. its sole product was an online service called gameline for the atari video game console, after von meister's idea of buying music on demand was rejected by warner bros.[ ] subscribers bought a modem from the company for us$ . and paid a one-time us$ setup fee. gameline permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of us$ per game.[ ] the telephone disconnected and the downloaded game would remain in gameline's master module and playable until the user turned off the console or downloaded another game. in january , steve case was hired as a marketing consultant for control video on the recommendation of his brother, investment banker dan case. in may , jim kimsey became a manufacturing consultant for control video, which was near bankruptcy. kimsey was brought in by his west point friend frank caufield, an investor in the company.[ ] in early , von meister left the company.[ ] on may , , quantum computer services, an online services company, was founded by jim kimsey from the remnants of control video, with kimsey as chief executive officer, and marc seriff as chief technology officer. the technical team consisted of marc seriff, tom ralston, ray heinrich, steve trus, ken huntsman, janet hunter, dave brown, craig dykstra, doug coward, and mike ficco. in , case was promoted again to executive vice-president. kimsey soon began to groom case to take over the role of ceo, which he did when kimsey retired in .[ ] kimsey changed the company's strategy, and in , launched a dedicated online service for commodore and computers, originally called quantum link ("q-link" for short).[ ] the quantum link software was based on software licensed from playnet, inc, (founded in by howard goldberg and dave panzl). the service was different from other online services as it used the computing power of the commodore and the apple ii rather than just a "dumb" terminal. it passed tokens back and forth and provided a fixed price service tailored for home users. in may , quantum and apple launched applelink personal edition for apple ii[ ] and macintosh computers. in august , quantum launched pc link, a service for ibm-compatible pcs developed in a joint venture with the tandy corporation. after the company parted ways with apple in october , quantum changed the service's name to america online.[ ][ ] case promoted and sold aol as the online service for people unfamiliar with computers, in contrast to compuserve, which was well established in the technical community.[ ] from the beginning, aol included online games in its mix of products; many classic and casual games were included in the original playnet software system. in the early years of aol the company introduced many innovative online interactive titles and games, including: 	graphical chat environments habitat ( – ) and club caribe ( ) from lucasarts. 	the first online interactive fiction series quantumlink serial by tracy reed ( ). 	quantum space, the first fully automated play-by-mail game ( – ). – : internet age, time warner merger first aol logo as "america online", used from to . in february , aol for dos was launched using a geoworks interface followed a year later by aol for windows.[ ] this coincided with growth in pay-based online services, like prodigy, compuserve, and genie. also saw the introduction of an original dungeons & dragons title called neverwinter nights from stormfront studios; which was one of the first multiplayer online role playing games to depict the adventure with graphics instead of text.[ ] during the early s, the average subscription lasted for about months and accounted for $ in total revenue. advertisements invited modem owners to "try america online free", promising free software and trial membership.[ ] aol discontinued q-link and pc link in late . in september , aol added usenet access to its features.[ ] this is commonly referred to as the "eternal september", as usenet's cycle of new users was previously dominated by smaller numbers of college and university freshmen gaining access in september and taking a few weeks to acclimate. this also coincided with a new "carpet bombing" marketing campaign by cmo jan brandt to distribute as many free trial aol trial disks as possible through nonconventional distribution partners. at one point, % of the cds produced worldwide had an aol logo.[ ] aol quickly surpassed genie, and by the mid- s, it passed prodigy (which for several years allowed aol advertising) and compuserve.[ ] over the next several years, aol launched services with the national education association, the american federation of teachers, national geographic, the smithsonian institution, the library of congress, pearson, scholastic, ascd, nsba, ncte, discovery networks, turner education services (cnn newsroom), npr, the princeton review, stanley kaplan, barron's, highlights for kids, the u.s. department of education, and many other education providers. aol offered the first real-time homework help service (the teacher pager— ; prior to this, aol provided homework help bulletin boards), the first service by children, for children (kids only online, ), the first online service for parents (the parents information network, ), the first online courses ( ), the first omnibus service for teachers (the teachers' information network, ), the first online exhibit (library of congress, ), the first parental controls, and many other online education firsts.[ ] aol purchased search engine webcrawler in , but sold it to excite the following year; the deal made excite the sole search and directory service on aol.[ ] after the deal closed in march , aol launched its own branded search engine, based on excite, called netfind. this was renamed to aol search in .[ ] america online . software for microsoft windows ( ) aol charged its users an hourly fee until december ,[ ] when the company changed to a flat monthly rate of $ . .[ ] during this time, aol connections were flooded with users trying to connect, and many canceled their accounts due to constant busy signals. a commercial was made featuring steve case telling people aol was working day and night to fix the problem. within three years, aol's user base grew to  million people. in aol was headquartered at westwood center drive in the tysons corner cdp in unincorporated fairfax county, virginia,[ ][ ] near the town of vienna.[ ] aol was quickly running out of room in october for its network at the fairfax county campus. in mid- , aol moved to aol way in dulles, unincorporated loudoun county, virginia to provide room for future growth.[ ] in a five-year landmark agreement with the most popular operating system, aol was bundled with windows software.[ ] on march , , the short-lived eworld was purchased by aol. in , about half of all u.s. homes with internet access had it through aol.[ ] during this time, aol's content channels, under jason seiken, including news, sports, and entertainment, experienced their greatest growth as aol become the dominant online service internationally with more than  million subscribers. in november , aol announced it would acquire netscape, best known for their web browser, in a major $ .  billion deal.[ ] the deal closed on march , . another large acquisition in december was that of mapquest, for $ .  billion.[ ] in january , as new broadband technologies were being rolled out around nyc metropolitan area, and the u.s., aol and time warner announced plans to merge, forming aol time warner, inc. the terms of the deal called for aol shareholders to own % of the new, combined company. the deal closed on january , . the new company was led by executives from aol, sbi, and time warner. gerald levin, who had served as ceo of time warner, was ceo of the new company. steve case served as chairman, j. michael kelly (from aol) was the chief financial officer, robert w. pittman (from aol) and dick parsons (from time warner) served as co-chief operating officers.[ ] in , jonathan miller became ceo of aol.[ ] the following year, aol time warner dropped the "aol" from its name. it was the largest merger in history when completed with the combined value of the companies at $  billion. this value fell sharply, as low as $  billion as markets repriced aol's valuation as a pure internet firm more modestly when combined with the traditional media and cable business. this state didn't last long, and the company's value rose again within months. by the end of that year, the tide had turned against "pure" internet companies, with many collapsing under falling stock prices, and even the strongest companies in the field losing up to % of their market value. the decline continued though , but even with the losses, aol was among the internet giants that continued to outperform brick and mortar companies.[ ] in , along with the launch of aol . optimized, aol also made available the option of personalized greetings which would enable the user to hear his or her name while accessing basic functions and mail alerts, or while logging in or out. in , aol broadcast the live concert live over the internet, and thousands of users downloaded clips of the concert over the following months.[ ] in late , aol released aol safety & security center, a bundle of mcafee antivirus, ca anti-spyware, and proprietary firewall and phishing protection software.[ ] news reports in late identified companies such as yahoo!, microsoft, and google as candidates for turning aol into a joint venture.[ ] those plans were abandoned when it was revealed on december , , that google would purchase a % share of aol for $  billion. – : rebranding and decline former aol logo, used from to on april , , aol announced it was retiring the full name america online; the official name of the service became aol, and the full name of the time warner subdivision became aol llc.[ ] on june , ,[ ] aol offered a new program called aol active security monitor, a diagnostic tool which checked the local pc's security status, and recommended additional security software from aol or download.com. the program rated the computer on a variety of different areas of security and general computer health. two months later,[ ] aol released aol active virus shield. this software was developed by kaspersky lab. active virus shield software was free and did not require an aol account, only an internet email address. the isp side of aol uk was bought by carphone warehouse in october to take advantage of their , llu customers, making carphone warehouse the biggest llu provider in the uk.[ ] decline in aol u.s. subscribers q – q , with a significant drop from q onward. in august , aol announced they would give away email accounts and software previously available only to its paying customers provided the customer accessed aol or aol.com through a non-aol-owned access method (otherwise known as "third party transit", "bring your own access", or "byoa"). the move was designed to reduce costs associated with the "walled garden" business model by reducing usage of aol-owned access points and shifting members with high-speed internet access from client-based usage to the more lucrative advertising provider, aol.com.[ ] the change from paid to free was also designed to slow the rate of members canceling their accounts and defecting to microsoft hotmail, yahoo!, or other free email providers. the other free services included:[ ] 	aim (aol instant messenger) 	aol video[ ] featured professional content and allowed users to upload videos as well. 	aol local, comprising its cityguide,[ ] yellow pages[ ] and local search[ ] services to help users find local information like restaurants, local events, and directory listings. 	aol news 	aol my eaddress, a custom domain name for email addresses. these email accounts could be accessed in a manner similar to other aol and aim email accounts. 	xdrive, which was a service offered by aol, allowed users to back up their files over the internet.[ ] it was acquired by aol on august , [ ] and closed on december , .[ ] it offered a free gb account (free online file storage) to anyone with an aol screenname.[ ] xdrive also provided remote backup services and  gb of storage for a $ . per month fee.[ ] also that month, aol informed its us customers it would be increasing the price of its dial-up access to us$ . . the increase was part of an effort to migrate the service's remaining dial-up users to broadband, as the increased price was the same price they had been charging for monthly dsl access.[ ] however, aol has since started offering their services for $ . a month for unlimited dial-up access.[ ] on november , , randy falco succeeded jonathan miller as ceo.[ ] in december , aol closed their last remaining call center in the united states, "taking the america out of america online" according to industry pundits. service centers based in india and the philippines continue to this day to provide customer support and technical assistance to subscribers.[ ] an aol mobile sign at gsma barcelona, spain, on september , , aol announced it was moving one of its corporate headquarters from dulles, virginia, to new york city[ ] and combining its various advertising units into a new subsidiary called platform a. this action followed several advertising acquisitions, most notably advertising.com, and highlighted the company's new focus on advertising-driven business models. aol management stressed "significant operations" will remain in dulles, which included the company's access services and modem banks. in october , aol announced it would move one of its other headquarters from loudoun county, virginia, to new york city; it would continue to operate its virginia offices.[ ] as part of the impending move to new york and the restructuring of responsibilities at the dulles headquarters complex after the reston move, aol ceo randy falco announced on october , , plans to lay off , employees worldwide by the end of , beginning "immediately".[ ] the end result was a near % layoff across the board at aol. most compensation packages associated with the october layoffs included a minimum of days of severance pay, of which were given in lieu of the -day advance notice requirement by provisions of the federal warn act.[ ] by november , aol's customer base had been reduced to .  million subscribers,[ ] just narrowly ahead of comcast and at&t yahoo!. according to falco, as of december , the conversion rate of accounts from paid access to free access was over %.[ ] on january , , aol announced the closing of one of its three northern virginia data centers, reston technology center, and sold it to crg west.[ ] on february , time warner ceo jeff bewkes announced time warner would split aol's internet access and advertising businesses in two, with the possibility of later selling the internet access division.[ ] on march , , aol purchased the social networking site bebo for $ m (£ m).[ ] on july , aol announced it was shedding xdrive, aol pictures, and bluestring to save on costs and focus on its core advertising business.[ ] aol pictures was terminated on december . on october , aol hometown (a web hosting service for the websites of aol customers) and the aol journal blog hosting service were eliminated.[ ] – : as a digital media company the aol 'eraser' logo, in use since on march , , tim armstrong, formerly with google, was named chairman and ceo of aol.[ ] shortly thereafter, on may , time warner announced it would spin off aol as an independent company once google's shares ceased at the end of the fiscal year.[ ] on november , aol unveiled a sneak preview of a new brand identity which has the wordmark "aol." superimposed onto canvases created by commissioned artists. the new identity, designed by wolff olins,[ ] was enacted onto all of aol's services on december , the date aol traded independently for the first time since the time warner merger on the new york stock exchange under the symbol aol.[ ] on april , , aol announced plans to shut down or sell bebo;[ ] on june , the property was sold to criterion capital partners for an undisclosed amount, believed to be around $  million.[ ] in december, aim eliminated access to aol chat rooms noting a marked decline of patronage in recent months.[ ] under armstrong's leadership, aol began taking steps in a new business direction, marked by a series of acquisitions. on june , , aol had already announced the acquisition of patch media, a network of community-specific news and information sites which focuses on individual towns and communities.[ ] on september , , at the san francisco techcrunch disrupt conference, aol signed an agreement to acquire techcrunch to further its overall strategy of providing premier online content.[ ][ ] on december , , aol acquired about.me, a personal profile and identity platform, four days after that latter's public launch.[ ] on january , , aol announced the acquisition of european video distribution network, goviral.[ ] in march , aol acquired huffpost for $  million.[ ][ ] shortly after the acquisition was announced, huffington post co-founder arianna huffington replaced aol content chief david eun, assuming the role of president and editor-in-chief of the aol huffington post media group.[ ] on march , aol announced it would cut around workers due to the huffpost acquisition.[ ] on september , , aol formed a strategic ad selling partnership with two of its largest competitors, yahoo and microsoft. according to the new partnership, the three companies would begin selling inventory on each other's sites. the strategy was designed to help them compete with google and ad networks.[ ] on february , , aol partnered with pbs to launch makers, a digital documentary series focusing on high-achieving women in male-dominated industries such as war, comedy, space, business, hollywood and politics.[ ][ ][ ] subjects for makers episodes have included oprah winfrey, hillary clinton, sheryl sandberg, martha stewart, indra nooyi, lena dunham, and ellen degeneres. on march , , aol announced the acquisition of hipster, a mobile photo-sharing app for an undisclosed amount.[ ] on april , , aol announced a deal to sell patents to microsoft for $ .  billion. the deal includes a "perpetual" license for aol to use these patents.[ ] in april, aol took several steps to expand its ability to generate revenue through online video advertising. the company announced it would offer gross rating point (grp) guarantee for online video, mirroring the tv ratings system and guaranteeing audience delivery for online video advertising campaigns bought across its properties.[ ] this announcement came just days before the digital content newfront (dcnf) a two-week event held by aol, google, hulu, microsoft, vevo and yahoo to showcase the participating sites' digital video offerings. the digital content newfront were conducted in advance of the traditional television upfronts in hopes of diverting more advertising money into the digital space.[ ] on april , the company launched the aol on network, a single website for its video output.[ ] in february , aol reported its fourth quarter revenue of $ .  million, its first growth in quarterly revenue in years.[ ] in august , armstrong announced patch media would scale back or sell hundreds of its local news sites.[ ] not long afterwards, layoffs began, with up to out of , positions initially impacted.[ ] on january , , patch media was spun off, with majority ownership being held by hale global.[ ] by the end of , aol controlled . % of the global advertising market, well behind industry leader google's . %.[ ] on january , , aol acquired gravity, a software startup that tracked users' online behavior and tailored ads and content based on their interests, for $  million.[ ] the deal, which included roughly gravity employees and their personalization technology, was ceo tim armstrong's fourth largest deal since taking over the company in . later that year, aol also acquired vidible, which developed technology to help websites run video content from other publishers, and help video publishers sell their content to these websites. the deal, which was announced december , , was reportedly worth roughly $  million.[ ] on july , , aol earned an emmy nomination for the aol original series, the future starts here, in the news and documentary category.[ ] this came days after aol earned its first primetime emmy award nomination for park bench with steve buscemi in the outstanding short form variety series category, which later won the award.[ ] created and hosted by tiffany shlain, the series focused on human's relationship with technology and featured episodes such as the future of our species, why we love robots, and a case for optimism. – : division of verizon aol's silicon valley branch office. on may , , verizon announced plans to buy aol for $ per share in a deal valued at $ .  billion. the transaction was completed on june . armstrong, who continued to lead the firm following regulatory approval, called the deal the logical next step for aol. "if you look forward five years, you're going to be in a space where there are going to be massive, global-scale networks, and there's no better partner for us to go forward with than verizon." he said. "it's really not about selling the company today. it's about setting up for the next five to years."[ ] analyst david bank said he thought the deal made sense for verizon.[ ] the deal will broaden verizon's advertising sales platforms and increase its video production ability through websites such as huffpost, techcrunch, and engadget.[ ] however, craig moffett said it was unlikely the deal would make a big difference to verizon's bottom line.[ ] aol had about two million dial-up subscribers at the time of the buyout.[ ] the announcement caused aol's stock price to rise %, while verizon's stock price dropped slightly.[ ] shortly before the verizon purchase, on april , , aol launched one by aol, a digital marketing programmatic platform that unifies buying channels and audience management platforms to track and optimize campaigns over multiple screens.[ ] later that year, on september , aol expanded the product with one by aol: creative, which is geared towards creative and media agencies to similarly connect marketing and ad distribution efforts.[ ] on may , , aol reported its first-quarter revenue of $ .  million, $ .  million of which came from advertising and related operations, marking a % increase from q . over that year, the aol platforms division saw a % increase in revenue, but a drop in adjusted oibda due to increased investments in the company's video and programmatic platforms.[ ] on june , , aol announced a deal with microsoft to take over the majority of its digital advertising business. under the pact, as many as , microsoft employees involved with the business will be transferred to aol, and the company will take over the sale of display, video, and mobile ads on various microsoft platforms in nine countries, including brazil, canada, the united states, and the united kingdom. additionally, google search will be replaced on aol properties with bing—which will display advertising sold by microsoft. both advertising deals are subject to affiliate marketing revenue sharing.[ ][ ] on july , , aol received two news and documentary emmy nominations, one for makers in the outstanding historical programming category, and the other for true trans with laura jane grace, which documented the story of laura jane grace, a transgender musician best known as the founder, lead singer, songwriter and guitarist of the punk rock band against me!, and her decision to come out publicly and overall transition experience.[ ] on september , , aol agreed to buy millennial media for us$  million.[ ] on october , , aol completed the acquisition.[ ] on october , , go , a free ad-supported mobile video service aimed at young adult and teen viewers that verizon owns and aol oversees and operates launched its content publicly after months of beta testing.[ ][ ] the initial launch line-up included content from comedy central, huffpost, nerdist news, univision news, vice, espn and mtv.[ ] on january , , aol expanded its one platform by introducing one by aol: publishers, which combines six previously separate technologies to offer various publisher capabilities such as customizing video players, offering premium ad experience to boost visibility, and generating large video libraries.[ ] the announcement was made in tandem with aol's acquisition of alephd, a paris-based startup focused on publisher analytics of ad price tracking based on historical data.[ ] aol announced alephd would be a part of the one by aol: publishers platform.[ ] on april , , aol acquired virtual reality studio ryot to bring immersive degree video and vr content to huffpost's global audience across desktop, mobile, and apps.[ ] in july , verizon communications announced its intent to purchase the core internet business of yahoo!. verizon tentatively plans to merge aol with yahoo into a new company called "oath inc." which in january rebranded itself as verizon media.[ ] in april , oath inc. sold moviefone to moviepass parent helios and matheson analytics.[ ][ ][ ] in november the huffington post was sold to buzzfeed in a stock deal.[ ] –present: division of apollo on may , , verizon announced it would sell aol and yahoo to apollo for $ billion.[ ] products and services content 	 	this section needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (april ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) as of , the following media brands became subsidiary of aol's parent verizon media.[ ] 	huffpost[ ][ ] (sold to buzzfeed in november ) 	engadget[ ] 	autoblog[ ] 	techcrunch[ ] 	cambio[ ] aol's content contributors consists of over , bloggers, including politicians, celebrities, academics, and policy experts, who contribute on a wide range of topics making news.[ ] in addition to mobile-optimized web experiences, aol produces mobile applications for existing aol properties like autoblog, engadget, the huffington post, techcrunch, and products such as alto, pip, and vivv. advertising aol has a global portfolio of media brands and advertising services across mobile, desktop, and tv. services include brand integration and sponsorships through its in-house branded content arm, partner studio by aol, as well as data and programmatic offerings through ad technology stack, one by aol. aol acquired a number of businesses and technologies help to form one by aol. these acquisitions included adaptv in and convertro, precision demand, and vidible in .[ ] one by aol is further broken down into one by aol for publishers (formerly vidible, aol on network and be on for publishers) and one by aol for advertisers, each of which have several sub-platforms.[ ][ ] on september , , aol's parent company oath consolidated yahoo brightroll, one by aol and yahoo gemini to 'simplify' adtech service by launching a single advertising proposition dubbed oath ad platforms.[ ] membership aol offers a range of integrated products and properties including communication tools, mobile apps and services and subscription packages. 	dial-up internet access – according to aol quarterly earnings report may , , .  million people still use aol's dial-up service.[ ] 	aol mail – aol mail is aol's proprietary email client. it is fully integrated with aim and links to news headlines on aol content sites. 	aol instant messenger (aim) – was aol's proprietary instant-messaging tool. it was released in . it lost market share to competition in the instant messenger market such as google chat, facebook messenger, and skype.[ ] it also included a video-chat service, av by aim. on december , , aol discontinued aim.[ ] 	aol plans – aol plans offers three online safety and assistance tools: id protection, data security and a general online technical assistance service.[ ] aol desktop aol desktop	developer(s)	aol 	initial release	december  , ; years ago ( - - )[ ] 	 	stable release	 . [ ](windows) . (macos) / august , 	preview release	 . . / january , .[ ] 	 	written in	c++ 	operating system	microsoft windows xp or later, mac os x . . or later 	type	internet suite 	license	proprietary 	website	help.aol.com/articles/aol-desktop-downloading-and-installing aol desktop is an internet suite produced by aol from [ ][ ] that integrates a web browser, a media player and an instant messenger client.[ ] version .x was based on aol openride,[ ] it is an upgrade from such.[ ] the macos version is based on webkit. aol desktop version .x was different from previous aol browsers and aol desktop versions. its features are focused on web browsing as well as email. for instance, one does not have to sign into aol in order to use it as a regular browser. in addition, non-aol email accounts can be accessed through it. primary buttons include "mail", "im", and several shortcuts to various web pages. the first two require users to sign in, but the shortcuts to web pages can be used without authentication. aol desktop version .x was late marked as unsupported in favor of supporting the aol desktop .x versions. version . was released, replacing the internet explorer components of the internet browser with cef[ ] (chromium embedded framework) to give users an improved web browsing experience closer to that of chrome version of aol desktop, currently in beta, is a total rewrite but maintains a similar user interface to the previous . .x series of releases.[ ] in , a new paid version called aol desktop gold was released, available for $ . per month after trial. it replaced the previous free version.[ ] after the shutdown of aim in , aol's original chat rooms continued to be accessible through aol desktop gold, and some rooms remained active during peak hours. that chat system was shut down on december , .[ ] in addition to aol desktop, the company also offered aol toolbar as a browser toolbar for several web browsers that provided quick access to aol services. the toolbar was available from until . criticism aol cds sent to a student dormitory in germany, in its earlier incarnation as a "walled garden" community and service provider, aol received criticism for its community policies, terms of service, and customer service. prior to , aol was known for its direct mailing of cd-roms and . -inch floppy disks containing its software. the disks were distributed in large numbers; at one point, half of the cds manufactured worldwide had aol logos on them.[ ] the marketing tactic was criticized for its environmental cost, and aol cds were recognized as pc world's most annoying tech product.[ ][ ] community leaders aol used a system of volunteers to moderate its chat rooms, forums and user communities. the program dated back to aol's early days, when it charged by the hour for access and one of its highest billing services was chat. aol provided free access to community leaders in exchange for moderating the chat rooms, and this effectively made chat very cheap to operate, and more lucrative than aol's other services of the era. there were , community leaders in .[ ] all community leaders received hours of training and underwent a probationary period. while most community leaders moderated chat rooms, some ran aol communities and controlled their layout and design, with as much as % of aol's content being created or overseen by community managers until .[ ] by , isps were beginning to charge flat rates for unlimited access, which they could do at a profit because they only provided internet access. even though aol would lose money with such a pricing scheme, it was forced by market conditions to offer unlimited access in october . in order to return to profitability, aol rapidly shifted its focus from content creation to advertising, resulting in less of a need to carefully moderate every forum and chat room to keep users willing to pay by the minute to remain connected.[ ] after unlimited access, aol considered scrapping the program entirely, but continued it with a reduced number of community leaders, with scaled-back roles in creating content.[ ] although community leaders continued to receive free access, after they were motivated more by the prestige of the position and the access to moderator tools and restricted areas within aol.[ ][ ] by , there were over , volunteers in the program.[ ] in may , two former volunteers filed a class-action lawsuit alleging aol violated the fair labor standards act by treating volunteers like employees. volunteers had to apply for the position, commit to working for at least three to four hours a week, fill out timecards and sign a non-disclosure agreement.[ ] on july , aol ended its youth corps, which consisted of underage community leaders.[ ] at this time, the united states department of labor began an investigation into the program, but it came to no conclusions about aol's practices.[ ] aol ended its community leader program on june , . the class action lawsuit dragged on for years, even after aol ended the program and aol declined as a major internet company. in , aol finally agreed to settle the lawsuit for $  million.[ ] the community leader program was found to be an example of co-production in a article in international journal of cultural studies.[ ] billing disputes aol has faced a number of lawsuits over claims that it has been slow to stop billing customers after their accounts have been canceled, either by the company or the user. in addition, aol changed its method of calculating used minutes in response to a class action lawsuit. previously, aol would add seconds to the time a user was connected to the service and round up to the next whole minute (thus, a person who used the service for minutes and seconds would be charged for minutes). aol claimed this was to account for sign on/sign off time, but because this practice was not made known to its customers, the plaintiffs won (some also pointed out that signing on and off did not always take seconds, especially when connecting via another isp). aol disclosed its connection-time calculation methods to all of its customers and credited them with extra free hours. in addition, the aol software would notify the user of exactly how long they were connected and how many minutes they were being charged. aol was sued by the ohio attorney general in october for improper billing practices. the case was settled on june , . aol agreed to resolve any consumer complaints filed with the ohio ag's office. in december , aol agreed to provide restitution to florida consumers to settle the case filed against them by the florida attorney general.[ ] account cancellation many customers complained that aol personnel ignored their demands to cancel service and stop billing. in response to approximately consumer complaints, the new york attorney general's office began an inquiry of aol's customer service policies.[citation needed] the investigation revealed that the company had an elaborate scheme for rewarding employees who purported to retain or "save" subscribers who had called to cancel their internet service. in many instances, such retention was done against subscribers' wishes, or without their consent. under the scheme, customer service personnel received bonuses worth tens of thousands of dollars if they could successfully dissuade or "save" half of the people who called to cancel service.[citation needed] for several years, aol had instituted minimum retention or "save" percentages, which consumer representatives were expected to meet. these bonuses, and the minimum "save" rates accompanying them, had the effect of employees not honoring cancellations, or otherwise making cancellation unduly difficult for consumers. on august , , america online agreed to pay $ .  million to the state of new york and reformed its customer service procedures. under the agreement, aol would no longer require its customer service representatives to meet a minimum quota for customer retention in order to receive a bonus.[ ] however the agreement only covered people in the state of new york.[ ] on june , , vincent ferrari documented his account cancellation phone call in a blog post,[ ] stating he had switched to broadband years earlier. in the recorded phone call, the aol representative refused to cancel the account unless the -year-old ferrari explained why aol hours were still being recorded on it. ferrari insisted that aol software was not even installed on the computer. when ferrari demanded that the account be canceled regardless, the aol representative asked to speak with ferrari's father, for whom the account had been set up. the conversation was aired on cnbc. when cnbc reporters tried to have an account on aol cancelled, they were hung up on immediately and it ultimately took more than minutes to cancel the account.[ ] on july , , aol's entire retention manual was released on the internet.[ ] on august , , time warner announced that the company would be dissolving aol's retention centers due to its profits hinging on $  billion in cost cuts. the company estimated that it would lose more than six million subscribers over the following year.[ ] direct marketing of disks some promotional cd-roms distributed in canada. cd in original mailer prior to , aol was infamous for the unsolicited mass direct mail of ⁄ " floppy disks and cd-roms containing their software. they were the most frequent user of this marketing tactic, and received criticism for the environmental cost of the campaign.[ ] according to pc world, in the s "you couldn't open a magazine (pc world included) or your mailbox without an aol disk falling out of it".[ ] the mass distribution of these disks was seen as wasteful by the public and led to protest groups. one such was no more aol cds, a web-based effort by two it workers[ ] to collect one million disks with the intent to return the disks to aol.[ ] the website was started in august , and an estimated , cds were collected by august when the project was shut down.[ ] software in , aol was served with an $  billion lawsuit alleging that its aol . software caused significant difficulties for users attempting to use third-party internet service providers. the lawsuit sought damages of up to $ for each user that had downloaded the software cited at the time of the lawsuit. aol later agreed to a settlement of $  million, without admission of wrongdoing.[ ] the aol software then was given a feature called aol dialer, or aol connect on mac os x. this feature allowed users to connect to the isp without running the full interface. this allowed users to use only the applications they wish to use, especially if they do not favor the aol browser. aol . was once identified by stopbadware as being under investigation[ ] for installing additional software without disclosure, and modifying browser preferences, toolbars, and icons. however, as of the release of aol . vr (vista ready) on january , , it was no longer considered badware due to changes aol made in the software.[ ] usenet newsgroups when aol gave clients access to usenet in , they hid at least one newsgroup in standard list view: alt.aol-sucks. aol did list the newsgroup in the alternative description view, but changed the description to "flames and complaints about america online". with aol clients swarming usenet newsgroups, the old, existing user base started to develop a strong distaste for both aol and its clients, referring to the new state of affairs as eternal september.[ ] aol discontinued access to usenet on june , .[ ] no official details were provided as to the cause of decommissioning usenet access, except providing users the suggestion to access usenet services from a third-party, google groups. aol then provided community-based message boards in lieu of usenet. terms of service (tos) aol has a detailed set of guidelines and expectations for users on their service, known as the terms of service (tos, also known as conditions of service, or cos in the uk). it is separated into three different sections: member agreement, community guidelines and privacy policy.[ ][ ] all three agreements are presented to users at time of registration and digital acceptance is achieved when they access the aol service. during the period when volunteer chat room hosts and board monitors were used, chat room hosts were given a brief online training session and test on terms of service violations. there have been many complaints over rules that govern an aol user's conduct. some users disagree with the tos, citing the guidelines are too strict to follow coupled with the fact the tos may change without users being made aware. a considerable cause for this was likely due to alleged censorship of user-generated content during the earlier years of growth for aol.[ ][ ][ ][ ] certified email in early , aol stated its intention to implement a certified email system called goodmail, which will allow companies to send email to users with whom they have pre-existing business relationships, with a visual indication that the email is from a trusted source and without the risk that the email messages might be blocked or stripped by spam filters. this decision drew fire from moveon, which characterized the program as an "email tax", and the electronic frontier foundation (eff), which characterized it as a shakedown of non-profits.[ ] a website called dearaol.com[ ] was launched, with an online petition and a blog that garnered hundreds of signatures from people and organizations expressing their opposition to aol's use of goodmail. esther dyson defended the move in an editorial in the new york times, saying "i hope goodmail succeeds, and that it has lots of competition. i also think it and its competitors will eventually transform into services that more directly serve the interests of mail recipients. instead of the fees going to goodmail and aol, they will also be shared with the individual recipients."[ ] tim lee of the technology liberation front[ ] posted an article that questioned the electronic frontier foundation's adopting a confrontational posture when dealing with private companies. lee's article cited a series of discussions[ ] on declan mccullagh's politechbot mailing list on this subject between the eff's danny o'brien and antispammer suresh ramasubramanian, who has also compared[ ] the eff's tactics in opposing goodmail to tactics used by republican political strategist karl rove. spamassassin developer justin mason posted some criticism of the eff's and moveon's "going overboard" in their opposition to the scheme. the dearaol.com campaign lost momentum and disappeared, with the last post to the now defunct dearaol.com blog—"aol starts the shakedown" being made on may , . comcast, who also used the service, announced on its website that goodmail had ceased operations and as of february , , they no longer used the service.[ ] search data main article: aol search data scandal on august , , aol released a compressed text file on one of its websites containing  million search keywords for over , users over a -month period between march , and may , intended for research purposes. aol pulled the file from public access by august , but not before its wide distribution on the internet by others. derivative research, titled a picture of search[ ] was published by authors pass, chowdhury and torgeson for the first international conference on scalable information systems.[ ] the data were used by websites such as aolstalker[ ] for entertainment purposes, where users of aolstalker are encouraged to judge aol clients based on the humorousness of personal details revealed by search behavior. user list exposure in , jason smathers, an aol employee, was convicted of stealing america online's  million screen names and selling them to a known spammer. smathers pled guilty to conspiracy charges in .[ ][ ] smathers pled guilty to violations of the us can-spam act of .[ ] he was sentenced in august to months in prison; the sentencing judge also recommended smathers be forced to pay $ , in restitution, triple the $ , that he sold the addresses for.[ ] aol's computer checkup "scareware" on february , , a class action lawsuit was filed against support.com, inc. and partner aol, inc. the lawsuit alleged support.com and aol's computer checkup "scareware" (which uses software developed by support.com) misrepresented that their software programs would identify and resolve a host of technical problems with computers, offered to perform a free "scan," which often found problems with users' computers. the companies then offered to sell software—for which aol allegedly charged $ . a month and support.com $ —to remedy those problems.[ ] both aol, inc. and support.com, inc. settled on may , , for $ .  million. this included $ . to each valid class member and $ , each to consumer watchdog and the electronic frontier foundation.[ ] judge jacqueline scott corley wrote: "distributing a portion of the [funds] to consumer watchdog will meet the interests of the silent class members because the organization will use the funds to help protect consumers across the nation from being subject to the types of fraudulent and misleading conduct that is alleged here," and "eff's mission includes a strong consumer protection component, especially in regards to online protection."[ ] aol continues to market computer checkup.[ ] nsa prism program following media reports about prism, nsa's massive electronic surveillance program, in june , several technology companies were identified as participants, including aol. according to leaks of said program, aol joined the prism program in .[ ] hosting of user profiles changed, then discontinued at one time, most aol users had an online "profile" hosted by the aol hometown service. when aol hometown was discontinued, users had to create a new profile on bebo. this was an unsuccessful attempt to create a social network that would compete with facebook. when the value of bebo decreased to a tiny fraction of the $  million aol paid for it, users were forced to recreate their profiles yet again, on a new service called aol lifestream. aol took the decision to shut down lifestream on february , , and gave users one month's notice to save off photos and videos that had been uploaded to lifestream.[ ] following the shutdown, aol no longer provides any option for hosting user profiles. during the hometown/bebo/lifestream era, another user's profile could be displayed by clicking the "buddy info" button in the aol desktop software. after the shutdown of lifestream, clicking "buddy info" does something that provides no information whatsoever about the selected buddy: it causes the aim home page (www.aim.com) to be displayed. see also 	adrian lamo – inside-aol.com 	aohell 	comparison of webmail providers 	david shing 	dot-com bubble 	list of acquisitions by aol 	list of s&p companies 	live 	sessions@aol 	truveo references 	^ nollinger, matt (september , ). "america, online!". wired. retrieved october , . 	^ "verizon buys faded internet pioneer aol for $ . bn". 	^ a b c d e imbert, fred (may , ). "verizon to buy aol for $ . b; aol shares soar". cnbc. retrieved may , . 	^ sawers, paul (june , ). "verizon completes $ . b acquisition of aol". venturebeat. retrieved june , . 	^ a b business, jordan valinsky, cnn. "verizon offloads yahoo and aol in $ billion deal". cnn. retrieved may , . 	^ a b klein, alec ( ). stealing time: davin, quinton, and the collapse of aol time warner. new york: simon & schuster. isbn  - - - - . 	^ a b c d e david lumb (may , ). "a brief history of aol". fast company. retrieved may , . 	^ a b c d charles warner ( ). media selling: television, print, internet, radio. john wiley & sons. isbn  - - - - . 	^ peter friedman interviewed on the tv show triangulation on the twit.tv network 	^ "history of computing industrial era ( – )". the history of computing project. march , . archived from the original on november , . retrieved september , . 	^ "apple ii history chapter ". december , . archived from the original on august , . retrieved september , . 	^ "the original neverwinter nights – ". bladekeep.com. 	^ "own a modem?". computer gaming world. august . pp.  – . 	^ catb.org. catb.org. retrieved on july , . 	^ siegler, mg (december , ). "how much did it cost aol to send us those cds in the s? "a lot!," says steve case". techcrunch. retrieved march , . 	^ michael wolff ( ). netstudy. dell publishing. 	^ "aol gets excited – nov. , ". 	^ "history of aol search". july , . 	^ "for $ . a month, unlimited headaches for aol". january , . archived from the original on january , . 	^ "encyclopedia.com". the washington post. april , . archived from the original on november , . retrieved may , . 	^ "tysons corner cdp, virginia." united states census bureau. retrieved on may , . archived november , , at the wayback machine 	^ sugawara, sandra. "america online to reduce rates; firm faces subscriber boycott, pressure from competitors." the washington post. october , . financial b . retrieved on may , . 	^ "company overview". corp.aol.com. aol. february , . archived from the original on february , . 	^ david bank ( ). breaking windows: how bill gates fumbled the future of microsoft. simon and schuster. p.  . isbn  - - - - . 	^ "the fall of facebook". (december ). the atlantic, pp. . 	^ "aol acquires mapquest – dec. , ". 	^ tim arango (january , ). "how the aol-time warner merger went so wrong". the new york times. 	^ henry, shannon (august , ). "at aol, new boss largely unknown; 'who's jon miller?' employees ask at dulles offices". wash. post. archived from the original on march , – via highbeam research. note: only the beginning of the news article was available, the remainder behind a paywall. 	^ bryer, lanning; seminsky, melvin ( ). intellectual property assets in mergers and acquisitions. wiley. 	^ "live ". billboard: . july , . 	^ jeff bertolucci (july ). "protect your pc". kiplinger's personal finance. 	^ yang, catherine (november , ). "has aol met its match?". businessweek. archived from the original on january , . retrieved august , . 	^ "america online changes its name to aol". april , . archived from the original on july , . retrieved july , . 	^ aol launches free software to improve pc security for all internet users. time warner. retrieved on july , . 	^ "aol news and broadcast center". press.aol.com. november , . archived from the original on june , . retrieved july , . 	^ "carphone warehouse buying aol uk". bbc news. october , . retrieved april , . 	^ aol scraps fees in bid to keep users. usa today. retrieved on april , . 	^ "aol uses refurbished software to woo customers". the money times. october , . archived from the original on november , . retrieved november , . 	^ video.aol.com. video.aol.com (november , ). retrieved on july , . 	^ "cityguide.aol.com". cityguide.aol.com. archived from the original on january , . retrieved april , . 	^ yellowpages.aol.com archived july , , at the wayback machine. yellowpages.aol.com. retrieved on july , . 	^ "local.aol.com". archived from the original on june , . retrieved july , . 	^ a b c pogue, david (january , ). "fewer excuses for not doing a pc backup". the new york times. retrieved january , . quote: "online backups, where files are shuttled off to the internet for safekeeping, are suddenly becoming effortless, capacious and even free." 	^ "america online, inc. announces acquisition of xdrive, inc". retrieved july , . 	^ "aol begins shutdown of aol pictures, bluestring and xdrive". techcrunch. retrieved july , . 	^ mills, elinor (february , ). "aol hanging up on dial-up customers?". cnet. retrieved february , . 	^ "aol price plans". archived from the original on november , . retrieved november , . 	^ "randy falco is the new ceo of aol". techwhack. 	^ stafford, jim (december , ). "america online to close city call center". the oklahoman. 	^ steel, emily (september , ). "aol moves headquarters to new york city". the wall street journal. retrieved september , . 	^ goldfarb, zachary and sam diaz (september , ). "aol moving executives, headquarters to new york". the washington post. retrieved may , . 	^ a b hansell, saul (october , ). "tuesday is layoff day at aol". the new york times. archived from the original on october , . retrieved october , . 	^ rosencrance, linda (november , ). "aol revenue, subscribers plummet". computerworld. archived from the original on november , . retrieved november , . 	^ "aol (twx): randy falco's year-end love note to aolers". archived from the original on december , . retrieved december , . 	^ "crg west accounces the acquisition of data center in reston, virginia" (pdf). january , . archived (pdf) from the original on december , . retrieved november , . 	^ "time warner will split aol: financial news – yahoo! finance". biz.yahoo.com. archived from the original on february , . 	^ bbc news | business aol acquires bebo social network 	^ "aol begins shutdown of aol pictures, bluestring and xdrive". techcrunch. retrieved july , . 	^ "we're closing our doors". peopleconnectionblog.com. aol. archived from the original on october , . 	^ tim armstrong named chairman and ceo of aol. aol press release. retrieved on april , . 	^ time warner walking out on aol marriage. nbc news (may , ). retrieved on july , . 	^ public class. "aol". wolff olins. archived from the original on november , . retrieved january , . 	^ aol celebrates day one as an independent company. aol press release. retrieved on april , . 	^ barnett, emma (april , ). "aol prepares to shut down bebo". telegraph.co.uk. london. retrieved april , . 	^ aol sells bebo for scrap – and a $ million tax break. cnn money. retrieved on april , . 	^ why is aim chat closed? archived october , , at the wayback machine. aol help. retrieved on april , . 	^ swisher, kara. "back to the future: aol goes local with two acquisitions (including ceo's company)". allthingsd. retrieved june , . 	^ armstrong, tim (september , ). "we got techcrunch!". techcrunch. archived from the original on october , . retrieved september , . 	^ arrington, michael (september , ). "why we sold techcrunch to aol and where we go from here". techcrunch. archived from the original on september , . retrieved september , . 	^ aol acquires personal profile startup about.me. techcrunch. retrieved april , . 	^ online video distribution network goviral acquired by aol europe. aol press release. retrieved april , . 	^ a b steel, emily (march , ). "aol completes purchase of huffington post". the wall street journal. 	^ aol buys huffington post: the beginning of the end?. guardian. retrieved on july , . 	^ wired.com. wired.com. retrieved on july , . 	^ pepitone, julianne (march , ). "aol cuts jobs after huffpo buy". cnn. 	^ "allthingsd.com". allthingsd.com. september , . retrieved january , . 	^ dwyer, kate (march , ). "how you can be in the music video for michelle obama's song with zendaya and lea michele". teen vogue. 	^ "aol and pbs announce 'makers: women who make america'". pbs. february , . 	^ "aol and pbs announce 'makers: women who make america'". aol corp. retrieved january , . 	^ aol acquires mobile photo-sharing app hipster. venturebeat. retrieved on april , . 	^ aol and microsoft announce $ . billion deal. aol press release. retrieved on april , . 	^ thielman, sam. "nielsen, aol chase ads with tv-like ratings web giant issues bold guarantees regarding its online grp's". adweek. retrieved april , . 	^ vega, tanzia; elliott, stuart (april , ). "small screens, big dollars". the new york times. retrieved july , . 	^ coyle, jake (april , ). "aol launches online video network, aol on". associated press. retrieved may , . 	^ hagey, keach (february , ). "aol quarterly revenue rises for first time in years". the wall street journal. retrieved july , . 	^ kafka, peter (august , ). " patch sites on the block, aol says". allthingsd. retrieved august , . 	^ hagey, keach (august , ). "aol begins layoffs at patch". the wall street journal. retrieved august , . 	^ kaufman, leslie (january , ). "aol finds a partner to run its troubled patch division". new york times. 	^ a b c "verizon buys aol for $ . bn". bbc. may , . retrieved may , . 	^ macmillan, douglas (january , ). "aol buys software startup gravity". wsj blogs - digits. retrieved january , . 	^ "aol adds more video help by buying content syndicator vidible for around $ million". re/code. december . retrieved january , . 	^ "aol original "the future starts here" by @tiffanyshlain nominated for news and documentary emmy award". 	^ "steve buscemi gets emmy love for 'park bench'". 	^ "aol corp". aol corp. retrieved january , . 	^ "aol corp". aol corp. retrieved january , . 	^ "quarterly earnings – investor relations – aol". ir.aol.com. retrieved february , . 	^ grandoni, dino (june , ). "aol in deal with microsoft to take over display ad business". the new york times. retrieved june , . 	^ shields, mike; ovide, shira (june , ). "aol takes over majority of microsoft's ad business, swaps google search for bing". the wall street journal. retrieved june , . 	^ "nominees for the th annual news & documentary emmy awards announced" (pdf). archived from the original (pdf) on february , . 	^ "aol confirms it is buying millennial media in $ m deal to expand in mobile ads". techcrunch. 	^ "aol completes acquisition of millennial media". nasdaq. 	^ a b "verizon launches go mobile video service". usa today. retrieved january , . 	^ roettgers, janko (october , ). "verizon may strike partnerships with other carriers to take go international". variety. retrieved january , . 	^ "aol introduces new 'all-in-one' platform for publishers". adage.com. retrieved february , . 	^ ha, anthony. "aol acquires alephd to be part of its newly unified publisher platform". techcrunch. retrieved february , . 	^ "aol buys alephd to boost publisher support". www.ecommercetimes.com. retrieved february , . 	^ "aol acquires vr content studio ryot to bring immersive video to the huffington post". venturebeat.com. april , . retrieved april , . 	^ "verizon is mashing yahoo and aol into a new company called oath". the verge. april , . retrieved april , . 	^ todd spangler (april , ). "moviepass parent acquires moviefone in deal with verizon's oath". variety. 	^ "helios and matheson analytics and moviepass acquire moviefone in strategic move". businesswire. april , . 	^ rhett jones (april , ). "moviepass buys moviefone as it presses forward with movie theater domination". gizmodo. 	^ hagey, benjamin mullin and keach (november , ). "buzzfeed to acquire huffpost in stock deal with verizon media". the wall street journal. issn  - . retrieved january , . 	^ "verizon has sold mapping service mapquest as the telecom giant continues to trim its media investments". business insider. 	^ "aol agrees to acquire the huffington post". huffpost. february , . 	^ "aol buys blog network weblogs inc". msnbc.com. october , . retrieved june , . 	^ "aol buys huffington post for $ million, arianna to head aol media". wired. retrieved july , . 	^ arrington, michael. "why we sold techcrunch to aol, and where we go from here". techcrunch. retrieved december , . 	^ stelter, brian. "aol teams with jonas group for mtv-style site". retrieved june , . 	^ "aol products and services: content". archived from the original on july , . retrieved july , . 	^ "overview". aol corp. retrieved february , . 	^ "one by aol for publishers". aol platforms. retrieved february , . 	^ "one by aol for advertisers". aol platforms. retrieved february , . 	^ cameron clarke (september , ). "oath consolidates brightroll, one by aol and yahoo gemini to 'simplify' adtech service. launches a single advertising proposition dubbed oath ad platforms". the drum. 	^ matyszczyk, chris. "more than million people still pay for aol dial-up". cnet. retrieved may , . 	^ "a going-away message: aol instant messenger is shutting down". retrieved july , . 	^ molina, brett (october , ). "rip aim: aol instant messenger dies in december". usa today. mclean, virginia. retrieved october , . 	^ "aol membership". aol corp. retrieved february , . 	^ "aol debuts new desktop software for windows". betanews. december , . retrieved january , . 	^ a b "aol desktop for windows". discover aol. archived from the original on september , . retrieved september , . 	"we're sorry. this product is not available outside of the us or canada." 	^ a b "aol beta central". retrieved january , . 	^ "free software from aol - discover aol". december , . archived from the original on december , . retrieved january , . 	^ "aol desktop / aol helix". october , . archived from the original on october , . retrieved january , . 	^ "august th helix beta chat". aol.com. archived from the original on march , . retrieved april , . 	^ "aol heads in new direction with 'helix'". betanews. july , . 	^ "beta – main". beta.aol.com. retrieved july , . 	^ "free aol desktop is being discontinued". 	^ "aol desktop gold chat rooms to shut down on december , ". aol. retrieved june , . 	^ siegler, m (december , ). "comment how much did it cost aol to send us those cds in the s? "a lot!," says steve case". tech crunch. retrieved june , . 	^ dornin, rusty (october , ). "cd overload? send them back to aol". cnn tech. archived from the original on february , . retrieved october , . 	^ "your top most annoying tech products". pcworld. april , . retrieved june , . 	^ a b c "inside aol's "cyber-sweatshop"". wired. retrieved february , . 	^ a b c d postigo, hector (september , ). "america online volunteers: lessons from an early co-production community". international journal of cultural studies. ( ): – . doi: . / . s cid  . 	^ munk, nina ( ). fools rush in: steve case, jerry levin, and the unmaking of aol time warner. harpercollins. pp.  – . isbn  . 	^ napoli, lisa (may , ). "former volunteers sue aol, seeking back pay for work". the new york times. p. section b, page . 	^ a b "the aol chat room monitor revolt". priceonomics. retrieved february , . 	^ kirchner, lauren (february , ). "aol settled with unpaid "volunteers" for $ million". columbia journalism review. 	^ a b "aol". better business bureau. archived from the original on july , . retrieved january , . 	^ a b tynan, dan (may , ). "the worst tech products of all time". pcworld. retrieved april , . 	^ "cancelling aol". insignificantthoughts.com. june , . archived from the original on december , . retrieved november , . 	^ wells, jane (june , ). "how hard can it be to cancel an aol account?". cnbc. retrieved july , . 	^ popken, ben. (july , ) america online: aol retention manual uploaded in full. consumerist.com. retrieved on july , . 	^ aol: timewarner dissolves aol retention centers. consumerist.com (august , ). retrieved on july , . 	^ rusty dornin (october , ). "campaign: send aol cds back". cnn. 	^ what to do with those aol cds, a march cbc news article 	^ a b internet archive wayback machine aug archive of nomoreaolcds.com main page. web.archive.org (august , ). retrieved on july , . 	^ gardencitygroup.com (pdf). retrieved on july , . 	^ "stopbadware.org". archived from the original on february , . 	^ stopbadware.org archived july , , at the wayback machine. stopbadware.org (january , ). retrieved on july , . 	^ "the making of an underclass: aol" archived may , , at the wayback machine net.wars chapter , wendy m. grossman, nyu press, . 	^ aol pulls plug on newsgroup service. betanews. retrieved on july , . 	^ "aol terms of service". help.channels.aol.com/. archived from the original on november , . 	^ "conditions of service". help.aol.co.uk/. archived from the original on may , . 	^ aolwatch.org. aolwatch.org (july , ). retrieved on july , . 	^ thetruthseeker.co.uk archived september , , at the wayback machine, the truth seeker – internet censorship 	^ censorship on aol late – . fglaysher.com (march , ). retrieved on july , . 	^ "electronic frontier foundation". electronic frontier foundation. archived from the original on july , . 	^ cindy cohn (february , ). "aol, yahoo and goodmail: taxing your email for fun and profit". eff. 	^ "stop aol's email tax". dearaol.com. archived from the original on january , . retrieved november , . 	^ dyson, esther (march , ). "you've got goodmail". the new york times. retrieved july , . 	^ techliberation.com archived august , , at the wayback machine. techliberation.com. retrieved on july , . 	^ "debate over dearaol.com between suresh ramasubramanian and danny o'brien". politechbot.com. archived from the original on april , . retrieved november , . 	^ ramasubramanian, suresh (may , ). "eff and its use of propaganda: could karl rove do better? probably". circleid. retrieved november , . 	^ security.comcast.net archived march , , at the wayback machine, february , 	^ ir.iit.edu archived august , , at the wayback machine. (pdf) . retrieved on july , . 	^ cs.hku.hk archived september , , at the wayback machine. cs.hku.hk. retrieved on july , . 	^ "aolstalker homepage". archived from the original on september , . retrieved september , . 	^ "ex-aol worker who stole e-mail list sentenced". nbc news., august , 	^ "pair nabbed in aol spam scheme". thesmokinggun.com. june , . 	^ ex-aol employee pleads guilty in spam case cnn, february , . retrieved march , . 	^ "ex-aol worker who stole e-mail list sentenced". associated press. august , . retrieved august , . 	^ a b davis, wendy (may , ). "aol, support.com settle scareware lawsuit for $ . million". mediapost. retrieved october , . 	^ "final judgment order for lagarde v. support.com inc". justia dockets & filings. 	^ "aol computer checkup: clean & speed up your slow pc – try it free". aol inc. . retrieved october , . 	^ greenwald, glenn; macaskill, ewen (june , ). "nsa prism program taps in to user data of apple, google and others". the guardian. guardian news and media limited. 	^ "aol lifestream sunset notification". retrieved april , . external links 		wikimedia commons has media related to aol. 	official website 		v 	t 	e aol 	websites	 	aol.com 	yahoo! search 	related	 	aolserver 	art image file format 	elwood edwards 	one by aol 	oscar protocol 	tac 	ultravox 	verizon media 	yahoo! 	acquisitions 	former	 	aim 	alto mail 	buy.at 	community leader program 	compuserve 	dmoz 	explorer 	fanhouse 	ficlets 	gravity 	hometown 	neverwinter nights 	on 	politics daily 	press 	propeller.com 	radio 	radio kol 	seed 	singingfish 	socialthing 	toc protocol 	tv 	 	v 	t 	e verizon media 	brands	 	aol 	mail 	built by girls 	engadget 	flurry 	rivals.com 	ryot 	techcrunch 	verizon digital media services 	yahoo! 	former	 	aim 	alto mail 	flickr 	go 	huffpost 	mapquest 	moviefone 	polyvore 	tumblr 	companies portal 	business and economics portal 	internet portal 	new york city portal 	united states portal 	authority control 	general	 	isni 	 	other	 	microsoft academic 	musicbrainz label coordinates: ° ′ ″n ° ′ ″w /  . °n . °w / . ; - . retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=aol&oldid= " 		categories: 	aol 	 establishments in the united states 	 mergers and acquisitions 	companies based in dulles, virginia 	companies based in new york city 	companies formerly listed on the new york stock exchange 	companies in the prism network 	former warnermedia subsidiaries 	internet properties established in 	internet properties established in 	internet service providers of the united states 	internet services supporting openid 	pre–world wide web online services 	telecommunications companies established in 	telecommunications companies established in 	verizon media 	web portals 	web service providers hidden categories: 	webarchive template wayback links 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages 	use mdy dates from may 	articles needing additional references from april 	all articles needing additional references 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from april 	commons category link from wikidata 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ma identifiers 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz label identifiers 	coordinates not on wikidata 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	view source 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 	wikinews 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	azərbaycanca 	বাংলা 	bân-lâm-gú 	Беларуская 	Български 	català 	Čeština 	dansk 	deutsch 	español 	esperanto 	فارسی 	français 	한국어 	हिन्दी 	bahasa indonesia 	Íslenska 	italiano 	עברית 	ಕನ್ನಡ 	ქართული 	magyar 	მარგალური 	bahasa melayu 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	norsk nynorsk 	oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча 	polski 	português 	română 	Русский 	simple english 	سنڌي 	slovenščina 	کوردی 	suomi 	svenska 	ไทย 	türkçe 	Українська 	tiếng việt 	吴语 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 home - duraspace.org 						 			 			 					projects 	dspace 	fedora 	vivo 	who’s using 	services 	archivesdirect 	dspacedirect 	duracloud 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values and benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 			 			 					about duraspace 	projects 	services 	community 	membership 	support 	news & events 			 			 				 				 									 						 							 	 	 	 			 				 			 	 	 	 	 			projects 	dspace 	fedora 	vivo 	who’s using 	services 	archivesdirect 	dspacedirect 	duracloud 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values and benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 	 	 		 			 		 	 	 	 	 			 	 						 					 				 	 					 			 				 					 						 							help us preserve and provide access to the world's intellectual, cultural and scientific heritage 							 								join us 								learn more 							 						 					 				 	 			 			 				 				 					 						latest news 															 									 										 														 																																											 											 . . 											 												dspace press release 											 										 									 								 									 										 														 																																											 											 . . 											 												fedora migration paths and tools project update: july 											 										 									 								 									 										 														 																																											 											 . . 											 												vivo announces dragan ivanović as technical lead 											 										 									 							 					 					 				 			 			 				 					 						 								 									our global community 								 								 									 								 								 									the community duraspace serves is alive with ideas and innovation aimed at collaboratively meeting the needs of the scholarly ecosystem that connects us all. our global community contributes to the advancement of dspace, fedora and vivo. at the same time subscribers to duraspace services are helping to build best practices for delivery of high quality customer service. we are grateful for our community’s continued support and engagement in the enterprise we share as we work together to provide enduring access to the world’s digital heritage. 								 								 									join us 								 				 								  						 					 					 					 						 							 								open source projects 								the fedora, dspace and vivo community-supported projects are proud to provide more than users worldwide from more than countries with freely-available open source software. 							 						 						 															 								 									 										 										fedora is a flexible repository platform with native linked data capabilities. 									 								 							 															 								 									 										 										dspace is a turnkey institutional repository application. 									 								 							 															 								 									 										 										vivo creates an integrated record of the scholarly work of your organization. 									 								 							 														  						 					 					 						 							 								our services 							 							 								 							 							 								archivesdirect, dspacedirect, and duracloud services from duraspace provide access to institutional resources, preservation of treasured collections, and simplified data management tools. our services are built on solid open source software platforms, can be set up quickly, and are competitively priced. staff experts work directly with customers to provide personalized on-boarding and superb customer support. 							 						 						 						 															 								 									 										 										duracloud is a hosted service that lets you control where and how your content is preserved in the cloud. 									 								 							 															 								 									 										 										dspacedirect is a hosted turnkey repository solution. 									 								 							 															 								 									 										 										archivesdirect is a complete, hosted archiving solution. 									 								 							 														  						 					 								 				 			 		 			 				 					 						 							 									about 	about duraspace 	history 	what we do 	board of directors 	meet the team 	policies 	reports 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values & benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 							 						 					 					 						 							 								 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license 							 						 					 				 			 		 				 		 	 bulletin board system - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	bulletin board system 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		computer server not to be confused with internet forum software. 	 	this article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (april ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) a welcome screen for the free-net bulletin board, from a bulletin board system or bbs (also called computer bulletin board service, cbbs[ ]) is a computer server running software that allows users to connect to the system using a terminal program. once logged in, the user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users through public message boards and sometimes via direct chatting. in the early s, message networks such as fidonet were developed to provide services such as netmail, which is similar to internet-based email. many bbses also offer online games in which users can compete with each other. bbses with multiple phone lines often provide chat rooms, allowing users to interact with each other. bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the world wide web, social networks, and other aspects of the internet. low-cost, high-performance asynchronous modems drove the use of online services and bbses through the early s. infoworld estimated that there were , bbses serving million users in the united states alone in , a collective market much larger than major online services such as compuserve. the introduction of inexpensive dial-up internet service and the mosaic web browser offered ease of use and global access that bbs and online systems did not provide, and led to a rapid crash in the market starting in . over the next year, many of the leading bbs software providers went bankrupt and tens of thousands of bbses disappeared. today, bbsing survives largely as a nostalgic hobby in most parts of the world, but it is still an extremely popular form of communication for taiwanese youth (see ptt bulletin board system).[ ] most surviving bbses are accessible over telnet and typically offer free email accounts, ftp services, irc and all the protocols commonly used on the internet. some offer access through packet switched networks or packet radio connections.[ ] contents 	 history 	 . precursors 	 . the first bbses 	 . smartmodem 	 . higher speeds, commercialization 	 . guis 	 . rise of the internet and decline of bbs 	 . estimating numbers 	 software and hardware 	 presentation 	 content and access 	 networks 	 shareware and freeware 	 features 	 see also 	 notes 	 references 	 . citations 	 . sources 	 external links history[edit] precursors[edit] a precursor to the public bulletin board system was community memory, started in august in berkeley, california. useful microcomputers did not exist at that time, and modems were both expensive and slow. community memory therefore ran on a mainframe computer and was accessed through terminals located in several san francisco bay area neighborhoods.[ ][ ] the poor quality of the original modem connecting the terminals to the mainframe prompted community memory hardware person, lee felsenstein, to invent the pennywhistle modem, whose design was highly influential in the mid- s. community memory allowed the user to type messages into a computer terminal after inserting a coin, and offered a "pure" bulletin board experience with public messages only (no email or other features). it did offer the ability to tag messages with keywords, which the user could use in searches. the system acted primarily in the form of a buy and sell system with the tags taking the place of the more traditional classifications. but users found ways to express themselves outside these bounds, and the system spontaneously created stories, poetry and other forms of communications. the system was expensive to operate, and when their host machine became unavailable and a new one could not be found, the system closed in january . similar functionality was available to most mainframe users, which might be considered a sort of ultra-local bbs when used in this fashion. commercial systems, expressly intended to offer these features to the public, became available in the late s and formed the online service market that lasted into the s. one particularly influential example was plato, which had thousands of users by the late s, many of whom used the messaging and chat room features of the system in the same way that would become common on bbses. the first bbses[edit] ward christensen holds an expansion card from the original cbbs s- host machine. early modems were generally either expensive or very simple devices using acoustic couplers to handle telephone operation. the user would first pick up the phone, dial a number, then press the handset into rubber cups on the top of the modem. disconnecting at the end of a call required the user to pick up the handset and return it to the phone. examples of direct-connecting modems did exist, and these often allowed the host computer to send it commands to answer or hang up calls, but these were very expensive devices used by large banks and similar companies. with the introduction of microcomputers with expansion slots, like the s- bus machines and apple ii, it became possible for the modem to communicate instructions and data on separate lines. these machines typically only supported asynchronous communications, and synchronous modems were much more expensive than asynchronous modems. a number of modems of this sort were available by the late s. this made the bbs possible for the first time, as it allowed software on the computer to pick up an incoming call, communicate with the user, and then hang up the call when the user logged off. the first public dial-up bbs was developed by ward christensen and randy suess. according to an early interview, when chicago was snowed under during the great blizzard of , the two began preliminary work on the computerized bulletin board system, or cbbs. the system came into existence largely through a fortuitous combination of christensen having a spare s- bus computer and an early hayes internal modem, and suess's insistence that the machine be placed at his house in chicago where it would be a local phone call for more users. christensen patterned the system after the cork board his local computer club used to post information like "need a ride". cbbs officially went online on february .[ ][ ] cbbs, which kept a count of callers, reportedly connected , callers before it was finally retired.[citation needed] smartmodem[edit] the baud smartmodem led to an initial wave of early bbs systems. a key innovation required for the popularization of the bbs was the smartmodem manufactured by hayes microcomputer products. internal modems like the ones used by cbbs and similar early systems were usable, but generally expensive due to the manufacturer having to make a different modem for every computer platform they wanted to target. they were also limited to those computers with internal expansion, and could not be used with other useful platforms like video terminals. external modems were available for these platforms but required the phone to be dialed using a conventional handset.[a] internal modems could be software-controlled to perform both outbound and inbound calls, but external modems had only the data pins to communicate with the host system. hayes' solution to the problem was to use a small microcontroller to implement a system that examined the data flowing into the modem from the host computer, watching for certain command strings. this allowed commands to be sent to and from the modem using the same data pins as all the rest of the data, meaning it would work on any system that could support even the most basic modems. the smartmodem could pick up the phone, dial numbers, and hang up again, all without any operator intervention. the smartmodem was not necessary for bbs use but made overall operation dramatically simpler. it also improved usability for the caller, as most terminal software allowed different phone numbers to be stored and dialed on command, allowing the user to easily connect to a series of systems. the introduction of the smartmodem led to the first real wave of bbs systems. limited in both speed and storage capacity, these systems were normally dedicated solely to messaging, both private email and public forums. file transfers were extremely slow at these speeds, and file libraries were typically limited to text files containing lists of other bbs systems. these systems attracted a particular type of user who used the bbs as a unique type of communications medium, and when these local systems were crowded from the market in the s, their loss was lamented for many years.[citation needed] higher speeds, commercialization[edit] speed improved with the introduction of bit/s asynchronous modems in the early s, giving way to bit/s fairly rapidly. the improved performance led to a substantial increase in bbs popularity. most of the information was displayed using ordinary ascii text or ansi art, but a number of systems attempted character-based graphical user interfaces which began to be practical at bit/s. there was a lengthy delay before  bit/s models began to appear on the market.  bit/s was not even established as a strong standard before v. bis at .  kbit/s took over in the early s. this period also saw the rapid rise in capacity and a dramatic drop in the price of hard drives. by the late s, many bbs systems had significant file libraries, and this gave rise to leeching – users calling bbses solely for their files. these users would use the modem for some time, leaving less time for other users, who got busy signals. the resulting upheaval eliminated many of the pioneering message-centric systems.[ ] this also gave rise to a new class of bbs systems, dedicated solely to file upload and downloads. these systems charged for access, typically a flat monthly fee, compared to the per-hour fees charged by event horizons bbs and most online services. many third-party services were developed to support these systems, offering simple credit card merchant account gateways for the payment of monthly fees, and entire file libraries on compact disk that made initial setup very easy. early s editions of boardwatch were filled with ads for single-click install solutions dedicated to these new sysops. while this gave the market a bad reputation, it also led to its greatest success. during the early s, there were a number of mid-sized software companies dedicated to bbs software, and the number of bbses in service reached its peak. towards the early s, bbs became so popular that it spawned three monthly magazines, boardwatch, bbs magazine, and in asia and australia, chips 'n bits magazine which devoted extensive coverage of the software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to us and worldwide bbses.[ ] in addition, in the us, a major monthly magazine, computer shopper, carried a list of bbses along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings. guis[edit] through the late s and early s, there was considerable experimentation with ways to improve the bbs experience from its command-line interface roots.[colloquialism?] almost every popular system improved matters somewhat by adding ansi-based color menus to make reading easier, and most also allowed cursor commands to offer command-line recall and similar features. another common feature was the use of autocomplete to make menu navigation simpler, a feature that would not re-appear on the web until decades later. a number of systems also made forays into gui-based interfaces, either using character graphics sent from the host, or using custom gui-based terminal systems. the latter initially appeared, unsurprisingly, on the macintosh platform, where telefinder and firstclass became very popular. firstclass offered a host of features that would be difficult or impossible under a terminal-based solution, including bi-directional information flow and non-blocking operation that allowed the user to exchange files in both directions while continuing to use the message system and chat, all in separate windows. skypix featured on amiga a complete markup language. it used a standardized set of icons to indicate mouse driven commands available online and to recognize different filetypes present on bbs storage media. it was capable of transmitting data like images, audio files, and audio clips between users linked to the same bbs or off-line if the bbs was in the circuit of the fidonet organization. on the pc, efforts were more oriented to extensions of the original terminal concept, with the gui being described in the information on the host. one example was the remote imaging protocol, essentially a picture description system, which remained relatively obscure. probably the ultimate development of this style of operation was the dynamic page implementation of the university of southern california bbs (uscbbs) by susan biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the html dynamic web page. a complete dynamic web page implementation was accomplished using tbbs with a tdbs add-on presenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user. rise of the internet and decline of bbs[edit] the demand for complex ansi and ascii screens and larger file transfers taxed available channel capacity, which in turn increased demand for faster modems. . kbit/s modems were standard for a number of years while various companies attempted to introduce non-standard systems with higher performance – normally about . kbit/s. another delay followed due to a long v. standards process before .  kbit/s was released, only to be quickly replaced by .  kbit/s, and then  kbit/s. these increasing speeds had the side effect of dramatically reducing the noticeable effects of channel efficiency. when modems were slow, considerable effort was put into developing the most efficient protocols and display systems possible. running a general-purpose protocol like tcp/ip over a bit/s modem was a painful experience.[tone] with kbit/s modems, however, the overhead was so greatly reduced as to be unnoticeable. dial-up internet service became widely available in , and a must-have option for any general-use operating system by . these developments together resulted in the sudden obsolescence of bulletin board technology in and the collapse of its supporting market. technically, internet service offered an enormous advantage over bbs systems, as a single connection to the user's internet service provider allowed them to contact services around the world. in comparison, bbs systems relied on a direct point-to-point connection, so even dialing multiple local systems required multiple phone calls. moreover, internet protocols allowed that same single connection to be used to contact multiple services at the same time; for example, downloading files from an ftp library while checking the weather on a local news website. in comparison, a connection to a bbs allowed access only to the information on that system. estimating numbers[edit] according to the fidonet nodelist, bbses reached their peak usage around , which was the same period that the world wide web and aol became mainstream. bbses rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the internet for connectivity. some of the larger commercial bbses, such as maxmegabyte and execpc bbs, evolved into internet service providers. the website textfiles.com serves as an archive that documents the history of the bbs. the historical bbs list on textfiles.com contains over , bbses that have existed over a span of years in north america alone.[ ] the owner of textfiles.com, jason scott, also produced bbs: the documentary, a dvd film that chronicles the history of the bbs and features interviews with well-known people (mostly from the united states) from the heyday bbs era. in the s, most traditional bbs systems migrated to the internet using telnet or ssh protocols. between and are thought to be active in  – fewer than of these being of the traditional "dial-up" (modem) variety. software and hardware[edit] amiga running a two-line bbs unlike modern websites and online services that are typically hosted by third-party companies in commercial data centers, bbs computers (especially for smaller boards) were typically operated from the system operator's home. as such, access could be unreliable, and in many cases, only one user could be on the system at a time. only larger bbses with multiple phone lines using specialized hardware, multitasking software, or a lan connecting multiple computers, could host multiple simultaneous users. the first bbses used homebrew[clarification needed] software,[b] quite often written or customized by the system operators themselves, running on early s- bus microcomputer systems such as the altair , imsai and cromemco under the cp/m operating system. soon after, bbs software was being written for all of the major home computer systems of the late s era – the apple ii, atari -bit family, commodore and trs- being some of the most popular. a few years later, in , ibm introduced the first dos based ibm pc, and due to the overwhelming popularity of pcs and their clones, dos soon became the operating system on which the majority of bbs programs were run. rbbs-pc, ported over from the cp/m world, and fido bbs, developed by tom jennings (who later founded fidonet) were the first notable dos bbs programs. many successful commercial bbs programs were developed for dos, such as pcboard bbs, remoteaccess bbs, and wildcat! bbs. some popular freeware bbs programs for dos included telegard bbs and renegade bbs, which both had early origins from leaked wwiv bbs source code. there were several dozen other bbs programs developed over the dos era, and many were released under the shareware concept, while some were released as freeware including iniquity. bbs systems on other systems remained popular, especially home computers, largely because they catered to the audience of users running those machines. the ubiquitous commodore (introduced in ) was a common platform in the s. popular commercial bbs programs were blue board, ivory bbs, color and cnet . in the early s, a small number of bbses were also running on the commodore amiga. popular bbs software for the amiga were abbs, amiexpress, c-net, stormforcebbs, infinity and tempest. there was also a small faction of devoted atari bbses that used the atari , then the xl, and eventually the st. the earlier machines generally lacked hard drive capabilities, which limited them primarily to messaging. ms-dos continued to be the most popular operating system for bbs use up until the mid- s, and in the early years, most multi-node bbses were running under a dos based multitasker such as desqview or consisted of multiple computers connected via a lan. in the late s, a handful of bbs developers implemented multitasking communications routines inside their software, allowing multiple phone lines and users to connect to the same bbs computer. these included galacticomm's majorbbs (later worldgroup), esoft the bread board system (tbbs), and falken. other popular bbs's were maximus and opus, with some associated applications such as binkleyterm being based on characters from the berkley breathed cartoon strip of bloom county. though most bbs software had been written in basic or pascal (with some low-level routines written in assembly language), the c language was starting to gain popularity. by , many of the dos-based bbses had begun switching to modern multitasking operating systems, such as os/ , windows , and linux. one of the first graphics-based bbs applications was excalibur bbs with low-bandwidth applications that required its own client for efficiency. this led to one of the earliest implementations of electronic commerce in with replication of partner stores around the globe. tcp/ip networking allowed most of the remaining bbses to evolve and include internet hosting capabilities. recent bbs software, such as synchronet, mystic bbs, elebbs, doc or wildcat! bbs, provide access using the telnet protocol rather than dialup, or by using legacy dos-based bbs software with a fossil-to-telnet redirector such as netfoss. presentation[edit] welcome screen of neon# bbs (tornado) bbses were generally text-based, rather than gui-based, and early bbses conversed using the simple ascii character set. however, some home computer manufacturers extended the ascii character set to take advantage of the advanced color and graphics capabilities of their systems. bbs software authors included these extended character sets in their software, and terminal program authors included the ability to display them when a compatible system was called. atari's native character set was known as atascii, while most commodore bbses supported petscii. petscii was also supported by the nationwide online service quantum link.[c] the use of these custom character sets was generally incompatible between manufacturers. unless a caller was using terminal emulation software written for, and running on, the same type of system as the bbs, the session would simply fall back to simple ascii output. for example, a commodore user calling an atari bbs would use ascii rather than the native character set of either. as time progressed, most terminal programs began using the ascii standard, but could use their native character set if it was available. coconet, a bbs system made by coconut computing, inc., was released in and only supported a gui (no text interface was initially available but eventually became available around ), and worked in ega/vga graphics mode, which made it stand out from text-based bbs systems. coconet's bitmap and vector graphics and support for multiple type fonts were inspired by the plato system, and the graphics capabilities were based on what was available in the borland graphics interface library. a competing approach called remote imaging protocol (rip) emerged and was promoted by telegrafix in the early to mid- s but it never became widespread. a teletext technology called naplps was also considered, and although it became the underlying graphics technology behind the prodigy service, it never gained popularity in the bbs market. there were several gui-based bbses on the apple macintosh platform, including telefinder and firstclass, but these were mostly confined to the mac market. in the uk, the bbc micro based obbs software, available from pace for use with their modems, optionally allowed for color and graphics using the teletext based graphics mode available on that platform. other systems used the viewdata protocols made popular in the uk by british telecom's prestel service, and the on-line magazine micronet whom were busy giving away modems with their subscriptions. over time, terminal manufacturers started to support ansi x . in addition to or instead of proprietary terminal control codes, e.g., color, cursor positioning. the most popular form of online graphics was ansi art, which combined the ibm extended ascii character set's blocks and symbols with ansi escape sequences to allow changing colors on demand, provide cursor control and screen formatting, and even basic musical tones. during the late s and early s, most bbses used ansi to make elaborate welcome screens, and colorized menus, and thus, ansi support was a sought-after feature in terminal client programs. the development of ansi art became so popular that it spawned an entire bbs "artscene" subculture devoted to it. bbs ansi login screen example the amiga skyline bbs software was the first in featuring a script markup language communication protocol called skypix which was capable of giving the user a complete graphical interface, featuring rich graphics, changeable fonts, mouse-controlled actions, animations and sound.[ ] today, most bbs software that is still actively supported, such as worldgroup, wildcat! bbs and citadel/ux, is web-enabled, and the traditional text interface has been replaced (or operates concurrently) with a web-based user interface. for those more nostalgic for the true bbs experience, one can use netserial (windows) or dosbox (windows/*nix) to redirect dos com port software to telnet, allowing them to connect to telnet bbses using s and s era modem terminal emulation software, like telix, terminate, qmodem and procomm plus. modern -bit terminal emulators such as mtelnet and syncterm include native telnet support. content and access[edit] since most early bbses were run by computer hobbyists, they were typically technical in topic, with user communities revolving around hardware and software discussions. as the bbs phenomenon grew, so did the popularity of special interest boards. bulletin board systems could be found for almost every hobby and interest. popular interests included politics, religion, music, dating, and alternative lifestyles. many system operators also adopted a theme in which they customized their entire bbs (welcome screens, prompts, menus, and so on) to reflect that theme. common themes were based on fantasy, or were intended to give the user the illusion of being somewhere else, such as in a sanatorium, wizard's castle, or on a pirate ship. in the early days, the file download library consisted of files that the system operators obtained themselves from other bbses and friends. many bbses inspected every file uploaded to their public file download library to ensure that the material did not violate copyright law. as time went on, shareware cd-roms were sold with up to thousands of files on each cd-rom. small bbses copied each file individually to their hard drive. some systems used a cd-rom drive to make the files available. advanced bbses used multiple cd-rom disc changer units that switched cd-rom disks on demand for the caller(s). large systems used all dos drive letters with multi-disk changers housing tens of thousands of copyright-free shareware or freeware files available to all callers. these bbses were generally more family-friendly, avoiding the seedier side of bbses. access to these systems varied from single to multiple modem lines with some requiring little or no confirmed registration. some bbses, called elite, warez or pirate boards, were exclusively used for distributing cracked software, phreaking, and other questionable or unlawful content. these bbses often had multiple modems and phone lines, allowing several users to upload and download files at once. most elite bbses used some form of new user verification, where new users would have to apply for membership and attempt to prove that they were not a law enforcement officer or a lamer. the largest elite boards accepted users by invitation only. elite boards also spawned their own subculture and gave rise to the slang known today as leetspeak. another common type of board was the support bbs run by a manufacturer of computer products or software. these boards were dedicated to supporting users of the company's products with question and answer forums, news and updates, and downloads. most of them were not a free call. today, these services have moved to the web. some general-purpose bulletin board systems had special levels of access that were given to those who paid extra money, uploaded useful files or knew the system operator personally. these specialty and pay bbses usually had something unique to offer their users, such as large file libraries, warez, pornography, chat rooms or internet access. pay bbses such as the well and echo nyc (now internet forums rather than dial-up), execpc, psudnetwork and mindvox (which folded in ) were admired for their tight-knit[colloquialism] communities and quality discussion forums. however, many free bbses also maintained close knit communities, and some even had annual or bi-annual events where users would travel great distances to meet face-to-face with their on-line friends. these events were especially popular with bbses that offered chat rooms. some of the bbses that provided access to illegal content faced opposition. on july , , in conjunction with a credit card fraud investigation, the middlesex county, new jersey sheriff's department raided and seized the private sector bbs, which was the official bbs for grey hat hacker quarterly magazine at the time.[ ] the notorious rusty n edie's bbs, in boardman, ohio, was raided by the fbi in january for trading unlicensed software, and later sued by playboy for copyright infringement in november . in flint, michigan, a -year-old man was charged with distributing child pornography through his bbs in march .[ ] networks[edit] most early bbses operated as individual systems. information contained on that bbs never left the system, and users would only interact with the information and user community on that bbs alone. however, as bbses became more widespread, there evolved a desire to connect systems together to share messages and files with distant systems and users. the largest such network was fidonet. as is it was prohibitively expensive for the hobbyist system operator to have a dedicated connection to another system, fidonet was developed as a store and forward network. private email (netmail), public message boards (echomail) and eventually even file attachments on a fidonet-capable bbs would be bundled into one or more archive files over a set time interval. these archive files were then compressed with arc or zip and forwarded to (or polled by) another nearby node or hub via a dialup xmodem session. messages would be relayed around various fidonet hubs until they were eventually delivered to their destination. the hierarchy of fidonet bbs nodes, hubs, and zones was maintained in a routing table called a nodelist. some larger bbses or regional fidonet hubs would make several transfers per day, some even to multiple nodes or hubs, and as such, transfers usually occurred at night or in the early morning when toll rates were lowest. in fido's heyday, sending a netmail message to a user on a distant fidonet node, or participating in an echomail discussion could take days, especially if any fidonet nodes or hubs in the message's route only made one transfer call per day. fidonet was platform-independent and would work with any bbs that was written to use it. bbses that did not have integrated fidonet capability could usually add it using an external fidonet front-end mailer such as seadog, frontdoor, binkleyterm, intermail or d'bridge, and a mail processor such as fastecho or squish. the front-end mailer would conduct the periodic fidonet transfers, while the mail processor would usually run just before and just after the mailer ran. this program would scan for and pack up new outgoing messages, and then unpack, sort and "toss" the incoming messages into a bbs user's local email box or into the bbs's local message bases reserved for echomail. as such, these mail processors were commonly called "scanner/tosser/packers". many other bbs networks followed the example of fidonet, using the same standards and the same software. these were called fidonet technology networks (ftns). they were usually smaller and targeted at selected audiences. some networks used qwk doors, and others such as relaynet (rime) and wwivnet used non-fido software and standards. before commercial internet access became common, these networks of bbses provided regional and international e-mail and message bases. some even provided gateways, such as ufgate, by which members could send and receive e-mail to and from the internet via uucp, and many fidonet discussion groups were shared via gateway to usenet. elaborate schemes allowed users to download binary files, search gopherspace, and interact with distant programs, all using plain-text e-mail. as the volume of fidonet mail increased and newsgroups from the early days of the internet became available, satellite data downstream services became viable for larger systems. the satellite service provided access to fidonet and usenet newsgroups in large volumes at a reasonable fee. by connecting a small dish and receiver, a constant downstream of thousands of fidonet and usenet newsgroups could be received. the local bbs only needed to upload new outgoing messages via the modem network back to the satellite service. this method drastically reduced phone data transfers while dramatically increasing the number of message forums. fidonet is still in use today, though in a much smaller form, and many echomail groups are still shared with usenet via fidonet to usenet gateways. widespread abuse of usenet with spam and pornography has led to many of these fidonet gateways to cease operation completely. shareware and freeware[edit] main article: shareware much of the shareware movement was started via user distribution of software through bbses. a notable example was phil katz's pkarc (and later pkzip, using the same ".zip" algorithm that winzip and other popular archivers now use); also other concepts of software distribution like freeware, postcardware like jpegview and donationware like red ryder for the macintosh first appeared on bbs sites. doom from id software and nearly all apogee software games were distributed as shareware (apogee is, in fact, credited for adding an order form to a shareware demo).[citation needed] the internet has largely erased the distinction of shareware – most users now download the software directly from the developer's website rather than receiving it from another bbs user 'sharing' it. today shareware is commonly used to mean electronically-distributed software from a small developer. many commercial bbs software companies that continue to support their old bbs software products switched to the shareware model or made it entirely free. some companies were able to make the move to the internet and provide commercial products with bbs capabilities. features[edit] a classic bbs had: 	a computer 	one or more modems 	one or more phone lines, with more allowing for increased concurrent users 	a bbs software package 	a sysop – system operator 	a user community the bbs software usually provides: 	menu systems 	one or more message bases 	uploading and downloading of message packets in qwk format using xmodem, ymodem or zmodem 	file areas 	live viewing of all caller activity by the system operator 	voting – opinion booths 	statistics on message posters, top uploaders / downloaders 	online games (usually single player or only a single active player at a given time) 	a doorway to third-party online games 	usage auditing capabilities 	multi-user chat (only possible on multi-line bbses) 	internet email (more common in later internet-connected bbses) 	networked message boards 	most modern bbses allow telnet access over the internet using a telnet server and a virtual fossil driver. 	a "yell for sysop" page caller side menu item that sounded an audible alarm to the system operator. if chosen, the system operator could then initiate a text-to-text chat with the caller. 	primitive social networking features, such as leaving messages on a user's profile see also[edit] 	internet portal 	ansi art 	bbs: the documentary 	computer magazine 	free-net 	imageboard 	internet forum 	internet relay chat 	kom (bbs) 	list of bbs software 	list of bulletin board systems 	minitel 	online magazine 	podsnet 	shell account 	terminal emulator 	textboard 	user-generated content 	usenet 	warez notes[edit] 	^ technically they could have used an automatic calling unit, but that was not economically viable.[citation needed] 	^ cbbs chicago (which ward christensen programmed) was about , lines of assembler. 	^ quantum link and parts of applelink went on to become america online. references[edit] citations[edit] 	^ a b frank . derfler. jr. ( - - ). "dial up directory". kilobaud microcomputing magazine. retrieved - - . 	^ "thinking chinese - chinese bbs – the social activity that never grows old". thinkingchinese.com. retrieved april . 	^ crosby, kip (november ). "convivial cybernetic devices: from vacuum tube flip-flops to the singing altair - an interview with lee felsenstein (part )" (pdf). the analytical engine. computer history association of california. ( ): . issn  - . 	^ crosby, kip (february ). "computers for their own sake: from the dompier music to the computer faire - an interview with lee felsenstein (part )" (pdf). the analytical engine. computer history association of california. ( ): . issn  - . 	^ christensen, ward; suess, randy (november ). "hobbyist computerized bulletin board system" (pdf). byte. vol.  no.  . peterborough, nh: byte publications. pp.  – . archived (pdf) from the original on january , . retrieved february , . the computerized hobbyist bulletin board system ... was conceived, designed, built, programmed, tested, and installed in a day period (january , to february , ) by the two of us. alt url 	^ collection of memories of writing and running the first bbs by ward christensen (circa ), bbsdocumentary.com, retrieved june , 	^ "file sponges, the bbs nightmare" archived - - at the wayback machine, chips 'n bits 	^ chips 'n' bits : the northern territory computer users' newsletter, catalogue.nla.gov.au, retrieved march , 	^ "the textfiles.com bbs list". bbslist.textfiles.com. retrieved - - . 	^ scott lee. "bbsdocumentary, an overview of bbs programs". jason scott for wired magazine (?). retrieved - - . 	^ this day in geek history: july , thegreatgeekmanual.com, retrieved march , 	^ doran, tim ( - - ). "man says kiddie porno made computer site popular". the flint journal. sources[edit] 	 jones, steve ( ). encyclopedia of new media: an essential reference to communication and technology. isbn  - - - . 	 gross, larry p.; woods, james d.; woods, professor james d. ( ). the columbia reader on lesbians and gay men in media, society, and politics. isbn  - - - . 	 rathbone, tina ( ). modems for dummies. isbn  - - - . 	 haas, lou ( ). going on-line with your micro. tab books. isbn  - - - . 	 university of michigan (october – september ). "compute". compute! publications. cite journal requires |journal= (help) 	 cane, mike ( ). the computer phone book. new american library. 	 christians in a .com world: getting connected without being consumed. isbn  - - - . 	 pippen, patrick (july ). beam me up scottie. isbn  - - - . external links[edit] bulletin board systemat wikipedia's sister projects 	definitions from wiktionary 	media from wikimedia commons 	data from wikidata 	the bbs corner 	the bbs documentary – (video collection) 	bbsmates community and resource site (archive from ) 	the telnet bbs guide 	textfiles.com – collection of historical bbs documents, files and history 	the bbs organization (longest running bbs services site) 	the lost civilization of dial-up bulletin board systems (the atlantic, ) 	bulletin board systems at curlie 		v 	t 	e bulletin board systems 	 	list of bulletin board systems 	list of bbs software 	list of bbs door games 	culture	 	ansi art 	chat room 	file sharing 	protocols 	timeline 	mud 	sysop 	virtual community 	technologies	 	ansi escape code 	bbs door 	internet outdial 	remote imaging protocol 	skypix 	networks	 	fidonet 	relaynet 	wwivnet 	media coverage	 	bbs: the documentary 	boardwatch 	computer shopper 	textfiles.com 	people	 	ward christensen 	randy suess 	chuck forsberg 	tom jennings 	steve punter 	jason scott 	 	v 	t 	e computer-mediated communication 	 	online chat 	online discussion 	communication software 	collaborative software 	social network service 	virtual learning environment 	asynchronous conferencing	 	email 	electronic mailing list 	fidonet 	usenet 	internet forum 	textboard 	imageboard 	shoutbox 	bulletin board system 	online guestbook 	synchronous conferencing	 	data conferencing 	instant messaging 	internet relay chat 	lan messenger 	talker 	videoconferencing 	voice over ip 	voice chat in online gaming 	web chat 	web conferencing 	publishing	 	blog 	microblogging 	wiki 	authority control 	national libraries	 	united states 	japan 	other	 	microsoft academic retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=bulletin_board_system&oldid= " 		categories: 	american inventions 	bulletin board systems 	online chat 	pre–world wide web online services 	internet forums 	virtual communities 	computer-mediated communication 	telephony 	telnet 	computer-related introductions in hidden categories: 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from july 	webarchive template wayback links 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	articles lacking in-text citations from april 	all articles lacking in-text citations 	articles with unsourced statements from november 	wikipedia articles with style issues from july 	all articles with style issues 	wikipedia articles needing clarification from july 	articles with unsourced statements from december 	cs errors: missing periodical 	pages using sister project links with hidden wikidata 	pages using sister project links with default search 	articles with curlie links 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ndl identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ma identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	বাংলা 	català 	Čeština 	dansk 	deutsch 	eesti 	español 	esperanto 	فارسی 	français 	한국어 	hrvatski 	bahasa indonesia 	italiano 	עברית 	lietuvių 	lombard 	magyar 	nederlands 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	polski 	português 	română 	Русский 	slovenčina 	slovenščina 	Српски / srpski 	srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 	suomi 	svenska 	ไทย 	türkçe 	Українська 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 willie sutton - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	willie sutton 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		for the american football player, see will sutton. american bank robber 	willie sutton 	 	fbi ten most wanted fugitive 	charges	bank robbery 	description 	born	william francis sutton jr. ( - - )june , brooklyn, new york 	died	november , ( - - ) (aged  ) spring hill, florida 	status 	added	march , 	caught	february 	number	 	 	 	captured 	 	 william francis sutton jr. (june , – november , ) was an american bank robber.[ ] during his forty-year robbery career he stole an estimated $ million, and he eventually spent more than half of his adult life in prison and escaped three times. for his talent at executing robberies in disguises, he gained two nicknames, "willie the actor" and "slick willie". sutton is also known as the namesake of the so-called sutton's law, although he denied originating it.[ ] contents 	 early life 	 career in crime 	 personal life and death 	 "sutton's law" 	 references 	 further reading 	 external links early life[edit] sutton was born into an irish-american family on june , in brooklyn, new york to william francis sutton sr., a blacksmith, and mary ellen bowles.[ ] his family lived on the corner of gold and nassau streets in the neighborhood of irishtown, brooklyn, now called vinegar hill. according to his biography, where the money was, at the age of three the family relocated to high street. his mother was, according to the biography, born in ireland; however, according to the u.s. census, she was born in maryland and her parents were born in ireland. by , she had given birth to five children, of whom three were still alive. according to the census, his maternal grandfather, james bowles, and his two maternal uncles were also living with the family. sutton was the fourth of five children, and did not attend school after the th grade.[ ][ ] career in crime[edit] sutton became a criminal at an early age, though throughout his professional criminal career, he did not kill anyone. he was described by mafioso donald frankos as "a little bright-eyed guy, just ' " and always talking, chain-smoking ... cigarettes with bull durham tobacco." frankos stated also that sutton "dispensed mounds of legal advice" to any convict willing to listen. inmates considered sutton a "wise old head" in the prison population. when incarcerated at "the tombs" (manhattan house of detention) he did not have to worry about assault because mafia friends protected him. in conversation with donald frankos he would sadly reminisce about the s and s when he was most active in robbing banks and would always tell fellow convicts that in his opinion, during the days of al capone and charles luciano, better known as lucky luciano, the criminals were the bloodiest. gangsters from the time period, and many incarcerated organized crime inmates, enjoyed having sutton for companionship. he was witty and non-violent. frankos declared that sutton made legendary bank thieves jesse james and john dillinger seem like amateurs.[ ] sutton was an accomplished bank robber. he usually carried a pistol or a thompson submachine gun. "you can't rob a bank on charm and personality," he once observed. in an interview in the reader's digest published shortly before his death, sutton was asked if the guns that he used in his robberies were loaded. he responded that he never carried a loaded gun because somebody might get hurt. he stole from the rich and kept it, though public opinion later made him into a type of gentleman thief, like robin hood. he allegedly never robbed a bank when a woman screamed or a baby cried.[ ] sutton was captured and recommitted in june , charged with assault and robbery. he failed to complete his -year sentence however, escaping on december , , using a smuggled gun and holding a prison guard hostage. with the guard as leverage, sutton acquired a -ft ( . meter) ladder to scale the -ft ( meter) wall of the prison grounds.[ ] on february , , sutton attempted to rob the corn exchange bank and trust company in philadelphia, pennsylvania. he came in disguised as a postman, but an alert passerby foiled the crime. sutton escaped. on january , , he and two companions broke into the same bank through a skylight.[citation needed] the fbi record observes: sutton also conducted a broadway jewelry store robbery in broad daylight, impersonating a postal telegraph messenger. sutton's other disguises included a police officer, messenger and maintenance man. he usually arrived at banks or stores shortly before they opened for business. sutton was apprehended on february , , and was sentenced to serve to years in the eastern state penitentiary in philadelphia, pennsylvania, for the machine gun robbery of the corn exchange bank. on april , , sutton was one of convicts who escaped the institution through a tunnel. the convicts broke through to the other side during daylight hours, and were spotted immediately by a passing police patrol. the men were forced to quickly flee the scene, with all being quickly apprehended.[ ] sutton was recaptured the same day by philadelphia police officer mark kehoe. sentenced to life imprisonment as a fourth time offender, sutton was transferred to the philadelphia county prison, holmesburg section of philadelphia, pennsylvania. on february , , sutton and other prisoners dressed as prison guards carried two ladders across the prison yard to the wall after dark. when the prison's searchlights hit him, sutton yelled, "it's all right!" no one stopped him.[ ] on march , , sutton was the eleventh listed of the fbi's fbi ten most wanted fugitives, created only a week earlier, on march .[citation needed] during february , sutton was captured by police after having been recognized on a subway and followed by arnold schuster, a -year-old brooklyn clothing salesman and amateur detective. schuster later appeared on television and described how he had assisted in sutton's apprehension. albert anastasia, mafia boss of the gambino crime family, disliked schuster because he was a "rat" and a "squealer". according to mafia renegade and first major government informant, joe valachi, anastasia ordered the murder of schuster, who was then shot dead outside his home on march , . judge peter t. farrell presided over a trial in which sutton was convicted of the robbery of $ , (equal to $ , presently) from a bank of the manufacturers trust company in sunnyside, queens. he received a sentence of to years in attica state prison.[ ] sutton in in december of , farrell ruled that sutton's good behavior, along with his deteriorating health, justified commuting his sentence to time served. at the hearing sutton responded, "thank you, your honor. god bless you," and wept as he was led out of the court building. during , a separate -years-to-life sentence given in brooklyn during [clarify][ ] after his release, sutton delivered lectures on prison reform and consulted with banks on theft-deterrent techniques. he made a television commercial for new britain bank and trust company in connecticut for their credit card with picture identification on it. his lines were, "they call it the 'face card.' now when i say i'm willie sutton, people believe me."[ ] personal life and death[edit] sutton married louise leudemann in . she divorced him while he was in jail. their daughter jeanie was born the next year. his second wife was olga kowalska, whom he married during . his longest period of (legal) employment lasted for months.[citation needed] a series of decisions by the united states supreme court during the s resulted in his release on christmas eve, , from attica state prison. he was in ill health at the time, suffering from emphysema and in need of an operation on the arteries of his legs.[citation needed] sutton died in at the age of ; before this, he had spent his last years with his sister in spring hill, florida.[ ] he frequented the spring hill restaurant where he kept to himself. after sutton's death, his family arranged a quiet burial in brooklyn in the family plot. "sutton's law"[edit] main article: sutton's law a famous apocryphal story is that sutton was asked by reporter mitch ohnstad why he robbed banks. according to ohnstad, he replied, "because that's where the money is". the quote evolved into sutton's law, which is often invoked to medical students as a metaphor for emphasizing the most likely diagnosis, rather than wasting time and money investigating every conceivable possibility. in his autobiography, sutton denied originating the pithy rejoinder: the irony of using a bank robber's maxim as an instrument for teaching medicine is compounded, i will now confess, by the fact that i never said it. the credit belongs to some enterprising reporter who apparently felt a need to fill out his copy. i can't even remember where i first read it. it just seemed to appear one day, and then it was everywhere. if anybody had asked me, i'd have probably said it. that's what almost anybody would say ... it couldn't be more obvious. however, he also said: why did i rob banks? because i enjoyed it. i loved it. i was more alive when i was inside a bank, robbing it, than at any other time in my life. i enjoyed everything about it so much that one or two weeks later i'd be out looking for the next job. but to me the money was the chips, that's all.[ ] the redlands daily facts published the earliest documented example of sutton's law on march , in redlands, california.[ ] a corollary, the "willie sutton rule," used in management accounting, stipulates that activity-based costing (in which activities are prioritized by necessity, and budgeted accordingly) should be applied where the greatest costs occur, because that is where the greatest savings can be found.[ ] references[edit] 	^ "willie sutton". federal bureau of investigation. retrieved - - . 	^ a b c sutton w, linn e: where the money was: the memoirs of a bank robber. viking press ( ), p. . isbn  x 	^ henstell, bruce ( ). "sutton, willie ( - ), bank robber". american national biography (online ed.). new york: oxford university press. doi: . /anb/ .article. . (subscription required) 	^ n.y.s. census 	^ u.s. census 	^ hoffman, william; headley, lake ( ). contract killer: the explosive story of the mafia's most notorious hitman -- donald "tony the greek" frankos. new york city: thunder's mouth press. pp.  – . isbn  . 	^ walsh, anthony; jorgensen, cody ( ). criminology: the essentials. sage publications. isbn  . 	^ "sing sing's notorious escapes". 	^ linn, edward; sutton, william ( ). where the money was: the memoirs of a bank robber (library of larceny). broadway books. isbn  . 	^ pace, eric (november , ). "peter t. farrell, ; judge who presided at the sutton trial". the new york times. accessed october , . 	^ staff (december , ). "a jail term lifted, sutton cries in joy". the new york times. 	^ "business: willie sutton, bankers' friend". time. october , . 	^ lawrence block ( ). gangsters, swindlers, killers, and thieves: the lives and crimes of fifty american villains. oup usa. p.  . isbn  . 	^ mikkelson, david (november , ). "willie sutton – 'that's where the money is'". snopes. retrieved july , . 	^ cost and effect, kaplan, r.s. and cooper, r., harvard business school press, boston ma, , isbn  - - - further reading[edit] 	 hoffman, william; headley, lake ( ). contract killer: the explosive story of the mafia's most notorious hitman -- donald "tony the greek" frankos. new york city: thunder's mouth press. isbn  . 	moehringer, jr. sutton. thorndike press ( ). isbn  . (biography) 	 duffy, peter (february , ). "willie sutton, urbane scoundrel". new york times. external links[edit] 	fbi website entry on william sutton 	'willie sutton is dead at ', new york times obituary, november , 	authority control 	general	 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	united states 	netherlands 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=willie_sutton&oldid= " 		categories: 	fbi ten most wanted fugitives 	 births 	 deaths 	 th-century american criminals 	american bank robbers 	american people convicted of assault 	american people convicted of robbery 	american people of irish descent 	bank robbers 	criminals from new york (state) 	deaths from emphysema 	disease-related deaths in florida 	fugitives 	people from brooklyn 	people from spring hill, florida 	sing sing hidden categories: 	pages containing links to subscription-only content 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from march 	all wikipedia articles needing clarification 	wikipedia articles needing clarification from december 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nta identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			deutsch 	español 	עברית 	Русский 	tiếng việt 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 gender equality – coact 	 	 		 		 		 						 	 				 		 	 	 	about 	what is coact? 	our ethical values 	partners 	advisory board 	r&i actions 	mental health care 	youth employment 	environmental justice 	open calls on gender equality 	resources 	toolkits 	publications 	readings 	project reports 	communication materials 	citizen social science 	css school 	the community 	get involved 	blog and events 	 			menu 	 		 	 		 		 	menu 		 		 	 		 	 			 			 	about 	what is coact? 	our ethical values 	partners 	advisory board 	r&i actions 	mental health care 	youth employment 	environmental justice 	open calls on gender equality 	resources 	toolkits 	publications 	readings 	project reports 	communication materials 	citizen social science 	css school 	the community 	get involved 	blog and events 		 	 			menu 	 		 	 gender equality coact open calls on gender equality 				 				 					 						 							contents						 											 										 							about the open calls 	why should i apply 	how to apply 	timeline and deadlines 	contact and faq 					 									 				 			 read the call in german, polish or czech we are launching three open calls to foster cso-led citizen social science projects on gender equality. any non-profit organisation registered in the eligible countries can apply. if you are a cso working on gender equality, apply between july st and sept th, . before applying, we recommend that you read the applicant guide and review the application form. apply here download the applicant guide review the application form about the open calls coact is launching a call for proposals, inviting civil society initiatives to apply for our cascading grants with max. . ,- euro to conduct citizen social science research on the topic of gender equality. a maximum of four ( ) applicants will be selected across three ( ) different open calls. applications from a broad range of backgrounds are welcome, including feminist, lgtbq+, none-binary and critical masculinity perspectives. gender equality & sustainable cities and communities csos in berlin & brandenburg area gender equality & decent work and economic growth csos in eastern europe gender equality & opportunities and risks of digitalization international csos in the eu we understand citizen social science as participatory research co-designed or directly driven by citizen groups that share a particular social concern. in coact projects citizens act as co-researchers throughout the entire research process and are recognized as in-the-field competent experts being equal actors in all phases. citizen science in general, and our open calls in particular, are relevant to civic organisations which incorporate citizen engagement, community building or any kind of collective action as part of their projects. why should i apply coact will provide funding for a research project ( months max), alongside dedicated activities, resources and tools to set up and run the research project. coact will provide a research mentoring program for your team. in collaborative workshops you will be supported to co-design and explore available tools, working together with the coact team to achieve your goals. coact will connect you to a community of people and initiatives, tackling similar challenges and contributing to common aims. you will have the opportunity to discuss your projects with the other grantees and, moreover, are invited to join coact´s broader citizen social science network. you should apply if you: are an ongoing citizen social science project looking for support, financial and otherwise, to grow and become sustainable; are a community interested in co-designing research to generate new knowledge about gender equality topics, broadly defined; are a not-for-profit organization focusing on community building, increasing the visibility of specific communities, increasing civic participation, and being interested in exploring the use of citizen social science in your work. how to apply all the information presented here can be found in the guide for applicants. to apply for any of the three open calls, you should: be a not-for-profit organization, legally registered and operating in the european union select the open call relevant to your work and interest verify the specific eligibility criteria of the open call use the online form to submit your application below you can find descriptions of each open call, including the specific eligibility criteria: open call “sustainable cities and communities” (sdg ) is addressing initiatives in the berlin and brandenburg region that aim for making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable for all its inhabitants. proposals should examine gender inequalities in affordable housing and/or urban planning as well as projects that promotes social, economic, environmental sustainability through community building around the topic of gender equality in its broadest sense. eligibility criteria: – applicant should be a non-profit – the candidate organisation should be registered in the berlin and brandenburg region. open call “decent work and economic growth” (sdg ) is addressing organisations in eastern europe. whereas women in the eu earn on average over % less per hour than men this figure becomes is even higher in eastern europe countries. trans and intersexual and none-binary people are facing even harder forms of discrimination regarding their work opportunities (ec ). eligibility criteria: – applicant should be a non-profit – the candidate organisation should be registered in one of the following countries: bulgaria, croatia, czech republic, estonia, hungary, latvia, lithuania, poland, romania, slovakia, slovenia. open call “opportunities and risks of digitalization” is open to international civic organisations operating in the eu. it has been pointed out that digital spaces are gendered spaces which hinder for example the participation of young women and that digital norms are exacerbated online (eige ). proposals should address the issues related to gender inequalities in online spaces, due, in part, to issues such as the gender dynamics of online platforms and the exposure to online harassment. eligibility criteria: applicant should be a non-profit the candidate organisation should have operations in at least two european countries. the candidate organisation should be registered in a member country of the european union. click here to apply timeline and deadlines opening date: july st , : am gmt closing date: september th , : am gmt contact and faq to contact us for questions and clarifications, send an email to opencalls@coactproject.eu general what is coact? coact stands for co-designing citizen social science for collective action. it is a research project that explores the field of citizen social science funded by the european union’s horizon research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. ). coact proposes a new understanding of citizen social science (css) as participatory research co-designed and directly driven by citizen groups sharing a social concern. coact aims to provide and further develop methodologies supporting an understanding of research that can equally be led by academic researchers or citizen groups. doing so, the project seeks to create an environment that provides a more equal “seat at the table” in process, which are oftentimes dominated by academic researchers. coact is running three so-called research and innovation actions (r&i actions) in which citizens act as co-researchers, actively participating in all phases of the research, from the design to the interpretation of the results and their transformation into concrete actions. simultaneously, with the coact open call provides funding for citizen groups to lead their own participatory research, inviting academic researchers in. who are the partners of the coact consortium? coact is a transdisciplinary collaboration of research institutions and civil society organisations. the consortium brings together experts from different disciplines and fields of practice, such as participatory action research, computational social science, citizen science, research policy and development, digital transformation, social movement studies and participatory development communication. for further information check this link: https://coactproject.eu/partners/. what is citizen social science? we understand citizen social science as participatory research co-designed or directly driven by citizen groups that share a particular social concern. in coact’s r&i actions citizens act as co-researchers throughout the entire research process and are recognized as in-the-field competent experts being equal actors in all phases. in the co-designed research, the citizens explore their lived experiences regarding the specific social concerns that motivate the research actions. in these r&i actions, we focus on the topics of mental health care, youth employment and environmental justice and gender equality. such an approach enables them to address pressing social issues from the bottom up, embedded in their social contexts. co-designed research provides the foundation for socially robust evidence-based knowledge that strives for sustainable impact and social change. why an coact open call? coact’s open call seeks to move beyond its own co-research activities and invite further actors to benefit from the project and its support mechanisms. we want to support civic organizations in making use of css methods and best practices in their own projects, directly from within civil society. civil society organizations are directly dealing with specific social topics of concern and are mostly organized around these. therefore, the coact open call seeks to connect to expert work at the grassroots level to explore the opportunities and challenges of citizen-led research. why a call on gender equality? gender equality is an ongoing major societal topic that constantly affects our daily life. the united nations made “gender equality” the fifth sustainable development goal (sdg) and define it as follows: ( ) end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere; ( ) eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation. in coact, we take sdg as the starting point for this open call but we want to consider gender equality in a wider and inclusive manner, including all perspectives and collectives, such as lgbtq+ communities for example. all perspectives related to any perceived gender identity, including non-binary ones, are thus welcome. the covid- pandemic has clearly brought the strongly rooted traditional role patterns in our system to light again, particularly regarding care work. simultaneously, we are witnessing new manifestations and visibilities, and—at least in some locations—more attention from policy and society of the different feminist and lgbtq+ movements with claims for equity appearing in various forms, for example in huge demonstrations ( , people in barcelona on th of march of ), the #metoo movement or also intersectional movements like black lives matter. there is a vast variety of different attempts to tackle the social construction and structural embeddedness of gender inequality and many types of actors can play a relevant role. movements range from demands for a women’s quota in decision making positions, to human rights movements against discrimination and violence up to more radical transformative approaches that criticize the basic exclusionary foundations of capitalism. from our perspective, citizen social science can represent a powerful grassroots approach to this global issue. in our understanding of citizen social science, citizens in vulnerable situations need to be at the centre of the research cycle, defining the focus on a specific social issue. this way, unprecedented scientific data related to gender inequalities could be collected, possibly leading to new scientific evidence-informed reactions and the proposal of new collective actions or policymaking. therefore, we want to invite civil society organizations to apply for a short-term grant to investigate issues with a citizen social science approach. funded projects will receive financial backing as well as support via mentoring by partners from coact, including academic researchers, global networks, ngos and others. application process how long is the application process open? the application process is open for three ( ) months from st july to th september ( am gmt). to whom is the open call aiming to? coact’s open calls are inviting: (a) ongoing citizen social science projects looking for support, financial and otherwise, to grow and become sustainable; (b) communities interested in co-designing research to generate new knowledge about gender equality topics; (c) organizations in the third sectors that focus on community building, increasing the visibility of specific communities, increasing civic participation and who are interested in exploring the use of citizen social science in their work. the funding is available to ​legal entities​ and ​consortia​ established in a country or territory eligible to receive horizon grants. only organizations legally registered and operating in an eu member state or associated country are eligible for funding from coact. for consortia of different organisations, all participants must be eligible. in this case, the participants also need to choose a research project lead, which will submit the application and engage with coact on behalf of the consortium. every entity is allowed to participate in one application, either on its own or as part of a consortium as described above​. coact has the following conflict of interest policy: ​immediate family, domestic and non-domestic partners and those with financial ties to members of the coact consortium members are prohibited to apply. if you have a prior relationship with anyone contributing to coact that you feel may constitute a conflict of interest, please email ​opencalls@coactproject.eu for clarification. what is provided by coact? coact will provide: (a) funding for a research project ( months max), alongside dedicated activities, resources and tools to set up and run the research project; (b) a research mentoring program for your team. in collaborative workshops you will be supported to co-design and explore available tools working together with the coact team to achieve your goals; connections to a community of people and initiatives, tackling similar challenges and contributing to common aims. you will have the opportunity to discuss your projects with the other grantees and moreover are invited to join coact´s broader citizen social science network. what are the topics of the open call? in the coact open calls gender equality is combined with three secondary thematic topics that are corresponding with specific regional foci: “sustainable cities and communities”, berlin and brandenburg area, germany “decent work and economic growth”, eastern europe (bulgaria, croatia, czech republic, estonia, hungary, latvia, lithuania, poland, romania, slovakia, slovenia) “opportunities and risks of digitalization”, across all eu countries. consequently, applicants will have to show the relevance of their project to both gender equality and the specific focus of the open call of their choice. it is possible for one organization to apply to several open calls, for different projects. how much funding is available? the funding will be set at a maximum of € , for call and , for which only one applicant will be selected. call will select two proposals, which will share the € , grant, with a maximum of € , for a single organisation. the funding can be spent on salaries, equipment, consumables, travel, subcontracting to other entities, and indirect expenditure (calculated as % of the total direct costs ), in accordance with horizon guidelines. what is funded? the budget you submit will have to include different cost categories, which are explained below. there is a general distinction between direct costs, subcontracting, and indirect costs (also known as overheads). indirect costs are calculated at % of the direct costs; no indirect costs can be charged on subcontracting. all costs, except for purchased equipment, can be booked to the project’s budget covered by the grant. indirect costs, which are charged on top of the total direct costs, should be included. all costs should be stated inclusive of any irrecoverable vat. direct costs personnel applicants can spend coact funds on the staff directly involved in the execution of the project. equipment equipment with a useful life in excess of the project duration can only be reimbursed to the extent the asset would be depreciated for the ten-month project period. therefore, the standard rate allowed under the contracted project will be % of the total costs of the asset for a ten-month period. indirect costs can be applied to the % of costs charged to the project. the costs of equipment rental for the project period can be charged at full cost, as long as the rental cost is not greater than the depreciation cost had the equipment been purchased. consumables, other goods and services applicants can spend on consumables and other goods and services (including travel) if they are directly relevant for the achievement of the project. there is no hard-and-fast rule about the distinction between the equipment and other costs; small items such as moderation cards may be budgeted as ‘other goods and services. subcontracting applicants may subcontract some of their activities to other parties as long as they are also from an h eligible country. no indirect costs (overhead) can be charged on subcontracting costs. note that we expect the applicant to carry out most of the tasks of the project – subcontracting cannot be used to carry out key tasks in the project. indirect costs indirect costs are within the € , or € , limit and cover items such as rent, admin, printing, photocopying, amenities etc. these costs are eligible if they are declared on the basis of the flat rate of % of the eligible costs, from which are excluded: costs of subcontracting and costs of in-kind contributions provided by third parties which are not used on the applicant’s premises. how can i apply? submission is done online via an online form available on the open call page of the coact website​. applicants will be asked to describe their project proposal but also a series of questions about their eligibility to apply for funding, and their ability to conduct the research project. only complete applications submitted before the deadline will be considered for review. all information provided must be in english. before applying, we recommend that you read the applicant guide and review the application form. how many projects will be funded? a maximum of four ( ) projects will be funded. what is the expected outcome of the research projects? each research project is expected to provide a final report of the findings of the research at the end of the project. furthermore, results can also manifest as videos, manuals, handbooks, exhibitions etc. will be funded. eligibility who can apply? the funding is available to ​legal entities​ and ​consortia​ established in a country or territory eligible to receive horizon grants. only organizations legally registered and operating in an eu member state or associated country are eligible for funding from coact. every entity is allowed to participate, either on its own or as part of a consortium​. can individuals apply? no, individuals cannot apply. can consortia apply? for consortia of different organisations, the lead organisation must be eligible. consortium members need to choose a project lead, which will submit the application and engage with coact on behalf of the consortium. which costs are eligible? the € , grant may be spent only on eligible costs. these are costs that meet the following criteria: – incurred by the applicant in connection with or during the project; – identifiable and verifiable in the applicant’s accounts; – compliant with national law; – reasonable, justified, in accordance with sound financial management (economy and efficiency); – indicated in the budget you submitted with the short proposal. coact will provide training and guidance to all funded projects on financial matters. there is a general distinction between direct costs, subcontracting, and indirect costs (also known as overheads). indirect costs are calculated at % of the direct costs; no indirect costs can be charged on subcontracting. all costs, except for purchased equipment, can be booked to the project’s budget covered by the grant. indirect costs, which are charged on top of the total direct costs, should be included. all costs should be stated inclusive of any irrecoverable vat. submission can i submit more than one application? yes, you can submit one application for each call. does coact offer a pre-proposal check? unfortunately, we cannot offer a pre-proposal check. can i submit an application if i am already receiving funds from another public programme? yes, you can but activities you plan to carry out with coact cannot receive double funding​. synergies with other sources of funding, including other horizon projects, are encouraged if the grants are used for complementary, not overlapping purposes. can i submit documents that are not in english? no, all submitted documents must be written in english. can i change my application once it was submitted? once submitted, you cannot change your application because we start immediately with the review. can i apply for all three calls? yes, you can apply for all three calls with different proposals. responsible research and innovation who keeps the intellectual property rights? by default, you will be the sole owner of the results and outcomes of your project and all associated intellectual property. however, we expect all proposals to follow an open approach, sharing results and experiences widely with the community, as in any eu project. we will only accept proposals with a well-articulated plan that includes an open data approach. in addition, coact or the european commission may ask you to present your work as part of our public relations and networking events, to showcase and discuss the benefits and challenges of the coact approach. what happens with the data? applicants will have to be clear in their proposal about the data that they expect to collect, generate and manage through the project. the processing of that data should follow the general data protection regulation (gdpr). as noted earlier, we will only accept proposals that are committed to making their data, methods and outputs publicly available for reuse, following an open science approach. for that coact will provide technical, legal and operational support to successful applicants. in addition, coact will require citizen social science projects funded through the programme to collect, manage and share data with and for the coact team for co-evaluation purposes. the specifics of the data to be collected will be defined with each project team. do i need to share everything openly? yes, within the limits of data protection laws. we will only accept proposals that are committed to making their data, methods and outputs publicly available for reuse, following an open science approach. for that coact will provide technical, legal and operational support to successful applicants. in addition, coact will require citizen social science projects funded through the programme to collect, manage and share data with and for the coact team for co-evaluation purposes. the specifics of the data to be collected will be defined with each project team. what about ethics? coact expects all successful applicants to the open calls to follow the responsible research and innovation guidelines set by the european commission for the horizon -programme: projects will be expected to: – ensure the informed consent of any human participants, who should be provided clear and concise instructions on what is expected of them, what personal or sensitive data will be gathered about them and how they can request the deletion of this data. – ensure adequate data protection practises are in place to securely store any data gathered by or about volunteers including, but not limited to: pseudonymisation, anonymisation and aggregation of data; encryption and use of secure servers. although selected grantees will be provided support to make sure that their project follows the responsible research and innovation guidelines, we will favour applicants who are able to identify and outline remediation strategies in response to the potential ethical challenges that their project may face. selection process how do we select applications? for all applications we follow the same selection procedure: ( ) eligibility check of the organisation and the proposal; ( ) review and shortlist of the proposals by at least two reviewers according to the selection criteria on a -point scale; ( ) interview with shortlisted applicants between th and th october ; ( ) decision for applicants acceptance by the reviewers and coact team latest until th october ; ( ) negotiation including due diligence checks, work plan and budget agreement, ( ) coact facilitation for accepted applicants during the ten-month project by the coact team. who is reviewing the applications? applications will be reviewed by a panel made of coact team members and external experts, selected for the relevance of their work to each open call. what are the review criteria? idea relevance to the call: does the proposal match the focus of the specific call it was submitted to? does it include activities compatible with citizen social science? project design: are the planned activities realistic given the proposed budget and time constraints? does the scope and complexity of the project match the profiles of the project’s team? impact link to a broader agenda: is the project linked to a broader agenda/programme carried out by the applicant? does the project have a chance to continue beyond the length of the programme? is the idea reusable by other organizations working on similar topics? does the project present a participatory evaluation and impact assessment strategy? documentation & dissemination: which documentation strategies are planned? is there a commitment to publish the data and results? where would the results of the projects be disseminated? ethics & safety ethical considerations: are there any ethical considerations relevant to the project, and if so how are they taken into account? is there a clear commitment to data protection and anonymization where relevant? how does the applicant plan to ensure that their activities are as inclusive as possible? health & safety: if the project requires physical meetings, what processes are put in place to protect the health of participants in the contest of the covid pandemic? when will i know if i am shortlisted? you will be contacted by the coact team between st and th october . applicants who were not shortlisted will be informed at this stage as well. what will be topics of the interview? the interview will be an opportunity for the applicant to expand on their written application and answer questions that it may have raised. will i receive feedback? yes, we will provide feedback to applicants to improve their project. unfortunately, due to the high number of applications anticipated, we will have a very limited capacity to reply to any queries on unsuccessful applications. when will be the interviews? the interviews will take place between th and th october . shortlisted candidates will be proposed several interview slot options in order to make it possible for everyone to attend. if none of the slots are possible for the applicant, we will be forced to reject the application. can i reschedule the interview?can i reschedule the interview? once you have agreed on a date it is not possible to reschedule the interview. please ensure that at least two people are available for the interview, in order to ensure that at least once can attend the interview. when will i know if my application was approved/rejected? all applicants will be informed about whether they got accepted or rejected latest by th october . costs, payment and legal how much funding is available for each project? the funding will be set at a maximum of € , for call and , for which only one applicant will be selected. call will select two proposals, which will share the , € grant, with a maximum of , € for a single organisation. for what can i spend the funding? the funding can be spent on salaries, equipment, consumables, travel, subcontracting to other entities, and indirect expenditure (calculated as % of the total direct costs), in accordance with ​horizon guidelines​. how are payments scheduled? you will receive two payments—one at the beginning of the project and a second one when the coact team has reviewed the interim project report after the first five-month. is subcontracting allowed? yes, subcontracting is allowed. what do i have to do to receive the final payment? you would have to show that you are proceeding with the project in an interim project report to be delivered to the coact team after the first five month of the research. 		 	 	 	 	 		 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 the coact project has received funding from the european union´s horizon research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 		 	 	 	 	 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . international license. 	 	 	 	 	 		 		 		menu 			 	about 	what is coact? 	our ethical values 	partners 	advisory board 	r&i actions 	mental health care 	youth employment 	environmental justice 	open calls on gender equality 	resources 	toolkits 	publications 	readings 	project reports 	communication materials 	citizen social science 	css school 	the community 	get involved 	blog and events 			 	 		 	 	 we use cookies on our website to remember your preferences in your visits. by clicking “accept”, you consent to the use of all the cookies. read morecookie settingsrejectaccept manage cookies 	 	 	 			 			close 	 	 	 	 			 	 		 			 				privacy overview 				 					this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. these cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. you also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. but opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 				 							 		 		 												 						 							 								necessary							 							 necessary always enabled 						 						 							 								 									necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 	cookie	duration	description 	cookielawinfo-checbox-analytics	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "analytics". 	cookielawinfo-checbox-functional	 months	the cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "functional". 	cookielawinfo-checbox-others	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "other. 	cookielawinfo-checkbox-advertisement	 year	the cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "advertisement". 	cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "necessary". 	cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "performance". 	csrftoken	 year	this cookie is associated with django web development platform for python. used to help protect the website against cross-site request forgery attacks 	viewed_cookie_policy	 months	the cookie is set by the gdpr cookie consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. it does not store any personal data. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								functional							 							 functional 						 						 							 								 									functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								performance							 							 performance 						 						 							 								 									performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. 	cookie	duration	description 	_gat	 minute	this cookies is installed by google universal analytics to throttle the request rate to limit the colllection of data on high traffic sites. 	g	 year	this cookie is set by the provider eventbrite. this cookie is used for delivering content based on the user's interest. it also helps in event booking purposes. 	ysc	session	this cookies is set by youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								analytics							 							 analytics 						 						 							 								 									analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. these cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 	cookie	duration	description 	_ga	 years	this cookie is installed by google analytics. the cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. the cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. 	_gid	 day	this cookie is installed by google analytics. the cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. the data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. 	kampyle_userid	 year	this cookie is set by the provider medallia. this cookie is used for storing a user id. 	kampylesessionpagecounter	 year	this cookie is set by the provider medallia. this cookie is used for counting the number of pages a user views within a single sessions. 	kampyleusersession	 year	this cookie is set by the provider medallia. this cookie is used for setting an unique id for the specific session. 	kampyleusersessionscount	 year	this cookie is set by the provider medallia. this cookie is used for counting the number of sessions per user. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								advertisement							 							 advertisement 						 						 							 								 									advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 	cookie	duration	description 	ide	 year days	used by google doubleclick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. this is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. 	nid	 months	this cookie is used to a profile based on user's interest and display personalized ads to the users. 	test_cookie	 minutes	this cookie is set by doubleclick.net. the purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. 	visitor_info _live	 months days	this cookie is set by youtube. used to track the information of the embedded youtube videos on a website. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								others							 							 others 						 						 							 								 									other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 	cookie	duration	description 	_pk_id. .f a	 year days	no description 	_pk_ses. .f a	 minutes	no description 	-pgfuset	 day	no description 	consent	 years months days hours minutes	no description 	mgref	 year	no description 	wjvhktnguczpdphx	 day	no description 	wpautoterms_cache_detector	session	no description 								 							 						 					 										 	 	 	 	 	 			 				 					 						 						 															save & accept 													 												 							powered by 						 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 			events 		 		 			 				 			 			x 		 	 	 english català english deutsch español 		terms and conditions - privacy policy 	 	 floyd collins - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	floyd collins 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			floyd collins 	 	born	( - - )july , auburn, kentucky united states 	died	c. february , ( - - ) (aged  ) cave city, kentucky, united states 	resting place	mammoth cave baptist church cemetery, mammoth cave, kentucky 	occupation	cave owner, cave explorer 	known for	cave exploration in central kentucky; being trapped in sand cave and dying before a rescue party could get to him william floyd collins (july , – c. february , ), better known as floyd collins, was an american cave explorer, principally in a region of central kentucky that houses hundreds of miles of interconnected caverns within mammoth cave national park, the longest cave system in the world. in the early th century, in an era known as the kentucky cave wars,[ ] commercial cave owners and explorers in kentucky entered into a bitter competition to exploit the bounty of caves for commercial profit from tourists, who paid to see the caves. in , collins had discovered and commercialized crystal cave on flint ridge (now part of the mammoth cave system but at the time an isolated cave). but the cave was remote and visitors were few. collins had an ambition to find another cave he could open to the public closer to the main roads, and entered into an agreement with a neighbor to open up sand cave, a small cave on the neighbor's property. on january , , while working to enlarge the small passage in sand cave, collins became trapped in a narrow crawlway feet (  m) below ground. the rescue operation to save collins became a national newspaper sensation and one of the first major news stories to be reported using the new technology of broadcast radio. after four days, during which time rescuers were able to bring water and food to collins, a rock collapse in the cave closed the entrance passageway, stranding him in the cave, except for voice contact, for more than two weeks. collins died of thirst and hunger compounded by exposure through hypothermia after being isolated for days, just three days before a rescue shaft reached his position. collins' body was recovered two months later. although collins was an unknown figure in his lifetime, the fame he gained from his death led to him being memorialized on his tombstone as the "greatest cave explorer ever known". [ ] contents 	 early life 	 crystal cave 	 cave accident 	 . media attention 	 . burial and exhibition of body 	 later exploration 	 in popular culture 	 see also 	 references 	 external links early life[edit] 	 	this section does not cite any sources. please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (september ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) william floyd collins was born in auburn, logan county, kentucky, the son and third child of leonidas collins and martha jane burnett. collins had five brothers, james, floyd (a brother with same name), andy lee, marshall everett and homer larkin, as well as two sisters, anna and nellie. crystal cave[edit] sand cave, in the "cave country", of central kentucky 	 	this section does not cite any sources. please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (september ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) in the period of kentucky history known as the "cave wars," the floyd collins family owned their own cave called crystal cave, a tourist show cave in the karst region of mammoth cave. crystal cave attracted a low number of tourists due to its remote location. collins hoped to find another entrance to the mammoth cave or possibly an unknown cave along the road to mammoth cave and draw more visitors and greater profits. he made an agreement with three farmers, who owned land closer to the main highway. if he found a cave, they would form a business partnership and share in the responsibilities of operating this tourist attraction. working alone, within three weeks, he had explored and expanded a hole that would later be called "sand cave" by the news media. cave accident[edit] 	 	this section needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (december ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) on january , , after several hours of work, floyd collins managed to squeeze through several narrow passageways; he claimed he had discovered a large grotto chamber, though this was never verified. because his lamp was dying, he had to leave quickly before losing all light to the chamber, but became trapped in a small passage on his way out. collins accidentally knocked over his lamp, putting out the light, and was caught by a rock from the cave ceiling, pinning his left leg. the falling rock weighed  pounds; rescuers were unable to reach the rock to remove it. floyd collins was trapped  feet (  m) from the entrance. after being found the next day by a friend, crackers were sent to him and an electric light was run down the passage to provide him lighting and some warmth. collins survived for more than a week while rescue efforts were organized. on february , the cave passage collapsed in two places. rescue leaders, led by henry st. george tucker carmichael, determined the cave impassable and too dangerous and began to dig a shaft to reach the chamber behind collins.[ ] the -foot (  m) shaft and subsequent lateral tunnel intersected the cave just above collins, but when he was finally reached on february , he was already dead from exposure. because he could not be reached from behind, the rescuers could not free his leg. they left his body in place and filled the shaft with debris. a doctor estimated he had died three or four days before he was reached, with february the most likely date. media attention[edit] newspaper reporter william burke "skeets" miller from the courier-journal in louisville reported on the rescue efforts from the scene. miller, of small stature, was able to remove a lot of earth from around collins. he also interviewed collins in the cave, receiving a pulitzer prize for his coverage[ ] and playing a part in collins' attempted rescue. miller's reports were distributed by telegraph and were printed by newspapers across the country and abroad, and the rescue attempts were followed by regular news bulletins on the new medium of broadcast radio (the first broadcast radio station kdka having been established in ). shortly after the media arrived, the publicity drew crowds of tourists to the site, at one point numbering in the tens of thousands. vendors set up stalls to sell food and souvenirs, creating a circus-like atmosphere. the sand cave rescue attempt grew to become the third-biggest media event between the world wars. (the biggest media events of that time both involved charles lindbergh — the trans-atlantic flight and his son's kidnapping — and lindbergh actually had a minor role in the sand cave rescue, too, having been hired to fly photographic negatives from the scene for a newspaper.)[ ] since the nearest telegraph station was in cave city, some miles from the cave, two amateur radio operators with the callsigns brk and chg provided the link to pass messages to the authorities and the press.[ ] burial and exhibition of body[edit] floyd collins' grave, with epitaph with collins's body remaining in the cave, funeral services were held on the surface. homer collins was not pleased with sand cave as his brother's grave, and two months later, he and some friends reopened the shaft. they dug a new tunnel to the opposite side of the cave passage and recovered floyd collins's remains on april , .[ ] the following day, the body was buried in the burial ground of the collins family's farm,[ ] near crystal cave, now known as "floyd collins crystal cave." in , floyd collins' father, lee collins, sold the homestead and cave. the new owner placed collins' body in a glass-topped coffin and exhibited it in crystal cave for many years.[ ][ ] on the night of march – , , the body was stolen. the body was later recovered, having been found in a nearby field, but the injured left leg was missing.[ ][ ] after this desecration, the remains were kept in a secluded portion of crystal cave in a chained casket. in , crystal cave was purchased by mammoth cave national park and closed to the public.[ ] the collins family had objected to collins' body being displayed in the cave and, at their request, the national park service re-interred him at mammoth cave baptist church cemetery, mammoth cave, kentucky in .[ ][ ] it took a team of men three days to remove the casket and tombstone from the cave. later exploration[edit] 	 	this section does not cite any sources. please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (september ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) the attention over the rescue attempt of collins created interest in the creation of mammoth cave national park, of which sand cave is now a part. fear and superstition kept cavers away from sand cave for decades. the national park service has sealed the entrance with a steel grate for public safety. expeditions into mammoth cave showed that portions of mammoth actually run under sand cave, but no connection has ever been discovered. in the s, cave explorer and author roger brucker and a small group entered sand cave to conduct research for a book about collins. the team surveyed sand and discovered an opening in the collapsed tunnel through which a smaller caver can crawl, showing that it would have been possible to feed and heat collins after february , . they proceeded as far as the passage where collins was trapped; it was choked with gravel and unsafe to excavate. in april , george crothers led an archaeological investigation that documented many artifacts in the cave. these were removed for future preservation. in popular culture[edit] 	 	this section needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (december ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) the life and death of collins inspired the musical floyd collins by adam guettel and tina landau,[ ] as well as one film documentary, several books, a museum and many short songs. ace in the hole (alternative title, the big carnival) is a film by billy wilder based on the media circus surrounding the attempted rescue of a man stuck in a cave. the film depicts a fictional incident, but collins is mentioned by name in the dialogue. he is mentioned in two novels by kentucky writers robert penn warren and james still: the cave and river of earth. in , actor billy bob thornton optioned the film rights to trapped! the story of floyd collins and a screenplay was adapted by thornton's writing partner, tom epperson. however, thornton's option expired and the film rights were acquired by producer peter r. j. deyell in .[ ] fiddlin' john carson and vernon dalhart recorded "the death of floyd collins"[ ] in . kentucky-based rock band black stone cherry has a song titled "the ghost of floyd collins" on their album, folklore and superstition. john prine and mac wiseman released a song titled "death of floyd collins," written by andrew jenkins, on their album standard songs for average people. floyd collins is mentioned in mark z. danielewski's postmodern novel house of leaves (p of the pantheon books nd edition). the story of floyd collins is also included in the novel supernatural: the usual sacrifices by yvonne navarro.[ ] the poet clark coolidge's book own face (united artists) features a photo of floyd collins on the cover and a number of poems in the book make reference to collins, caving, and related matters. sun & moon press published an edition of own face in . the story of floyd collins' death is mentioned on the television show the blacklist. see also[edit] 	 s portal 	moose river disaster, mine cave-in covered extensively on radio in references[edit] 	^ cave wars - mammoth cave national park (u.s. national park service) 	^ murray & brucker, robert & roger ( ). trapped. g.p. putnams sons. isbn  . 	^ "cave floor expands and entombs collins". journal and courier. february , . p.  . retrieved december , – via newspapers.com. 	^ a b c d e f g bukro, casey (march , ). "folk hero's burial ends generations of anguish". chicago tribune. p.  . retrieved december , – via newspapers.com. 	^ desotto, clinton: meters & down - the story of amateur radio, - american radio relay league p. isbn  - - - - 	^ a b c d bukro, casey (march , ). "folk hero's burial ends generations of anguish ". chicago tribune. p.  . retrieved december , – via newspapers.com. 	^ "blackfriars goes undergrsound for new musical". democrat and chronicle. may , . p.  . retrieved december , – via newspapers.com. 	^ "floyd collins book acquired by producer peter r.j. deyell". broadway world. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ "the death of floyd collins (edison blue amberol: )". . 	^ navarro, yvonne ( ). supernatural: the usual sacrifices. titan books. p.  . isbn  - - - - . 	brucker, r. and murray, r. trapped! the story of floyd collins, university press of kentucky, . isbn  - - - 	collins, homer. the life and death of floyd collins, as told to jack lehrberger, cave books, . isbn  - - - "supernatural: the usual sacrifices" by yvonne navarro, titan books, isbn  external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to floyd collins. 	tragedy at sand cave (u.s. national park service) 	cave wars - mammoth cave national park (u.s. national park service) 	the tragedy of history's smallest underground war 	authority control 	general	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	united states 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology 	social networks and archival context retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=floyd_collins&oldid= " 		categories: 	 births 	 deaths 	accidental deaths in kentucky 	american cavers 	american explorers 	burials in kentucky 	caving incidents and rescues 	people from logan county, kentucky hidden categories: 	cs : julian–gregorian uncertainty 	articles with hcards 	articles needing additional references from september 	all articles needing additional references 	articles needing additional references from december 	commons category link from wikidata 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with snac-id identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	polski 	Српски / srpski 	suomi 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 the hollow men - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the hollow men 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 the hollow men	by t. s. eliot 	eliot in 	written	 	country	england 	language	english 	publisher	faber & faber 	publication date	 	lines	 	quote	 this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends not with a bang but a whimper.[ ] 	 "the hollow men" ( ) is a poem by the modernist writer, t. s. eliot. like much of his work, its themes are overlapping and fragmentary, concerned with post–world war i europe under the treaty of versailles (which eliot despised: compare "gerontion"), hopelessness, religious conversion, redemption and, some critics argue, his failing marriage with vivienne haigh-wood eliot.[ ] it was published two years before eliot converted to anglicanism.[ ] divided into five parts, the poem is lines long. eliot's new york times obituary in identified the final four as "probably the most quoted lines of any th-century poet writing in english".[ ] contents 	 theme and context 	 publication information 	 influence in culture 	 . film 	 . literature 	 . multimedia 	 . video games 	 . music 	 . television 	 see also 	 references 	 external links theme and context[edit] eliot wrote that he produced the title "the hollow men" by combining the titles of the romance "the hollow land" by william morris with the poem "the broken men" by rudyard kipling:[ ], but it is possible that this is one of eliot's many constructed allusions. the title could also be theorized to originate more transparently from shakespeare's julius caesar or from the character kurtz in joseph conrad's heart of darkness who is referred to as a "hollow sham" and "hollow at the core". the latter is more likely since kurtz is mentioned specifically in one of the two epigraphs. the two epigraphs to the poem, "mistah kurtz – he dead" and "a penny for the old guy", are allusions to conrad's character and to guy fawkes. fawkes attempted arson of the english houses of parliament in and his straw-man effigy is burned each year in the united kingdom on guy fawkes night, the th of november.[ ] certain quotes from the poem such as "[...] heads filled with straw [...]" and "[...] in our dry cellar [...]"[ ] seem to be direct references to the gun powder plot. the hollow men follows the otherworldly journey of the spiritually dead. these "hollow men" have the realization, humility, and acknowledgement of their guilt and their status as broken, lost souls. their shame is seen in lines like "[...] eyes i dare not meet in dreams [...]" calling themselves "[...] sightless, useless [...]" and that that "[...] [death is] the only hope of empty men [...]".[ ] the "hollow men" fail to transform their motions into actions, conception to creation, desire to fulfillment. this awareness of the split between thought and action coupled with their awareness of "death's various kingdoms" and acute diagnosis of their hollowness, makes it hard for them to go forward and break through their spiritual sterility.[ ] eliot invokes imagery from the inferno (dante), specifically the third and fourth cantos of the inferno which describes limbo, the first circle of hell – showing man in his inability to cross into hell itself or to even beg redemption, unable to speak with god. he states that the hollow men "[...] grope together and avoid speech, gathered on this beach of the tumid river [...]",[ ] and dante states that at the gates of hell, people who did neither good nor evil in their lives have to gather quietly by a river where charon cannot ferry them across.[ ] this is the punishment for those in limbo according to dante, people who "[...] lived without infamy or praise [...]"[ ] they did not put any good or evil into the world, making them out to be 'hollow' people who can only watch others move on into the afterlife. eliot reprises this moment in his poem as the hollow men watch "[...] those who have crossed with direct eyes, to death's other kingdom [...]"[ ].eliot describes how they wish to be seen "[...] not as lost/violent souls, but only/as the hollow men/the stuffed men [...]".[ ] as the poem enters section five, there is a complete breakdown of language. the lord's prayer and what appears to be a lyric change of "pop goes the weasel" are written while this devolution of style ends with the final stanza, maybe the most quoted of eliot's poetry: this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends not with a bang but a whimper.[ ] when asked in if he would write these lines again, eliot said he would not. according to henry hewes: "one reason is that while the association of the h-bomb is irrelevant to it, it would today come to everyone's mind. another is that he is not sure the world will end with either. people whose houses were bombed have told him they don't remember hearing anything."[ ] publication information[edit] the poem was first published as now known on november , in eliot's poems: – . [ ] eliot was known to collect poems and fragments of poems to produce new works. this is clear to see in his poems the hollow men and "ash-wednesday" where he incorporated previously published poems to become sections of a larger work. in the case of the hollow men four of the five sections of the poem were previously published: 	"poème", published in the winter edition of commerce (with a french translation), became part i of the hollow men[ ]. 	doris's dream songs in the november issue of chapbook had the three poems: "eyes that last i saw in tears", "the wind sprang up at four o'clock", and "this is the dead land." the third poem became part iii of the hollow men.[ ] 	three eliot poems appeared in the january issue of his criterion magazine: "eyes i dare not meet in dreams", "eyes that i last saw in tears", and "the eyes are not here". the first poem became part ii of the hollow men and the third became part iv[ ]. 	additionally, the march of dial published the hollow men, i-iii which was finally transformed to the hollow men parts i, ii, and iv in poems: – .[ ] influence in culture[edit] 	 	this section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, providing citations to reliable, secondary sources, rather than simply listing appearances. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (may ) 	 	this section needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (may ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) the hollow men has had a profound effect on the anglo-american cultural lexicon—and by a relatively recent extension, world culture—since it was published in . one source states that the last four lines of the poem are "probably the most quoted lines of any th-century poet writing in english."[ ][ ] the sheer variety of references moves some of the questions concerning the poem's significance outside the traditional domain of literary criticism and into the much broader category of cultural studies. examples of such influences include: film[edit] 	eliot's poem was a strong influence on francis ford coppola and the movie apocalypse now ( ), in which antagonist colonel kurtz (played by marlon brando) is depicted reading parts of the poem aloud to his followers. furthermore, the complete dossier dvd release of the film includes a -minute special feature of kurtz reciting the poem in its entirety. the poem's epigraph, "mistah kurtz – he dead", is a quotation from conrad's heart of darkness ( ), upon which the film is loosely based. 	the final stanza is printed one line at a time at the beginning of the television production of stephen king's the stand ( ). the poem is also referenced in part by the character who feels responsible for the deadly "captain trips" virus being unleashed. *this is incorrect, the poem referenced is the second coming by w.b. yeats ("and what rough beast ...")* 	the trailer for the film southland tales ( ), directed by richard kelly, plays on the poem, stating: "this is the way the world ends, not with a whimper but with a bang." the film also quotes this inverted version of the line a number of times, mostly in voice-overs.[ ] 	beverly weston discusses the line "life is very long" at the beginning of august: osage county. 	in george cukor's classic remake of a star is born ( ), jack carson's film studio pr man matt libby refers to the death of james mason's character norman maine dismissively, quoting: "this is the way the world ends: not with a bang - with a whimper." 	in indiana jones and the kingdom of the crystal skull, the character harold oxley (john hurt) paraphrases a line from eliot's poem "eyes that i last saw in tears," when he says, "through eyes that last i saw in tears, here in death's dream kingdom, the golden vision reappears." this poem was part of a series of poems published by eliot in and , which referenced either "death's dream kingdom," "death's other kingdom," or "death's twilight kingdom," of which several would later be published as parts i-iv of "the hollow men." "eyes that i last saw in tears," though ultimately not included by eliot in his published version of "the hollow men," may nevertheless be read alongside the published poem, as a sort of apocryphal text, to provide context regarding the development of the composition of "the hollow men." furthermore, the poem fits neatly within the series of poems which were ultimately collected and published as "the hollow men," due to its imagery of "eyes" being encountered by the author in relation to "death's dream kingdom" and "death's other kingdom," as in parts i, ii, and iv of "the hollow men." 	sator (kenneth branagh) says that 'the world will end not with a bang, but a whimper' in reference to his dead man's switch device in tenet. literature[edit] 	stephen king's the dark tower series contains multiple references to "the hollow men" (as well as the waste land, most prominently the dark tower iii: the waste lands ( )).[ ] 	king also makes reference to "the hollow men" in pet sematary ( ) with: "or maybe someone who had escaped from eliot's poem about the hollow men. i should have been a pair of ragged claws", the latter sentence of which is taken from eliot's poem "the love song of j. alfred prufrock" ( ). there is also a reference in "under the dome" ( ), made by the journalist julia shumway. 	theodore dalrymple's book, not with a bang but a whimper ( ), takes its title from the last part of the poem.[ ] 	nevil shute's novel, on the beach ( ), takes its name from the second stanza of part iv of the poem and extracts from the poem, including the passage in which the novel's title appears, have been printed in the front papers of some editions of the book including the first us edition.[ ] 	kami garcia's novel beautiful creatures contains this quote. 	karen marie moning's fever series novel, shadowfever, contains quotes from this poem. 	tracy letts's play august: osage county ends with johanna quoting, "this is how the world ends, not with a bang but with a whimper" repeatedly. 	the prologue of n.k. jemisin's novel the fifth season references the last four lines of this poem. 	v. e. schwab's monsters of verity duology ( , ) quotes the line "not with a bang but with a whimper" throughout the novels. 	attia hosain's sunlight on a broken column borrows its title from eliot's the hollow men 	karl marlantes's novel matterhorn ( ) of the vietnam war weaves a quote from eliot's the hollow men into the story: "between the emotion and the response falls the shadow." 	haruki murakami's novel kafka on the shore ( ) mentions the poem as oshima explain he's most afraid of people lacking imagination, "the kind t.s eliot called hollow men". multimedia[edit] 	chris marker created a -minute multimedia piece for the museum of modern art in new york city titled owls at noon prelude: the hollow men ( ), which was influenced by eliot's poem.[ ] video games[edit] 	in the video game shadow man, the final boss, legion, quotes "this is the way the world ends, michael, not with a bang but with a whimper" just before giving the final blow to the protagonist in the bad ending. 	the full poem is included in one of the flashbacks in super columbine massacre rpg! 	in the video game metal gear solid : sons of liberty, the ai colonel in the final speech quotes "and this is the way the world ends. not with a bang, but a whimper".[ ] music[edit] 	denis apivor wrote a work called the hollow men for baritone, male chorus and orchestra around . it had only one performance, in , under the conductor constant lambert, and produced by the bbc through the influence of edward clark.[ ] 	the american new wave band devo partially lifted from the poem for the chorus to the song "the shadow" on their seventh album total devo ( ) 	australian rock band tism spoofed the poem's first epigraph for their song "mistah eilot - he wanker" which mocked eilot and the concept of modernism. 	the song "hollow man" appears as the first track on the album doppelgänger ( ) by the group daniel amos; the song is a paraphrase of eliot's poem spoken over the music of "ghost of the heart" played backwards; "ghost of the heart" is the last song on the group's previous album ¡alarma! ( ) 	members of the minneapolis hiphop collective doomtree have referenced this poem in a number of collective and individual songs, including the single "no homeowners" on the collective's album false hopes, ". airweight" on 's all hands, and in the single "flash paper" from member sims's album more than ever. 	the last line of the poem is referenced in amanda palmer's song "strength through music", based on the columbine high school massacre. 	eliot's poem inspired the hollow men ( ), a piece for trumpet and string orchestra by composer vincent persichetti and one of his most popular works.[ ] 	jon foreman of switchfoot says that the band's song "meant to live" is inspired by eliot's poem.[ ] 	the gaslamp killer song in the dark... has the lyrics "this is the way the world ends" in it. 	the greek black metal band rotting christ uses excerpts of the poem as lyrics for the song "thine is the kingdom" on their album sleep of the angels. the final stanza of the poem is used as the song's chorus. 	finnish musical producer axel thesleff created a musical interpretation of the poem in form of a five-track lp.[ ] 	british s band emf used the line "this is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends" using wordplay to add "not with a band" in their song longtime on the album schubert dip[ ] 	the release by north carolina-based band scapegoat, i am alien, references the poem in the title track: "so thank you mr. elliot for showing us the way the world will end, not with a bang, but with a whimper on the wind, and i've come to tell all of my friends, that it starts with a bang, but ends with the wind." 	frank turner references the hollow men in his song "sons of liberty". his song "anymore" also contains a reference to the last line of the poem. 	in , american experimental hip hop musician lil ugly mane repeatedly sampled the line “this is the way the world ends” in the song ”columns”, from his sophomore album oblivion access. 	wire's song "comet" (from the album send) features a chorus that references the poem: "and the chorus goes ba-ba-ba-ba-bang....then a whimper". television[edit] 	not with a bang was a short-lived british television sitcom produced by lwt for itv in . 	british television series: doctor who ("the lazarus experiment") and foyle's war (series , episode , which also name-drops "ash wednesday" and horizons magazine, to which eliot contributed) 	american television shows: rock, the big bang theory, northern exposure, the title of the finale of dexter's sixth season (in which the protagonist also quotes the titular verse), dollhouse (on "the hollow men" episode), frasier, mad men, and the x-files (on the "pusher" episode). "the haunting hour" ("scarecrow") "the stand" (the plague), the odd couple 	british television series the fall references the poem in its title and in series episode serial killer paul spector writes the lines 'between the idea and the reality, between the motion and the act falls the shadow' in his journal of his murders. 	american series agents of s.h.i.e.l.d., in the finale of season has holden radcliffe partially quote the final stanza as he disappears.[ ] 	american crime drama the sinner has the character nick recite the lines "prickly pear, prickly pear, prickly pear" from part v. see also[edit] 	gunpowder plot in popular culture references[edit] 	^ a b eliot, t. s. ( ) [ ]. poems – . london: faber & faber, . 	^ a b c d e f g see, for instance, the work of one of eliot's editors and major critics, ronald schuchard. 	^ swarbrick, andrew ( ). selected poems of t. s. eliot. basingstoke and london: macmillan, . 	^ a b "t.s. eliot, the poet, is dead in london at ". the new york times. january . retrieved december . 	^ eliot, t. s. inventions of the march hare: poems – (harcourt, ) pp. isbn  - - - christopher ricks, the editor, cited a letter dated january to the times literary supplement. 	^ "gunpowder plot | definition, summary, & facts". encyclopedia britannica. retrieved march . 	^ a b "dante's inferno". www.gutenberg.org. retrieved march . 	^ 't. s. eliot at seventy, and an interview with eliot' in saturday review. henry hewes. september in grant p. . 	^ a b c d e gallup, donald clifford ( ). t. s. eliot: a bibliography. internet archive. london, faber. isbn  - - - - . 	^ murphy, russell elliott ( ). critical companion to t.s. eliot : a literary reference to his life and work. new york, ny: facts on file. p.  . isbn  - . 	^ dargis, manohla ( november ). "southland tales". the new york times. 	^ anon. "t. s .eliot: timeless influence on a modern generation". brushed with mystery. retrieved december . 	^ not with a bang but a whimper: the politics and culture of decline (us edition) ( ) isbn  - - - 	^ shute, nevil ( ). on the beach. ny, ny: william morrow and company. 	^ "chris marker's short film: owls at noon, prelude: the hollow men". moma.org. . 	^ "metal gear solid ending analysis". junkerhq.net. retrieved february . 	^ david wright, denis apivor 	^ spector, irwin ( may ). "on stage at k.u." lawrence journal world. retrieved december . 	^ "switchfoot - behind the songs of the beautiful letdown". retrieved march . 	^ "the hollow men lp by axel thesleff". soundcloud.com. retrieved june . 	^ "lyrics to emf longtime". metrolyrics.com. retrieved june . 	^ freeman, molly ( may ). "agents of s.h.i.e.l.d. season finale review & discussion". screen rant. retrieved may . external links[edit] 	an omnibus collection of t. s. eliot's poetry at standard ebooks 	text of the poem with notes 	scans of the publication of the poem, in a reprint 		v 	t 	e t. s. eliot 	bibliography 	early poems	 	"the love song of j. alfred prufrock" 	"portrait of a lady" 	"preludes" 	"whispers of immortality" 	"gerontion" 	the waste land 	the hollow men 	ash wednesday 	ariel poems 	journey of the magi 	a song for simeon 	 	later poems	 	old possum's book of practical cats 	"the awefull battle of the pekes and the pollicles" 	"gus: the theatre cat" 	"growltiger's last stand" 	"the naming of cats" 	burnt norton 	east coker 	the dry salvages 	little gidding 	four quartets 	plays	 	sweeney agonistes 	the rock 	murder in the cathedral 	the family reunion 	the cocktail party 	the confidential clerk 	the elder statesman 	prose	 	selected essays, - 	"hamlet and his problems" 	"tradition and the individual talent" 	the sacred wood 	a choice of kipling's verse ( ) 	"the frontiers of criticism" 	adaptations	 	assassinio nella cattedrale (opera) 	cats 	 musical 	 film 	 film 	publishing	 	the criterion 	faber and faber 	t. s. eliot prize 	t. s. eliot prize (truman state university) 	related	 	tom & viv ( play, film) 	people	 	eliot family 	vivienne haigh-wood eliot (first wife) 	valerie eliot (second wife) 	henry ware eliot (father) 	charlotte champe stearns (mother) 	william greenleaf eliot (grandfather) 	e. martin browne 	emily hale 	john davy hayward 	ezra pound 	jean jules verdenal 	william butler yeats 	authority control 	 	musicbrainz work retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_hollow_men&oldid= " 		categories: 	 poems 	poetry by t. s. eliot 	world war i poems 	modernist poems 	american poems hidden categories: 	engvarb from may 	use dmy dates from may 	articles with trivia sections from may 	articles needing additional references from may 	all articles needing additional references 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz work identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	deutsch 	français 	italiano 	nederlands 	tiếng việt 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 gene stratton-porter - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	gene stratton-porter 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			gene stratton-porter 	 	born	( - - )august , lagro, indiana 	died	december , ( - - ) (aged  ) los angeles, california 	occupation	 	author 	naturalist 	nature photographer 	film producer 	nationality	american 	period	 – 	genre	natural history gene stratton-porter (august , – december , ), born geneva grace stratton, was a wabash county, indiana, native who became a self-trained american author, nature photographer, and naturalist. in stratton-porter used her position and influence as a popular, well-known author to urge legislative support for the conservation of limberlost swamp and other wetlands in the state of indiana. she was also a silent film-era producer who founded her own production company, gene stratton porter productions, in . stratton-porter wrote several best-selling novels in addition to columns for national magazines, such as mccall's and good housekeeping, among others. her novels have been translated into more than twenty languages, including braille, and at their peak in the s attracted an estimated million readers. eight of her novels, including a girl of the limberlost, were adapted into moving pictures. stratton-porter was also the subject of a one-woman play, a song of the wilderness. two of her former homes in indiana are state historic sites, the limberlost state historical site in geneva and the gene stratton-porter state historic site on sylvan lake, near rome city, indiana. contents 	 early life and education 	 marriage and family 	 major residences 	 . limberlost cabin (geneva, indiana) 	 . cabin at wildflower woods 	 . california homes 	 career 	 . author 	 . . early years 	 . . novels 	 . . nature books 	 . . magazine articles 	 . . children's stories and poetry 	 . nature photographer 	 . naturalist and conservationist 	 . movie producer 	 later years 	 death and legacy 	 honors and awards 	 selected published works 	 . novels 	 . nature studies 	 . poetry 	 . children's books and collected essays 	 film adaptations of novels 	 biographical play 	 references 	 external links early life and education[edit] geneva grace stratton, the twelfth and last child of mary (shallenberger) and mark stratton, was born at the family's hopewell farm on august , , near lagro in wabash county, indiana.[ ][ ] mark stratton, a methodist minister and farmer of english descent, and mary stratton, a homemaker of german-swiss ancestry,[ ] were married in ohio on december , , relocated to wabash county, indiana, in , and settled at hopewell farm in . geneva's eleven siblings included catherine, mary ann, anastasia, florence, ada, jerome, irvin, leander, and lemon, in addition to two sisters, samira and louisa jane, who died at a young age. geneva's married sister, mary ann, died in an accident in february ; her teenaged brother, leander, whom geneva called laddie, drowned in the wabash river on july , .[ ] in twelve-year-old geneva moved to wabash, indiana, with her parents and three unmarried siblings. they initially lived in the home of geneva's married sister, anastasia, and her husband, alvah taylor, a lawyer.[ ] geneva's mother died on february , , less than four months after the move to wabash. thereafter, geneva boarded with various relatives in wabash until her marriage to charles porter in . geneva, who was also called geneve during her youth, shortened her name to gene during her courtship with porter.[ ] one of stratton-porter's early nature photographs of owls, one of her favorite birds to study and photograph. gene received little formal schooling early in life; however, she developed a strong interest in nature, especially birds. as a young girl, gene's father and her brother, leander, taught her to appreciate nature as she roamed freely around the family farm, observing animals in their natural habitats and caring for various pets.[ ] it was said of stratton-porter's childhood that she had been "reared by people who constantly pointed out every natural beauty, using it wherever possible to drive home a precept, the child [stratton-porter] lived out-of-doors with the wild almost entirely."[ ] after the family moved to wabash in , gene attended school on a regular basis and became an avid reader. she also began music lessons in banjo, violin, and piano from her sister, florence, and received private art lessons from a local instructor. gene finished all but the final term of her senior year at wabash high school. because she was failing her classes, she made the decision on her own to quit, later claiming that she had left school to care for anastasia, who was terminally ill with cancer and receiving treatment in illinois.[ ] marriage and family[edit] in thirty-four-year-old charles dorwin porter saw gene stratton during her trip to sylvan lake, indiana, where she was attending the island park assembly, a chautauqua gathering. porter, a druggist, was thirteen years older than stratton, who was not yet twenty-one.[ ] after ten months of regularly exchanging letters, the couple met at another gathering at sylvan lake, during the summer of . they became engaged in october and were married on august , . gene stratton-porter kept her family surname and added her husband's after her marriage.[ ] charles porter, who had numerous business interests, became a wealthy and successful businessman. of scots-irish descent, he was the son and oldest child of elizabeth and john p. porter, a doctor. charles owned an interest in a drugstore in fort wayne, indiana, which he sold soon after his marriage, and also owned drugstores in decatur and geneva. he also owned and operated farms, a hotel, and a restaurant. porter and other investors organized the bank of geneva in . he also became a trenton oil company investor. at one time he had more than sixty oil wells drilled on his land.[ ][ ] gene and charles porter's only child, a daughter, named jeannette, was born on august , , when the porters were living in decatur, indiana. the family moved to geneva, in adams county, indiana, in . charles pursued various business interests and traveled extensively, while gene stayed at home.[ ] gene took pride in her family and maintaining a home, but she opposed the restrictive, traditional marriages of her era and grew bored and restless. she maintained her independence through the pursuit of her lifelong interests in nature and birdlife, and began by writing about these subjects to earn her own income. in time, she became an independently wealthy novelist, nonfiction writer, and film producer.[ ] stratton-porter had four grandchildren, two granddaughters, and two grandsons. the porters' daughter, jeannette, married g. blaine monroe in and had two daughters: jeannette helen monroe was born on november , ; gene stratton monroe was born on march , . the monroes divorced in , and then jeannette and her two daughters moved to los angeles, california, to live with stratton-porter, who had moved there in . on june , , jeannette married james leo meehan, a film producer, who was stratton-porter's business associate. after the death of her brother, lemon stratton, in late , stratton-porter became the guardian of his daughter, leah mary stratton. leah lived with stratton-porter for several years after leah's father's death.[ ] major residences[edit] in stratton-porter persuaded her husband, charles, to move their family from decatur to geneva in adams county, indiana, where he would be closer to his businesses. he initially purchased a small home within walking distance of his drugstore;[ ] however, when oil was discovered on his land, it provided the financial resources needed to build a larger home.[ ] the limberlost cabin at geneva served as stratton-porter's home from to .[ ][ ] in , with the profits she made from her best-selling novels and successful writing career, stratton-porter purchased property along sylvan lake, near rome city in noble county, indiana, and built the cabin at wildflower woods estate, which eventually encompassed acres ( hectares). both of these properties are preserved as state historic sites.[ ] stratton-porter moved to southern california in and made it her year-round residence. she purchased homes in hollywood and built a vacation home that she named singing water on her property on catalina island. floraves, her lavish mountaintop estate in bel air, was nearly completed at the time of her death in , but she never lived in it.[ ] limberlost cabin (geneva, indiana)[edit] main article: gene stratton porter cabin (geneva, indiana) limberlost state historic site, western side construction on a two-story, -room, cedar-log queen anne style rustic home in geneva began in and was completed in . the porters named their new home the limberlost cabin in reference to its location near the , -acre ( , -hectare) limberlost swamp, where stratton-porter liked to explore and found the inspiration for her writing. stratton-porter lived in the cabin until .[ ][ ] while residing in geneva, stratton-porter spent much time exploring, observing nature, sketching, and making photographs at the limberlost swamp. she also began writing nature stories and books. the nearby swamp was the setting for two of her most popular novels, freckles ( ) and a girl of the limberlost ( ). in addition, the swamp was the locale for many of her works of natural history. stratton-porter became known as "the bird lady" and "the lady of the limberlost" to friends and readers.[ ][ ] between and , the area's wetlands around stratton-porter's home were drained to reclaim the land for agricultural development and the limberlost swamp, along with the flora and fauna that stratton-porter documented in her books, was destroyed. in she purchased property for a new home at sylvan lake in noble county, indiana. the porters sold the limberlost cabin in .[ ] in the limberlost conservation association of geneva donated it to the state of indiana. designated as the limberlost state historic site, the indiana state museum and historic sites operates the site as a house museum. it was listed in the national register of historic places in .[ ][ ][ ] cabin at wildflower woods[edit] main article: gene stratton-porter cabin (rome city, indiana) gene's cabin at wildflower woods is the present-day gene stratton-porter state historic site on sylvan lake in rome city, noble county, indiana. after the limberlost swamp was drained and its natural resources developed for commercial purposes, stratton-porter sought alternate locations for inspiration. she initially purchased a small home on the north side of sylvan lake, near rome city, in noble county, indiana, as a summer home while she looked for property to build a new residence. in she purchased lakeside property using her own funds and designed and had a new home built there in . stratton-porter named her new home the cabin at wildflower woods, which she also called limberlost cabin because of its similarity to the porters' home in geneva.[ ] while her sylvan lake home was under construction, stratton-porter found time to write laddie ( ), her sixth novel. she moved into the large, two-story, cedar-log cabin in february ; her husband, charles, who remained at their home in geneva, commuted to the lakeside property on weekends.[ ] stratton-porter assisted in developing the grounds of wildflower woods into her private wildlife sanctuary. its natural setting provided her with the privacy she desired, at least initially; however, her fame attracted too many unwanted visitors and trespassers. the property's increasing lack of privacy was one of the reasons that caused her move to california in . stratton-porter offered to sell her property to the state of indiana in to establish a state nature preserve, but representatives of the state government did not respond. she retained ownership of wildflower woods for the remainder of her life.[ ] scenes from a movie based on stratton-porter's book, the harvester, were filmed there in .[ ] in the gene stratton-porter association purchased wildflower woods from stratton-porter's daughter, jeannette porter meehan; in the association donated the -acre ( . -hectare) property to the state of indiana, including the cabin, its formal gardens, orchard, and pond. designated as the gene stratton-porter state historic site, the present-day -acre ( -hectare) property, including acres ( . hectares) that were part of her original purchase, is operated by the indiana state museum and historic sites and open to the public. the property was listed on the national register of historic places in .[ ][ ] in addition to the cabin, guests can explore a one-acre formal garden, wooded paths, and a -acre ( -hectare) wetland and prairie that is undergoing restoration.[ ] the gene stratton-porter state historic site is supported by the gene stratton-porter memorial society, inc. california homes[edit] lack of privacy at her home on sylvan lake in indiana was among the reasons for stratton-porter's move to california. she arrived in southern california in the fall of , intending to spend the winter months there, but enjoyed it so much that she decided to make it her year-round home. stratton-porter enjoyed an active social life in the los angeles area, made new friends, began to publish her poetry, and continued to write novels and magazine articles. in she also established her own film production company.[ ][ ] stratton-porter initially purchased a small home between second and third streets in hollywood, not far from where her stratton relatives lived. (stratton-porter's sister, catherine, and two of stratton-porter's nieces were already living in southern california when she moved there. her brother, jerome, and his wife later retired nearby.) in , when stratton-porter's recently divorced daughter, jeannette, and stratton-porter's two granddaughters relocated to california to live with her, she purchased a larger home at the corner of serrano and fourth street, while charles remained at geneva, still active in the town's bank. after the porters sold the limberlost cabin in , he stayed at a geneva boardinghouse when he was not traveling.[ ] in early stratton-porter purchased two lots on catalina island to build a -room vacation retreat. the grounds of the -acre ( . -hectare) property included a fountain constructed of local stone and seashells. stratton-porter moved into the wildlife haven in june and named it singing water because of the sounds emitting from the elaborate fountain. she completed her last novel, the keeper of the bees ( ) at catalina island in .[ ] by march stratton-porter had selected a site for an estate home in southern california in an undeveloped area west of present-day beverly hills that became bel air. stratton-porter was the first to build a residence there. the -room, english tudor-style mansion included approximately , square feet ( ,  m ) of living space and was set on a small mountaintop. the property also included a -car garage with servants' quarters above it, a greenhouse, outdoor ponds, and a tennis court. stratton-porter named her estate floraves for flora (meaning flowers) and aves (meaning birds). she died on december , , a few weeks before the home was completed. her daughter, jeannette, was the sole heir of her mother's estate.[ ] career[edit] gene stratton-porter while her marriage to charles porter provided financial security and personal independence, gene sought additional roles beyond those of wife and mother. she took up writing in as an outlet for self-expression and as a means to earn her own income. stratton-porter felt that as long as her work did not interfere with the needs of her family, she was free to pursue her own interests. she began her literary career by observing and writing about birdlife of the upper wabash river valley and the nature she had seen during visits to the limberlost swamp, less than a mile from her home in geneva, indiana. the limberlost swamp, the limberlost cabin at geneva, and after , the cabin at wildflower woods at sylvan lake in northeastern indiana became the laboratories for her nature studies and the inspiration for her short stories, novels, essays, photography, and movies.[ ] stratton-porter wrote twenty-six books that included twelve novels, eight nature studies, two books of poetry, and four collections of stories and children's books. of the fifty-five books selling one million or more copies between and , five of them were novels written by stratton-porter. among stratton-porter's best-selling novels were freckles ( ), a girl of the limberlost ( ), the harvester ( ), laddie ( ), and michael o'halloran ( ).[ ][ ] stratton-porter incorporated every day occurrences and acquaintances into her works of fiction. many of her works delve into difficult subject matter such as themes of abuse, prostitution, and abandonment. in the case of her father's daughter ( ), the anti-asian sentiment that her writing reflected was prevalent in the united states during that era. her other writing also introduced the concept of land and wildlife conservation to her readers.[ ] although stratton-porter preferred to focus on nature books, it was her romantic novels that gained her fame and wealth. although, she often did create an irrefutable link between nature and romance in her plotlines; nature often represents a comfort for her characters, as she felt it was for her as a child. these romantic novels generated the income that allowed her to pursue her nature studies. her novels have been translated into twenty-three languages, as well as braille. at its peak in the early s, her readership was estimated at million, with earnings from her literary works estimated at $ million.[ ][ ] author[edit] early years[edit] stratton-porter began her career in , when she sent nature photographs that she had made to recreation magazine. her first published article, "a new experience in millinery," appeared in the publication's february issue. the article described her concerns about harming birds in order to use their feathers as hat trims. at the magazine's request, stratton-porter also wrote a photography column called "camera notes." in july she switched to doing similar work for outing, a natural history magazine.[ ][ ] stratton-porter was soon submitting short stories and nature-related material to magazines on a regular basis with increasing success. her first short story, "laddie, the princess, and the pie," was published in metropolitan magazine in september .[ ] to attract a wider audience stratton porter decided to include fictional elements in her nature writing and began writing novels. stratton-porter's writing also included poetry and children's stories, in addition to essays and editorials that were published in magazines with nationwide circulation such as mccall's and good housekeeping.[ ] novels[edit] although it was published anonymously in , circumstantial evidence suggests that stratton-porter's first book was the strike at shane's. however, stratton-porter never acknowledged that she had written it and its author was never revealed.[ ] bobbs-merrill published her first, full-length attributed novel, the song of the cardinal ( ), about a red bird living along the wabash river. the book explained how birds lived in the wild and also included her photographs. although the novel was a modest commercial success and was warmly received by literary critics, stratton-porter's publisher believed that nature stories would not become as popular as romance novels. for her second novel, stratton-porter decided to combine nature and romance. freckles ( ), which was published by doubleday, page and company, became a bestseller. the book's popularity among readers helped to launch her career as a successful novelist, despite its lackluster reviews from critics.[ ] title page a girl of the limberlost ( ), which was highly successful and her best-known work, brought her worldwide recognition. its central character, elnora comstock, a lonely, poverty-stricken girl living on a farm in adams county, goes to the limberlost swamp to escape from her troubles and earns money to pay for her education by collecting and selling moth specimens.[ ] the main character's strong, individualistic nature are similar to stratton-porter's.[ ] literary critics called the novel a "well written" and "wholesome story."[ ] initial sales of her third novel, at the foot of the rainbow ( ), about two friends who enjoy fishing and trapping, were "disappointing,"[ ] but stratton-porter reached the peak of her popularity with the publication of her next novel, the harvester ( ), which centers around david langston, who harvests and in turn sells medicinal herbs, and his love interest, ruth jameson, who embodies his ideal partner. it reached number one on the best-seller list in .[ ] freckles ( ), a girl of the limberlost ( ), and the harvester ( ) are set in the wooded wetlands and swamps of northeast indiana. stratton-porter loved the area and its wildlife and had documented them extensively.[ ] inexpensive reprints of freckles and a girl of the limberlost brought stratton-porter to the public's attention in the united states as well as abroad. translations of her book into other languages also increased her international audience. in , when stratton-porter reached a long-term agreement with doubleday, page and company to publish her books, she agreed to provide one manuscript each year, alternating between novels and nonfiction nature books.[ ] stratton-porter's next novel, laddie: a true blue story ( ), another of her best-selling novels, included elements that corresponded to her early life. it was written while she supervised construction of her home at sylvan lake in noble county, indiana, and she described it as her most autobiographical novel. the narrative is told in the first person by the twelfth child of the "stanton" family. the title character is modeled after stratton-porter's deceased older brother, leander, whom stratton-porter nicknamed laddie. as in stratton-porter's own family, laddie is connected with the land and identifies with their father's vocation of farming.[ ][ ] michael o'halloran ( ), her seventh novel, was inspired by a newsboy she had encountered in philadelphia, while visiting her daughter, jeannette, and her family. a daughter of the land ( ), her next novel, did not sell as well as her earlier works.[ ] over time, sales of stratton-porter's novels had slowly declined and by her status as a best-selling author began to fade. undeterred, she continued to write until her death in .[ ] her father's daughter ( ), one of stratton-porter's last novels, was set in southern california, outside los angeles, where she had moved around . the novel is especially biased against immigrants of asian descent. judith reick long, one of stratton-porter's biographers, stated that world war i-era racial prejudice and nativism were prevalent in the united states and it was not unusual to be anti-asian in southern california at that time. barbara olenyik morrow, another of her biographers, explained that the book was intentionally playing to the era's ethnic prejudices. the literary review, ignoring its anti-asian content, noted its "wholesome charm."[ ][ ] the white flag ( ), criticized as an old-fashioned melodrama, failed to make the bestseller list; however, the story was serialized in good housekeeping magazine beginning in , in advance of the book's release. by the time of its publication, stratton-porter's interests had shifted toward filmmaking.[ ] the keeper of the bees ( ) and the magic garden ( ) were the last of stratton-porter's novels completed before her death. both of them were written at her home on catalina island and published posthumously. the keeper of the bees is a story about a world war i veteran who regains his heath through the restorative "power and beauty of nature."[ ] the story was serialized in mccall's magazine from february through september and was published in book form later that year. the magic garden, about a girl of divorced parents, was written for her two granddaughters, whose parents divorced when they were young. filmmaker james leo meehan, stratton-porter's business partner and son-in-law, wrote a screenplay of the novel shortly after stratton-porter had completed the manuscript.[ ] millions of copies of stratton-porter's novels were sold and most of them became best sellers, but the literary establishment criticized them as "unrealistic," "too virtuous," and "idealistic."[ ] despite the criticisms, she was popular among readers of her novels.[ ] stratton-porter once claimed, "time, the hearts of my readers, and the files of my publisher will find me my ultimate place."[ ] nature books[edit] front cover of moths of the limberlost' ( ) stratton-porter, a keen observer of nature, wrote eight nonfiction nature books that were moderate sellers compared to her novels. what i have done with birds ( ) first appeared as a six-month illustrated series for the ladies' home journal from april to august . the bobbs-merrill company published the material in book format that also includes stratton-porter's photographs.[ ] birds of the bible ( ), an illustrated reference book published by jennings and graham of cincinnati, included eighty-one of stratton-porter's photographs. both of these nature books were slow sellers. music of the wild ( ), also published by jennings and graham, warned of the adverse effects that the destruction of trees and swamps would have on rainfall. her warnings appeared nearly two decades before the dust bowl of the s and well in advance of present-day environmental concerns about climate change.[ ] moths of the limberlost ( ), the nature book of which stratton-porter was "most proud," was dedicated to neltje blanchan, a fellow nature writer and the wife of her publisher, frank nelson doubleday.[ ] prior to her move to california in , stratton-porter completed the manuscript for homing with the birds ( ). praised for its content, it described birdlife using easy-to-understand language for the general public. wings ( ) was published a year before her death; tales you won't believe ( ) was published posthumously.[ ] while literary critics called her novels overly sentimental, academics dismissed her nature writing because they felt that her research methods were unscientific. stratton-porter, who was not a trained scientist, centered her field research on her own interests in observing the domestic behavior of wild birds, such as their nest-building, diets, and social behavior. her writing tried to explain nature in ways that her readers could understand and avoided scientific jargon and tedious, dry statistics.[ ] magazine articles[edit] stratton-porter regularly contributed articles and photographs to magazines that included metropolitan, recreation, outing, country life in america, and ladies' home journal. after her move to california in , stratton-porter wrote articles for the izaak walton league's publication, outdoor america, and a thirteen-part series of nature articles for good housekeeping. she also agreed to write a series of editorials for mccall's magazine in a monthly column called the "gene stratton-porter's page," beginning in january .[ ] tales you won't believe ( ), a collection of articles that stratton-porter had written for good housekeeping, and let us highly resolve ( ), a collection of essays that had appeared in mccall's magazine, were published after her death.[ ] children's stories and poetry[edit] morning face ( ), a collection of children's stories that also included her photographs, was dedicated to her granddaughter, jeannette monroe, whom stratton-porter had nicknamed "morning face."[ ] "symbols," her first poem to appear in a national magazine, was published in good housekeeping in january . the fire bird ( ), a native american tragedy, was the first of her long narrative poems to be published in book form. its sales were weak and it was not well received by literary critics. in good housekeeping published stratton-porter's poem, "euphorbia," in three installments[ ] and paid her $ , , "the most she had ever received for her poetry."[ ] jesus of the emerald ( ), another of her long narrative poems, describes tiberius caesar's search for details of jesus's works and appearance. stratton-porter explains her religious beliefs in the afterword of the book.[ ] nature photographer[edit] in addition to writing, stratton-porter was an accomplished artist and wildlife photographer, specializing in the birds and moths that lived in the limberlost swamp, one of the last of the wetlands of the lower great lakes basin. she also made sketches of her observations as part of her fieldwork. stratton-porter was especially noted for her close-up photographs of wildlife in their natural habitat. in one of her early photographic studies, she documented the development of a black vulture over a period of three months.[ ] stratton-porter reported in what i have done with birds ( ) that the effort "yielded me the only complete series of vulture studies ever made."[ ] stratton-porter began photographing birds in the limberlost swamp and along the wabash river near her home in geneva, indiana, after her husband, charles, and daughter, jeannette, presented her with a camera as a christmas gift in . she submitted some of her early photographs to recreation magazine in the late s and wrote a regular camera column for the publication in . outing magazine hired her to do similar work in . unhappy with images the magazine editors suggested to accompany her writing, she began to submit her own photographs as illustrations for her articles. she also preferred to use her own photographs to illustrate her nature books.[ ] thirteen of her wildlife photographs were published in in the american annual of photography, which also included her views on her fieldwork. many of the photographs in music of the wild ( ) were taken at her sylvan lake home in northeastern indiana.[ ] stratton-porter preferred to photograph wildlife in their natural environment.[ ] although she hired men to help transport her cumbersome camera equipment into the field for photo shoots, she preferred to work alone. occasionally, her husband accompanied her into the field. as stratton-porter gained more experience, she acquired better camera equipment, including a custom-made camera that used eight-by-ten-inch glass photographic plates. stratton-porter believed that the larger plates provided her with more detailed photographs of her subjects. she also developed her photographic plates in a darkroom she set up in the bathroom at limberlost cabin, her family's home in geneva, indiana, and later in her darkroom at the cabin at wildflower woods along sylvan lake.[ ] naturalist and conservationist[edit] through her writing and photography, stratton-porter demonstrated "her strong desire to instill her love of nature in others in order to improve their lives and preserve the natural world."[ ] she also opposed the destruction of wetlands developed for commercial use. after the turn of the twentieth century, when the limberlost swamp's trees were cut for timber and its shrubs and vines were killed, the resulting commercial development, which included oil drilling, destroyed its wildlife. the swamp was drained into the wabash river.[ ] in stratton-porter became more active in the conservation movement when the indiana general assembly passed legislation to allow drainage of state-owned swamps in noble and lagrange counties. she joined with others to urge the state legislature to repeal the law that would lead to the destruction of wetlands in northeastern indiana. although the law was repealed in , the area's swamps were eventually drained.[ ][ ] in stratton-porter became a founding member of the izaak walton league, a national conservation group, and joined its efforts to save the wild elk at jackson hole, wyoming, from extinction. stratton-porter called on the readers of outdoor america, the league's publication, to take prompt action.[ ] she was also a strong advocate of land and wetland conservation. as she wrote in an essay, "all together, heave," for outdoor america in , "if we do not want our land to dry up and blow away, we must replace at least part of our trees" and urged conservation of american waterways.[ ] movie producer[edit] stratton-porter, a "pioneer" in the hollywood film industry, was dissatisfied with the movie adaptation of her novels by movie studios. because she wanted more control over the production work, stratton-porter expanded her business ventures to include her own production studio to make moving pictures based on her novels. eight of her novels have been made into movies.[ ] paramount pictures produced freckles, the first film based on her novels in , but stratton-porter was unhappy with the movie because it did not closely follow her novel and decided to make her own.[ ] stratton-porter's first filmmaking effort was made with thomas h. ince on michael o'halloran ( ). stratton-porter supervised the filming and assisted the principal director, james leo meehan. her daughter, jeannette, wrote the screenplay.[ ] in stratton-porter formed her own movie studio and production company. gene stratton-porter productions created moving pictures that were closely based on her novels.[ ] before her death in december , stratton-porter's production company had produced two films, michael o'halloran ( ) and a girl of the limberlost ( ), and she had completed her novel the keeper of the bees for a third film.[ ] stratton-porter's studio filmed the harvester ( ) at her wildflower woods estate in northeastern indiana. film booking offices of america released the movies produced by stratton-porter's studio. none of these fbo-released films are known to survive.[ ][ ] stratton-porter's stories remained popular among filmmakers after her death. rko pictures, a successor to film booking offices, made freckles and laddie in . monogram pictures made a girl of the limberlost ( ), keeper of the bees ( ), and romance of the limberlost ( ).[ ] republic pictures released the harvester ( ) and michael o'halloran ( ). the original negatives and mm prints of these early films are unlikely to have survived; however, some mm versions created for television have been acquired by private collectors.[ ] a girl of the limberlost was adapted four times for film. first, as a silent film produced by stratton-porter's production company in with gloria grey in the title role. the version was directed by w. christy cabanne and its cast included marian marsh in the starring role and silent-era film stars henry b. walthall, betty blythe, and louise dresser, an indiana native. the version included ruth nelson. the , made-for-television movie starred joanna cassidy as stratton-porter.[ ] romance of the limberlost ( ), directed by william nigh, featured indiana actress marjorie main in the role of the mean stepmother.[ ] the keeper of the bees was adapted four times as a movie. it was first released a silent film in , starring robert frazer; in as a monogram film starring neil hamilton; in for columbia pictures;[ ] and as keeper of the bees in a adaptation that was loosely based on the original novel. stratton-porter's granddaughter, gene stratton monroe, appeared version in the role of little scout.[ ][ ] later years[edit] in later , after years of years of strenuous work outdoors, battling with the indiana state government to protect the state's wetlands, and worrying over the events of world war i, fifty-four-year-old stratton-porter checked into clifton springs sanitarium and clinic, a health retreat for the famous in new york. she recuperated at the resort for a month before returning to her home at wildflower woods and taking up new challenges as a poet, filmmaker, and editorialist. in , after recovering from a serious bout of influenza and completing homing with the birds ( ), she decided to move to los angeles, california.[ ] southern california's more temperate climate and increased social activities appealed to her. from her california home, stratton-porter continued to write novels and poetry, in addition a series of articles for mccall's magazine. in she founded gene stratton-porter productions, inc., one of the first female-owned studios, and worked with film director, james leo meehan, to create films based on her novels. with increased business dealings and enjoying the company of many writers, artists, sculptors, and musicians, stratton-porter decided to establish her permanent residence in southern california. although she retained her home at sylvan lake in indiana, the porters sold the limberlost cabin in geneva, indiana, in . at the time of her death in , stratton-porter owned wildflower woods in indiana, a year-round home in los angeles, a vacation home on catalina island, and was constructing a mansion in bel air, california.[ ] death and legacy[edit] stratton-porter died on december , , at the age of sixty-one, in los angeles, california, of injuries received in a traffic accident. her car, driven by her chauffeur, collided with a streetcar while she was en route to visit her brother, jerome. stratton-porter was thrown from the vehicle and died at a nearby hospital less than two hours later of a fractured pelvis and crushed chest. her private funeral was held on december at her south serrano street home in hollywood, california. stratton-porter's remains were held in a temporary burial vault until and then interred at hollywood memorial park cemetery.[ ] stratton-porter's husband, charles porter, died in and was buried in his hometown of decatur, indiana; their daughter, jeannette porter meehan, died in california in . in stratton-porter's two grandsons, james and john meehan, arranged to move stratton-porter's remains, along with those of their mother, jeannette porter meehan, to indiana. the women's remains are interred on the grounds of the gene stratton-porter state historic site at sylvan lake.[ ][ ] stratton-porter's two former residences in indiana, the limberlost cabin in geneva and the cabin at wildflower woods near rome city, have been acquired by the state of indiana and designated as state historic sites to honor her work and relate the story of her life. the indiana state museum and historic sites operates the two properties as house museums; both of them are open to the public.[ ][ ] because stratton-porter wrote in advance of her publishing deadlines, mccall's magazine had enough of her material to continue publishing her monthly column, the "gene stratton-porter page," in its magazine until december , three years after her death. good housekeeping and american magazine also published posthumously other articles that stratton-porter had written. in addition, four of her books were published posthumously: two novels, the keeper of the bees ( ) and the magic garden ( ), and two collections of her articles and essays, tales you won't believe ( ) and let us highly resolve ( ).[ ] more recently, indiana university press reissued eight of stratton-porter's novels in the s and s, including a girl of the limberlost, which remains "among her best-loved novels";[ ] kent state university press published a compilation of stratton-porter's poetry, field o’ my dreams: the poetry of gene-stratton porter ( ).[ ] stratton-porter's nature photographs, correspondence, books, and magazine articles, among other materials, are housed at several repositories, including the indiana state library, the indiana state museum, and the indiana historical society in indianapolis; the lilly library at indiana university in bloomington; the bracken library at ball state university in muncie; and the geneva branch of the adams public library in geneva, indiana, and elsewhere.[ ][ ] bertrand f. richards, a stratton-porter biographer, called her "one of the best-selling writers of the first quarter of the twentieth century."[ ] she is best known for her novels and nature books; however, her poetry, children's books, and numerous essays, editorials, and monthly columns for magazines such as mccall's and good housekeeping are not well known today. after her move to southern california in , stratton-porter also became one of hollywood's first female producers and in was among the first women to form her own production company.[ ][ ] stratton-porter, who is remembered for her ambition and individualism, was also a passionate nature lover who encouraged people to explore the nature and the outdoors. she especially loved birds and did extensive studies of moths. among her lasting legacies is her early and outspoken advocacy for nature conservation. stratton-porter supported efforts to preserve wetlands, such as the limberlost swamp, and saving the wild elk at jackson hole, wyoming, from extinction. she also recognized the impact that cutting down trees would have on climate change and encouraged americans to preserve the environment. as the izaak walton league paid tribute to her work in its publication, outdoor america, following her death, "if we can write her epitaph in terms of clean rivers, clean outdoor playgrounds, and clean young hearts, we shall have done what she would have asked."[ ] honors and awards[edit] 	the adirondack forest preserve service dedicated to stratton-porter a memorial grove of , white pine trees at tongue mountain on lake george, new york, in , shortly after her death.[ ] 	the american reforestation association organized memorial tree plantings after her death on the grounds of los angeles-area schools.[ ] 	the college woman's salon of los angeles established an annual poetry award in her honor.[ ] 	r. r. rowley named a trilobite, pillipsia stratton-porteri, in her honor.[ ] 	the purdue university calumet campus's porter hall, along with the former elementary school that opened on the site in , was named in her honor.[ ] 	in stratton-porter's portrait was added to the hoosier heritage portrait collection at the indiana statehouse in indianapolis.[ ] 	in stratton-porter was inducted into the indiana natural resources foundation's hall of fame (inaugural class) as an early conservationist.[ ] 	in stratton-porter was inducted into wabash high school's hall of distinction for her contributions to literature, ecology and photography.[ ] 	stratton-porter's two former residences in indiana, the limberlost cabin in geneva and the cabin at wildflower woods near rome city were designated state historic sites and listed on the national register of historic places. the indiana state museum and historic sites operates the two properties as house museums.[ ][ ] selected published works[edit] stratton-porter's novels, most of them best sellers, became popular in the first quarter of the twentieth century and were widely read.[ ] her twenty-six published books include twelve novels, eight nature studies, two books of poetry, and four collections of stories and children's books.[ ][ ] novels[edit] 	library resources about gene stratton-porter 	 	online books 	resources in your library 	resources in other libraries 	 by gene stratton-porter 	 	online books 	resources in your library 	resources in other libraries 	the song of the cardinal, 	freckles, 	at the foot of the rainbow, 	a girl of the limberlost, 	the harvester, 	laddie, 	michael o'halloran, 	a daughter of the land, 	her father's daughter, 	the white flag, 	the keeper of the bees, 	the magic garden, [ ] nature studies[edit] 	what i have done with birds, (revised as friends in feathers in .)[ ] 	birds of the bible, 	music of the wild, 	moths of the limberlost, 	friends in feathers, (a revised and expanded edition of what i have done with birds.)[ ] 	homing with the birds, 	wings, 	tales you won't believe, [ ] poetry[edit] 	the fire bird, 	jesus of the emerald, 	field o’ my dreams: the poetry of gene-stratton porter, [ ][ ] 	"euphorbia", (published in good housekeeping in three monthly installments from january through march ; it was never published in book form.)[ ] children's books and collected essays[edit] 	after the flood, 	birds of the limberlost, 	morning face, 	let us highly resolve, film adaptations of novels[edit] eight of stratton-porter's novels have been made into moving pictures.[ ] 	freckles, directed by marshall neilan ( , based on the novel freckles) 	michael o'halloran, directed by james leo meehan ( , based on the novel michael o'halloran) 	a girl of the limberlost, directed by james leo meehan ( , based on the novel a girl of the limberlost) 	the keeper of the bees, directed by james leo meehan ( , based on the novel the keeper of the bees) 	laddie, directed by james leo meehan ( , based on the novel laddie) 	the magic garden, directed by james leo meehan ( , based on the novel the magic garden) 	the harvester, directed by james leo meehan ( , based on the novel the harvester) 	freckles, directed by james leo meehan ( , based on the novel freckles) 	a girl of the limberlost, directed by christy cabanne ( , based on the novel a girl of the limberlost) 	laddie, directed by george stevens ( , based on the novel laddie) 	the keeper of the bees, directed by christy cabanne ( , based on the novel the keeper of the bees) 	freckles, directed by edward killy and william hamilton ( , based on the novel freckles) 	the harvester, directed by joseph santley ( , based on the novel the harvester) 	michael o'halloran, directed by karl brown ( , based on the novel michael o'halloran) 	romance of the limberlost, directed by william nigh ( , based on the novel a girl of the limberlost) 	laddie, directed by jack hively ( , based on the novel laddie) 	her first romance, directed by edward dmytryk ( , based on the novel her father's daughter) 	freckles comes home, directed by jean yarbrough ( , based on a sequel to the novel freckles) 	the girl of the limberlost, directed by mel ferrer ( , based on the novel a girl of the limberlost) 	the keeper of the bees, directed by john sturges ( , based on the novel the keeper of the bees) 	michael o'halloran, directed by john rawlins ( , based on the novel michael o'halloran) 	freckles, directed by andrew v. mclaglen ( , based on the novel freckles) 	a girl of the limberlost, directed by burt brinckerhoff ( , tv film, based on the novel a girl of the limberlost) 	city boy, directed by john kent harrison ( , tv film, based on the novel freckles) biographical play[edit] a song in the wilderness, a one-woman show written by larry gard and first performed in , offers a dramatic exploration of stratton-porter's life and experiences.[ ] the - minute play was written for gard's wife, actress marcia quick gard, and financed by an indiana humanities council grant.[ ] the play toured indiana each spring from through and was performed in numerous indiana towns.[ ] in march the carpenter science theatre company produced a production of the play at the eureka theatre in richmond, virginia, directed by gard and featuring quick in the title role.[ ] a spring performance of the play had been scheduled in the rhoda b. thalhimer theater at the science museum of virginia in richmond, but quick died december , .[ ][ ] kerrigan sullivan,[ ] a richmond-based actress, was cast to play the role of stratton-porter. playwright gard, director jones, and actress sullivan dedicated the subsequent performances to quick's memory. the play was also performed at the cat theater at st. catherine's school for girls in richmond[ ] and theaterlab, also in richmond. in addition, the play was performed at the university of notre dame's debartolo performing arts center in conjunction with the notre dame shakespeare festival and the limberlost theatre company in .[ ] the friends of the limberlost presented the play in fort wayne, indiana, also in .[ ] references[edit] 	^ "gene stratton-porter and her limberlost swamp". archived from the original on january , . retrieved january , . 	^ a b c d "biographical sketches" in gene stratton porter collection, – (bulk s– s) collection guide. indianapolis: indiana historical society. . retrieved july , . 	^ judith reick long ( ). gene stratton-porter: novelist and naturalist. indianapolis: indiana historical society. p.  . isbn  . 	^ long, pp. – , ; pamela j. bennett, ed. (september ). "gene stratton-porter" (pdf). the indiana historian. indianapolis: indiana historial bureau: – . retrieved july , .cs maint: extra text: authors list (link) 	^ the likely reasons for sixty-year-old mark stratton’s decision to move to wabash, indiana, was leander's untimely death (mark stratton had hoped his young son would take over the family's farming operations) and his wife's declining health (she had contracted typhoid fever when geneva was young). see long, pp. , , , and barbara olenyik morrow ( ). nature's storyteller: the life of gene stratton-porter. indianapolis: indiana historical society. p.  . isbn  - - - - . 	^ long, p. ; morrow, p. . 	^ bennett, p. ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ stratton-porter, gene. “gene stratton-porter: a little story of the life and work and ideals of ‘the bird woman’ .” edited by s.f.e and mary mark ockerbloom, a celebration of women writers, philadelphia: jas. b. rodgers printing co., digital.library.upenn.edu/women/stratton/gene/gene.html. 	^ long, pp. – , – ; morrow, p. . 	^ because etiquette required a formal introduction, charles did not approach gene directly. instead, he got her name and address through a cousin who knew gene's brother-in-law. two months later, charles wrote gene a letter, inviting her to begin a correspondence with him. she agreed. see long, pp. – , – ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ long, p. ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ long, pp. – , ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ a b albert d. hart jr. "our folk: porter family". albert hart. retrieved january , . 	^ linda c. gugin and james e. st. clair, eds. ( ). indiana's : the people who shaped the hoosier state. indianapolis: indiana historical society press. p.  . isbn  - - - - .cs maint: extra text: authors list (link) 	^ bennett, pp. , ; long, pp. – , . 	^ long, pp. , – ; morrow, p. . 	^ long, p. ; morrow, pp. – ; gugin and st. clair, eds., p. . 	^ "gene stratton-porter 'limberlost', geneva (adams county)" (pdf). travels in time: hoosiers and the arts. indianapolis: dhpa. retrieved july , . 	^ a b c "gene stratton porter cabin" archived - - at the wayback machine, indiana state museum, accessed jan 	^ gugin and st. clair, eds., p. ; morrow, pp. , , – . 	^ bennett, pp. – ; gugin and st. clair, eds., p. ; long, pp. – , . 	^ bennett, p. ; gugin and st. clair, eds., pp. – ; long, pp. – . 	^ a b c d e f g h i j "authors: gene stratton-porter". our land, our literature. ball state university. archived from the original on july , . retrieved july , .cs maint: bot: original url status unknown (link) 	^ mary e. gaither ( ). introduction. laddie, a true blue story. by gene stratton-porter. bloomington, indiana: indiana university press. pp. ix. isbn  . 	^ a b "notable hoosiers: gene stratton-porter". indiana historical society. retrieved july , . 	^ bennett, p. ; gugin and st. clair, eds., p. . 	^ "indiana state historic architectural and archaeological research database (shaard)" (searchable database). indiana department of natural resources, division of historic preservation and archaeology. retrieved july , . this includes thomas gross. "national register of historic places inventory nomination form: gene stratton porter cabin" (pdf). retrieved july , . and accompanying photographs 	^ in five cooperating foundations and organizations purchased a -acre ( -hectare) section of marshland in adams and jay counties in a portion of the former limberlost swamp that they renamed the loblolly wetlands and began work to restore the land and its habitat. see "loblolly marsh preserve" (pdf). retrieved may , . other nearby sites related to stratton-porter include the -acre ( -hectare) limberlost bird sanctuary; a -acre ( -hectare) music of the wild prairie and woods; rainbow bend park on the wabash river; the -acre ( -hectare) munro nature preserve, and the -acre ( -hectare) limberlost swamp wetland preserve. see morrow, pp. – . 	^ long, p. – ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ bennett, pp. , , ; long, pp. – , ; morrow, pp. , . 	^ bennett, pp. , , – ; gugin and st. clair, pp. – ; long, p. . 	^ eric grayson (winter ). "limberlost found: indiana's literary legacy in hollywood". traces of indiana and midwestern history. indianapolis: indiana historical society. ( ): . retrieved july , . 	^ morrow, pp. , – . 	^ "indiana state historic architectural and archaeological research database (shaard)" (searchable database). indiana department of natural resources, division of historic preservation and archaeology. retrieved july , . this includes thomas gross. "national register of historic places inventory nomination form: gene stratton-porter cabin" (pdf). retrieved july , . and accompanying photographs. 	^ "gene stratton-porter state historic site rome city, indiana". gene stratton-porter state historic site rome city, indiana. retrieved november , . 	^ gugin and st. clair, eds, p. ; long, pp. , . 	^ long, pp. – , . 	^ bennett, pp. – ; long, pp. – . 	^ bennett, pp. – ; long, pp. – , , . 	^ bennett, p. ; gugin and st. clair, eds., p. ; long, pp. , . 	^ a b c morrow, p. . 	^ a b c gugin and st. clair, eds., p. . 	^ long, pp. – ; morrow, pp. , – . 	^ bennett, p. ; morrow, p. . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ long, p. – . 	^ long, pp. – , ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ a b dawn mitchell (march , ). "gene stratton-porter, naturalist and author". indianapolis star. indianapolis. retrieved july , . 	^ long, p. . 	^ morrow, p. – . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ long, pp. , . 	^ long, pp. – ; morrow, pp. , . 	^ long, p. ; morrow, p. . 	^ morrow, pp. – , . 	^ a b c kevin kilbane (october , ). "recently acquired collection of gene stratton-porter letters, photos offer more details of her life". news-sentinel.com. fort wayne, indiana: fort wayne newspapers. archived from the original on april , . retrieved july , . 	^ long, pp. – ; morrow, p. . 	^ the lead character, linda strong, displays an ugly philosophy regarding japanese immigrants, portraying them as pawns of the japanese government, sent here to "steal" an american education, even though highly educated in japan and far too old for the high school she attends. the japanese are portrayed as copying american inventions, and the japanese villain oka sayye, goes so far as to try to kill a classmate (donald whiting) to prevent being bested in the competition for first place. as encouragement to donald to study harder, linda describes a terrifying future where the other races, being only capable of imitating the innovations of the white man, will learn all the white man knows by studying harder, and by breeding at a higher rate, will remove the white man from his superior position in the world.[citation needed] 	^ long, p. ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ bennett, pp. – ; long, pp. – ; morrow, p. . 	^ long, pp. – . 	^ long, p. . 	^ long, pp. – ; morrow, pp. , – . 	^ long, p. ; morrow, pp. , . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ bennett, p. ; long, p. – ; morrow, pp. , – . 	^ bennett, p. ; long, p. ; morrow, p. . 	^ long, pp. , – ; morrow, p. . 	^ bennett, p. ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ long p. ; morrow, p. . 	^ long, pp. – ; morrow, p. . 	^ although her father was a methodist minister and she grew up in a christian household, stratton-porter did not regularly attend church as an adult and was not a member of an organized religious congregation. see long, pp. , – ; morrow, p. . 	^ long, pp. – ; morrow, pp. , . 	^ bennett, p. . 	^ bennett, p. ; long, pp. , , ; morrow, pp. , . 	^ long, pp. , . 	^ bennett, p. ; long, p. ; morrow, pp. , , – . 	^ bennett, p. . 	^ gugin and st. clair, eds., p. ; long, p. . 	^ bennett, pp. , . 	^ morrow, pp. – . 	^ long, pp. and , note . 	^ a b c gugin and st. clair, eds., p. ; morrow, p. . 	^ bennett, pp. – ; long, pp. , ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ bennett, p. . 	^ a b grayson, p. . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ grayson, p. . 	^ a girl of the limberlost, retrieved - - 	^ grayson, pp. – . 	^ a b movies based on books by gene stratton-porter ( - ), (geneva, indiana: friends of the limberlost) 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ stratton-porter had given her granddaughter, gene monroe, the nickname of little scout. see "the indiana historian" (pdf). 	^ bennett, pp. , – ; long, pp. , , – ; morrow, p. . 	^ bennett, pp. – ; long, pp. – , – . 	^ long, p. ; morrow, pp. – . 	^ bennett, p. ; long, p. ; morrow, p. . 	^ a b "new documents, letters and photographs round out gene stratton-porter collection". inperspective. indianapolis: indiana historical society. ( ): . january . 	^ morrow, pp. – . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ morrow, pp. – . 	^ bennett, p. . 	^ morrow, pp. – . 	^ a b c long, pp. – . 	^ long, p. . 	^ robin biesen. "history helps dedicate puc building". retrieved august , . see also: "facilities services, - | archive repository". pucarch.purduecal.edu. archived from the original on december , . retrieved november , . 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ "indiana natural resources foundation". www.in.gov. retrieved - - . 	^ "hall of distinction – district – wabash city schools". www.apaches.k .in.us. retrieved - - . 	^ "national register information system". national register of historic places. national park service. july , . 	^ r. e. banta and bruce rogers ( ). indiana authors and their books, - . crawfordsville, indiana: wabash college. p.  . oclc  . 	^ a b morrow, p. . 	^ stratton-porter, gene, and mary dejong obuchowski ( ). field o' my dreams: the collected poems of gene stratton-porter. kent state university. pp. kent, ohio. isbn  .cs maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 	^ morrow, p. . 	^ "touring production brings naturalist and author gene stratton-porter to life : related articles | ooyuz". www.ooyuz.com. retrieved june , . 	^ kilbane, kevin. "touring production brings naturalist and author gene stratton-porter to life - news-sentinel.com". news-sentinel.com. archived from the original on may , . retrieved june , . 	^ cities included lafayette, muncie, anderson, calumet, chesterton, elkhart, evansville, fort wayne, frankfort, franklin, goshen, greenfield, greensburg, huntington, kendalville, la porte, lawrenceburg, lebanon, merrillville, michigan city, north manchester, plymouth, porter, wabash, portland, rome city, and terre haute.[citation needed] 	^ griset, rich. "after helping the science museum find its voice, the longtime artistic director of the carpenter science theatre company retires". style weekly. retrieved - - . 	^ times-dispatch, holly prestidge richmond. ""a song in the wilderness" goes on without its star". richmond times-dispatch. retrieved june . 	^ the play's director, jacqueline jones, assumed that gard, the actress’s widower, would cancel the performance; however, he asked jones to hold auditions for the stratton-porter role, the play’s only character. see tribune, andrew s. hughes south bend. "play about gene stratton-porter staged as tribute to its original star". south bend tribune. retrieved june . 	^ "photos: "a song in the wilderness"". richmond times-dispatch. retrieved june . 	^ "a song in the wilderness | cat theatre". www.cattheatre.com. 	^ tribune, andrew s. hughes south bend. "play about gene stratton-porter staged as tribute to its original star". south bend tribune. retrieved june , . 	^ "friends of the limberlost present "a song of the wilderness"". decatur daily democrat. retrieved june , . external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to gene stratton-porter. 	"our folk: porter family genealogy", albert d. hart jr. 	gene stratton-porter photo, ourfolk web 	works by gene stratton-porter at project gutenberg 	works by or about gene stratton-porter at internet archive 	works by gene stratton-porter at librivox (public domain audiobooks) 	works by gene stratton-porter at open library 	"gene stratton-porter memorial society", gene stratton-porter state historic site, rome city, indiana 	gene stratton-porter state historic site, facebook page 	gene stratton-porter, a girl of the limberlost, online text 	"after limberlost: gene stratton-porter's life in california" on youtube (a short documentary), produced by almost fairytales films 	"gene stratton-porter" on youtube (indiana bicentennial minute, ), indiana historical society 	"gene stratton-porter: voice of the limberlost" on youtube (a documentary; produced by wipb-tv), ball state university, libraries 	"historic footage of gene stratton-porter" on youtube, indiana state museum and historic sites 	"there is a memoir or a biography" on project gutenberg. [ ] 		v 	t 	e gene stratton-porter 	novels	 	the song of the cardinal ( ) 	freckles ( ) 	a girl of the limberlost ( ) 	at the foot of the rainbow ( ) 	the harvester ( ) 	laddie: a true blue story ( ) 	michael o'halloran ( ) 	a daughter of the land ( ) 	her father's daughter ( ) 	the white flag ( ) 	the keeper of the bees ( ) 	the magic garden ( ) 	 	other works	 	nature studies 	poetry 	adaptations	 	freckles	 	freckles ( film) 	freckles ( film) 	freckles ( film) 	freckles ( film) 	city boy ( film) 	a girl of the limberlost	 	a girl of the limberlost ( film) 	a girl of the limberlost ( film) 	romance of the limberlost ( film) 	the girl of the limberlost ( film) 	a girl of the limberlost ( film) 	the harvester	 	the harvester ( film) 	the harvester ( film) 	laddie: a true blue story	 	laddie ( film) 	laddie ( film) 	laddie ( film) 	michael o'halloran	 	michael o'halloran ( film) 	michael o'halloran ( film) 	michael o'halloran ( film) 	her father's daughter	 	her first romance ( film) 	the keeper of the bees	 	the keeper of the bees ( film) 	the keeper of the bees ( film) 	keeper of the bees ( film) 	the magic garden	 	the magic garden ( film) 	historic sites	 	gene stratton-porter cabin (rome city, indiana) 	limberlost state historic site (geneva, indiana) 	works inspired by	 	freckles comes home ( novel) 	freckles comes home ( film) 	a song in the wilderness (biographical play) 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	norway 	spain 	france (data) 	catalonia 	united states 	latvia 	japan 	czech republic 	israel 	korea 	netherlands 	poland 	art research institutes	 	photographers' identities 	scientific databases	 	cinii (japan) 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology 	social networks and archival context 	sudoc (france) 	 	trove (australia) 	 retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=gene_stratton-porter&oldid= " 		categories: 	 births 	 deaths 	american naturalists 	burials at hollywood forever cemetery 	writers from indiana 	american women writers 	nature photographers 	people from wabash county, indiana 	people from adams county, indiana 	people from noble county, indiana 	american women film producers hidden categories: 	cs maint: extra text: authors list 	webarchive template wayback links 	cs maint: bot: original url status unknown 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from july 	articles using nrisref without a reference number 	cs maint: multiple names: authors list 	commons category link from wikidata 	articles with project gutenberg links 	articles with internet archive links 	articles with librivox links 	open library id different from wikidata 	articles with open library links 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bibsys identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bne identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with cantic identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lnb identifiers 	wikipedia articles with ndl identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nkc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nli identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nlk identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nta identifiers 	wikipedia articles with plwabn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with pic identifiers 	wikipedia articles with cinii identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with snac-id identifiers 	wikipedia articles with sudoc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with trove identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 	wikisource 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			تۆرکجه 	español 	français 	مصرى 	日本語 	polski 	svenska 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on june , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 falvey memorial library :: the collection of blogs published by falvey memorial library, villanova university skip navigation falvey memorial library visit / apply / give my library account 	 collections 	 research services 	 using the library 	 about falvey memorial library search everything books & media title journal title author subject call number isbn/issn tag articles & more article title article author other libraries (ill) ill title ill author ill subject ill call number ill isbn/issn library website guides digital library search for books, articles, library site, almost anything advanced you are exploring: home > blogs falvey memorial library blog falvey library blogs library staff decks the halls at ra fair august , library newsfalvey memorial library, ra fair, residence hall, villanova university ... read more content roundup – first two weeks – august august , blue electrode: sparking between silicon and papercontent roudup just a few new dime novels and story papers for your reading and research needs as the summer heat continues! also completed this is the full and annotated transcription of the joseph mcgarrity collection minute book of the friends of irish: ... read more meet new e-zborrow platform: reshare august , library news the new e-zborrow platform, reshare, allows falvey memorial library to improve service to our patrons by using the latest library technology. the open source code gives libraries more customization options and allows them to more quickly adapt to ... read more villanovan patrick tiernan offers lesson in resilience at the olympics august , library newscross country, falvey memorial library, patrick tiernan, summer olympics, villanova university by shawn proctor every olympics is filled with storied rises to victory, when an athlete snatches the gold despite seemingly insurmountable odds. yet for every medal there’s another tale. last second losses. injuries. and, for villanovan ... read more foto friday: chair-ish the weekend august , library newsfoto friday, summer   sit back and relax, wildcats! enjoy these last few weeks of summer break! #fotofriday kallie stahl ’ ma is communication and marketing specialist at falvey memorial library.       ... read more welcome to falvey: emily horn joins resource management and description august , library newsemily horn, falvey staff, resource management & description emily horn recently joined resource management and description as resource management and description coordinator. helping to build and cultivate falvey library’s collection, horn assists with acquisitions, licensing, description, discovery, ... read more audit analytics accounting & oversight august , library newsaudit analytics, business, falvey memorial library, resources the library in partnership with the villanova school of business has added the accounting & oversight module to our basic audit analytics subscription. audit analytics structured data facilitate scholarly research on governance, shareholder ... read more euromonitor (passport) trial august , library news, resourceseuromonitor passport, falvey memorial library, resources, trial resources we currently have a trial to three new modules of euromonitor (passport): cities, industrial and mobility. at its core, euromonitor provides data and analysis by and for consumer goods and services markets, internationally. our basic subscription ... read more service alert—ezproxy upgrade: / august , library newsdatabases, ezproxy, falvey library, law library, service alert some falvey library and law library databases may be temporarily unavailable on wednesday, aug. , between : – : a.m., due to routine server maintenance. if you encounter a problem during this time, please keep trying; we will endeavor to ... read more 	 												 													 													 													 												 											 search falvey library blogs categories 	blue electrode: sparking between silicon and paper 	library news 	resources 	technology developments feeds 	content 	comments meta 		log in   last modified: december , lancaster ave., villanova, pa . . contact 		directions privacy & security 		diversity 		higher education act 		my nova 		villanova a-z 		directory 		work at villanova 		accessibility 	 ask us: live chat none libraries – erin white libraries – erin white library technology, ux, the web, bikes, #rva 	talk: using light from the dumpster fire to illuminate a more just digital world this february i gave a lightning talk for the richmond design group. my question: what if we use the light from the dumpster fire of to see an equitable, just digital world? how can we change our thinking to build the future web we need? presentation is embedded here; text of talk is below. [&# ;] 	podcast interview: names, binaries and trans-affirming systems on legacy code rocks! in february i was honored to be invited to join scott ford on his podcast legacy code rocks!. i&# ;m embedding the audio below. view the full episode transcript — thanks to trans-owned deep south transcription services! i&# ;ve pulled out some of the topics we discussed and heavily edited/rearranged them for clarity. names in systems legal [&# ;] 	trans-inclusive design at a list apart i am thrilled and terrified to say that i have an article on trans-inclusive design out on a list apart today. i have read a list apart for years and have always seen it as the site for folks who make websites, so it is an honor to be published there. 	coming out as nonbinary at work this week, after years of working at vcu libraries, i have been letting my colleagues know that i&# ;m nonbinary. response from my boss, my team, and my colleagues has been so positive, and has made this process so incredibly easy. i didn&# ;t really have a template for a coming-out message, so ended up writing [&# ;] 	what it means to stay seven years ago last month i interviewed for my job at vcu. i started work a few months later, assuming i&# ;d stick around for a couple of years then move on to my next academic library job. instead i found myself signing closing papers on a house on my sixth work anniversary, having decided to [&# ;] 	back-to-school mobile snapshot this week i took a look at mobile phone usage on the vcu libraries website for the first couple weeks of class and compared that to similar time periods from the past couple years. here&# ;s some data from the first week of class through today. note that mobile is  . % of web traffic. to round [&# ;] 	recruiting web workers for your library in the past few years i&# ;ve created a couple of part-time, then full-time, staff positions on the web team at vcu libraries. we now have a web designer and a web developer who&# ;ve both been with us for a while, but for a few years it was a revolving door of hires. so let&# ;s just say i&# ;ve hired lots [&# ;] 	easier access for databases and research guides at vcu libraries today vcu libraries launched a couple of new web tools that should make it easier for people to find or discover our library&# ;s databases and research guides. this project&# ;s goal was to help connect “hunters” to known databases and help “gatherers” explore new topic areas in databases and research guides . our web redesign task force [&# ;] 	why this librarian supports the ada initiative this week the ada initiative is announcing a fundraising drive just for the library community. i&# ;m pitching in, and i hope you will, too. the ada initiative&# ;s mission is to increase the status and participation of women in open technology and culture. the organization holds adacamps, ally workshops for men, and impostor syndrome trainings; and [&# ;] 	a new look for search at vcu libraries this week we launched a new design for vcu libraries search (our instance of ex libris&# ; primo discovery system). the guiding design principles behind this project: mental models: bring elements of the search interface in line with other modern, non-library search systems that our users are used to. in our case, we looked to e-commerce websites [&# ;] export of cryptography from the united states - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	export of cryptography from the united states 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		transfer from the united states to another country of devices and technology related to cryptography 	 	this article's lead section may be too long for the length of the article. please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details. please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (february ) export-restricted rsa encryption source code printed on a t-shirt made the t-shirt an export-restricted munition, as a freedom of speech protest against u.s. encryption export restrictions (back side).[ ] changes in the export law means that it is no longer illegal to export this t-shirt from the u.s., or for u.s. citizens to show it to foreigners. export of cryptographic technology and devices from the united states was severely restricted by u.s. law until . the law gradually became eased until around , but some restrictions still remain today. since world war ii, many governments, including the u.s. and its nato allies, have regulated the export of cryptography for national security reasons, and, as late as , cryptography was on the u.s. munitions list as an auxiliary military equipment.[ ] due to the enormous impact of cryptanalysis in world war ii, these governments saw the military value in denying current and potential enemies access to cryptographic systems. since the u.s. and u.k. believed they had better cryptographic capabilities than others, their intelligence agencies tried to control all dissemination of the more effective crypto techniques. they also wished to monitor the diplomatic communications of other nations, including those emerging in the post-colonial period and whose position on cold war issues was vital.[ ] the first amendment made controlling all use of cryptography inside the u.s. illegal, but controlling access to u.s. developments by others was more practical — there were no constitutional impediments. accordingly, regulations were introduced as part of munitions controls which required licenses to export cryptographic methods (and even their description); the regulations established that cryptography beyond a certain strength (defined by algorithm and length of key) would not be licensed for export except on a case-by-case basis. this policy was also adopted elsewhere for various reasons. the development and public release of data encryption standard (des) and asymmetric key techniques in the s, the rise of the internet, and the willingness of some to risk and resist prosecution, eventually made this policy impossible to enforce, and by the late s it was being relaxed in the u.s., and to some extent elsewhere (e.g., france). as late as , nsa officials in the us were concerned that the widespread use of strong encryption will frustrate their ability to provide sigint regarding foreign entities, including terrorist groups operating internationally. nsa officials anticipated that the american encryption software backed by an extensive infrastructure, when marketed, was likely to become a standard for international communications.[ ] in , louis freeh, then the director of the fbi, said for law enforcement, framing the issue is simple. in this time of dazzling telecommunications and computer technology where information can have extraordinary value, the ready availability of robust encryption is essential. no one in law enforcement disputes that. clearly, in today's world and more so in the future, the ability to encrypt both contemporaneous communications and stored data is a vital component of information security. as is so often the case, however, there is another aspect to the encryption issue that if left unaddressed will have severe public safety and national security ramifications. law enforcement is in unanimous agreement that the widespread use of robust non-key recovery encryption ultimately will devastate our ability to fight crime and prevent terrorism. uncrackable encryption will allow drug lords, spies, terrorists and even violent gangs to communicate about their crimes and their conspiracies with impunity. we will lose one of the few remaining vulnerabilities of the worst criminals and terrorists upon which law enforcement depends to successfully investigate and often prevent the worst crimes. for this reason, the law enforcement community is unanimous in calling for a balanced solution to this problem.[ ] contents 	 history 	 . cold war era 	 . pc era 	 . current status 	 u.s. export rules 	 . terminology 	 . classification 	 see also 	 references 	 external links history[edit] cold war era[edit] in the early days of the cold war, the u.s. and its allies developed an elaborate series of export control regulations designed to prevent a wide range of western technology from falling into the hands of others, particularly the eastern bloc. all export of technology classed as 'critical' required a license. cocom was organized to coordinate western export controls. two types of technology were protected: technology associated only with weapons of war ("munitions") and dual use technology, which also had commercial applications. in the u.s., dual use technology export was controlled by the department of commerce, while munitions were controlled by the state department. since in the immediate post wwii period the market for cryptography was almost entirely military, the encryption technology (techniques as well as equipment and, after computers became important, crypto software) was included as "category xi - miscellaneous articles" and later "category xiii - auxiliary military equipment" item into the united states munitions list on november , . the multinational control of the export of cryptography on the western side of the cold war divide was done via the mechanisms of cocom. by the s, however, financial organizations were beginning to require strong commercial encryption on the rapidly growing field of wired money transfer. the u.s. government's introduction of the data encryption standard in meant that commercial uses of high quality encryption would become common, and serious problems of export control began to arise. generally these were dealt with through case-by-case export license request proceedings brought by computer manufacturers, such as ibm, and by their large corporate customers. pc era[edit] encryption export controls became a matter of public concern with the introduction of the personal computer. phil zimmermann's pgp cryptosystem and its distribution on the internet in was the first major 'individual level' challenge to controls on export of cryptography. the growth of electronic commerce in the s created additional pressure for reduced restrictions. videocipher ii also used des to scramble satellite tv audio. in , non-encryption use of cryptography (such as access control and message authentication) was removed from export control with a commodity jurisdiction. [ ] in , an exception was formally added in the usml for non-encryption use of cryptography (and satellite tv descramblers) and a deal between nsa and the software publishers association made -bit rc and rc encryption easily exportable using a commodity jurisdiction with special " -day" and " -day" review processes (which transferred control from the state department to the commerce department). at this stage western governments had, in practice, a split personality when it came to encryption; policy was made by the military cryptanalysts, who were solely concerned with preventing their 'enemies' acquiring secrets, but that policy was then communicated to commerce by officials whose job was to support industry. shortly afterward, netscape's ssl technology was widely adopted as a method for protecting credit card transactions using public key cryptography. netscape developed two versions of its web browser. the "u.s. edition" supported full size (typically -bit or larger) rsa public keys in combination with full size symmetric keys (secret keys) ( -bit rc or des in ssl . and tls . ). the "international edition" had its effective key lengths reduced to bits and bits respectively (rsa_export with -bit rc or rc in ssl . and tls . ).[ ] acquiring the 'u.s. domestic' version turned out to be sufficient hassle that most computer users, even in the u.s., ended up with the 'international' version,[ ] whose weak -bit encryption can currently be broken in a matter of days using a single computer. a similar situation occurred with lotus notes for the same reasons. legal challenges by peter junger and other civil libertarians and privacy advocates, the widespread availability of encryption software outside the u.s., and the perception by many companies that adverse publicity about weak encryption was limiting their sales and the growth of e-commerce, led to a series of relaxations in us export controls, culminating in in president bill clinton signing the executive order transferring the commercial encryption from the munition list to the commerce control list. furthermore, the order stated that, "the software shall not be considered or treated as 'technology'" in the sense of export administration regulations. the commodity jurisdiction process was replaced with a commodity classification process, and a provision was added to allow export of -bit encryption if the exporter promised to add "key recovery" backdoors by the end of . in , the ear was changed to allow -bit encryption (based on rc , rc , rc , des or cast) and -bit rsa to be exported without any backdoors, and new ssl cipher suites were introduced to support this (rsa_export with -bit rc or des). in , the department of commerce implemented rules that greatly simplified the export of commercial and open source software containing cryptography, including allowing the key length restrictions to be removed after going through the commodity classification process (to classify the software as "retail") and adding an exception for publicly available encryption source code.[ ] current status[edit] 	 	this section needs to be updated. please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (october ) as of [update], non-military cryptography exports from the u.s. are controlled by the department of commerce's bureau of industry and security.[ ] some restrictions still exist, even for mass market products, particularly with regard to export to "rogue states" and terrorist organizations. militarized encryption equipment, tempest-approved electronics, custom cryptographic software, and even cryptographic consulting services still require an export license[ ](pp.  – ). furthermore, encryption registration with the bis is required for the export of "mass market encryption commodities, software and components with encryption exceeding bits" ( fr ). in addition, other items require a one-time review by, or notification to, bis prior to export to most countries.[ ] for instance, the bis must be notified before open-source cryptographic software is made publicly available on the internet, though no review is required.[ ] export regulations have been relaxed from pre- standards, but are still complex.[ ] other countries, notably those participating in the wassenaar arrangement,[ ] have similar restrictions.[ ] u.s. export rules[edit] u.s. non-military exports are controlled by export administration regulations (ear), a short name for the u.s. code of federal regulations (cfr) title chapter vii, subchapter c. encryption items specifically designed, developed, configured, adapted or modified for military applications (including command, control and intelligence applications) are controlled by the department of state on the united states munitions list. terminology[edit] encryption export terminology is defined in ear part . .[ ] in particular: 	encryption component is an encryption commodity or software (but not the source code), including encryption chips, integrated circuits etc. 	encryption items include non-military encryption commodities, software, and technology. 	open cryptographic interface is a mechanism which is designed to allow a customer or other party to insert cryptographic functionality without the intervention, help or assistance of the manufacturer or its agents. 	ancillary cryptography items are the ones primarily used not for computing and communications, but for digital right management; games, household appliances; printing, photo and video recording (but not videoconferencing); business process automation; industrial or manufacturing systems (including robotics, fire alarms and hvac); automotive, aviation and other transportation systems. export destinations are classified by the ear supplement no. to part into four country groups (a, b, d, e) with further subdivisions;[ ] a country can belong to more than one group. for the purposes of encryption, groups b, d: , and e: are important: 	b is a large list of countries that are subject to relaxed encryption export rules 	d: is a short list of countries that are subject to stricter export control. notable countries on this list include china and russia 	e: is a very short list of "terrorist-supporting" countries (as of , includes five countries; previously contained six countries and was also called "terrorist " or t- ) the ear supplement no. to part (commerce country chart) contains the table with country restrictions.[ ] if a line of table that corresponds to the country contains an x in the reason for control column, the export of a controlled item requires a license, unless an exception can be applied. for the purposes of encryption, the following three reasons for control are important: 	ns national security column 	at anti-terrorism column 	ei encryption items is currently same as ns classification[edit] for export purposes each item is classified with the export control classification number (eccn) with the help of the commerce control list (ccl, supplement no. to the ear part ). in particular:[ ] 	 a systems, equipment, electronic assemblies, and integrated circuits for "information security. reasons for control: ns , at . 	 a "mass market" encryption commodities and other equipment not controlled by a . reason for control: at . 	 b equipment for development or production of items classified as a , b , d or e . reasons for control: ns , at . 	 d encryption software. reasons for control: ns , at . 	used to develop, produce, or use items classified as a , b , d 	supporting technology controlled by e 	modeling the functions of equipment controlled by a or b 	used to certify software controlled by d 	 d encryption software not controlled by d . reasons for control: at . 	 e technology for the development, production or use of equipment controlled by a or b or software controlled by d . reasons for control: ns , at . 	 e technology for the x items. reasons for control: at . an item can be either self-classified, or a classification ("review") requested from the bis. a bis review is required for typical items to get the a or d classification. see also[edit] 	bernstein v. united states 	denied trade screening 	junger v. daley 	restrictions on the import of cryptography 	freak 	crypto wars references[edit] 	^ "munitions t-shirt". 	^ department of state -- international traffic in arms regulations, april , , sec . 	^ kahn, the codebreakers, ch. 	^ the encryption debate: intelligence aspects. see reference below, p. 	^ statement of louis j. freeh, director, federal bureau of investigation before the senate judiciary committee. july , 	^ "fortify for netscape". www.fortify.net. retrieved dec . 	^ "january , archive of the netscape communicator . download page showing a more difficult path to download -bit version". archived from the original on september , . retrieved - - .cs maint: bot: original url status unknown (link) 	^ "revised u.s. encryption export control regulations". epic copy of document from u.s. department of commerce. january . retrieved - - . 	^ a b c d e commerce control list supplement no. to part category part - info. security 	^ "u. s. bureau of industry and security - notification requirements for "publicly available" encryption source code". bis.doc.gov. - - . archived from the original on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ participating states archived - - at archive.today the wassenaar arrangement 	^ wassenaar arrangement on export controls for conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies: guidelines & procedures, including the initial elements the wassenaar arrangement, december 	^ "ear part " (pdf). archived from the original (pdf) on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ "ear supplement no. to part " (pdf). archived from the original (pdf) on - - . retrieved - - . 	^ "ear supplement no. to part " (pdf). archived from the original (pdf) on - - . retrieved - - . external links[edit] 	crypto law survey 	bureau of industry and security — an overview of the us export regulations can be found in the licensing basics page. 	whitfield diffie and susan landau, the export of cryptography in the th and the st centuries. in karl de leeuw, jan bergstra, ed. the history of information security. a comprehensive handbook. elsevier, . p. 	encryption export controls. crs report for congress rl . congressional research service, ˜the library of congress. 	the encryption debate: intelligence aspects. crs report for congress - f. congressional research service, ˜the library of congress. 	encryption technology: congressional issues crs issue brief for congress ib . congressional research service, ˜the library of congress. 	cryptography and liberty . an international survey of encryption policy. electronic privacy information center. washington, dc. 	national research council, cryptography's role in securing the information society. national academy press, washington, d.c. (full text link is available on the page). 	the evolution of us government restrictions on using and exporting encryption technologies (u), micheal schwartzbeck, encryption technologies, circa , formerly top secret, approved for release by nsa with redactions september , , c 		v 	t 	e tls and ssl 	protocols and technologies	 	transport layer security / secure sockets layer (tls/ssl) 	datagram transport layer security (dtls) 	server name indication (sni) 	application-layer protocol negotiation (alpn) 	dns-based authentication of named entities (dane) 	dns certification authority authorization (caa) 	https 	http strict transport security (hsts) 	http public key pinning (hpkp) 	ocsp stapling 	opportunistic tls 	perfect forward secrecy 	public-key infrastructure	 	automated certificate management environment (acme) 	certificate authority (ca) 	ca/browser forum 	certificate policy 	certificate revocation list (crl) 	domain-validated certificate (dv) 	extended validation certificate (ev) 	online certificate status protocol (ocsp) 	public key certificate 	public-key cryptography 	public key infrastructure (pki) 	root certificate 	self-signed certificate 	see also	 	domain name system security extensions (dnssec) 	internet protocol security (ipsec) 	secure shell (ssh) 	history	 	export of cryptography from the united states 	server-gated cryptography 	implementations	 	bouncy castle 	boringssl 	botan 	bsafe 	cryptlib 	gnutls 	jsse 	libressl 	matrixssl 	mbed tls 	nss 	openssl 	s n 	schannel 	ssleay 	stunnel 	wolfssl 	notaries	 	certificate transparency 	convergence 	https everywhere 	perspectives project 	vulnerabilities	 	theory	 	man-in-the-middle attack 	padding oracle attack 	cipher	 	bar mitzvah attack 	protocol	 	beast 	breach 	crime 	drown 	logjam 	poodle (in regards to ssl . ) 	implementation	 	certificate authority compromise 	random number generator attacks 	freak 	goto fail 	heartbleed 	lucky thirteen attack 	poodle (in regards to tls . ) 	kazakhstan mitm attack retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=export_of_cryptography_from_the_united_states&oldid= " 		categories: 	computer law 	export and import control of cryptography 	united states trade policy 	transport layer security hidden categories: 	cs maint: bot: original url status unknown 	webarchive template archiveis links 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	wikipedia introduction cleanup from february 	all pages needing cleanup 	articles covered by wikiproject wikify from february 	all articles covered by wikiproject wikify 	wikipedia articles in need of updating from october 	all wikipedia articles in need of updating 	articles containing potentially dated statements from 	all articles containing potentially dated statements 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			日本語 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on january , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 algorand (cryptocurrency platform) - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	algorand (cryptocurrency platform) 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		cryptocurrency 	algorand 	 	code	algo 	development 	original author(s)	silvio micali 	white paper	https://arxiv.org/abs/ . 	initial release	april 	code repository	https://github.com/algorand 	development status	active 	written in	go 	developer(s)	algorand, inc. 	website	https://www.algorand.com/ 	ledger 	ledger start	june 	block time	 . sec 	block explorer	https://algoexplorer.io/ 	circulating supply	 , , , . algo (as st jun ) 	supply limit	 , , , algo algorand is a blockchain-based cryptocurrency platform that aims to be secure, scalable, and decentralized.[ ] the algorand platform supports smart contract functionality,[ ] and its consensus algorithm is based on proof-of-stake principles and a byzantine agreement protocol.[ ][ ][ ] algorand's native cryptocurrency is called algo.[ ] contents 	 history and development 	 design 	 . consensus algorithm 	 . smart contracts 	 use cases 	 references history and development[edit] the development of the algorand platform is overseen by algorand, inc., a private corporation based in boston. it was founded in by silvio micali, a professor at mit.[ ][ ] the algorand test network was launched to the public in april ,[ ] and the main network was launched in june .[ ] design[edit] consensus algorithm[edit] in the algorand network, the consensus algorithm is permissionless, and all users who hold an algo balance can participate. the consensus algorithm works in rounds, with each round made up of two phases. the first phase is the block proposal phase, during which blocks are proposed as the new block; the second phase is the block finalization phase, during which a vote on the proposed blocks is taken.[ ] the first phase (the block proposal phase) uses proof of stake principles. during this phase, a committee of users in the system is selected randomly, though in a manner that is weighted, to propose the new block. the selection of the committee is done via a process called “cryptographic sortition.” in cryptographic sortition, there is not a central authority that designates who the members of the committee are and then communicates that information across the network; rather, each user determines whether they are on the committee or not by locally executing a verifiable random function (vrf). if the vrf indicates that the user is chosen, the vrf returns a cryptographic proof that can be used to verify that the user is on the committee. only a given user knows whether they are on the committee, unless/until they send a message to other users indicating that they are. the likelihood that a given user will be on the committee is influenced by the “stake” (i.e., the number of algo tokens) held by that user, in proportion to the size of the user's stake.[ ][ ][ ] after determining that they are on the block selection committee, a user builds a proposed block and disseminates it to the network for review/analysis during the second phase. the user includes the cryptographic proof from the vrf in their proposed block, which demonstrates that the user was in fact an eligible committee member.[ ][ ] in the second phase (the block finalization phase), a byzantine agreement protocol (called “ba⋆”) is used to vote on the proposed blocks. in this second phase, cryptographic sortition as described above is again used to determine a committee; this second-phase voting committee will be different from the committee from the first phase, though it is possible that there could be overlap in membership between the two committees. when users have determined that they are in this second-phase voting committee, they analyze the proposed blocks they have received (this will include verifying that they were in fact proposed by users from the first-phase committee) and vote on whether any of the blocks should be adopted or not. if the voting committee achieves consensus on a new block, then the new block is disseminated across the network as the new block.[ ][ ][ ] the algorand consensus algorithm possess the characteristic of “player replaceability”; i.e., as noted above, membership in the different committees (in both the block proposal and block finalization phase) changes every time the phase is run. this protects users against targeted attacks, as an attacker will not know in advance which users are going to be in a committee.[ ] algorand is resilient against arbitrary partitions, also known as asynchronous safety. two different blocks cannot reach consensus in the same round, i.e. it is mathematically guaranteed that algorand will not fork.[ ] the asynchronous safety has also been formally verified by runtime verification inc. and compared to their previous verification models, the model also accounts for timing issues and adversary actions, e.g., when the adversary has control over message delivery.[ ] smart contracts[edit] algorand supports two types of smart contracts: stateless smart contracts and stateful smart contracts. stateless smart contracts are intended for the purpose of authorizing transactions; stateful smart contracts store data persistently and can be used for broader purposes.[ ] algorand smart contracts can be written in a programming language called transaction execution approval language (teal). teal is a bytecode-based stack language, with a programming interface for python that is called pyteal. while some smart contract programming models are turing-complete (for example, solidity is turing-complete), the algorand smart contracts model is not turing-complete. the algorand smart contracts model does support transaction atomicity.[ ] in some other blockchain systems, smart contracts are used to define user-defined assets; for example, in ethereum, smart contracts implement the erc and erc interfaces to define new assets. in algorand, in contrast, user-defined assets are supported natively, and algorand smart contracts are able to manipulate user-defined assets (for example, by transferring ownership of given amounts of them) using built-in transaction types.[ ] use cases[edit] in march , the società italiana degli autori ed editori (siae), the italian copyright collecting agency, uploaded over four million non-fungible tokens (nfts) to the algorand blockchain, representing copyrights in works produced by siae's members.[ ] in february , ditto music announced the launch of a project on the algorand network called opulous; opulous will be a decentralized finance (defi) loan pool, where loans will be guaranteed against artists’ past streaming revenues and artists’ copyrights will be held as collateral.[ ] in june , republic, a company that facilitates crowdfunding campaigns for startups and small-to-medium businesses (smbs), issued a profit-sharing token on the algorand platform.[ ] in march there was the announcement that marshall islands will issue their "sovereign" digital currency using the algorand network as a backbone.[ ] in february , planetwatch, a spinoff of cern, announced a program involving the deployment of a global network of air quality sensors, where the sensors record measurement data onto the algorand blockchain.[ ] in , two stablecoins, tether and usd coin (usdc), were launched on the algorand network.[ ][ ] in may , securitize, a company that enables investment in private capital markets, launched two cryptocurrency yield funds and announced they would be recorded using algorand's blockchain.[ ] references[edit] 	^ a b c d e f lepore, cristian; ceria, michela; visconti, andrea; rao, udai pratap; shah, kaushal arvindbhai; zanolini, luca ( october ). "a survey on blockchain consensus with a performance comparison of pow, pos and pure pos". mathematics. ( ): . doi: . /math . 	^ a b c d e bartoletti, massimo ( ). "a formal model of algorand smart contracts" (pdf). financial cryptography and data security . arxiv: . . 	^ a b c d xiao, y.; zhang, n.; lou, w.; hou, y. t. ( january ). "a survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks". ieee communications surveys and tutorials. ( ): – . arxiv: . . doi: . /comst. . . issn  - x. s cid  . 	^ a b c d wan, shaohua; li, meijun; liu, gaoyang; wang, chen ( - - ). "recent advances in consensus protocols for blockchain: a survey". wireless networks. ( ): – . doi: . /s - - - . issn  - . 	^ zhao, helen ( - - ). "bitcoin and blockchain consume an exorbitant amount of energy. these engineers are trying to change that". cnbc. retrieved - - . 	^ "mit professor debuts high-speed blockchain payments platform algorand". venturebeat. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ "algo vc fund raises $ m to fast-track its own cryptocurrency". www.bizjournals.com. retrieved - - . 	^ "bahrain's shariah review bureau certifies blockchain firm algorand as shariah compliant". crowdfund insider. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ chen, jing; micali, silvio ( - - ). "algorand: a secure and efficient distributed ledger". theoretical computer science. : – . doi: . /j.tcs. . . . issn  - . 	^ alturki, musab a.; chen, jing; luchangco, victor; moore, brandon; palmskog, karl; peña, lucas; roşu, grigore ( ). "towards a verified model of the algorand consensus protocol in coq". formal methods. fm international workshops. lecture notes in computer science. . pp.  – . arxiv: . . doi: . / - - - - _ . isbn  - - - - . s cid  . 	^ "il diritto d'autore diventa asset digitale su blockchain". il sole ore (in italian). retrieved - - . 	^ "ditto launches opulous platform to help artists access funding without the need for traditional banks". music business worldwide. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ "crypto push by republic platform sparked by new token". bloomberg.com. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ "unlocking the potential of blockchain technology". mit news | massachusetts institute of technology. retrieved - - . 	^ "blockchain al servizio dell'ambiente: un registro pubblico di qualità dell'aria". il sole ore (in italian). retrieved - - . 	^ castillo, michael del. "visa partners with ethereum digital-dollar startup that raised $ million". forbes. retrieved - - . 	^ confidential, crypto. "stimulus checks from a crypto exchange; bitcoin rebound". forbes. retrieved - - . 	^ dantes, damanick. "securitize to issue digital asset securities for yield funds". coindesk. 		v 	t 	e cryptocurrencies 	technology	 	blockchain 	cryptocurrency tumbler 	cryptocurrency exchange 	cryptocurrency wallet 	cryptographic hash function 	decentralized exchange 	decentralized finance 	distributed ledger 	fork 	lightning network 	metamask 	non-fungible token 	smart contract 	consensus mechanisms	 	proof of authority 	proof of personhood 	proof of space 	proof of stake 	proof of work 	proof of work currencies	 	sha- -based	 	bitcoin 	bitcoin cash 	counterparty 	lbry 	mazacoin 	namecoin 	peercoin 	titcoin 	ethash-based	 	ethereum 	ethereum classic 	scrypt-based	 	auroracoin 	bitconnect 	coinye 	dogecoin 	litecoin 	equihash-based	 	bitcoin gold 	zcash 	randomx-based	 	monero 	x -based	 	dash 	petro 	other	 	ambacoin 	firo 	iota 	primecoin 	verge 	vertcoin 	proof of stake currencies	 	algorand 	cardano 	eos.io 	gridcoin 	nxt 	peercoin 	polkadot 	steem 	tezos 	tron 	erc- tokens	 	augur 	aventus 	bancor 	basic attention token 	chainlink 	kin 	kodakcoin 	minds 	the dao 	uniswap 	stablecoins	 	dai 	diem 	tether 	usd coin 	other currencies	 	ankr 	chia 	filecoin 	hbar (hashgraph) 	nano 	neo 	ripple 	safemoon 	stellar 	whoppercoin 	related topics	 	airdrop 	bitlicense 	blockchain game 	complementary currency 	crypto-anarchism 	cryptocurrency bubble 	cryptocurrency scams 	digital currency 	distributed ledger technology law 	double-spending 	hyperledger 	initial coin offering 	initial exchange offering 	initiative q 	list of cryptocurrencies 	token money 	virtual currency 	 	 category 	 commons 	 list retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=algorand_(cryptocurrency_platform)&oldid= " 		categories: 	blockchains 	alternative currencies 	cryptocurrencies hidden categories: 	cs italian-language sources (it) 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			italiano 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 project muse - chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation 		 	 [skip to content] 		 		 		 			 				 					 						 							 							institutional login 						 					 					 						 							 							log in 						 						 						 						 						accessibility 				 						 					 				 			 			 			 			 			 				 					 						 							 														 						 					 									 						 							 								browse 							 							 								 									or 								 							 							 								 								 								 										 search: 										 										 										 										 																				 										 									 								 																											 								 							 						 				 					 				 					 						 	 		 			 			 menu 				 			 		 		 			advanced search 			browse 			 				mymuse account 				 					log in / sign up 					change my account 					user settings 					access via institution 					mymuse library 					search history 					view history 					purchase history 					mymuse alerts 																 				 			 									 			 				contact support 			 		 	 		 					 				 			 			 			 			 		 	 		 	 		 			 	 				 					 						portal: libraries and the academy 					 				 				 					 						 							 								 								 								 								 							 							 							 							 							 							 							 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 		 		 			 	 		 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 			 			 			 				 						 						 						 chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation 						 						 						 						 	 						 						 						 						 marc meola 												 						 	portal: libraries and the academy 	johns hopkins university press 	 							 								 									volume , number , july 								 							 						 	pp. - 	 . /pla. . 	 article 	 						 						 	 							 view citation 	 							 							 related content 							 							 							 						 	 							additional information 						 				 		 		 		 		 		 				 					 				 		purchase/rental options available: 							 buy issue for $ at jhup 					 				 		 		 		 		 			 			 			 			 				abstract 				 this paper criticizes the checklist model approach (authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, coverage) to teaching undergraduates how to evaluate web sites. the checklist model rests on faulty assumptions about the nature of information available through the web, mistaken beliefs about student evaluation skills, and an exaggerated sense of librarian expertise in evaluating information. the checklist model is difficult to implement in practice and encourages a mechanistic way of evaluating that is at odds with critical thinking. a contextual approach is offered as an alternative. a contextual approach uses three techniques: promoting peer- and editorially-reviewed resources, comparison, and corroboration. the contextual approach promotes library resources, teaches information literacy, and encourages reasoned judgments of information quality. 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 						 			 				 					collapse 				 				 					 					you are not currently authenticated. 									 					if you would like to authenticate using a different subscribed institution or have your own login and password to project muse 					authenticate 				 			 			 			 			 	 	 	 	 		 		 		 			 				 				purchase/rental options available: 					 buy issue for $ at 							jhup 				 			 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 				recommend 			 			 				 					 						 						 						 						 						 						 						 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 			additional information 		 				 							 			 				 					issn 				 				 					 - 				 			 			 			 			 				 					print issn 				 				 					 - 				 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 				 					pages 				 				 					pp. - 				 			 									 			 			 				 					launched on muse 				 				 					 - - 				 			 			 			 			 			 			 				 					open access 				 				 					 					no 					 				 			 			 			 			 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 			 				 					 						project muse mission 						project muse promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide. forged from a partnership between a university press and a library, project muse is a trusted part of the academic and scholarly community it serves. 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 							 								about 									muse story 	publishers 	discovery partners 	advisory board 	journal subscribers 	book customers 	conferences 							 							 								what's on muse 									open access 	journals 	books 	muse in focus 	t.s. eliot prose 							 							 						 						 						 								resources 									news & announcements 	email sign-up 	promotional materials 	get alerts 	presentations 							 							 								information for 									publishers 	librarians 	individuals 	instructors 							 							 						 					 					 						 							 								contact 									contact us 	help 									 											 	 	 									 							 							 								policy & terms 									accessibility 	privacy policy 	terms of use 							 							 						 						 							 								 north charles street baltimore, maryland, usa 								+ ( ) - 								muse@jh.edu 								© project muse. produced by johns hopkins university press in collaboration with the sheridan libraries. 							 							 								now and always, the trusted content your research requires 								 								 								 								 								 								now and always, the trusted content your research requires 								built on the johns hopkins university campus 							 							 						 					 					 				 			 			 				built on the johns hopkins university campus 		 				© project muse. produced by johns hopkins university press in collaboration with the sheridan libraries. 			 			 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 			back to top 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 				this website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. without cookies your experience may not be seamless. 				 					 						 								 						 						 						 				 			 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 unicorn (finance) - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	unicorn (finance) 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		startup company valued at over $ billion in business, a unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at over $ billion.[ ]: [ ] the term was coined in by venture capitalist aileen lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures.[ ][ ][ ][ ] decacorn is a word used for those companies over $ billion,[ ] while hectocorn is used for such a company valued over $ billion. according to cb insights, there are more than unicorns as of june  [update].[ ] the largest unicorns included bytedance, stripe and spacex. according to cb insights, there are now decacorns in the world, including stripe, spacex, and klarna.[ ] contents 	 history 	 reasons behind the rapid growth of unicorns 	 . fast-growing strategy 	 . company buyouts 	 . increase of private capital available 	 . prevent ipo 	 . technological advancements 	 valuation 	 . valuation of high-growth companies 	 . . market sizing 	 . . estimation of finances 	 . . working back to the present 	 trends 	 . sharing economy 	 . e-commerce 	 . innovative business model 	 data 	 . data as of march , 	 see also 	 references 	 external links history[edit] when aileen lee originally coined the term "unicorn" in , there were only thirty-nine companies that were considered unicorns.[ ] in a different study done by the harvard business review, it was determined that startups founded between and were growing in valuation twice as fast as companies from startups founded between and .[ ] in , u.s. companies became unicorns, resulting in private companies worldwide valued at $ billion or more.[ ] reasons behind the rapid growth of unicorns[edit] fast-growing strategy[edit] according to academics in , investors and venture capital firms are adopting the get big fast (gbf) strategy for startups, also known as blitzscaling. gbf is a strategy where a startup tries to expand at a high rate through large funding rounds and price cutting to gain an advantage on market share and push away rival competitors as fast as possible.[ ] the rapid returns through this strategy seems to be attractive to all parties involved. however, there is always the cautionary note of the dot-com bubble of and the lack of long-term sustainability in value creation of the companies born from the internet age. company buyouts[edit] many unicorns were created through buyouts from large public companies. in a low-interest-rate and slow-growth environment, many companies like apple, facebook, and google focus on acquisitions instead of focusing on capital expenditures and development of internal investment projects.[ ] some large companies would rather bolster their businesses through buying out established technology and business models rather than creating it themselves. increase of private capital available[edit] the average age of a technology company before it goes public is years, as opposed to an average life of four years back in .[ ] this new dynamic stems from the increased amount of private capital available to unicorns and the passing of the u.s.'s jumpstart our business startups (jobs) act in , which increased by a factor of four the number of shareholders a company can have before it has to disclose its financials publicly. the amount of private capital invested in software companies has increased three-fold from to .[ ] prevent ipo[edit] through many funding rounds, companies do not need to go through an initial public offering (ipo) to obtain a capital or a higher valuation; they can just go back to their investors for more capital. ipos also run the risk of devaluation of a company if the public market thinks a company is worth less than its investors.[ ] a few recent examples of this situation were square, best known for its mobile payments and financial services business, and trivago, a popular german hotel search engine, both of which were priced below their initial offer prices by the market.[ ][ ] this was because of the severe over-valuation of both companies in the private market by investors and venture capital firms. the market did not agree with both companies' valuations, and therefore, dropped the price of each stock from their initial ipo range. investors and startups also do not want to deal with the hassle of going public because of increased regulations. regulations like the sarbanes–oxley act have implemented more stringent regulations following several bankruptcy cases in the u.s. market that many of these companies want to avoid.[ ] technological advancements[edit] startups are taking advantage of the flood of new technology of the last decade to obtain unicorn status. with the explosion of social media and access to millions utilizing this technology to gain massive economies of scale, startups have the ability to expand their business faster than ever.[ ] new innovations in technology including mobile smartphones, p p platforms, and cloud computing with the combination of social media applications has aided in the growth of unicorns. valuation[edit] the valuations that lead these start-up companies to become unicorns and decacorns are unique compared to more established companies. a valuation for an established company stems from past years' performances, while a start-up company's valuation is derived from its growth opportunities and its expected development in the long term for its potential market.[ ] valuations for unicorns usually come from funding rounds of large venture capital firms investing in these start-up companies. another significant final valuation of start-ups is when a much larger company buys out a unicorn and gives them that valuation. recent examples are when unilever bought dollar shave club[ ] and when facebook bought instagram[ ] for $ billion, effectively turning dollar shave club and instagram into unicorns. bill gurley, a partner at venture capital firm benchmark predicted in march and earlier that the rapid increase in the number of unicorns may "have moved into a world that is both speculative and unsustainable", that will leave in its wake what he terms "dead unicorns".[ ][ ][ ] also he said that the main reason of unicorns' valuation is the "excessive amount of money" available for them.[ ] similarly, in william danoff who manages the fidelity contrafund said unicorns might be "going to lose a bit of luster" due to their more frequent occurrence and several cases of their stock price being devalued.[ ] research by stanford professors published in suggests that unicorns are overvalued by an average of %.[ ][ ] valuation of high-growth companies[edit] for high-growth companies looking for the highest valuations possible, it comes down to potential and opportunity. when investors of high-growth companies are deciding on whether they should invest in a company or not, they look for signs of a home run to make exponential returns on their investment along with the right personality that fits the company.[ ] to give such high valuations in funding rounds, venture capital firms have to believe in the vision of both the entrepreneur and the company as a whole. they have to believe the company can evolve from its unstable, uncertain present standing into a company that can generate and sustain moderate growth in the future.[ ] market sizing[edit] to judge the potential future growth of a company, there needs to be an in-depth analysis of the target market.[ ] when a company or investor determines its market size, there are a few steps they need to consider to figure out how large the market really is:[ ] 	defining the sub-segment of the market (no company can target % market share, also known as monopolization) 	top-down market sizing[ ] 	bottom-up analysis[ ] 	competitor analysis after the market is reasonably estimated, a financial forecast can be made based on the size of the market and how much a company thinks it can grow in a certain time period. estimation of finances[edit] to properly judge the valuation of a company after the revenue forecast is completed, a forecast of the operating margin, analysis of needed capital investments, and return on invested capital needs to be completed to judge the growth and potential return to investors of a company.[ ] assumptions of where a company can grow to needs to be realistic, especially when trying to get venture capital firms to give the valuation a company wants. venture capitalists know the payout on their investment will not be realized for another five to ten years, and they want to make sure from the start that financial forecasts are realistic.[ ] working back to the present[edit] with the financial forecasts set, investors need to know what the company should be valued in the present day. this is where more established valuation methods become more relevant. this includes the three most common valuation methods:[ ] 	discounted cash flow analysis 	market comparable method 	comparable transactions investors can derive a final valuation from these methods and the amount of capital they offer for a percentage of equity within a company becomes the final valuation for a startup. competitor financials and past transactions also play an important part when providing a basis for valuing a startup and finding a correct valuation for these companies. trends[edit] sharing economy[edit] the sharing economy, also known as "collaborative consumption" or "on-demand economy", is based on the concept of sharing personal resources. this trend of sharing resources has made three of the top five largest unicorns (uber, didi, and airbnb) become the most valuable startups in the world. the economic trends of the s powered consumers to learn to be more conservative with spending and the sharing economy reflected this.[ ] e-commerce[edit] e-commerce and the innovation of the online marketplace have been slowly taking over the needs for physical locations of store brands. a prime example of this is the decline of malls within the united states, the sales of which declined from $ . billion in to $ . billion in .[ ] the emergence of e-commerce companies like amazon and alibaba (both unicorns before they went public) has decreased the need for physical locations to buy consumer goods. many large corporations have seen this trend for a while and have tried to adapt to the e-commerce trend. walmart in bought jet.com, an american e-commerce company, for $ . billion to try to adapt to consumer preferences.[ ] innovative business model[edit] in support of the sharing economy, unicorns and successful startups have built an operating model defined as "network orchestrators".[ ] in this business model, there is a network of peers creating value through interaction and sharing. network orchestrators may sell products/services, collaborate, share reviews, and build relations through their businesses. examples of network orchestrators include all sharing economy companies (i.e. uber, airbnb), companies that let consumers share information (i.e. tripadvisor, yelp), and peer-to-peer or business-to-person selling platforms (i.e. amazon, alibaba). data[edit] data as of march , [edit] 	number of unicorns: 	total combined valuation of unicorns: $ trillion 	total amount of capital raised: $ . billion 	number of new tech unicorns in : (down % yoy) 	total number of new unicorns in : [ ][ ] see also[edit] 	list of unicorn startup companies 	list of venture capital firms 	unicorn bubble 	valuation (finance) 	venture capital financing references[edit] 	^ hirst, scott; kastiel, kobi ( - - ). "corporate governance by index exclusion". boston university law review. ( ): . 	^ cristea, ioana a.; cahan, eli m.; ioannidis, john p. a. (april ). "stealth research: lack of peer‐reviewed evidence from healthcare unicorns". european journal of clinical investigation. ( ): e . doi: . /eci. . issn  - . pmid  . 	^ rodriguez, salvador (september , ). "the real reason everyone calls billion-dollar startups 'unicorns'". international business times. ibt media inc. retrieved january , . 	^ lee, aileen ( ). "welcome to the unicorn club: learning from billion-dollar startups". techcrunch. retrieved december . companies belong to what we call the 'unicorn club' (by our definition, u.s.-based software companies started since and valued at over $ billion by public or private market investors)... about . percent of venture-backed consumer and enterprise software startups 	^ griffith, erin & primack, dan ( ). "the age of unicorns". fortune. retrieved december . subtitle: the billion-dollar tech startup was supposed to be the stuff of myth. now they seem to be... everywhere. 	^ chohan, usman ( ). "it's hard to hate a unicorn, until it gores you". the conversation. retrieved october . 	^ roberts, daniel & nusca, andrew ( ). "the unicorn list". fortune. retrieved december . 	^ a b c "the global unicorn club". cb insights. retrieved - - . 	^ fan, jennifer s. "regulating unicorns: disclosure and the new private economy." bcl rev. ( ): . 	^ "how unicorns grow". harvard business review. retrieved - - . 	^ levi sumagaysay (october , ). "venture capital: bay area's lucid motors, zoox, uber scored the most in third quarter". mercury news. retrieved october , . 	^ sterman, j. d., henderson, r., beinhocker, e. d., & newman, l. i. ( ). getting big too fast: strategic dynamics with increasing returns and bounded rationality. management science, ( ), - . 	^ a b c howe, neil. "what's feeding the growth of the billion-dollar 'unicorn' startups?". forbes. retrieved - - . 	^ "to fly, to fall, to fly again". the economist. - - . issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ a b "grow fast or die slow: why unicorns are staying private". mckinsey & company. retrieved - - . 	^ demos, telis; driebusch, corrie ( - - ). "square's $ -a-share price deals blow to ipo market". wall street journal. issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ balakrishnan, anita ( - - ). "trivago ipo opens at $ . after pricing at $ , below its expected range". cnbc. retrieved - - . 	^ a b c d "valuing high-tech companies". mckinsey & company. retrieved - - . 	^ "unilever buys dollar shave club for $ billion". fortune. retrieved - - . 	^ raice, shayndi; ante, spencer e. ( - - ). "insta-rich: $ billion for instagram". wall street journal. issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ winkler, rolfe ( ). "bill gurley sees silicon valley on a dangerous path". the wall street journal. retrieved december . subtitle: subtitle: venture capitalist says companies hurt themselves by trying to delay going public 	^ blodget, henry ( ). "tech: how to survive great depression . without firing everyone". business insider. retrieved december . it seems every serious venture capital firm has now had a chat with its portfolio companies about how it[']s time to fire people... vc-extraordinaire bill gurley's benchmark has had the same chat with its companies, but bill tells pehub that there's actually an alternative to canning half your company: move to san jose 	^ griffith, erin ( ). "bill gurley predicts 'dead unicorns' in startup-land this year". fortune. retrieved december . subtitle: a crash would affect more than just startups. ... bill gurley, the prominent investor behind uber and snapchat, has been sounding the tech bubble alarm for months now. he's preached about the dangerous appetite for risk in the market, the alarmingly high burn rates and the excess of capital sloshing around in silicon valley. “there is no fear in silicon valley right now,” he said. “a complete absence of fear.” he added that more people are employed by money-losing companies in silicon valley than ever before. will there be a crash? “i do think you’ll see some dead unicorns this year,” he said, using the term used to describe startups with valuations higher than $ billion. 	^ rob price ( ). "legendary investor bill gurley says that there's a 'systematic problem in silicon valley' because it's too easy to get cash". business insider. retrieved march . there's so much easy money in the tech industry, entrepreneurs can afford not to be accountable to their investors. that "excessive amount of money," he says, can inflate a startup's valuation — even if they don't deserve it. 	^ reuters ( december ). fidelity star danoff grows cautious about unicorn phenomenon, cnbc.com, accessed jan 	^ gornall and strebulaev ( ). "squaring venture capital valuations with reality". stanford university working paper. ssrn  . we develop a valuation model for venture capital-backed companies and apply it to u.s. unicorns -- private companies with reported valuations above $ billion. we value unicorns using financial terms from legal filings and find reported unicorn post-money valuations average % above fair value, with being more than % above. 	^ sorkin, andrew ( ). "how valuable is a unicorn? maybe not as much as it claims to be". new york times. retrieved march . the average unicorn is worth half the headline price tag that is put out after each new valuation. 	^ a b macmillan, i. c., siegel, r., & narasimha, p. s. ( ). criteria used by venture capitalists to evaluate new venture proposals. journal of business venturing, ( ), - . 	^ zhuo, tx ( - - ). " strategies to effectively determine your market size". entrepreneur. retrieved - - . 	^ a b "market sizing: is there a market size formula? | b b international". b b international. retrieved - - . 	^ "valuation methods | venture valuation". www.venturevaluation.com. retrieved - - . 	^ newlands, murray (july , ). "the sharing economy: why it works and how to join". forbes. retrieved march , . 	^ ho, ky trang. "how to profit from the death of malls in america". forbes. retrieved - - . 	^ nassauer, sarah ( - - ). "wal-mart to acquire jet.com for $ . billion in cash, stock". wall street journal. issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ "rise of the unicorns". zinnov thoughts. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ lunden, ingrid. "cb insights: , tech exits in , 'unicorn births' down %". techcrunch. retrieved - - . external links[edit] "the complete list of unicorn companies". cb insights. retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=unicorn_(finance)&oldid= " 		categories: 	valuation (finance) 	neologisms 	 s neologisms hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	articles containing potentially dated statements from june 	all articles containing potentially dated statements 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			afrikaans 	العربية 	deutsch 	español 	فارسی 	français 	한국어 	bahasa indonesia 	עברית 	lietuvių 	bahasa melayu 	nederlands 	日本語 	polski 	português 	svenska 	türkçe 	Українська 	tiếng việt 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 the professor's house - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the professor's house 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		the professor's house 	first edition 	author	willa cather 	cover artist	c. b. falls 	country	united states 	language	english 	publisher	alfred a. knopf 	publication date 	 	media type	print (hardcover, paperback) the professor's house is a novel by american novelist willa cather. published in , the novel was written over the course of several years. cather first wrote the centerpiece, “tom outland's story,” and then later wrote the two framing chapters “the family” and “the professor.”[ ] contents 	 plot summary 	 characters 	 major themes 	 . nationalism 	 critical trends and reception 	 . form 	 . queer readings 	 references 	 external links plot summary[edit] 	 	this section does not cite any sources. please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (march ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) when professor godfrey st. peter and wife move to a new house, he becomes uncomfortable with the route his life is taking. he keeps on his dusty study in the old house in an attempt to hang on to his old life. the marriages of his two daughters have removed them from the home and added two new sons-in-law, precipitating a mid-life crisis that leaves the professor feeling as though he has lost the will to live because he has nothing to look forward to. the novel initially addresses the professor's interactions with his new sons-in-law and his family, while continually alluding to the pain they all feel over the death of tom outland in the great war. outland was not only the professor's student and friend, but the fiancé of his elder daughter, who is now living off the wealth created by the "outland vacuum." the novel's central section turns to outland, and recounts in first-person the story of his exploration of an ancient cliff city in new mexico. the section is a retrospective narrative remembered by the professor. in the final section, the professor, left alone while his family takes an expensive european tour, narrowly escapes death due to a gas leak in his study; and finds himself strangely willing to die. he is rescued by the old family seamstress, augusta, who has been his staunch friend throughout. he resolves to go on with his life. characters[edit] 	godfrey st. peter - also known as the professor, the novel's protagonist. he is a fifty-two-year-old man of mixed descent “canadian french on one side, and american farmers on the other”.[ ] he is described by his wife as growing “better-looking and more intolerant all the time”.[ ] he is a professor of history at hamilton university and his book is entitled spanish adventures in north america. godfrey's name comes from godfrey of boulogne, the conqueror who took jerusalem:[ ] st. peter is the rock on which the roman church was built: st. peter is writing about pioneers, when he himself is an intellectual pioneer and every bit of his name comes from famous pioneers in history. 	lillian st. peter - the professor's status-oriented wife. she is described as “occupied with the future” and adaptable.[ ] most of her involvement in the novel is to act as contrast to the professor and show the distance between his interests and his family. their relationship is described as happy but dependent on her inheritance. she tells the professor “'one must go on living, godfrey. but it wasn't the children who came between us.' there was something lonely and forgiving in her voice, something that spoke of an old wound, healed and hardened and hopeless”.[ ] 	augusta - the family seamstress and friend of st. peter. she is described as being “a reliable, methodical spinster, a german catholic and very devout”.[ ] 	rosamond - st. peter's elder daughter and wife of louie marsellus. she was originally engaged to tom outland and he left everything to her when he died. she is now obsessed with her appearance and having all the finest things, likely because louie showers her with extravagance. the professor admits that “he didn't in the least understand” her.[ ] 	kathleen - st. peter's younger daughter and wife of scott mcgregor. she is sweet and honest and is one of the more genuine characters in the novel. the professor says that “the only unusual thing about kitty … is that she doesn't think herself a bit unusual” and that she “has a spark of something different”.[ ] 	louie marsellus - rosamond's husband and executor of tom outland's patents from which he massed a fortune and is now building a house and memorial to tom where he and rosamond will live called outland. he is generous and very loving to rosamond. the professor says that he is “perfectly consistent. he's a great deal more generous and public-spirited than i am, and my preferences would be enigmatical to him”.[ ] nevertheless marsellus is named after the french monarch, and the roman general who fought hannibal, and the last part of his name, 'sellus' corroborates (mainly) scott's idea that louie is only interested in materialism. 	scott mcgregor - kathleen's husband. they became engaged soon after rosamond's engagement to louie. he is a journalist and writes a daily prose poem for the two to live off of. the professor describes him as “having a usual sort of mind” but that “he trusted him”.[ ] scott and kathleen are portrayed as truly loving each other. 	tom outland - once st. peter's student and rosamond's fiancé before his death, the story focuses on his memory. the central piece of the chapter “tom outland's story” is tom's own account of his adventures in the american southwest investigating a cliff city's remains in the desert while working as a rancher. it is through these stories and his goodness that the st. peter family fell in love with him and remembers him fondly. major themes[edit] the novel explores many contrasting ideas. indeed in many respects, the novel deals in opposites, variously conceived: marsellus vs. outland, kitty vs. rosamond, the quixotic vs. the pragmatic, the old vs. the new, the idea of the professor as a scholar vs. his family relations, indian tribes vs. the contemporary world of the s, and the opposing social poles of the professor vs. lillian. those opposites are not always clear-cut. considering the ending, the novel can be viewed as devoid of a clear moral imperative. similarly, the comparisons between the modern world of sections iii and i contrast with tom outland’s natural world in section ii. yet the confused judgments of the characters block these comparisons and obscure clear morals: tom’s both elevates and appropriates nature, and the unsupported conclusions of father duchene pervert the true historical facts of the mesa culture. he assumes ‘mother eve’ was murdered for infidelity to her husband, but this would sharply contrast tom’s view of the mesa as an idyllic space away from ‘the dirty devices of the world’.[ ] accordingly the professor’s house is generally analyzed as a critique of modernity—the marselluses are consumed by the latest fashions, mrs. st. peter transfers her old love for her husband to a passion for her sons-in-law, science and the modern world corrupt st. peter’s ideals of history and nature. yet it is a failure to embrace modernity that nearly kills the professor and brings him to the realization of his need for change. in his own speech, the knowledgeable professor puts forth numerous contradictions. he criticizes science for only making humans comfortable in front of his lecture hall students, yet with his daughter he lauds the promise of what science can do for man (crane), and its superior value to money: “in hamilton the correspondence between inner and outer has been completely destroyed: the dress-forms are deceptive; rosamond's physical beauty clothes a spiritual emptiness; louie's loud exterior covers an inner capacity for love and generosity. in hamilton the failure of inner and outer to cohere leads to misunderstandings and to the characters' inability to make meaningful contact with one another".[ ] nationalism[edit] the professor's house was written in , in post-war america. in a similar fashion to f. scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby, cather narrates a story about the moral decline of a money-driven society. tom displays an emersonian understanding of national identity. his sense of americanness is connected to the land and its beauty, and he believes in a collective possession of this land and all of its history for all americans. his anger at roddy’s sale of the native american artifacts to the german stems from a belief that they were a piece of american history, that they were of the land, and therefore nobody had the right to sell them, much less to a non-american. tom’s ultimate experience of connection to an american identity comes during his night on the mesa alone after his confrontation with roddy, when he discovers “the mesa was no longer an adventure, but a religious emotion” and, “it was possession”.[ ] louie’s sense of national identity in contrast centers on money and the economic greatness of the country. he spends liberally the income derived from tom’s advances in engineering. louie wears the source of his wealth proudly—the fact that his livelihood is derived from his wife’s deceased fiancé does not create tension between husband and wife nor between the couple and society. his announcement, “we have named our place for tom outland, a brilliant young american scientist and inventor, who was killed in flanders, fighting with the foreign legion, the second year of the war, when he was barely thirty years of age,” displays his pride in and respect for his benefactor, and his recognition that tom’s loyalty to the nation has brought louie the monetary success he enjoys is representative of his understanding that america's economic success now takes precedence in defining the country and its people.[ ] the professor is caught between the worldviews of tom outland and louie marsellus. he is resistant to change, idealistically holding onto tom’s memory and an emersonian ideality that impugnes material acquisitiveness. as outland’s good friend and mentor, st. peter feels it is his responsibility to make sure tom’s will is properly executed. in this endeavor, he is torn between his love for tom and his love for his daughter rosamond, both of whom, the professor believes, have different views on how the money should be spent. when mrs. crane asks for his help in obtaining compensation for her husband for the patent on which he worked intimately with outland, the professor says, “heaven knows i’d like to see crane get something out of it, but how? how? i’ve thought a great deal about this matter, and i’ve blamed tom for making that kind of will”.[ ] on the one hand, he is digging his heels into the ground, resisting the shift from a love of the land to a love of its fruits, but he also has a sense of obligation which makes it difficult for him to ignore the role money, particularly tom’s money, plays in his relationships and social life. cather’s endorsement of one worldview over another is debatable, as has been demonstrated by various critics. walter benn michaels suggests that cather sides with tom outland, in that the poetry of “the ‘picture’ of the cliff-dwellers’ tower, ‘rising strong, with calmness and courage’…marks in cather the emergence of culture not only as an aspect of american identity but as one of its determinants”.[ ] from this perspective, outland is cather’s voice in the novel, advocating the close ties to the landscape as an expression of national identity. contrarily, sarah wilson posits that cather is instead critical of tom’s nostalgia. “the cliff dwellings of the blue mesa once belonged to a now vanished culture, and no living native american population has an indisputable claim on them…how, the novel queries, can a nation or individuals engage the history of a culturally and temporally other people?” however, wilson does concede “the america of which tom outland speaks, the nation that treasures its ancient southwestern heritage, at least allows for unique ways of being american”.[ ] critical trends and reception[edit] while critically neglected for the better part of the th century, interest in willa cather was aroused in the s with the rise of the feminist movement. although many of her novels have been subsequently incorporated into the canon, critics have largely ignored the professor’s house, passing it over as “morally and psychologically unachieved”.[ ] as a reason for this disparagement, critics often cite the “broken” format of the book, rebuking its structure as unnecessary. or, they cite the ambivalent depiction of the professor’s psyche. the reader is unsure of how to consider the professor’s demands for solitude and his entrapment in the past. he’s a family man and a university man, but the professor’s conflict reaches its crux when he surrenders "local community for the nostalgic national ideal".[ ] a.s. byatt calls the professor's house cather's "masterpiece... almost perfectly constructed, peculiarly moving, and completely original".[ ] form[edit] the professor’s house has been criticized as “fragmentary and inconclusive” because of the way the middle section, “tom outland’s story,” fractures the surrounding narrative. j. schroeter presents the most common critical view regarding the structural meaning of the novel in his essay “willa cather and the professor’s house”: "book ii is the 'turquoise' and books i and iii are the 'dull silver'. the whole novel, in other words, is constructed like the indian bracelet. it is not hard to see that willa cather wants to draw an ironic contrast not only between two pieces of jewelry but between two civilizations, between two epochs, and between two men, marcellus [sic] and outland, who symbolize these differences".[ ] some critics, however, have analyzed the novel’s structure in light of the sonata—equating the novel with either a complete, three-movement sonata, or a single sonata, broken up into exposition, development and recapitulation.[ ] other critics, such as sarah wilson, cite the dutch painting style, which cather references in her correspondence, as a way of explaining the novel’s theme and layout. dutch paintings provide a sense of the context beyond the actual objects presented. they consist of crowded interiors and, in cather’s words, “a square window, open…the feeling of the sea that one got through those square windows was remarkable, and gave me a sense of the fleets of dutch ships that ply quietly on all the waters of the globe—to java, etc.’’ applied to the professor’s house, books i and iii serve as the overstuffed dutch interior, while “tom outland’s story, with its more open setting and voice, functions as the open window.[ ] queer readings[edit] in recent years a queer reading of the professor’s house has emerged. this reading centers on the professor’s relationship with tom, as well as tom’s relationship with his idolized friend roddy. through tom’s youthful influence, the professor achieves a sort of procreation—his work comes forth more easily and fluidly. “tom represents the professor’s need to live with delight.” for the professor, tom’s loss also represents the professor’s forgoing of homoerotic desire and along with it, a life “without delight... without joy, without passionate grief”.[ ] tom and roddy share a deeply intimate experience of discovery. tom views roddy’s selling of the find as a betrayal, and they experience a split with characteristics of a romantic rift.[ ][ ] references[edit] 	^ thacker, robert. willa cather: leading american author - archived - - at the wayback machine. . december , . 	^ cather, willa. the professor's house. vintage classics: new york, . . 	^ cather, . 	^ a b byatt, a. s. (december , ). "american pastoral". the guardian. retrieved may , . 	^ a b cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ a b cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ a b c hart, clive. "the professor's house": a shapely story". the modern language review, vol. , no. (april, ), pp. - . 	^ cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ michaels, walter benn. "the vanishing american." american literary history . ( ): - . web. dec . 	^ wilson, sarah. "fragmentary and inconclusive violence: national history and literary form in the professor’s house". american literature, vol. , no. (september ): pp. - . 	^ wilson, . 	^ schroeter, j., 'willa gather and the professor's house', yale review, , , - . 	^ giannone, richard, music in willa cather’s fiction, university of nebraska press, 	^ wilson, . 	^ cather, 	^ anders, john p., willa cather’s sexual aesthetics and the male homosexual literary tradition (lincoln: university of nebraska press, ) 	^ wilson, “canonical relations: willa cather, america, and the professor’s house”, texas studies in literature and language, vol. , no. , spring , university of texas press. external links[edit] 	the professor's house at the internet archive 		v 	t 	e willa cather 	novels	 	alexander's bridge 	o pioneers! 	the song of the lark 	my Ántonia 	one of ours 	a lost lady 	the professor's house 	my mortal enemy 	death comes for the archbishop 	shadows on the rock 	lucy gayheart 	sapphira and the slave girl 	hard punishments 	short stories	 	"peter" 	"lou, the prophet" 	"the elopement of allen poole" 	"a tale of the white pyramid" 	"a son of the celestial" 	"the clemency of the court" 	"the fear that walks by noonday" 	"on the divide" 	"a night at greenway court" 	"tommy, the unsentimental" 	"the princess baladina – her adventure" 	"the count of crow's nest" 	"the burglar's christmas" 	"the strategy of the were-wolf dog" 	"a resurrection" 	"the prodigies" 	"nanette: an aside" 	"the way of the world" 	"the westbound train" 	"eric hermannson's soul" 	"the dance at chevalier's" 	"the sentimentality of william tavener" 	"the affair at grover station" 	"a singer's romance" 	"the conversion of sum loo" 	"jack-a-boy" 	"el dorado: a kansas recessional" 	"the professor's commencement" 	"the treasure of far island" 	"a death in the desert" 	"a wagner matinee" 	"the sculptor's funeral" 	"flavia and her artists" 	"the garden lodge" 	"the marriage of phaedra" 	"paul's case" 	"the namesake" 	"the profile" 	"the willing muse" 	"eleanor's house" 	"on the gulls' road" 	"the enchanted bluff" 	"the joy of nelly deane" 	"behind the singer tower" 	"the bohemian girl" 	"consequences" 	"the bookkeeper's wife" 	"the diamond mine" 	"a gold slipper" 	"ardessa" 	"scandal" 	"her boss" 	"coming, eden bower!" 	"uncle valentine" 	"double birthday" 	"neighbour rosicky" 	"two friends" 	"the old beauty" 	"before breakfast" 	"the best years" 	short story collections	 	the troll garden 	youth and the bright medusa 	obscure destinies 	the old beauty and others 	five stories 	collection of poems	 	april twilights 	collaborations	 	the life of mary baker g. eddy and the history of christian science 	adaptations	 	a lost lady ( film) 	o pioneers! ( film) 	my antonia ( film) 	the song of the lark ( film) 	o pioneers! ( opera) 	related	 	willa cather birthplace 	willa cather house 	edith lewis 	willa cather foundation 	willa literary award 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	viaf 	 	worldcat (via viaf) 	national libraries	 	france (data) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_professor% s_house&oldid= " 		categories: 	novels by willa cather 	 american novels 	campus novels 	alfred a. knopf books 	novels set in new mexico hidden categories: 	webarchive template wayback links 	articles needing additional references from march 	all articles needing additional references 	articles with internet archive links 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcat-viaf identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			Русский 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on january , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 kaseya case update | divd csirt skip to the content. home / blog / kaseya case update divd csirt making the internet safer through coordinated vulnerability disclosure 	 		 menu 	 		 						 							home 						 	 						 			 					divd 			 				 	 			 					csirt 			 				 			 	 	 		 		 						cases 					 						 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						telegram group shares stolen credentials.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						divd recommends not exposing the on-premise kaseya unitrends servers to the... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						botnet stolen credentials... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						multiple vulnerabilities discovered in kaseya vsa.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a preauth rce vulnerability has been found in vcenter server... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a preauth rce vulnerability has been found in pulse connect secure... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of credentials that phishers gained from victims has leaked and has ... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						kaseya recommends disabling the on-premise kaseya vsa servers immediately.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						on-prem exchange servers targeted with -day exploits... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						solarwinds orion api authentication bypass... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of credentials that phishers gained from victims has leaked and has ... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of vulnerable fortinet devices leaked online... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						four critical vulnerabilities in vembu bdr... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						wordpress plugin wpdiscuz has a vulnerability that alllows attackers to tak... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						data dumped from compromised pulse secure vpn enterprise servers.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						 .nl domains running wordpress scanned.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						citrix sharefile storage zones controller multiple security updates... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						smbv server compression transform header memory corruption... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						apache tomcat ajp file read/inclusion vulnerability... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						list of mirai botnet victims published with credentials... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						exploits available for ms rdp gateway bluegate... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						wildcard certificates citrix adc... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						citrix adc... 			 					 			 				 		 	 	 		 		 						cves 					 						 							 cve- - - authenticated xml external entity vulnerability in kaseya vs... 							 	 							 cve- - - authenticated local file inclusion in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - fa bypass in kaseya vsa 							 	 							 cve- - - authenticated authenticated reflective xss in kaseya vsa 							 	 							 cve- - - unautheticated rce in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - autheticated sql injection in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - unautheticated credential leak and business logic flaw in ka... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated server side request forgery in vembu product... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated arbitrary file upload and command execution ... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated remote command execution in vembu products... 							 		 	 	 		 		 						blog 					 						 							 - - : kaseya vsa limited disclosure... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update ... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update ... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya vsa advisory... 							 	 							 - - : vcenter server preauth rce... 							 	 							 - - : warehouse botnet... 							 	 							 - - : closing proxylogon case / case proxylogon gesloten... 							 	 							 - - : vembu zero days... 							 	 							 - - : pulse secure preauth rce... 							 	 					 more... 					 		 	 	 					 						donate 					 				 	 					 						rss 					 				 	 					 						contact 					 				 kaseya case update 	 jul - 	 		 		 			victor gevers 		 	 	 	english below during the last hours, the number of kaseya vsa instances that are reachable from the internet has dropped from over . to less than in our last scan today. and, by working closely with our trusted partners and national certs, the number of servers in the netherlands has dropped to zero. a good demonstration of how a cooperative network of security-minded organizations can be very effective during a nasty crisis. by now, it is time to be a bit more clear on our role in this incident. first things first, yes, wietse boonstra, a divd researcher, has previously identified a number of the zero-day vulnerabilities [cve- - ] which are currently being used in the ransomware attacks. and yes, we have reported these vulnerabilities to kaseya under responsible disclosure guidelines (aka coordinated vulnerability disclosure). our research into these vulnerabilities is part of a larger project in which we investigate vulnerabilities in tools for system administration, specifically the administrative interfaces of these applications. these are products like vembu bdr, pulse vpn, fortinet vpn, to name a few. we are focusing on these types of products because we spotted a trend where more and more of the products that are used to keep networks safe and secure are showing structural weaknesses. after this crisis, there will be the question of who is to blame. from our side, we would like to mention kaseya has been very cooperative. once kaseya was aware of our reported vulnerabilities, we have been in constant contact and cooperation with them. when items in our report were unclear, they asked the right questions. also, partial patches were shared with us to validate their effectiveness. during the entire process, kaseya has shown that they were willing to put in the maximum effort and initiative into this case both to get this issue fixed and their customers patched. they showed a genuine commitment to do the right thing. unfortunately, we were beaten by revil in the final sprint, as they could exploit the vulnerabilities before customers could even patch. after the first reports of ransomware occurred, we kept working with kaseya, giving our input on what happened and helping them cope with it. this included giving them lists of ip addresses and customer ids of customers that had not responded yet, which they promptly contacted by phone. so, in summary: divd has been in a coordinated vulnerability disclosure process with kaseya, who was working on a patch. some of these vulnerabilities were used in this attack. kaseya and divd collaborated to limit the damage wherever possible. as more details become available, we will report them on our blog and case file. updated statistics: 	 twitter 	 facebook 	 linkedin eleanor youmans: synopses and cover art eleanor youmans ohio author eleanor youmans published a dozen children's novels with bobbs-merrill in the s, s, and s. she also wrote short stories and poetry. this blog is dedicated to preserving her life and work. pages 	 home 	 biography 	 articles 	 synopses and cover art 	 book reviews and display ads synopses and cover art novels skitter cat.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by ruth bennett; dedicated to w.c.y. [william clinton youmans, her son]. skitter cat is the story of a white persian kitten who comes to live with mother, father, and little boy—and their airedale, major.  the story takes place in a small town in ohio.  skitter gets his name from the sound his claws make skittering across the floor, like a dry leaf.  his birthday is march , and the story takes place over the course of the first year of his life.  he is a feisty kitten who likes to go after the neighbor’s chickens.  in the fall, mother sends skitter to live with a friend for a few weeks, until it is too cold for the neighbor to have chickens outside any longer.  skitter, however, escapes from the car taking him to the city, and lives outside for five months.  his adventures include encounters with a fox, raccoon, opossum, owl, and skunk, and he survives by sleeping in a hollowed out tree and catching mice, rabbits, and peasants.  he also spends a brief time at the city dump, where he is sighted.  father builds a trap and they capture skitter and bring him home, where he’s older and more dignified now than he had been during his younger, kitten days.  skitter cat and little boy. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by ruth bennett; dedicated to my dear son william clinton youmans. late in the summer, father receives an invitation to spend a month camping with a cousin who is spending the summer in the rocky mountains.  father, mother, and little boy decide to go, taking skitter cat with them, and leaving major to stay with aunt maud.  the family travels by train through chicago to the rockies.  once at the encampment, there’s much to do, from trout fishing and shooting a popgun at gophers, to visiting waterfalls and going horseback riding.  there are also plentiful huckleberries, to later be made into pies and jams.  the family visits a trapper, tim nolan, and his wife.  the nolan’s airedales attack a porcupine, and the family must pull out the painful quills from the tender mouths and noses of the dogs.  after skitter has many exciting encounters—with a mountain rat, a coyote, and even a couple of bears—the family returns home to a very happy major, who has missed them.  the neighborhood children have newfound respect for skitter when they learn of his adventures with the bears. skitter cat and major. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by ruth bennett; dedicated to william. skitter and skeet. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, .  pages. illustrated by ruth bennett; dedicated to willem and helen [her son and his wife]. teddy horse: the story of a runaway pony.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, .  pages. illustrated by ruth king; dedicated to herbert b. haskins. teddy horse opens with the birth of a tiny shetland pony, so-named teddy horse because his brown coat resembles the teddy bear that once belonged to his owner’s son bill.  teddy horse is not to stay for long with his mother susie, their human family, or the other pets on the farm, however; once his sleek black coat grows in, he is to be trained as a show pony on the farm next door.  even so, his new home is anything but lonely, as teddy horse can still see his mother susie, bill and all his friends, nippy the bull terrier, and buffin the brown tabby cat.  his trainer is friendly, patient, and encourages children to praise teddy horse with applause and sweets.  the pony show—which includes performances by calico pony spot, brown mule dynamite, tiny monkey jimmy, and white collie snow—goes on circuit tour, leisurely making its way south, then west.  on the plains, teddy horse is accidentally thrown from a truck, where he learns to fend for himself for several months.  he escapes a pack of coyotes, joins a herd of wild mustangs, befriends a wayward buckskin mare and her colt, and finally makes his way to his home town when he, the buckskin, and the mustangs are rounded up cowboys and sold to a polo horse breeder in the east.  mistaken only momentarily for a colt, the tiny shetland is of little use to the breeder, and is hardly missed when he makes an unlikely escape by applying his learned pony show antics to make his way toward a familiar looking barn.  buffin and nippy are the first to greet their long lost companion, followed by a very shocked bill and his father.  it seems that teddy horse traveled over a thousand miles to make it back home.  his coat, mane, and tail are promptly groomed, and teddy horse happily resumes his role in the pony show, safe and sound. teddy horse: the story of a runaway pony.  london: elkin mathews and marrot, . pages. illustrated by ruth king; dedicated to herbert b. haskins. the london-based elkin mathews and marrot edition of teddy horse is virtually identical to its american, bobbs-merrill predecessor except for smaller font and page sizes, resulting in differences in pagination and text placement, and—more significantly—choice of vernacular.  youmans told the newark advocate that “when ‘teddy horse’ went on british book shelves….the editors did some blue pencilling and changed certain words, which they referred to as ‘americanisms.’  examples of the editing: ‘sure’ to ‘certainly,’ ‘curb’ to ‘kerb,’ ‘burned gasoline’ to ‘petrol fumes,’ ‘gee, he’s cute,’ to ‘isn’t he topping?’ ‘cunning little colt,’ to ‘jolly little colt.’” cinder: the tale of a black and tan toy terrier.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by f. bernard shields; dedicated to richard a. youmans [her grandson]. cinder is a black and tan toy terrier pup, noted for her white spots on one toe of each foot.  living with her playwright owner, mr. george, she has many adventures, including a ride down a flooded river, a bout with a mud turtle, and even a role in a stage play.  cinder runs off a few times at the beginning of the story, during which time she is cared for by a little girl named natalie, and she often wanders into the yard next door belonging to another young girl, ida, and her black cat, inky, before returning home to mr. george and cinder’s mother, queenie.  at one point, cinder becomes momentarily jealous of her newborn puppy brother, budge.  the central adventure of the novel, however, is cinder’s performance in a theater production authored by mr. george.  cinder becomes depressed when the theater group begins a tour that requires her to travel without her master.  the starring actress, apparently famous, takes to cinder and helps her feel more comfortable in mr. george’s absence.  by the end of the story, mr. green and the actress are married, and cinder makes an unexpected grand entrance into the ceremony. little dog mack: the story of a wirehaired terrier.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by van trenck; dedicated to e.h.w. nine-year-old twins ralph and rachel receive mack, a three-month-old wire-haired fox terrier for christmas.  the little white dog with black and tan spots loves to chase other dogs.  one day, he is lured away from home by a dishonest kennel owner who uses his dog, mitzi, for bait.  mack is unhappy at the kennel, where he is deprived of human companionship and made to eat food he dislikes.  he fathers four pups with mitzi, and while she is busy with her infants, the son of the kennel owner takes mack along in the car as a guard dog.  there is an accident, which enables mack’s escape.  he visits a farm where he saves young johnny from a bull.  johnny is allowed to keep mack only until his owner is found.  johnny suspects that mack doesn’t rightfully belong to the kennel and helps the little dog escape again.  on his long trek home, mack meets other stray dogs and steals a ham bone.  finally, he reaches his real home, after traveling about miles.  ralph and rachel are ecstatic at his return, and the family cat, jet, learns to adore him.  waif: the story of spe. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by will rannells.  one christmas eve, a woman spots waif—a mongrel puppy, part spritz, perhaps part pekinese—in the window of a pet shop in columbus, ohio.  she decides to purchase the pup as a gift for her brother and sister-in-law.  as it turns out, the couple does not want the dog.  rather than taking their new charge to the humane society, they simply drop her on the ohio state university campus, next to mirror lake.  despite the couple’s heartless disposal of the defenseless puppy, young waif enjoys her freedom, fending for herself on campus and its surrounding alleyways.  when school is back in session, she begs for scraps at a nearby fraternity house.  the sigma phi epsilon brothers adopt the dog as their mascot, calling her “spe,” an acronym of their greek letters.  spe is an obedient pet, following the various fraternity members to their classes, where she quietly sits through lectures.  she also attends football games, marches on the field with the band, and helps raise money with the charity newsies, all the while becoming quite popular with ohio state students.  she spends a few nights in the local animal shelter when two of the frat brothers who dislike dogs try to get rid of her.  one night after returning from the shelter, however, spe wins everyone over when she alerts the house members to a burglar.  during school breaks, spe stays with a university art professor—modeled after will rannells—who specializes in dog portraits and owns several dogs and cats.  the novel closes with a dinner for dogs at the local human society shelter—with spe as guest of honor, of course—organized by rosemary and raymond, the two children who live next to the sigep house, and who greatly admire spe. the great adventures of jack, jock and funny.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by will rannells; dedicated to charles l. hirsch, who owns funny. twelve-year-old twins, charles and chester gray, open a kennel on the family’s farm after a stray dog shows up at school.  the all-white collie, jack, is joined by several other boarders over the summer, including a scottish terrier named jock, two pointers named rusty and sam, and a prissy cocker spaniel named sallie.  charles’s and chester’s six-year-old sister, annabel—who already has a pet rooster named demosthenes—adds thistle, a stray kitten, to the growing menagerie.  as the children tend to their kennel, they anticipate their grandfather’s arrival any day.  grandpa gray, retiring from his jewelry store business, is coming to live with his son’s family on the farm.  shortly before venturing to the farm, he acquires funny, a scruffy poodle who was a former performer in a dog act.  grandpa gray’s train wrecks on the way into town, and funny runs away.  the twins find the small dog, as the wreck is not far from the farm, but their grandfather develops amnesia and wanders off.  the family is puzzled as to grandpa gray’s whereabouts, but suspect he might be visiting his brother.  meanwhile, jock and funny are stolen, but jack rescues them.  annabel takes funny with her to pick blackberries, and the dog leads her to the front porch of the family’s nearest neighbor—an old, unfriendly hermit.  on the porch sits grandpa gray.  not realizing the grandfather’s identity, the neighbor has been taking care of him.  once annabel recognizes her grandfather and explains to him that he was in a train accident, grandpa gray’s memory returns and he is united with the family on the farm. the forest road: two boys in the ozarks.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by alma wentzel froderstrom; dedicated to emerson evans [her cousin, the nephew of her welsh grandmother, eleanor evans]. on a vacation / business venture, eleven-year-old robert brown and his father turn down the wrong country road and the trailer they are pulling with their car gets stuck in the mud.  francis smith—a county boy the same age as robert—happens across the scene, riding his horse, ben, on the way home from school.  robert’s cat, whiskers, runs up a tree, and francis—with the aid of ben—rescues him.  being the same age, the two boys become fast friends, and robert enjoys romping the countryside and resident swap with francis—and francis’s beagle, sounder.  francis doesn’t seem to like his father, japp.  as it turns out, japp is francis’s stepfather, as his real father, mr. lynn, passed away a year before.  his mother is also not his biological parent, but his father’s second wife, his real mother having died when francis was an infant.  japp doesn’t think francis should spend time playing music, and takes away his violin.  he also insists that francis use his last name and call him dad, prompting francis to plan to run away.  the boys soon learn, however, that francis is actually robert’s cousin, as robert’s father is the brother of francis’s real mother.  in fact, the purpose of the trip to the country is two-fold; mr. brown is there to collect plant specimens from the swamp for the government, but he is also there to see how his son and nephew get along because francis’s father asked him to adopt his son before he died.  along the way, the boys put on a show for the all of francis’s country neighbors, involving magic tricks performed by robert, sounder singing in accompaniment with francis’s harmonica, and a lecture on swamp plants by mr. brown.  the story has a happy ending, with robert leaving with the browns, whiskers, and sounder, to start a new life where he can freely pursue music. timmy: the dog that was different.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by will rannells; dedicated to the boys and girls who liked jack, jock and funny. in this sequel to the great adventures of jack, jock and funny, annabel and her twin brothers, charles and chester, live with their father (an insurance salesman), mother (a homemaker), and grandfather (a retired store owner), on a farm.  for a summer job, charles and chester decide to run a kennel as they had the previous summer, using the old horse stalls on the property for dogs.  their first client is the old hermit who lives next door, mr. smith.  his friend has a cocker-spaniel named timmy that needs boarding, on the condition that he sleep next to someone’s bed.  a variety of dogs come to stay at the kennel over the summer, but timmy stands apart from the others because he is deaf, and there is mystery as to his owner’s relationship to mr. smith and their foreign heritage.  annabel believes timmy belongs to a princess, and in the end, we learn that timmy in fact belongs to an exiled royal family, making their way from persia to canada. mount delightful: the story of ellen evans and her dog taffy.  indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by sandra james; dedicated to ada norman clark [adah clark was librarian of pataskala public library].  the skitter cat book. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . pages. illustrated by j. j. taber; dedicated to william c. youmans, the little boy of the story. short stories "hearts by freight."  boston daily globe ( may ): . words.   "the man who wanted a dog that would kill."  the american magazine . (oct. ): +. words. illustrated by douglas duer. dudley forrester, appropriately nicknamed “dud,” marries zoe forrester and takes her west after her parents suddenly pass away.  he is abusive and goes so far as to shoot her dog, rover, because the dog is unable to protect the farm animals from mountain lions.  dud replaces rover with a young airedale that he calls "frowsy."  zoe dislikes the name, and refers to the puppy as "duffy" instead.  duffy is ferocious enough to hold no fear of the mountain lions, yet retains a gentle nature and forms an affectionate bond with zoe.  despite her love for the dog, zoe surmises that dud stole the airedale from a kennel and confronts her husband with her suspicions.  following her accusation, dud attempts to kick his wife.  in response to dud’s violent outburst, duffy lunges at the man in order to protect zoe.  unable to get a stranglehold on his opponent as the airedale has been trained to do, the dog is unable to physically harm zoe’s attacker.  instead, duffy literally scares dud to death.  the man who wanted a dog to kill has gotten exactly that.  the true owner of the dog soon arrives—it is david moore, zoe’s cousin.  thus, she is reunited with her family, freed of her abusive husband, and will get to stay with her savior, duffy.  "the adventures of skitter cat."  dinty the porcupine and other stories.  true story series.  book three.  eds. clara b. baker and edna d. baker.  bobbs-merrill, .  - . illustrated by vera stone norman. "skitter cat." winding roads. eds. wilhelmina harper and aymer jay hamilton. new york: macmillan, . - . "cinder." child life . (june ): - . words. illustrated by ruth eger. “the kidnapped pup.” junior home (june-july ). - . illustrated by don nelson. "cinder and inky." child life . (sept. ): - . illustrated by ruth eger. "cinder and inky again."  child life . (aug. ): - . words. illustrated by ruth eger. inky, a black kitten who is a secondary character in the longer work cinder, is central protagonist in this short story.  fascinated by the robins nesting in his backyard apple tree, inky climbs up the limbs to get a closer look.  unfortunately for him, he peers a little too close and the feathered parents attack.  despite the protest from the birds, inky has climbed too high in the tree and is unable to retreat.  hearing his frantic mews and the robins’ squawking, cinder—the tan toy terrier who lives next door—comes to her feline friend’s rescue.  she barks and jumps at the base of the tree until her owner notices the commotion and rigs a meat-laden basket up into the branches to facilitate a safe landing for the curious kitten.  "camping in the rocky mountains." friends around the world. the curriculum readers, vol. . eds. clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . "teddy horse." friends around the world. the curriculum readers, vol. . eds. clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - .  "baby seal." friends here and away. the curriculum readers, vol. . clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker, eds. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . "skitter in the well." friends here and away. the curriculum readers, vol. . clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker, eds. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . "skitter cat and major." the road to safety around the year. eds. horace mann buckley, margaret l. white, alice b. adams, and leslie r. silvernale. new york: american book company, . - . illustrated by ruth bennett. home subscribe to: posts (atom) eleanor williams youmans with black and tan terrier, jill, and barely visible black and white cat, whiskers, blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  march ( ) 	hearts by freight 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) short stories 	"hearts by freight." associated literary press, mcclure syndicate ( ). 	 	 “the man who wanted a dog that would kill.” the american magazine . (oct. ): +. illustrated by douglas duer. 	"the adventures of skitter cat." dinty the porcupine and other stories. true story series. book three. eds. clara b. baker and edna d. baker. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . illustrated by vera stone norman. 	"skitter cat." winding roads. eds. wilhelmina harper and aymer jay hamilton. new york: macmillan, . - . illustrated by maud and miska persham. 	"cinder." child life . (june ): - . illustrated by ruth eger. 	“the kidnapped pup.” junior home (june-july ): - , . 	"cinder and inky." child life . (sept. ): - . illustrated by ruth eger. 	"cinder and inky again." child life . (aug. ): - . illustrated by ruth eger. 	"camping in the rocky mountains." friends around the world. the curriculum readers, vol. . eds. clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . illustrated by vera stone norman. 	"teddy horse." friends around the world. the curriculum readers, vol. . eds. clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . illustrated by vera stone norman. 	"baby seal." friends here and away. the curriculum readers, vol. . eds. clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . illustrated by vera stone norman and mildred lyon hetherington. 	"skitter in the well." friends here and away. the curriculum readers, vol. . clara belle baker, mary maud reed, and edna dean baker, eds. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . - . illustrated by vera stone norman and mildred lyon hetherington. 	"skitter cat and major." the road to safety around the year. eds. horace mann buckley, margaret l. white, alice b. adams, and leslie r. silvernale. new york: american book company, . - . 	and other stories appearing in the cat courier ( - ), mother's magazine ( - ), fur and feathers (london, sept. ), junior home, and the animals' magazine (london, before ) novels 	skitter cat. illustrated by ruth bennett. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	skitter cat and little boy. illustrated by ruth bennett. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	skitter cat and major. illustrated by ruth bennett. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	skitter and skeet. illustrated by ruth bennett. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	teddy horse—the story of a runaway pony. illustrated by ruth king. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	teddy horse—the story of a runaway pony. london: elkin mathews and marrot, . 	cinder—the tale of a black and tan toy terrier. illustrated by f. bernard shields. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	little dog mack—the story of a wirehaired terrier. illustrated by van trenck. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	waif: the story of spe. illustrated by and written in collaboration with will rannells. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	the great adventures of jack, jock and funny. illustrated by will rannells. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	the forest road: two boys in the ozarks. illustrated by alma wentzel froderstrom. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	timmy: the dog that was different. illustrated by will rannells. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	mount delightful: the story of ellen evans and her dog taffy. illustrated by sandra james. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . 	the skitter cat book. illustrated by j. j. taber. indianapolis: bobbs-merrill, . poems 	“the alward school.” ( ; ) pataskala standard. golden edition. may . 	“pussy's purr.” skitter cat. indianapolis, in: bobbs-merrill, : . 	“a letter to major.” skitter cat and little boy. indianapolis, in: bobbs-merrill, : . 	“the long tryst.” ( ; ) pataskala standard oct. : a 	“little dog lost.” little dog mack. indianapolis, in: bobbs-merrill, : - . 	and other poems in the pataskala standard and columbus dispatch, - . essays 	“how to make finger stalls for a little boy’s sore fingers out of old kid gloves.” mother’s magazine, - . 	"manhattan tour." berkeley daily gazette dec. : . 	"the alward school." pataskala standard. golden edition. may . unpublished works 	blooming valley (novel) 	the heart of ohio (other working titles: no wolves to howl; the sunlit forest) (novel) 	“the house with six front doors.” (short story) 	tony of texas (short story) about me 	 jackie 	jaclyn cruikshank vogt is photo librarian for nebraskaland magazine at the nebraska game and parks commission. she holds a phd in english and women’s and gender studies from the university of nebraska-lincoln, where she specialized in late twentieth-century american literature, women writers, and violence studies. jaclyn has worked as a research assistant at the center for digital research in the humanities, writing center consultant, esl/ell tutor, graduate studies coordinator, and taught a variety of composition, literature, and women’s and gender studies courses. she enjoys jewelry making, spending time with her husband and three cats in their , square foot prairie garden, and recovering the life and work of ohio children’s author eleanor youmans. view my complete profile 	 	 awesome inc. theme. theme images by enjoynz. powered by blogger. philip agre - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	philip agre 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		  (redirected from philip e. agre) 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		internet researcher and educator 	 	this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (learn how and when to remove these template messages) 	 	this article needs additional or more specific categories. please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (june ) 	 	this article needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. find sources: "philip agre" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor (march ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) (learn how and when to remove this template message) philip e. agre is an ai researcher turned humanities professor, formerly a faculty member at the university of california, los angeles. he is known for his critiques of technology.[ ] he was successively the publisher of the network observer (tno) and the red rock eater news service (rre). tno ran from january to july . rre, an influential mailing list he started in the mid- s, ran for around a decade. a mix of news, internet policy and politics, rre served as a model for many of today's political blogs and online newsletters. agre was reported missing on october , . he was found on january , , but never returned to public life.[ ] contents 	 biography 	 "surveillance and capture" 	 disappearance 	 publications 	 . books and chapters 	 . selected academic works 	 . other articles in the media 	 references 	 external links biography[edit] agre grew up in maryland and attended college early.[ ] agre and his collaborator david chapman started their phds under the supervision of michael brady at the mit ai lab. upon brady's departure for oxford, they switched to a then-recent arrival at the laboratory, rodney brooks. brooks gave the two young scientists relatively free rein, but together the three were seen as early major researchers in nouvelle ai, an approach to artificial intelligence emphasizing behavior as emerging in interaction with the environment rather than the entire codification of behavior. this is illustrated by agre and chapman's article, "what are plans for?"[ ] this work is considered seminal to reactive planning, though neither researcher approved of the term. agre went on to receive his doctorate in electrical engineering and computer science from mit in .[ ] he went on to take up a position in the university of chicago department of computer science, later joining the school of cognitive and computing sciences (now the school of informatics) at the university of sussex and finally the department of communication at the university of california, san diego. "surveillance and capture"[edit] agre's essay "surveillance and capture" deals with privacy and surveillance issues made possible by our constantly evolving technological age. influential works preceding this essay include george orwell's nineteen eighty-four ( ), hans magnus enzensberger's constituents of a theory of the media ( ), and michel foucault's works surrounding the concept of panopticism.[ ] foucault argues that a constant exercise of such surveillance is not necessary, since its mere possibility induces self-restrained action among the inmates.[ ] disappearance[edit] on october , , agre's sister filed a missing persons report for agre.[ ] she indicated that she had not seen him since the spring of and became concerned when she learned that he had abandoned his apartment and job sometime between december and may .[ ] agre was found by the la county sheriff's department on january , , and was deemed in good health and self-sufficient.[ ] publications[edit] books and chapters[edit] 	agre, philip e. ( ). "social skills and the progress of citizenship". in feenberg, andrew; barney, darin (eds.). community in the digital age: philosophy and practice. lanham: rowman & littlefield. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "internet research: for and against". in consalvo, mia; baym, nancy; hussinger, jeremy; jensen, klaus bruhn; logie, john; murero, monica; shade, leslie regan (eds.). internet research annual: selected papers from the association of internet researchers conferences, - . . new york: peter lang. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "information and institutional change: the case of digital libraries". in bishop, ann p.; van house, nancy a.; buttenfield, barbara p. (eds.). digital library use: social practice in design and evaluation. cambridge: mit press. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "writing and representation". in mateas, michael; sengers, phoebe (eds.). narrative intelligence. amsterdam: john benjamins publishing company. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "the practical logic of computer work". in scheutz, matthias (ed.). computationalism: new directions. cambridge: mit press. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "designing genres for new media: social, economic, and political contexts". in jones, steven g. (ed.). cybersociety . : revisiting computer-mediated communication and community. thousand oaks: sage publications. pp.  – . doi: . / .n . isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). computation and human experience. cambridge: cambridge university press. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "living math: lave and walkerdine on the meaning of everyday arithmetic". in kirshner, david; whitson, james a. (eds.). situated cognition: social, semiotic, and psychological perspectives. mahwah: lawrence erlbaum associates, publishers. isbn  - - - - . 	. —————— ( ). "introduction: computing as a social practice". in agre, philip e.; schuler, douglas (eds.). reinventing technology, rediscovering community: critical explorations of computing as a social practice. greenwich: ablex publishing. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "beyond the mirror world: privacy and the representational practices of computing". in agre, philip e.; rotenberg, marc (eds.). technology and privacy: the new landscape. cambridge: mit press. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "toward a critical technical practice: lessons learned in trying to reform ai". in bowker, geoffrey c; gasser, les; star, susan leigh; turner, william (eds.). bridging the great divide: social science, technical systems, and cooperative work. mahwah: lawrence erlbaum associates, publishers. isbn  - - - - . 	 —————— ( ). "introduction: computational theories of interaction and agency". in agre, philip e.; rosenschein, stanley j. (eds.). computational theories of interaction and agency. cambridge: mit press. isbn  - - - - . selected academic works[edit] 	 agre, philip e. ( ). "hierarchy and history in simon's "architecture of complexity"". journal of the learning sciences. ( ): – . doi: . /s jls _ – via taylor & francis online. 	 —————— ( ). "p p and the promise of internet equality". communications of the acm. ( ): – . doi: . / . – via acm digital library. 	 —————— ( ). "real-time politics: the internet and the political process". the information society. ( ): – . doi: . / – via taylor & francis online. 	 —————— ( ). "cyberspace as american culture". science as culture. ( ): – . doi: . / – via taylor & francis online. 	 —————— ( ). "changing places: contexts of awareness in computing". human-computer interaction. ( – ): – . doi: . /s hci _ – via taylor & francis online. 	 —————— ( ). "supporting the intellectual life of a democratic society". ethics and information technology. ( ): – . doi: . /a: – via springerlink. 	 —————— ( ). "the market logic of information". knowledge, technology & policy. ( ): – . doi: . /s - - -y – via springerlink. 	 —————— ( ). "commodity and community: institutional design for the networked university". planning for higher education. ( ): – – via society for college and university planning. 	 —————— ( ). "infrastructure and institutional change in the networked university". information, communication & society. ( ): – . doi: . / – via taylor & francis online. 	 —————— ( ). "the distances of education". academe. ( ): – – via university of california, los angeles. 	 —————— ( ). "information technology in higher education: the "global academic village" and intellectual standardization". on the horizon. ( ): – . issn  - – via university of california, los angeles. 	 —————— ( ). "the architecture of identity: embedding privacy in market institutions". information, communication & society. ( ): – . doi: . / – via taylor & francis online. 	 ——————; horswill, ian ( ). "lifeworld analysis" (pdf). journal of artificial intelligence research. ( ): – – via google scholar. 	 —————— ( ). "institutional circuitry: thinking about the forms and uses of information". information technology and libraries. ( ): – – via university of california, los angeles. 	 —————— ( ). guzeldere, guven; franchi, stefano (eds.). "constructions of the mind: artificial intelligence and the humanities". stanford humanities review. ( ): – – via university of california, los angeles. 	 —————— ( ). "the assq chip and its progeny". mit artificial intelligence laboratory working papers (wp- ). mit artificial intelligence laboratory: – – via mit libraries. cite journal requires |journal= (help) other articles in the media[edit] 	 agre, philip e. (december ). "welcome to the always-on world". ieee spectrum. pp.  , . archived from the original on december , . 	 —————— (winter ). "your face is not a bar code: arguments against automatic face recognition in public places". whole earth review. no.  . pp.  – . 	 —————— ( ). "life after cyberspace". easst review. vol.  no.  / . european association for the study of science and technology. pp.  – . 	 —————— (july , ). "yesterday's tomorrow". times literary supplement. news uk. pp.  – . issn  - x. references[edit] 	^ a b c "he predicted the dark side of the internet years ago. why did no one listen?". washington post. issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ agre, phil; chapman, david ( ). "what are plans for?". robotics and autonomous systems. ( – ): – . doi: . /s - ( ) - . hdl: . / – via sciencedirect. 	^ "the dynamic structure of everyday life". dspace.mit.edu. massachusetts institute of technology. hdl: . / . archived from the original on september , . retrieved - - . 	^ a b montfort, nick, and noah wardrip-fruin. "surveillance and capture: two models of privacy." the new media reader. cambridge, mass.: mit, . - . print. 	^ a b pescovitz, david (november , ). "missing: phil agre, internet scholar". boing boing. retrieved january , . 	^ carvin, andy (january , ). "missing internet pioneer phil agre is found alive". npr. retrieved january , . external links[edit] 	former home page for agre at ucla 	authority control 	general	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	united states 	netherlands 	scientific databases	 	dblp (computer science) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=philip_agre&oldid= " 		categories: 	artificial intelligence researchers 	cognitive scientists 	computer scientists 	human–computer interaction researchers 	living people 	ucla graduate school of education and information studies faculty hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles needing additional categories from june 	articles needing additional references from march 	all articles needing additional references 	articles with multiple maintenance issues 	cs errors: missing periodical 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nta identifiers 	wikipedia articles with dblp identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	year of birth missing (living people) 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 		 		add links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 cardano (blockchain platform) - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	 	cardano (blockchain platform) 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 public blockchain platform cardano	 	original author(s)	charles hoskinson 	developer(s)	cardano foundation, iohk, emurgo 	initial release	  september ( years ago) ( - - )[ ] 	stable release	 . . /  may ( months ago) ( - - )[ ] 	development status	active 	written in	haskell 	operating system	cross-platform 	type	distributed computing 	license	apache license 	active hosts	 , [ ] 	website	cardano.org cardano is a public blockchain platform. it is open-source and decentralized, with consensus achieved using proof of stake. it can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions with its internal cryptocurrency, ada.[ ] cardano was founded in by ethereum co-founder charles hoskinson. the development of the project is overseen and supervised by the cardano foundation based in zug, switzerland.[ ][ ] contents 	 background 	 technical aspects 	 history 	 references 	 external links background the platform began development in and was launched in by charles hoskinson, a co-founder of ethereum.[ ][ ][ ] hoskinson left ethereum after a dispute with its co-founder vitalik buterin; hoskinson wanted to accept venture capital and create a for-profit entity while buterin wanted to keep it running as a nonprofit organization. after leaving he co-founded iohk, a blockchain engineering company, whose primary business is the development of cardano, alongside the cardano foundation and emurgo.[ ] the platform is named after gerolamo cardano and the cryptocurrency after ada lovelace.[ ] technical aspects atypically, cardano does not have a white paper. instead, it uses design principles intended to overcome issues faced by other cryptocurrencies, such as scalability, interoperability, and regulatory compliance.[ ] cardano uses a proof-of-stake protocol named ouroboros[ ] in contrast to bitcoin and ethereum which use proof-of-work protocols.[ ] proof-of-stake blockchains use significantly less energy than proof-of-work chains.[ ] in february , hoskinson estimated the cardano network used gwh annually, less than . % of the . twh used by the bitcoin network as estimated by the university of cambridge.[ ][ ] cardano reached a "market cap" of $ billion in may and was considered the biggest proof of stake cryptocurrency.[ ] [ ] within the cardano platform, ada exists on the settlement layer. this layer is similar to bitcoin and keeps track of transactions. the second layer is the computation layer. this layer is designed to be similar to ethereum, enabling smart contracts and applications to run on the platform.[ ] cardano expects to implement decentralized finance (defi) services in with an upgrade to enable smart contracts and the ability to build decentralized applicationss (dapps). also included is plutus, a turing-complete smart contract language written in haskell, and a specialised smart contract language, marlowe, designed for non-programmers in the financial sector. cardano's smart contract languages allow developers to run end-to-end tests on their program without leaving the integrated development environment or deploying their code.[ ][ ] history cardano was funded through an initial coin offering.[ ] the currency debuted with a market cap of $ million. by the end of , it had a market cap of $ billion, and reached a value of $ billion briefly in before a general tightening of the crypto market dropped its value back to $ billion. according to mashable, cardano claims that it overcomes existing problems in the crypto market: mainly that bitcoin is too slow and inflexible, and that ethereum is not safe or scalable.[ ] iohk has partnered with universities for blockchain research. in , iohk helped the university of edinburgh launch the blockchain technology laboratory.[ ][ ][ ] in , iohk donated $ , in ada to the university of wyoming to support the development of blockchain technology.[ ] in , the ministry of education in georgia signed a memorandum of understanding with the free university of tbilisi to use cardano and atala to build a credential verification system for georgia.[ ] in , footwear manufacturer new balance announced a pilot program on the cardano blockchain to track the authenticity of its newest basketball shoe.[ ] iohk announced a partnership with the ethiopian government in to deploy their technology in a variety of industries throughout the country.[ ] in april , iohk and the ethiopia ministry of education announced plans to launch an identity and record-keeping system on cardano for the country's five million students.[ ] references 	^ "releases - input-output-hk/cardano-sl". retrieved october – via github. 	^ "releases - input-output-hk/cardano-node". retrieved may – via github. 	^ "cardano pooltool". pooltool.io. retrieved may . 	^ "die grundlagen der cardano-kryptowährung". hamburg-magazin.de (in german). june . retrieved july . 	^ "bitcoin's smaller cousins". bloomberg l.p. december . archived from the original on june . retrieved december . cardano, backed by the zug, switzerland-based cardano foundation, is a decentralized public blockchain that aims to protect user privacy, while also allowing for regulation 	^ "zug: ex-tezos-mann geht zu cardano". luzernerzeitung.ch (in german). luzerner zeitung. february . retrieved july . 	^ "ethereum cofounder says blockchain presents 'governance crisis'". fortune. retrieved april . 	^ "icos explained". cnbc. october . retrieved december . ethereum co-founder charles hoskinson says it has become increasingly more challenging to regulate this new asset class" and "ico market could crash 	^ a b au-yeung, angel ( february ). "a fight over ethereum led a cofounder to even greater crypto wealth". forbes magazine. retrieved july . iohk's key project: cardano, a public blockchain and smart-contract platform which hosts the ada cryptocurrency. 	^ "what is ada?". retrieved october . 	^ "the blockchain galaxy a comprehensive research on distributed ledger technologies" (pdf). deloitte. may . retrieved october . the distinctive feature of cardano is its “research-first” approach to design. 	^ badertscher, christian; gaži, peter; kiayias, aggelos; russell, alexander; zikas, vassilis ( january ). "ouroboros genesis: composable proof-of-stake blockchains with dynamic availability". proceedings of the acm sigsac conference on computer and communications security. ccs ' . toronto, canada: association for computing machinery: – . doi: . / . . hdl: . . / f f- d - - bc- f a c. isbn  - - - - . s cid  . 	^ a b volpicelli, gian m. "a blockchain tweak could fix crypto's colossal energy problem". wired uk. issn  - . retrieved may . 	^ "bitcoin's wild ride renews worries about its massive carbon footprint". cnbc. february . retrieved february . bitcoin has a carbon footprint comparable to that of new zealand 	^ ponciano, jonathan. "cardano surges during $ billion crypto crash as musk eyes sustainable bitcoin alternatives". forbes. retrieved may . 	^ "what is cardano? the 'green' crypto that hopes to surpass the tech giants". the independent. may . retrieved june . 	^ "cryptocurrency goes green: could 'proof of stake' offer a solution to energy concerns?". nbc news. retrieved june . 	^ a b "cardano: a rising cryptocurrency". mashable. february . retrieved december . cardano claims it will solve most of the issues that plague well-established cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin and ethereum 	^ "say hello to iohk's new cardano blockchain tools, plutus and marlowe". crowdfund insider. december . retrieved february . where programming ethereum requires coding in two languages, solidity for the on-chain code and javascript for the off-chain parts, and other systems suffer a similar split, plutus is the only system that provides an integrated language for both, based on haskell 	^ emma newbery ( ) “why cardano could be an 'ethereum killer'”, the motley fool, july . https://www.fool.com/the-ascent/cryptocurrency/articles/why-cardano-could-be-an-ethereum-killer/ 	^ "cryptocurrencies and blockchain" (pdf). european parliament. july . retrieved october . what distinguishes cardano from ethereum, and from many other cryptocurrencies, is that it is (one of the first) blockchain projects to be developed and designed from a scientific philosophy by a team of leading academics and engineers 	^ "beyond bitcoin - iohk and university of edinburgh establish blockchain technology laboratory". the university of edinburgh. retrieved march . 	^ "iohk and university of edinburgh establish blockchain technology laboratory". finextra.com. retrieved october . 	^ "the university of edinburgh is launching a blockchain research lab with one of the cofounders of ethereum". www.insider.com. retrieved october . 	^ "uw receives $ , gift in ada cryptocurrency from iohk". www.uwyo.edu. retrieved october . 	^ "ministry of education signs deal with cardano atala". forbes georgia. june . retrieved march . 	^ "sneakers meet the blockchain in new balance shoe authenticity pilot". siliconangle. october . retrieved march . 	^ phillips, ruari ( june ). "ethiopian government-cardano technology team up on blockchain". east african business week. retrieved march . 	^ sorkin, andrew ross; karaian, jason; kessler, sarah; merced, michael j. de la; hirsch, lauren; livni, ephrat ( april ). "tesla makes money (including from selling cars)". the new york times. issn  - . retrieved april . external links 	project website 	cardano foundation 	iohk website 	iohk on youtube 	official telegram group 		v 	t 	e cryptocurrencies 	technology	 	blockchain 	cryptocurrency tumbler 	cryptocurrency exchange 	cryptocurrency wallet 	cryptographic hash function 	decentralized exchange 	decentralized finance 	distributed ledger 	fork 	lightning network 	metamask 	non-fungible token 	smart contract 	consensus mechanisms	 	proof of authority 	proof of personhood 	proof of space 	proof of stake 	proof of work 	proof of work currencies	 	sha- -based	 	bitcoin 	bitcoin cash 	counterparty 	lbry 	mazacoin 	namecoin 	peercoin 	titcoin 	ethash-based	 	ethereum 	ethereum classic 	scrypt-based	 	auroracoin 	bitconnect 	coinye 	dogecoin 	litecoin 	equihash-based	 	bitcoin gold 	zcash 	randomx-based	 	monero 	x -based	 	dash 	petro 	other	 	ambacoin 	firo 	iota 	primecoin 	verge 	vertcoin 	proof of stake currencies	 	algorand 	cardano 	eos.io 	gridcoin 	nxt 	peercoin 	polkadot 	steem 	tezos 	tron 	erc- tokens	 	augur 	aventus 	bancor 	basic attention token 	chainlink 	kin 	kodakcoin 	minds 	the dao 	uniswap 	stablecoins	 	dai 	diem 	tether 	usd coin 	other currencies	 	ankr 	chia 	filecoin 	hbar (hashgraph) 	nano 	neo 	ripple 	safemoon 	stellar 	whoppercoin 	related topics	 	airdrop 	bitlicense 	blockchain game 	complementary currency 	crypto-anarchism 	cryptocurrency bubble 	cryptocurrency scams 	digital currency 	distributed ledger technology law 	double-spending 	hyperledger 	initial coin offering 	initial exchange offering 	initiative q 	list of cryptocurrencies 	token money 	virtual currency 	 	 category 	 commons 	 list retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=cardano_(blockchain_platform)&oldid= " 		categories: 	blockchains 	cross-platform software 	alternative currencies 	cryptocurrencies hidden categories: 	cs german-language sources (de) 	wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	use dmy dates from march 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	view source 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			català 	الدارجة 	deutsch 	eesti 	Ελληνικά 	español 	فارسی 	français 	italiano 	nederlands 	日本語 	oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча 	polski 	português 	română 	Русский 	slovenčina 	slovenščina 	Тоҷикӣ 	türkçe 	Українська 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 ibm rt pc - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	ibm rt pc 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		  (redirected from ibm rt) 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		early risc workstation from ibm 	 	this article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (november ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) ibm rt pc (risc technology personal computer)	developer	ibm / ibm research 	manufacturer	ibm 	type	workstation computers 	release date	 ;  years ago ( ) 	discontinued	may 	operating system	aix operating system, academic operating system (aos), or pick operating system 	cpu	ibm romp 	memory	 mb ram, expandable to mb 	successor	ibm rs/ the ibm rt pc (risc technology personal computer) is a family of workstation computers from ibm introduced in . these were the first commercial computers from ibm that were based on a reduced instruction set computer (risc) architecture. the rt pc used ibm's proprietary romp microprocessor, which commercialized technologies pioneered by ibm research's experimental minicomputer (the was the first risc). the rt pc ran three operating systems: aix, the academic operating system (aos), or pick. the rt pc's performance was relatively poor compared to other contemporary workstations and it had little commercial success as a result; ibm responded by introducing the rs/ workstations in , which used a new ibm-proprietary risc processor, the power . all rt pc models were discontinued by may . contents 	 hardware 	 . academic system 	 software 	 sales and market reception 	 as part of the nsfnet backbone 	 references 	 further reading 	 external links hardware[edit] two basic types were produced: a floor-standing desk-side tower, and a table-top desktop. both types featured a special board slot for the processor card, as well as machine-specific ram cards. each machine had one processor slot, one co-processor slot, and two ram slots. there were three versions of the processor card: 	the standard processor card or card had a .  mhz clock rate (  ns cycle time),  mb of standard memory (expandable via , , or  mb memory boards). it could be accompanied by an optional floating-point accelerator (fpa) board, which contained a  mhz national semiconductor ns floating point coprocessor. this processor card was used in the original rt pc models ( , , , and a ) announced on january , .[ ][ ] 	the advanced processor card had a  mhz clock (  ns) and either  mb memory on the processor card, or external  mb ecc memory cards, and featured a built-in  mhz motorola floating-point processor. the advanced processor card could be accompanied by an optional advanced floating-point accelerator (afpa) board, which was based around the analog devices adsp- fp multiplier and adsp- fp alu. models , , and b used these cards. these models were announced on february , .[ ] 	the enhanced advanced processor card sported a .  mhz clock (  ns),  mb on-board memory, while an enhanced advanced floating point accelerator was standard. the models , , and b used these cards. they were announced on july , .[ ] all rt pcs supported up to  mb of memory. early models were limited to  mb of memory because of the capacity of the dram ics used, later models could have up to  mb. i/o was provided by eight isa bus slots. storage was provided by a or  mb hard drive, upgradeable to  mb. external scsi cabinets could be used to provide more storage. also standard were a mouse and either a × or × pixel-addressable display, and a  mbit/s token ring network adapter or base ethernet adapter. for running cadam, a computer-aided design (cad) program, an ibm or graphics processor could be attached. the and were contained in a large cabinet that would have been positioned alongside the rt pc. the was used with a , - by , -pixel ibm display.[ ][ ] academic system[edit] main article: ibm personal system/ §  academic system the academic system was a ps/ model with a risc adapter card, a micro channel board containing a romp, its support ics, and up to  mb of memory. it allowed the ps/ to run romp software compiled for the aos. aos was downloaded from a rt pc running aos, via a lan tcp/ip interface. software[edit] one of the novel aspects of the rt design was the use of a microkernel. the keyboard, mouse, display, disk drives and network were all controlled by a microkernel, called virtual resource manager (vrm), which allowed multiple operating systems to be booted and run at the same time. one could "hotkey" from one operating system to the next using the alt-tab key combination. each os in turn would get possession of the keyboard, mouse and display. both aix version and the pick operating system were ported to this microkernel. pick was unique in being a unified operating system and database, and ran various accounting applications. it was popular with retail merchants, and accounted for about , units of sales. the primary operating system for the rt was aix version . much of the aix v kernel was written in a variant of the pl/i programming language, which proved troublesome during the migration to aix v . aix v included full tcp/ip networking support, as well as sna, and two networking file systems: nfs, licensed from sun microsystems, and ibm distributed services (ds). ds had the distinction of being built on top of sna, and thereby being fully compatible with ds on the ibm midrange as/ and mainframe systems. for the graphical user interfaces, aix v came with the x r and later the x r and x releases of the x window system from mit, together with the athena widget set. compilers for c and fortran programming languages were available. some rt pcs were also shipped with the academic operating system (aos), an ibm port of . bsd unix to the rt pc. it was offered as an alternative to aix, the usual rt pc operating system, to us universities eligible for an ibm educational discount. aos added a few extra features to . bsd, notably nfs, and an almost ansi c-compliant c compiler. a later version of aos existed that was derived from . bsd-reno, but it was not widely distributed. the rt forced an important stepping-stone in the development of the x window system, when a group at brown university ported x version to the system. problems with reading unaligned data on the rt forced an incompatible protocol change, leading to version in late . sales and market reception[edit] the ibm rt had a varied life even from its initial announcement. most industry watchers considered the rt as "not enough power, too high a price, and too late."[citation needed] many thought that the rt was part of ibm's personal computer line of computers. this confusion started with its initial name, "ibm rt pc". initially, it seemed that even ibm thought that it was a high-end personal computer given the initially stunning lack of support that it received from ibm. this could be explained by the sales commission structure the ibm gave the system: salesmen received commissions similar to those for the sale of a pc. with typically configured models priced at $ , , it was a hard sell, and the lack of any reasonable commission lost the interest of ibm's sales force.[citation needed] both mit's project athena and brown university's institute for research in information and scholarship found the rt inferior to other computers.[ ] the performance of the rt, in comparison with other contemporaneous unix workstations, was not outstanding. in particular, the floating point performance was poor,[citation needed] and was scandalized mid-life with the discovery of a bug in the floating point square root routine.[citation needed] with the rt system's modest processing power (when first announced), and with announcements later that year by some other workstation vendors, industry analysts questioned ibm's directions. aix for the rt was ibm's second foray into unix (its first was pc/ix for the ibm pc in september .) the lack of software packages and ibm's sometimes lackluster support of aix, in addition to sometimes unusual changes from traditional, de facto unix operating system standards, caused most software suppliers to be slow in embracing the rt and aix. the rt found its home mostly in the cad/cam and catia markets, with some inroads into the scientific and educational areas, especially after the announcement of aos and substantial discounts for the educational community. the rt running the pick os also found use as shopping store control systems, given the strong database, accounting system and general business support in the pick os. the rt also did well as an interface system between ibm's larger mainframes, due to its sna and ds support, and some of its point-of-sale terminals, store control systems, and machine shop control systems. approximately , rts were sold over its lifetime, with some , going into ibm's development and sales organizations. pick os sales accounted for about , units. when the rt pc was introduced in january , it competed with several workstations from established providers: the apollo computer domain series , the dec microvax ii, and sun microsystems sun- .[ ] as part of the nsfnet backbone[edit] in , "the nsf starts to implement its t backbone between the supercomputing centers with rt-pcs in parallel implemented by ibm as ‘parallel routers’. the t idea is so successful that proposals for t speeds in the backbone begin. internet history of s the national science foundation network (nsfnet) was the forerunner of the internet. from july to november , the nsfnet's t backbone network used routers built from multiple rt pcs (typically nine) interconnect by a token ring lan.[ ] references[edit] 	^ https://www- .ibm.com/common/ssi/showdoc.wss?docurl=/common/ssi/rep_ca/ / /enus - /index.html&lang=en 	^ sager, ira ( january ). "ibm retargets tech market with risc-based unix system". electronic news. 	^ https://www- .ibm.com/common/ssi/showdoc.wss?docurl=/common/ssi/rep_ca/ / /enus - /index.html&lang=en 	^ https://www- .ibm.com/common/ssi/showdoc.wss?docurl=/common/ssi/rep_ca/ / /enus - /index.html&lang=en 	^ derfler, jr., frank j. ( june ). "is there a workstation in your future?". pc magazine. pp.  – , . 	^ peddie, jon ( ). the history of visual magic in computers. springer. pp.  – . 	^ garfinkel, simson l. (may–june ). "ripples across the academic market" (pdf). technology review. pp.  – . retrieved january . 	^ seymour, jim ( june ). "marketing the ibm rt pc". pc magazine. p.  . 	^ claffy, kimberly c.; braun, hans-werner; polyzos, george c. (august ). "tracking long-term growth of the nsfnet". communications of the acm. ( ). doi: . / . . further reading[edit] 	 simpson, r.o. ( ). "the ibm rt personal computer". byte, extra edition. pp.  , . 	 hoffman, thomas v. ( ). "pc tech journal: december, a significant departure". ziff-davis. cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) — contains significant technical articles about the machine, processor and architecture. 	 waters, frank; henry, g glen ( ). ibm rt personal computer technology. ibm engineering system products. — ibm pub sa - - 	 duntemann, jeff; pronk, ron ( ). inside the powerpc revolution. coriolis group books. — chapter describes the origins of the powerpc architecture in the ibm and rt pc. [ ] 	 ferguson, charles h.; morris, charles r. ( ). computer wars: how the west can win in a post-ibm world. random house. isbn  . — contains an in-depth description of the origins of the rt pc, its development, and subsequent commercial failure. external links[edit] 	ibm rt pc-page 	the ibm rt information page 	jma systems's faq archive 	video in operation 	 "ibm joins -bit fray with rt line". computerworld. january . p.  . issn  - . 	aos faq at the wayback machine (archived march , ) this entry incorporates text from the rt/pc faq . 		v 	t 	e ibm 	history	 	history of ibm 	mergers and acquisitions 	think (motto) 	operating systems 	 	products	 	hardware	 	mainframe 	ibm z 	power systems 	ibm storage 	flashsystem 	ds 	tape storage 	ibm q system one 	notable historical: 	ibm blue gene 	cell microprocessor 	personal computer 	ibm thinkpad 	ibm cloud 	ibm cognos analytics 	ibm planning analytics 	watson 	information management software 	lotus software 	rational software 	spss 	ilog 	tivoli software: service automation manager 	websphere 	alphaworks 	criminal reduction utilising statistical history 	mashup center 	purequery 	redbooks 	fortran 	connections 	ibm quantum experience 	carbon design system 	business entities	 	center for the business of government 	global services 	red hat 	kenexa 	international subsidiaries 	jstart 	research 	the weather company (weather underground) 	facilities	 	towers 	 rené-lévesque, montreal, qc 	one atlantic center, atlanta, ga 	software labs 	rome software lab 	toronto software lab 	ibm buildings 	 north wabash, chicago, il 	johannesburg 	seattle 	facilities 	thomas j. watson research center 	hakozaki facility 	yamato facility 	cambridge scientific center 	ibm hursley 	canada head office building 	ibm rochester 	initiatives	 	academy of technology 	deep thunder 	ibm fellow 	the great mind challenge 	developer: develothon 	linux technology center 	ibm virtual universe community 	smarter planet 	world community grid 	inventions	 	automated teller machine 	electronic keypunch 	hard disk drive 	floppy disk 	dram 	relational model 	selectric typewriter 	financial swaps 	universal product code 	magnetic stripe card 	sabre airline reservation system 	scanning tunneling microscope 	terminology	 	globally integrated enterprise 	commercial processing workload 	consumability 	e-business 	ceos	 	thomas j. watson ( – ) 	thomas watson jr. ( – ) 	t. vincent learson ( – ) 	frank t. cary ( – ) 	john r. opel ( – ) 	john fellows akers ( – ) 	louis v. gerstner jr. ( – ) 	samuel j. palmisano ( – ) 	ginni rometty ( – ) 	arvind krishna ( –present) 	board of directors	 	thomas buberl 	michael l. eskew 	david farr 	alex gorsky 	michelle j. howard 	arvind krishna 	andrew n. liveris 	martha e. pollack 	virginia m. rometty 	joseph r. swedish 	sidney taurel 	peter r. voser 	other	 	a boy and his atom 	common public license/ibm public license 	customer engineer 	deep blue 	deep thought 	dynamic infrastructure 	guide international 	ibm and the holocaust 	ibm international chess tournament 	ibm worker organization 	lucifer cipher 	mathematica 	ibm plex 	share computing 	scicomp 	q experience 	sports teams 	american football 	rugby union 	globalfoundries retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ibm_rt_pc&oldid= " 		categories: 	ibm workstations 	computer-related introductions in hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	articles lacking in-text citations from november 	all articles lacking in-text citations 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from august 	cs errors: missing periodical 	webarchive template wayback links 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			deutsch 	español 	italiano 	magyar 	日本語 	norsk bokmål 	Русский 	Српски / srpski 	suomi 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 roach motel - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	roach motel 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		for other uses, see roach motel. roach motel	product type	insect trap 	owner	black flag 	country	united states 	introduced	 ;  years ago ( ) 	registered as a trademark in	united states 	tagline	roaches check in, but they don't check out! roach motel is a brand of a roach bait device designed to catch cockroaches. although the term is the subject of a trademark registration by the insect control brand black flag, the phrase roach motel has come to be used as a reference to all traps that use a scent or other form of bait to lure cockroaches into a compartment in which a sticky substance causes them to become trapped. introduced in late in response to the success of d-con's roach trap, the roach motel quickly became a successful entrant in the industry. by , new york magazine reported, "on the strength of its whimsical packaging and an aggressive ad campaign, the roach motel now dominates the market, outselling the closest competition by as much as three to one in some cities."[ ] early versions of the roach motels used food-based bait, but later designs incorporated pheromones. the widely known tagline of the roach motel was, "roaches check in, but they don't check out!" this phrase has also been applied to information technology systems such as enterprise resource planning, which readily capture transactions data but make it difficult for organizations to access, report and analyze the data stored in the system.[ ] black flag also marketed a related insect trap, the "flyport," designed to deal with unwanted flying insects like houseflies, with the tagline, "lots of arrivals, but no departures!" it was less successful than the roach motel. "roach motel" is united states federal trademark no. , , , for which black flag claims a date of earliest use of may , .[ ][ ] references[edit] 	^ scot haller, "checkout time at the roach motel," new york (jul - , ), v. , no. , p. . 	^ vizard, michael ( august ). "are erp apps really worth all the trouble?". idg. retrieved november . 	^ "am. home products v. johnson chemical co., f. d , ( nd cir., )". google scholar. retrieved - - . 	^ u.s. trademark , , external links[edit] 		look up roach motel in wiktionary, the free dictionary. 	information at black flag website 		this product article is a stub. you can help wikipedia by expanding it. 	v 	t 	e retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=roach_motel&oldid= " 		categories: 	insecticide brands 	products introduced in 	trademarks 	american brands 	brand name products stubs hidden categories: 	all stub articles 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			日本語 	粵語 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 none fedora migration paths and tools project update: may - duraspace.org 						 			 			 					projects 	dspace 	fedora 	vivo 	who’s using 	services 	archivesdirect 	dspacedirect 	duracloud 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values and benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 			 			 					about duraspace 	projects 	services 	community 	membership 	support 	news & events 			 			 				 				 									 						 							 	 	 	 			 				 			 	 	 	 	 			projects 	dspace 	fedora 	vivo 	who’s using 	services 	archivesdirect 	dspacedirect 	duracloud 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values and benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 	 	 		 			 		 	 	 	 	 			 	 						 					 				 	 	 		home » latest news » fedora migration paths and tools project update: may 		 		 							 						 		 		fedora migration paths and tools project update: may 					 posted on may , by david wilcox 	 			 					 	 		this is the eighth in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see last month’s post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. the university of virginia has completed their data migration and successfully indexed the content into a new fedora . instance deployed in aws using the fcrepo-aws-deployer tool. they have also tested the fcrepo-migration-validator tool and provided some initial feedback to the team for improvements. some work remains to update front-end indexes for the content in fedora . , and the team will also investigate some performance issues that were encountered while migrating and indexing content in the amazon aws environment in order to document any relevant recommendations for institutions wishing to migrate to a similar environment. based on this work, we will be offering an initial online workshop on migrating from fedora .x to fedora . . this workshop is free to attend with limited capacity so please register in advance. this is a technical workshop pitched at an intermediate level. prior experience with fedora is preferred, and participants should be comfortable using a command line interface and docker. the workshop will take place on june at am et. the whitman college team has been busy iterating on test migrations of representative collections into a staging server using the islandora_workbench tool. the team has been making updates to the migration tool, site configuration, and documentation along the way to better support future migrations. in particular, the work the team has done to iterate on the spreadsheets until they were properly configured for ingest will be very useful to other institutions interested in following a similar path. once the testing and validation of functional requirements is complete we will begin the full migration into the production site. we are nearing the end of the pilot phase of the grant, after which we will finalize a draft of the migration toolkit and share it with the community for feedback. while this toolkit will be openly available for anyone who would like to review it, we are particularly interested in working with institutions with existing fedora .x repositories that would like to test the tools and documentation and provide feedback to help us improve the resources. if you would like to be more closely involved in this effort please contact david wilcox <david.wilcox@lyrasis.org> for more information. 	 						 	 				tags: blog, fedora, fedora repository, news 	 	 						 		 													 				 					 		 	 		duraspace articles 	recent articles 	rss feeds tags announcements ( ) blog ( ) cloud ( ) coar ( ) communication ( ) community ( ) conferences ( ) data curation ( ) dspace ( ) dspace ( ) dspacedirect ( ) duracloud ( ) duraspace ( ) duraspace digest ( ) education ( ) events ( ) fedora ( ) fedora repository ( ) governance ( ) higher education ( ) hydra ( ) islandora ( ) linked data ( ) lyrasis ( ) lyrasis digest ( ) meetings ( ) ndsa ( ) news ( ) open access ( ) open data ( ) open repositories ( ) open source ( ) preservation and archiving ( ) professional development ( ) registered service provider ( ) repository ( ) samvera ( ) scholarly publishing ( ) sparc ( ) technology ( ) vivo ( ) vivo camp ( ) vivo conference ( ) vivo updates ( ) web seminar ( ) 	 	 				 					 						 							 									about 	about duraspace 	history 	what we do 	board of directors 	meet the team 	policies 	reports 	community 	our users 	community programs 	service providers 	strategic partners 	membership 	values & benefits 	current members 	financial contributors 	become a member 	support 	choosing a project 	choosing a service 	technical specifications 	wiki 	contact us 	news & events 	latest news 	event calendar 	webinars 	monthly newsletter 							 						 					 					 						 							 								 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license 							 						 					 				 			 		 				 		 	 none wildcat banking - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	wildcat banking 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		period of banking in u.s. history notes of the bank of singapore, michigan wildcat banking was the issuance of paper currency in the united states by poorly capitalized state-chartered banks. these wildcat banks existed alongside more stable state banks during the free banking era from to , when the country had no national currency. states granted banking charters readily and applied regulations ineffectively, if at all.[ ] bank closures and outright scams regularly occurred, leaving people with worthless money. operating primarily as banks of issue rather than deposit banks, wildcat banks circulated currency that was formally redeemable in gold or silver coin, but practically based on other assets such as government bonds or real estate notes. the banks were typically located outside the commercial centers in areas where people possessed land but coins were scarce. instead of depositing coins at the bank for credit, a client could deposit a pledge of his land and receive a loan in notes of the bank that was repayable in cash.[ ] contents 	 forerunners 	 . new england country banks 	 . first federal bank interim 	 background of free banking 	 . jacksonian bank policy 	 . prevalence of wildcat banks 	 free banking in michigan 	 railroad banks 	 late period 	 in popular culture 	 notes 	 references 	 further reading 	 external links forerunners[edit] andrew dexter jr., a wildcat banking pioneer new england country banks[edit] see also: suffolk bank and suffolk system the earliest example of what came to be called wildcat banking began in new england during the s. the banking establishment of boston was opposed by a greater number of country banks throughout the region. because the city banks refused the country banks' currency, it came to dominate the commercial activity of boston, while the city banks' notes were paid directly back to them. country bankers soon understood that distance from the city was an advantage, since notes that found their way to boston did not easily return for payment. in the mid- s businessman andrew dexter jr. acquired interests in several of these remote banks to support his construction of a central money exchange in boston. he borrowed extravagantly from the banks and flooded the city with newly issued notes. these included the farmers' exchange bank of gloucester, located in the isolated village of chepachet, rhode island; the berkshire bank, located in pittsfield at the other end of massachusetts; and even the detroit bank, which dexter's associates had established more than miles (  km) away in the newly organized michigan territory.[ ] when the scheme unraveled in , the berkshire bank received more notes for payment in one day than the entire amount outstanding on its books.[ ] farmers' exchange bank made history as the first american bank to fail, with $ on hand to pay $ , in notes.[ ] first federal bank interim[edit] another period of credit expansion by state banks occurred after the expiration of the first bank of the united states in , culminating in the panic of . the bank's prompt collection of state bank notes had enforced a degree of responsibility that soon faded. the burning of washington in late during the war of prompted bank runs across the eastern seaboard and the suspension of specie payments by state governments. city governments and every sort of business resorted to paying their expenses with notes and shinplasters, and the expansion of money could not easily be reined in after the war had ended.[ ] the urgent need to restore coins to circulation was one argument in favor of creating the second bank of the united states in .[ ] at first the new bank accommodated the troubled state banks, and the proliferation of new banks continued. in new york, the law prohibited anyone from forming a corporation for the purpose of banking without a state charter, but did not prevent banking as a side business. by the time the legislature closed the loophole in , the businesses exploiting it included aqueduct companies, turnpike companies, tavern-keepers and glass-makers.[ ] unchartered banking associations were created in the western regions of virginia and pennsylvania to supply the credit needs of local settlers,[ ] as well as in kentucky and ohio. a traveler in the latter states observed "much trouble with paper money" at the end of that could only lead to "penance" and the return to a smaller money stock.[ ] by that time a policy shift by the second bank was already underway. in response to declining crop prices, it called upon state banks for cash payment of the notes that it held. the bank's call was followed by a collapse in prices for american agricultural exports. real estate prices plummeted amid foreclosures, businesses were ruined and a two-year recession followed. the crisis left the bank in better financial condition and the remaining state banks more accountable, but also left resentment of the bank's harsh approach.[ ][ ] background of free banking[edit] jacksonian bank policy[edit] in , as part of his effort to break the political power of the second bank, president andrew jackson ordered the removal of federal funds from the bank to favored state banks, known as pet banks. he subsequently signed the deposit act of , which continued the federal subsidy to state banks and prevented the secretary of the treasury from regulating credit expansion by those banks in the manner that the second bank had. he also issued the specie circular, which required federal land sales to be paid in silver or gold coin and had the effect of drawing those coins from the coast to the developing interior. a collapse in the price of cotton in led the bank of england to limit the flow of money to the united states. this, along with the failure of domestic businesses involved in cotton production, produced the panic of and an economic depression lasting roughly five years. businesses, especially in the west, found it difficult to obtain the hard money to which they had been accustomed and turned to creative methods of finance. in subsequent years democratic party politicians continued to oppose centralized banking, and the supreme court ruled in briscoe v. bank of kentucky that states could issue currency only on the credit of private parties, not that of the state.[ ] prevalence of wildcat banks[edit] the experience of free banking varied across the country. as a system of independent banks chartered by independent legislatures, it suffered from inconsistency, inconvenience and risk, but not every privately organized state bank was a fraudulent or reckless "wildcat." even relatively well-run banks could fail to pay out if a drop in a state's credit devalued the bonds that secured the bank's notes, or if a crisis such as the outbreak of war shook public confidence.[ ][ ] free banking in michigan[edit] jacksonian democrats in michigan advocated for free banking rather than a state monopoly. the term "wildcat banking" arose in reference to the michigan banking boom of the late s. promptly upon becoming a state in , michigan passed the general banking act, which allowed any group of landowners to organize a bank by raising at least $ , capital stock and depositing notes on real estate with the government as security for their bank notes. this law was unprecedented in a country where legislatures normally chartered each bank with a separate act. although it was a regulated system in theory, the commissioners appointed to regulate the banks lacked the resources to do so effectively. a total of banks were established, a surprising number given the capital requirement, and in time several were found to have cheated the law by watering their stock with phony contributions or passing cash from one bank to another ahead of the visiting commissioners.[ ][ ] the banks issued currency notes that could be redeemed in specie only at rural locations, assuming cash was on hand. commissioner alpheus felch recalled that one bank's "cash reserves" consisted of boxes of nails and glass topped with silver coins. anyone who received the notes had to discount them according to their expected redemption value. according to a contemporary newspaper report: "michigan money is thus classed—first quality, red dog; second quality, wild cat; third quality, catamount. of the best quality, it is said, it takes five pecks to make a bushel."[ ] precisely how these terms became associated with the notes is not known.[ ] a counterfeit note in the collection of eric p. newman that features a mountain lion has become known as the "true wild cat note," but it purports to be an note of the catskill bank in new york, with no apparent connection to the events in michigan.[ ] the common explanation is that the banks located their offices in inaccessible areas where animals outnumbered people.[ ] in response to these abuses, michigan suspended new charters under the act. it attempted to create a single closely regulated state bank modeled on the neighboring bank of indiana, but was unable to raise the necessary capital. states continued to experiment with banking regulation in the absence of a federal policy, while arkansas and iowa prohibited banks entirely.[citation needed] railroad banks[edit] a note issued by the banking arm of the erie & kalamazoo railroad the free banking era coincided with the first phase of railroad speculation. not only did banks sponsor railroads, but railroad companies also entered the banking business to finance their expenses. although railroads were indeed built, spectacular failures occurred. the ohio railroad company, established in to build along the coast of lake erie, immediately used a permissive clause in its charter to begin issuing credit notes, which it redeemed from its state funding. the company's failure left several hundred thousand dollars in worthless currency and an unusable track built upon wooden pilings. similar episodes played out in southern states, where railroads received explicit authority to operate as banks. an s railroad boom in mississippi covered the state with speculative routes and railroad bank paper. robert y. hayne organized the south western railroad bank to finance interstate routes from south carolina to ohio, with stringent rules to protect its capital, but it ultimately had to suspend payments on its notes when the railroad ran out of funding.[ ] one of these institutions, the georgia railroad and banking company, survived the free banking era, the civil war and subsequent upheavals, ultimately merging with first union in .[ ] late period[edit] the bank of florence in present-day omaha the s saw a new wave of free banking laws and outbreaks of wildcat banking in tennessee, indiana, wisconsin and the nebraska territory.[ ] the laws of indiana and wisconsin allowed bankers to start business with minimal capital and accepted discounted state bonds at their face value as a security deposit. a "banker" might even pay for the discounted bonds with the same notes that they backed, draw the interest on the bonds, and circulate the surplus notes as he chose.[ ][ ] nebraska declared bank issues a crime in its first legislative session of , but the following year it granted several banking charters, including that of the bank of florence. the third year, a new criminal code omitted the banking provision, allowing banks to organize under general business law.[ ] the panic of wiped out all of the territory's banks, and only one paid all of its notes.[ ] in the federal government passed a national bank act that created a national currency based on federal debt. this was not another centralized system. local private banks issued the new currency, but under uniform rules that prevented confusion about the value of each bank's notes. a heavy tax on the former state bank notes removed them from circulation, bringing the wildcat phenomenon to an end.[ ] in popular culture[edit] in the swedish movie the new land ( ), the character robert is paid in wildcat notes, which is later discovered by his brother karl oskar. notes[edit] 	^ krause, chester l.; lemke, robert f. ( ). standard catalog of united states paper money. 	^ a b conant, charles a. ( ). a history of modern banks of issue ( th ed.). pp.  – . 	^ a b kamensky, jane ( ). the exchange artist. 	^ smith, joseph edward a. ( ). the history of pittsfield. . 	^ a b knox , pp.  - 	^ mcmaster , p.  	^ mcmaster , pp.  - 	^ flint, james ( ). letters from america. 	^ wilentz, sean ( ). the rise of american democracy: jefferson to lincoln. 	^ catterall, ralph charles henry ( ). the first six years of the second bank of the united states. 	^ dwyer, gerald p. "wildcat banking, banking panics, and free banking in the united states". economic review, . p. . retrieved december . 	^ rolnick, arthur j.; weber, warner e. (fall ). "free banking, wildcat banking, and shinplasters". federal reserve bank of minneapolis quarterly review. ( ). retrieved february . 	^ dunbar, william f. ( ). michigan: a history of the wolverine state. p.  . 	^ a b utley, h. m. ( ), "the wild cat banking system of michigan", pioneer collections, 	^ sumner, william graham ( ). a history of banking in the united states. 	^ catskill bank $ contemporary counterfeit 	^ white, horace ( ). money and banking. p.  . 	^ cleveland, frederick albert; powell, fred wilbur ( ). railroad promotion and capitalization in the united states. pp.  – . 	^ jones, robert c. ( ). a history of georgia railroads. 	^ knox 	^ knox , pp.  – 	^ knox , p.  	^ knox , p.  	^ knox , p.  	^ conway, thomas jr.; patterson, ernest m. ( ). the operation of the new bank act. pp.  – . references[edit] 	 knox, john jay ( ). a history of banking in the united states. 	 mcmaster, john bach ( ). a history of the people of the united states. . further reading[edit] 	 allen, larry ( ). the encyclopedia of money ( nd ed.). santa barbara, ca: abc-clio. pp.  – . isbn  - . external links[edit] 	u.s. banks and money federal reserve bank of atlanta 	"wildcat bank". encyclopædia britannica. encyclopædia britannica online. encyclopædia britannica inc., . web. retrieved december . 		v 	t 	e money and central banking within the contemporary united states (pre– ) 	 	clearinghouse bank 	bureau de change 	central bank 	cheque 	clearing 	cheque clearing 	depository institution 	bailment 	banknote 	chattel/movable property 	deposit 	deposit account 	mutual savings bank 	possession 	promissory note 	redemption 	safekeeping 	savings bank 	savings and loan association 	mint 	coinage 	currency 	fiat/token money 	medium of exchange 	money 	store of value 	unit of account 	treasury 	bond 	finance minister 	government bond 	legal tender 	standard of deferred payment 	 – 	 	royal mint ( – ) 	bank of amsterdam ( – ) 	bills of credit (c. – ) 	bank of england ( – ) 	banque générale/banque royale ( – ) 	tobacco inspection act ( ) 	maryland tobacco inspection act of 	currency acts ( ; ) 	 	 – 	 	second continental congress ( – ) 	u.s. dollar banknotes ( –) 	continental currency banknotes ( – ) 	bank of pennsylvania ( – ) 	u.s. finance superintendent ( – ) 	bank of north america ( – ) 	bank of spain ( – ) 	article i of the u.s. constitution 	 – ; section viii 	section x 	u.s. treasury department 	 – ; u.s. treasury secretary 	u.s. treasury security ( –present) 	first bank of the united states ( – ) 	coinage act of 	united states mint ( – ) 	u.s. dollar coins ( –) 	half dime ( – ) 	 half disme 	half cent ( – ) 	large cent ( – ) 	treasury note ( – ) 	second bank of the united states ( – ) 	suffolk bank ( – ) 	danmarks nationalbank ( – ) 	suffolk system ( – ) 	new york safety fund system ( – ) 	bank war ( – ) 	coinage act of 	 – 	 	free banking ( – ) 	wildcat banking ( – ) 	forstall system ( – ) 	independent u.s. treasury ( – ) 	coinage act of 	three-cent silver ( – ) 	coinage act of 	new york clearing house association ( – ) 	coinage act of 	state bank of the russian empire ( – ) 	demand note ( – ) 	legal tender act of 	united states note ( – ) 	fractional currency ( – ) 	national bank acts ( ; ) 	interest bearing note ( – ) 	national banks system ( – ) 	national bank note ( –c. ) 	gold certificate ( – ) 	compound interest treasury note ( – ) 	coinage act of 	two-cent piece ( – ) 	three-cent nickel ( – ) 	contraction act of 	public credit act of 	 – 	 	legal tender cases 	hepburn v. griswold ( ) 	currency act of 	national gold bank note ( – ) 	knox v. lee ( ) 	coinage act of 	specie payment resumption act ( ) 	twenty-cent piece ( – ) 	bland–allison act ( ) 	silver certificate ( – ) 	refunding certificate ( – ) 	juilliard v. greenman ( ) 	reichsbank ( – ) 	sherman silver purchase act ( ) 	treasury note ( – ) 	gold standard act ( ) 	aldrich–vreeland act ( ) 	federal reserve act ( ) 	 	v 	t 	e bank regulation in the united states 	federal authorities	 	consumer financial protection bureau 	farm credit administration 	federal deposit insurance corporation 	federal financial institutions examination council 	federal housing finance agency 	federal reserve board of governors 	financial stability oversight council 	national credit union administration 	office of the comptroller of the currency 	major federal legislation	 	independent treasury act 	national bank act 	federal reserve act 	mcfadden act 	 banking act 	glass–steagall act 	federal credit union act 	bank holding company act 	interest rate control act of 	truth in lending act 	bank secrecy act 	fair credit reporting act 	home mortgage disclosure act 	community reinvestment act 	electronic fund transfer act 	financial institutions regulatory and interest rate control act of 	monetary control act 	depository institutions act 	competitive equality banking act of 	firrea 	fdicia 	truth in savings act 	riegle-neal ibbea 	gramm–leach–bliley act 	fair and accurate credit transactions act 	emergency economic stabilization act 	credit card act 	dodd-frank 	federal reserve board regulations 	 	extensions of credit by federal reserve banks (reg a) 	equal credit opportunity (reg b) 	home mortgage disclosure (reg c) 	reserve requirements for depository institutions (reg d) 	electronic fund transfer (reg e) 	limitations on interbank liabilities (reg f) 	international banking operations (reg k) 	consumer leasing (reg m) 	loans to insiders (reg o) 	privacy of consumer financial information (reg p) 	prohibition against the paying of interest on demand deposits (reg q) 	credit by brokers and dealers (reg t) 	credit by banks and persons other than brokers or dealers for the purpose of purchasing or carrying margin stock (reg u) 	transactions between member banks and their affiliates (reg w) 	borrowers of securities credit (reg x) 	truth in lending (reg z) 	unfair or deceptive acts or practices (reg aa) 	community reinvestment (reg bb) 	availability of funds and collection of checks (reg cc) 	truth in savings (reg dd) 	types of bank charter	 	credit union 	federal savings association 	national bank 	state bank 	state authorities	 	california 	colorado 	florida 	illinois 	maryland 	michigan 	new jersey 	new york 	ohio 	oklahoma 	oregon 	pennsylvania 	tennessee 	virginia 	terms	 	call report 	cael rating 	camels rating system 	thrift financial report 	other topics	 	banking in the united states 	fair debt collection 	history of central banking in the united states 	wildcat banking 	 	 category 	 economics portal 	 banks portal retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=wildcat_banking&oldid= " 		categories: 	bank regulation in the united states hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	use american english from march 	all wikipedia articles written in american english 	use dmy dates from april 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from march 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			svenska 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 pooling faq · chia-network/chia-blockchain wiki · github skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this organization all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} chia-network / chia-blockchain 	 notifications 	 star . k 	 fork . k 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 discussions 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 discussions 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights pooling faq jump to bottom j. eckert edited this page aug , · revisions 	general faq 	technical faq general faq how can i start pooling? you can update by installing chia . + and following the instructions in the pooling user guide. will i need to replot to use the official pooling protocol? yes. anyone who wants to join a pool will need to create new k or above portable plots. this new plot format allows you to switch between pools and self-pooling with a cooldown of ~ minutes ( blocks) between each switch. each switch between pools will require a transaction with a smart contract on the blockchain. our recommendation is to slowly replace your existing plots with portable plots one by one, so you still have a chance to win xch while you convert to all portable plots. what is a plot nft? a plot nft (non fungible token), is a smart coin or token on the blockchain, which allows a user to manage their membership in a pool. user's can assign the plot nft to any pool they want, at any point. when plotting, a plot nft can be selected, and the plot will be tied to that plot nft forever. nfts are "non-fungible" because they are not interchangeable; each plot nft represents a unique pool contract. will i need pay xch to create a plot nft or switch pools? each plot nft you create will require a minimum of mojo ( trillionth of a xch) + transaction fee. for switching pools, you need to pay only a transaction fee. to switch pools. on the first few days of pool launch on mainnet, it's likely you can use transaction fee. for those who don't have any xch, you can get mojos from chia's official faucet: https://faucet.chia.net/ can i farm with both og (original) plots and portable plots? yes. the farmer will support both og plots and portable plots on one machine. for og plots, the . xch and . xch will both be sent to the farmer. the og plots will not be affected in any way by the plot nfts or new plots that you create. how do i assign portable plots to a pool? first you will create a plot nft (devs call this singleton in their code) in the new pools tab in the gui. when you create a new portable plot, you must assign it a specific plot nft (for those using cli, this replaces the pool public key -p with a pool contract address -c). all plots created with the same plot nft can then be assigned to a pool for farming. you can have many plot nfts on the same key. what is the difference between a "key" and a "wallet" in the chia gui and cli? a user can have one or more keys on a machine running chia. a key is represented by the private information ( words) and the public identifier called the fingerprint. when using the gui or the cli, you can only log in to one key at a time. each key must be synced separately, and you can check if it is synced by clicking on the "wallet" tab. each key can also have or more wallets associated with it. the standard wallet, which controls your chia, is created by default. you can also create as many plot nfts as you want, which are also wallets, and each have their own "wallet id" as well, and they are tied to the key that you used to create them. in the cli, you use both fingerprint and wallet_id to perform operations on plot nfts, which represent the key and wallet id for that plot nft. how is chia pooling different from other cryptos? chia has three major differences from most other crypto pooling protocol: ) joining pools are permissionless. you do not need to sign up to an account on a pool server before joining. ) farmers receive / th of xch rewards plus transaction fees, while the pool receives / th of xch rewards to redistribute (minus pool fees) amongst all pool participants. ) the farmer with the winning proof will farm the block, not the pool server. how can i start my own pool? if you have experience writing pool server code for another crypto, adapting that pool code with chia's reference pool code will be straight forward. we only recommend people who have good opsec and business experience to run public pool servers. depending what country you operate your pooling business, you may be subject to tax, aml and kyc laws specific to your jurisdiction. all pools will be targeted by hackers due to the profitability of xch and you may be legally liable if you have any losses. where can i find a list of chia pools? a crypto community site lists all upcoming chia pools: https://miningpoolstats.stream/chia can i advertise my pool in keybase? you can only advertise your pool in keybase @chia_network.public#pools once a day. if you're spammy, mods will warn you and then ban you if you persist. why shouldn't i join the original hpool pool? hpool initially created their own version of chia client that has no source code released with it. there is no telling what kind of malicious activity that client can do. chia network inc discourages everyone from joining any pool that requires custom closed source clients however hpool has since opened a pool using the official pooling protocol and you should feel free to consider that as you look at which pool to use. why doesn't chia run their own official pool? we want there to be a healthy ecosystem of competing pools with no privileged official one having an unfair advantage over the others. can i name my pool chiapool.com? we are not going to allow pools to use "chia" as the first word or its equivalent (the chia pool). you can say things like "a chia pool" though that will probably need a free and easy to get license. go to https://www.chia.net/terms/ to get more information on obtaining a license. if a pool gets % of netspace, can they take over the network? no, chia's pooling protocol is designed where the blocks are farmed by individual farmer, but the pooling rewards go to the pool operator's wallet. this ensures that even if a pool has % netspace, they would also need to control all of the farmer nodes (with the % netspace) to do any malicious activity. this will be very difficult unless all the farmers (with the % netspace) downloaded the same malicious chia client programmed by a bram like level genius. i have more questions, where do i ask? join our dedicated keybase room: @chia_network.public#pools friendly reminder: do not at @ or direct message (dm) developers or mods. just post your questions in keybase and we will answer when we have a moment. technical faq where can i see the chia pool reference code? you can find it here: https://github.com/chia-network/pool-reference. the readme contains an explanation of how it works, and the specification contains details of how to implement it. what programming language is the reference pool code written in? python how hard is it to adapt chia's reference pool code to my pool code? if you've written pool code before, the reference pool code will be easy to understand. it's just replacing pow concepts with chia's method of evaluating each farmer's participation via post and adapting collection and distribution of xch using chia's smart contracts. i am a programmer, but never wrote pool code, will i be able to run a pool with chia's reference pool code? if it's your first time writing pool code, we recommend you look at established btc or eth pools source code and features they provide users. you are likely going to compete with big time pool operators from those crypto communities who will provide feature rich pools for chia on day one. examples of features: leaderboards, wallet explorer, random prizes, tiered pool fees, etc. variable names used in pooling code 	puzzle_hash: an address but in a different format. addresses are human readable. 	singleton: a smart coin (contract) that guaranteed to be unique and controlled by the user. 	launcher_id: unique id of the singleton. 	points: represent the amount of farming that a farmer has done. it is calculated by number of proofs submitted, weighted by difficulty. one k farms points per day. to accumulate points you need tib farming for a day. this is equivalent to shares in pow pools. how does one calculate a farmer's netspace? a farmer's netspace can be estimated by the number of points submitted over each unit of time, or points/second. each k gets on average points per day. so / = . points/second for each plot. per byte, that is l = . / = . * ^- . to calculate total space s, take the total number of points found p, and the time period in seconds t and do s = p / (l*t). for example for points in hours, use p= , t= , l= . e- , s = /( * . e- ) = bytes. dividing by ^ we get . tib. how does difficulty affect farmer's netspace calculation? as difficulty goes up, a farmer does less lookups and finds less proofs, but does not receive more points per unit of time. imagine this scenario: obtaining proofs a day with difficulty for a k , is equivalent to obtaining proof a day with difficulty . as a pool server, you prefer to receive proof a day per k with difficulty . this is why we allow pool servers to set a minimum difficulty level to reduce the number of proofs each farmer needs to send to prove their netspace. how do you identify the farmer that submitted partial proofs? the farmer will provide their launcher_id which is the id of that farmer's pool group. the pool also verifies the proof of space and the farmer's signature, to make sure that only real farmers are compensated. will pool servers need to keep track of all farmers and their share of rewards? yes, the pool operator will need to write code to keep track of all farmers and their share of rewards. chia's pool protocol assumes no registration is needed to join a pool, so every launcher_id that submits a valid partial proof needs to be tracked by the pool server. what actions can singleton take? there are a few things you can do to the singleton: 	change pool (needs owner signature) 	escape pool, this is announcing that you will change pool (needs owner signature) 	claim rewards (does not need any signature, it goes to the specified address in the singleton) how do pool collect rewards? 	farmer joins a pool, they will assign their singleton to the pool_puzzle_hash. 	when a farmer wins a block, the pool rewards will be sent to the p _singleton_puzzle_hash. 	pool will scan blockchain to find new rewards sent to farmer's singletons. 	the pool will send a request to claim rewards to the winning farmer's singleton. 	farmer's singleton will send pool rewards xch to pool_puzzle_hash. 	pool will periodically distribute rewards to farmers that have points how can i tell if the server is receiving enough partials from a particular client? the number of partials received is the only thing the pool is aware of, the pool does not know the exact total space of the farmer. the space can be computed using the fact that each k plot will earn on average points a day, on mainnet. that means if the difficulty is set to , that's partials per day, if the difficulty is , partial per day per k plot. why am i receiving more points in testnet than mainnet? the points per day per k plot only applies to mainnet, which has a difficulty_constant_factor of ^ . to get the points per day per k on testnet, divide ^ by the testnet difficulty_constant_factor, found in config.yaml, and multiply by . this allows participating easily with k s on testnet. what is the expected ratio between a k and a k ? look at the file win_simulation.py on this repo. this uses the function _expected_plot_size from chia blockchain, which uses the formula: (( * k) + ) * ( ** (k - )) to compute plot size. plug in your k values and divide. how to calculate how many partials with x difficulty a certain plot with y size can get in z time? look at the win_simulation.py file. can i use testnet pooling plots on mainnet? no, you can only use plots created for mainnet in mainnet, and same for testnet. does that mean that forks of chia cannot use these pooling plots? forks of chia can easily use these pooling plots by sending the . xch to the farmer target address, making them all solo plots. if the alternate blockchain wants to do pooling as well, they need to create a special transaction which reserves a singleton by providing the launcher_id, and launcher spend (including owner signature). then the code can automatically assign this singleton to the user who submitted it. does the pooling system support all of the various payment methods used in other blockchain pools? generally, speaking, yes, because the payment system is managed by the pool operator, not the blockchain. we recommend pool operators new to this space opt for something less risky, such a pplns, however on a technical level you can leverage any payment system you want, as the code to do so is managed on your side (this is assuming you are extensively adding on to the reference code or building your own from the ground up as is suggested). however, if you want to opt for something like fpps/pps, you need to be aware of the fact that something like a "dead weight" attack, (which is possible on other chain protocols as well), can be executed in chia by a malicious actor willing to sacrifice large sums of revenue in favor of harming your pool's variance ratio against vs standardized payout plan, potentially running you into the red. it is for this reason we advise against fpps/pps systems, unless you have extensive experience running these pools and how to build mitigations around it to help ensure your stability against variance. what are the api methods a pool server needs to support chia clients? there are a few api methods that a pool needs to support. they are documented here: https://github.com/chia-network/pool-reference/blob/main/specification.md where can i see the video technical q&a on chia pooling: for those interested in the chia pools for pool operators video and presentation, you can find it here: https://youtu.be/xzszwxowpzw https://www.chia.net/assets/presentations/ - - _pooling_for_pool_operators.pdf chia network - green money for a digital world. pages 	 home 	 beginners guide 	 block format 	 chia directory structure logs, database, and more 	 chia glossary 	 chia keys architecture 	 chia keys management 	 chialisp 	 cli commands reference 	 codebase and testing 	 connecting the ui to a remote daemon 	 consensus algorithm summary 	 create a local testnet for fast, private testing 	 faq 	 farming on many machines 	 freebsd install 	 good security practices on many machines 	 help with clvm_tools 	 how to check if everything is working (or not) 	 install 	 is my farm healthy i am not finding proofs 	 k sizes 	 logging messages reference 	 moving plots 	 network architecture 	 networking and serialization 	 openbsd install 	 pool operator development and implementation faq 	 pooling faq 	 pooling user guide 	 protocols 	 quick start guide 	 raspberry pi 	 reference farming hardware 	 reference plotting hardware 	 resolving sync issues port 	 rpc interfaces 	 rpcexamples 	 ssd endurance 	 storage benchmarks 	 the beginners guide 	 the very unofficial keybase i'm new faq 	 timelords 	 windows tips and tricks 	 show more pages… 	home 	beginners guide 	install instructions 	quick start guide 	 faq - frequently asked questions 	pooling faq 	pooling user guide 	chia project faq 	plotting basics 	plot sizes (k-sizes) 	cli commands reference 	windows tips & tricks 	how to check if everything is working (or not) 	 ssd endurance - info on ssd's and plotting 	reference plotting hardware 	reference farming hardware 	farming on many machines 	good security practices on many machines 	chialisp documentation (official) 	chialisp notes 	timelords and cluster timelords 	release notes 	rpc interfaces 	resolve sync issues - port clone this wiki locally 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. divd- - - kaseya vsa limited disclosure | divd csirt skip to the content. home / cases / divd- - - kaseya vsa limited disclosure divd csirt making the internet safer through coordinated vulnerability disclosure 	 		 menu 	 		 						 							home 						 	 						 			 					divd 			 				 	 			 					csirt 			 				 			 	 	 		 		 						cases 					 						 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						telegram group shares stolen credentials.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						divd recommends not exposing the on-premise kaseya unitrends servers to the... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						botnet stolen credentials... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						multiple vulnerabilities discovered in kaseya vsa.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a preauth rce vulnerability has been found in vcenter server... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a preauth rce vulnerability has been found in pulse connect secure... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of credentials that phishers gained from victims has leaked and has ... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						kaseya recommends disabling the on-premise kaseya vsa servers immediately.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						on-prem exchange servers targeted with -day exploits... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						solarwinds orion api authentication bypass... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of credentials that phishers gained from victims has leaked and has ... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						a list of vulnerable fortinet devices leaked online... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						four critical vulnerabilities in vembu bdr... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						wordpress plugin wpdiscuz has a vulnerability that alllows attackers to tak... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						data dumped from compromised pulse secure vpn enterprise servers.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						 .nl domains running wordpress scanned.... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						citrix sharefile storage zones controller multiple security updates... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						smbv server compression transform header memory corruption... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						apache tomcat ajp file read/inclusion vulnerability... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						list of mirai botnet victims published with credentials... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						exploits available for ms rdp gateway bluegate... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						wildcard certificates citrix adc... 			 					 			 				 	 			 					 			 						divd- - 			 						citrix adc... 			 					 			 				 		 	 	 		 		 						cves 					 						 							 cve- - - authenticated xml external entity vulnerability in kaseya vs... 							 	 							 cve- - - authenticated local file inclusion in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - fa bypass in kaseya vsa 							 	 							 cve- - - authenticated authenticated reflective xss in kaseya vsa 							 	 							 cve- - - unautheticated rce in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - autheticated sql injection in kaseya vsa < v . . ... 							 	 							 cve- - - unautheticated credential leak and business logic flaw in ka... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated server side request forgery in vembu product... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated arbitrary file upload and command execution ... 							 	 							 cve- - - unauthenticated remote command execution in vembu products... 							 		 	 	 		 		 						blog 					 						 							 - - : kaseya vsa limited disclosure... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update ... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update ... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya case update... 							 	 							 - - : kaseya vsa advisory... 							 	 							 - - : vcenter server preauth rce... 							 	 							 - - : warehouse botnet... 							 	 							 - - : closing proxylogon case / case proxylogon gesloten... 							 	 							 - - : vembu zero days... 							 	 							 - - : pulse secure preauth rce... 							 	 					 more... 					 		 	 	 					 						donate 					 				 	 					 						rss 					 				 	 					 						contact 					 				 divd- - - kaseya vsa limited disclosure 	 our reference 	 divd- - 	 case lead 	 				frank breedijk 				 	 author 	 					 						lennaert oudshoorn 					 				 	 researcher(s) 	 						 								 									wietse boonstra 								 							 	 								 									lennaert oudshoorn 								 							 	 								 									victor gevers 								 							 	 								 									frank breedijk 								 							 	 								 									hidde smit 								 							 				 	 cve(s) 	 					 							cve- - 						 	 							cve- - 						 	 							cve- - 						 	 							cve- - 						 	 							cve- - 						 	 							cve- - 						 	 							cve- - 						 			 	 product 	 kaseya vsa 	 versions 	 all on-premise kaseya vsa versions. 	 recommendation 	 all on-premises vsa servers should continue to remain offline until further instructions from kaseya about when it is safe to restore operations. a patch will be required to be installed prior to restarting the vsa and a set of recommendations on how to increase your security posture. 	 status 	 open 	english below summary one of our researchers found multiple vulnerabilities in kaseya vsa, which we were in the process of responsible disclosure (or coordinated vulnerability disclosure) with kaseya, before all these vulnerabilities could be patched a ransomware attack happened using kaseya vsa. ever since we released the news that we indeed notified kaseya of a vulnerability used in the ransomware attack, we have been getting requests to release details about these vulnerabilities and the disclosure timeline. in line with the guidelines for coordinated vulnerability disclosure we have not disclosed any details so far. and, while we feel it is time to be more open about this process and our decisions regarding this matter, we will still not release the full details. the vulnerabilities we notified kaseya of the following vulnerabilities: 	cve- - - a credentials leak and business logic flaw, to be included in . . 	cve- - - an sql injection vulnerability, resolved in may th patch. 	cve- - - a remote code execution vulnerability, resolved in april th patch. (v . . ) 	cve- - - a cross site scripting vulnerability, to be included in . . 	cve- - - fa bypass, to be resolved in v . . 	cve- - - a local file inclusion vulnerability, resolved in may th patch. 	cve- - - a xml external entity vulnerability, resolved in may th patch. what you can do all on-premises vsa servers should continue to remain offline until further instructions from kaseya about when it is safe to restore operations. a patch will be required to be installed prior to restarting the vsa and a set of recommendations on how to increase your security posture. kaseya has released a detection tool tool help determine if a system has been compromised. cado security has made a github repository with resources for dfir professionals responding to the revil ransomware kaseya supply chain attack. we recommend that any kaseya server is carefully checked for signs of compromise before taking it back into service, including, but not limited to, the iocs published by kaseya. what we are doing the dutch institute for vulnerability disclosure (divd) performs a daily scan to detect vulnerable kaseya vsa servers and notify the owners directly or via the known abuse channels, gov-certs, and other trusted channels. we have identified this server by downloading the paths ‘/’, ‘/api/v . /cw/environment’ and ‘/install/kaseyalatestversion.xml’ and matching patterns in these files. in the past few days we have been working with kaseya to make sure customers turn off their systems, by tipping them off about customers that still have systems online, and hope to be able to continue to work together to ensure that their patch is installed everywhere. timeline 	date	description 	 apr 	research start 	 apr 	divd starts scanning internet-facing implementations. 	 apr 	start of the identification of possible victims (with internet-facing systems). 	 apr 	kaseya informed. 	 apr 	vendor starts issuing patches v . . . resolving cve- - . 	 may 	vendor issues another patch v . . . resolving cve- - , cve- - , cve- - . 	 jun 	divd csirt hands over a list of identified kaseya vsa hosts to kaseya. 	 jun 	 . . on saas resolving cve- - and cve- - . 	 jul 	divd responds to the ransomware, by scanning for kaseya vsa instances reachable via the internet and sends out notifications to network owners 	 jul 	limited publication (after months). more information 	official advisory from kaseya 	doublepulsar blog post 	sophos blog post 	cisa-fbi guidance for msps and their customers affected by the kaseya vsa supply-chain ransomware attack 	 twitter 	 facebook 	 linkedin erambler erambler recent content on erambler 	mxadm: a small cli matrix room admin tool i&rsquo;ve enjoyed learning rust (the programming language) recently, but having only really used it for solving programming puzzles i&rsquo;ve been looking for an excuse to use it for something more practical. at the same time, i&rsquo;ve been using and learning about matrix (the chat/messaging platform), and running some small rooms there i&rsquo;ve been a bit frustrated that some pretty common admin things don&rsquo;t have a good user interface in any of the available clients. so… i decided to write a little command-line tool to do a few simple tasks, and it&rsquo;s now released as mxadm! it&rsquo;s on crates.io, so if you have rust and cargo available, installing it is as simple as running cargo install mxadm. i&rsquo;ve only taught it to do a few things so far: list your joined rooms add/delete a room alias tombstone a room (i.e. redirect it to a new room) i&rsquo;ll add more as i need them, and i&rsquo;m open to suggestions too. it uses matrix-rust-sdk, the matrix client-server sdk for rust, which is built on the lower-level ruma library, along with anyhow for error handling. the kind folks in the #matrix-rust-sdk:matrix.org have been particularly kind in helping me get started using it. more details from: source code on tildegit mxadm on crates.io mxadm on lib.rs suggestions, code reviews, pull requests all welcome, though it will probably take me a while to act on them. enjoy! 	comments are back i forgot to mention it at the time, but i&rsquo;ve added &ldquo;normal&rdquo; comments back to the site, as you&rsquo;ll see below and on most other pages. in place of the disqus comments i had before i&rsquo;m now using cactus comments, which is open source and self-hostable (though i&rsquo;m currently not doing that). if you&rsquo;ve read my previous post about matrix self-hosting, you might be interested to know that cactus uses matrix rooms for data storage and synchronisation and i can moderate and reply to comments directly from my matrix client. i&rsquo;ve still left the webmention code in place too so you can still comment that way either on your own site or via social media. 	intro to the fediverse wow, it turns out to be years since i wrote this beginners guide to twitter. things have moved on a loooooong way since then. far from being the interesting, disruptive technology it was back then, twitter has become part of the mainstream, the establishment. almost everyone and everything is on twitter now, which has both pros and cons. so what&rsquo;s the problem? it&rsquo;s now possible to follow all sorts of useful information feeds, from live updates on transport delays to your favourite sports team&rsquo;s play-by-play performance to an almost infinite number of cat pictures. in my professional life it&rsquo;s almost guaranteed that anyone i meet will be on twitter, meaning that i can contact them to follow up at a later date without having to exchange contact details (and they have options to block me if they don&rsquo;t like that). on the other hand, a medium where everyone&rsquo;s opinion is equally valid regardless of knowledge or life experience has turned some parts of the internet into a toxic swamp of hatred and vitriol. it&rsquo;s easier than ever to forget that we have more common ground with any random stranger than we have similarities, and that&rsquo;s led to some truly awful acts and a poisonous political arena. part of the problem here is that each of the social media platforms is controlled by a single entity with almost no accountability to anyone other than shareholders. technological change has been so rapid that the regulatory regime has no idea how to handle them, leaving them largely free to operate how they want. this has led to a whole heap of nasty consequences that many other people have done a much better job of documenting than i could (shoshana zuboff&rsquo;s book the age of surveillance capitalism is a good example). what i&rsquo;m going to focus on instead are some possible alternatives. if you accept the above argument, one obvious solution is to break up the effective monopoly enjoyed by facebook, twitter et al. we need to be able to retain the wonderful affordances of social media but democratise control of it, so that it can never be dominated by a small number of overly powerful players. what&rsquo;s the solution? there&rsquo;s actually a thing that already exists, that almost everyone is familiar with and that already works like this. it&rsquo;s email. there are a hundred thousand email servers, but my email can always find your inbox if i know your address because that address identifies both you and the email service you use, and they communicate using the same protocol, simple mail transfer protocol (smtp) . i can&rsquo;t send a message to your twitter from my facebook though, because they&rsquo;re completely incompatible, like oil and water. facebook has no idea how to talk to twitter and vice versa (and the companies that control them have zero interest in such interoperability anyway). just like email, a federated social media service like mastodon allows you to use any compatible server, or even run your own, and follow accounts on your home server or anywhere else, even servers running different software as long as they use the same activitypub protocol. there&rsquo;s no lock-in because you can move to another server any time you like, and interact with all the same people from your new home, just like changing your email address. smaller servers mean that no one server ends up with enough power to take over and control everything, as the social media giants do with their own platforms. but at the same time, a small server with a small moderator team can enforce local policy much more easily and block accounts or whole servers that host trolls, nazis or other poisonous people. how do i try it? i have no problem with anyone for choosing to continue to use what we&rsquo;re already calling &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; social media; frankly, facebook and twitter are still useful for me to keep in touch with a lot of my friends. however, i do think it&rsquo;s useful to know some of the alternatives if only to make a more informed decision to stick with your current choices. most of these services only ask for an email address when you sign up and use of your real name vs a pseudonym is entirely optional so there&rsquo;s not really any risk in signing up and giving one a try. that said, make sure you take sensible precautions like not reusing a password from another account. instead of… try… twitter, facebook mastodon, pleroma, misskey slack, discord, irc matrix whatsapp, fb messenger, telegram also matrix instagram, flickr pixelfed youtube peertube the web interplanetary file system (ipfs) which, if you can believe it, was formalised nearly years ago in and has only had fairly minor changes since then! &#x a ;&#xfe e; 	collaborations workshop : collaborative ideas & hackday my last post covered the more &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; lectures-and-panel-sessions approach of the first half of the ssi collaborations workshop. the rest of the workshop was much more interactive, consisting of a discussion session, a collaborative ideas session, and a whole-day hackathon! the discussion session on day one had us choose a topic (from a list of topics proposed leading up to the workshop) and join a breakout room for that topic with the aim of producing a &ldquo;speed blog&rdquo; by then end of minutes. those speed blogs will be published on the ssi blog over the coming weeks, so i won&rsquo;t go into that in more detail. the collaborative ideas session is a way of generating hackday ideas, by putting people together at random into small groups to each raise a topic of interest to them before discussing and coming up with a combined idea for a hackday project. because of the serendipitous nature of the groupings, it&rsquo;s a really good way of generating new ideas from unexpected combinations of individual interests. after that, all the ideas from the session, along with a few others proposed by various participants, were pitched as ideas for the hackday and people started to form teams. not every idea pitched gets worked on during the hackday, but in the end teams of roughly equal size formed to spend the third day working together. my team&rsquo;s project: &ldquo;aha! an arts &amp; humanities adventure&rdquo; there&rsquo;s a lot of fomo around choosing which team to join for an event like this: there were so many good ideas and i wanted to work on several of them! in the end i settled on a team developing an escape room concept to help arts &amp; humanities scholars understand the benefits of working with research software engineers for their research. five of us rapidly mapped out an example storyline for an escape room, got a website set up with github and populated it with the first few stages of the game. we decided to focus on a story that would help the reader get to grips with what an api is and i&rsquo;m amazed how much we managed to get done in less than a day&rsquo;s work! you can try playing through the escape room (so far) yourself on the web, or take a look at the github repository, which contains the source of the website along with a list of outstanding tasks to work on if you&rsquo;re interested in contributing. i&rsquo;m not sure yet whether this project has enough momentum to keep going, but it was a really valuable way both of getting to know and building trust with some new people and demonstrating the concept is worth more work. other projects here&rsquo;s a brief rundown of the other projects worked on by teams on the day. coding confessions everyone starts somewhere and everyone cuts corners from time to time. real developers copy and paste! fight imposter syndrome by looking through some of these confessions or contributing your own. https://coding-confessions.github.io/ carpenpi a template to set up a raspberry pi with everything you need to run a carpentries (https://carpentries.org/) data science/software engineering workshop in a remote location without internet access. https://github.com/carpenpi/docs/wiki research dugnads a guide to running an event that is a coming together of a research group or team to share knowledge, pass on skills, tidy and review code, among other software and working best practices (based on the norwegian concept of a dugnad, a form of &ldquo;voluntary work done together with other people&rdquo;) https://research-dugnads.github.io/dugnads-hq/ collaborations workshop ideas a meta-project to collect together pitches and ideas from previous collaborations workshop conferences and hackdays, to analyse patterns and revisit ideas whose time might now have come. https://github.com/robintw/cw-ideas howdescribedis integrate existing tools to improve the machine-readable metadata attached to open research projects by integrating projects like somef, codemeta.json and howfairis (https://howfairis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html). complete with ci and badges! https://github.com/knowledgecaptureanddiscovery/somef-github-action software end-of-project plans develop a template to plan and communicate what will happen when the fixed-term project funding for your research software ends. will maintenance continue? when will the project sunset? who owns the ip? https://github.com/elichad/software-twilight habeas corpus a corpus of machine readable data about software used in covid- related research, based on the cord dataset. https://github.com/softwaresaved/habeas-corpus credit-all extend the all-contributors github bot (https://allcontributors.org/) to include rich information about research project contributions such as the casrai contributor roles taxonomy (https://casrai.org/credit/) https://github.com/dokempf/credit-all i&rsquo;m excited to see so many metadata-related projects! i plan to take a closer look at what the habeas corpus, credit-all and howdescribedis teams did when i get time. i also really want to try running a dugnad with my team or for the glam data science network. 	collaborations workshop : talks & panel session i&rsquo;ve just finished attending (online) the three days of this year&rsquo;s ssi collaborations workshop (cw for short), and once again it&rsquo;s been a brilliant experience, as well as mentally exhausting, so i thought i&rsquo;d better get a summary down while it&rsquo;s still fresh it my mind. collaborations workshop is, as the name suggests, much more focused on facilitating collaborations than a typical conference, and has settled into a structure that starts off with with longer keynotes and lectures, and progressively gets more interactive culminating with a hack day on the third day. that&rsquo;s a lot to write about, so for this post i&rsquo;ll focus on the talks and panel session, and follow up with another post about the collaborative bits. i&rsquo;ll also probably need to come back and add in more links to bits and pieces once slides and the &ldquo;official&rdquo; summary of the event become available. updates - - added links to recordings of keynotes and panel sessions provocations the first day began with two keynotes on this year&rsquo;s main themes: fair research software and diversity &amp; inclusion, and day had a great panel session focused on disability. all three were streamed live and the recordings remain available on youtube: view the keynotes recording; google-free alternative link view the panel session recording; google-free alternative link fair research software dr michelle barker, director of the research software alliance, spoke on the challenges to recognition of software as part of the scholarly record: software is not often cited. the fair rs working group has been set up to investigate and create guidance on how the fair principles for data can be adapted to research software as well; as they stand, the principles are not ideally suited to software. this work will only be the beginning though, as we will also need metrics, training, career paths and much more. resa itself has focus areas: people, policy and infrastructure. if you&rsquo;re interested in getting more involved in this, you can join the resa email list. equality, diversity &amp; inclusion: how to go about it dr chonnettia jones, vice president of research, michael smith foundation for health research spoke extensively and persuasively on the need for equality, diversity &amp; inclusion (edi) initiatives within research, as there is abundant robust evidence that all research outcomes are improved. she highlighted the difficulties current approaches to edi have effecting structural change, and changing not just individual behaviours but the cultures &amp; practices that perpetuate iniquity. what initiatives are often constructed around making up for individual deficits, a bitter framing is to start from an understanding of individuals having equal stature but having different tired experiences. commenting on the current focus on &ldquo;research excellent&rdquo; she pointed out that the hyper-competition this promotes is deeply unhealthy. suggesting instead that true excellence requires diversity, and we should focus on an inclusive excellence driven by inclusive leadership. equality, diversity &amp; inclusion: disability issues day &rsquo;s edi panel session brought together five disabled academics to discuss the problems of disability in research. dr becca wilson, ukri innovation fellow, institute of population health science, university of liverpool (chair) phoenix c s andrews (phd student, information studies, university of sheffield and freelance writer) dr ella gale (research associate and machine learning subject specialist, school of chemistry, university of bristol) prof robert stevens (professor and head of department of computer science, university of manchester) dr robin wilson (freelance data scientist and ssi fellow) nb. the discussion flowed quite freely so the following summary, so the following summary mixes up input from all the panel members. researchers are often assumed to be single-minded in following their research calling, and aptness for jobs is often partly judged on &ldquo;time send&rdquo;, which disadvantages any disabled person who has been forced to take a career break. on top of this disabled people are often time-poor because of the extra time needed to manage their condition, leaving them with less &ldquo;output&rdquo; to show for their time served on many common metrics. this can partially affect early-career researchers, since resources for these are often restricted on a &ldquo;years-since-phd&rdquo; criterion. time poverty also makes funding with short deadlines that much harder to apply for. employers add more demands right from the start: new starters are typically expected to complete a health and safety form, generally a brief affair that will suddenly become an -page bureaucratic nightmare if you tick the box declaring a disability. many employers claim to be inclusive yet utterly fail to understand the needs of their disabled staff. wheelchairs are liberating for those who use them (despite the awful but common phrase &ldquo;wheelchair-bound&rdquo;) and yet employers will refuse to insure a wheelchair while travelling for work, classifying it as a &ldquo;high value personal item&rdquo; that the owner would take the same responsibility for as an expensive camera. computers open up the world for blind people in a way that was never possible without them, but it&rsquo;s not unusual for mandatory training to be inaccessible to screen readers. some of these barriers can be overcome, but doing so takes yet more time that could and should be spent on more important work. what can we do about it? academia works on patronage whether we like it or not, so be the person who supports people who are different to you rather than focusing on the one you &ldquo;recognise yourself in&rdquo; to mentor. as a manager, it&rsquo;s important to ask each individual what they need and believe them: they are the expert in their own condition and their lived experience of it. don&rsquo;t assume that because someone else in your organisation with the same disability needs one set of accommodations, it&rsquo;s invalid for your staff member to require something totally different. and remember: disability is unusual as a protected characteristic in that anyone can acquire it at any time without warning! lightning talks lightning talk sessions are always tricky to summarise, and while this doesn&rsquo;t do them justice, here are a few highlights from my notes. data &amp; metadata malin sandstrom talked about a much-needed refinement of contributor role taxonomies for scientific computing stephan druskat showcased a project to crowdsource a corpus of research software for further analysis learning &amp; teaching/community matthew bluteau introduced the concept of the &ldquo;coding dojo&rdquo; as a way to enhance community of practice. a group of coders got together to practice &amp; learn by working together to solve a problem and explaining their work as they go he described models: a code jam, where people work in small groups, and the randori method, where people do pair programming while the rest observe. i&rsquo;m excited to try this out! steve crouch talked about intermediate skills and helping people take the next step, which i&rsquo;m also very interested in with the glam data science network esther plomp recounted experience of running multiple carpentry workshops online, while diego alonso alvarez discussed planned workshops on making research software more usable with guis shoaib sufi showcased the ssi&rsquo;s new event organising guide caroline jay reported on a diary study into autonomy &amp; agency in rse during covid lopez, t., jay, c., wermelinger, m., &amp; sharp, h. ( ). how has the covid- pandemic affected working conditions for research software engineers? unpublished manuscript. wrapping up that&rsquo;s not everything! but this post is getting pretty long so i&rsquo;ll wrap up for now. i&rsquo;ll try to follow up soon with a summary of the &ldquo;collaborative&rdquo; part of collaborations workshop: the idea-generating sessions and hackday! 	time for a new look... i&rsquo;ve decided to try switching this website back to using hugo to manage the content and generate the static html pages. i&rsquo;ve been on the python-based nikola for a few years now, but recently i&rsquo;ve been finding it quite slow, and very confusing to understand how to do certain things. i used hugo recently for the glam data science network website and found it had come on a lot since the last time i was using it, so i thought i&rsquo;d give it another go, and redesign this site to be a bit more minimal at the same time. the theme is still a work in progress so it&rsquo;ll probably look a bit rough around the edges for a while, but i think i&rsquo;m happy enough to publish it now. when i get round to it i might publish some more detailed thoughts on the design. 	ideas for accessible communications the disability support network at work recently ran a survey on &ldquo;accessible communications&rdquo;, to develop guidance on how to make communications (especially internal staff comms) more accessible to everyone. i grabbed a copy of my submission because i thought it would be useful to share more widely, so here it is. please note that these are based on my own experiences only. i am in no way suggesting that these are the only things you would need to do to ensure your communications are fully accessible. they&rsquo;re just some things to keep in mind. policies/procedures/guidance can be stressful to use if anything is vague or inconsistent, or if it looks like there might be more information implied than is explicitly given (a common cause of this is use of jargon in e.g. hr policies). emails relating to these policies have similar problems, made worse because they tend to be very brief. online meetings can be very helpful, but can also be exhausting, especially if there are too many people, or not enough structure. larger meetings &amp; webinars without agendas (or where the agenda is ignored, or timings are allowed to drift without acknowledgement) are very stressful, as are those where there is not enough structure to ensure fair opportunities to contribute. written reference documents and communications should: be carefully checked for consistency and clarity have all all key points explicitly stated explicitly acknowledge the need for flexibility where it is necessary, rather than implying or hinting at it clearly define jargon &amp; acronyms where they are necessary to the point being made, and avoid them otherwise include links to longer, more explicit versions where space is tight provide clear bullet-point summaries with links to the details online meetings should: include sufficient break time (at least minutes out of every hour) and not allow this to be compromised just because a speaker has misjudged the length of their talk include initial &ldquo;settling-in&rdquo; time in agendas to avoid timing getting messed up from the start ensure the agenda is stuck to, or that divergence from the agenda is acknowledged explicitly by the chair and updated timing briefly discussed to ensure everyone is clear establish a norm for participation at the start of the meeting and stick to it e.g. ask people to raise hands when they have a point to make, or have specific time for round-robin contributions ensure quiet/introverted people have space to contribute, but don&rsquo;t force them to do so if they have nothing to add at the time offer a text-based alternative to contributing verbally if appropriate, at the start of the meeting assign specific roles of: gatekeeper: ensures everyone has a chance to contribute timekeeper: ensures meeting runs to time scribe: ensures a consistent record of the meeting be chaired by someone with the confidence to enforce the above: offer training to all staff on chairing meetings to ensure everyone has the skills to run a meeting effectively 	matrix self-hosting i started running my own matrix server a little while ago. matrix is something rather cool, a chat system similar to irc or slack, but open and federated. open in that the standard is available for anyone to view, but also the reference implementations of server and client are open source, along with many other clients and a couple of nascent alternative servers. federated in that, like email, it doesn&rsquo;t matter what server you sign up with, you can talk to users on your own or any other server. i decided to host my own for three reasons. firstly, to see if i could and to learn from it. secondly, to try and rationalise the cambrian explosion of slack teams i was being added to in . thirdly, to take some control of the loss of access to historical messages in some communities that rely on slack (especially the carpentries and rse communities). since then, i&rsquo;ve also added a fourth goal: taking advantage of various bridges to bring other messaging network i use (such as signal and telegram) into a consistent ui. i&rsquo;ve also found that my use of matrix-only rooms has grown as more individuals &amp; communities have adopted the platform. so, i really like matrix and i use it daily. my problem now is whether to keep self-hosting. synapse, the only full server implementation at the moment, is really heavy on memory, so i&rsquo;ve ended up running it on a much bigger server than i thought i&rsquo;d need, which seems overkill for a single-user instance. so now i have to make a decision about whether it&rsquo;s worth keeping going, or shutting it down and going back to matrix.org, or setting up on one of the other servers that have sprung up in the last couple of years. there are a couple of other considerations here. firstly, synapse resource usage is entirely down to the size of the rooms joined by users of the homeowner, not directly the number of users. so if users have mostly overlapping interests, and thus keep to the same rooms, you can support quite a large community without significant extra resource usage. secondly, there are a couple of alternative server implementations in development specifically addressing this issue for small servers. dendrite and conduit. neither are quite ready for what i want yet, but are getting close, and when ready that will allow running small homeservers with much more sensible resource usage. so i could start opening up for other users, and at least justify the size of the server that way. i wouldn&rsquo;t ever want to make it a paid-for service but perhaps people might be willing to make occasional donations towards running costs. that still leaves me with the question of whether i&rsquo;m comfortable running a service that others may come to rely on, or being responsible for the safety of their information. i could also hold out for dendrite or conduit to mature enough that i&rsquo;m ready to try them, which might not be more than a few months off. hmm, seems like i&rsquo;ve convinced myself to stick with it for now, and we&rsquo;ll see how it goes. in the meantime, if you know me and you want to try it out let me know and i might risk setting you up with an account! 	what do you miss least about pre-lockdown life? @janethughes on twitter: what do you miss the least from pre-lockdown life? i absolutely do not miss wandering around the office looking for a meeting room for a confidential call or if i hadn&rsquo;t managed to book a room in advance. let&rsquo;s never return to that joyless frustration, hey? : am · feb , after seeing terence eden taking janet hughes' tweet from earlier this month as a writing prompt, i thought i might do the same. the first thing that leaps to my mind is commuting. at various points in my life i&rsquo;ve spent between one and three hours a day travelling to and from work and i&rsquo;ve never more than tolerated it at best. it steals time from your day, and societal norms dictate that it&rsquo;s your leisure &amp; self-care time that must be sacrificed. longer commutes allow more time to get into a book or podcast, especially if not driving, but i&rsquo;d rather have that time at home rather than trying to be comfortable in a train seat designed for some mythical average man shaped nothing like me! the other thing i don&rsquo;t miss is the colds and flu! before the pandemic, british culture encouraged working even when ill, which meant constantly coming into contact with people carrying low-grade viruses. i&rsquo;m not immunocompromised but some allergies and residue of being asthmatic as a child meant that i would get sick - times a year. a pleasant side-effect of the covid precautions we&rsquo;re all taking is that i haven&rsquo;t been sick for over months now, which is amazing! finally, i don&rsquo;t miss having so little control over my environment. one of the things that working from home has made clear is that there are certain unavoidable aspects of working in my shared office that cause me sensory stress, and that are completely unrelated to my work. working (or trying to work) next to a noisy automatic scanner; trying to find a light level that works for different people doing different tasks; lacking somewhere quiet and still to eat lunch and recover from a morning of meetings or the constant vaguely-distracting bustle of a large shared office. it all takes energy. although it&rsquo;s partly been replaced by the new stress of living through a global pandemic, that old stress was a constant drain on my productivity and mood that had been growing throughout my career as i moved (ironically, given the common assumption that seniority leads to more privacy) into larger and larger open plan offices. 	remarkable blogging and the handwritten blog saga continues, as i&rsquo;ve just received my new remarkable tablet, which is designed for reading, writing and nothing else. it uses a super-responsive e-ink display and writing on it with a stylus is a dream. it has a slightly rough texture with just a bit of friction that makes my writing come out a lot more legibly than on a slippery glass touchscreen. if that was all there was to it, i might not have wasted my money, but it turns out that it runs on linux and the makers have wisely decided not to lock it down but to give you full root mess. yes, you read that right: root access. it presents as an ethernet device over usb, so you can ssh in with a password found in the settings and have full control over your own devices. what a novel concept. this fact alone has meant it&rsquo;s built a small yet devoted community of users who have come up with some clever ways of extending its functionality. in fact, many of these are listed on this github repository. finally, from what i&rsquo;ve seen so far, the handwriting recognition is impressive to say the least. this post was written on it and needed only a little editing. i think this is a device that will get a lot of use! 	glam data science network fellow travellers updates - - thanks to gene @dzshuniper@ausglam.space for suggesting adho and a better attribution for the opening quote (see comments below for details) see comments &amp; webmentions for details. “if you want to go fast, go alone. if you want to go far, go together.” — african proverb, probably popularised in english by kenyan church leader rev. samuel kobia (original) this quote is a popular one in the carpentries community, and i interpret it in this context to mean that a group of people working together is more sustainable than individuals pursuing the same goal independently. that&rsquo;s something that speaks to me, and that i want to make sure is reflected in nurturing this new community for data science in galleries, archives, libraries &amp; museums (glam). to succeed, this work needs to be complementary and collaborative, rather than competitive, so i want to acknowledge a range of other networks &amp; organisations whose activities complement this. the rest of this article is an unavoidably incomplete list of other relevant organisations whose efforts should be acknowledged and potentially built on. and it should go without saying, but just in case: if the work i&rsquo;m planning fits right into an existing initiative, then i&rsquo;m happy to direct my resources there rather than duplicate effort. inspirations &amp; collaborators groups with similar goals or undertaking similar activities, but focused on a different sector, geographic area or topic. i think we should make as much use of and contribution to these existing communities as possible since there will be significant overlap. code lib probably the closest existing community to what i want to build, but primarily based in the us, so timezones (and physical distance for in-person events) make it difficult to participate fully. this is a well-established community though, with regular events including an annual conference so there&rsquo;s a lot to learn here. newcardigan similar to code lib but an australian focus, so the timezone problem is even bigger! glam labs focused on supporting the people experimenting with and developing the infrastructure to enable scholars to access glam materials in new ways. in some ways, a glam data science network would be complementary to their work, by providing people not directly involved with building glam labs with the skills to make best use of glam labs infrastructure. uk government data science community another existing community with very similar intentions, but focused on uk government sector. clearly the british library and a few national &amp; regional museums &amp; archives fall into this, but much of the rest of the glam sector does not. artifical intelligence for libraries, archives &amp; museums (ai lam) a multinational collaboration between several large libraries, archives and museums with a specific focus on the artificial intelligence (ai) subset of data science uk reproducibility network a network of researchers, primarily in heis, with an interest in improving the transparency and reliability of academic research. mostly science-focused but with some overlap of goals around ethical and robust use of data. museums computer group i&rsquo;m less familiar with this than the others, but it seems to have a wider focus on technology generally, within the slightly narrower scope of museums specifically. again, a lot of potential for collaboration. training several organisations and looser groups exist specifically to develop and deliver training that will be relevant to members of this network. the network also presents an opportunity for those who have done a workshop with one of these and want to know what the “next steps” are to continue their data science journey. the carpentries, aka: library carpentry data carpentry software carpentry data science training for librarians (dst l) the programming historian cdh cultural heritage data school supporters these misson-driven organisations have goals that align well with what i imagine for the glam dsn, but operate at a more strategic level. they work by providing expert guidance and policy advice, lobbying and supporting specific projects with funding and/or effort. in particular, the ssi runs a fellowship programme which is currently providing a small amount of funding to this project. digital preservation coalition (dpc) software sustainability institute (ssi) research data alliance (rda) alliance of digital humanities organizations (adho) &hellip; and its libraries and digital humanities special interest group (lib&amp;dh sig) professional bodies these organisations exist to promote the interests of professionals in particular fields, including supporting professional development. i hope they will provide communication channels to their various members at the least, and may be interested in supporting more directly, depending on their mission and goals. society of research software engineering chartered institute of library and information professionals archives &amp; records association museums association conclusion as i mentioned at the top of the page, this list cannot possibly be complete. this is a growing area and i&rsquo;m not the only or first person to have this idea. if you can think of anything glaring that i&rsquo;ve missed and you think should be on this list, leave a comment or tweet/toot at me! 	a new font for the blog i&rsquo;ve updated my blog theme to use the quasi-proportional fonts iosevka aile and iosevka etoile. i really like the aesthetic, as they look like fixed-width console fonts (i use the true fixed-width version of iosevka in my terminal and text editor) but they&rsquo;re actually proportional which makes them easier to read. https://typeof.net/iosevka/ 	training a model to recognise my own handwriting if i&rsquo;m going to train an algorithm to read my weird &amp; awful writing, i&rsquo;m going to need a decent-sized training set to work with. and since one of the main things i want to do with it is to blog &ldquo;by hand&rdquo; it makes sense to focus on that type of material for training. in other words, i need to write out a bunch of blog posts on paper, scan them and transcribe them as ground truth. the added bonus of this plan is that after transcribing, i also end up with some digital text i can use as an actual post — multitasking! so, by the time you read this, i will have already run it through a manual transcription process using transkribus to add it to my training set, and copy-pasted it into emacs for posting. this is a fun little project because it means i can: write more by hand with one of my several nice fountain pens, which i enjoy learn more about the operational process some of my colleagues go through when digitising manuscripts learn more about the underlying technology &amp; maths, and how to tune the process produce more lovely content! for you to read! yay! write in a way that forces me to put off editing until after a first draft is done and focus more on getting the whole of what i want to say down. that&rsquo;s it for now — i&rsquo;ll keep you posted as the project unfolds. addendum tee hee! i&rsquo;m actually just enjoying the process of writing stuff by hand in long-form prose. it&rsquo;ll be interesting to see how the accuracy turns out and if i need to be more careful about neatness. will it be better or worse than the big but generic models used by samsung notes or onenote. maybe i should include some stylus-written text for comparison. 	blogging by hand i wrote the following text on my tablet with a stylus, which was an interesting experience: so, thinking about ways to make writing fun again, what if i were to write some of them by hand? i mean i have a tablet with a pretty nice stylus, so maybe handwriting recognition could work. one major problem, of course, is that my handwriting is awful! i guess i&rsquo;ll just have to see whether the ocr is good enough to cope… it&rsquo;s something i&rsquo;ve been thinking about recently anyway: i enjoy writing with a proper fountain pen, so is there a way that i can have a smooth workflow to digitise handwritten text without just typing it back in by hand? that would probably be preferable to this, which actually seems to work quite well but does lead to my hand tensing up to properly control the stylus on the almost-frictionless glass screen. i&rsquo;m surprised how well it worked! here&rsquo;s a sample of the original text: and here&rsquo;s the result of converting that to text with the built-in handwriting recognition in samsung notes: writing blog posts by hand so, thinking about ways to make writing fun again, what if i were to write some of chum by hand? i mean, i have a toldest winds a pretty nice stylus, so maybe handwriting recognition could work. one major problems, ofcourse, is that my , is awful! iguess i&rsquo;ll just have to see whattime the ocu is good enough to cope&hellip; it&rsquo;s something i&rsquo;ve hun tthinking about recently anyway: i enjoy wilting with a proper fountain pion, soischeme a way that i can have a smooch workflow to digitise handwritten text without just typing it back in by hand? that wouldprobally be preferableto this, which actually scams to work quito wall but doers load to my hand tensing up to properly couldthe stylus once almost-frictionlessg lass scream. it&rsquo;s pretty good! it did require a fair bit of editing though, and i reckon we can do better with a model that&rsquo;s properly trained on a large enough sample of my own handwriting. 	what i want from a glam/cultural heritage data science network introduction as i mentioned last year, i was awarded a software sustainability institute fellowship to pursue the project of setting up a cultural heritage/glam data science network. obviously, the global pandemic has forced a re-think of many plans and this is no exception, so i&rsquo;m coming back to reflect on it and make sure i&rsquo;m clear about the core goals so that everything else still moves in the right direction. one of the main reasons i have for setting up a glam data science network is because it&rsquo;s something i want. the advice to &ldquo;scratch your own itch&rdquo; is often given to people looking for an open project to start or contribute to, and the lack of a community of people with whom to learn &amp; share ideas and practice is something that itches for me very much. the &ldquo;motivation&rdquo; section in my original draft project brief for this work said: cultural heritage work, like all knowledge work, is increasingly data-based, or at least gives opportunities to make use of data day-to-day. the proper skills to use this data enable more effective working. knowledge and experience thus gained improves understanding of and empathy with users also using such skills. but of course, i have my own reasons for wanting to do this too. in particular, i want to: advocate for the value of ethical, sustainable data science across a wide range of roles within the british library and the wider sector advance the sector to make the best use of data and digital sources in the most ethical and sustainable way possible understand how and why people use data from the british library, and plan/deliver better services to support that keep up to date with relevant developments in data science learn from others' skills and experiences, and share my own in turn those initial goals imply some further supporting goals: build up the confidence of colleagues who might benefit from data science skills but don&rsquo;t feel they are &ldquo;technical&rdquo; or &ldquo;computer literate&rdquo; enough further to that, build up a base of colleagues with the confidence to share their skills &amp; knowledge with others, whether through teaching, giving talks, writing or other channels identify common awareness gaps (skills/knowledge that people don&rsquo;t know they&rsquo;re missing) and address them develop a communal space (primarily online) in which people feel safe to ask questions develop a body of professional practice and help colleagues to learn and contribute to the evolution of this, including practices of data ethics, software engineering, statistics, high performance computing, … break down language barriers between data scientists and others i&rsquo;ll expand on this separately as my planning develops, but here are a few specific activities that i&rsquo;d like to be able to do to support this: organise less-formal learning and sharing events to complement the more formal training already available within organisations and the wider sector, including &ldquo;show and tell&rdquo; sessions, panel discussions, code cafés, masterclasses, guest speakers, reading/study groups, co-working sessions, … organise training to cover intermediate skills and knowledge currently missing from the available options, including the awareness gaps and professional practice mentioned above collect together links to other relevant resources to support self-led learning decisions to be made there are all sorts of open questions in my head about this right now, but here are some of the key ones. is it glam or cultural heritage? when i first started planning this whole thing, i went with &ldquo;cultural heritage&rdquo;, since i was pretty transparently targeting my own organisation. the british library is fairly unequivocally a ch organisation. but as i&rsquo;ve gone along i&rsquo;ve found myself gravitating more towards the term &ldquo;glam&rdquo; (which stands for galleries, libraries, archives, museums) as it covers a similar range of work but is clearer (when you spell out the acronym) about what kinds of work are included. what skills are relevant? this turns out to be surprisingly important, at least in terms of how the community is described, as they define the boundaries of the community and can be the difference between someone feeling welcome or excluded. for example, i think that some introductory statistics training would be immensely valuable for anyone working with data to understand what options are open to them and what limitations those options have, but is the word &ldquo;statistics&rdquo; offputting per se to those who&rsquo;ve chosen a career in arts &amp; humanities? i don&rsquo;t know because i don&rsquo;t have that background and perspective. keep it internal to the bl, or open up early on? i originally planned to focus primarily on my own organisation to start with, feeling that it would be easier to organise events and build a network within a single organisation. however, the pandemic has changed my thinking significantly. firstly, it&rsquo;s now impossible to organise in-person events and that will continue for quite some time to come, so there is less need to focus on the logistics of getting people into the same room. secondly, people within the sector are much more used to attending remote events, which can easily be opened up to multiple organisations in many countries, timezones allowing. it now makes more sense to focus primarily on online activities, which opens up the possibility of building a critical mass of active participants much more quickly by opening up to the wider sector. conclusion this is the type of post that i could let run and run without ever actually publishing, but since it&rsquo;s something i need feedback and opinions on from other people, i&rsquo;d better ship it! i really want to know what you think about this, whether you feel it&rsquo;s relevant to you and what would make it useful. comments are open below, or you can contact me via mastodon or twitter. 	writing about not writing under construction grunge sign by nicolas raymond — cc by . every year, around this time of year, i start doing two things. first, i start thinking i could really start to understand monads and write more than toy programs in haskell. this is unlikely to ever actually happen unless and until i get a day job where i can justify writing useful programs in haskell, but advent of code always gets me thinking otherwise. second, i start mentally writing this same post. you know, the one about how the blogger in question hasn&rsquo;t had much time to write but will be back soon? &ldquo;sorry i haven&rsquo;t written much lately…&rdquo; it&rsquo;s about as cliché as a geocities site with a permanent &ldquo;under construction&rdquo; gif. at some point, not long after the dawn of ~time~ the internet, most people realised that every website was permanently under construction and publishing something not ready to be published was just pointless. so i figured this year i&rsquo;d actually finish writing it and publish it. after all, what&rsquo;s the worst that could happen? if we&rsquo;re getting all reflective about this, i could probably suggest some reasons why i&rsquo;m not writing much: for a start, there&rsquo;s a lot going on in both my world and the world right now, which doesn&rsquo;t leave a lot of spare energy after getting up, eating, housework, working and a few other necessary activities. as a result, i&rsquo;m easily distracted and i tend to let myself get dragged off in other directions before i even get to writing much of anything. if i do manage to focus on this blog in general, i&rsquo;ll often end up working on some minor tweak to the theme or functionality. i mean, right now i&rsquo;m wondering if i can do something clever in my text-editor (emacs, since you&rsquo;re asking) to streamline my writing &amp; editing process so it&rsquo;s more elegant, efficient, ergonomic and slightly closer to perfect in every way. it also makes me much more likely to self-censor, and to indulge my perfectionist tendencies to try and tweak the writing until it&rsquo;s absolutely perfect, which of course never happens. i&rsquo;ve got a whole heap of partly-written posts that are juuuust waiting for the right motivation for me to just finish them off. the only real solution is to accept that: i&rsquo;m not going to write much and that&rsquo;s probably ok what i do write won&rsquo;t always be the work of carefully-researched, finely crafted genius that i want it to be, and that&rsquo;s probably ok too also to remember why i started writing and publishing stuff in the first place: to reflect and get my thoughts out onto a (virtual) page so that i can see them, figure out whether i agree with myself and learn; and to stimulate discussion and get other views on my (possibly uninformed, incorrect or half-formed) thoughts, also to learn. in other words, a thing i do for me. it&rsquo;s easy to forget that and worry too much about whether anyone else wants to read my s—t. will you notice any changes? maybe? maybe not? who knows. but it&rsquo;s a new year and that&rsquo;s as good a time for a change as any. 	when is a persistent identifier not persistent? or an identifier? i wrote a post on the problems with isbns as persistent identifiers (pids) for work, so check it out if that sounds interesting. 	idcc reflections i&rsquo;m just back from idcc , so here are a few reflections on this year&rsquo;s conference. you can find all the available slides and links to shared notes on the conference programme. there&rsquo;s also a list of all the posters and an overview of the unconference skills for curation of diverse datasets here in the uk and elsewhere, you&rsquo;re unlikely to find many institutions claiming to apply a deep level of curation to every dataset/software package/etc deposited with them. there are so many different kinds of data and so few people in any one institution doing &ldquo;curation&rdquo; that it&rsquo;s impossible to do this for everything. absent the knowledge and skills required to fully evaluate an object the best that can be done is usually to make a sense check on the metadata and flag up with the depositor potential for high-level issues such as accidental disclosure of sensitive personal information. the data curation network in the united states is aiming to address this issue by pooling expertise across multiple organisations. the pilot has been highly successful and they&rsquo;re now looking to obtain funding to continue this work. the swedish national data service is experimenting with a similar model, also with a lot of success. as well as sharing individual expertise, the dcn collaboration has also produced some excellent online quick-reference guides for curating common types of data. we had some further discussion as part of the unconference on the final day about what it would look like to introduce this model in the uk. there was general agreement that this was a good idea and a way to make optimal use of sparse resources. there were also very valid concerns that it would be difficult in the current financial climate for anyone to justify doing work for another organisation, apparently for free. in my mind there are two ways around this, which are not mutually exclusive by any stretch of the imagination. first is to just do it: form an informal network of curators around something simple like a mailing list, and give it a try. second is for one or more trusted organisations to provide some coordination and structure. there are several candidates for this including dcc, jisc, dpc and the british library; we all have complementary strengths in this area so it&rsquo;s my hope that we&rsquo;ll be able to collaborate around it. in the meantime, i hope the discussion continues. artificial intelligence, machine learning et al as you might expect at any tech-oriented conference there was a strong theme of ai running through many presentations, starting from the very first keynote from francine berman. her talk, the internet of things: utopia or dystopia? used self-driving cars as a case study to unpack some of the ethical and privacy implications of ai. for example, driverless cars can potentially increase efficiency, both through route-planning and driving technique, but also by allowing fewer vehicles to be shared by more people. however, a shared vehicle is not a private space in the way your own car is: anything you say or do while in that space is potentially open to surveillance. aside from this, there are some interesting ideas being discussed, particularly around the possibility of using machine learning to automate increasingly complex actions and workflows such as data curation and metadata enhancement. i didn&rsquo;t get the impression anyone is doing this in the real world yet, but i&rsquo;ve previously seen theoretical concepts discussed at idcc make it into practice so watch this space! playing games! training is always a major idcc theme, and this year two of the most popular conference submissions described games used to help teach digital curation concepts and skills. mary donaldson and matt mahon of the university of glasgow presented their use of lego to teach the concept of sufficient metadata. participants build simple models before documenting the process and breaking them down again. then everyone had to use someone else&rsquo;s documentation to try and recreate the models, learning important lessons about assumptions and including sufficient detail. kirsty merrett and zosia beckles from the university of bristol brought along their card game &ldquo;researchers, impact and publications (rip)&rdquo;, based on the popular &ldquo;cards against humanity&rdquo;. rip encourages players to examine some of the reasons for and against data sharing with plenty of humour thrown in. both games were trialled by many of the attendees during thursday&rsquo;s unconference. summary i realised in dublin that it&rsquo;s years since i attended my first idcc, held at the university of bristol in december while i was still working at the nearby university of bath. while i haven&rsquo;t been every year, i&rsquo;ve been to every one held in europe since then and it&rsquo;s interesting to see what has and hasn&rsquo;t changed. we&rsquo;re no longer discussing data management plans, data scientists or various other things as abstract concepts that we&rsquo;d like to encourage, but dealing with the real-world consequences of them. the conference has also grown over the years: this year was the biggest yet, boasting over attendees. there has been especially big growth in attendees from north america, australasia, africa and the middle east. that&rsquo;s great for the diversity of the conference as it brings in more voices and viewpoints than ever. with more people around to interact with i have to work harder to manage my energy levels but i think that&rsquo;s a small price to pay. 	iosevka: a nice fixed-width-font iosevka is a nice, slender monospace font with a lot of configurable variations. check it out: https://typeof.net/iosevka/ 	replacing comments with webmentions just a quickie to say that i&rsquo;ve replaced the comment section at the bottom of each post with webmentions, which allows you to comment by posting on your own site and linking here. it&rsquo;s a fundamental part of the indieweb, which i&rsquo;m slowly getting to grips with having been a halfway member of it for years by virtue of having my own site on my own domain. i&rsquo;d already got rid of google analytics to stop forcing that tracking on my visitors, i wanted to get rid of disqus too because i&rsquo;m pretty sure the only way that is free for me is if they&rsquo;re selling my data and yours to third parties. webmention is a nice alternative because it relies only on open standards, has no tracking and allows people to control their own comments. while i&rsquo;m currently using a third-party service to help, i can switch to self-hosted at any point in the future, completely transparently. thanks to webmention.io, which handles incoming webmentions for me, and webmention.js, which displays them on the site, i can keep it all static and not have to implement any of this myself, which is nice. it&rsquo;s a bit harder to comment because you have to be able to host your own content somewhere, but then almost no-one ever commented anyway, so it&rsquo;s not like i&rsquo;ll lose anything! plus, if i get bridgy set up right, you should be able to comment just by replying on mastodon, twitter or a few other places. a spot of web searching shows that i&rsquo;m not the first to make the disqus -&gt; webmentions switch (yes, i&rsquo;m putting these links in blatantly to test outgoing webmentions with telegraph&hellip;): so long disqus, hello webmention &mdash; nicholas hoizey bye disqus, hello webmention! &mdash; evert pot implementing webmention on a static site &mdash; deluvi let&rsquo;s see how this goes! 	bridging carpentries slack channels to matrix it looks like i&rsquo;ve accidentally taken charge of bridging a bunch of the carpentries slack channels over to matrix. given this, it seems like a good idea to explain what that sentence means and reflect a little on my reasoning. i&rsquo;m more than happy to discuss the pros and cons of this approach if you just want to try chatting in matrix, jump to the getting started section what are slack and matrix? slack (see also on wikipedia), for those not familiar with it, is an online text chat platform with the feel of irc (internet relay chat), a modern look and feel and both web and smartphone interfaces. by providing a free tier that meets many peoples' needs on its own slack has become the communication platform of choice for thousands of online communities, private projects and more. one of the major disadvantages of using slack&rsquo;s free tier, as many community organisations do, is that as an incentive to upgrade to a paid service your chat history is limited to the most recent , messages across all channels. for a busy community like the carpentries, this means that messages older than about - weeks are already inaccessible, rendering some of the quieter channels apparently empty. as slack is at pains to point out, that history isn&rsquo;t gone, just archived and hidden from view unless you pay the low, low price of $ /user/month. that doesn&rsquo;t seem too pricy, unless you&rsquo;re a non-profit organisation with a lot of projects you want to fund and an active membership of several hundred worldwide, at which point it soon adds up. slack does offer to waive the cost for registered non-profit organisations, but only for one community. the carpentries is not an independent organisation, but one fiscally sponsored by community initiatives, which has already used its free quota of one elsewhere rendering the carpentries ineligible. other umbrella organisations such as numfocus (and, i expect, mozilla) also run into this problem with slack. so, we have a community which is slowly and inexorably losing its own history behind a paywall. for some people this is simply annoying, but from my perspective as a facilitator of the preservation of digital things the community is haemhorraging an important record of its early history. enter matrix. matrix is a chat platform similar to irc, slack or discord. it&rsquo;s divided into separate channels, and users can join one or more of these to take part in the conversation happening in those channels. what sets it apart from older technology like irc and walled gardens like slack &amp; discord is that it&rsquo;s federated. federation means simply that users on any server can communicate with users and channels on any other server. usernames and channel addresses specify both the individual identifier and the server it calls home, just as your email address contains all the information needed for my email server to route messages to it. while users are currently tied to their home server, channels can be mirrored and synchronised across multiple servers making the overall system much more resilient. can&rsquo;t connect to your favourite channel on server x? no problem: just connect via its alias on server y and when x comes back online it will be resynchronised. the technology used is much more modern and secure than the aging irc protocol, and there&rsquo;s no vender lock-in like there is with closed platforms like slack and discord. on top of that, matrix channels can easily be &ldquo;bridged&rdquo; to channels/rooms on other platforms, including, yes, slack, so that you can join on matrix and transparently talk to people connected to the bridged room, or vice versa. so, to summarise: the current carpentries slack channels could be bridged to matrix at no cost and with no disruption to existing users the history of those channels from that point on would be retained on matrix.org and accessible even when it&rsquo;s no longer available on slack if at some point in the future the carpentries chose to invest in its own matrix server, it could adopt and become the main matrix home of these channels without disruption to users of either matrix or (if it&rsquo;s still in use at that point) slack matrix is an open protocol, with a reference server implementation and wide range of clients all available as free software, which aligns with the values of the carpentries community on top of this: i&rsquo;m fed up of having so many different slack teams to switch between to see the channels in all of them, and prefer having all the channels i regularly visit in a single unified interface; i wanted to see how easy this would be and whether others would also be interested. given all this, i thought i&rsquo;d go ahead and give it a try to see if it made things more manageable for me and to see what the reaction would be from the community. how can i get started? !!! reminder please remember that, like any other carpentries space, the code of conduct applies in all of these channels. first, sign up for a matrix account. the quickest way to do this is on the matrix &ldquo;try now&rdquo; page, which will take you to the riot web client which for many is synonymous with matrix. other clients are also available for the adventurous. second, join one of the channels. the links below will take you to a page that will let you connect via your preferred client. you&rsquo;ll need to log in as they are set not to allow guest access, but, unlike slack, you won&rsquo;t need an invitation to be able to join. #general &mdash; the main open channel to discuss all things carpentries #random &mdash; anything that would be considered offtopic elsewhere #welcome &mdash; join in and introduce yourself! that&rsquo;s all there is to getting started with matrix. to find all the bridged channels there&rsquo;s a matrix &ldquo;community&rdquo; that i&rsquo;ve added them all to: carpentries matrix community. there&rsquo;s a lot more, including how to bridge your favourite channels from slack to matrix, but this is all i&rsquo;ve got time and space for here! if you want to know more, leave a comment below, or send me a message on slack (jezcope) or maybe matrix (@petrichor:matrix.org)! i&rsquo;ve also made a separate channel for matrix-slack discussions: #matrix on slack and carpentries matrix discussion on matrix 	mozfest first reflections discussions of neurodiversity at #mozfest photo by jennifer riggins the other weekend i had my first experience of mozilla festival, aka #mozfest. it was pretty awesome. i met quite a few people in real life that i&rsquo;ve previously only known (/stalked) on twitter, and caught up with others that i haven&rsquo;t seen for a while. i had the honour of co-facilitating a workshop session on imposter syndrome and how to deal with it with the wonderful yo yehudi and emmy tsang. we all learned a lot and hope our participants did too; we&rsquo;ll be putting together a summary blog post as soon as we can get our act together! i also attended a great session, led by kiran oliver (psst, they&rsquo;re looking for a new challenge), on how to encourage and support a neurodiverse workforce. i was only there for the one day, and i really wish that i&rsquo;d taken the plunge and committed to the whole weekend. there&rsquo;s always next year though! to be honest, i&rsquo;m just disappointed that i never had the courage to go sooner, 	music for working today the office conversation turned to blocking out background noise. (no, the irony is not lost on me.) like many people i work in a large, open-plan office, and i&rsquo;m not alone amongst my colleagues in sometimes needing to find a way to boost concentration by blocking out distractions. not everyone is like this, but i find music does the trick for me. i also find that different types of music are better for different types of work, and i use this to try and manage my energy better. there are more distractions than auditory noise, and at times i really struggle with visual noise. rather than have this post turn into a rant about the evils of open-plan offices, i&rsquo;ll just mention that the scientific evidence doesn&rsquo;t paint them in a good light , or at least suggests that the benefits are more limited in scope than is commonly thought , and move on to what i actually wanted to share: good music for working to. there are a number of genres that i find useful for working. generally, these have in common a consistent tempo, a lack of lyrics, and enough variation to prevent boredom without distracting. familiarity helps my concentration too so i&rsquo;ll often listen to a restricted set of albums for a while, gradually moving on by dropping one out and bringing in another. in my case this includes: traditional dance music, generally from northern and western european traditions for me. this music has to be rhythmically consistent to allow social dancing, and while the melodies are typically simple repeated phrases, skilled musicians improvise around that to make something beautiful. i tend to go through phases of listening to particular traditions; i&rsquo;m currently listening to a lot of french, belgian and scandinavian. computer game soundtracks, which are specifically designed to enhance gameplay without distracting, making them perfect for other activities requiring a similar level of concentration. chiptunes and other music incorporating it; partly overlapping with the previous category, chiptunes is music made by hacking the audio chips from (usually) old computers and games machines to become an instrument for new music. because of the nature of the instrument, this will have millisecond-perfect rhythm and again makes for undistracting noise blocking with an extra helping of nostalgia! purists would disagree with me, but i like artists that combine chiptunes with other instruments and effects to make something more complete-sounding. retrowave/synthwave/outrun, synth-driven music that&rsquo;s instantly familiar as the soundtrack to many s sci-fi and thriller movies. atmospheric, almost dreamy, but rhythmic with a driving beat, it&rsquo;s another genre that fits into the &ldquo;pleasing but not too surprising&rdquo; category for me. so where to find this stuff? one of the best resources i&rsquo;ve found is music for programming which provides carefully curated playlists of mostly electronic music designed to energise without distracting. they&rsquo;re so well done that the tracks move seamlessly, one to the next, without ever getting boring. spotify is an obvious option, and i do use it quite a lot. however, i&rsquo;ve started trying to find ways to support artists more directly, and bandcamp seems to be a good way of doing that. it&rsquo;s really easy to browse by genre, or discover artists similar to what you&rsquo;re currently hearing. you can listen for free as long as you don&rsquo;t mind occasional nags to buy the music you&rsquo;re hearing, but you can also buy tracks or albums. music you&rsquo;ve paid for is downloadable in several open, drm-free formats for you to keep, and you know that a decent chunk of that cash is going directly to that artist. i also love noise generators; not exactly music, but a variety of pleasant background noises, some of which nicely obscure typical office noise. i particularly like mynoise.net, which has a cornucopia of different natural and synthetic noises. each generator comes with a range of sliders allowing you to tweak the composition and frequency range, and will even animate them randomly for you to create a gently shifting soundscape. a much simpler, but still great, option is noisli with it&rsquo;s nice clean interface. both offer apps for ios and android. for bonus points, you can always try combining one or more of the above. adding in a noise generator allows me to listen to quieter music while still getting good environmental isolation when i need concentration. another favourite combo is to open both the cafe and rainfall generators from mynoise, made easier by the ability to pop out a mini-player then open up a second generator. i must be missing stuff though. what other musical genres should i try? what background sounds are nice to work to? well, you know. the other day. whatever. &#x a ;&#xfe e; see e.g.: lee, so young, and jay l. brand. ‘effects of control over office workspace on perceptions of the work environment and work outcomes’. journal of environmental psychology , no. ( september ): – . https://doi.org/ . /j.jenvp. . . . &#x a ;&#xfe e; open plan offices can actually work under certain conditions, the conversation &#x a ;&#xfe e; 	working at the british library: months in it barely seems like it, but i&rsquo;ve been at the british library now for nearly months. it always takes a long time to adjust and from experience i know it&rsquo;ll be another year before i feel fully settled, but my team, department and other colleagues have really made me feel welcome and like i belong. one thing that hasn&rsquo;t got old yet is the occasional thrill of remembering that i work at my national library now. every now and then i&rsquo;ll catch a glimpse of the collections at boston spa or step into one of the reading rooms and think &ldquo;wow, i actually work here!&rdquo; i also like having a national and international role to play, which means i get to travel a bit more than i used to. budgets are still tight so there are limits, and i still prefer to be home more often than not, but there is more scope in this job than i&rsquo;ve had previously for travelling to conferences, giving talks that change the way people think, and learning in different contexts. i&rsquo;m learning a lot too, especially how to work with and manage people split across multiple sites, and the care and feeding of budgets. as well as missing mo old team at sheffield, i do also miss some of the direct contact i had with researchers in he. i especially miss the teaching work, but also the higher-level influencing of more senior academics to change practices on a wider scale. still, i get to use those influencing skills in different ways now, and i&rsquo;m still involved with the carpentries which should let me keep my hand in with teaching. i still deal with my general tendency to try and do all the things, and as before i&rsquo;m slowly learning to recognise it, tame it and very occasionally turn it to my advantage. that also leads to feelings of imposterism that are only magnified by the knowledge that i now work at a national institution! it&rsquo;s a constant struggle some days to believe that i&rsquo;ve actually earned my place here through hard work, even if i don&rsquo;t always feel that i have, my colleagues here certainly have, so i should have more faith in their opinion of me. finally, i couldn&rsquo;t write this type of thing without mentioning the commute. i&rsquo;ve gone from minutes each way on a good day (up to twice that if the trains were disrupted) to minutes each way along fairly open roads. i have less time to read, but much more time at home. on top of that, the library has implemented flexitime across all pay grades, with even senior managers strongly encouraged to make full use. not only is this an important enabler of equality across the organisation, it relieves for me personally the pressure to work over my contracted hours and the guilt i&rsquo;ve always felt at leaving work even minutes early. if i work late, it&rsquo;s now a choice i&rsquo;m making based on business needs instead of guilt and in full knowledge that i&rsquo;ll get that time back later. so that&rsquo;s where i am right now. i&rsquo;m really enjoying the work and the culture, and i look forward to what the next months will bring! 	rda plenary reflection photo by me i sit here writing this in the departure lounge at philadelphia international airport, waiting for my aer lingus flight back after a week at the th research data alliance (rda) plenary (although i&rsquo;m actually publishing this a week or so later at home). i&rsquo;m pretty exhausted, partly because of the jet lag, and partly because it&rsquo;s been a very full week with so much to take in. it&rsquo;s my first time at an rda plenary, and it was quite a new experience for me! first off, it&rsquo;s my first time outside europe, and thus my first time crossing quite so many timezones. i&rsquo;ve been waking at am and ready to drop by pm, but i&rsquo;ve struggled on through! secondly, it&rsquo;s the biggest conference i&rsquo;ve been to for a long time, both in number of attendees and number of parallel sessions. there&rsquo;s been a lot of sustained input so i&rsquo;ve been very glad to have a room in the conference hotel and be able to escape for a few minutes when i needed to recharge. thirdly, it&rsquo;s not really like any other conference i&rsquo;ve been to: rather than having large numbers of presentations submitted by attendees, each session comprises lots of parallel meetings of rda interest groups and working groups. it&rsquo;s more community-oriented: an opportunity for groups to get together face to face and make plans or show off results. i found it pretty intense and struggled to take it all in, but incredibly valuable nonetheless. lots of information to process (i took a lot of notes) and a few contacts to follow up on too, so overall i loved it! 	using pipfile in binder photo by sear greyson on unsplash i recently attended a workshop, organised by the excellent team of the turing way project, on a tool called binderhub. binderhub, along with public hosting platform mybinder, allows you to publish computational notebooks online as &ldquo;binders&rdquo; such that they&rsquo;re not static but fully interactive. it&rsquo;s able to do this by using a tool called repo docker to capture the full computational environment and dependencies required to run the notebook. !!! aside &ldquo;what is the turing way?&rdquo; the turing way is, in its own words, &ldquo;a lightly opinionated guide to reproducible data science.&rdquo; the team is building an open textbook and running a number of workshops for scientists and research software engineers, and you should check out the project on github. you could even contribute! the binder process goes roughly like this: do some work in a jupyter notebook or similar put it into a public git repository add some extra metadata describing the packages and versions your code relies on go to mybinder.org and tell it where to find your repository open the url it generates for you profit other than step , which can take some time to build the binder, this is a remarkably quick process. it supports a number of different languages too, including built-in support for r, python and julia and the ability to configure pretty much any other language that will run on linux. however, the python support currently requires you to have either a requirements.txt or conda-style environment.yml file to specify dependencies, and i commonly use a pipfile for this instead. pipfile allows you to specify a loose range of compatible versions for maximal convenience, but then locks in specific versions for maximal reproducibility. you can upgrade packages any time you want, but you&rsquo;re fully in control of when that happens, and the locked versions are checked into version control so that everyone working on a project gets consistency. since pipfile is emerging as something of a standard thought i&rsquo;d see if i could use that in a binder, and it turns out to be remarkably simple. the reference implementation of pipfile is a tool called pipenv by the prolific kenneth reitz. all you need to use this in your binder is two files of one line each. requirements.txt tells repo binder to build a python-based binder, and contains a single line to install the pipenv package: pipenv then postbuild is used by repo binder to install all other dependencies using pipenv: pipenv install --system the --system flag tells pipenv to install packages globally (its default behaviour is to create a python virtualenv). with these two files, the binder builds and runs as expected. you can see a complete example that i put together during the workshop here on gitlab. 	what do you think i should write about? i&rsquo;ve found it increasingly difficult to make time to blog, and it&rsquo;s not so much not having the time — i&rsquo;m pretty privileged in that regard — but finding the motivation. thinking about what used to motivate me, one of the big things was writing things that other people wanted to read. rather than try to guess, i thought i&rsquo;d ask! those who know what i&# ;m about, what would you read about, if it was written by me?i&# ;m trying to break through the blog-writers block and would love to know what other people would like to see my ill-considered opinions on.&mdash; jez cope (@jezcope) march , i&rsquo;m still looking for ideas, so please tweet me or leave me a comment below. below are a few thoughts that i&rsquo;m planning to do something with. something taking one of the more techy aspects of open research, breaking it down and explaining the benefits for non-techy folks?&mdash; dr beth 🏳️‍🌈 🐺 (@phdgeek) march , skills (both techy and non techy) that people need to most effectively support rdm&mdash; kate o&# ;neill (@katefoneill) march , sometimes i forget that my background makes me well-qualified to take some of these technical aspects of the job and break them down for different audiences. there might be a whole series in this&hellip; carrying on our conversation last week i&# ;d love to hear more about how you&# ;ve found moving from an he lib to a national library and how you see the bl&# ;s role in rdm. appreciate this might be a bit niche/me looking for more interesting things to cite :)&mdash; rosie higman (@rosiehlib) march , this is interesting, and something i&rsquo;d like to reflect on; moving from one job to another always has lessons and it&rsquo;s easy to miss them if you&rsquo;re not paying attention. another one for the pile. life without admin rights to your computer&mdash; mike croucher (@walkingrandomly) march , this is so frustrating as an end user, but at the same time i get that endpoint security is difficult and there are massive risks associated with letting end users have admin rights. this is particularly important at the bl: as custodian&rsquo;s of a nation&rsquo;s cultural heritage, the risk for us is bigger than for many and for this reason we are now cyber essentials plus certified. at some point i&rsquo;d like to do some research and have a conversation with someone who knows a lot more about infosec to work out what the proper approach to this, maybe involving vms and a demilitarized zone on the network. i&rsquo;m always looking for more inspiration, so please leave a comment if you&rsquo;ve got anything you&rsquo;d like to read my thoughts on. if you&rsquo;re not familiar with my writing, please take a minute or two to explore the blog; the tags page is probably a good place to get an overview. 	ultimate hacking keyboard: first thoughts following on from the excitement of having built a functioning keyboard myself, i got a parcel on monday. inside was something that i&rsquo;ve been waiting for since september: an ultimate hacking keyboard! where the custom-built laplace is small and quiet for travelling, the uhk is to be my main workhorse in the study at home. here are my first impressions: key switches i went with kailh blue switches from the available options. in stark contrast to the quiet blacks on the laplace, blues are noisy! they have an extra piece of plastic inside the switch that causes an audible and tactile click when the switch activates. this makes them very satisfying to type on and should help as i train my fingers not to bottom out while typing, but does make them unsuitable for use in a shared office! here are some animations showing how the main types of key switch vary. layout this keyboard has what&rsquo;s known as a % layout: no number pad, arrows or function keys. as with the more spartan laplace, these &ldquo;missing&rdquo; keys are made up for with programmable layers. for example, the arrow keys are on the mod layer on the i/j/k/l keys, so i can access them without moving from the home row. i actually find this preferable to having to move my hand to the right to reach them, and i really never used the number pad in any case. split this is a split keyboard, which means that the left and right halves can be separated to place the hands further apart which eases strain across the shoulders. the uhk has a neat coiled cable joining the two which doesn&rsquo;t get in the way. a cool design feature is that the two halves can be slotted back together and function perfectly well as a non-split keyboard too, held together by magnets. there are even electrical contacts so that when the two are joined you don&rsquo;t need the linking cable. programming the board is fully programmable, and this is achieved via a custom (open source) gui tool which talks to the (open source) firmware on the board. you can have multiple keymaps, each of which has a separate base, mod, fn and mouse layer, and there&rsquo;s an led display that shows a short mnemonic for the currently active map. i already have a customised dvorak layout for day-to-day use, plus a standard qwerty for not-me to use and an alternative qwerty which will be slowly tweaked for games that don&rsquo;t work well with dvorak. mouse keys one cool feature that the designers have included in the firmware is the ability to emulate a mouse. there&rsquo;s a separate layer that allows me to move the cursor, scroll and click without moving my hands from the keyboard. palm rests not much to say about the palm rests, other than they are solid wood, and chunky, and really add a little something. i have to say, i really like it so far! overall it feels really well designed, with every little detail carefully thought out and excellent build quality and a really solid feeling. 	custom-built keyboard i&rsquo;m typing this post on a keyboard i made myself, and i&rsquo;m rather excited about it! why make my own keyboard? i wanted to learn a little bit about practical electronics, and i like to learn by doing i wanted to have the feeling of making something useful with my own hands i actually need a small, keyboard with good-quality switches now that i travel a fair bit for work and this lets me completely customise it to my needs just because! while it is possible to make a keyboard completely from scratch, it makes much more sense to put together some premade parts. the parts you need are: pcb (printed circuit board): the backbone of the keyboard, to which all the other electrical components attach, this defines the possible physical locations for each key switches: one for each key to complete a circuit whenever you press it keycaps: switches are pretty ugly and pretty uncomfortable to press, so each one gets a cap; these are what you probably think of as the &ldquo;keys&rdquo; on your keyboard and come in almost limitless variety of designs (within the obvious size limitation) and are the easiest bit of personalisation controller: the clever bit, which detects open and closed switches on the pcb and tells your computer what keys you pressed via a usb cable firmware: the program that runs on the controller starts off as source code like any other program, and altering this can make the keyboard behave in loads of different ways, from different layouts to multiple layers accessed by holding a particular key, to macros and even emulating a mouse! in my case, i&rsquo;ve gone for the following: pcb laplace from keeb.io, a very compact -key (&ldquo; %&quot;) board, with no number pad, function keys or number row, but a lot of flexibility for key placement on the bottom row. one of my key design goals was small size so i can just pop it in my bag and have on my lap on the train. controller elite-c, designed specifically for keyboard builds to be physically compatible with the cheaper pro micro, with a more-robust usb port (the pro micro&rsquo;s has a tendency to snap off), and made easier to program with a built-in reset button and better bootloader. switches gateron black: gateron is one of a number of manufacturers of mechanical switches compatible with the popular cherry range. the black switch is linear (no click or bump at the activation point) and slightly heavier sprung than the more common red. cherry also make a black switch but the gateron version is slightly lighter and having tested a few i found them smoother too. my key goal here was to reduce noise, as the stronger spring will help me type accurately without hitting the bottom of the keystroke with an audible sound. keycaps blank grey pbt in dsa profile: this keyboard layout has a lot of non-standard sized keys, so blank keycaps meant that i wouldn&rsquo;t be putting lots of keys out of their usual position; they&rsquo;re also relatively cheap, fairly classy imho and a good placeholder until i end up getting some really cool caps on a group buy or something; oh, and it minimises the chance of someone else trying the keyboard and getting freaked out by the layout&hellip; firmware qmk (quantum mechanical keyboard), with a work-in-progress layout, based on dvorak. qmk has a lot of features and allows you to fully program each and every key, with multiple layers accessed through several different routes. because there are so few keys on this board, i&rsquo;ll need to make good use of layers to make all the keys on a usual keyboard available. dvorak simplified keyboard i&rsquo;m grateful to the folks of the leeds hack space, especially nav &amp; mark who patiently coached me in various soldering techniques and good practice, but also everyone else who were so friendly and welcoming and interested in my project. i&rsquo;m really pleased with the result, which is small, light and fully customisable. playing with qmk firmware features will keep me occupied for quite a while! this isn&rsquo;t the end though, as i&rsquo;ll need a case to keep the dust out. i&rsquo;m hoping to be able to d print this or mill it from wood with a cnc mill, for which i&rsquo;ll need to head back to the hack space! 	less, but better &ldquo;wenniger aber besser&rdquo; — dieter rams {:.big-quote} i can barely believe it&rsquo;s a full year since i published my intentions for . a lot has happened since then. principally: in november i started a new job as data services lead at the british library. one thing that hasn&rsquo;t changed is my tendency to try to do too much, so this year i&rsquo;m going to try and focus on a single intention, a translation of designer dieter rams' famous quote above: less, but better. this chimes with a couple of other things i was toying with over the christmas break, as they&rsquo;re essentially other ways of saying the same thing: take it steady one thing at a time i&rsquo;m also going to keep in mind those touchstones from last year: what difference is this making? am i looking after myself? do i have evidence for this? i mainly forget to think about them, so i&rsquo;ll be sticking up post-its everywhere to help me remember! 	how to extend python with rust: part python is great, but i find it useful to have an alternative language under my belt for occasions when no amount of pythonic cleverness will make some bit of code run fast enough. one of my main reasons for wanting to learn rust was to have something better than c for that. not only does rust have all sorts of advantages that make it a good choice for code that needs to run fast and correctly, it&rsquo;s also got a couple of rather nice crates (libraries) that make interfacing with python a lot nicer. here&rsquo;s a little tutorial to show you how easy it is to call a simple rust function from python. if you want to try it yourself, you&rsquo;ll find the code on github. !!! prerequisites i’m assuming for this tutorial that you’re already familiar with writing python scripts and importing &amp; using packages, and that you’re comfortable using the command line. you’ll also need to have installed rust. the rust bit the quickest way to get compiled code into python is to use the builtin ctypes package. this is python&rsquo;s &ldquo;foreign function interface&rdquo; or ffi: a means of calling functions outside the language you&rsquo;re using to make the call. ctypes allows us to call arbitrary functions in a shared library , as long as those functions conform to certain standard c language calling conventions. thankfully, rust tries hard to make it easy for us to build such a shared library. the first thing to do is to create a new project with cargo, the rust build tool: $ cargo new rustfrompy created library `rustfrompy` project $ tree . ├── cargo.toml └── src └── lib.rs directory, files !!! aside i use the fairly common convention that text set in fixed-width font is either example code or commands to type in. for the latter, a $ precedes the command that you type (omit the $), and lines that don&rsquo;t start with a $ are output from the previous command. i assume a basic familiarity with unix-style command line, but i should probably put in some links to resources if you need to learn more! we need to edit the cargo.toml file and add a [lib] section: [package] name = &# ;rustfrompy&# ; version = &# ; . . &# ; authors = [&# ;jez cope &lt;j.cope@erambler.co.uk&gt;&# ;] [dependencies] [lib] name = &# ;rustfrompy&# ; crate-type = [&# ;cdylib&# ;] this tells cargo that we want to make a c-compatible dynamic library (crate-type = [&quot;cdylib&quot;]) and what to call it, plus some standard metadata. we can then put our code in src/lib.rs. we&rsquo;ll just use a simple toy function that adds two numbers together: #[no_mangle] pub fn add(a: i , b: i ) -&gt; i { a + b } notice the pub keyword, which instructs the compiler to make this function accessible to other modules, and the #[no_mangle] annotation, which tells it to use the standard c naming conventions for functions. if we don&rsquo;t do this, then rust will generate a new name for the function for its own nefarious purposes, and as a side effect we won&rsquo;t know what to call it when we want to use it from python. being good developers, let&rsquo;s also add a test: #[cfg(test)] mod test { use ::*; #[test] fn test_add() { assert_eq!( , add( , )); } } we can now run cargo test which will compile that code and run the test: $ cargo test compiling rustfrompy v . . (file:///home/jez/personal/projects/rustfrompy) finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in . secs running target/debug/deps/rustfrompy- caaa f f aa running test test test::test_add ... ok test result: ok. passed; failed; ignored; measured; filtered out everything worked! now just to build that shared library and we can try calling it from python: $ cargo build compiling rustfrompy v . . (file:///home/jez/personal/projects/rustfrompy) finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in . secs notice that the build is unoptimized and includes debugging information: this is useful in development, but once we&rsquo;re ready to use our code it will run much faster if we compile it with optimisations. cargo makes this easy: $ cargo build --release compiling rustfrompy v . . (file:///home/jez/personal/projects/rustfrompy) finished release [optimized] target(s) in . secs the python bit after all that, the python bit is pretty short. first we import the ctypes package (which is included in all recent python versions): from ctypes import cdll cargo has tidied our shared library away into a folder, so we need to tell python where to load it from. on linux, it will be called lib&lt;something&gt;.so where the &ldquo;something&rdquo; is the crate name from cargo.toml, &ldquo;rustfrompy&rdquo;: lib = cdll.loadlibrary(&# ;target/release/librustfrompy.so&# ;) finally we can call the function anywhere we want. here it is in a pytest-style test: def test_rust_add(): assert lib.add( , ) == if you have pytest installed (and you should!) you can run the whole test like this: $ pytest --verbose test.py ====================================== test session starts ====================================== platform linux -- python . . , pytest- . . , py- . . , pluggy- . . -- /home/jez/.virtualenvs/datasci/bin/python cachedir: .cache rootdir: /home/jez/personal/projects/rustfrompy, inifile: collected items test.py::test_rust_add passed it worked! i&rsquo;ve put both the rust and python code on github if you want to try it for yourself. shortcomings ok, so that was a pretty simple example, and i glossed over a lot of things. for example, what would happen if we did lib.add( . , )? this causes python to throw an error because our rust function only accepts integers ( -bit signed integers, i , to be precise), and we gave it a floating point number. ctypes can’t guess what type(s) a given function will work with, but it can at least tell us when we get it wrong. to fix this properly, we need to do some extra work, telling the ctypes library what the argument and return types for each function are. for a more complex library, there will probably be more housekeeping to do, such as translating return codes from functions into more pythonic-style errors. for a small example like this there isn’t much of a problem, but the bigger your compiled library the more extra boilerplate is required on the python side just to use all the functions. when you’re working with an existing library you don’t have much choice about this, but if you’re building it from scratch specifically to interface with python, there’s a better way using the python c api. you can call this directly in rust, but there are a couple of rust crates that make life much easier, and i’ll be taking a look at those in a future blog post. .so on linux, .dylib on mac and .dll on windows &#x a ;&#xfe e; 	new years's irresolution photo by andrew hughes on unsplash i&rsquo;ve chosen not to make any specific resolutions this year; i’ve found that they just don’t work for me. like many people, all i get is a sense of guilt when i inevitably fail to live up to the expectations i set myself at the start of the year. however, i have set a couple of what i’m referring to as “themes” for the year: touchstones that i’ll aim to refer to when setting priorities or just feeling a bit overwhelmed or lacking in direction. they are: contribution self-care measurement i may do some blog posts expanding on these, but in the meantime, i&rsquo;ve put together a handful of questions to help me think about priorities and get perspective when i&rsquo;m doing (or avoiding doing) something. what difference is this making? i feel more motivated when i can figure out how i&rsquo;m contributing to something bigger than myself. in society? in my organisation? to my friends &amp; family? am i looking after myself? i focus a lot on the expectations have (or at least that i think others have) of me, but i can&rsquo;t do anything well unless i&rsquo;m generally happy and healthy. is this making me happier and healthier? is this building my capacity to to look after myself, my family &amp; friends and do my job? is this worth the amount of time and energy i&rsquo;m putting in? do i have evidence for this? i don&rsquo;t have to base decisions purely on feelings/opinions: i have the skills to obtain, analyse and interpret data. is this fact or opinion? what are the facts? am i overthinking this? can i put a confidence interval for this? 	build documents from code and data with saga !!! tldr &ldquo;tl;dr&rdquo; i&rsquo;ve made saga, a thing for compiling documents by combining code and data with templates. what is it? saga is a very simple command-line tool that reads in one or more data files, runs one or more scripts, then passes the results into a template to produce a final output document. it enables you to maintain a clean separation between data, logic and presentation and produce data-based documents that can easily be updated. that allows the flow of data through the document to be easily understood, a cornerstone of reproducible analysis. you run it like this: saga build -d data.yaml -d other_data.yaml \ -s analysis.py -t report.md.tmpl \ -o report.md any scripts specified with -s will have access to the data in local variables, and any changes to local variables in a script will be retained when everything is passed to the template for rendering. for debugging, you can also do: saga dump -d data.yaml -d other_data.yaml -s analysis.py which will print out the full environment that would be passed to your template with saga build. features right now this is a really early version. it does the job but i have lots of ideas for features to add if i ever have time. at present it does the following: reads data from one or more yaml files transforms data with one or more python scripts renders a template in mako format works with any plain-text output format, including markdown, latex and html use cases write reproducible reports &amp; papers based on machine-readable data separate presentation from content in any document, e.g. your cv (example coming soon) yours here? get it! i haven&rsquo;t released this on pypi yet, but all the code is available on github to try out. if you have pipenv installed (and if you use python you should!), you can try it out in an isolated virtual environment by doing: git clone https://github.com/jezcope/sagadoc.git cd sagadoc pipenv install pipenv run saga or you can set up for development and run some tests: pipenv install --dev pipenv run pytest why? like a lot of people, i have to produce reports for work, often containing statistics computed from data. although these generally aren&rsquo;t academic research papers, i see no reason not to aim for a similar level of reproducibility: after all, if i&rsquo;m telling other people to do it, i&rsquo;d better take my own advice! a couple of times now i&rsquo;ve done this by writing a template that holds the text of the report and placeholders for values, along with a python script that reads in the data, calculates the statistics i want and completes the template. this is valuable for two main reasons: if anyone wants to know how i processed the data and calculated those statistics, it&rsquo;s all there: no need to try and remember and reproduce a series of button clicks in excel; if the data or calculations change, i just need to update the relevant part and run it again, and all the relevant parts of the document will be updated. this is particularly important if changing a single data value requires recalculation of dozens of tables, charts, etc. it also gives me the potential to factor out and reuse bits of code in the future, add tests and version control everything. now that i&rsquo;ve done this more than once (and it seems likely i&rsquo;ll do it again) it makes sense to package that script up in a more portable form so i don&rsquo;t have to write it over and over again (or, shock horror, copy &amp; paste it!). it saves time, and gives others the possibility to make use of it. prior art i&rsquo;m not the first person to think of this, but i couldn&rsquo;t find anything that did exactly what i needed. several tools will let you interweave code and prose, including the results of evaluating each code snippet in the document: chief among these are jupyter and rmarkdown. there are also tools that let you write code in the order that makes most sense to read and then rearrange it into the right order to execute, so-call literate programming. the original tool for this is the venerable noweb. sadly there is very little that combine both of these and allow you to insert the results of various calculations at arbitrary points in a document, independent of the order of either presenting or executing the code. the only two that i&rsquo;m aware of are: dexy and org-mode. unfortunately, dexy currently only works on legacy python (/python ) and org-mode requires emacs (which is fine but not exactly portable). rmarkdown comes close and supports a range of languages but the full feature set is only available with r. actually, my ideal solution is org-mode without the emacs dependency, because that&rsquo;s the most flexible solution; maybe one day i&rsquo;ll have both the time and skill to implement that. it&rsquo;s also possible i might be able to figure out dexy&rsquo;s internals to add what i want to it, but until then saga does the job! future work there are lots of features that i&rsquo;d still like to add when i have time: some actual documentation! and examples! more data formats (e.g. csv, json, toml) more languages (e.g. r, julia) fetching remote data over http caching of intermediate results to speed up rebuilds for now, though, i&rsquo;d love for you to try it out and let me know what you think! as ever, comment here, tweet me or start an issue on github. 	why try rust for scientific computing? when you&rsquo;re writing analysis code, python (or r, or javascript, or &hellip;) is usually the right choice. these high-level languages are set up to make you as productive as possible, and common tasks like array manipulation have been well optimised. however, sometimes you just can&rsquo;t get enough speed and need to turn to a lower-level compiled language. often that will be c, c++ or fortran, but i thought i&rsquo;d do a short post on why i think you should consider rust. one of my goals for &rsquo;s advent of code was to learn a modern, memory-safe, statically-typed language. i now know that there are quite a lot of options in this space, but two seem to stand out: go &amp; rust. i gave both of them a try, and although i&rsquo;ll probably go back to give go a more thorough test at some point i found i got quite hooked on rust. both languages, though young, are definitely production-ready. servo, the core of the new firefox browser, is entirely written in rust. in fact, mozilla have been trying to rewrite the rendering core in c for nearly a decade, and switching to rust let them get it done in just a couple of years. !!! tldr &ldquo;tl;dr&rdquo; - it&rsquo;s fast: competitive with idiomatic c/c++, and no garbage-collection overhead - it&rsquo;s harder to write buggy code, and compiler errors are actually helpful - it&rsquo;s c-compatible: you can call into rust code anywhere you&rsquo;d call into c, call c/c++ from rust, and incrementally replace c/c++ code with rust - it has sensible modern syntax that makes your code clearer and more concise - support for scientific computing are getting better all the time (matrix algebra libraries, built-in simd, safe concurrency) - it has a really friendly and active community - it&rsquo;s production-ready: servo, the new rendering core in firefox, is built entirely in rust performance to start with, as a compiled language rust executes much faster than a (pseudo-)interpreted language like python or r; the price you pay for this is time spent compiling during development. however, having a compile step also allows the language to enforce certain guarantees, such as type-correctness and memory safety, which between them prevent whole classes of bugs from even being possible. unlike go (which, like many higher-level languages, uses a garbage collector), rust handles memory safety at compile time through the concepts of ownership and borrowing. these can take some getting used to and were a big source of frustration when i was first figuring out the language, but ultimately contribute to rust&rsquo;s reliably-fast performance. performance can be unpredictable in a garbage-collected language because you can&rsquo;t be sure when the gc is going to run and you need to understand it really well to stand a chance of optimising it if becomes a problem. on the other hand, code that has the potential to be unsafe will result in compilation errors in rust. there are a number of benchmarks (example) that show rust&rsquo;s performance on a par with idiomatic c &amp; c++ code, something that very few languages can boast. helpful error messages because beginner rust programmers often get compile errors, it&rsquo;s really important that those errors are easy to interpret and fix, and rust is great at this. not only does it tell you what went wrong, but wherever possible it prints out your code annotated with arrows to show exactly where the error is, and makes specific suggestions how to fix the error which usually turn out to be correct. it also has a nice suite of warnings (things that don&rsquo;t cause compilation to fail but may indicate bugs) that are just as informative, and this can be extended even further by using the clippy linting tool to further analyse your code. warning: unused variable: `y` --&gt; hello.rs: : | | let y = x; | ^ | = note: #[warn(unused_variables)] on by default = note: to avoid this warning, consider using `_y` instead easy to integrate with other languages if you&rsquo;re like me, you&rsquo;ll probably only use a low-level language for performance-critical code that you can call from a high-level language, and this is an area where rust shines. most programmers will turn to c, c++ or fortran for this because they have a well established abi (application binary interface) which can be understood by languages like python and r . in rust, it&rsquo;s trivial to make a c-compatible shared library, and the standard library includes extra features for working with c types. that also means that existing c code can be incrementally ported to rust: see remacs for an example. on top of this, there are projects like rust-cpython and pyo which provide macros and structures that wrap the python c api to let you build python modules in rust with minimal glue code; rustr does a similar job for r. nice language features rust has some really nice features, which let you write efficient, concise and correct code. several feel particularly comfortable as they remind me of similar things available in haskell, including: enums, a super-powered combination of c enums and unions (similar to haskell&rsquo;s algebraic data types) that enable some really nice code with no runtime cost generics and traits that let you get more done with less code pattern matching, a kind of case statement that lets you extract parts of structs, tuples &amp; enums and do all sorts of other clever things lazy computation based on an iterator pattern, for efficient processing of lists of things: you can do for item in list { ... } instead of the c-style use of an index , or you can use higher-order functions like map and filter functions/closures as first-class citizens scientific computing although it&rsquo;s a general-purpose language and not designed specifically for scientific computing, rust&rsquo;s support is improving all the time. there are some interesting matrix algebra libraries available, and built-in simd is incoming. the memory safety features also work to ensure thread safety, so it&rsquo;s harder to write concurrency bugs. you should be able to use your favourite mpi implementation too, and there&rsquo;s at least one attempt to portably wrap mpi in a more rust-like way. active development and friendly community one of the things you notice straight away is how active and friendly the rust community is. there are several irc channels on irc.mozilla.org including #rust-beginners, which is a great place to get help. the compiler is under constant but carefully-managed development, so that new features are landing all the time but without breaking existing code. and the fabulous cargo build tool and crates.io are enabling the rapid growth of a healthy ecosystem of open source libraries that you can use to write less code yourself. summary so, next time you need a compiled language to speed up hotspots in your code, try rust. i promise you won&rsquo;t regret it! julia actually allows you to call c and fortran functions as a first-class language feature &#x a ;&#xfe e; actually, since c++ there&rsquo;s for (auto item : list) { ... } but still&hellip; &#x a ;&#xfe e; 	reflections on #aoc trees reflected in a lake joshua reddekopp on unsplash it seems like ages ago, but way back in november i committed to completing advent of code. i managed it all, and it was fun! all of my code is available on github if you’re interested in seeing what i did, and i managed to get out a blog post for every one with a bit more commentary, which you can see in the series list above. how did i approach it? i’ve not really done any serious programming challenges before. i don’t get to write a lot of code at the moment, so all i wanted from aoc was an excuse to do some proper problem-solving. i never really intended to take a polyglot approach, though i did think that i might use mainly python with a bit of haskell. in the end, though, i used: python (× ); haskell (× ); rust (× ); go; c++; ruby; julia; and coconut. for the most part, my priorities were getting the right answer, followed by writing readable code. i didn’t specifically focus on performance but did try to avoid falling into traps that i knew about. what did i learn? i found python the easiest to get on with: it’s the language i know best and although i can’t always remember exact method names and parameters i know what’s available and where to look to remind myself, as well as most of the common idioms and some performance traps to avoid. python was therefore the language that let me focus most on solving the problem itself. c++ and ruby were more challenging, and it was harder to write good idiomatic code but i can still remember quite a lot. haskell i haven’t used since university, and just like back then i really enjoyed working out how to solve problems in a functional style while still being readable and efficient (not always something i achieved&hellip;). i learned a lot about core haskell concepts like monads &amp; functors, and i’m really amazed by the way the haskell community and ecosystem has grown up in the last decade. i also wanted to learn at least one modern, memory-safe compiled language, so i tried both go and rust. both seem like useful languages, but rust really intrigued me with its conceptual similarities to both haskell and c++ and its promise of memory safety without a garbage collector. i struggled a lot initially with the “borrow checker” (the component that enforces memory safety at compile time) but eventually started thinking in terms of ownership and lifetimes after which things became easier. the rust community seems really vibrant and friendly too. what next? i really want to keep this up, so i’m going to look out some more programming challenges (project euler looks interesting). it turns out there’s a regular code dojo meetup in leeds, so hopefully i’ll try that out too. i’d like to do more realistic data-science stuff, so i’ll be taking a closer look at stuff like kaggle too, and figuring out how to do a bit more analysis at work. i’m also feeling motivated to find an open source project to contribute to and/or release a project of my own, so we’ll see if that goes anywhere! i’ve always found the advice to “scratch your own itch” difficult to follow because everything i think of myself has already been done better. most of the projects i use enough to want to contribute to tend to be pretty well developed with big communities and any bugs that might be accessible to me will be picked off and fixed before i have a chance to get started. maybe it’s time to get over myself and just reimplement something that already exists, just for the fun of it! 	the halting problem — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge, takes us back to a bit of computing history: a good old-fashioned turing machine. → full code on github !!! commentary today&rsquo;s challenge was a nice bit of nostalgia, taking me back to my university days learning about the theory of computing. turing machines are a classic bit of computing theory, and are provably able to compute any value that is possible to compute: a value is computable if and only if a turing machine can be written that computes it (though in practice anything non-trivial is mind-bendingly hard to write as a tm). a bit of a library-fest today, compared to other days! from collections import deque, namedtuple from collections.abc import iterator from tqdm import tqdm import re import fileinput as fi these regular expressions are used to parse the input that defines the transition table for the machine. re_istate = re.compile(r&# ;begin in state (?p&lt;state&gt;\w+)\.&# ;) re_runtime = re.compile( r&# ;perform a diagnostic checksum after (?p&lt;steps&gt;\d+) steps.&# ;) re_statetrans = re.compile( r&# ;in state (?p&lt;state&gt;\w+):\n&# ; r&# ; if the current value is (?p&lt;read &gt;\d+):\n&# ; r&# ; - write the value (?p&lt;write &gt;\d+)\.\n&# ; r&# ; - move one slot to the (?p&lt;move &gt;left|right).\n&# ; r&# ; - continue with state (?p&lt;next &gt;\w+).\n&# ; r&# ; if the current value is (?p&lt;read &gt;\d+):\n&# ; r&# ; - write the value (?p&lt;write &gt;\d+)\.\n&# ; r&# ; - move one slot to the (?p&lt;move &gt;left|right).\n&# ; r&# ; - continue with state (?p&lt;next &gt;\w+).&# ;) move = {&# ;left&# ;: - , &# ;right&# ;: } a namedtuple to provide some sugar when using a transition rule. rule = namedtuple(&# ;rule&# ;, &# ;write move next_state&# ;) the turingmachine class does all the work. class turingmachine: def __init__(self, program=none): self.tape = deque() self.transition_table = {} self.state = none self.runtime = self.steps = self.pos = self.offset = if program is not none: self.load(program) def __str__(self): return f&# ;current: {self.state}; steps: {self.steps} of {self.runtime}&# ; some jiggery-pokery to allow us to use self[pos] to reference an infinite tape. def __getitem__(self, i): i += self.offset if i &lt; or i &gt;= len(self.tape): return else: return self.tape[i] def __setitem__(self, i, x): i += self.offset if i &gt;= and i &lt; len(self.tape): self.tape[i] = x elif i == - : self.tape.appendleft(x) self.offset += elif i == len(self.tape): self.tape.append(x) else: raise indexerror(&# ;tried to set position off end of tape&# ;) parse the program and set up the transtion table. def load(self, program): if isinstance(program, iterator): program = &# ;&# ;.join(program) match = re_istate.search(program) self.state = match[&# ;state&# ;] match = re_runtime.search(program) self.runtime = int(match[&# ;steps&# ;]) for match in re_statetrans.finditer(program): self.transition_table[match[&# ;state&# ;]] = { int(match[&# ;read &# ;]): rule(write=int(match[&# ;write &# ;]), move=move[match[&# ;move &# ;]], next_state=match[&# ;next &# ;]), int(match[&# ;read &# ;]): rule(write=int(match[&# ;write &# ;]), move=move[match[&# ;move &# ;]], next_state=match[&# ;next &# ;]), } run the program for the required number of steps (given by self.runtime). tqdm isn&rsquo;t in the standard library but it should be: it shows a lovely text-mode progress bar as we go. def run(self): for _ in tqdm(range(self.runtime), desc=&# ;running&# ;, unit=&# ;steps&# ;, unit_scale=true): read = self[self.pos] rule = self.transition_table[self.state][read] self[self.pos] = rule.write self.pos += rule.move self.state = rule.next_state calculate the &ldquo;diagnostic checksum&rdquo; required for the answer. @property def checksum(self): return sum(self.tape) aaand go! machine = turingmachine(fi.input()) machine.run() print(&# ;checksum:&# ;, machine.checksum) 	electromagnetic moat — rust — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge, the penultimate, requires us to build a bridge capable of reaching across to the cpu, our final destination. → full code on github !!! commentary we have a finite number of components that fit together in a restricted way from which to build a bridge, and we have to work out both the strongest and the longest bridge we can build. the most obvious way to do this is to recursively build every possible bridge and select the best, but that&rsquo;s an o(n!) algorithm that could blow up quickly, so might as well go with a nice fast language! might have to try this in haskell too, because it&rsquo;s the type of algorithm that lends itself naturally to a pure functional approach. i feel like i've applied some of the things i've learned in previous challenges i used rust for, and spent less time mucking about with ownership, and made better use of various language features, including structs and iterators. i'm rather pleased with how my learning of this language is progressing. i'm definitely overusing `option.unwrap` at the moment though: this is a lazy way to deal with `option` results and will panic if the result is not what's expected. i'm not sure whether i need to be cloning the components `vector` either, or whether i could just be passing iterators around. first, we import some bits of standard library and define some data types. the bridgeresult struct lets us use the same algorithm for both parts of the challenge and simply change the value used to calculate the maximum. use std::io; use std::fmt; use std::io::bufread; #[derive(debug, copy, clone, partialeq, eq, hash)] struct component(u , u ); #[derive(debug, copy, clone, default)] struct bridgeresult { strength: u , length: u , } impl component { fn from_str(s: &amp;str) -&gt; component { let parts: vec&lt;&amp;str&gt; = s.split(&# ;/&# ;).collect(); assert!(parts.len() == ); component(parts[ ].parse().unwrap(), parts[ ].parse().unwrap()) } fn fits(self, port: u ) -&gt; bool { self. == port || self. == port } fn other_end(self, port: u ) -&gt; u { if self. == port { return self. ; } else if self. == port { return self. ; } else { panic!(&# ;{} doesn&# ;t fit port {}&# ;, self, port); } } fn strength(self) -&gt; u { self. as u + self. as u } } impl fmt::display for bridgeresult { fn fmt(&amp;self, f: &amp;mut fmt::formatter) -&gt; fmt::result { write!(f, &# ;(s: {}, l: {})&# ;, self.strength, self.length) } } best_bridge calculates the length and strength of the &ldquo;best&rdquo; bridge that can be built from the remaining components and fits the required port. whether this is based on strength or length is given by the key parameter, which is passed to iter.max_by_key. fn best_bridge&lt;f&gt;(port: u , key: &amp;f, components: &amp;vec&lt;component&gt;) -&gt; option&lt;bridgeresult&gt; where f: fn(&amp;bridgeresult) -&gt; u { if components.len() == { return none; } components.iter() .filter(|c| c.fits(port)) .map(|c| { let b = best_bridge(c.other_end(port), key, &amp;components.clone().into_iter() .filter(|x| x != c).collect()) .unwrap_or_default(); bridgeresult{strength: c.strength() + b.strength, length: + b.length} }) .max_by_key(key) } now all that remains is to read the input and calculate the result. i was rather pleasantly surprised to find that in spite of my pessimistic predictions about efficiency, when compiled with optimisations turned on this terminates in less than s on my laptop. fn main() { let stdin = io::stdin(); let components: vec&lt;_&gt; = stdin.lock() .lines() .map(|l| component::from_str(&amp;l.unwrap())) .collect(); match best_bridge( , &amp;|b: &amp;bridgeresult| b.strength, &amp;components) { some(b) =&gt; println!(&# ;strongest bridge is {}&# ;, b), none =&gt; println!(&# ;no strongest bridge found&# ;) }; match best_bridge( , &amp;|b: &amp;bridgeresult| b.length, &amp;components) { some(b) =&gt; println!(&# ;longest bridge is {}&# ;, b), none =&gt; println!(&# ;no longest bridge found&# ;) }; } 	coprocessor conflagration — haskell — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge requires us to understand why a coprocessor is working so hard to perform an apparently simple calculation. → full code on github !!! commentary today&rsquo;s problem is based on an assembly-like language very similar to day , so i went back and adapted my code from that, which works well for the first part. i&rsquo;ve also incorporated some advice from /r/haskell, and cleaned up all warnings shown by the -wall compiler flag and the hlint tool. part requires the algorithm to run with much larger inputs, and since some analysis shows that it's an `o(n^ )` algorithm it gets intractible pretty fast. there are several approaches to this. first up, if you have a fast enough processor and an efficient enough implementation i suspect that the simulation would probably terminate eventually, but that would likely still take hours: not good enough. i also thought about doing some peephole optimisations on the instructions, but the last time i did compiler optimisation was my degree so i wasn't really sure where to start. what i ended up doing was actually analysing the input code by hand to figure out what it was doing, and then just doing that calculation in a sensible way. i'd like to say i managed this on my own (and i ike to think i would have) but i did get some tips on [/r/adventofcode](https://reddit.com/r/adventofcode). the majority of this code is simply a cleaned-up version of day , with some tweaks to accommodate the different instruction set: module main where import qualified data.vector as v import qualified data.map.strict as m import control.monad.state.strict import text.parsercombinators.parsec hiding (state) type register = char type value = int type argument = either value register data instruction = set register argument | sub register argument | mul register argument | jnz argument argument deriving show type program = v.vector instruction data result = cont | halt deriving (eq, show) type registers = m.map char int data machine = machine { dregisters :: registers , dptr :: !int , dmulcount :: !int , dprogram :: program } instance show machine where show d = show (dregisters d) ++ &# ; @&# ; ++ show (dptr d) ++ &# ; ×&# ; ++ show (dmulcount d) defaultmachine :: machine defaultmachine = machine m.empty v.empty type machinestate = state machine program :: genparser char st program program = do instructions &lt;- endby instruction eol return $ v.fromlist instructions where instruction = try (regop &# ;set&# ; set) &lt;|&gt; regop &# ;sub&# ; sub &lt;|&gt; regop &# ;mul&# ; mul &lt;|&gt; jump &# ;jnz&# ; jnz regop n c = do string n &gt;&gt; spaces val &lt;- oneof &# ;abcdefgh&# ; secondarg c val jump n c = do string n &gt;&gt; spaces val &lt;- regorval secondarg c val secondarg c val = do spaces val &lt;- regorval return $ c val val regorval = register &lt;|&gt; value register = do name &lt;- lower return $ right name value = do val &lt;- many $ oneof &# ;- &# ; return $ left $ read val eol = char &# ;\n&# ; parseprogram :: string -&gt; either parseerror program parseprogram = parse program &# ;&# ; getreg :: char -&gt; machinestate int getreg r = do st &lt;- get return $ m.findwithdefault r (dregisters st) putreg :: char -&gt; int -&gt; machinestate () putreg r v = do st &lt;- get let current = dregisters st new = m.insert r v current put $ st { dregisters = new } modreg :: (int -&gt; int -&gt; int) -&gt; char -&gt; argument -&gt; machinestate () modreg op r v = do u &lt;- getreg r v&# ; &lt;- getregorval v putreg r (u `op` v&# ;) incptr getregorval :: argument -&gt; machinestate int getregorval = either return getreg addptr :: int -&gt; machinestate () addptr n = do st &lt;- get put $ st { dptr = n + dptr st } incptr :: machinestate () incptr = addptr execinst :: instruction -&gt; machinestate () execinst (set reg val) = do newval &lt;- getregorval val putreg reg newval incptr execinst (mul reg val) = do result &lt;- modreg (*) reg val st &lt;- get put $ st { dmulcount = + dmulcount st } return result execinst (sub reg val) = modreg (-) reg val execinst (jnz val val ) = do test &lt;- getregorval val jump &lt;- if test /= then getregorval val else return addptr jump execnext :: machinestate result execnext = do st &lt;- get let prog = dprogram st p = dptr st if p &gt;= length prog then return halt else do execinst (prog v.! p) return cont rununtilterm :: machinestate () rununtilterm = do result &lt;- execnext unless (result == halt) rununtilterm this implements the actual calculation: the number of non-primes between (for my input) and : optimisedcalc :: int -&gt; int -&gt; int -&gt; int optimisedcalc a b k = sum $ map (const ) $ filter notprime [a,a+k..b] where notprime n = elem $ map (mod n) [ ..(floor $ sqrt (fromintegral n :: double))] main :: io () main = do input &lt;- getcontents case parseprogram input of right prog -&gt; do let c = defaultmachine { dprogram = prog } (_, c&# ;) = runstate rununtilterm c putstrln $ show (dmulcount c&# ;) ++ &# ; multiplications made&# ; putstrln $ &# ;calculation result: &# ; ++ show (optimisedcalc ) left e -&gt; print e 	sporifica virus — rust — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge has us helping to clean up (or spread, i can&rsquo;t really tell) an infection of the &ldquo;sporifica&rdquo; virus. → full code on github !!! commentary i thought i&rsquo;d have another play with rust, as its haskell-like features resonate with me at the moment. i struggled quite a lot with the rust concepts of ownership and borrowing, and this is a cleaned-up version of the code based on some good advice from the folks on /r/rust. use std::io; use std::env; use std::io::bufread; use std::collections::hashmap; #[derive(partialeq, clone, copy, debug)] enum direction {up, right, down, left} #[derive(partialeq, clone, copy, debug)] enum infection {clean, weakened, infected, flagged} use self::direction::*; use self::infection::*; type grid = hashmap&lt;(isize, isize), infection&gt;; fn turn_left(d: direction) -&gt; direction { match d {up =&gt; left, right =&gt; up, down =&gt; right, left =&gt; down} } fn turn_right(d: direction) -&gt; direction { match d {up =&gt; right, right =&gt; down, down =&gt; left, left =&gt; up} } fn turn_around(d: direction) -&gt; direction { match d {up =&gt; down, right =&gt; left, down =&gt; up, left =&gt; right} } fn make_move(d: direction, x: isize, y: isize) -&gt; (isize, isize) { match d { up =&gt; (x- , y), right =&gt; (x, y+ ), down =&gt; (x+ , y), left =&gt; (x, y- ), } } fn basic_step(grid: &amp;mut grid, x: &amp;mut isize, y: &amp;mut isize, d: &amp;mut direction) -&gt; usize { let mut infect = ; let current = match grid.get(&amp;(*x, *y)) { some(v) =&gt; *v, none =&gt; clean, }; if current == infected { *d = turn_right(*d); } else { *d = turn_left(*d); infect = ; }; grid.insert((*x, *y), match current { clean =&gt; infected, infected =&gt; clean, x =&gt; panic!(&# ;unexpected infection state {:?}&# ;, x), }); let new_pos = make_move(*d, *x, *y); *x = new_pos. ; *y = new_pos. ; infect } fn nasty_step(grid: &amp;mut grid, x: &amp;mut isize, y: &amp;mut isize, d: &amp;mut direction) -&gt; usize { let mut infect = ; let new_state: infection; let current = match grid.get(&amp;(*x, *y)) { some(v) =&gt; *v, none =&gt; infection::clean, }; match current { clean =&gt; { *d = turn_left(*d); new_state = weakened; }, weakened =&gt; { new_state = infected; infect = ; }, infected =&gt; { *d = turn_right(*d); new_state = flagged; }, flagged =&gt; { *d = turn_around(*d); new_state = clean; } }; grid.insert((*x, *y), new_state); let new_pos = make_move(*d, *x, *y); *x = new_pos. ; *y = new_pos. ; infect } fn virus_infect&lt;f&gt;(mut grid: grid, mut step: f, mut x: isize, mut y: isize, mut d: direction, n: usize) -&gt; usize where f: fnmut(&amp;mut grid, &amp;mut isize, &amp;mut isize, &amp;mut direction) -&gt; usize, { ( ..n).map(|_| step(&amp;mut grid, &amp;mut x, &amp;mut y, &amp;mut d)) .sum() } fn main() { let args: vec&lt;string&gt; = env::args().collect(); let n_basic: usize = args[ ].parse().unwrap(); let n_nasty: usize = args[ ].parse().unwrap(); let stdin = io::stdin(); let lines: vec&lt;string&gt; = stdin.lock() .lines() .map(|x| x.unwrap()) .collect(); let mut grid: grid = hashmap::new(); let x = (lines.len() / ) as isize; let y = (lines[ ].len() / ) as isize; for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() { for (j, c) in line.chars().enumerate() { grid.insert((i as isize, j as isize), match c {&# ;#&# ; =&gt; infected, _ =&gt; clean}); } } let basic_steps = virus_infect(grid.clone(), basic_step, x , y , up, n_basic); println!(&# ;basic: infected {} times&# ;, basic_steps); let nasty_steps = virus_infect(grid, nasty_step, x , y , up, n_nasty); println!(&# ;nasty: infected {} times&# ;, nasty_steps); } 	fractal art — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge asks us to assist an artist building fractal patterns from a rulebook. → full code on github !!! commentary another fairly straightforward algorithm: the really tricky part was breaking the pattern up into chunks and rejoining it again. i could probably have done that more efficiently, and would have needed to if i had to go for a few more iterations and the grid grows with every iteration and gets big fast. still behind on the blog posts… import fileinput as fi from math import sqrt from functools import reduce, partial import operator initial_pattern = (( , , ), ( , , ), ( , , )) decode = [&# ;.&# ;, &# ;#&# ;] encode = {&# ;.&# ;: , &# ;#&# ;: } concat = partial(reduce, operator.concat) def rotate(p): size = len(p) return tuple(tuple(p[i][j] for i in range(size)) for j in range(size - , - , - )) def flip(p): return tuple(p[i] for i in range(len(p) - , - , - )) def permutations(p): yield p yield flip(p) for _ in range( ): p = rotate(p) yield p yield flip(p) def print_pattern(p): print(&# ;-&# ; * len(p)) for row in p: print(&# ; &# ;.join(decode[x] for x in row)) print(&# ;-&# ; * len(p)) def build_pattern(s): return tuple(tuple(encode[c] for c in row) for row in s.split(&# ;/&# ;)) def build_pattern_book(lines): book = {} for line in lines: source, target = line.strip().split(&# ; =&gt; &# ;) for rotation in permutations(build_pattern(source)): book[rotation] = build_pattern(target) return book def subdivide(pattern): size = if len(pattern) % == else n = len(pattern) // size return (tuple(tuple(pattern[i][j] for j in range(y * size, (y + ) * size)) for i in range(x * size, (x + ) * size)) for x in range(n) for y in range(n)) def rejoin(parts): n = int(sqrt(len(parts))) size = len(parts[ ]) return tuple(concat(parts[i + k][j] for i in range(n)) for k in range( , len(parts), n) for j in range(size)) def enhance_once(p, book): return rejoin(tuple(book[part] for part in subdivide(p))) def enhance(p, book, n, progress=none): for _ in range(n): p = enhance_once(p, book) return p book = build_pattern_book(fi.input()) intermediate_pattern = enhance(initial_pattern, book, ) print(&# ;after iterations:&# ;, sum(sum(row) for row in intermediate_pattern)) final_pattern = enhance(intermediate_pattern, book, ) print(&# ;after iterations:&# ;, sum(sum(row) for row in final_pattern)) 	particle swarm — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge finds us simulating the movements of particles in space. → full code on github !!! commentary back to python for this one, another relatively straightforward simulation, although it&rsquo;s easier to calculate the answer to part than to simulate. import fileinput as fi import numpy as np import re first we parse the input into d arrays: using numpy enables us to do efficient arithmetic across the whole set of particles in one go. particle_re = re.compile(r&# ;p=&lt;(-?\d+),(-?\d+),(-?\d+)&gt;, &# ; r&# ;v=&lt;(-?\d+),(-?\d+),(-?\d+)&gt;, &# ; r&# ;a=&lt;(-?\d+),(-?\d+),(-?\d+)&gt;&# ;) def parse_input(lines): x = [] v = [] a = [] for l in lines: m = particle_re.match(l) x.append([int(x) for x in m.group( , , )]) v.append([int(x) for x in m.group( , , )]) a.append([int(x) for x in m.group( , , )]) return (np.arange(len(x)), np.array(x), np.array(v), np.array(a)) i, x, v, a = parse_input(fi.input()) now we can calculate which particle will be closest to the origin in the long-term: this is simply the particle with the smallest acceleration. it turns out that several have the same acceleration, so of these, the one we want is the one with the lowest starting velocity. this is only complicated slightly by the need to get the number of the particle rather than its other information, hence the need to use numpy.argmin. a_abs = np.sum(np.abs(a), axis= ) a_min = np.min(a_abs) a_i = np.squeeze(np.argwhere(a_abs == a_min)) closest = i[a_i[np.argmin(np.sum(np.abs(v[a_i]), axis= ))]] print(&# ;closest: &# ;, closest) now we define functions to simulate collisions between particles. we have to use the return_index and return_counts options to numpy.unique to be able to get rid of all the duplicate positions (the standard usage is to keep one of each duplicate). def resolve_collisions(x, v, a): (_, i, c) = np.unique(x, return_index=true, return_counts=true, axis= ) i = i[c == ] return x[i], v[i], a[i] the termination criterion for this loop is an interesting aspect: the most robust to my mind seems to be that eventually the particles will end up sorted in order of their initial acceleration in terms of distance from the origin, so you could check for this but that&rsquo;s pretty computationally expensive. in the end, all that was needed was a bit of trial and error: terminating arbitrarily after , iterations seems to work! in fact, all the collisions are over after about iterations for my input but there was always the possibility that two particles with very slightly different accelerations would eventually intersect much later. def simulate_collisions(x, v, a, iterations= ): for _ in range(iterations): v += a x += v x, v, a = resolve_collisions(x, v, a) return len(x) print(&# ;remaining particles: &# ;, simulate_collisions(x, v, a)) 	a series of tubes — rust — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge asks us to help a network packet find its way. → full code on github !!! commentary today&rsquo;s challenge was fairly straightforward, following an ascii art path, so i thought i&rsquo;d give rust another try. i&rsquo;m a bit behind on the blog posts, so i&rsquo;m presenting the code below without any further commentary. i&rsquo;m not really convinced this is good idiomatic rust, and it was interesting turning a set of strings into a d array of characters because there are both u (byte) and char types to deal with. use std::io; use std::io::bufread; const alpha: &amp;&# ;static str = &# ;abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&# ;; fn change_direction(dia: &amp;vec&lt;vec&lt;u &gt;&gt;, x: usize, y: usize, dx: &amp;mut i , dy: &amp;mut i ) { assert_eq!(dia[x][y], b&# ;+&# ;); if dx.abs() == { *dx = ; if y + &lt; dia[x].len() &amp;&amp; (dia[x][y + ] == b&# ;-&# ; || alpha.contains(dia[x][y + ] as char)) { *dy = ; } else if dia[x][y - ] == b&# ;-&# ; || alpha.contains(dia[x][y - ] as char) { *dy = - ; } else { panic!(&# ;huh? {} {}&# ;, dia[x][y+ ] as char, dia[x][y- ] as char); } } else { *dy = ; if x + &lt; dia.len() &amp;&amp; (dia[x + ][y] == b&# ;|&# ; || alpha.contains(dia[x + ][y] as char)) { *dx = ; } else if dia[x - ][y] == b&# ;|&# ; || alpha.contains(dia[x - ][y] as char) { *dx = - ; } else { panic!(&# ;huh?&# ;); } } } fn follow_route(dia: vec&lt;vec&lt;u &gt;&gt;) -&gt; (string, i ) { let mut x: i = ; let mut y: i ; let mut dx: i = ; let mut dy: i = ; let mut result = string::new(); let mut steps = ; match dia[ ].iter().position(|x| *x == b&# ;|&# ;) { some(i) =&gt; y = i as i , none =&gt; panic!(&# ;could not find &# ;|&# ; in first row&# ;), } loop { x += dx; y += dy; match dia[x as usize][y as usize] { b&# ;a&# ;...b&# ;z&# ; =&gt; result.push(dia[x as usize][y as usize] as char), b&# ;+&# ; =&gt; change_direction(&amp;dia, x as usize, y as usize, &amp;mut dx, &amp;mut dy), b&# ; &# ; =&gt; return (result, steps), _ =&gt; (), } steps += ; } } fn main() { let stdin = io::stdin(); let lines: vec&lt;vec&lt;u &gt;&gt; = stdin.lock().lines() .map(|l| l.unwrap().into_bytes()) .collect(); let result = follow_route(lines); println!(&# ;route: {}&# ;, result. ); println!(&# ;steps: {}&# ;, result. ); } 	duet — haskell — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge introduces a type of simplified assembly language that includes instructions for message-passing. first we have to simulate a single program (after humorously misinterpreting the snd and rcv instructions as &ldquo;sound&rdquo; and &ldquo;recover&rdquo;), but then we have to simulate two concurrent processes and the message passing between them. → full code on github !!! commentary well, i really learned a lot from this one! i wanted to get to grips with more complex stuff in haskell and this challenge seemed like an excellent opportunity to figure out a) parsing with the parsec library and b) using the state monad to keep the state of the simulator. as it turned out, that wasn't all i'd learned: i also ran into an interesting situation whereby lazy evaluation was creating an infinite loop where there shouldn't be one, so i also had to learn how to selectively force strict evaluation of values. i'm pretty sure this isn't the best haskell in the world, but i'm proud of it. first we have to import a bunch of stuff to use later, but also notice the pragma on the first line which instructs the compiler to enable the bangpatterns language extension, which will be important later. {-# language bangpatterns #-} module main where import qualified data.vector as v import qualified data.map.strict as m import data.list import data.either import data.maybe import control.monad.state.strict import control.monad.loops import text.parsercombinators.parsec hiding (state) first up we define the types that will represent the program code itself. data duetval = reg char | val int deriving show type duetqueue = [int] data duetinstruction = snd duetval | rcv duetval | jgz duetval duetval | set duetval duetval | add duetval duetval | mul duetval duetval | mod duetval duetval deriving show type duetprogram = v.vector duetinstruction next we define the types to hold the machine state, which includes: registers, instruction pointer, send &amp; receive buffers and the program code, plus a counter of the number of sends made (to provide the solution). type duetregisters = m.map char int data duet = duet { dregisters :: duetregisters , dptr :: int , dsendcount :: int , drcvbuf :: duetqueue , dsndbuf :: duetqueue , dprogram :: duetprogram } instance show duet where show d = show (dregisters d) ++ &# ; @&# ; ++ show (dptr d) ++ &# ; s&# ; ++ show (dsndbuf d) ++ &# ; r&# ; ++ show (drcvbuf d) defaultduet = duet m.empty [] [] v.empty type duetstate = state duet program is a parser built on the cool parsec library to turn the program text into a haskell format that we can work with, a vector of instructions. yes, using a full-blown parser is overkill here (it would be much simpler just to split each line on whitespace, but i wanted to see how parsec works. i&rsquo;m using vector here because we need random access to the instruction list, which is much more efficient with vector: o( ) compared with the o(n) of the built in haskell list ([]) type. parseprogram applies the parser to a string and returns the result. program :: genparser char st duetprogram program = do instructions &lt;- endby instruction eol return $ v.fromlist instructions where instruction = try (onearg &# ;snd&# ; snd) &lt;|&gt; onearg &# ;rcv&# ; rcv &lt;|&gt; twoarg &# ;set&# ; set &lt;|&gt; twoarg &# ;add&# ; add &lt;|&gt; try (twoarg &# ;mul&# ; mul) &lt;|&gt; twoarg &# ;mod&# ; mod &lt;|&gt; twoarg &# ;jgz&# ; jgz onearg n c = do string n &gt;&gt; spaces val &lt;- regorval return $ c val twoarg n c = do string n &gt;&gt; spaces val &lt;- regorval spaces val &lt;- regorval return $ c val val regorval = register &lt;|&gt; value register = do name &lt;- lower return $ reg name value = do val &lt;- many $ oneof &# ;- &# ; return $ val $ read val eol = char &# ;\n&# ; parseprogram :: string -&gt; either parseerror duetprogram parseprogram = parse program &# ;&# ; next up we have some utility functions that sit in the duetstate monad we defined above and perform common manipulations on the state: getting/setting/updating registers, updating the instruction pointer and sending/receiving messages via the relevant queues. getreg :: char -&gt; duetstate int getreg r = do st &lt;- get return $ m.findwithdefault r (dregisters st) putreg :: char -&gt; int -&gt; duetstate () putreg r v = do st &lt;- get let current = dregisters st new = m.insert r v current put $ st { dregisters = new } modreg :: (int -&gt; int -&gt; int) -&gt; char -&gt; duetval -&gt; duetstate bool modreg op r v = do u &lt;- getreg r v&# ; &lt;- getregorval v putreg r (u `op` v&# ;) incptr return false getregorval :: duetval -&gt; duetstate int getregorval (reg r) = getreg r getregorval (val v) = return v addptr :: int -&gt; duetstate () addptr n = do st &lt;- get put $ st { dptr = n + dptr st } incptr = addptr send :: int -&gt; duetstate () send v = do st &lt;- get put $ st { dsndbuf = (dsndbuf st ++ [v]), dsendcount = dsendcount st + } recv :: duetstate (maybe int) recv = do st &lt;- get case drcvbuf st of (x:xs) -&gt; do put $ st { drcvbuf = xs } return $ just x [] -&gt; return nothing execinst implements the logic for each instruction. it returns false as long as the program can continue, but true if the program tries to receive from an empty buffer. execinst :: duetinstruction -&gt; duetstate bool execinst (set (reg reg) val) = do newval &lt;- getregorval val putreg reg newval incptr return false execinst (mul (reg reg) val) = modreg (*) reg val execinst (add (reg reg) val) = modreg (+) reg val execinst (mod (reg reg) val) = modreg mod reg val execinst (jgz val val ) = do st &lt;- get test &lt;- getregorval val jump &lt;- if test &gt; then getregorval val else return addptr jump return false execinst (snd val) = do v &lt;- getregorval val send v st &lt;- get incptr return false execinst (rcv (reg r)) = do st &lt;- get v &lt;- recv handle v where handle :: maybe int -&gt; duetstate bool handle (just x) = putreg r x &gt;&gt; incptr &gt;&gt; return false handle nothing = return true execinst x = error $ &# ;execinst not implemented yet for &# ; ++ show x execnext looks up the next instruction and executes it. rununtilwait runs the program until execnext returns true to signal the wait state has been reached. execnext :: duetstate bool execnext = do st &lt;- get let prog = dprogram st p = dptr st if p &gt;= length prog then return true else execinst (prog v.! p) rununtilwait :: duetstate () rununtilwait = do waiting &lt;- execnext unless waiting rununtilwait runtwoprograms handles the concurrent running of two programs, by running first one and then the other to a wait state, then swapping each program&rsquo;s send buffer to the other&rsquo;s receive buffer before repeating. if you look carefully, you&rsquo;ll see a &ldquo;bang&rdquo; (!) before the two arguments of the function: runtwoprograms !d !d . haskell is a lazy language and usually doesn&rsquo;t evaluate a computation until you ask for a result, instead carrying around a &ldquo;thunk&rdquo; or plan for how to carry out the computation. sometimes that can be a problem because the amount of memory your program is using can explode unnecessarily as a long computation turns into a large thunk which isn&rsquo;t evaluated until the very end. that&rsquo;s not the problem here though. what happens here without the bangs is another side-effect of laziness. the exit condition of this recursive function is that a deadlock has been reached: both programs are waiting to receive, but neither has sent anything, so neither can ever continue. the check for this is (null $ dsndbuf d ') &amp;&amp; (null $ dsndbuf d '). as long as the first program has something in its send buffer, the test fails without ever evaluating the second part, which means the result d ' of running the second program is never needed. the function immediately goes to the recursive case and tries to continue the first program again, which immediately returns because it&rsquo;s still waiting to receive. the same thing happens again, and the result is that instead of running the second program to obtain something for the first to receive, we get into an infinite loop trying and failing to continue the first program. the bang forces both d and d to be evaluated at the point we recurse, which forces the rest of the computation: running the second program and swapping the send/receive buffers. with that, the evaluation proceeds correctly and we terminate with a result instead of getting into an infinite loop! runtwoprograms :: duet -&gt; duet -&gt; (int, int) runtwoprograms !d !d | (null $ dsndbuf d &# ;) &amp;&amp; (null $ dsndbuf d &# ;) = (dsendcount d &# ;, dsendcount d &# ;) | otherwise = runtwoprograms d &# ;&# ; d &# ;&# ; where (_, d &# ;) = runstate rununtilwait d (_, d &# ;) = runstate rununtilwait d d &# ;&# ; = d &# ; { dsndbuf = [], drcvbuf = dsndbuf d &# ; } d &# ;&# ; = d &# ; { dsndbuf = [], drcvbuf = dsndbuf d &# ; } all that remains to be done now is to run the programs and see how many messages were sent before the deadlock. main = do prog &lt;- fmap (fromright v.empty . parseprogram) getcontents let d = defaultduet { dprogram = prog, dregisters = m.fromlist [(&# ;p&# ;, )] } d = defaultduet { dprogram = prog, dregisters = m.fromlist [(&# ;p&# ;, )] } (send , send ) = runtwoprograms d d putstrln $ &# ;program sent &# ; ++ show send ++ &# ; messages&# ; putstrln $ &# ;program sent &# ; ++ show send ++ &# ; messages&# ; 	spinlock — rust/python — #adventofcode day in today&rsquo;s challenge we deal with a monstrous whirlwind of a program, eating up cpu and memory in equal measure. → full code on github (and python driver script) !!! commentary one of the things i wanted from aoc was an opportunity to try out some popular languages that i don&rsquo;t currently know, including the memory-safe, strongly-typed compiled languages go and rust. realistically though, i&rsquo;m likely to continue doing most of my programming in python, and use one of these other languages when it has better tools or i need the extra speed. in which case, what i really want to know is how i can call functions written in go or rust from python. i thought i'd try rust first, as it seems to be designed to be c-compatible and that makes it easy to call from python using [`ctypes`](https://docs.python.org/ . /library/ctypes.html). part was another straightforward simulation: translate what the &quot;spinlock&quot; monster is doing into code and run it. it was pretty obvious from the story of this challenge and experience of the last few days that this was going to be another one where the simulation is too computationally expensive for part two, which turns out to be correct. so, first thing to do is to implement the meat of the solution in rust. spinlock solves the first part of the problem by doing exactly what the monster does. since we only have to go up to iterations, this is very tractable. the last number we insert is , so we just return the number immediately after that. #[no_mangle] pub extern fn spinlock(n: usize, skip: usize) -&gt; i { let mut buffer: vec&lt;i &gt; = vec::with_capacity(n+ ); buffer.push( ); buffer.push( ); let mut pos = ; for i in ..n+ { pos = (pos + skip + ) % buffer.len(); buffer.insert(pos, i as i ); } pos = (pos + ) % buffer.len(); return buffer[pos]; } for the second part, we have to do million iterations instead, which is a lot. given that every time you insert an item in the list it has to move up all the elements after that position, i&rsquo;m pretty sure the algorithm is o(n^ ), so it&rsquo;s going to take a lot longer than , ish times the first part. thankfully, we don&rsquo;t need to build the whole list, just keep track of where is and what number is immediately after it. there may be a closed-form solution to simply calculate the result, but i couldn&rsquo;t think of it and this is good enough. #[no_mangle] pub extern fn spinlock (n: usize, skip: usize) -&gt; i { let mut pos = ; let mut pos_ = ; let mut after_ = ; for i in ..n+ { pos = (pos + skip + ) % i; if pos == pos_ + { after_ = i; } if pos &lt;= pos_ { pos_ += ; } } return after_ as i ; } now it&rsquo;s time to call this code from python. notice the #[no_mangle] pragmas and pub extern declarations for each function above, which are required to make sure the functions are exported in a c-compatible way. we can build this into a shared library like this: rustc --crate-type=cdylib -o spinlock.so -spinlock.rs the python script is as simple as loading this library, reading the puzzle input from the command line and calling the functions. the ctypes module does a lot of magic so that we don&rsquo;t have to worry about converting from python types to native types and back again. import ctypes import sys lib = ctypes.cdll.loadlibrary(&# ;./spinlock.so&# ;) skip = int(sys.argv[ ]) print(&# ;part :&# ;, lib.spinlock( , skip)) print(&# ;part :&# ;, lib.spinlock ( _ _ , skip)) this is a toy example as far as calling rust from python is concerned, but it&rsquo;s worth noting that already we can play with the parameters to the two rust functions without having to recompile. for more serious work, i&rsquo;d probably be looking at something like pyo to make a proper python module. looks like there&rsquo;s also a very early rust numpy integration for integrating numerical stuff. you can also do the same thing from julia, which has a ccall function built in: ccall((:spinlock, &# ;./spinlock.so&# ;), int , (uint , uint ), , ) my next thing to try might be haskell → python though… 	permutation promenade — julia — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge rather appeals to me as a folk dancer, because it describes a set of instructions for a dance and asks us to work out the positions of the dancing programs after each run through the dance. → full code on github !!! commentary so, part is pretty straight forward: parse the set of instructions, interpret them and keep track of the dancer positions as you go. one time through the dance. however, part asks for the positions after billion (yes, that&rsquo;s , , , ) times through the dance. in hindsight i should have immediately become suspicious, but i thought i&rsquo;d at least try the brute force approach first because it was simpler to code. so i give it a try, and after waiting for a while, having a cup of tea etc. it still hasn't terminated. i try reducing the number of iterations to , . now it terminates, but takes about seconds. a spot of arithmetic suggests that running the full version will take a little over years. there must be a better way than that! i'm a little embarassed that i didn't spot the solution immediately (blaming julia) and tried again in python to see if i could get it to terminate quicker. when that didn't work i had to think again. a little further investigation with a while loop shows that in fact the dance position repeats (in the case of my input) every times. after that it becomes much quicker! oh, and it was time for a new language, so i wasted some extra time working out the quirks of [julia][]. first, a function to evaluate a single move — for neatness, this dispatches to a dedicated function depending on the type of move, although this isn&rsquo;t really necessary to solve the challenge. ending a function name with a bang (!) is a julia convention to indicate that it has side-effects. function eval_move!(move, dancers) move_type = move[ ] params = move[ :end] if move_type == &# ;s&# ; # spin eval_spin!(params, dancers) elseif move_type == &# ;x&# ; # exchange eval_exchange!(params, dancers) elseif move_type == &# ;p&# ; # partner swap eval_partner!(params, dancers) end end these take care of the individual moves. parsing the parameters from a string every single time probably isn&rsquo;t ideal, but as it turns out, that optimisation isn&rsquo;t really necessary. note the + in eval_exchange!, which is necessary because julia is one of those crazy languages where indexes start from instead of . these actions are pretty nice to implement, because julia has circshift as a builtin to rotate a list, and allows you to assign to list slices and swap values in place with a single statement. function eval_spin!(params, dancers) shift = parse(int, params) dancers[ :end] = circshift(dancers, shift) end function eval_exchange!(params, dancers) i, j = map(x -&gt; parse(int, x) + , split(params, &# ;/&# ;)) dancers[i], dancers[j] = dancers[j], dancers[i] end function eval_partner!(params, dancers) a, b = split(params, &# ;/&# ;) ia = findfirst([x == a for x in dancers]) ib = findfirst([x == b for x in dancers]) dancers[ia], dancers[ib] = b, a end dance! takes a list of moves and takes the dances once through the dance. function dance!(moves, dancers) for m in moves eval_move!(m, dancers) end end to solve part , we simply need to read the moves in, set up the initial positions of the dances and run the dance through once. join is necessary to a) turn characters into length- strings, and b) convert the list of strings back into a single string to print out. moves = split(readchomp(stdin), &# ;,&# ;) dancers = collect(join(c) for c in &# ;a&# ;:&# ;p&# ;) orig_dancers = copy(dancers) dance!(moves, dancers) println(join(dancers)) part requires a little more work. we run the dance through again and again until we get back to the initial position, saving the intermediate positions in a list. the list now contains every possible position available from that starting point, so we can find position billion by taking , , , modulo the list length (plus because -based indexing) and use that to index into the list to get the final position. dance_cycle = [orig_dancers] while dancers != orig_dancers push!(dance_cycle, copy(dancers)) dance!(moves, dancers) end println(join(dance_cycle[ _ _ _ % length(dance_cycle) + ])) this terminates on my laptop in about . s: brute force ; careful thought ! 	dueling generators — rust — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge introduces two pseudo-random number generators which are trying to agree on a series of numbers. we play the part of the &ldquo;judge&rdquo;, counting the number of times their numbers agree in the lowest bits. → full code on github ever since i used go to solve day , i&rsquo;ve had a hankering to try the other new kid on the memory-safe compiled language block, rust. i found it a bit intimidating at first because the syntax wasn&rsquo;t as close to the c/c++ i&rsquo;m familiar with and there are quite a few concepts unique to rust, like the use of traits. but i figured it out, so i can tick another language of my to-try list. i also implemented a version in python for comparison: the python version is more concise and easier to read but the rust version runs about × faster. first we include the std::env &ldquo;crate&rdquo; which will let us get access to commandline arguments, and define some useful constants for later. use std::env; const m: i = ; const mask: i = b ; const factor_a: i = ; const factor_b: i = ; gen_next generates the next number for a given generator&rsquo;s sequence. gen_next_picky does the same, but for the &ldquo;picky&rdquo; generators, only returning values that meet their criteria. fn gen_next(factor: i , current: i ) -&gt; i { return (current * factor) % m; } fn gen_next_picky(factor: i , current: i , mult: i ) -&gt; i { let mut next = gen_next(factor, current); while next % mult != { next = gen_next(factor, next); } return next; } duel runs a single duel, and returns the number of times the generators agreed in the lowest bits (found by doing a binary &amp; with the mask defined above). rust allows functions to be passed as parameters, so we use this to be able to run both versions of the duel using only this one function. fn duel&lt;f, g&gt;(n: i , next_a: f, mut value_a: i , next_b: g, mut value_b: i ) -&gt; i where f: fn(i ) -&gt; i , g: fn(i ) -&gt; i , { let mut count = ; for _ in ..n { value_a = next_a(value_a); value_b = next_b(value_b); if (value_a &amp; mask) == (value_b &amp; mask) { count += ; } } return count; } finally, we read the start values from the command line and run the two duels. the expressions that begin |n| are closures (anonymous functions, often called lambdas in other languages) that we use to specify the generator functions for each duel. fn main() { let args: vec&lt;string&gt; = env::args().collect(); let start_a: i = args[ ].parse().unwrap(); let start_b: i = args[ ].parse().unwrap(); println!( &# ;duel : {}&# ;, duel( , |n| gen_next(factor_a, n), start_a, |n| gen_next(factor_b, n), start_b, ) ); println!( &# ;duel : {}&# ;, duel( , |n| gen_next_picky(factor_a, n, ), start_a, |n| gen_next_picky(factor_b, n, ), start_b, ) ); } 	disk defragmentation — haskell — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge has us helping a disk defragmentation program by identifying contiguous regions of used sectors on a d disk. → full code on github !!! commentary wow, today&rsquo;s challenge had a pretty steep learning curve. day was the first to directly reuse code from a previous day: the &ldquo;knot hash&rdquo; from day . i solved day in haskell, so i thought it would be easier to stick with haskell for today as well. the first part was straightforward, but the second was pretty mind-bending in a pure functional language! i ended up solving it by implementing a [flood fill algorithm][flood]. it's recursive, which is right in haskell's wheelhouse, but i ended up using `data.sequence` instead of the standard list type as its api for indexing is better. i haven't tried it, but i think it will also be a little faster than a naive list-based version. it took a looong time to figure everything out, but i had a day off work to be able to concentrate on it! a lot more imports for this solution, as we&rsquo;re exercising a lot more of the standard library. module main where import prelude hiding (length, filter, take) import data.char (ord) import data.sequence import data.foldable hiding (length) import data.ix (inrange) import data.function ((&amp;)) import data.maybe (fromjust, mapmaybe, isjust) import qualified data.set as set import text.printf (printf) import system.environment (getargs) also we&rsquo;ll extract the key bits from day into a module and import that. import knothash now we define a few data types to make the code a bit more readable. sector represent the state of a particular disk sector, either free, used (but unmarked) or used and marked as belonging to a given integer-labelled group. grid is a d matrix of sector, as a sequence of sequences. data sector = free | used | mark int deriving (eq) instance show sector where show free = &# ; .&# ; show used = &# ; #&# ; show (mark i) = printf &# ;% d&# ; i type gridrow = seq sector type grid = seq (gridrow) some utility functions to make it easier to view the grids (which can be quite large): used for debugging but not in the finished solution. subgrid :: int -&gt; grid -&gt; grid subgrid n = fmap (take n) . take n printrow :: gridrow -&gt; io () printrow row = do mapm_ (putstr . show) row putstr &# ;\n&# ; printgrid :: grid -&gt; io () printgrid = mapm_ printrow makekey generates the hash key for a given row. makekey :: string -&gt; int -&gt; string makekey input n = input ++ &# ;-&# ; ++ show n stringtogridrow converts a binary string of &lsquo; &rsquo; and &lsquo; &rsquo; characters to a sequence of sector values. stringtogridrow :: string -&gt; gridrow stringtogridrow = fromlist . map convert where convert x | x == &# ; &# ; = used | x == &# ; &# ; = free makerow and makegrid build up the grid to use based on the provided input string. makerow :: string -&gt; int -&gt; gridrow makerow input n = stringtogridrow $ concatmap (printf &# ;% b&# ;) $ dense $ fullknothash $ map ord $ makekey input n makegrid :: string -&gt; grid makegrid input = fromlist $ map (makerow input) [ .. ] utility functions to count the number of used and free sectors, to give the solution to part . countequal :: sector -&gt; grid -&gt; int countequal x = sum . fmap (length . filter (==x)) countused = countequal used countfree = countequal free now the real meat begins! fundunmarked finds the location of the next used sector that we haven&rsquo;t yet marked. it returns a maybe value, which is just (x, y) if there is still an unmarked block or nothing if there&rsquo;s nothing left to mark. findunmarked :: grid -&gt; maybe (int, int) findunmarked g | y == nothing = nothing | otherwise = just (fromjust x, fromjust y) where hasunmarked row = isjust $ elemindexl used row x = findindexl hasunmarked g y = case x of nothing -&gt; nothing just x&# ; -&gt; elemindexl used $ index g x&# ; floodfill implements a very simple recursive flood fill. it takes a target and replacement value and a starting location, and fills in the replacement value for every connected location that currently has the target value. we use it below to replace a connected used region with a marked region. floodfill :: sector -&gt; sector -&gt; (int, int) -&gt; grid -&gt; grid floodfill t r (x, y) g | inrange ( , length g - ) x &amp;&amp; inrange ( , length g - ) y &amp;&amp; elem == t = let newrow = update y r row newgrid = update x newrow g in newgrid &amp; floodfill t r (x+ , y) &amp; floodfill t r (x- , y) &amp; floodfill t r (x, y+ ) &amp; floodfill t r (x, y- ) | otherwise = g where row = g `index` x elem = row `index` y marknextgroup looks for an unmarked group and marks it if found. if no more groups are found it returns nothing. markallgroups then repeatedly applies marknextgroup until nothing is returned. marknextgroup :: int -&gt; grid -&gt; maybe grid marknextgroup i g = case findunmarked g of nothing -&gt; nothing just loc -&gt; just $ floodfill used (mark i) loc g markallgroups :: grid -&gt; grid markallgroups g = markallgroups&# ; g where markallgroups&# ; i g = case marknextgroup i g of nothing -&gt; g just g&# ; -&gt; markallgroups&# ; (i+ ) g&# ; onlymarks filters a grid row and returns a list of (possibly duplicated) group numbers in the row. onlymarks :: gridrow -&gt; [int] onlymarks = mapmaybe getmark . tolist where getmark free = nothing getmark used = nothing getmark (mark i) = just i finally, countgroups puts all the group numbers into a set to get rid of duplicates and returns the size of the set, i.e. the total number of separate groups. countgroups :: grid -&gt; int countgroups g = set.size groupset where groupset = foldl&# ; set.union set.empty $ fmap rowtoset g rowtoset = set.fromlist . tolist . onlymarks as always, every haskell program needs a main function to drive the i/o and produce the actual result. main = do input &lt;- fmap head getargs let grid = makegrid input used = countused grid marked = countgroups $ markallgroups grid putstrln $ &# ;used sectors: &# ; ++ show used putstrln $ &# ;groups: &# ; ++ show marked 	packet scanners — haskell — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge requires us to sneak past a firewall made up of a series of scanners. → full code on github !!! commentary i wasn&rsquo;t really thinking straight when i solved this challenge. i got a solution without too much trouble, but i ended up simulating the step-by-step movement of the scanners. i finally realised that i could calculate whether or not a given scanner was safe at a given time directly with modular arithmetic, and it bugged me so much that i reimplemented the solution. both are given below, the faster one first. first we introduce some standard library stuff and define some useful utilities. module main where import qualified data.text as t import data.maybe (mapmaybe) strip :: string -&gt; string strip = t.unpack . t.strip . t.pack spliton :: string -&gt; string -&gt; [string] spliton sep = map t.unpack . t.spliton (t.pack sep) . t.pack parsescanner :: string -&gt; (int, int) parsescanner s = (d, r) where [d, r] = map read $ spliton &# ;: &# ; s traversefw does all the hard work: it checks for each scanner whether or not it&rsquo;s safe as we pass through, and returns a list of the severities of each time we&rsquo;re caught. mapmaybe is like the standard map in many languages, but operates on a list of haskell maybe values, like a combined map and filter. if the value is just x, x gets included in the returned list; if the value is nothing, then it gets thrown away. traversefw :: int -&gt; [(int, int)] -&gt; [int] traversefw delay = mapmaybe caught where caught (d, r) = if (d + delay) `mod` ( *(r- )) == then just (d * r) else nothing then the total severity of our passage through the firewall is simply the sum of each individual severity. severity :: [(int, int)] -&gt; int severity = sum . traversefw but we don&rsquo;t want to know how badly we got caught, we want to know how long to wait before setting off to get through safely. finddelay tries traversing the firewall with increasing delay, and returns the delay for the first pass where we predict not getting caught. finddelay :: [(int, int)] -&gt; int finddelay scanners = head $ filter (null . flip traversefw scanners) [ ..] and finally, we put it all together and calculate and print the result. main = do scanners &lt;- fmap (map parsescanner . lines) getcontents putstrln $ &# ;severity: &# ; ++ (show $ severity scanners) putstrln $ &# ;delay: &# ; ++ (show $ finddelay scanners) i&rsquo;m not generally bothered about performance for these challenges, but here i&rsquo;ll note that my second attempt runs in a little under seconds on my laptop: $ time ./ -packet-scanners-redux &lt; -input.txt severity: delay: ./ -packet-scanners-redux &lt; -input.txt . s user . s system % cpu . total compare that with the first, simulation-based one, which takes nearly a full minute: $ time ./ -packet-scanners &lt; -input.txt severity: delay: ./ -packet-scanners &lt; -input.txt . s user . s system % cpu . total and for good measure, here&rsquo;s the code. notice the tick and tickone functions, which together simulate moving all the scanners by one step; for this to work we have to track the full current state of each scanner, which is easier to read with a haskell record-based custom data type. traversefw is more complicated because it has to drive the simulation, but the rest of the code is mostly the same. module main where import qualified data.text as t import control.monad (form_) data scanner = scanner { depth :: int , range :: int , pos :: int , dir :: int } instance show scanner where show (scanner d r p dir) = show d ++ &# ;/&# ; ++ show r ++ &# ;/&# ; ++ show p ++ &# ;/&# ; ++ show dir strip :: string -&gt; string strip = t.unpack . t.strip . t.pack spliton :: string -&gt; string -&gt; [string] spliton sep str = map t.unpack $ t.spliton (t.pack sep) $ t.pack str parsescanner :: string -&gt; scanner parsescanner s = scanner d r where [d, r] = map read $ spliton &# ;: &# ; s tickone :: scanner -&gt; scanner tickone (scanner depth range pos dir) | pos &lt;= = scanner depth range (pos+ ) | pos &gt;= range - = scanner depth range (pos- ) (- ) | otherwise = scanner depth range (pos+dir) dir tick :: [scanner] -&gt; [scanner] tick = map tickone traversefw :: [scanner] -&gt; [(int, int)] traversefw = traversefw&# ; where traversefw&# ; _ [] = [] traversefw&# ; layer scanners@((scanner depth range pos _):rest) -- | layer == depth &amp;&amp; pos == = (depth*range) + (traversefw&# ; (layer+ ) $ tick rest) | layer == depth &amp;&amp; pos == = (depth,range) : (traversefw&# ; (layer+ ) $ tick rest) | layer == depth &amp;&amp; pos /= = traversefw&# ; (layer+ ) $ tick rest | otherwise = traversefw&# ; (layer+ ) $ tick scanners severity :: [scanner] -&gt; int severity = sum . map (uncurry (*)) . traversefw empty :: [a] -&gt; bool empty [] = true empty _ = false finddelay :: [scanner] -&gt; int finddelay scanners = delay where (delay, _) = head $ filter (empty . traversefw . snd) $ zip [ ..] $ iterate tick scanners main = do scanners &lt;- fmap (map parsescanner . lines) getcontents putstrln $ &# ;severity: &# ; ++ (show $ severity scanners) putstrln $ &# ;delay: &# ; ++ (show $ finddelay scanners) 	digital plumber — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge has us helping a village of programs who are unable to communicate. we have a list of the the communication channels between their houses, and need to sort them out into groups such that we know that each program can communicate with others in its own group but not any others. then we have to calculate the size of the group containing program and the total number of groups. → full code on github !!! commentary this is one of those problems where i&rsquo;m pretty sure that my algorithm isn&rsquo;t close to being the most efficient, but it definitely works! for the sake of solving the challenge that&rsquo;s all that matters, but it still bugs me. by now i&rsquo;ve become used to using fileinput to transparently read data either from files given on the command-line or standard input if no arguments are given. import fileinput as fi first we make an initial pass through the input data, creating a group for each line representing the programs on that line (which can communicate with each other). we store this as a python set. groups = [] for line in fi.input(): head, rest = line.split(&# ; &lt;-&gt; &# ;) group = set([int(head)]) group.update([int(x) for x in rest.split(&# ;, &# ;)]) groups.append(group) now we iterate through the groups, starting with the first, and merging any we find that overlap with our current group. i = while i &lt; len(groups): current = groups[i] each pass through the groups brings more programs into the current group, so we have to go through and check their connections too. we make several merge passes, until we detect that no more merges took place. num_groups = len(groups) + while num_groups &gt; len(groups): j = i+ num_groups = len(groups) this inner loop does the actual merging, and deletes each group as it&rsquo;s merged in. while j &lt; len(groups): if len(current &amp; groups[j]) &gt; : current.update(groups[j]) del groups[j] else: j += i += all that&rsquo;s left to do now is to display the results. print(&# ;number in group :&# ;, len([g for g in groups if in g][ ])) print(&# ;number of groups:&# ;, len(groups)) 	hex ed — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge is to help a program find its child process, which has become lost on a hexagonal grid. we need to follow the path taken by the child (given as input) and calculate the distance it is from home along with the furthest distance it has been at any point along the path. → full code on github !!! commentary i found this one quite interesting in that it was very quick to solve. in fact, i got lucky and my first quick implementation (max(abs(l)) below) gave the correct answer in spite of missing an obvious not-so-edge case. thinking about it, there&rsquo;s only a ⅓ chance that the first incorrect implementation would give the wrong answer! the code is shorter, so you get more words today. ☺ there are a number of different co-ordinate systems on a hexagonal grid (i discovered while reading up after solving it&hellip;). i intuitively went for the system known as &lsquo;axial&rsquo; coordinates, where you pick two directions aligned to the grid as your x and y axes: note that these won&rsquo;t be perpendicular. i chose ne/sw as the x axis and se/nw as y, but there are three other possible choices. that leads to the following definition for the directions, encoded as numpy arrays because that makes some of the code below neater. import numpy as np steps = {d: np.array(v) for d, v in [(&# ;ne&# ;, ( , )), (&# ;se&# ;, ( , - )), (&# ;s&# ;, (- , - )), (&# ;sw&# ;, (- , )), (&# ;nw&# ;, ( , )), (&# ;n&# ;, ( , ))]} hex_grid_dist, given a location l calculates the number of steps needed to reach that location from the centre at ( , ). notice that we can&rsquo;t simply use the manhattan distance here because, for example, one step north takes us to ( , ), which would give a manhattan distance of . instead, we can see that moving in the n/s direction allows us to increment or decrement both coordinates at the same time: if the coordinates have the same sign: move n/s until one of them is zero, then move along the relevant ne or se axis back to the origin; in this case the number of steps is greatest of the absolute values of the two coordinates if the coordinates have opposite signs: move independently along the ne and se axes to reduce each to ; this time the number of steps is the sum of the absolute values of the two coordinates def hex_grid_distance(l): if sum(np.sign(l)) == : # i.e. opposite signs return sum(abs(l)) else: return max(abs(l)) now we can read in the path followed by the child and follow it ourselves, tracking the maximum distance from home along the way. path = input().strip().split(&# ;,&# ;) location = np.array(( , )) max_distance = for step in map(steps.get, path): location += step max_distance = max(max_distance, hex_grid_distance(location)) distance = hex_grid_distance(location) print(&# ;child process is at&# ;, location, &# ;which is&# ;, distance, &# ;steps away&# ;) print(&# ;greatest distance was&# ;, max_distance) 	knot hash — haskell — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge asks us to help a group of programs implement a (highly questionable) hashing algorithm that involves repeatedly reversing parts of a list of numbers. → full code on github !!! commentary i went with haskell again today, because it&rsquo;s the weekend so i have a bit more time, and i really enjoyed yesterday&rsquo;s haskell implementation. today gave me the opportunity to explore the standard library a bit more, as well as lending itself nicely to being decomposed into smaller parts to be combined using higher-order functions. you know the drill by know: import stuff we&rsquo;ll use later. module main where import data.char (ord) import data.bits (xor) import data.function ((&amp;)) import data.list (unfoldr) import text.printf (printf) import qualified data.text as t the worked example uses a concept of the &ldquo;current position&rdquo; as a pointer to a location in a static list. in haskell it makes more sense to instead use the front of the list as the current position, and rotate the whole list as we progress to bring the right element to the front. rotate :: int -&gt; [int] -&gt; [int] rotate xs = xs rotate n xs = drop n&# ; xs ++ take n&# ; xs where n&# ; = n `mod` length xs the simple version of the hash requires working through the input list, modifying the working list as we go, and incrementing a &ldquo;skip&rdquo; counter with each step. converting this to a functional style, we simply zip up the input with an infinite list [ , , , , ...] to give the counter values. notice that we also have to calculate how far to rotate the working list to get back to its original position. foldl lets us specify a function that returns a modified version of the working list and feeds the input list in one at a time. simpleknothash :: int -&gt; [int] -&gt; [int] simpleknothash size input = foldl step [ ..size- ] input&# ; &amp; rotate (negate finalpos) where input&# ; = zip input [ ..] finalpos = sum $ zipwith (+) input [ ..] reversepart xs n = (reverse $ take n xs) ++ drop n xs step xs (n, skip) = reversepart xs n &amp; rotate (n+skip) the full version of the hash (part of the challenge) starts the same way as the simple version, except making passes instead of one: we can do this by using replicate to make a list of copies, then collapse that into a single list with concat. fullknothash :: int -&gt; [int] -&gt; [int] fullknothash size input = simpleknothash size input&# ; where input&# ; = concat $ replicate input the next step in calculating the full hash collapses the full -element &ldquo;sparse&rdquo; hash down into elements by xoring groups of together. unfoldr is a nice efficient way of doing this. dense :: [int] -&gt; [int] dense = unfoldr dense&# ; where dense&# ; [] = nothing dense&# ; xs = just (foldl xor $ take xs, drop xs) the final hash step is to convert the list of integers into a hexadecimal string. hexify :: [int] -&gt; string hexify = concatmap (printf &# ;% x&# ;) these two utility functions put together building blocks from the data.text module to parse the input string. note that no arguments are given: the functions are defined purely by composing other functions using the . operator. in haskell this is referred to as &ldquo;point-free&rdquo; style. strip :: string -&gt; string strip = t.unpack . t.strip . t.pack parseinput :: string -&gt; [int] parseinput = map (read . t.unpack) . t.spliton (t.singleton &# ;,&# ;) . t.pack now we can put it all together, including building the weird input for the &ldquo;full&rdquo; hash. main = do input &lt;- fmap strip getcontents let simpleinput = parseinput input asciiinput = map ord input ++ [ , , , , ] (a:b:_) = simpleknothash simpleinput print $ (a*b) putstrln $ fullknothash asciiinput &amp; dense &amp; hexify 	stream processing — haskell — #adventofcode day in today&rsquo;s challenge we come across a stream that we need to cross. but of course, because we&rsquo;re stuck inside a computer, it&rsquo;s not water but data flowing past. the stream is too dangerous to cross until we&rsquo;ve removed all the garbage, and to prove we can do that we have to calculate a score for the valid data &ldquo;groups&rdquo; and the number of garbage characters to remove. → full code on github !!! commentary one of my goals for this process was to knock the rust of my functional programming skills in haskell, and i haven&rsquo;t done that for the whole of the first week. processing strings character by character and acting according to which character shows up seems like a good choice for pattern-matching though, so here we go. i also wanted to take a bash at test-driven development in haskell, so i also loaded up the test.hspec module to give it a try. i did find keeping track of all the state in arguments a bit mind boggling, and i think it could have been improved through use of a data type using record syntax and the `state` monad, so that's something to look at for a future challenge. first import the extra bits we&rsquo;ll need. module main where import test.hspec import data.function ((&amp;)) countgroups solves the first part of the problem, counting up the &ldquo;score&rdquo; of the valid data in the stream. countgroups' is an auxiliary function that holds some state in its arguments. we use pattern matching for the base case: [] represents the empty list in haskell, which indicates we&rsquo;ve finished the whole stream. otherwise, we split the remaining stream into its first character and remainder, and use guards to decide how to interpret it. if skip is true, discard the character and carry on with skip set back to false. if we find a &ldquo;!&rdquo;, that tells us to skip the next. other characters mark groups or sets of garbage: groups increase the score when they close and garbage is discarded. we continue to progress the list by recursing with the remainder of the stream and any updated state. countgroups :: string -&gt; int countgroups = countgroups&# ; false false where countgroups&# ; score _ _ _ [] = score countgroups&# ; score level garbage skip (c:rest) | skip = countgroups&# ; score level garbage false rest | c == &# ;!&# ; = countgroups&# ; score level garbage true rest | garbage = case c of &# ;&gt;&# ; -&gt; countgroups&# ; score level false false rest _ -&gt; countgroups&# ; score level true false rest | otherwise = case c of &# ;{&# ; -&gt; countgroups&# ; score (level+ ) false false rest &# ;}&# ; -&gt; countgroups&# ; (score+level) (level- ) false false rest &# ;,&# ; -&gt; countgroups&# ; score level false false rest &# ;&lt;&# ; -&gt; countgroups&# ; score level true false rest c -&gt; error $ &# ;garbage character found outside garbage: &# ; ++ show c countgarbage works almost identically to countgroups, except it ignores groups and counts garbage. they are structured so similarly that it would probably make more sense to combine them to a single function that returns both counts. countgarbage :: string -&gt; int countgarbage = countgarbage&# ; false false where countgarbage&# ; count _ _ [] = count countgarbage&# ; count garbage skip (c:rest) | skip = countgarbage&# ; count garbage false rest | c == &# ;!&# ; = countgarbage&# ; count garbage true rest | garbage = case c of &# ;&gt;&# ; -&gt; countgarbage&# ; count false false rest _ -&gt; countgarbage&# ; (count+ ) true false rest | otherwise = case c of &# ;&lt;&# ; -&gt; countgarbage&# ; count true false rest _ -&gt; countgarbage&# ; count false false rest hspec gives us a domain-specific language heavily inspired by the rspec library for ruby: the tests read almost like natural language. i built up these tests one-by-one, gradually implementing the appropriate bits of the functions above, a process known as test-driven development. runtests = hspec $ do describe &# ;countgroups&# ; $ do it &# ;counts valid groups&# ; $ do countgroups &# ;{}&# ; `shouldbe` countgroups &# ;{{{}}}&# ; `shouldbe` countgroups &# ;{{{},{},{{}}}}&# ; `shouldbe` countgroups &# ;{{},{}}&# ; `shouldbe` it &# ;ignores garbage&# ; $ do countgroups &# ;{&lt;a&gt;,&lt;a&gt;,&lt;a&gt;,&lt;a&gt;}&# ; `shouldbe` countgroups &# ;{{&lt;ab&gt;},{&lt;ab&gt;},{&lt;ab&gt;},{&lt;ab&gt;}}&# ; `shouldbe` it &# ;skips marked characters&# ; $ do countgroups &# ;{{&lt;!!&gt;},{&lt;!!&gt;},{&lt;!!&gt;},{&lt;!!&gt;}}&# ; `shouldbe` countgroups &# ;{{&lt;a!&gt;},{&lt;a!&gt;},{&lt;a!&gt;},{&lt;ab&gt;}}&# ; `shouldbe` describe &# ;countgarbage&# ; $ do it &# ;counts garbage characters&# ; $ do countgarbage &# ;&lt;&gt;&# ; `shouldbe` countgarbage &# ;&lt;random characters&gt;&# ; `shouldbe` countgarbage &# ;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&gt;&# ; `shouldbe` it &# ;ignores non-garbage&# ; $ do countgarbage &# ;{{},{}}&# ; `shouldbe` countgarbage &# ;{{&lt;ab&gt;},{&lt;ab&gt;},{&lt;ab&gt;},{&lt;ab&gt;}}&# ; `shouldbe` it &# ;skips marked characters&# ; $ do countgarbage &# ;&lt;{!&gt;}&gt;&# ; `shouldbe` countgarbage &# ;&lt;!!&gt;&# ; `shouldbe` countgarbage &# ;&lt;!!!&gt;&# ; `shouldbe` countgarbage &# ;&lt;{o\&# ;i!a,&lt;{i&lt;a&gt;&# ; `shouldbe` finally, the main function reads in the challenge input and calculates the answers, printing them on standard output. main = do runtests repeat &# ;=&# ; &amp; take &amp; putstrln input &lt;- getcontents &amp; fmap (filter (/=&# ;\n&# ;)) putstrln $ &# ;found &# ; ++ show (countgroups input) ++ &# ; groups&# ; putstrln $ &# ;found &# ; ++ show (countgarbage input) ++ &# ; characters garbage&# ; 	i heard you like registers — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge describes a simple instruction set for a cpu, incrementing and decrementing values in registers according to simple conditions. we have to interpret a stream of these instructions, and to prove that we&rsquo;ve done so, give the highest value of any register, both at the end of the program and throughout the whole program. → full code on github !!! commentary this turned out to be a nice straightforward one to implement, as the instruction format was easily parsed by regular expression, and python provides the eval function which made evaluating the conditions a doddle. import various standard library bits that we&rsquo;ll use later. import re import fileinput as fi from math import inf from collections import defaultdict we could just parse the instructions by splitting the string, but using a regular expression is a little bit more robust because it won&rsquo;t match at all if given an invalid instruction. instruction_re = re.compile(r&# ;(\w+) (inc|dec) (-?\d+) if (.+)\s*&# ;) def parse_instruction(instruction): match = instruction_re.match(instruction) return match.group( , , , ) executing an instruction simply checks the condition and if it evaluates to true updates the relevant register. def exec_instruction(registers, instruction): name, op, value, cond = instruction value = int(value) if op == &# ;dec&# ;: value = -value if eval(cond, globals(), registers): registers[name] += value highest_value returns the maximum value found in any register. def highest_value(registers): return sorted(registers.items(), key=lambda x: x[ ], reverse=true)[ ][ ] finally, loop through all the instructions and carry them out, updating global_max as we go. we need to be able to deal with registers that haven&rsquo;t been accessed before. keeping the registers in a dictionary means that we can evaluate the conditions directly using eval above, passing it as the locals argument. the standard dict will raise an exception if we try to access a key that doesn&rsquo;t exist, so instead we use collections.defaultdict, which allows us to specify what the default value for a non-existent key will be. new registers start at , so we use a simple lambda to define a function that always returns . global_max = -inf registers = defaultdict(lambda: ) for i in map(parse_instruction, fi.input()): exec_instruction(registers, i) global_max = max(global_max, highest_value(registers)) print(&# ;max value:&# ;, highest_value(registers)) print(&# ;all-time max:&# ;, global_max) 	recursive circus — ruby — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge introduces a set of processes balancing precariously on top of each other. we find them stuck and unable to get down because one of the processes is the wrong size, unbalancing the whole circus. our job is to figure out the root from the input and then find the correct weight for the single incorrect process. → full code on github !!! commentary so i didn&rsquo;t really intend to take a full polyglot approach to advent of code, but it turns out to have been quite fun, so i made a shortlist of languages to try. building a tree is a classic application for object-orientation using a class to represent tree nodes, and i&rsquo;ve always liked the feel of ruby&rsquo;s class syntax, so i gave it a go. first make sure we have access to set, which we&rsquo;ll use later. require &# ;set&# ; now to define the circusnode class, which represents nodes in the tree. attr :s automatically creates a function s that returns the value of the instance attribute @s class circusnode attr :name, :weight def initialize(name, weight, children=nil) @name = name @weight = weight @children = children || [] end add a &lt;&lt; operator (the same syntax for adding items to a list) that adds a child to this node. def &lt;&lt;(c) @children &lt;&lt; c @total_weight = nil end total_weight recursively calculates the weight of this node and everything above it. the @total_weight ||= blah idiom caches the value so we only calculate it once. def total_weight @total_weight ||= @weight + @children.map {|c| c.total_weight}.sum end balance_weight does the hard work of figuring out the proper weight for the incorrect node by recursively searching through the tree. def balance_weight(target=nil) by_weight = hash.new{|h, k| h[k] = []} @children.each{|c| by_weight[c.total_weight] &lt;&lt; c} if by_weight.size == then if target return @weight - (total_weight - target) else raise argumenterror, &# ;this tree seems balanced!&# ; end else odd_one_out = by_weight.select {|k, v| v.length == }.first[ ][ ] child_target = by_weight.select {|k, v| v.length &gt; }.first[ ] return odd_one_out.balance_weight child_target end end a couple of utility functions for displaying trees finish off the class. def to_s &# ;#{@name} (#{@weight})&# ; end def print_tree(n= ) puts &# ;#{&# ; &# ;*n}#{self} -&gt; #{self.total_weight}&# ; @children.each do |child| child.print_tree n+ end end end build_circus takes input as a list of lists [name, weight, children]. we make two passes over this list, first creating all the nodes, then building the tree by adding children to parents. def build_circus(data) all_nodes = {} all_children = set.new data.each do |name, weight, children| all_nodes[name] = circusnode.new name, weight end data.each do |name, weight, children| children.each {|child| all_nodes[name] &lt;&lt; all_nodes[child]} all_children.merge children end root_name = (all_nodes.keys.to_set - all_children).first return all_nodes[root_name] end finally, build the tree and solve the problem! note that we use string.to_sym to convert the node names to symbols (written in ruby as :symbol), because they&rsquo;re faster to work with in hashes and sets as we do above. data = readlines.map do |line| match = /(?&lt;parent&gt;\w+) \((?&lt;weight&gt;\d+)\)(?: -&gt; (?&lt;children&gt;.*))?/.match line [match[&# ;parent&# ;].to_sym, match[&# ;weight&# ;].to_i, match[&# ;children&# ;] ? match[&# ;children&# ;].split(&# ;, &# ;).map {|x| x.to_sym} : []] end root = build_circus data puts &# ;root node: #{root}&# ; puts root.balance_weight 	memory reallocation — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge asks us to follow a recipe for redistributing objects in memory that bears a striking resemblance to the rules of the african game mancala. → full code on github !!! commentary when i was doing my msci, one of our programming exercises was to write (in haskell, iirc) a program to play a mancala variant called oware, so this had a nice ring of nostalgia. back to python today: it's already become clear that it's by far my most fluent language, which makes sense as it's the only one i've used consistently since my schooldays. i'm a bit behind on the blog posts, so you get this one without any explanation, for now at least! import math def reallocate(mem): max_val = -math.inf size = len(mem) for i, x in enumerate(mem): if x &gt; max_val: max_val = x max_index = i i = max_index mem[i] = remaining = max_val while remaining &gt; : i = (i + ) % size mem[i] += remaining -= return mem def detect_cycle(mem): mem = list(mem) steps = prev_states = {} while tuple(mem) not in prev_states: prev_states[tuple(mem)] = steps steps += mem = reallocate(mem) return (steps, steps - prev_states[tuple(mem)]) initial_state = map(int, input().split()) print(&# ;initial state is &# ;, initial_state) steps, cycle = detect_cycle(initial_state) print(&# ;steps to cycle: &# ;, steps) print(&# ;steps in cycle: &# ;, cycle) 	a maze of twisty trampolines — c++ — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge has us attempting to help the cpu escape from a maze of instructions. it&rsquo;s not quite a turing machine, but it has that feeling of moving a read/write head up and down a tape acting on and changing the data found there. → full code on github !!! commentary i haven&rsquo;t written anything in c++ for over a decade. it sounds like there have been lots of interesting developments in the language since then, with c++ , c++ and the freshly finalised c++ standards (built-in parallelism in the stl!). i won&rsquo;t use any of those, but i thought i&rsquo;d dust off my c++ and see what happened. thankfully the standard template library classes still did what i expected! as usual, we first include the parts of the standard library we&rsquo;re going to use: iostream for input &amp; output; vector for the container. we also declare that we&rsquo;re using the std namespace, so that we don&rsquo;t have to prepend vector and the other classes with std::. #include &lt;iostream&gt; #include &lt;vector&gt; using namespace std; steps_to_escape_part implements part of the challenge: we read a location, move forward/backward by the number of steps given in that location, then add one to the location before repeating. the result is the number of steps we take before jumping outside the list. int steps_to_escape_part (vector&lt;int&gt;&amp; instructions) { int pos = , iterations = , new_pos; while (pos &lt; instructions.size()) { new_pos = pos + instructions[pos]; instructions[pos]++; pos = new_pos; iterations++; } return iterations; } steps_to_escape_part solves part , which is very similar, except that an offset greater than is decremented instead of incremented before moving on. int steps_to_escape_part (vector&lt;int&gt;&amp; instructions) { int pos = , iterations = , new_pos, offset; while (pos &lt; instructions.size()) { offset = instructions[pos]; new_pos = pos + offset; instructions[pos] += offset &gt;= ? - : ; pos = new_pos; iterations++; } return iterations; } finally we pull it all together and link it up to the input. int main() { vector&lt;int&gt; instructions , instructions ; int n; the cin class lets us read data from standard input, which we then add to a vector of ints to give our list of instructions. while (true) { cin &gt;&gt; n; if (cin.eof()) break; instructions .push_back(n); } solving the problem modifies the input, so we need to take a copy to solve part as well. thankfully the stl makes this easy with iterators. instructions .insert(instructions .begin(), instructions .begin(), instructions .end()); finally, compute the result and print it on standard output. cout &lt;&lt; steps_to_escape_part (instructions ) &lt;&lt; endl; cout &lt;&lt; steps_to_escape_part (instructions ) &lt;&lt; endl; return ; } 	high entropy passphrases — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge describes some simple rules supposedly intended to enforce the use of secure passwords. all we have to do is test a list of passphrase and identify which ones meet the rules. → full code on github !!! commentary fearing that today might be as time-consuming as yesterday, i returned to python and it&rsquo;s hugely powerful &ldquo;batteries-included&rdquo; standard library. thankfully this challenge was more straightforward, and i actually finished this before finishing day . first, let&rsquo;s import two useful utilities. from fileinput import input from collections import counter part requires simply that a passphrase contains no repeated words. no problem: we split the passphrase into words and count them, and check if any was present more than once. counter is an amazingly useful class to have in a language&rsquo;s standard library. all it does is count things: you add objects to it, and then it will tell you how many of a given object you have. we&rsquo;re going to use it to count those potentially duplicated words. def is_valid(passphrase): counter = counter(passphrase.split()) return counter.most_common( )[ ][ ] == part requires that no word in the passphrase be an anagram of any other word. since we don&rsquo;t need to do anything else with the words afterwards, we can check for anagrams by sorting the letters in each word: &ldquo;leaf&rdquo; and &ldquo;flea&rdquo; both become &ldquo;aefl&rdquo; and can be compared directly. then we count as before. def is_valid_ana(passphrase): counter = counter(&# ;&# ;.join(sorted(word)) for word in passphrase.split()) return counter.most_common( )[ ][ ] == finally we pull everything together. sum(map(boolean_func, list)) is a common idiom in python for counting the number of times a condition (checked by boolean_func) is true. in python, true and false can be treated as the numbers and respectively, so that summing a list of boolean values gives you the number of true values in the list. lines = list(input()) print(sum(map(is_valid, lines))) print(sum(map(is_valid_ana, lines))) 	spiral memory — go — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge requires us to perform some calculations on an &ldquo;experimental memory layout&rdquo;, with cells moving outwards from the centre of a square spiral (squiral?). → full code on github !!! commentary i&rsquo;ve been wanting to try my hand at go, the memory-safe, statically typed compiled language from google for a while. today&rsquo;s challenge seemed a bit more mathematical in nature, meaning that i wouldn&rsquo;t need too many advanced language features or knowledge of a standard library, so i thought i&rsquo;d give it a &ldquo;go&rdquo;. it might have been my imagination, but it was impressive how quickly the compiled program chomped through different input values while i was debugging. i actually spent far too long on this problem because my brain led me down a blind alley trying to do the wrong calculation, but i got there in the end! the solution is a bit difficult to explain without diagrams, which i don't really have time to draw right now, but fear not because several other people have. first take a look at [the challenge itself which explains the spiral memory concept](http://adventofcode.com/ /day/ ). then look at the [nice diagrams that phil tooley made with python](http://acceleratedscience.co.uk/blog/adventofcode-day- -spiral-memory/) and hopefully you'll be able to see what's going on! it's interesting to note that this challenge also admits of an algorithmic solution instead of the mathematical one: you can model the memory as an infinite grid using a suitable data structure and literally move around it in a spiral. in hindsight this is a much better way of solving the challenge quickly because it's easier and less error-prone to code. i'm quite pleased with my maths-ing though, and it's much quicker than the algorithmic version! first some go boilerplate: we have to define the package we&rsquo;re in (main, because it&rsquo;s an executable we&rsquo;re producing) and import the libraries we&rsquo;ll use. package main import ( 	&# ;fmt&# ; 	&# ;math&# ; 	&# ;os&# ; ) weirdly, go doesn&rsquo;t seem to have these basic mathematics functions for integers in its standard library (please someone correct me if i&rsquo;m wrong!) so i&rsquo;ll define them instead of mucking about with data types. go doesn&rsquo;t do any implicit type conversion, even between numeric types, and the math builtin package only operates on float values. func abs(n int) int { 	if n &lt; { 		return -n 	} 	return n } func min(x, y int) int { 	if x &lt; y { 		return x 	} 	return y } func max(x, y int) int { 	if x &gt; y { 		return x 	} 	return y } this does the heavy lifting for part one: converting from a position on the spiral to a column and row in the grid. ( , ) is the centre of the spiral. this actually does a bit more than is necessary to calculate the distance as required for part , but we&rsquo;ll use it again for part . func spiral_to_xy(n int) (int, int) { 	if n == { 		return , 	} 	r := int(math.floor((math.sqrt(float (n- )) + ) / )) 	n_r := n - ( *r- )*( *r- ) 	o := ((n_r - ) % ( * r)) - r + 	sector := (n_r - ) / ( * r) 	switch sector { 	case : 		return r, o 	case : 		return -o, r 	case : 		return -r, -o 	case : 		return o, -r 	} 	return , } now use spiral_to_xy to calculate the manhattan distance that the value at location n in the spiral memory are carried to reach the &ldquo;access port&rdquo; at . func distance(n int) int { 	x, y := spiral_to_xy(n) 	return abs(x) + abs(y) } this function does the opposite of spiral_to_xy, translating a grid position back to its position on the spiral. this is the one that took me far too long to figure out because i had a brain bug and tried to calculate the value s (which sector or quarter of the spiral we&rsquo;re looking at) in a way that was never going to work! fortunately i came to my senses. func xy_to_spiral(x, y int) int { 	if x == &amp;&amp; y == { 		return 	} 	r := max(abs(x), abs(y)) 	var s, o, n int 	if x+y &gt; &amp;&amp; x-y &gt;= { 		s = 	} else if x-y &lt; &amp;&amp; x+y &gt;= { 		s = 	} else if x+y &lt; &amp;&amp; x-y &lt;= { 		s = 	} else { 		s = 	} 	switch s { 	case : 		o = y 	case : 		o = -x 	case : 		o = -y 	case : 		o = x 	} 	n = o + r*( *s+ ) + ( *r- )*( *r- ) 	return n } this is a utility function that uses xy_to_spiral to fetch the value at a given (x, y) location, and returns zero if we haven&rsquo;t filled that location yet. func get_spiral(mem []int, x, y int) int { 	n := xy_to_spiral(x, y) - 	if n &lt; len(mem) { 		return mem[n] 	} 	return } finally we solve part of the problem, which involves going round the spiral writing values into it that are the sum of some values already written. the result is the first of these sums that is greater than or equal to the given input value. func stress_test(input int) int { 	mem := make([]int, ) 	n := 	mem[ ] = 	for mem[n] &lt; input { 		n++ 		x, y := spiral_to_xy(n + ) 		mem = append(mem, 			get_spiral(mem, x+ , y)+ 				get_spiral(mem, x+ , y+ )+ 				get_spiral(mem, x, y+ )+ 				get_spiral(mem, x- , y+ )+ 				get_spiral(mem, x- , y)+ 				get_spiral(mem, x- , y- )+ 				get_spiral(mem, x, y- )+ 				get_spiral(mem, x+ , y- )) 	} 	return mem[n] } now the last part of the program puts it all together, reading the input value from a commandline argument and printing the results of the two parts of the challenge: func main() { 	var n int 	fmt.sscanf(os.args[ ], &# ;%d&# ;, &amp;n) 	fmt.printf(&# ;input is %d\n&# ;, n) 	fmt.printf(&# ;distance is %d\n&# ;, distance(n)) 	fmt.printf(&# ;stress test result is %d\n&# ;, stress_test(n)) } 	corruption checksum — python — #adventofcode day today&rsquo;s challenge is to calculate a rather contrived &ldquo;checksum&rdquo; over a grid of numbers. → full code on github !!! commentary today i went back to plain python, and i didn&rsquo;t do formal tests because only one test case was given for each part of the problem. i just got stuck in. i did write part out in as nested `for` loops as an intermediate step to working out the generator expression. i think that expanded version may have been more readable. having got that far, i couldn't then work out how to finally eliminate the need for an auxiliary function entirely without either sorting the same elements multiple times or sorting each row as it's read. first we read in the input, split it and convert it to numbers. fileinput.input() returns an iterator over the lines in all the files passed as command-line arguments, or over standard input if no files are given. from fileinput import input sheet = [[int(x) for x in l.split()] for l in input()] part of the challenge calls for finding the difference between the largest and smallest number in each row, and then summing those differences: print(sum(max(x) - min(x) for x in sheet)) part is a bit more involved: for each row we have to find the unique pair of elements that divide into each other without remainder, then sum the result of those divisions. we can make it a little easier by sorting each row; then we can take each number in turn and compare it only with the numbers after it (which are guaranteed to be larger). doing this ensures we only make each comparison once. def rowsum_div(row): row = sorted(row) return sum(y // x for i, x in enumerate(row) for y in row[i+ :] if y % x == ) print(sum(map(rowsum_div, sheet))) we can make this code shorter (if not easier to read) by sorting each row as it&rsquo;s read: sheet = [sorted(int(x) for x in l.split()) for l in input()] then we can just use the first and last elements in each row for part , as we know those are the smallest and largest respectively in the sorted row: print(sum(x[- ] - x[ ] for x in sheet)) part then becomes a sum over a single generator expression: print(sum(y // x for row in sheet for i, x in enumerate(row) for y in row[i+ :] if y % x == )) very satisfying! 	inverse captcha — coconut — #adventofcode day well, december&rsquo;s here at last, and with it day of advent of code. … it goes on to explain that you may only leave by solving a captcha to prove you&rsquo;re not a human. apparently, you only get one millisecond to solve the captcha: too fast for a normal human, but it feels like hours to you. … as well as posting solutions here when i can, i&rsquo;ll be putting them all on https://github.com/jezcope/aoc too. !!! commentary after doing some challenges from last year in haskell for a warm up, i felt inspired to try out the functional-ish python dialect, coconut. now that i&rsquo;ve done it, it feels a bit of an odd language, neither fish nor fowl. it&rsquo;ll look familiar to any pythonista, but is loaded with features normally associated with functional languages, like pattern matching, destructuring assignment, partial application and function composition. that makes it quite fun to work with, as it works similarly to haskell, but because it's restricted by the basic rules of python syntax everything feels a bit more like hard work than it should. the accumulator approach feels clunky, but it's necessary to allow [tail call elimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tail_call), which coconut will do and i wanted to see in action. lo and behold, if you take a look at the [compiled python version](https://github.com/jezcope/aoc /blob/ c bda b e db e d b be a / -inverse-captcha.py#l ) you'll see that my recursive implementation has been turned into a non-recursive `while` loop. then again, maybe i'm just jealous of phil tooley's [one-liner solution in python](https://github.com/ptooley/aocgolf/blob/ d f ccfc cfd baf d / .py#l ). import sys def inverse_captcha_(s, acc= ): case reiterable(s): match (|d, d|) :: rest: return inverse_captcha_((|d|) :: rest, acc + int(d)) match (|d , d |) :: rest: return inverse_captcha_((|d |) :: rest, acc) return acc def inverse_captcha(s) = inverse_captcha_(s :: s[ ]) def inverse_captcha_ _(s , s , acc= ): case (reiterable(s ), reiterable(s )): match ((|d |) :: rest , (|d |) :: rest ): return inverse_captcha_ _(rest , rest , acc + int(d )) match ((|d |) :: rest , (|d |) :: rest ): return inverse_captcha_ _(rest , rest , acc) return acc def inverse_captcha_ (s) = inverse_captcha_ _(s, s$[len(s)// :] :: s) def test_inverse_captcha(): assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha == assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha == assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha == assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha == def test_inverse_captcha_ (): assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha_ == assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha_ == assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha_ == assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha_ == assert &quot; &quot; |&gt; inverse_captcha_ == if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: sys.argv[ ] |&gt; inverse_captcha |&gt; print sys.argv[ ] |&gt; inverse_captcha_ |&gt; print 	advent of code : introduction it&rsquo;s a common lament of mine that i don&rsquo;t get to write a lot of code in my day-to-day job. i like the feeling of making something from nothing, and i often look for excuses to write bits of code, both at work and outside it. advent of code is a daily series of programming challenges for the month of december, and is about to start its third annual incarnation. i discovered it too late to take part in any serious way last year, but i&rsquo;m going to give it a try this year. there are no restrictions on programming language (so of course some people delight in using esoteric languages like brainf**k), but i think i&rsquo;ll probably stick with python for the most part. that said, i miss my haskell days and i&rsquo;m intrigued by new kids on the block go and rust, so i might end up throwing in a few of those on some of the simpler challenges. i&rsquo;d like to focus a bit more on how i solve the puzzles. they generally come in two parts, with the second part only being revealed after successful completion of the first part. with that in mind, test-driven development makes a lot of sense, because i can verify that i haven&rsquo;t broken the solution to the first part in modifying to solve the second. i may also take a literate programming approach with org-mode or jupyter notebooks to document my solutions a bit more, and of course that will make it easier to publish solutions here so i&rsquo;ll do that as much as i can make time for. on that note, here are some solutions for that i&rsquo;ve done recently as a warmup. day : python day instructions import numpy as np import pytest as t import sys turn = { &# ;l&# ;: np.array([[ , ], [- , ]]), &# ;r&# ;: np.array([[ , - ], [ , ]]) } origin = np.array([ , ]) north = np.array([ , ]) class santa: def __init__(self, location, heading): self.location = np.array(location) self.heading = np.array(heading) self.visited = [( , )] def execute_one(self, instruction): start_loc = self.location.copy() self.heading = self.heading @ turn[instruction[ ]] self.location += self.heading * int(instruction[ :]) self.mark(start_loc, self.location) def execute_many(self, instructions): for i in instructions.split(&# ;,&# ;): self.execute_one(i.strip()) def distance_from_start(self): return sum(abs(self.location)) def mark(self, start, end): for x in range(min(start[ ], end[ ]), max(start[ ], end[ ])+ ): for y in range(min(start[ ], end[ ]), max(start[ ], end[ ])+ ): if any((x, y) != start): self.visited.append((x, y)) def find_first_crossing(self): for i in range( , len(self.visited)): for j in range(i): if self.visited[i] == self.visited[j]: return self.visited[i] def distance_to_first_crossing(self): crossing = self.find_first_crossing() if crossing is not none: return abs(crossing[ ]) + abs(crossing[ ]) def __str__(self): return f&# ;santa @ {self.location}, heading {self.heading}&# ; def test_execute_one(): s = santa(origin, north) s.execute_one(&# ;l &# ;) assert all(s.location == np.array([- , ])) assert all(s.heading == np.array([- , ])) s.execute_one(&# ;l &# ;) assert all(s.location == np.array([- , - ])) assert all(s.heading == np.array([ , - ])) s.execute_one(&# ;r &# ;) assert all(s.location == np.array([- , - ])) assert all(s.heading == np.array([- , ])) s.execute_one(&# ;r &# ;) assert all(s.location == np.array([- , ])) assert all(s.heading == np.array([ , ])) def test_execute_many(): s = santa(origin, north) s.execute_many(&# ;l , l , r &# ;) assert all(s.location == np.array([- , - ])) assert all(s.heading == np.array([- , ])) def test_distance(): assert santa(origin, north).distance_from_start() == assert santa(( , ), north).distance_from_start() == assert santa((- , ), north).distance_from_start() == def test_turn_left(): east = north @ turn[&# ;l&# ;] south = east @ turn[&# ;l&# ;] west = south @ turn[&# ;l&# ;] assert all(east == np.array([- , ])) assert all(south == np.array([ , - ])) assert all(west == np.array([ , ])) def test_turn_right(): west = north @ turn[&# ;r&# ;] south = west @ turn[&# ;r&# ;] east = south @ turn[&# ;r&# ;] assert all(east == np.array([- , ])) assert all(south == np.array([ , - ])) assert all(west == np.array([ , ])) if __name__ == &# ;__main__&# ;: instructions = sys.stdin.read() santa = santa(origin, north) santa.execute_many(instructions) print(santa) print(&# ;distance from start:&# ;, santa.distance_from_start()) print(&# ;distance to target: &# ;, santa.distance_to_first_crossing()) day : haskell day instructions module main where data pos = pos int int deriving (show) -- magrittr-style pipe operator (|&gt;) :: a -&gt; (a -&gt; b) -&gt; b x |&gt; f = f x swappos :: pos -&gt; pos swappos (pos x y) = pos y x clamp :: int -&gt; int -&gt; int -&gt; int clamp lower upper x | x &lt; lower = lower | x &gt; upper = upper | otherwise = x clamph :: pos -&gt; pos clamph (pos x y) = pos x&# ; y&# ; where y&# ; = clamp y r = abs ( - y&# ;) x&# ; = clamp r ( -r) x clampv :: pos -&gt; pos clampv = swappos . clamph . swappos buttonforpos :: pos -&gt; string buttonforpos (pos x y) = [buttons !! y !! x] where buttons = [&# ; d &# ;, &# ; abc &# ;, &# ; &# ;, &# ; &# ;, &# ; &# ;] decodechar :: pos -&gt; char -&gt; pos decodechar (pos x y) &# ;r&# ; = clamph $ pos (x+ ) y decodechar (pos x y) &# ;l&# ; = clamph $ pos (x- ) y decodechar (pos x y) &# ;u&# ; = clampv $ pos x (y+ ) decodechar (pos x y) &# ;d&# ; = clampv $ pos x (y- ) decodeline :: pos -&gt; string -&gt; pos decodeline p &# ;&# ; = p decodeline p (c:cs) = decodeline (decodechar p c) cs makecode :: string -&gt; string makecode instructions = lines instructions -- split into lines |&gt; scanl decodeline (pos ) -- decode to positions |&gt; tail -- drop start position |&gt; concatmap buttonforpos -- convert to buttons main = do input &lt;- getcontents putstrln $ makecode input 	research data management forum , manchester !!! intro &quot;&quot; monday and tuesday november i&rsquo;m at the research data management forum in manchester. i thought i&rsquo;d use this as an opportunity to try liveblogging, so during the event some notes should appear in the box below (you may have to manually refresh your browser tab periodically to get the latest version). i've not done this before, so if the blog stops updating then it's probably because i've stopped updating it to focus on the conference instead! this was made possible using github's cool [gist](https://gist.github.com) tool. 	draft content policy i thought it was about time i had some sort of content policy on here so this is a first draft. it will eventually wind up as a separate page. feedback welcome! !!! aside &ldquo;content policy&rdquo; this blog&rsquo;s primary purpose is as a reflective learning tool for my own development; my aim in writing any given post is mainly to expose and develop my own thinking on a topic. my reasons for making a public blog rather than a private journal are: . if i'm lucky, someone smarter than me will provide feedback that will help me and my readers to learn more . if i'm extra lucky, someone else might learn from the material as well each post, therefore, represents the state of my thinking at the time i wrote it, or perhaps a deliberate provocation or exaggeration; either way, if you don't know me personally please don't judge me based entirely on my past words. this is a request though, not an attempt to excuse bad behaviour on my part. i accept full responsibility for any consequences of my words, whether intended or not. i will not remove comments or ban individuals for disagreeing with me, only for behaving offensively or disrespectfully. i will do my best to be fair and balanced and explain decisions that i take, but i reserve the right to take those decisions without making any explanation at all if it seems likely to further inflame a situation. if i end up responding to anything simply with a link to this policy, that's probably all the explanation you're going to get. it should go without saying, but the opinions presented in this blog are my own and not those of my employer or anyone else i might at times represent. 	learning to live with anxiety !!! intro &quot;&quot; this is a post that i&rsquo;ve been writing for months, and writing in my head for years. for some it will explain aspects of my personality that you might have wondered about. for some it will just be another person banging on self-indulgently about so-called &ldquo;mental health issues&rdquo;. hopefully, for some it will demystify some stuff and show that you&rsquo;re not alone and things do get better. for as long as i can remember i&rsquo;ve been a worrier. i&rsquo;ve also suffered from bouts of what i now recognise as depression, on and off since my school days. it&rsquo;s only relatively recently that i&rsquo;ve come to the realisation that these two might be connected and that my &lsquo;worrying&rsquo; might in fact be outside the normal range of healthy human behaviour and might more accurately be described as chronic anxiety. you probably won&rsquo;t have noticed it, but it&rsquo;s been there. more recently i&rsquo;ve begun feeling like i&rsquo;m getting on top of it and feeling &ldquo;normal&rdquo; for the first time in my life. things i&rsquo;ve found that help include: getting out of the house more and socialising with friends; and getting a range of exercise, outdoors and away from the city (rock climbing is mentally and physically engaging and open water swimming is indescribably joyful). but mostly it&rsquo;s the cognitive behavioural therapy (cbt) and the antidepressants. before i go any further, a word about drugs (&ldquo;don&rsquo;t do drugs, kids&rdquo;): i&rsquo;m on the lowest available dose of a common antidepressant. this isn&rsquo;t because it stops me being sad all the time (i&rsquo;m not) or because it makes all my problems go away (it really doesn&rsquo;t). it&rsquo;s because the scientific evidence points to a combination of cbt and antidepressants as being the single most effective treatment for generalised anxiety disorder. the reason for this is simple: cbt isn&rsquo;t easy, because it asks you to challenge habits and beliefs you&rsquo;ve held your whole life. in the short term there is going to be more anxiety and some antidepressants are also effective at blunting the effect of this additional anxiety. in short, cbt is what makes you better, and the drugs just make it a little bit more effective. a lot of people have misconceptions about what it means to be &lsquo;in therapy&rsquo;. i suspect a lot of these are derived from the psychoanalysis we often see portrayed in (primarily us) film and tv. the problem with that type of navel-gazing therapy is that you can spend years doing it, finally reach some sort of breakthrough insight, and still not have no idea what the supposed insight means for your actual life. cbt is different in that rather than addressing feelings directly it focuses on habits in your thoughts (cognitive) and actions (behavioural) with feeling better as an outcome (therapy). cbt and related forms of therapy now have decades of clinical evidence showing that they really work. it uses a wide range of techniques to identify, challenge and reduce various common unhelpful thoughts and behaviours. by choosing and practicing these, you can break bad mental habits that you&rsquo;ve been carrying around, often for decades. for me this means giving fair weight to my successes as well as my failings, allowing flexibility into the rigid rules that i have always, subconsciously, lived by, and being a bit kinder to myself when i make mistakes. it&rsquo;s not been easy and i have to remind myself to practice this every day, but it&rsquo;s really helped. !!! aside &ldquo;more info&rdquo; if you live in the uk, you might not be aware that you can get cbt and other psychological therapies on the nhs through a scheme called iapt (improving access to psychological therapies). you can self-refer so you don&rsquo;t need to see a doctor first, but you might want to anyway if you think medication might help. they also have a progression of treatments, so you might be offered a course of &ldquo;guided self-help&rdquo; and then progressed to cbt or another talking therapy if need be. this is what happened to me, and it did help a bit but it was cbt that helped me the most. 	becoming a librarian what is a librarian? is it someone who has a masters degree in librarianship and information science? is it someone who looks after information for other people? is it simply someone who works in a library? i&rsquo;ve been grappling with this question a lot lately because i&rsquo;ve worked in academic libraries for about years now and i never really thought that&rsquo;s something that might happen. people keep referring to me as &ldquo;a librarian&rdquo; but there&rsquo;s some imposter feelings here because all the librarians around me have much more experience, have skills in areas like cataloguing and collection management and, generally, have a librarian masters degree. so i&rsquo;ve been thinking about what it actually means to me to be a librarian or not. nb. some of these may be tongue-in-cheek ways in which i am a librarian: i work in a library i help people to access and organise information i have a cat i like gin ways in which i am not a librarian: i don&rsquo;t have a librarianship qualification i don&rsquo;t work with books 😉 i don&rsquo;t knit (though i can probably remember how if pressed) i don&rsquo;t shush people or wear my hair in a bun (i can confirm that this is also true of every librarian i know) ways in which i am a shambrarian: i like beer i have more it experience and qualification than librarianship at the end of the day, i still don&rsquo;t know how i feel about this or, for that matter, how important it is. i&rsquo;m probably going to accept whatever title people around me choose to bestow, though any label will chafe at times! 	lean libraries: applying agile practices to library services kanban board jeff lasovski (via wikimedia commons) i&rsquo;ve been working with our it services at work quite closely for the last year as product owner for our new research data portal, orda. that&rsquo;s been a fascinating process for me as i&rsquo;ve been able to see first-hand some of the agile techniques that i&rsquo;ve been reading about from time-to-time on the web over the last few years. they&rsquo;re in the process of adopting a specific set of practices going under the name &ldquo;scrum&rdquo;, which is fun because it uses some novel terminology that sounds pretty weird to non-it folks, like &ldquo;scrum master&rdquo;, &ldquo;sprint&rdquo; and &ldquo;product backlog&rdquo;. on my small project we&rsquo;ve had great success with the short cycle times and been able to build trust with our stakeholders by showing concrete progress on a regular basis. modern librarianship is increasingly fluid, particularly in research services, and i think that to handle that fluidity it&rsquo;s absolutely vital that we are able to work in a more agile way. i&rsquo;m excited about the possibilities of some of these ideas. however, scrum as implemented by our it services doesn&rsquo;t seem something that transfers directly to the work that we do: it&rsquo;s too specialised for software development to adapt directly. what i intend to try is to steal some of the individual practices on an experimental basis and simply see what works and what doesn&rsquo;t. the lean concepts currently popular in it were originally developed in manufacturing: if they can be translated from the production of physical goods to it, i don&rsquo;t see why we can&rsquo;t make the ostensibly smaller step of translating them to a different type of knowledge work. i&rsquo;ve therefore started reading around this subject to try and get as many ideas as possible. i&rsquo;m generally pretty rubbish at taking notes from books, so i&rsquo;m going to try and record and reflect on any insights i make on this blog. the framework for trying some of these out is clearly a plan-do-check-act continuous improvement cycle, so i&rsquo;ll aim to reflect on that process too. i&rsquo;m sure there will have been people implementing lean in libraries already, so i&rsquo;m hoping to be able to discover and learn from them instead of starting froms scratch. wish me luck! 	mozilla global sprint photo by lena bell on unsplash every year, the mozilla foundation runs a two-day global sprint, giving people around the world hours to work on projects supporting and promoting open culture and tech. though much of the work during the sprint is, of course, technical software development work, there are always tasks suited to a wide range of different skill sets and experience levels. the participants include writers, designers, teachers, information professionals and many others. this year, for the first time, the university of sheffield hosted a site, providing a space for local researchers, developers and others to get out of their offices, work on #mozsprint and link up with others around the world. the sheffield site was organised by the research software engineering group in collaboration with the university library. our site was only small compared to others, but we still had people working on several different projects. my reason for taking part in the sprint was to contribute to the international effort on the library carpentry project. a team spread across four continents worked throughout the whole sprint to review and develop our lesson material. as there were no other library carpentry volunteers at the sheffield site, i chose to work on some urgent work around improving the presentation of our workshops and lessons on the web and related workflows. it was a really nice subproject to work on, requiring not only cleaning up and normalising the metadata we hold on workshops and lessons, but also digesting and formalising our current ad hoc process of lesson development. the largest group were solar physicists from the school of maths and statistics, working on the sunpy project, an open source environment for solar data analysis. they pushed loads of bug fixes and documentation improvements, and also mentored a new contributor through their first additions to the project. anna krystalli from research software engineering worked on the echoburst project, which is building a web browser extension to help people break out of their online echo chambers. it does this by using natural language processing techniques to highlight well-written, logically sound articles that disagree with the reader&rsquo;s stated views on particular topics of interest. anna was part of an effort to begin extending this technology to online videos. we had a couple of individuals simply taking the opportunity to break out of their normal work environments to work or learn, including a couple of members of library staff show up for a couple of hours to learn how to use git on a new project! 	idcc reflection for most of the last few years i&# ;ve been lucky enough to attend the international digital curation conference (idcc). one of the main audiences attending is people who, like me, work on research data management at universities around the world and it&# ;s begun to feel like a sort of &# ;home&# ; conference to me. this year, idcc was held at the royal college of surgeons in the beautiful city of edinburgh. for the last couple of years, my overall impression has been that, as a community, we&# ;re moving away from the &# ;first-order&# ; problem of trying to convince people (from phd students to senior academics) to take rdm seriously and into a rich set of &# ;second-order&# ; problems around how to do things better and widen support to more people. this year has been no exception. here are a few of my observations and takeaway points. everyone has a repository now only last year, the most common question you&# ;d get asked by strangers in the coffee break would be &# ;do you have a data repository?&# ; now the question is more likely to be &# ;what are you using for your data repository?&# ;, along with more subtle questions about specific components of systems and how they interact. integrating active storage and archival systems now that more institutions have data worth preserving, there is more interest in (and in many cases experience of) setting up more seamless integrations between active and archival storage. there are lessons here we can learn. freezing in amber vs actively maintaining assets there seemed to be an interesting debate going on throughout the conference around the aim of preservation: should we be faithfully preserving the bits and bytes provided without trying to interpret them, or should we take a more active approach by, for example, migrating obsolete formats to newer alternatives. if the former, should we attempt to preserve the software required to access the data as well? if the latter, how much effort do we invest and how do we ensure nothing is lost or altered in the migration? demonstrating data science instead of debating what it is the phrase &# ;data science&# ; was once again one of the most commonly uttered of the conference. however, there is now less abstract discussion about what, exactly, is meant by this &# ;data science&# ; thing; this has been replaced more by concrete demonstrations. this change was exemplified perfectly by the keynote by data scientist alice daish, who spent a riveting minutes or so enthusing about all the cool stuff she does with data at the british museum. recognition of software as an issue even as recently as last year, i&# ;ve struggled to drum up much interest in discussing software sustainability and preservation at events like this; the interest was there, but there were higher priorities. so i was completely taken by surprise when we ended up with + people in the software preservation birds of a feather (bof) session, and when very little input was needed from me as chair to keep a productive discussion going for a full minutes. unashamed promotion of openness as a community we seem to have nearly overthrown our collective embarrassment about the phrase &# ;open data&# ; (although maybe this is just me). we&# ;ve always known it was a good thing, but i know i&# ;ve been a bit of an apologist in the past, feeling that i had to &# ;soften the blow&# ; when asking researchers to be more open. now i feel more confident in leading with the benefits of openness, and it felt like that&# ;s a change reflected in the community more widely. becoming more involved in the conference this year, i took a decision to try and do more to contribute to the conference itself, and i felt like this was pretty successful both in making that contribution and building up my own profile a bit. i presented a paper on one of my current passions, library carpentry; it felt really good to be able to share my enthusiasm. i presented a poster on our work integrating our data repository and digital preservation platform; this gave me more of a structure for networking during breaks, as i was able to stand by the poster and start discussions with anyone who seemed interested. i chaired a parallel session; a first for me, and a different challenge from presenting or simply attending the talks. and finally, i proposed and chaired the software preservation bof session (blog post forthcoming). renewed excitement it&# ;s weird, and possibly all in my imagination, but there seemed to be more energy at this conference than at the previous couple i&# ;ve been to. more people seemed to be excited about the work we&# ;re all doing, recent achievements and the possibilities for the future. 	introducing pyrefine: openrefine meets python i&rsquo;m knocking the rust off my programming skills by attempting to write a pure-python interpreter for openrefine &ldquo;scripts&rdquo;. openrefine is a great tool for exploring and cleaning datasets prior to analysing them. it also records an undo history of all actions that you can export as a sort of script in json format. one thing that bugs me though is that, having spent some time interactively cleaning up your dataset, you then need to fire up openrefine again and do some interactive mouse-clicky stuff to apply that cleaning routine to another dataset. you can at least re-import the json undo history to make that as quick as possible, but there&rsquo;s no getting around the fact that there&rsquo;s no quick way to do it from a cold start. there is a project, batchrefine, that extends the openrefine server to accept batch requests over a http api, but that isn&rsquo;t useful when you can&rsquo;t or don&rsquo;t want to keep a full java stack running in the background the whole time. my concept is this: you use or to explore the data interactively and design a cleaning process, but then export the process to json and integrate it into your analysis in python. that way it can be repeated ad nauseam without having to fire up a full java stack. i&rsquo;m taking some inspiration from the great talk &ldquo;so you want to be a wizard?&quot; by julia evans (@b rk), who recommends trying experiments as a way to learn. she gives these rules of programming experiments: &ldquo;it doesn&rsquo;t have to be good it doesn&rsquo;t have to work you have to learn something&rdquo; in that spirit, my main priorities are: to see if this can be done; to see how far i can get implementing it; and to learn something. if it also turns out to be a useful thing, well, that&rsquo;s a bonus. some of the interesting possible challenges here: implement all core operations; there are quite a lot of these, some of which will be fun (i.e. non-trivial) to implement implement (a subset of?) grel, the general refine expression language; i guess my undergrad course on implementing parsers and compilers will come in handy after all! generate clean, sane python code from the json rather than merely executing it; more than anything, this would be a nice educational tool for users of openrefine who want to see how to do equivalent things in python selectively optimise key parts of the process; this will involve profiling the code to identify bottlenecks as well as tweaking the actual code to go faster potentially handle contributions to the code from other people; i&rsquo;d be really happy if this happened but i&rsquo;m realistic&hellip; if you&rsquo;re interested, the project is called pyrefine and it&rsquo;s on github. constructive criticism, issues &amp; pull requests all welcome! 	implementing yesterbox in emacs with mu e i&rsquo;ve been meaning to give yesterbox a try for a while. the general idea is that each day you only deal with email that arrived yesterday or earlier. this forms your inbox for the day, hence &ldquo;yesterbox&rdquo;. once you&rsquo;ve emptied your yesterbox, or at least got through some minimum number ( is recommended) then you can look at emails from today. even then you only really want to be dealing with things that are absolutely urgent. anything else can wait til tomorrow. the motivation for doing this is to get away from the feeling that we are king canute, trying to hold back the tide. i find that when i&rsquo;m processing my inbox toward zero there&rsquo;s always a temptation to keep skipping to the new stuff that&rsquo;s just come in. hiding away the new email until i&rsquo;ve dealt with the old is a very interesting idea. i use mu e in emacs for reading my email, and handily the mu search syntax is very flexible so you&rsquo;d think it would be easy to create a yesterbox filter: maildir:&quot;/inbox&quot; date:.. d unfortunately, d is interpreted as &ldquo; hours ago from right now&rdquo; so this filter misses everything that was sent yesterday but less than hours ago. there was a feature request raised on the mu github repository to implement an additional date filter syntax but it seems to have died a death for now. in the meantime, the answer to this is to remember that my workplace observes fairly standard office hours, so that anything sent more than hours ago is unlikely to have been sent today. the following does the trick: maildir:&quot;/inbox&quot; date:.. h in my mu e bookmarks list, that looks like this: (setq mu e-bookmarks &# ;((&# ;flag:unread and not flag:trashed&# ; &# ;unread messages&# ; ?u) (&# ;flag:flagged maildir:/archive&# ; &# ;starred messages&# ; ?s) (&# ;date:today..now&# ; &# ;today&# ;s messages&# ; ?t) (&# ;date: d..now&# ; &# ;last days&# ; ?w) (&# ;maildir:\&# ;/mailing lists.*\&# ; (flag:unread or flag:flagged)&# ; &# ;unread in mailing lists&# ; ?m) (&# ;maildir:\&# ;/inbox\&# ; date:.. d&# ; &# ;yesterbox&# ; ?y))) ;; &lt;- this is the new one 	rewarding good practice in research from opensource.com on flickr whenever i&rsquo;m involved in a discussion about how to encourage researchers to adopt new practices, eventually someone will come out with some variant of the following phrase: &ldquo;that&rsquo;s all very well, but researchers will never do xyz until it&rsquo;s made a criterion in hiring and promotion decisions.&rdquo; with all the discussion of carrots and sticks i can see where this attitude comes from, and strongly empathise with it, but it raises two main problems: it&rsquo;s unfair and more than a little insulting to anyone to be lumped into one homogeneous group; and taking all the different possible xyzs into account, that&rsquo;s an awful lot of hoops to expect anyone to jump through. firstly, &ldquo;researchers&rdquo; are as diverse as the rest of us in terms of what gets them out of bed in the morning. some of us want prestige; some want to contribute to a greater good; some want to create new things; some just enjoy the work. one thing i&rsquo;d argue we all have in common is this: nothing is more offputting than feeling like you&rsquo;re being strongarmed into something you don&rsquo;t want to do. if we rely on simplistic metrics, people will focus on those and miss the point. at best people will disengage and at worst they will actively game the system. i&rsquo;ve got to do these ten things to get my next payrise, and still retain my sanity? ok, what&rsquo;s the least i can get away with and still tick them off. you see it with students taking poorly-designed assessments and grown-ups are no difference. we do need to wield carrots as well as sticks, but the whole point is that these practices are beneficial in and of themselves. the carrots are already there if we articulate them properly and clear the roadblocks (don&rsquo;t you enjoy mixed metaphors?). creating artificial benefits will just dilute the value of the real ones. secondly, i&rsquo;ve heard a similar argument made for all of the following practices and more: research data management open access publishing public engagement new media (e.g. blogging) software management and sharing some researchers devote every waking hour to their work, whether it&rsquo;s in the lab, writing grant applications, attending conferences, authoring papers, teaching, and so on and so on. it&rsquo;s hard to see how someone with all this in their schedule can find time to exercise any of these new skills, let alone learn them in the first place. and what about the people who sensibly restrict the hours taken by work to spend more time doing things they enjoy? yes, all of the above practices are valuable, both for the individual and the community, but they&rsquo;re all new (to most) and hence require more effort up front to learn. we have to accept that it&rsquo;s inevitably going to take time for all of them to become &ldquo;business as usual&rdquo;. i think if the hiring/promotion/tenure process has any role in this, it&rsquo;s in asking whether the researcher can build a coherent narrative as to why they&rsquo;ve chosen to focus their efforts in this area or that. you&rsquo;re not on twitter but your data is being used by research groups across the world? great! you didn&rsquo;t have time to tidy up your source code for github but your work is directly impacting government policy? brilliant! we still need convince more people to do more of these beneficial things, so how? call me naïve, but maybe we should stick to making rational arguments, calming fears and providing low-risk opportunities to learn new skills. acting (compassionately) like a stuck record can help. and maybe we&rsquo;ll need to scale back our expectations in other areas (journal impact factors, anyone?) to make space for the new stuff. 	software carpentry: sc test; does your software do what you meant? &ldquo;the single most important rule of testing is to do it.&rdquo; &mdash; brian kernighan and rob pike, the practice of programming (quote taken from sc test page one of the trickiest aspects of developing software is making sure that it actually does what it&rsquo;s supposed to. sometimes failures are obvious: you get completely unreasonable output or even (shock!) a comprehensible error message. but failures are often more subtle. would you notice if your result was out by a few percent, or consistently ignored the first row of your input data? the solution to this is testing: take some simple example input with a known output, run the code and compare the actual output with the expected one. implement a new feature, test and repeat. sounds easy, doesn&rsquo;t it? but then you implement a new bit of code. you test it and everything seems to work fine, except that your new feature required changes to existing code and those changes broke something else. so in fact you need to test everything, and do it every time you make a change. further than that, you probably want to test that all your separate bits of code work together properly (integration testing) as well as testing the individual bits separately (unit testing). in fact, splitting your tests up like that is a good way of holding on to your sanity. this is actually a lot less scary than it sounds, because there are plenty of tools now to automate that testing: you just type a simple test command and everything is verified. there are even tools that enable you to have tests run automatically when you check the code into version control, and even automatically deploy code that passes the tests, a process known as continuous integration or ci. the big problems with testing are that it&rsquo;s tedious, your code seems to work without it and no-one tells you off for not doing it. at the time when the software carpentry competition was being run, the idea of testing wasn&rsquo;t new, but the tools to help were in their infancy. &ldquo;existing tools are obscure, hard to use, expensive, don&rsquo;t actually provide much help, or all three.&rdquo; the sc test category asked entrants &ldquo;to design a tool, or set of tools, which will help programmers construct and maintain black box and glass box tests of software components at all levels, including functions, modules, and classes, and whole programs.&rdquo; the sc test category is interesting in that the competition administrators clearly found it difficult to specify what they wanted to see in an entry. in fact, the whole category was reopened with a refined set of rules and expectations. ultimately, it&rsquo;s difficult to tell whether this category made a significant difference. where the tools to write tests used to be very sparse and difficult to use they are now many and several options exist for most programming languages. with this proliferation, several tried-and-tested methodologies have emerged which are consistent across many different tools, so while things still aren&rsquo;t perfect they are much better. in recent years there has been a culture shift in the wider software development community towards both testing in general and test-first development, where the tests for a new feature are written first, and then the implementation is coded incrementally until all tests pass. the current challenge is to transfer this culture shift to the academic research community! 	tools for collaborative markdown editing photo by alan cleaver i really love markdown . i love its simplicity; its readability; its plain-text nature. i love that it can be written and read with nothing more complicated than a text-editor. i love how nicely it plays with version control systems. i love how easy it is to convert to different formats with pandoc and how it&rsquo;s become effectively the native text format for a wide range of blogging platforms. one frustration i&rsquo;ve had recently, then, is that it&rsquo;s surprisingly difficult to collaborate on a markdown document. there are various solutions that almost work but at best feel somehow inelegant, especially when compared with rock solid products like google docs. finally, though, we&rsquo;re starting to see some real possibilities. here are some of the things i&rsquo;ve tried, but i&rsquo;d be keen to hear about other options. . just suck it up to be honest, google docs isn&rsquo;t that bad. in fact it works really well, and has almost no learning curve for anyone who&rsquo;s ever used word (i.e. practically anyone who&rsquo;s used a computer since the s). when i&rsquo;m working with non-technical colleagues there&rsquo;s nothing i&rsquo;d rather use. it still feels a bit uncomfortable though, especially the vendor lock-in. you can export a google doc to word, odt or pdf, but you need to use google docs to do that. plus as soon as i start working in a word processor i get tempted to muck around with formatting. . git(hub) the obvious solution to most techies is to set up a github repo, commit the document and go from there. this works very well for bigger documents written over a longer time, but seems a bit heavyweight for a simple one-page proposal, especially over short timescales. who wants to muck around with pull requests and merging changes for a document that&rsquo;s going to take days to write tops? this type of project doesn&rsquo;t need a bug tracker or a wiki or a public homepage anyway. even without github in the equation, using git for such a trivial use case seems clunky. . markdown in etherpad/google docs etherpad is great tool for collaborative editing, but suffers from two key problems: no syntax highlighting or preview for markdown (it&rsquo;s just treated as simple text); and you need to find a server to host it or do it yourself. however, there&rsquo;s nothing to stop you editing markdown with it. you can do the same thing in google docs, in fact, and i have. editing a fundamentally plain-text format in a word processor just feels weird though. . overleaf/authorea overleaf and authorea are two products developed to support academic editing. authorea has built-in markdown support but lacks proper simultaneous editing. overleaf has great simultaneous editing but only supports markdown by wrapping a bunch of latex boilerplate around it. both ok but unsatisfactory. . stackedit now we&rsquo;re starting to get somewhere. stackedit has both markdown syntax highlighting and near-realtime preview, as well as integrating with google drive and dropbox for file synchronisation. . hackmd hackmd is one that i only came across recently, but it looks like it does exactly what i&rsquo;m after: a simple markdown-aware editor with live preview that also permits simultaneous editing. i&rsquo;m a little circumspect simply because i know simultaneous editing is difficult to get right, but it certainly shows promise. . classeur i discovered classeur literally today: it&rsquo;s developed by the same team as stackedit (which is now apparently no longer in development), and is currently in beta, but it looks to offer two killer features: real-time collaboration, including commenting, and pandoc-powered export to loads of different formats. anything else? those are the options i&rsquo;ve come up with so far, but they can&rsquo;t be the only ones. is there anything i&rsquo;ve missed? other plain-text formats are available. i&rsquo;m also a big fan of org-mode. &#x a ;&#xfe e; 	software carpentry: sc track; hunt those bugs! this competition will be an opportunity for the next wave of developers to show their skills to the world &mdash; and to companies like ours. &mdash; dick hardt, activestate (quote taken from sc track page) all code contains bugs, and all projects have features that users would like but which aren&rsquo;t yet implemented. open source projects tend to get more of these as their user communities grow and start requesting improvements to the product. as your open source project grows, it becomes harder and harder to keep track of and prioritise all of these potential chunks of work. what do you do? the answer, as ever, is to make a to-do list. different projects have used different solutions, including mailing lists, forums and wikis, but fairly quickly a whole separate class of software evolved: the bug tracker, which includes such well-known examples as bugzilla, redmine and the mighty jira. bug trackers are built entirely around such requests for improvement, and typically track them through workflow stages (planning, in progress, fixed, etc.) with scope for the community to discuss and add various bits of metadata. in this way, it becomes easier both to prioritise problems against each other and to use the hive mind to find solutions. unfortunately most bug trackers are big, complicated beasts, more suited to large projects with dozens of developers and hundreds or thousands of users. clearly a project of this size is more difficult to manage and requires a certain feature set, but the result is that the average bug tracker is non-trivial to set up for a small single-developer project. the sc track category asked entrants to propose a better bug tracking system. in particular, the judges were looking for something easy to set up and configure without compromising on functionality. the winning entry was a bug-tracker called roundup, proposed by ka-ping yee. here we have another tool which is still in active use and development today. given that there is now a huge range of options available in this area, including the mighty github, this is no small achievement. these days, of course, github has become something of a de facto standard for open source project management. although ostensibly a version control hosting platform, each github repository also comes with a built-in issue tracker, which is also well-integrated with the &ldquo;pull request&rdquo; workflow system that allows contributors to submit bug fixes and features themselves. github&rsquo;s competitors, such as gitlab and bitbucket, also include similar features. not everyone wants to work in this way though, so it&rsquo;s good to see that there is still a healthy ecosystem of open source bug trackers, and that software carpentry is still having an impact. 	software carpentry: sc config; write once, compile anywhere nine years ago, when i first release python to the world, i distributed it with a makefile for bsd unix. the most frequent questions and suggestions i received in response to these early distributions were about building it on different unix platforms. someone pointed me to autoconf, which allowed me to create a configure script that figured out platform idiosyncracies unfortunately, autoconf is painful to use &ndash; its grouping, quoting and commenting conventions don&rsquo;t match those of the target language, which makes scripts hard to write and even harder to debug. i hope that this competition comes up with a better solution &mdash; it would make porting python to new platforms a lot easier! &mdash; guido van rossum, technical director, python consortium (quote taken from sc config page) on to the next software carpentry competition category, then. one of the challenges of writing open source software is that you have to make it run on a wide range of systems over which you have no control. you don&rsquo;t know what operating system any given user might be using or what libraries they have installed, or even what versions of those libraries. this means that whatever build system you use, you can&rsquo;t just send the makefile (or whatever) to someone else and expect everything to go off without a hitch. for a very long time, it&rsquo;s been common practice for source packages to include a configure script that, when executed, runs a bunch of tests to see what it has to work with and sets up the makefile accordingly. writing these scripts by hand is a nightmare, so tools like autoconf and automake evolved to make things a little easier. they did, and if the tests you want to use are already implemented they work very well indeed. unfortunately they&rsquo;re built on an unholy combination of shell scripting and the archaic gnu m macro language. that means if you want to write new tests you need to understand both of these as well as the architecture of the tools themselves &mdash; not an easy task for the average self-taught research programmer. sc conf, then, called for a re-engineering of the autoconf concept, to make it easier for researchers to make their code available in a portable, platform-independent format. the second round configuration tool winner was sapcat, &ldquo;a tool to help make software portable&rdquo;. unfortunately, this one seems not to have gone anywhere, and i could only find the original proposal on the internet archive. there were a lot of good ideas in this category about making catalogues and databases of system quirks to avoid having to rerun the same expensive tests again the way a standard ./configure script does. i think one reason none of these ideas survived is that they were overly ambitions, imagining a grand architecture where their tool provide some overarching source of truth. this is in stark contrast to the way most unix-like systems work, where each tool does one very specific job well and tools are easy to combine in various ways. in the end though, i think moore&rsquo;s law won out here, making it easier to do the brute-force checks each time than to try anything clever to save time &mdash; a good example of avoiding unnecessary optimisation. add to that the evolution of the generic pkg-config tool from earlier package-specific tools like gtk-config, and it&rsquo;s now much easier to check for particular versions and features of common packages. on top of that, much of the day-to-day coding of a modern researcher happens in interpreted languages like python and r, which give you a fully-functioning pre-configured environment with a lot less compiling to do. as a side note, tom tromey, another of the shortlisted entrants in this category, is still a major contributor to the open source world. he still seems to be involved in the automake project, contributes a lot of code to the emacs community too and blogs sporadically at the cliffs of inanity. 	semantic linefeeds: one clause per line i&rsquo;ve started using &ldquo;semantic linefeeds&rdquo;, a concept i discovered on brandon rhodes' blog, when writing content, an idea described in that article far better than i could. i turns out this is a very old idea, promoted way back in the day by brian w kernighan, contributor to the original unix system, co-creator of the awk and ampl programming languages and co-author of a lot of seminal programming textbooks including &ldquo;the c programming language&rdquo;. the basic idea is that you break lines at natural gaps between clauses and phrases, rather than simply after the last word before you hit characters. keeping line lengths strictly to characters isn&rsquo;t really necessary in these days of wide aspect ratios for screens. breaking lines at points that make semantic sense in the sentence is really helpful for editing, especially in the context of version control, because it isolates changes to the clause in which they occur rather than just the nearest -character block. i also like it because it makes my crappy prose feel just a little bit more like poetry. ☺ 	software carpentry: sc build; or making a better make software tools often grow incrementally from small beginnings into elaborate artefacts. each increment makes sense, but the final edifice is a mess. make is an excellent example: a simple tool that has grown into a complex domain-specific programming language. i look forward to seeing the improvements we will get from designing the tool afresh, as a whole&hellip; &mdash; simon peyton-jones, microsoft research (quote taken from sc build page) most people who have had to compile an existing software tool will have come across the venerable make tool (which usually these days means gnu make). it allows the developer to write a declarative set of rules specifying how the final software should be built from its component parts, mostly source code, allowing the build itself to be carried out by simply typing make at the command line and hitting enter. given a set of rules, make will work out all the dependencies between components and ensure everything is built in the right order and nothing that is up-to-date is rebuilt. great in principle but make is notoriously difficult for beginners to learn, as much of the logic for how builds are actually carried out is hidden beneath the surface. this also makes it difficult to debug problems when building large projects. for these reasons, the sc build category called for a replacement build tool engineered from the ground up to solve these problems. the second round winner, sccons, is a python-based make-like build tool written by steven knight. while i could find no evidence of any of the other shortlisted entries, this project (now renamed scons) continues in active use and development to this day. i actually use this one myself from time to time and to be honest i prefer it in many cases to trendy new tools like rake or grunt and the behemoth that is apache ant. its python-based sconstruct file syntax is remarkably intuitive and scales nicely from very simple builds up to big and complicated project, with good dependency tracking to avoid unnecessary recompiling. it has a lot of built-in rules for performing common build &amp; compile tasks, but it&rsquo;s trivial to add your own, either by combining existing building blocks or by writing a new builder with the full power of python. a minimal sconstruct file looks like this: program(&# ;hello.c&# ;) couldn&rsquo;t be simpler! and you have the full power of python syntax to keep your build file simple and readable. it&rsquo;s interesting that all the entries in this category apart from one chose to use a python-derived syntax for describing build steps. python was clearly already a language of choice for flexible multi-purpose computing. the exception is the entry that chose to use xml instead, which i think is a horrible idea (oh how i used to love xml!) but has been used to great effect in the java world by tools like ant and maven. 	what happened to the original software carpentry? &ldquo;software carpentry was originally a competition to design new software tools, not a training course. the fact that you didn&rsquo;t know that tells you how well it worked.&rdquo; when i read this in a recent post on greg wilson&rsquo;s blog, i took it as a challenge. i actually do remember the competition, although looking at the dates it was long over by the time i found it. i believe it did have impact; in fact, i still occasionally use one of the tools it produced, so greg&rsquo;s comment got me thinking: what happened to the other competition entries? working out what happened will need a bit of digging, as most of the relevant information is now only available on the internet archive. it certainly seems that by november the domain name had been allowed to lapse and had been replaced with a holding page by the registrar. there were four categories in the competition, each representing a category of tool that the organisers thought could be improved: sc build: a build tool to replace make sc conf: a configuration management tool to replace autoconf and automake sc track: a bug tracking tool sc test: an easy to use testing framework i&rsquo;m hoping to be able to show that this work had a lot more impact than greg is admitting here. i&rsquo;ll keep you posted on what i find! 	changing static site generators: nanoc → hugo i&rsquo;ve decided to move the site over to a different static site generator, hugo. i&rsquo;ve been using nanoc for a long time and it&rsquo;s worked very well, but lately it&rsquo;s been taking longer and longer to compile the site and throwing weird errors that i can&rsquo;t get to the bottom of. at the time i started using nanoc, static site generators were in their infancy. there weren&rsquo;t the huge number of feature-loaded options that there are now, so i chose one and i built a whole load of blogging-related functionality myself. i did it in ways that made sense at the time but no longer work well with nanoc&rsquo;s latest versions. so it&rsquo;s time to move to something that has blogging baked-in from the beginning and i&rsquo;m taking the opportunity to overhaul the look and feel too. again, when i started there weren&rsquo;t many pre-existing themes so i built the whole thing myself and though i&rsquo;m happy with the work i did on it it never quite felt polished enough. now i&rsquo;ve got the opportunity to adapt one of the many well-designed themes already out there, so i&rsquo;ve taken one from the hugo themes gallery and tweaked the colours to my satisfaction. hugo also has various features that i&rsquo;ve wanted to implement in nanoc but never quite got round to it. the nicest one is proper handling of draft posts and future dates, but i keep finding others. there&rsquo;s a lot of old content that isn&rsquo;t quite compatible with the way hugo does things so i&rsquo;ve taken the old nanoc-compiled content and frozen it to make sure that old links should still work. i could probably fiddle with it for years without doing much so it&rsquo;s probably time to go ahead and publish it. i&rsquo;m still not completely happy with my choice of theme but one of the joys of hugo is that i can change that whenever i want. let me know what you think! 	license except where otherwise stated, all content on erambler by jez cope is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike . international license. 	rdm resources i occasionally get asked for resources to help someone learn more about research data management (rdm) as a discipline (i.e. for those providing rdm support rather than simply wanting to manage their own data). i&rsquo;ve therefore collected a few resources together on this page. if you&rsquo;re lucky i might even update it from time to time! first, a caveat: this is very focussed on uk higher education, though much of it will still be relevant for people outside that narrow demographic. my general recommendation would be to start with the digital curation centre (dcc) website and follow links out from there. i also have a slowly growing list of rdm links on diigo, and there&rsquo;s an rdm section in my list of blogs and feeds too. mailing lists jiscmail is a popular list server run for the benefit of further and higher education in the uk; the following lists are particularly relevant: research-dataman data-publication digital-preservation lis-researchsupport the research data alliance have a number of interest groups and working groups that discuss issues by email events international digital curation conference — major annual conference research data management forum — roughly every six months, places are limited! rda plenary — also every months, but only about in every in europe books in no particular order: martin, victoria. demystifying eresearch: a primer for librarians. libraries unlimited, . borgman, christine l. big data, little data, no data: scholarship in the networked world. cambridge, massachusetts: the mit press, . corti, louise, veerle van den eynden, and libby bishop. managing and sharing research data. thousand oaks, ca: sage publications ltd, . pryor, graham, ed. managing research data. facet publishing, . pryor, graham, sarah jones, and angus whyte, eds. delivering research data management services: fundamentals of good practice. facet publishing, . ray, joyce m., ed. research data management: practical strategies for information professionals. west lafayette, indiana: purdue university press, . reports ‘ten recommendations for libraries to get started with research data management’. liber, august . http://libereurope.eu/news/ten-recommendations-for-libraries-to-get-started-with-research-data-management/. ‘science as an open enterprise’. royal society, june . https://royalsociety.org/policy/projects/science-public-enterprise/report/. mary auckland. ‘re-skilling for research’. rluk, january . http://www.rluk.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/ / /rluk-re-skilling.pdf. journals international journal of digital curation (ijdc) journal of escience librarianship (jeslib) 	fairphone : initial thoughts on the original ethical smartphone i&rsquo;ve had my eye on the fairphone for a while now, and when my current phone, an aging samsung galaxy s , started playing up i decided it was time to take the plunge. a few people have asked for my thoughts on the fairphone so here are a few notes. why i bought it the thing that sparked my interest, and the main reason for buying the phone really, was the ethical stance of the manufacturer. the small swedish company have gone to great lengths to ensure that both labour and materials are sourced as responsibly as possible. they regularly inspect the factories where the parts are made and assembled to ensure fair treatment of the workers and they source all the raw materials carefully to minimise the environmental impact and the use of conflict minerals. another side to this ethical stance is a focus on longevity of the phone itself. this is not a product with an intentionally limited lifespan. instead, it&rsquo;s designed to be modular and as repairable as possible, by the owner themselves. spares are available for all of the parts that commonly fail in phones (including screen and camera), and at the time of writing the fairphone is the only phone to receive / for reparability from ifixit. there are plans to allow hardware upgrades, including an expansion port on the back so that nfc or wireless charging could be added with a new case, for example. what i like so far, the killer feature for me is the dual sim card slots. i have both a personal and a work phone, and the latter was always getting left at home or in the office or running out of charge. now i have both sims in the one phone: i can recieve calls on either number, turn them on and off independently and choose which account to use when sending a text or making a call. the os is very close to &ldquo;standard&rdquo; android, which is nice, and i really don&rsquo;t miss all the extra bloatware that came with the galaxy s . it also has twice the storage of that phone, which is hardly unique but is still nice to have. overall, it seems like a solid, reliable phone, though it&rsquo;s not going to outperform anything else at the same price point. it certainly feels nice and snappy for everything i want to use it for. i&rsquo;m no mobile gamer, but there is that distant promise of upgradability on the horizon if you are. what i don&rsquo;t like i only have two bugbears so far. once or twice it&rsquo;s locked up and become unresponsive, requiring a &ldquo;manual reset&rdquo; (removing and replacing the battery) to get going again. it also lacks nfc, which isn&rsquo;t really a deal breaker, but i was just starting to make occasional use of it on the s (mostly experimenting with my yubikey neo) and it would have been nice to try out android pay when it finally arrives in the uk. overall it&rsquo;s definitely a serious contender if you&rsquo;re looking for a new smartphone and aren&rsquo;t bothered about serious mobile gaming. you do pay a premium for the ethical sourcing and modularity, but i feel that&rsquo;s worth it for me. i&rsquo;m looking forward to seeing how it works out as a phone. 	wiring my web i&rsquo;m a nut for automating repetitive tasks, so i was dead pleased a few years ago when i discovered that ifttt let me plug different bits of the web together. i now use it for tasks such as: syndicating blog posts to social media creating scheduled/repeating todo items from a google calendar making a note to revisit an article i&rsquo;ve starred in feedly i&rsquo;d probably only be half-joking if i said that i spend more time automating things than i save not having to do said things manually. thankfully it&rsquo;s also a great opportunity to learn, and recently i&rsquo;ve been thinking about reimplementing some of my ifttt workflows myself to get to grips with how it all works. there are some interesting open source projects designed to offer a lot of this functionality, such as huginn, but i decided to go for a simpler option for two reasons: i want to spend my time learning about the apis of the services i use and how to wire them together, rather than learning how to use another big framework; and i only have a small amazon ec server to pay with and a heavy ruby on rails app like huginn (plus web server) needs more memory than i have. instead i&rsquo;ve gone old-school with a little collection of individual scripts to do particular jobs. i&rsquo;m using the built-in scheduling functionality of systemd, which is already part of a modern linux operating system, to get them to run periodically. it also means i can vary the language i use to write each one depending on the needs of the job at hand and what i want to learn/feel like at the time. currently it&rsquo;s all done in python, but i want to have a go at lisp sometime, and there are some interesting new languages like go and julia that i&rsquo;d like to get my teeth into as well. you can see my code on github as it develops: https://github.com/jezcope/web-plumbing. comments and contributions are welcome (if not expected) and let me know if you find any of the code useful. image credit: xkcd # , automation 	data is like water, and language is like clothing i admit it: i&rsquo;m a grammar nerd. i know the difference between &lsquo;who&rsquo; and &lsquo;whom&rsquo;, and i&rsquo;m proud. i used to be pretty militant, but these days i&rsquo;m more relaxed. i still take joy in the mechanics of the language, but i also believe that english is defined by its usage, not by a set of arbitrary rules. i&rsquo;m just as happy to abuse it as to use it, although i still think it&rsquo;s important to know what rules you&rsquo;re breaking and why. my approach now boils down to this: language is like clothing. you (probably) wouldn&rsquo;t show up to a job interview in your pyjamas , but neither are you going to wear a tuxedo or ballgown to the pub. getting commas and semicolons in the right place is like getting your shirt buttons done up right. getting it wrong doesn&rsquo;t mean you&rsquo;re an idiot. everyone will know what you meant. it will affect how you&rsquo;re perceived, though, and that will affect how your message is perceived. and there are former rules that some still enforce that are nonetheless dropping out of regular usage. there was a time when everyone in an office job wore formal clothing. then it became acceptable just to have a blouse, or a shirt and tie. then the tie became optional and now there are many professions where perfectly well-respected and competent people are expected to show up wearing nothing smarter than jeans and a t-shirt. one such rule imho is that &lsquo;data&rsquo; is a plural and should take pronouns like &lsquo;they&rsquo; and &lsquo;these&rsquo;. the origin of the word &lsquo;data&rsquo; is in the latin plural of &lsquo;datum&rsquo;, and that idea has clung on for a considerable period. but we don&rsquo;t speak latin and the english language continues to evolve: &lsquo;agenda&rsquo; also began life as a latin plural, but we don&rsquo;t use the word &lsquo;agendum&rsquo; any more. it&rsquo;s common everyday usage to refer to data with singular pronouns like &lsquo;it&rsquo; and &lsquo;this&rsquo;, and it&rsquo;s very rare to see someone referring to a single datum (as opposed to &lsquo;data point&rsquo; or something). if you want to get technical, i tend to think of data as a mass noun, like &lsquo;water&rsquo; or &lsquo;information&rsquo;. it&rsquo;s uncountable: talking about &lsquo;a water&rsquo; or &lsquo;an information&rsquo; doesn&rsquo;t make much sense, but it uses singular pronouns, as in &lsquo;this information&rsquo;. if you&rsquo;re interested, the oxford english dictionary also takes this position, while chambers leaves the choice of singular or plural noun up to you. there is absolutely nothing wrong, in my book, with referring to data in the plural as many people still do. but it&rsquo;s no longer a rule and for me it&rsquo;s weakened further from guideline to preference. it&rsquo;s like wearing a bow-tie to work. there&rsquo;s nothing wrong with it and some people really make it work, but it&rsquo;s increasingly outdated and even a little eccentric. or maybe you&rsquo;d totally rock it. &#x a ;&#xfe e; like not starting a sentence with a conjunction&hellip; &#x a ;&#xfe e; 	#idcc day : new ideas well, i did a great job of blogging the conference for a couple of days, but then i was hit by the bug that&rsquo;s been going round and didn&rsquo;t have a lot of energy for anything other than paying attention and making notes during the day! i&rsquo;ve now got round to reviewing my notes so here are a few reflections on day . day was the day of many parallel talks! so many great and inspiring ideas to take in! here are a few of my take-home points. big science and the long tail the first parallel session had examples of practical data management in the real world. jian qin &amp; brian dobreski (school of information studies, syracuse university) worked on reproducibility with one of the research groups involved with the recent gravitational wave discovery. &ldquo;reproducibility&rdquo; for this work (as with much of physics) mostly equates to computational reproducibility: tracking the provenance of the code and its input and output is key. they also found that in practice the scientists' focus was on making the big discovery, and ensuring reproducibility was seen as secondary. this goes some way to explaining why current workflows and tools don&rsquo;t really capture enough metadata. milena golshan &amp; ashley sands (center for knowledge infrastructures, ucla) investigated the use of software-as-a-service (saas, such as google drive, dropbox or more specialised tools) as a way of meeting the needs of long-tail science research such as ocean science. this research is characterised by small teams, diverse data, dynamic local development of tools, local practices and difficulty disseminating data. this results in a need for researchers to be generalists, as opposed to &ldquo;big science&rdquo; research areas, where they can afford to specialise much more deeply. such generalists tend to develop their own isolated workflows, which can differ greatly even within a single lab. long-tail research also often struggles from a lack of dedicated it support. they found that use of saas could help to meet these challenges, but with a high cost required to cover the needed guarantees of security and stability. education &amp; training this session focussed on the professional development of library staff. eleanor mattern (university of pittsburgh) described the immersive training introduced to improve librarians' understanding of the data needs of their subject areas in delivering their rdm service delivery model. the participants each conducted a &ldquo;disciplinary deep dive&rdquo;, shadowing researchers and then reporting back to the group on their discoveries with a presentation and discussion. liz lyon (also university of pittsburgh, formerly ukoln/dcc) gave a systematic breakdown of the skills, knowledge and experience required in different data-related roles, obtained from an analysis of job adverts. she identified distinct roles of data analyst, data engineer and data journalist, and as well as each role&rsquo;s distinctive skills, pinpointed common requirements of all three: python, r, sql and excel. this work follows on from an earlier phase which identified an allied set of roles: data archivist, data librarian and data steward. data sharing and reuse this session gave an overview of several specific workflow tools designed for researchers. marisa strong (university of california curation centre/california digital libraries) presented dash, a highly modular tool for manual data curation and deposit by researchers. it&rsquo;s built on their flexible backend, stash, and though it&rsquo;s currently optimised to deposit in their merritt data repository it could easily be hooked up to other repositories. it captures datacite metadata and a few other fields, and is integrated with orcid to uniquely identify people. in a different vein, eleni castro (institute for quantitative social science, harvard university) discussed some of the ways that harvard&rsquo;s dataverse repository is streamlining deposit by enabling automation. it provides a number of standardised endpoints such as oai-pmh for metadata harvest and sword for deposit, as well as custom apis for discovery and deposit. interesting use cases include: an addon for the open science framework to deposit in dataverse via sword an r package to enable automatic deposit of simulation and analysis results integration with publisher workflows open journal systems a growing set of visualisations for deposited data in the future they&rsquo;re also looking to integrate with dmptool to capture data management plans and with archivematica for digital preservation. andrew treloar (australian national data service) gave us some reflections on the ands &ldquo;applications programme&rdquo;, a series of small funded projects intended to address the fourth of their strategic transformations, single use → reusable. he observed that essentially these projects worked because they were able to throw money at a problem until they found a solution: not very sustainable. some of them stuck to a traditional &ldquo;waterfall&rdquo; approach to project management, resulting in &ldquo;the right solution years late&rdquo;. every researcher&rsquo;s needs are &ldquo;special&rdquo; and communities are still constrained by old ways of working. the conclusions from this programme were that: &ldquo;good enough&rdquo; is fine most of the time adopt/adapt/augment is better than build existing toolkits let you focus on the % functionality that&rsquo;s missing succussful projects involved research champions who can: ) articulate their community&rsquo;s requirements; and ) promote project outcomes summary all in all, it was a really exciting conference, and i&rsquo;ve come home with loads of new ideas and plans to develop our services at sheffield. i noticed a continuation of some of the trends i spotted at last year&rsquo;s idcc, especially an increasing focus on &ldquo;second-order&rdquo; problems: we&rsquo;re no longer spending most of our energy just convincing researchers to take data management seriously and are able to spend more time helping them to do it better and get value out of it. there&rsquo;s also a shift in emphasis (identified by closing speaker cliff lynch) from sharing to reuse, and making sure that data is not just available but valuable. 	#idcc day : open data the main conference opened today with an inspiring keynote by barend mons, professor in biosemantics, leiden university medical center. the talk had plenty of great stuff, but two points stood out for me. first, prof mons described a newly discovered link between huntingdon&rsquo;s disease and a previously unconsidered gene. no-one had previously recognised this link, but on mining the literature, an indirect link was identified in more than % of the roughly million scientific claims analysed. this is knowledge for which we already had more than enough evidence, but which could never have been discovered without such a wide-ranging computational study. second, he described a number of behaviours which should be considered &ldquo;malpractice&rdquo; in science: relying on supplementary data in articles for data sharing: the majority of this is trash (paywalled, embedded in bitmap images, missing) using the journal impact factor to evaluate science and ignoring altmetrics not writing data stewardship plans for projects (he prefers this term to &ldquo;data management plan&rdquo;) obstructing tenure for data experts by assuming that all highly-skilled scientists must have a long publication record a second plenary talk from andrew sallons of the centre for open science introduced a number of interesting-looking bits and bobs, including the transparency &amp; openness promotion (top) guidelines which set out a pathway to help funders, publishers and institutions move towards more open science. the rest of the day was taken up with a panel on open data, a poster session, some demos and a birds-of-a-feather session on sharing sensitive/confidential data. there was a great range of posters, but a few that stood out to me were: lessons learned about iso (&ldquo;audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories&rdquo;) certification from the british library two separate posters (from the universities of toronto and colorado) about disciplinary rdm information &amp; training for liaison librarians a template for sharing psychology data developed by a psychologist-turned-information researcher from carnegie mellon university more to follow, but for now it&rsquo;s time for the conference dinner! 	#idcc day : business models for research data management i&rsquo;m at the international digital curation conference (#idcc ) in amsterdam this week. it&rsquo;s always a good opportunity to pick up some new ideas and catch up with colleagues from around the world, and i always come back full of new possibilities. i&rsquo;ll try and do some more reflective posts after the conference but i thought i&rsquo;d do some quick reactions while everything is still fresh. monday and thursday are pre- and post-conference workshop days, and today i attended developing research data management services. joy davidson and jonathan rans from the digital curation centre (dcc) introduced us to the business model canvas, a template for designing a business model on a single sheet of paper. the model prompts you to think about all of the key facets of a sustainable, profitable business, and can easily be adapted to the task of building a service model within a larger institution. the dcc used it as part of the collaboration to clarify curation costs ( c) project, whose output the curation costs exchange is also worth a look. it was a really useful exercise to be able to work through the whole process for an aspect of research data management (my table focused on training &amp; guidance provision), both because of the ideas that came up and also the experience of putting the framework into practice. it seems like a really valuable tool and i look forward to seeing how it might help us with our rdm service development. tomorrow the conference proper begins, with a range of keynotes, panel sessions and birds-of-a-feather meetings so hopefully more then! 	about me i help researchers communicate and collaborate more effectively using technology, mainly focusing on research data management policy, practice, training and advocacy. i currently work at the british library as data services lead. in my free time, i like to: run; play the accordion; morris dance; climb; cook; read (fiction and non-fiction, mostly scifi &amp; fantasy); write. tbh i barely have time for any of them&hellip; 	better science through better data #scidata better science through better doughnutsjez cope update: fixed the link to the slides so it works now! last week i had the honour of giving my first ever keynote talk, at an event entitled better science through better data hosted jointly by springer nature and the wellcome trust. it was nerve-wracking but exciting and seemed to go down fairly well. i even got accidentally awarded a phd in the programme — if only it was that easy! the slides for the talk, &ldquo;supporting open research: the role of an academic library&rdquo;, are available online (doi: . /shef.data. ), and the whole event was video&rsquo;d for posterity and viewable online. i got some good questions too, mainly from the clever online question system. i didn&rsquo;t get to answer all of them, so i&rsquo;m thinking of doing a blog post or two to address a few more. there were loads of other great presentations as well, both keynotes and -minute lightning talks, so i&rsquo;d encourage you to take a look at at least some of it. i&rsquo;ll pick out a few of my highlights. dr aled edwards (university of toronto) there&rsquo;s a major problem with science funding that i hadn&rsquo;t really thought about before. the available funding pool for research is divided up into pots by country, and often by funding body within a country. each of these pots have robust processes to award funding to the most important problems and most capable researchers. the problem comes because there is no coordination between these pots, so researchers all over the world end up getting funded to research the most popular problems leading to a lot of duplication of effort. industry funding suffers from a similar problem, particularly the pharmaceutical industry. because there is no sharing of data or negative results, multiple companies spend billions researching the same dead ends chasing after the same drugs. this is where the astronomical costs of drug development come from. dr edwards presented one alternative, modelled by a company called m k pharma. the idea is to use existing ip laws to try and give academic researchers a reasonable, morally-justifiable and sustainable profit on drugs they develop, in contrast to the current model where basic research is funded by governments while large corporations hoover up as much profit as they possibly can. this new model would develop drugs all the way to human trial within academia, then license the resulting drugs to companies to manufacture with a price cap to keep the medicines affordable to all who need them. core to this effort is openness with data, materials and methodology, and dr edwards presented several examples of how this approach benefited academic researchers, industry and patients compared with a closed, competitive focus. dr kirstie whitaker (alan turing institute) this was a brilliant presentation, presenting a practical how-to guide to doing reproducible research, from one researcher to another. i suggest you take a look at her slides yourself: showing your working: a how-to guide to reproducible research. dr whitaker briefly addressed a number of common barriers to reproducible research: is not considered for promotion: so it should be! held to higher standards than others: reviewers should be discouraged from nitpicking just because the data/code/whatever is available (true unbiased peer review of these would be great though) publication bias towards novel findings: it is morally wrong to not publish reproductions, replications etc. so we need to address the common taboo on doing so plead the th: if you share, people may find flaws, but if you don&rsquo;t they can&rsquo;t — if you&rsquo;re worried about this you should ask yourself why! support additional users: some (much?) of the burden should reasonably on the reuser, not the sharer takes time: this is only true if you hack it together after the fact; if you do it from the start, the whole process will be quicker! requires additional skills: important to provide training, but also to judge phd students on their ability to do this, not just on their thesis &amp; papers the rest of the presentation, the &ldquo;how-to&rdquo; guide of the title' was a well-chosen and passionately delivered set of recommendations, but the thing that really stuck out for me is how good dr whitaker is at making the point that you only have to do one of these things to improve the quality of your research. it&rsquo;s easy to get the impression at the moment that you have to be fully, perfectly open or not at all, but it&rsquo;s actually ok to get there one step at a time, or even not to go all the way at all! anyway, i think this is a slide deck that speaks for itself, so i won&rsquo;t say any more! lightning talk highlights there was plenty of good stuff in the lightning talks, which were constrained to minutes each, but a few of the things that stood out for me were, in no particular order: code ocean — share and run code in the cloud dat project — peer to peer data syncronisation tool can automate metadata creation, data syncing, versioning set up a secure data sharing network that keeps the data in sync but off the cloud berlin institute of health — open science course for students pre-print paper course materials intermine — taking the pain out of data cleaning &amp; analysis nix/nixos as a component of a reproducible paper bonej (imagej plugin for bone analysis) — developed by a scientist, used a lot, now has a wellcome-funded rse to develop next version esasky — amazing live, online archive of masses of astronomical data coda i really enjoyed the event (and the food was excellent too). my thanks go out to: the programme committee for asking me to come and give my take — i hope i did it justice! the organising team who did a brilliant job of keeping everything running smoothly before and during the event the university of sheffield for letting me get away with doing things like this! 	blog platform switch i&rsquo;ve just switched my blog over to the nikola static site generator. hopefully you won&rsquo;t notice a thing, but there might be a few weird spectres around til i get all the kinks ironed out. i&rsquo;ve made the switch for a couple of main reasons: nikola supports jupyter notebooks as a source format for blog posts, which will be useful to include code snippets it&rsquo;s written in python, a language which i actually know, so i&rsquo;m more likely to be able to fix things that break, customise it and potentially contribute to the open source project (by contrast, hugo is written in go, which i&rsquo;m not really familiar with) 	chat rooms vs twitter: how i communicate now cc , pixabay this time last year, brad colbow published a comic in his &ldquo;the brads&rdquo; series entitled &ldquo;the long slow death of twitter&rdquo;. it really encapsulates the way i&rsquo;ve been feeling about twitter for a while now. go ahead and take a look. i&rsquo;ll still be here when you come back. according to my twitter profile, i joined in february as user # , , . it was nearing its rd birthday and, though there were clearly a lot of people already signed up at that point, it was still relatively quiet, especially in the uk. i was a lonely phd student just starting to get interested in educational technology, and one thing that twitter had in great supply was (and still is) people pushing back the boundaries of what tech can do in different contexts. somewhere along the way twitter got really noisy, partly because more people (especially commercial companies) are using it more to talk about stuff that doesn&rsquo;t interest me, and partly because i now follow , + people and find i get several tweets a second at peak times, which no-one could be expected to handle. more recently i&rsquo;ve found my attention drawn to more focussed communities instead of that big old shouting match. i find i&rsquo;m much more comfortable discussing things and asking questions in small focussed communities because i know who might be interested in what. if i come across an article about a cool new python library, i&rsquo;ll geek out about it with my research software engineer friends; if i want advice on an aspect of my emacs setup, i&rsquo;ll ask a bunch of emacs users. i feel like i&rsquo;m talking to people who want to hear what i&rsquo;m saying. next to that experience, twitter just feels like standing on a street corner shouting. irc channels (mostly on freenode), and similar things like slack and gitter form the bulk of this for me, along with a growing number of whatsapp group chats. although online chat is theoretically a synchronous medium, i find that i can treat it more as &ldquo;semi-synchronous&rdquo;: i can have real-time conversations as they arise, but i can also close them and tune back in later to catch up if i want. now i come to think about it, this is how i used to treat twitter before the , follows happened. i also find i visit a handful of forums regularly, mostly of the reddit link-sharing or stackexchange q&amp;a type. /r/buildapc was invaluable when i was building my latest box, /r/earthporn (very much not nsfw) is just beautiful. i suppose the risk of all this is that i end up reinforcing my own echo chamber. i&rsquo;m not sure how to deal with that, but i certainly can&rsquo;t deal with it while also suffering from information overload. 	not just certifiable… a couple of months ago, i went to oxford for an intensive, -day course run by software carpentry and data carpentry for prospective new instructors. i&rsquo;ve now had confirmation that i&rsquo;ve completed the checkout procedure so it&rsquo;s official: i&rsquo;m now a certified data carpentry instructor! as far as i&rsquo;m aware, the certification process is now combined, so i&rsquo;m also approved to teach software carpentry material too. and of course there&rsquo;s library carpentry too&hellip; 	ssi fellowship i&rsquo;m honoured and excited to be named one of this year&rsquo;s software sustainability institute fellows. there&rsquo;s not much to write about yet because it&rsquo;s only just started, but i&rsquo;m looking forward to sharing more with you. in the meantime, you can take a look at the fellowship announcement and get an idea of my plans from my application video: 	talks here is a selection of talks that i&rsquo;ve given. {{% template %}} &lt;%! import arrow %&gt; date title location % for talk in post.data("talks"): % if 'date' in talk: ${date.format('ddd d mmm yyyy')} % endif % if 'url' in talk: % endif ${talk['title']} % if 'url' in talk: % endif ${talk.get('location', '')} % endfor {{% /template %}} corra harris ( - ) | new georgia encyclopedia 	skip to main content for educators 	 	 view nge content as it applies to the georgia standards of excellence. 	 		learn more 	 	 search form search 	 		search options, a-z index 		 			x 			 			filter content by: 			 			 				all 				 				 				articles 				images 				audio 				video 			 			 				 				 					georgia's state art collection 					 					 						browse images 					 					 					 				 			 		 	 	 			 	topics	arts & culture	arts & culture overviews 	architecture & historic preservation 	folklife & customs 	food & foodways 	literature 	media 	music 	religion 	theater 	visual arts 	business & economy	business & economy overviews 	tourism 	companies & industries 	agriculture 	labor 	transportation & aerospace 	philanthropy & nonprofit organizations 	business schools & publications 	counties, cities & neighborhoods	cities & towns 	neighborhoods 	counties 	general county & city topics 	education	colleges & universities 	education figures 	libraries, museums & archives 	general education topics 	geography & environment	geography & environment overviews 	geographic regions 	geographic sites & features 	major river systems 	natural history 	conservation & management 	education & research 	government & politics	government overviews 	constitutional history 	governors of georgia 	local government 	state government 	political figures 	political issues 	political parties, interest groups & movements 	military 	u.s. supreme court cases 	general government & politics topics 	history & archaeology	history overviews 	archaeology & early history 	colonial era, - 	revolution & early republic, - 	antebellum era, - 	civil war & reconstruction, - 	late nineteenth century, - 	progressive era to wwii, - 	civil rights & modern georgia, since 	historians & organizations 	sites & museums 	this month in georgia history 	science & medicine	science overviews 	biotechnology 	geological resources 	geology 	medicine 	museums & institutions 	paleontology 	physics & astronomy 	scientists 	water resources 	sports & outdoor recreation	individual & team sports 	outdoor recreation & attractions 	sports venues & events 	people	georgia studies spotlight 	architects 	artists 	athletes 	journalists 	military leaders 	musicians 	politicians 	religious figures 	scientists 	quick facts 	exhibitions 	destinations 	doing business in ga 	ga web resources	digital library of georgia 	more resources . . . 	blog 		 arts & culture literature 	 		 corra harris ( - ) 		 original entry by catherine oglesby, valdosta state university, / / last edited by nge staff on / / 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 		 explore this article contents early life career novelist corra white harris corra harris was one of the most celebrated women from georgia for nearly three decades in the early twentieth century. she is best known for her first novel, a circuit rider's wife ( ), though she gained a national audience a decade before its publication. from through the s, she published hundreds of essays and short stories and more than a thousand book reviews in such magazines as the saturday evening post, harper's, good housekeeping, ladies home journal, and especially the independent, a highly reputable new york-based periodical known for its political, social, and literary critiques. harris established a reputation as a humorist, southern apologist, polemicist, and upholder of premodern agrarian values. at the same time she criticized southern writers who sentimentalized a past that never existed. most of harris's nineteen books were novels, though she also published two autobiographies, a travel journal, and a coauthored book of fictional letters. two of her works became feature-length movies. of these, the best known is i'd climb the highest mountain ( ), inspired by a circuit rider's wife. the film was written and produced by georgia native lamar trotti and starred susan hayward and william lundigan. she was the first female war correspondent to go abroad in world war i ( - ). early life born corra mae white on march , , on farmhill plantation in the foothills of elbert county, she was the daughter of tinsley rucker white and mary elizabeth mathews white. like many southern women of her day, she did not have an extensive education. she attended elberton female academy but never graduated and, as a writer, was largely self-taught. in she married methodist minister and educator lundy howard harris. they had three children, only one of whom—a daughter named faith—lived beyond infancy. harris's lundy harris career developed out of financial necessity. her husband's life in the methodist ministry and in ministerial education was punctuated by incapacities from bouts of alcoholism and depression. before and after lundy harris's death in , corra harris assumed responsibility for her immediate and extended family's financial survival. she remained a widow, spending the last two decades of her life at the place she named "in the valley" just outside cartersville in bartow county. there she died in , having outlived her daughter by sixteen years. career harris's prolific writing career began in with an impassioned letter to the editor of the independent. william hayes ward wrote a searing editorial about the lynching in georgia on april , , of sam hose, a black man accused of killing a white farmer and raping his wife. harris replied with a conventional defense of lynching, yet she so impressed the editors with her disarming expression of homespun politics that the independent encouraged further submissions. ofcorra harris  all harris's works, the most acclaimed was a circuit rider's wife, the first of a trilogy in the circuit rider series. a circuit rider's widow ( ) and my son ( ) followed. semiautobiographical, a circuit rider's wife is the story of itinerant methodist minister william thompson and his wife, mary, and their life together on a church circuit in the north georgia mountains. the novel received much attention when first published because harris alleged that itinerants and their families suffered needless hardships from the unfair distribution of resources to urban clerics. the book has been noted since that time for its portrayal of rural mountain folk in their earthiness and simplicity. it was reprinted in by the university of georgia press. less well known, though not less relevant for its social critique, is the recording angel ( ). this novel, set in a little town called ruckersville in the hills of north georgia, depicts a place where residents are so devoted to the legacy of their confederate heroes that they have isolated themselves and become culturally barren. harris mocks the lost cause mythology, and again she reveals the excesses and limitations of evangelical religion. this book, along with harris's first novel, reflects her efforts to come to terms with modernity. one of her works, the co-citizens ( ), illustrates especially well the paradoxical nature of harris's personality and politics. the protagonist is loosely based on rebecca latimer felton, a fellow georgian, and harris purportedly wrote the novel to illustrate support for the woman suffrage movement, though she was actually more ambivalent about than supportive of the movement. although many (including felton) accepted the co-citizens as a pro-suffrage statement, others read it as a barely veiled attack on feminism, a way of life harris lived in practice yet rejected in theory. harris's two autobiographies were quite acclaimed in their day. my book and heart ( ) was more popular with the public, though harris felt that as a woman thinks ( ) was her best and most satisfying work. during the s her publishing career was largely limited to the locally popular "candlelit column," a tri-weekly article in the atlanta journal. harris died of heart-related illness on february , . in harris was inducted into georgia women of achievement. 		 		 	 	 	 you might also like 	i'd climb the highest mountain 	joel chandler harris ( - ) 	lamar trotti ( - ) more in fiction authors william tappan thompson ( - ) james kilgo ( - ) greg johnson (b. ) pam durban (b. ) destinations m- .jpg art across georgia m- .jpg fall in north georgia m- .jpg seven natural wonders of georgia m- .jpg ten major civil war sites in georgia 	 	 	media gallery: corra harris ( - ) 	 	 		 		 				hide caption 				 				 					 				 				 					 					 					 					 				 		 corra harris lundy harris corra harris 	 	 	 	loading further reading catherine badura, "reluctant suffragist/unwitting feminist: the ambivalent political voice of corra harris," southeastern political review: women in southern united states politics (september ): - . walter blackstock, "corra harris: an analytical study of her novels," florida state university studies ( ): - . karen coffing, "corra harris and the saturday evening post: southern domesticity conveyed to a national audience, - ," georgia historical quarterly (summer ): - . donald mathews, "corra harris: the storyteller as folk preacher," in georgia women: their lives and times, vol. ., ed. ann short chirhart and betty wood (athens: university of georgia press, ). wayne mixon, "traditionalist and iconoclast: corra harris and southern writing - ," in developing dixie: modernization in a traditional society, ed. winfred b. moore jr., et al. (westport, conn.: greenwood press, ). catherine oglesby, corra harris and the divided mind of the new south (gainesville: university press of florida, ). ruby reeves, "corra harris: her life and works" (master's thesis, university of georgia, ). john e. talmadge, corra harris: lady of purpose (athens: university of georgia press, ). cite this article oglesby, catherine. "corra harris ( - )." new georgia encyclopedia. april . web. august . more from the web georgia women of achievement: corra mae white harris emory libraries: corra harris collection, - partner links digital library of georgia: georgia historic books: a circuit rider's wife, by corra harris digital library of georgia: georgia historic books: the co-citizens, by corra harris digital library of georgia: georgia historic books: eve's second husband, by corra harris digital library of georgia: georgia historic books: eyes of love, by corra harris digital library of georgia: georgia historic books: justice, by corra harris digital library of georgia: georgia historic books: making her his wife, by corra harris digital library of georgia: georgia historic books: the recording angel, by corra harris hargrett rare book and manuscript library: cora harris papers more in arts & culture 	 heaven bound 	 tobacco road and god's little acre 	 atlanta college of art 	 thomas addison richards ( - ) 	 the sacred harp 	 dale pierson hill 	 john g. jensen 	 wise blood 	 vera kirk 	 christopher kakas 	 j. j. owen 	 the b- 's 	 john leadley dagg ( - ) 	 raymond larmon 	 arthur crew inman ( - ) 	 eliza frances andrews ( - ) nge topics 	 arts & culture 	 government & politics 	 business & economy 	 history & archaeology 	 counties, cities & neighborhoods 	 science & medicine 	 education 	 sports & outdoor recreation 	 geography & environment 	 people from our home page georgia state parks georgia state parks georgia state parks and historic sites, a division of the department of natural resources, protects more than , acres of natural beauty at more than sixty parks and historic sites in the state read more... textile industry textile industry the rise of the textile industry in georgia was a significant historical development with a profound effect on the state's inhabitants. read more... art in georgia since art in georgia since the decade of the s was the beginning of an auspicious period, which has since continued and flourished unabated in the history read more... student nonviolent coordinating committee (sncc) student nonviolent coordinating committee (sncc) the student nonviolent coordinating committee, or sncc (pronounced "snick"), was one of the key organizations in the american read more... 	 		 	 	 	 trending articles 	 	 		 	 	 fictional treatments of sherman in georgia 	 preservation laws 	 singer-moye mounds 	 thompson, ventulett, stainback, and associates (tvs) 	 georgia, my state: economic understandings (second grade gse) 	 j & j industries 	 georgia community greenspace program 	 hawkinsville 	 gertrude "ma" rainey ( - ) 	 riley puckett ( - ) 	 dean rusk center 	 georgia council on economic education 	 interface, inc. 	 susan thomas 	 webster county 	 stevens and wilkinson 	 	 		 	 	 	 recent updates 	 	 		 	 jane withers (b. ) updated / / georgia -h updated / / st. simons island updated / / georgia state parks updated / / 	 	 		 	 	 	 featured 	 	 		 	 georgia -h georgia -h is the primary youth development and outreach... august in georgia history a number of significant historical events have occurred in... 	 	about nge 	contact us 	contributor guidelines 	our content partners 	our sponsors 	our staff 	permissions 	facebook 	twitter 	instagram a program of georgia humanities in partnership with the university of georgia press, the university system of georgia/galileo, and the office of the governor. copyright - by georgia humanities and the university of georgia press. all rights reserved. site developed by ifthen. courtesy of hargrett rare book and manuscript library, university of georgia libraries none none gnu affero general public license - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	gnu affero general public license 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		free software license based on the agplv and gplv this article is about the license published by free software foundation. for the licenses published by affero inc., see affero general public license. gnu affero general public license	 	author	free software foundation 	latest version	 	publisher	free software foundation, inc. 	published	november , 	spdx identifier	agpl- . -or-later agpl- . -only 	debian fsg compatible	yes[ ] 	fsf approved	yes[ ] 	osi approved	yes[ ][ ] 	gpl compatible	yes (permits linking with gplv )[ ] 	copyleft	yes[ ] 	linking from code with a different licence	only with gplv ; agpl terms will apply for the agpl part in a combined work.[ ][ ] 	website	gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html the gnu affero general public license is a free, copyleft license published by the free software foundation in november , and based on the gnu general public license, version and the affero general public license. the free software foundation has recommended that the gnu agplv be considered for any software that will commonly be run over a network.[ ] the free software foundation explains the need for the license in the case when a free program is run on a server:[ ] the gnu affero general public license is a modified version of the ordinary gnu gpl version . it has one added requirement: if you run a modified program on a server and let other users communicate with it there, your server must also allow them to download the source code corresponding to the modified version running there. the purpose of the gnu affero gpl is to prevent a problem that affects developers of free programs that are often used on servers. the open source initiative approved the gnu agplv [ ] as an open source license in march after the company funambol submitted it for consideration through its ceo fabrizio capobianco.[ ] contents 	 compatibility with the gpl 	 examples of applications under gnu agpl 	 criticism 	 see also 	 references 	 external links compatibility with the gpl[edit] gnu agplv and gplv licenses each include clauses (in section of each license) that together achieve a form of mutual compatibility for the two licenses. these clauses explicitly allow the "conveying" of a work formed by linking code licensed under the one license against code licensed under the other license,[ ] despite the licenses otherwise not allowing relicensing under the terms of each other.[ ] in this way, the copyleft of each license is relaxed to allow distributing such combinations.[ ] examples of applications under gnu agpl[edit] main article: list of software under the gnu agpl stet was the first software system known to be released under the gnu agpl, on november , ,[ ] and is the only known program to be used mainly for the production of its own license. flask developer armin ronacher noted in that the gnu agpl is a "terrible success, especially among the startup community" as a "vehicle for dual commercial licensing", and gave humhub, mongodb, odoo, rethinkdb, shinken, slic r, sugarcrm, and wurfl as examples.[ ] mongodb dropped the agpl in late- in favor of the "server side public license" (sspl), a variation of gplv that requires those who provide "the program as a service", accessible to third-parties, must make the entire source code of all software used to facilitate the service available under the same license.[ ] the sspl has been rejected by the open source initiative and banned by both debian and the fedora project, who state that the license's intent is to discriminate against cloud computing providers offering services based on the software without purchasing its commercial license.[ ][ ] criticism[edit] héctor martín cantero has criticized the affero gpl for being an eula and causing side effects.[ ] see also[edit] 	list of software under the gnu agpl 	free software licensing 	gnu general public license 	gnu lesser general public license 	gnat modified general public license 	gpl linking exception 	gnu free documentation license 	list of software licenses 	comparison of free and open-source software licenses references[edit] 	^ jaspert, joerg (november , ). "ftp.debian.org: is agplv dfsg-free?". the debian project. retrieved december , . 	^ a b c d e f list of free-software licences on the fsf website: "we recommend that developers consider using the gnu agpl for any software which will commonly be run over a network." 	^ a b "osi approved licenses". open source initiative. 	^ "osi approved", licenses, tl;dr legal. 	^ a b "licenses section ", gnu agplv , gnu project. 	^ "why the affero gpl". the gnu project. 	^ "funambol helps new agplv open source license gain formal osi approval" (press release). funambol. mar , . archived from the original on - - . 	^ the gnu general public license v – gnu project – free software foundation (fsf) 	^ kuhn, bradley m. (november , ). "stet and agplv ". software freedom law center. archived from the original on march , . retrieved june , . 	^ ronacher, armin ( - - ). "licensing in a post copyright world". lucumr.pocoo.org. retrieved - - . the agplv was a terrible success, especially among the startup community that found the perfect base license to make dual licensing with a commercial license feasible. mongodb, rethinkdb, openerp, sugarcrm as well as wurfl all now utilize the agplv as a vehicle for dual commercial licensing. the agplv makes that generally easy to accomplish as the original copyright author has the rights to make a commercial license possible but nobody who receives the sourcecode itself through the aplv inherits that right. i am not sure if that was the intended use of the license, but that's at least what it's definitely being used for now. 	^ "server side public license (sspl)". mongodb. retrieved - - . 	^ vaughan-nichols, steven j. "mongodb "open-source" server side public license rejected". zdnet. retrieved - - . 	^ "mongodb's licensing changes led red hat to drop the database from the latest version of its server os". geekwire. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ "twitter profile of hector martin". twitter. retrieved - - . external links[edit] 	official website for gnu affero general public license (gnu agpl). 	 smith, brett (november , ). "free software foundation releases gnu affero general public license version " (press release). 	 smith, brett (march , ), gplv and software as a service – also includes info on version of the affero gpl. 	 kuhn, bradley m. (march , ). "free software foundation announces support of the affero general public license, the first copyleft license for web services" (press release). 		v 	t 	e gnu project 	history	 	gnu manifesto 	free software foundation 	europe 	india 	latin america 	history of free software 	licenses	 	gnu general public license 	linking exception 	font exception 	gnu lesser general public license 	gnu affero general public license 	gnu free documentation license 	software	 	gnu (variants) 	hurd 	linux-libre 	glibc 	bash 	coreutils 	findutils 	build system 	gcc 	binutils 	gdb 	grub 	gnome 	gnustep 	gimp 	jami 	gnu emacs 	gnu texmacs 	gnu octave 	gnu taler 	gnu r 	gsl 	gmp 	gnu electric 	gnu archimedes 	gnunet 	gnu privacy guard 	gnuzilla (icecat) 	gnu health 	gnumed 	gnu lilypond 	gnu go 	gnu chess 	gnash 	guix 	more... 	contributors	 	alexandre oliva 	benjamin mako hill 	bradley m. kuhn 	brian fox 	federico heinz 	frédéric couchet 	georg c. f. greve 	john sullivan 	josé e. marchesi 	joshua gay 	kefah t. issa 	loïc dachary 	nagarjuna g. 	peter heath 	richard m. stallman 	other topics	 	gnu/linux naming controversy 	revolution os 	free software foundation anti-windows campaigns 	defective by design 	 	v 	t 	e free software foundation 	people	 	richard m. stallman 	gnu project	 	gnu general public license 	gnu lesser general public license 	gnu affero general public license 	other projects	 	free software directory 	fsf free software awards 	free software foundation anti-windows campaigns 	defective by design 	sister organizations	 	fsf europe 	fsf latin america 	fsf india 	league for programming freedom 	see also	 	comparison of linux distributions retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=gnu_affero_general_public_license&oldid= " 		categories: 	free software foundation 	free and open-source software licenses 	copyleft software licenses hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	official website different in wikidata and wikipedia 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	català 	Čeština 	deutsch 	español 	esperanto 	euskara 	فارسی 	français 	한국어 	italiano 	עברית 	nederlands 	日本語 	polski 	português 	Русский 	simple english 	slovenčina 	svenska 	türkçe 	Українська 	tiếng việt 	中文 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on june , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 github - fcrepo-exts/fcrepo-aws-deployer: a terraform script for deploying fedora repository to aws. skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this organization all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} fcrepo-exts / fcrepo-aws-deployer 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork a terraform script for deploying fedora repository to aws. apache- . license stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights main switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit   git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time elasticbeanstalk     .gitignore     license     readme.md     main.tf     variables.tf     view code fcrepo-aws-deployer requirements installation deploy fedora tear it down other variables readme.md fcrepo-aws-deployer a terraform script for automatically deploying a fedora repository to aws. by default, fedora is deployed on a t .small instance and is backed by postgresql . hosted in rds on a db.t .micro instance. requirements terraform (https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html) installation after installing terraform git clone https://github.com/fcrepo-exts/fcrepo-aws-deployer terraform init then set up an aws profile in ~/.aws/config (c.f. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-configure-profiles.html) deploy fedora terraform apply -var 'aws_profile=<your profile>' -var 'ec _keypair=<your ec keypair name>' -var 'aws_artifact_bucket_name=<your bucket name>' nb: make sure that the aws bucket you designate does not already exist and do not anything in that bucket that you do not want deleted on teardown. tear it down terraform destroy -var 'aws_profile=<your profile>' -var 'ec _keypair=<your ec keypair name>' other variables see ./variables.tf for a complete list of optional parameters. about a terraform script for deploying fedora repository to aws. resources readme license apache- . license releases no releases published packages no packages published contributors 	   	   languages 	 hcl . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. none fail!lab fail!lab technology, libraries and the future! 	luddites, trumpism and change: a crossroads for libraries &# ;globalization is a proxy for technology-powered capitalism, which tends to reward fewer and fewer members of society.&# ; &# ; om malik corner someone and they will react. we may be seeing this across the world as change, globalization, technology and economic dislocation force more and more people into the corner of benefit-nots. they are reacting out [&# ;] 	is d printing dying? inc.&# ;s john brandon recently wrote about the slow, sad, and ultimately predictable decline of d printing. uh, not so fast. d printing is just getting started. for libraries whose adopted mission is to introduce people to emerging technologies, this is a fantastic opportunity to do so. but it has to be done right. another dead [&# ;] 	the state of the library website t&# ;was a time when the library website was an abomination. those dark days have lightened significantly. but new clouds have appeared on the horizon. darkest before the dawn in the dark ages of library websites, users suffered under ux regimes that were rigid, unhelpful and confusing. this was before responsive design became a standard in [&# ;] 	virtual realty is getting real in the library my library just received three samsung s devices with gear vr goggles. we put them to work right away. the first thought i had was: wow, this will change everything. my second thought was: wow, i can&# ;t wait for apple to make a vr device! the samsung gear vr experience is grainy and fraught with [&# ;] 	w c’s css framework review i&# ;m a longtime bootstrap fan, but recently i cheated on my old framework. now i&# ;m all excited by the w c&# ;s new framework. like bootstrap, the w c&# ;s framework comes with lots of nifty utilities and plug and play classes and ui features. even if you have a good cms, you&# ;ll find many of their code libraries [&# ;] 	ai first looking to the future, the next big step will be for the very concept of the “device” to fade away. over time, the computer itself—whatever its form factor—will be an intelligent assistant helping you through your day. we will move from mobile first to an ai first world. google founder&# ;s letter, april my library [&# ;] 	google analytics and privacy collecting web usage data through services like google analytics is a top priority for any library. but what about user privacy? most libraries (and websites for that matter) lean on google analytics to measure website usage and learn about how people access their online content. it&# ;s a great tool. you can learn about where people [&# ;] 	the l word i&# ;ve been working with my team on a vision document for what we want our future digital library platform to look like. this exercise keeps bringing us back to defining the library of the future. and that means addressing the very use of the term, &# ;library.&# ; when i first exited my library (and information science) [&# ;] 	locking down windows i&# ;ve recently moved back to windows for my desktop computing. but windows comes with enormous privacy and security issues that people need to take into account&# ;and get under a semblance of control. here&# ;s how i did it. there has been much written on this subject, so what i&# ;m including here is more of a [&# ;] 	killer apps & hacks for windows did the ux people at microsoft ever test windows ? here are some must have apps and hacks i&# ;ve found to make life on windows quick and easy. set hotkeys for apps sometimes you just want to launch an app from your keyboard. using a method on laptopmag.com, you can do this for most [&# ;] ma rainey - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	ma rainey 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		african-american singer 	ma rainey 	rainey in 	background information 	birth name	gertrude pridgett 	born	( - - )april , columbus, georgia, u.s. 	died	december , ( - - ) (aged  ) columbus, georgia, u.s. 	genres	 	blues 	classic female blues 	occupation(s)	vocalist 	years active	 – 	labels	paramount 	associated acts	 	rainey and rainey 	assassinators of the blues 	rabbit foot minstrels 	bessie smith 	louis armstrong 	thomas dorsey musical artist gertrude "ma" rainey (née pridgett; april , – december , )[ ][ ][ ] was an influential american blues singer and early blues recording artist.[ ] dubbed the "mother of the blues", she bridged earlier vaudeville and the authentic expression of southern blues, influencing a generation of blues singers.[ ] gertrude pridgett began performing as a teenager and became known as "ma" rainey after her marriage to will "pa" rainey in . they toured with the rabbit foot minstrels and later formed their own group, rainey and rainey, assassinators of the blues. her first recording was made in . in the following five years, she made over recordings, including "bo-weevil blues" ( ), "moonshine blues" ( ), "see see rider blues" ( ), "ma rainey's black bottom" ( ), and "soon this morning" ( ).[ ] rainey was known for her powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a "moaning" style of singing. her qualities are present and most evident in her early recordings "bo-weevil blues" and "moonshine blues". rainey recorded with thomas dorsey and louis armstrong, and she toured and recorded with the georgia jazz band. she toured until , when she largely retired from performing and continued as a theater impresario in her hometown of columbus, georgia, until her death four years later.[ ] contents 	 early life 	 early career 	 recording career 	 personal life and death 	 legacy and honors 	 in popular culture 	 recordings 	 notes 	 references 	 . footnotes 	 . sources 	 further reading 	 external links early life[edit] there is uncertainty about the birth date of gertrude pridgett. some sources indicate that she was born in , while most sources assert that she was born on april , .[ ] pridgett claimed to have been born on april , (beginning with the census, taken april , ), in columbus, georgia.[ ] however, the census indicates that she was born in september in alabama, and researchers bob eagle and eric leblanc suggest that her birthplace was in russell county, alabama.[ ][ ] she was the second of five children of thomas and ella (née allen) pridgett, from alabama. she had at least two brothers and a sister, malissa pridgett nix.[ ] in february , ma rainey married william "pa" rainey.[ ] she took on the stage name "ma rainey", which was "a play on her husband’s nickname, 'pa'".[ ] early career[edit] pridgett began her career as a performer at a talent show in columbus, georgia, when she was approximately to years old.[ ][ ] a member of the first african baptist church, she began performing in black minstrel shows. she later claimed that she was first exposed to blues music around .[ ] she formed the alabama fun makers company with her husband, will rainey, but in they both joined pat chappelle's much larger and more popular rabbit's foot company, where they were billed together as "black face song and dance comedians, jubilee singers [and] cake walkers".[ ] in , she was described as "mrs. gertrude rainey, our coon shouter".[ ] she continued with the rabbit's foot company after it was taken over by a new owner, f. s. wolcott, in .[ ] rainey said she found "blues music" when she was in missouri one night performing, and a girl introduced her to a sad song about a man leaving a woman. rainey said she learned the lyrics of the song and added it to her performances. rainey claimed she created the term "blues" when asked what kind of song she was singing.[ ] beginning in , the raineys were billed as rainey and rainey, assassinators of the blues. wintering in new orleans, she met numerous musicians, including joe "king" oliver, louis armstrong, sidney bechet and pops foster. as the popularity of blues music increased, she became well known.[ ] around this time, she met bessie smith, a young blues singer who was also making a name for herself.[a] a story later developed that rainey kidnapped smith, forced her to join the rabbit's foot minstrels, and taught her to sing the blues; the story was disputed by smith's sister-in-law maud smith.[ ] recording career[edit] rainey and the band from the late s, there was an increasing demand for recordings by black musicians.[ ] in , mamie smith was the first black woman to be recorded.[ ] in , rainey was discovered by paramount records producer j. mayo williams. she signed a recording contract with paramount, and in december she made her first eight recordings in chicago,[ ] including "bad luck blues", "bo-weevil blues" and "moonshine blues". she made more than other recordings over the next five years, which brought her fame beyond the south.[ ][ ] paramount marketed her extensively, calling her the "mother of the blues", the "songbird of the south", the "gold-neck woman of the blues" and the "paramount wildcat".[ ] in , rainey recorded with louis armstrong, including on "jelly bean blues", "countin' the blues" and "see, see rider".[ ] in the same year, she embarked on a tour of the theater owners booking association (toba) in the south and midwest of the united states, singing for black and white audiences.[ ] she was accompanied by the bandleader and pianist thomas dorsey and the band he assembled, the wildcats jazz band.[ ] they began their tour with an appearance in chicago in april and continued, on and off, until .[ ] dorsey left the group in because of ill health and was replaced as pianist by lillian hardaway henderson, the wife of rainey's cornetist fuller henderson, who became the band's leader.[ ] although most of rainey's songs that mention sexuality refer to love affairs with men, some of her lyrics contain references to lesbianism or bisexuality,[ ] such as the song "prove it on me": they said i do it, ain't nobody caught me. sure got to prove it on me. went out last night with a crowd of my friends. they must've been women, 'cause i don't like no men. it’s true i wear a collar and tie. makes the wind blow all the while.[ ] according to the website queerculturalcenter.org, the lyrics refer to an incident in in which rainey was "arrested for taking part in an orgy at [her] home involving women in her chorus".[ ] the political activist and scholar angela y. davis noted that "'prove it on me' is a cultural precursor to the lesbian cultural movement of the s, which began to crystallize around the performance and recording of lesbian-affirming songs."[ ] at the time, an ad for the song embraced the genderbending outlined in the lyrics and featured rainey in a three-piece suit, mingling with women while a police officer lurks nearby.[ ] unlike many blues singers of her day, rainey wrote at least a third of the songs she sang including many of her most famous works such as "moonshine blues" and "ma rainey's black bottom" which would become standards of the "classic blues" genre.[ ] throughout the s, ma rainey had a reputation for being one of the most dynamic performers in the united states due in large part to her songwriting, showmanship and voice.[ ] she and her band could fetch earnings of $ a week on tour with the theater owners’ booking association which was double that of bessie brown and george williams while a little over half what bessie smith would ultimately command.[ ] toward the end of the s, live vaudeville went into decline, being replaced by radio and recordings.[ ] rainey's career was not immediately affected; she continued recording for paramount and earned enough money from touring to buy a bus with her name on it.[ ] in , she worked with dorsey again and recorded songs, before paramount terminated her contract.[ ] her style of blues was no longer considered fashionable by the label.[ ] it is unclear if she maintained the royalties to her songs after she was fired from paramount.[ ] personal life and death[edit] ma rainey and pa rainey adopted a son named danny who later joined his parents' musical act. rainey developed a relationship with bessie smith. they became so close that rumors circulated that their relationship was possibly also romantic in nature.[ ] it was also rumored that smith once bailed ma rainey out of jail.[ ] the raineys separated in .[ ][ ] in , rainey returned to her home town, columbus, georgia, and became the proprietor[ ] of three theatres, the liberty in columbus, and the lyric and the airdrome in rome, georgia,[ ] until her death. she died of a heart attack in .[ ][ ][ ] legacy and honors[edit] ma rainey created what is now known as "classic blues" while also portraying black life like never before. as a musical innovator she built on the minstrelsy and vaudeville performative traditions with comedic timing and a hybrid of american blues traditions she encountered in her vast tours across the country. she helped to pioneer a genre that appealed to north and south, rural and urban audiences.[ ] her signature low and gravelly voice sung with rainey's gusto and authoritative style inspired imitators from louis armstrong, janis joplin and bonnie raitt among others.[ ] in her lyrics, rainey portrayed the black female experience like few others of the time reflecting a wide range of emotions and experiences. in her book blues legacies and black feminism, angela davis wrote that rainey's songs are full of women who “explicitly celebrate their right to conduct themselves as expansively and even as undesirably as men".[ ] in her songs, she and other black women sleep around for revenge, drink and party all night and generally live lives that "transgressed these ideas of white middle class female respectability".[ ] the portrayals of black female sexuality, including those bucking heteronormative standards, fought ideas of what a woman should be and inspired alice walker in developing her characters for the color purple.[ ] bragging about sexual escapades was popular in men's songs at the time but her use of these themes in her works established her as both fiercely independent and fearless and many have drawn connections between her use of these themes and their modern use in hip-hop.[ ] rainey was also a fashion icon who pioneered flashy, expensive costuming in her performances, wearing ostrich plumes, satin gowns, sequins, gold necklaces, diamond tiaras, and gold teeth.[ ] rainey was inducted into the blues foundation's hall of fame in and the rock and roll hall of fame in .[ ] in , the u.s. post office issued a -cent commemorative postage stamp honoring her. in , "see see rider blues" (performed in ) was inducted into the grammy hall of fame and was added to the national recording registry by the national recording preservation board of the library of congress.[ ] there was also a small museum opened in columbus in to honor ma rainey's legacy. it is in the very house that she had built for her mother and later lived in from until her death in .[ ] the first annual ma rainey international blues festival was held in april in columbus, georgia, near the home that rainey owned and lived in at the time of her death.[ ][ ] in , the rainey-mccullers school of the arts opened in columbus, georgia, named in honor of rainey and author carson mccullers.[ ] in popular culture[edit] sterling a. brown wrote the poem "ma rainey" in , about how "when ma rainey / comes to town" people everywhere would hear her sing. in , sandra lieb wrote the first full-length book about rainey, mother of the blues: a study of ma rainey.[ ] ma rainey's black bottom, a play by august wilson, is a fictionalized account of a recording of her song of the same title set in . theresa merritt and whoopi goldberg starred as rainey in the original and revival broadway productions, respectively. viola davis portrayed rainey in the film adaptation of the play and was nominated for the academy award for best actress.[ ] mo'nique played rainey in the television film bessie about the life of bessie smith, for which she earned a nomination for primetime emmy award for outstanding supporting actress in a limited series or movie.[ ] recordings[edit] this sortable table presents all titles recorded by rainey.[ ] 	the recording dates are approximated. 	the classification, by sandra lieb, is almost entirely by form. blues songs which are only partly of twelve-bar structure are classified as mixtures of blues and popular song forms. songs without any twelve-bar or eight-bar structure are classified as non-blues.[ ] 	the jsp and docd columns refer to the two complete cd reissues.[ ][ ] 	click any label to sort. to return to chronological order, click #. 	#	matrix	recording date	title	accompaniment	paramount issue no.	sandra lieb classification	jsp 	document docd	notes 	 	 	 / 	"bad luck blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"bo-weavil blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	a	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"barrel house blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"those all night long blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	non-blues	a	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"moonshine blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"last minute blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"southern blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"walking blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"lost wandering blues"	pruit twins	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"dream blues"	pruit twins	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"honey where you been so long?"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	non-blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"ya-da-do"	her georgia jazz band	 	non-blues	a	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"those dogs of mine" "(famous cornfield blues)"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	non-blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"lucky rock blues"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"south bound blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	non-blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"lawd send me a man blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	non-blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"ma rainey's mystery record"	lovie austin blues serenaders	 	twelve-bar blues	a	 	 	 	 	 / 	"shave 'em dry blues"	two unknown guitars	 	eight-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"farewell daddy blues"	unknown guitar	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"booze and blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"toad frog blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"jealous hearted blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 / 	"see see rider blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	b	 	with louis armstrong; another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"jelly bean blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	b	 	with louis armstrong 	 	 	 / 	"countin' the blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	with louis armstrong; another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"cell bound blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"army camp harmony blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"explaining the blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"louisiana hoo doo blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"goodbye daddy blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"stormy seas blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	another take on docd 	 	 	 / 	"rough and tumble blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"night time blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"levee camp moan"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"four day honorary scat"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	b	 	misprint for "'fore day"; another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"memphis bound blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	b	 	 	 	 	 / 	"slave to the blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"yonder come the blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"titanic man blues"	her georgia band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	c	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"chain gang blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"bessemer bound blues"	her georgia jazz band	 	twelve-bar blues	c	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"oh my babe blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"wringing and twisting blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"stack o'lee blues"	her georgia band	 	ballad	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"broken hearted blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	c	 	another take on docd 	 	 	 / 	"jealousy blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	c	 	another take on docd 	 	 	 / 	"seeking blues"	her georgia band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	c	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"mountain jack blues"	jimmy blythe (piano)	 	twelve-bar blues	c	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"down in the basement"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"sissy blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"broken soul blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"trust no man"	lillian henderson (piano)	 	non-blues	c	 	 	 	 	 / 	"morning hour blues"	jimmy blythe (piano) blind blake (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"weepin' woman blues"	her georgia boys	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"soon this morning"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"little low mamma blues"	blind blake (guitar) possibly leroy picket (violin)	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"grievin hearted blues"	blind blake (guitar) possibly leroy picket (violin)	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"don't fish in my sea"	jimmy blythe (piano)	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"big boy blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"blues oh blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"damper down blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"gone daddy blues"	her georgia band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"oh papa blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"misery blues"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"dead drunk blues"	her georgia band	 	twelve-bar blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"slow driving moan"	her georgia band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"blues the world forgot—part "	her georgia band	 	comedy	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"ma rainey's black bottom"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"blues the world forgot—part "	her georgia band	 	comedy	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"hellish rag"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"georgia cake walk"	her georgia band	 	comedy	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"new bo-weavil blues"	her georgia band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"moonshine blues"	her georgia band	 	mixture of blues and popular song forms	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"ice bag papa"	her georgia band	 	non-blues	d	 	 	 	 	 / 	"black cat hoot owl blues"	her tub jug washboard band	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom 	 	 	 / 	"log camp blues"	her tub jug washboard band	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom 	 	 	 / 	"hear me talking to you"	her tub jug washboard band	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom 	 	 	 / 	"hustlin' blues"	her tub jug washboard band	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom 	 	 	 / 	"prove it on me blues"	her tub jug washboard band	 	non-blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom 	 	 	 / 	"victim of the blues"	her tub jug washboard band	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom 	 	 	 / 	"traveling blues"	her tub jug washboard band	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom; another take on jsp and docd 	 	 	 / 	"deep moaning blues blues"	her tub jug washboard band	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	band led by georgia tom another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"daddy goodbye blues"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	eight-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"sleep talking blues"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"tough luck blues"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"blame it on the blues"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"sweet rough man"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"runaway blues"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"screech owl blues"	eddie miller (piano)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"black dust blues"	eddie miller (piano)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"leaving this morning"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"black eye blues"	georgia tom dorsey (piano) tampa red (guitar)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	another take on jsp & docd 	 	 	 / 	"ma and pa poorhouse blues"	papa charlie jackson (duet & banjo)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 	 	 	 / 	"big feeling blues"	papa charlie jackson (duet & banjo)	 	twelve-bar blues	e	 	 notes[edit] 	^ sources are unclear on the exact date and circumstances under which rainey and smith met, but it was probably sometime between and .[ ] references[edit] footnotes[edit] 	^ a b c d e oliver, paul, "rainey, ma (née pridgett, gertrude)", grove dictionary of music and musicians, oxford university press, retrieved april 	^ a b "ma rainey | biography, songs, & facts". encyclopedia britannica. 	^ a b c s (december , ). "the true story of ma rainey from netflix's 'ma rainey's black bottom'". women's health. 	^ southern, eileen ( ). the music of black americans: a history ( rd ed.). w. w. norton. isbn  - - - . 	^ russonello, giovanni ( - - ). "overlooked no more: ma rainey, the 'mother of the blues'". the new york times. issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ lieb, sandra ( ). mother of the blues: a study of ma rainey ( rd ed.). university of massachusetts press. isbn  - - - . 	^ a b lieb, p. 	^ eagle, bob; leblanc, eric s. ( ). blues: a regional experience. santa barbara, california: praeger publishers. p.  . isbn  - . 	^ census for columbus ward , muscogee, georgia, district , enumeration district , sheet a, line , 'prigett, gertrude, sept , . 	^ a b c ma rainey. women in world history: a biographical encyclopedia. encyclopedia.com. updated . retrieved november , . 	^ jaxson, the. "ma rainey: the mother of the blues". www.thejaxsonmag.com. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ robert palmer ( ). deep blues. penguin books. p.  . isbn  - - - - . 	^ a b abbott, lynn; seroff, doug ( ). ragged but right: black traveling shows, coon songs, and the dark pathway to blues and jazz. university press of mississippi. p. . 	^ lieb, p. 	^ a b lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ a b lieb, p. 	^ friederich, brandon (june , ). "ma rainey's lesbian lyrics: times she expressed her queerness in song". billboard. retrieved june , . 	^ ellison, marvin m.; brown douglas, kelly, eds. ( ). sexuality and the sacred: sources for theological reflection ( nd ed.). westminster john knox press. p.  . isbn  - . 	^ a b "gladys bentley". queerculturalcenter.org. archived from the original on november , . retrieved december , . 	^ davis, angela y. ( ). blues legacies and black feminism: gertrude "ma" rainey, bessie smith, and billie holiday. vintage. pp.  , . isbn  - . 	^ a b c d e f g "ma rainey is best known as a pioneer of the blues. but she broke more than musical barriers". time. retrieved - - . 	^ abbott, lynn ( ). the original blues: the emergence of the blues in african american vaudeville. university press of mississippi. isbn  . 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ lieb, p. 	^ "who is ma rainey? how the 'mother of the blues' became an icon". entertainment tonight. 	^ "overlooked no more: ma rainey, the 'mother of the blues' (published )". the new york times. - - . issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ lieb, p. 	^ santelli, robert. the big book of blues. penguin books. p. . 	^ "ma rainey". britannica.com. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ davis, angela ( ). blues legacies and black feminism: gertrude "ma" rainey, bessie smith, and billie holiday. penguin random house. isbn  - . 	^ mack, kimberly ( ). fictional blues: narrative self-invention from bessie smith to jack white. university of massachusetts press. isbn  . 	^ freedman, samuel g. ( - - ). "what black writers owe to music". the new york times. issn  - . retrieved - - . 	^ jones, dalyah ( - - ). ""let's have a sex talk": the eras of sex talk by black women in hip-hop". okayplayer. retrieved - - . 	^ ma rainey induction year: . rockhall.com. accessed february , . 	^ national recording registry choices. loc.gov/rr. a ccessed february , . 	^ "ma rainey | biography, songs, & facts". encyclopedia britannica. retrieved - - . 	^ "ma rainey international blues festival - mad about ma blues society". retrieved july . 	^ "ma rainey international blues festival". january . archived from the original on january . retrieved july . 	^ "rainey-mccullers school of the arts opens as - classes begin". ledger-enquirer.com. retrieved july . 	^ lieb, sandra ( ). mother of the blues: a study of ma rainey. university of massachusetts. isbn  . 	^ lee, benjamin ( october ). "netflix releases trailer for chadwick boseman's final movie". the guardian. retrieved october . 	^ "mo'nique on emmy nomination for 'bessie,' lee daniels' 'empire' snub: 'what you put out is what you get back'". the wrap. - - . retrieved - - . 	^ dixon, robert m. w.; godrich, john; and rye, howard w. (compilers) ( ). blues and gospel records – . oxford university press. isbn  - . 	^ lieb, pp. – . 	^ ma rainey. mother of the blues. -cd box set. jsp records jsp (a–e). 	^ ma rainey. complete recorded works in chronological order, vol. : december to c. august , document records docd . complete recorded works in chronological order, vol. : c. october to c. august , document docd . complete recorded works in chronological order, vol. : c. december to c. june , document docd . complete recorded works in chronological order, vol. : c. november to c. december , document docd . the complete sessions in chronological order, document docd . too late, too late, vol. : – , document docd . too late, too late, vol. : – , document docd . too late, too late, vol. : – , document docd . sources[edit] 	 lieb, sandra ( ). mother of the blues: a study of ma rainey. university of massachusetts press. isbn  - - - . 	 davis, angela y. ( ). blues legacies and black feminism. pantheon. isbn  - - -x. further reading[edit] 	ma rainey and the classic blues singers by derrick stewart-baxter (stein and day, ) isbn  - external links[edit] 	ma rainey blues festival official website 	gertrude “ma” rainey at the new georgia encyclopedia 	ma rainey discography at discogs 	ma rainey at allmusic 	ma rainey at imdb 	ma rainey ( - ) at red hot jazz archive 	ma rainey at find a grave 	awards for ma rainey 	 		v 	t 	e georgia women of achievement 	 	 s 	 	 	 	martha berry 	lucy craft laney 	juliette gordon low 	flannery o'connor 	 	 	dicksie bradley bandy 	mary musgrove 	cassandra pickett durham 	viola ross napier 	ma rainey 	 	 	julia flisch 	carson mccullers 	margaret mitchell 	ruth hartley mosley 	emily harvie thomas tubman 	 	 	selena sloan butler 	anna colquitt hunter 	hazel jane raines 	 	 	susan cobb milton atkinson 	nellie peters black 	ellen craft 	corra harris 	lugenia burns hope 	 	 	rebecca latimer felton 	mary ann harris gay 	nancy hart 	lucy barrow mcintire 	 	 	lettie pate whitehead evans 	julia collier harris 	rhoda kaufman 	carrie steele logan 	 	 	moina michael 	lillian smith 	 	 s 	 	 	 	sallie ellis davis 	laura askew haygood 	ellen axson wilson 	 	 	julia l. coleman 	catherine evans whitener 	 	 	wessie gertrude connell 	lula dobbs mceachern 	alice harrell strickland 	 	 	madeleine kiker anthony 	helena maud brown cobb 	julia lester dillon 	leila ross wilburn 	 	 	mathilda beasley 	louise frederick hays 	helen dortch longstreet 	sarah mclendon murphy 	emily barnelia woodward 	 	 	alice woodby mckane 	nina anderson pape 	jeannette rankin 	 	 	eliza frances andrews 	grace towns hamilton 	sarah porter hillhouse 	 	 	margaret o. bynum 	edith lenora foster 	helen douglas mankin 	sara branham matthews 	 	 	elfrida de renne barrow 	amilee chastain graves 	susan dowdell myrick 	 	 	caroline pafford miller 	jane hurt yarn 	harriet powers 	 	 s 	 	 	 	mary ann lipscomb 	celestine sibley 	madrid williams 	 	 	lillian gordy carter 	mary francis hill coley 	may dubignon stiles howard 	 	 	sarah randolph bailey 	beulah rucker oliver 	ethel harpst 	 	 	lollie belle wylie 	mary gregory jewett 	henrietta stanley dull 	 	 	rebecca stiles taylor 	ella gertrude clanton thomas 	bazoline estelle usher 	 	 	allie carroll hart 	frances freeborn pauley 	nell kendall hodgson woodruff 	 	 	sarah harper heard 	ellamae ellis league 	katie hall underwood 	 	 	carolyn mackenzie carter 	clermont huger lee 	lucile nix 	 	 	ludie clay andrews 	susie baker king taylor 	mamie george s. williams 	 	 	leila denmark 	mary dorothy lyndon 	 	 s 	 	 	 	clarice cross bagwell 	katharine dupre lumpkin 	juanita marsh 	jean elizabeth geiger wright 	 	 	ruby m. anderson 	mary g. bryan 	laura pope forester 	allie murray smith 	 	v 	t 	e rock and roll hall of fame – class of 	performers	 	hank ballard 	bobby darin 	the four seasons 	tom devito, bob gaudio, nick massi, frankie valli 	four tops 	renaldo benson, abdul "duke" fakir, lawrence payton, levi stubbs 	the kinks 	mick avory, dave davies, ray davies, pete quaife 	the platters 	david lynch, herb reed, paul robi, zola taylor, tony williams 	simon & garfunkel 	art garfunkel, paul simon 	the who 	roger daltrey, john entwistle, keith moon, pete townshend 	early influences	 	louis armstrong 	charlie christian 	ma rainey 	non-performers (ahmet ertegun award)	 	gerry goffin and carole king 	holland–dozier–holland 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	isni 	 	viaf 	 	worldcat 	national libraries	 	norway 	spain 	france (data) 	italy 	united states 	czech republic 	australia 	israel 	netherlands 	poland 	other	 	faceted application of subject terminology 	musicbrainz artist 	rero (switzerland) 	 	social networks and archival context 	sudoc (france) 	 	trove (australia) 	 ." women in world history: a biographical encyclopedia. . encyclopedia.com. oct. . ( , november ). retrieved november , , from rainey, ma ( – ) | encyclopedia.com retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ma_rainey&oldid= " 		categories: 	 s births 	 deaths 	 th-century american singers 	 th-century american women singers 	age controversies 	american blues singers 	american street performers 	african-american female singers 	baptists from georgia (u.s. state) 	bisexual musicians 	bisexual women 	classic female blues singers 	lgbt african americans 	lgbt people from georgia (u.s. state) 	lgbt people from alabama 	musicians from columbus, georgia 	paramount records artists 	people from rome, georgia 	vaudeville performers 	lgbt singers from the united states 	 th-century baptists hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles with hcards 	infobox musical artist with missing or invalid background field 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with isni identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bibsys identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bne identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with iccu identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nkc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nla identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nli identifiers 	wikipedia articles with nta identifiers 	wikipedia articles with plwabn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with fast identifiers 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz identifiers 	wikipedia articles with rero identifiers 	wikipedia articles with snac-id identifiers 	wikipedia articles with sudoc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with trove identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcatid identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	تۆرکجه 	català 	deutsch 	Ελληνικά 	español 	esperanto 	فارسی 	français 	frysk 	galego 	Հայերեն 	bahasa indonesia 	italiano 	עברית 	magyar 	مصرى 	nederlands 	norsk bokmål 	norsk nynorsk 	polski 	português 	Русский 	simple english 	Српски / srpski 	suomi 	svenska 	Українська 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on june , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 ‘news item’ and ‘résumé’ enter public domain january | dorothy parker society 	 		 			 							 				 							dorothy parker society 						official dorothy parker site since 					 			 	 		menu 		 			 					about 	society 	homes 	los angeles 	haunts 	gallery 	audio 	book shop 	dorothy parker books 	algonquin round table books 	collections 	plays & study guides 	audio books 	dvd 	dorothy parker merchandise 	tours 	dorothy parker upper west side 	algonquin round table 	the guide 	contact 				 			 		 		 			 				menu 			 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 			 		 		 		‘news item’ and ‘résumé’ enter public domain january 		 			 				 				 					 						posted on december , february , by kevin fitzpatrick					 				 			 		 			 	 		do you celebrate new year’s day or public domain day? for dorothy parker fans, why not both? just as we published last year, turning the calendar pages of u.s. copyright law, on january , , more works of art, film, music, poetry, and writing will enter the public domain. this milestone will bring out work published in that copyrights have been lifted. while in some quarters the news that the great gatsby is now out of copyright will be celebrated, dorothy parker makes the list with poems, including her “greatest hits” collection. this is colloquially public domain day. what is happening, how u.s. law is interpreted, and what the hell sonny bono and mickey mouse have to do with copyright law is explained here. what this means is that what parker was doing in during the speakeasy era matters in the covid era. parker published poems and free verse in that are now able to be used without paying her estate, which is controlled by the naacp. incredible as it may sound, this also includes the most famous ones that she gave away to her friend and mentor, franklin p. adams, to be published in the new york world on the same day on august , , in his “conning tower” column. under parker’s heading “some beautiful letters” were six of her most beloved pieces: “observation,” “social note,” “news item” (“men seldom make passes/at girls who wear glasses”), “interview,” “comment,” and possibly parker’s most well-known, “résumé.” these can now be used in any manner; some are already on tattoos, of course. “observation” attained some acclaim when it was included in mrs. parker and the vicious circle, performed by jennifer jason leigh. observation if i don’t drive around the park, i’m pretty sure to make my mark. if i’m in bed each night by ten, i may get back my looks again, if i abstain from fun and such, i’ll probably amount to much, but i shall stay the way i am, because i do not give a damn. these are the dorothy parker poems that will enter the public domain in the united states on january , . all were published for the first time in and the copyright will expire. “song of perfect propriety” “balto” “cassandra drops into verse” “i shall come back” “biographies” “a dream lies dead” “story of mrs. w–” “little song” “braggart” “epitaph” “threnody” “epitaph for a darling lady” “some beautiful letters”: “observation,” “social note,” “news item,” “interview,” “comment,” “résumé” “convalescent” “wail” “testament” “recurrence” “august” “hearthside” “rainy night” the only other parker published writing in were a few reviews for the new yorker, which debuted in february . this means everything from the first year of the magazine also enters the public domain on january . (if you produce any coffee mugs or tote bags, please send them our way). in parker did not sell any short stories or essays, as far as we know. other books by big names besides f. scott fitzgerald will also be out of copyright. these include: theodore dreiser’s an american tragedy, ernest hemingway’s in our time, john dos passos’, manhattan transfer, and virginia woolf’s mrs. dalloway. among the films are harold lloyd’s the freshman and the merry widow, and buster keaton’s go west, his people, and lovers in quarantine (extremely appropriate today, even if this film’s quarantine is only one week). the big parade (directed by king vidor), the first major wwi movie and the biggest box office success of the decade, will also be public domain material. so is charlie chaplin’s short, the gold rush. edward hopper, house by the railroad (museum of modern art collection) among the hundreds, if not thousands, of pieces of music, are “always,” by irving berlin, “sweet georgia brown,” by ben bernie, maceo pinkard & kenneth casey, works by gertrude ‘ma’ rainey, the “mother of the blues,” including “army camp harmony blues” (with hooks tilford) and “shave ’em dry” (with william jackson). in visual art, paintings include edward hopper’s house by the railroad (owned by the museum of modern art, new york) and picasso’s les trois danseuses (the three dancers) at the tate gallery, london. public domain day ties into the first two aims of the dorothy parker society, founded in : “to promote the work of dorothy parker” and “to introduce new readers to the work of dorothy parker.” while is good for public domain works, looks to be special too. 					 			 			 					copyright 	naacp 	poetry 	the new yorker 		 	 		 	 	 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 				recent news 			 					 radio interview with dorothy parker and richard lamparski 											august , 									 	 					from boats to speakeasies, a brief history of parkerfest 											august , 									 	 					parkerfest : brooklyn, the bronx, manhattan, august - 											july , 									 	 					zabou breitman brings “dorothy” to avignon, answers q&a 											july , 									 	 					dorothy parker memorial fund launches 											june , 									 	 					al hirschfeld foundation supports dorothy parker memorial fund with exclusive t-shirt 											june , 									 	 					support campaign for dorothy parker gravestone begins today with new york distilling company and the al hirschfeld foundation 											june , 									 	 					new york post breaks story about dorothy parker gin funding gravestone fund 											june , 									 	 					balto, the dog sculpture hero of central park 											february , 									 	 					‘news item’ and ‘résumé’ enter public domain january 											december , 									 		archives - 		archives - 		select month august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) february  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) october  ( ) august  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) september  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) may  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) november  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) july  ( ) may  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) february  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) 		social a vicious circle 		algonquin hotel 	algonquin round table 	dorothy parker on facebook 	dorothy parker society los angeles 	dorothy parker society seattle 	franklin p. adams 	george s. kaufman 	heywood broun 	robert benchley society friend sites 		don marquis 	fitzgerald society 	forgotten ny 	great gatsby boat tour 	literary manhattan 	liza donnelly 	nat benchley 	natalie ascencios 	ring lardner 	tallulah bankhead 	 				 			 				 			 		 		 	 	© dorothy parker society	 	 		 | powered by minimalist blog wordpress theme	 	 github - dtolnay/anyhow: flexible concrete error type built on std: :error skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} dtolnay / anyhow 	 notifications 	 star . k 	 fork flexible concrete error type built on std::error::error view license . k stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 security 	 insights master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branch tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit dtolnay ignore unhelpful clippy lint in build script … b d aug , ignore unhelpful clippy lint in build script b d git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .github/workflows add additional builds on . and . validating addr_of codepath mar , src release . . aug , tests resolve default_trait_access clippy lint in pr jul , .clippy.toml inform clippy of supported compiler version in clippy.toml dec , .gitignore initial commit oct , cargo.toml release . . aug , license-apache dual mit or apache license oct , license-mit dual mit or apache license oct , readme.md update mascot mar , build.rs ignore unhelpful clippy lint in build script aug , view code anyhow ¯\_(°ペ)_/¯ details no-std support comparison to failure comparison to thiserror license readme.md anyhow ¯\_(°ペ)_/¯ this library provides anyhow::error, a trait object based error type for easy idiomatic error handling in rust applications. [dependencies] anyhow = " . " compiler support: requires rustc . + details 	 use result<t, anyhow::error>, or equivalently anyhow::result<t>, as the return type of any fallible function. within the function, use ? to easily propagate any error that implements the std::error::error trait. use anyhow::result; fn get_cluster_info() -> result<clustermap> { let config = std::fs::read_to_string("cluster.json")?; let map: clustermap = serde_json::from_str(&config)?; ok(map) } 	 attach context to help the person troubleshooting the error understand where things went wrong. a low-level error like "no such file or directory" can be annoying to debug without more context about what higher level step the application was in the middle of. use anyhow::{context, result}; fn main() -> result<()> { ... it.detach().context("failed to detach the important thing")?; let content = std::fs::read(path) .with_context(|| format!("failed to read instrs from {}", path))?; ... } error: failed to read instrs from ./path/to/instrs.json caused by: no such file or directory (os error ) 	 downcasting is supported and can be by value, by shared reference, or by mutable reference as needed. // if the error was caused by redaction, then return a // tombstone instead of the content. match root_cause.downcast_ref::<datastoreerror>() { some(datastoreerror::censored(_)) => ok(poll::ready(redacted_content)), none => err(error), } 	 if using the nightly channel, a backtrace is captured and printed with the error if the underlying error type does not already provide its own. in order to see backtraces, they must be enabled through the environment variables described in std::backtrace: 	if you want panics and errors to both have backtraces, set rust_backtrace= ; 	if you want only errors to have backtraces, set rust_lib_backtrace= ; 	if you want only panics to have backtraces, set rust_backtrace= and rust_lib_backtrace= . the tracking issue for this feature is rust-lang/rust# . 	 anyhow works with any error type that has an impl of std::error::error, including ones defined in your crate. we do not bundle a derive(error) macro but you can write the impls yourself or use a standalone macro like thiserror. use thiserror::error; #[derive(error, debug)] pub enum formaterror { #[error("invalid header (expected {expected:?}, got {found:?})")] invalidheader { expected: string, found: string, }, #[error("missing attribute: { }")] missingattribute(string), } 	 one-off error messages can be constructed using the anyhow! macro, which supports string interpolation and produces an anyhow::error. return err(anyhow!("missing attribute: {}", missing)); a bail! macro is provided as a shorthand for the same early return. bail!("missing attribute: {}", missing); no-std support in no_std mode, the same api is almost all available and works the same way. to depend on anyhow in no_std mode, disable our default enabled "std" feature in cargo.toml. a global allocator is required. [dependencies] anyhow = { version = " . ", default-features = false } since the ?-based error conversions would normally rely on the std::error::error trait which is only available through std, no_std mode will require an explicit .map_err(error::msg) when working with a non-anyhow error type inside a function that returns anyhow's error type. comparison to failure the anyhow::error type works something like failure::error, but unlike failure ours is built around the standard library's std::error::error trait rather than a separate trait failure::fail. the standard library has adopted the necessary improvements for this to be possible as part of rfc . comparison to thiserror use anyhow if you don't care what error type your functions return, you just want it to be easy. this is common in application code. use thiserror if you are a library that wants to design your own dedicated error type(s) so that on failures the caller gets exactly the information that you choose. license licensed under either of apache license, version . or mit license at your option. unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the apache- . license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions. about flexible concrete error type built on std::error::error resources readme license view license releases . . latest aug , + releases contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 rust . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. how to combat zoom fatigue 		 	 				 		 			 				 					 						 					 				 			 		 				 				 	 		 		 			 				 	 	 				 					 				 			 			 				 				 			 			 			 				 					subscribe 				 				 					 				 				 					sign in 				 				 	 	 	 	 			 			 				 					 				 			 			 				 					 						 				 					 						 							 							 							 							 								 clear 						 						 							 									 	 	 	 	 	 	suggested topics 	 	 	 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							explore hbr 								diversity 	latest 	the magazine 	ascend 	most popular 	podcasts 	video 	store 	webinars 	newsletters 						 					 						popular topics 							managing yourself 	leadership 	strategy 	managing teams 	gender 	innovation 	work-life balance 	all topics 					 					 						for subscribers 							the big idea 	visual library 	reading lists 	case selections 	 								 									subscribe 								 							 					 					 						my account 							my library 	topic feeds 	orders 	account settings 	email preferences 	log out 	sign in 					 					 							 	 	 	 					 				 				 					 						subscribe 					 					diversity 					latest 					podcasts 					video 					the magazine 					store 					webinars 					newsletters 					all topics 					the big idea 					visual library 					reading lists 					case selections 					my library 					account settings 					log out 					sign in 				 			 		 	 		 			 	 			 				 					 				 			 			your cart 			 					your shopping cart is empty. 					visit our store 			 		 		 			 	 			 				 					 				 			 			 				guest user 				 					 subscriber 				 			 			 					my library 					topic feeds 					orders 					account settings 					email preferences 				log out 			 		 		 			 				 					 					reading list 				 			 			 				 					 						reading lists 						 					 				 			 		 	 				 				 	 		 			 				 					you have free articles left this month. 					 				 				 					you are reading your last free article for this month. 					 				 				 					 						 							subscribe for unlimited access. 						 						 							create an account to read more. 						 					 				 			 			 		 	 				 				 	 			 	 		 	 		 			communication 		 	 		 			 				how to combat zoom fatigue 			 		 	five research-based tips. 		 			by 				liz fosslien and 						mollie west duffy 		 	 		 			by 				liz fosslien and 						mollie west duffy 		 	april , 	 			 			 				 	 				 		 				hbr staff/ slide/getty images 		 	 	 			 				 					 					tweet 				 			 	 				 					 					post 				 			 	 				 					 					share 				 			 	 				 					 					save 				 			 	 					 						 						get pdf 					 				 	 					 						 						buy copies 					 				 	 				 					 					print 				 			 	 	 		summary.    		why do we find video calls so draining? in part, it’s because they force us to focus more intently on conversations in order to absorb information. they also require us to stare directly at a screen for minutes at a time without any visual or mental break, which is tiring. to make video calls less exhausting for yourself, try using a few research-based tips. first, avoid multitasking. it may be tempting to get other work done on a video call, but witching between tasks can cost you as much as percent of your productive time. the next time you’re on a video chat, close any tabs or programs that might distract you, put your phone away, and stay present. second, take mini breaks during longer calls by minimizing the video, moving it to behind your open applications, or just looking away from your computer now and then. finally, check your calendar for the next few days to see if there are any conversations you could have over slack or email instead. especially in situations where you’re communicating with people outside of your organization, don’t feel obligated to send a zoom link. often, a phone call is more appropriate. 	 					 						 	 			 				 					 					tweet 				 			 	 				 					 					post 				 			 	 				 					 					share 				 			 	 				 					 					save 				 			 	 					 						 						get pdf 					 				 	 					 						 						buy copies 					 				 	 				 					 					print 				 			 	 						 							 leer en español ler em português in these difficult times, we’ve made a number of our coronavirus articles free for all readers. to get all of hbr’s content delivered to your inbox, sign up for the daily alert newsletter. if you’re finding that you’re more exhausted at the end of your workday than you used to be, you’re not alone. over the past few weeks, mentions of “zoom fatigue” have popped up more and more on social media, and google searches for the same phrase have steadily increased since early march. why do we find video calls so draining? there are a few reasons. in part, it’s because they force us to focus more intently on conversations in order to absorb information. think of it this way: when you’re sitting in a conference room, you can rely on whispered side exchanges to catch you up if you get distracted or answer quick, clarifying questions. during a video call, however, it’s impossible to do this unless you use the private chat feature or awkwardly try to find a moment to unmute and ask a colleague to repeat themselves. further reading 	 coronavirus: leadership and recovery leadership & managing people book . add to cart 	 save 	 share the problem isn’t helped by the fact that video calls make it easier than ever to lose focus. we’ve all done it: decided that, why yes, we absolutely can listen intently, check our email, text a friend, and post a smiley face on slack within the same thirty seconds. except, of course, we don’t end up doing much listening at all when we’re distracted. adding fuel to the fire is many of our work-from-home situations. we’re no longer just dialing into one or two virtual meetings. we’re also continuously finding polite new ways to ask our loved ones not to disturb us, or tuning them out as they army crawl across the floor to grab their headphones off the dining table. for those who don’t have a private space to work, it is especially challenging. finally, “zoom fatigue” stems from how we process information over video. on a video call the only way to show we’re paying attention is to look at the camera. but, in real life, how often do you stand within three feet of a colleague and stare at their face? probably never. this is because having to engage in a “constant gaze” makes us uncomfortable — and tired. in person, we are able to use our peripheral vision to glance out the window or look at others in the room. on a video call, because we are all sitting in different homes, if we turn to look out the window, we worry it might seem like we’re not paying attention. not to mention, most of us are also staring at a small window of ourselves, making us hyper-aware of every wrinkle, expression, and how it might be interpreted. without the visual breaks we need to refocus, our brains grow fatigued. if this all sounds like bad news, don’t despair. we have five research-based tips that can help make video calls less exhausting. avoid multitasking. it’s easy to think that you can use the opportunity to do more in less time, but research shows that trying to do multiple things at once cuts into performance. because you have to turn certain parts of your brain off and on for different types of work, switching between tasks can cost you as much as percent of your productive time. researchers at stanford found that people who multitask can’t remember things as well as their more singularly focused peers. the next time you’re on a video chat, close any tabs or programs that might distract you (e.g. your inbox or slack), put your phone away, and stay present. we know it’s tempting, but try to remind yourself that the slack message you just got can wait minutes, and that you’ll be able to craft a better response when you’re not also on a video chat. build in breaks. take mini breaks from video during longer calls by minimizing the window, moving it to behind your open applications, or just looking away from your computer completely for a few seconds now and then. we’re all more used to being on video now (and to the stressors that come with nonstop facetime). your colleagues probably understand more than you think — it is possible to listen without staring at the screen for a full thirty minutes. this is not an invitation to start doing something else, but to let your eyes rest for a moment. for days when you can’t avoid back-to-back calls, consider making meetings or minutes (instead of the standard half-hour and hour) to give yourself enough time in between to get up and move around for a bit. if you are on an hour-long video call, make it okay for people to turn off their cameras for parts of the call. reduce onscreen stimuli. research shows that when you’re on video, you tend to spend the most time gazing at your own face. this can be easily avoided by hiding yourself from view. still, onscreen distractions go far beyond yourself. you may be surprised to learn that on video, we not only focus on other’s faces, but on their backgrounds as well. if you’re on a call with five people, you may feel like you’re in five different rooms at once. you can see their furniture, plants, and wallpaper. you might even strain to see what books they have on their shelves. the brain has to process all of these visual environmental cues at the same time. to combat mental fatigue, encourage people to use plain backgrounds (e.g. a poster of a peaceful beach scene), or agree as a group to have everyone who is not talking turn off their video. make virtual social events opt-in. after a long day of back-to-back video calls, it’s normal to feel drained, particularly if you’re an introvert. that’s why virtual social sessions should be kept opt-in, meaning whoever owns the event makes it explicit that people are welcome, but not obligated, to join. you might also consider appointing a facilitator if you’re expecting a large group. this person can open by asking a question, and then make it clear in what order people should speak, so everyone gets to hear from one another and the group doesn’t start talking all at once. it’s easy to get overwhelmed if we don’t know what’s expected of us, or if we’re constantly trying to figure out when we should or should not chime in. switch to phone calls or email. check your calendar for the next few days to see if there are any conversations you could have over slack or email instead. if pm rolls around and you’re zoomed-out but have an upcoming one-on-one, ask the person to switch to a phone call or suggest picking up the conversation later so you can both recharge. try something like, “i’d love a break from video calls. do you mind if we do this over the phone?” most likely the other person will be relieved by the switch, too. for external calls, avoid defaulting to video, especially if you don’t know each other well. many people now feel a tendency to treat video as the default for all communication. in situations where you’re communicating with people outside of your organization (clients, vendors, networking, etc.) — conversations for which you used to rely on phone calls — you may feel obligated to send out a zoom link instead. but a video call is fairly intimate and can even feel invasive in some situations. for example, if you’re asked to do a career advice call and you don’t know the person you’re talking to, sticking to phone is often a safer choice. if your client facetimes you with no warning, it’s okay to decline and suggest a call instead. some of these tips might be hard to follow at first (especially that one about resisting the urge to tab-surf during your next zoom call). but taking these steps can help you prevent feeling so exhausted at the thought of another video chat. it’s tiring enough trying to adapt to this new normal. make video calls a little easier for yourself. if our content helps you to contend with coronavirus and other challenges, please consider subscribing to hbr. a subscription purchase is the best way to support the creation of these resources. 					 				 				 					 		 			 		 						 	 read more on communication or related topics meetings and stress 					 				 			 		 			 		 		 				 					lf 				 		 		 					 						liz fosslien is the head of content at humu, a company that makes it easy for teams to improve, every single week. she has designed and led sessions related to emotions at work for audiences including ted, linkedin, google, viacom, and spotify. liz’s writing and illustrations have been featured by the economist, freakonomics, and npr. liz is coauthor of the book, no hard feelings: the secret power of embracing emotions at work. 					 		 	 	 		 				 					md 				 		 		 					 						mollie west duffy is an organizational development expert and consultant. she was previously an organizational design lead at global innovation firm ideo and a research associate for the dean of harvard business school nitin nohria and renowned strategy professor michael e. porter. she’s written for fast company, quartz, stanford social innovation review, entrepreneur, and other digital outlets. liz and mollie are the authors of the book, no hard feelings: the secret power of embracing emotions at work. follow them on twitter or instagram @lizandmollie. 					 		 	 	 			 				 					 					tweet 				 			 	 				 					 					post 				 			 	 				 					 					share 				 			 	 				 					 					save 				 			 	 					 						 						get pdf 					 				 	 					 						 						buy copies 					 				 	 				 					 					print 				 			 	 			 			 			 read more on communication or related topics meetings and stress 					 						 					 			 		 	 				 				 				 				 		 			 				 					 						partner center 					 				 				 						 							 						 						 							 						 						 							 						 						 							 						 				 			 		 				 				 	 			diversity 			latest 			magazine 			ascend 			topics 			podcasts 			video 			store 			the big idea 			visual library 			case selections 	 				 				 subscribe explore hbr 	the latest 	most popular 	all topics 	magazine archive 	the big idea 	reading lists 	case selections 	video 	podcasts 	webinars 	visual library 	my library 	newsletters 	hbr press 	hbr ascend hbr store 	article reprints 	books 	cases 	collections 	magazine issues 	hbr guide series 	hbr -minute managers 	hbr emotional intelligence series 	hbr must reads 	tools about hbr 	contact us 	advertise with us 	information for booksellers/retailers 	masthead 	global editions 	media inquiries 	guidelines for authors 	hbr analytic services 	copyright permissions manage my account 	my library 	topic feeds 	orders 	account settings 	email preferences 	account faq 	help center 	contact customer service follow hbr 	 facebook 	 twitter 	 linkedin 	 instagram 	 your newsreader 	about us 	careers 	privacy policy 	cookie policy 	copyright information 	trademark policy harvard business publishing: 	higher education 	corporate learning 	harvard business review 	harvard business school copyright ©   harvard business school publishing. all rights reserved. harvard business publishing is an affiliate of harvard business school. 				 	 		 			 			 	 none bitcoin plunges as chinese province pulls plug on crypto mining 				 			 	the a.v. club 	deadspin 	gizmodo 	jalopnik 	jezebel 	kotaku 	lifehacker 	the root 	the takeout 	 	the onion 	 	the inventory we come from the future shopsubscribe homelatestreviewstechio earthersciencefield guidewe come from the future homelatestreviewstechio earthersciencefield guide news bitcoin plunges as china's sichuan province pulls plug on crypto mining chinese state media reports % of china's bitcoin mining could be coming offline. bymatt novak / / : am comments ( ) alerts a man holds a placard outside the mana convention center where the cryptocurrency conference bitcoin convention is held, in miami, florida, on june , . photo: marco bello (getty images) bitcoin continued its dramatic plunge to $ , monday morning, down . % from a week earlier as some of china’s largest bitcoin mining farms were shut down over the weekend. the bitcoin mining facilities of sichuan province received an order on friday to stop doing business by sunday, according to chinese state media outlet the global times. advertisement the sichuan provincial development and reform commission and the sichuan energy bureau issued an order to all electricity companies in the region on friday to stop supplying electricity to any known crypto mining organizations, including firms that had already been publicly identified, according to the global times. it seems that some local miners were optimistic that sichuan’s abundant hydroelectric energy would insulate the region from a cryptocurrency crackdown by authorities, but that optimism was obviously misplaced. “we had hoped that sichuan would be an exception during the clampdown as there is an electricity glut there in the rainy season. but chinese regulators are now taking a uniform approach, which would overhaul and rein in the booming bitcoin mining industry in china,” shentu qingchun, ceo of a shenzhen crypto company told the global times. videos on social media sites purported to show miners in sichuan turning off their mining machines and packing up their businesses. g/o media may get a commission galaxy buds (graphite) buy for $ at samsung miners in china are now looking to sell their equipment overseas, and it appears many have already found buyers. cnbc’s eunice yoon tweeted early monday that a chinese logistics firm was shipping , lbs ( , kilograms) of crypto mining equipment to an unnamed buyer in maryland for just $ . per kilogram. advertisement bitcoin hasn’t been the only cryptocurrency to experience a price plunge, with ethereum at $ , , down . % from a week earlier. the meme-currency dogecoin is also down dramatically to $ . early monday morning, plunging . % in the past week. advertisement how much lower will crypto prices go? no one knows for sure, of course. but ponzi schemes can run for a relatively long time before they finally collapse. pinboard’s maciej ceglowski recently appeared on cnbc to explain how the crypto scam works. the only question is whether bitcoin and the other digital monopoly money has finally run its course or whether there are a few more pump and dumps left in this old horse. don’t count the bitcoin diehards out just yet. advertisement technews discussion byarcanum five well, hell. now how will el salvador pay for their new marching band equipment and their monorail? see all comments none zotero zotero collect, organize, cite, and share your research 	move zotero citations between google docs, word, and libreoffice last year, we added google docs integration to zotero, bringing to google docs the same powerful citation functionality — with support for over , citation styles — that zotero offers in word and libreoffice. today we&# ;re adding a feature that lets you move documents between google docs and word or libreoffice while preserving active zotero citations. [&# ;] 	retracted item notifications with retraction watch integration zotero can now help you avoid relying on retracted publications in your research by automatically checking your database and documents for works that have been retracted. we&# ;re providing this service in partnership with retraction watch, which maintains the largest database of retractions available, and we&# ;re proud to help sustain their important work. how it works [&# ;] 	scan books into zotero from your iphone or ipad zotero makes it easy to collect research materials with a single click as you browse the web, but what do you do when you want to add a real, physical book to your zotero library? if you have an iphone or ipad running ios , you can now save a book to zotero just by [&# ;] 	zotero comes to google docs we&# ;re excited to announce the availability of zotero integration with google docs, joining zotero&# ;s existing support for microsoft word and libreoffice. the same powerful functionality that zotero has long offered for traditional word processors is now available for google docs. you can quickly search for items in your zotero library, add page numbers and other [&# ;] 	improved pdf retrieval with unpaywall integration as an organization dedicated to developing free and open-source research tools, we care deeply about open access to scholarship. with the latest version of zotero, we&# ;re excited to make it easier than ever to find pdfs for the items in your zotero library. while zotero has always been able to download pdfs automatically as you [&# ;] 	introducing zoterobib: perfect bibliographies in minutes we think zotero is the best tool for almost anyone doing serious research, but we know that a lot of people — including many students — don’t need all of zotero’s power just to create the occasional bibliography. today, we’re introducing zoterobib, a free service to help people quickly create perfect bibliographies. powered by the same technology [&# ;] 	zotero . . : new pdf features, faster citing in large documents, and more the latest version of zotero introduces some major improvements for pdf-based workflows, a new citing mode that can greatly speed up the use of the word processor plugin in large documents, and various other improvements and bug fixes. new pdf features improved pdf metadata retrieval while the &# ;save to zotero&# ; button in the zotero connector [&# ;] 	zotero . and firefox: frequently asked questions in a unified zotero experience, we explained the changes introduced in zotero . that affect zotero for firefox users. see that post for a full explanation of the change, and read on for some additional answers. what&# ;s changing? zotero . is available only as a standalone program, and zotero . for firefox is being replaced [&# ;] 	new features for chrome and safari connectors we are excited to announce major improvements to the zotero connectors for chrome and safari. chrome the zotero connector for chrome now includes functionality that was previously available only in zotero for firefox. automatic institutional proxy detection many institutions provide a way to access electronic resources while you are off-campus by signing in to a [&# ;] 	a unified zotero experience since the introduction of zotero standalone in , zotero users have had two versions to choose from: the original firefox extension, zotero for firefox, which provides deep integration into the firefox user interface, and zotero standalone, which runs as a separate program and can be used with any browser. starting with the release of zotero [&# ;] none the unholy three ( film) - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the unholy three ( film) 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 film 	the unholy three ( ) 	 the unholy three, theatrical release poster 	directed by	tod browning 	written by	waldemar young (scenario) 	based on	the unholy three novel by tod robbins 	produced by	tod browning irving thalberg (uncredited) 	starring	lon chaney victor mclaglen 	cinematography	david kesson 	edited by	daniel gray irving thalberg (uncredited) 	production company 	metro-goldwyn-mayer 	distributed by	metro-goldwyn-mayer[nb ] 	release date 	 	august  ,   ( - - ) 	running time 	 minutes 	country	united states 	language	silent with english intertitles the unholy three is a american silent crime melodrama involving a trio of circus conmen, directed by tod browning and starring lon chaney. the supporting cast features mae busch, matt moore, victor mclaglen and harry earles. the unholy three marks the establishment of the notable artistic alliance between director browning and actor chaney that would deliver eight outstanding films to m-g-m studios during the late silent film era.[ ][ ][ ] the film was remade in as a talkie directed by sam conway. chaney and earles repeated their performances as professor echo and tweedledee.[ ] contents 	 plot 	 cast 	 production 	 release and reception 	 themes 	 notes 	 footnotes 	 references 	 external links plot[edit] the unholy three ( film) l to r: victor mclaglen, harry earles, mae busch, lon chaney. three performers leave a sideshow after tweedledee (harry earles), a midget performer, assaults a young heckler and sparks a melee. the three join together in an "unholy" plan to become wealthy. prof. echo, the ventriloquist, assumes the role of mrs. o'grady, a kindly old grandmother, who runs a pet shop, while tweedledee plays her grandchild. hercules (victor mclaglen), the strongman, works in the shop along with the unsuspecting hector mcdonald (matt moore). echo's girlfriend, pickpocket rosie o'grady (mae busch), pretends to be his granddaughter. using what they learn from delivering pets, the trio later commit burglaries, with their wealthy buyers as victims. on christmas eve, john arlington (an uncredited charles wellesley) telephones to complain that the "talking" parrot (aided by echo's ventriloquism) he bought will not speak. when "granny" o'grady visits him to coax the bird into performing, "she" takes along grandson "little willie". while there, they learn that a valuable ruby necklace is in the house. they decide to steal it that night. as echo is too busy, the other two grow impatient and decide to go ahead without him. the next day, echo is furious to read in the newspaper that arlington was killed and his three-year-old daughter badly injured in the robbery. hercules shows no remorse whatsoever, relating how arlington pleaded for his life. when a police investigator shows up at the shop, the trio become fearful and decide to frame hector, hiding the jewelry in his room. meanwhile, hector proposes to rosie. she turns him down, but he overhears her crying after he leaves. to his joy, she confesses she loves him, but was ashamed of her shady past. when the police take him away, rosie tells the trio that she will exonerate him, forcing them to abduct her and flee to a mountain cabin. echo takes along his large pet ape (who terrifies hercules). in the spring, hector is brought to trial. rosie pleads with echo to save hector, promising to stay with him if he does. after echo leaves for the city, tweedledee overhears hercules asking rosie to run away with him (and the loot). tweedledee releases the ape. hercules kills tweedledee right before the ape gets him. at the trial, echo agonizes over what to do, but finally rushes forward and confesses all. both he and hector are set free. when rosie goes to echo to keep her promise, he lies and says he was only kidding. he tells her to go to hector. echo returns to the sideshow, giving his spiel to the customers: "that's all there is to life, friends, ... a little laughter ... a little tear." cast[edit] 	lon chaney as prof. echo, a.k.a. mrs. o'grady or "granny" 	mae busch as rosie o'grady 	matt moore as hector mcdonald 	victor mclaglen as hercules, a.k.a. "son-in-law" 	harry earles as tweedledee, a.k.a. baby "little willie" 	matthew betz as detective regan 	edward connelly as the judge 	william humphrey as defense attorney 	e. alyn warren as prosecuting attorney production[edit] paris cinélux poster for m-g-m's the unholy three. in , universal’s vice-president irving thalberg departed to join metro-goldwyn-mayer studios as production manager. director tod browning followed him to m-g-m after producing a number of unimpressive independent films.[ ][ ] at m-g-m he proposed adapting author tod robbins’ the unholy three and thalberg accommodated browning by purchasing the rights and enlisting lon chaney to play the lead; chaney may have requested that browning direct, having worked with him effectively in on universal’s outside the law starring priscilla dean.[ ] with the unholy three, thalberg, browning and chaney established a highly creative and profitable collaborative trio that produced seven more films at m-g-m, marking the zenith of both browning’s and chaney’s careers.[ ][ ] browning arrived at m-g-m well-versed in the techniques of “trick photography.”[ ] the "ape" that dispatches the strongman hector (victor mclaglen) was actually a three-foot-tall chimpanzee who was made to appear gigantic with camera trickery and perspective shots. when echo removes the ape from his cage, the shot shows echo (with his back turned to the camera) unlocking the cage and walking the ape to the truck. the ape appears to be roughly the same size as echo. this effect was achieved by having harry earles (who played "tweedledee" in the film) play echo for these brief shots, and then cutting to chaney, making it seem as though the ape is gigantic. (in the remake, the ape was played by charles gemora.) [ ] release and reception[edit] play media the unholy three the unholy three enjoyed tremendous success, adding luster to chaney’s reputation as “the man of a thousand faces” and revealing browning’s as a remarkable film stylist.[ ][ ] on august ,  the billboard published a list of five short reviews for the movie. this featured such critics as mordaunt hall (times), george gerhard (evening world), richard watts jr. (herald-tribune), and w.r. (world).[ ] the movie was such a success upon its debut that at its release at the new york capitol theater, it maintained a strong audience attendance for at least two weeks.major edward bowes, who was the managing director at the time, took steps to ensure everyone who didn’t get to see the movie the first week of its viewing would get to by extending the movie's stay. an article written about this event noted the movie as “acclaimed as the best crook drama on the screen and one of the most entertaining motion pictures ever made”, which speaks, along with its apparent popularity, for the movie’s quality.[ ] sherwood of life magazine praised the movie for its photography and providing a more psychological horror film rather than relying on movie effects to scare its audience. noted by sherwood is how the film was shot great attention given to scenes as individual pieces rather than as parts of one greater project, causing continuity errors. this is explained by the writer as an acceptable outcome considering the overall quality. the review is concluded with sherwood declaring the unholy three to be "the best picture of its kind since the miracle man."[ ] the unholy three was released for the first time on dvd by warner bros. digital distribution on october , . the company would later re-release the film as a part of its -disc lon chaney: the warner archive classics collection on november , , and on june , .[ ] on rotten tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of % based on reviews, with a weighted average rating of . / .[ ] author and film critic leonard maltin gave the film two and a half out of four stars. although maltin noted that the film contained aspects that were less satisfactory, he commended its strong basic idea and chaney's performance.[ ] themes[edit] as is common of a tod browning film, circus life and unusual bodies play a central role in this movie along with great use of trompe-l'œil optical illusion.[ ] trompe-l'œil is exercised and played with as the illusion of dr. echo as "mrs. o’grady" and tweedledee as "little willie". the main plot of the movie revolves around the character’s abilities to pass themselves off convincingly as something they are not, an illusion the movie peels back and reasserts for both the other characters and for the audience themselves. contrary to the usual use of this effect, browning makes it a point to disillusion the audience and display the workings of the illusion to create a different sort of viewing stimulation.[ ] in most browning films, his opinion of the deformed and different becomes evident. the unholy three's plot plays directly with another of browning’s favorite topics, dealing with identity, doubles, dual roles, and deformity. this film is unique in that the character tweedledee is the only one of this group of that is played by a deformed character and is malicious in nature.[ ] notes[edit] 	^ loews was the parent company of mgm.[ ] footnotes[edit] 	^ gomery, douglas; pafort-overduin, clara ( ). movie history: a survey ( nd ed.). taylor & francis. p.  . isbn  . 	^ sobchack, p. : “lon chaney’s influence on browning seems considerable...their significant collaboration began at mgm and with the unholy three.” 	^ rosenthal, p. : “the ten films that browning and chaney make together [eight of which made at mgm] were the most successful of either’s career. in these films one can sense a personal rapport between the actor and the director which must have been deeper than a mere professional respect. “ 	^ "progressive silent film list: the unholy three". silent era. retrieved march , . 	^ eaker, : “chaney died shortly after filming the [ remake]...the only film to feature the actor’s voice...under conway, who had no feel or vision for the eccentric, the remaining cast in the sound remake are sanitized, hack versions of the far more eccentric and genuine cast in the tod browning directed silent film.” 	^ sobchack, p. : “browning had been drinking heavily for two years prior to coming to mgm, and, during that time had directed only a few films for independent production companies.” 	^ eaker, : “browning had languished for ten years as an assignment director who rarely had a feel for the mostly banal material handed him.” 	^ sobchack, p. : sobchack, reports that browning (who produced the film for mgm), convinced thalberg that the story by tod robbins was suitable for adaption, and thalberg purchased the rights. and: the unholy three “the first film at mgm for both browning and chaney.” 	^ robinson, p. : “in he was taken on by metro-goldwyn-mayer and began a series of films with lon chaney that must rank among the most extraordinary pictures ever made.” 	^ sobchack, p. : “certainly, browning’s best work was for mgm...all his films for universal were made before and his maturity as a filmmaker...some credit must go to irving thalberg who, a vice-president at universal while browning was there” brought browning along “when he [thalberg] left in to join the newly-formed mgm.” 	^ sobchack, : p. 	^ blyn, p. - : “of all the strange elements in this film, the chimp is perhaps the most bizarre...when he transforms into a gorilla.” 	^ eaker, : “the original, silent unholy three ( ) catapulted browning into star director status.” sobshack, p. : “the film was , of course, a huge success.” 	^ rosenthal, p. - : “...only in browning's films is [chaney] endowed with substantial human complexity...chaney demonstrated great sensitively to the feelings and drives of the characters that browning devise for him to play.” and p. : browning’s “style”. eaker, : “the unholy three is not, on the surface, as macabre as later browning-chaney films, it has retained its delirious edge well into the st century.” robinson, p. : “in he was taken on by m-g-m and began a series of films with lon chaney that must rank among the most extraordinary pictures ever made.” 	^ "as the n. y. reviewers see the films: "the unholy three"." august , . proquest. the billboard. retrieved october , . 	^ ""the unholy three" to remain at the capitol." august , . proquest. the new york herald, the new york tribune. retrieved october , . 	^ sherwood, r e. "the silent drama." august ( - ). proquest. web. retrieved october , . 	^ "the unholy three ( ) - tod browning". allmovie.com. allmovie. retrieved march , . 	^ "the unholy three ( ) - rotten tomatoes". rotten tomatoes.com. flixer. retrieved march , . 	^ leonard maltin; spencer green; rob edelman (january ). leonard maltin's classic movie guide. plume. p.  . isbn  - - - - . 	^ a b thomas, randal kerry. "symbolic structure of the circus in the films of tod browning." june . proquest. retrieved october , . 	^ rosenthal, p. ; “the ability to assume control of another being is vital to the unholy three. echo the ventriloquist delivers testimony in court through the mouth of hector....as the words pour from the witness stand, browning repeatedly dissolves echo onto hector and vise-versa, establishing the performers complete responsibility for what is being said.” manon, hugh s. "seeing through seeing through: the "trompe l'oeil" effect and bodily difference in the cinema of tod browning." . proquest. retrieved october , . references[edit] 	blyn, robin. . between silence and sound: ventriloquism and the advent of the voice in the unholy three in the films of tod browning, in the films of tod browning, ed. bernd herzogenrath, black dog publishing. london. pp. - isbn  - - -x 	eaker, alfred. . tod browning retrospective https://alfredeaker.com/ / / /todd-browning-director-retrospective/ retrieved february, . 	herzogenrath, bernd. . the films of tod browning. black dog publishing. london. isbn  - - -x 	 sobchack, vivian. . the films of tod browning: an overview long past in the films of tod browning in the films of tod browning, editor bernd herzogenrath, black dog publishing. london. pp. - . isbn  - - -x 	rosenthal, stuart. . tod browning: the hollywood professionals, volume . the tantivy press. isbn  - - -x external links[edit] 		wikiquote has quotations related to: the unholy three ( film) 	the unholy three at imdb 	the unholy three at the tcm movie database 	the unholy three at allmovie 	the unholy three at the american film institute catalog 	the unholy three at rotten tomatoes 		v 	t 	e films directed by tod browning 	 s	 	the lucky transfer ( ) 	the slave girl ( ) 	an image of the past ( ) 	the highbinders ( ) 	the story of a story ( ) 	the spell of the poppy ( ) 	the electric alarm ( ) 	the living death ( ) 	the burned hand ( ) 	the woman from warren's ( ) 	little marie ( ) 	the fatal glass of beer ( ) 	everybody's doing it ( ) 	puppets ( ) 	jim bludso ( ) 	a love sublime ( ) 	hands up! ( ) 	peggy, the will o' the wisp ( ) 	the jury of fate ( ) 	the legion of death ( ) 	the eyes of mystery ( ) 	revenge ( ) 	which woman? ( ) 	the deciding kiss ( ) 	the brazen beauty ( ) 	set free ( ) 	the wicked darling ( ) 	the exquisite thief ( ) 	the unpainted woman ( ) 	the petal on the current ( ) 	bonnie, bonnie lassie ( ) 	 s	 	the virgin of stamboul ( ) 	outside the law ( ) 	no woman knows ( ) 	the wise kid ( ) 	man under cover ( ) 	under two flags ( ) 	drifting ( ) 	the day of faith ( ) 	white tiger ( ) 	the dangerous flirt ( ) 	silk stocking sal ( ) 	the unholy three ( ) 	the mystic ( ) 	dollar down ( ) 	the blackbird ( ) 	the road to mandalay ( ) 	the show ( ) 	the unknown ( ) 	london after midnight ( ) 	the big city ( ) 	west of zanzibar ( ) 	where east is east ( ) 	the thirteenth chair ( ) 	 s	 	outside the law ( ) 	dracula ( ) 	iron man ( ) 	freaks ( ) 	fast workers ( ) 	mark of the vampire ( ) 	the devil-doll ( ) 	miracles for sale ( ) 	 	v 	t 	e irving thalberg 	producer	 	the hunchback of notre dame ( ) 	merry-go-round ( ) 	his hour ( ) 	he who gets slapped ( ) 	the unholy three ( ) 	the merry widow ( ) 	the tower of lies ( ) 	the big parade ( ) 	ben-hur: a tale of the christ ( ) 	torrent ( ) 	la bohème ( ) 	brown of harvard ( ) 	the road to mandalay ( ) 	the temptress ( ) 	valencia ( ) 	flesh and the devil ( ) 	twelve miles out ( ) 	the student prince in old heidelberg ( ) 	london after midnight ( ) 	the crowd ( ) 	laugh, clown, laugh ( ) 	white shadows in the south seas ( ) 	show people ( ) 	west of zanzibar ( ) 	the broadway melody ( ) 	the trial of mary dugan ( ) 	voice of the city ( ) 	where east is east ( ) 	the last of mrs. cheyney ( ) 	the hollywood revue of ( ) 	hallelujah ( ) 	his glorious night ( ) 	the kiss ( ) 	anna christie ( ) 	redemption ( ) 	the divorcee ( ) 	the rogue song ( ) 	the big house ( ) 	the unholy three ( ) 	let us be gay ( ) 	billy the kid ( ) 	way for a sailor ( ) 	a lady's morals ( ) 	inspiration ( ) 	trader horn ( ) 	the secret six ( ) 	a free soul ( ) 	just a gigolo ( ) 	the sin of madelon claudet ( ) 	the guardsman ( ) 	the champ ( ) 	possessed ( ) 	private lives ( ) 	mata hari ( ) 	freaks ( ) 	tarzan the ape man ( ) 	grand hotel ( ) 	letty lynton ( ) 	as you desire me ( ) 	red-headed woman ( ) 	smilin' through ( ) 	red dust ( ) 	rasputin and the empress ( ) 	strange interlude ( ) 	tugboat annie ( ) 	bombshell ( ) 	eskimo ( ) 	riptide ( ) 	the barretts of wimpole street ( ) 	the merry widow ( ) 	what every woman knows ( ) 	no more ladies ( ) 	china seas ( ) 	mutiny on the bounty ( ) 	a night at the opera ( ) 	riffraff ( ) 	romeo and juliet ( ) 	camille ( ) 	maytime ( ) 	a day at the races ( ) 	broadway melody of ( ) 	the good earth ( ) 	marie antoinette ( ) 	writer	 	the trap ( ) 	people	 	norma shearer (wife) 	irving thalberg jr. (son) 	related	 	the love of the last tycoon 	authority control 	general	 	viaf 	 	worldcat (via viaf) 	national libraries	 	france (data) 	united states 	poland 	other	 	sudoc (france) 	 retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_unholy_three_( _film)&oldid= " 		categories: 	 films 	 crime drama films 	american films 	american crime drama films 	american silent feature films 	american black-and-white films 	cross-dressing in american films 	films based on american novels 	films directed by tod browning 	films produced by irving thalberg 	metro-goldwyn-mayer films hidden categories: 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	use mdy dates from april 	template film date with release date 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with lccn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with plwabn identifiers 	wikipedia articles with sudoc identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcat-viaf identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikiquote 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			català 	deutsch 	español 	français 	bahasa indonesia 	italiano 	nederlands 	português 	română 	Русский 	srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 	türkçe 	Українська 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on may , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 github - roidrage/lograge: an attempt to tame rails' default policy to log everything. skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} roidrage / lograge 	 notifications 	 star k 	 fork an attempt to tame rails' default policy to log everything. www.paperplanes.de/ / / /on-notifications-logsubscribers-and-bringing-sanity-to-rails-logging.html mit license k stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit benlovell release . . … eab jun , release . . eab git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time gemfiles ci: add rails . .x to build matrix jun , lib release . . jun , spec add support for action cable (# ) apr , tools fixes console for local development dec , .gitignore test with ap . and . on travis aug , .rspec centralized require spec_helper in .rspec may , .rubocop.yml bump rubocop and fix new violations dec , .travis.yml ci: jruby- . . . (# ) apr , changelog.md release . . jun , contributing.md add contribution guide feb , gemfile fix bundler warning on install jun , license.txt update license year may , readme.md add action cable section to readme (# ) may , rakefile make rake ci with rspec and rubocop pass sep , lograge.gemspec add license.txt to allow for easier gem auditing (# ) jan , view code lograge - taming rails' default request logging installation internals action cable what it doesn't do faq logging errors / exceptions handle actioncontroller::routingerror contributing license readme.md lograge - taming rails' default request logging lograge is an attempt to bring sanity to rails' noisy and unusable, unparsable and, in the context of running multiple processes and servers, unreadable default logging output. rails' default approach to log everything is great during development, it's terrible when running it in production. it pretty much renders rails logs useless to me. lograge is a work in progress. i appreciate constructive feedback and criticism. my main goal is to improve rails' logging and to show people that they don't need to stick with its defaults anymore if they don't want to. instead of trying solving the problem of having multiple lines per request by switching rails' logger for something that outputs syslog lines or adds a request token, lograge replaces rails' request logging entirely, reducing the output per request to a single line with all the important information, removing all that clutter rails likes to include and that gets mingled up so nicely when multiple processes dump their output into a single file. instead of having an unparsable amount of logging output like this: started get "/" for . . . at - - : : + processing by homecontroller#index as html rendered text template within layouts/application ( . ms) rendered layouts/_assets.html.erb ( . ms) rendered layouts/_top.html.erb ( . ms) rendered layouts/_about.html.erb ( . ms) rendered layouts/_google_analytics.html.erb ( . ms) completed ok in ms (views: . ms | activerecord: . ms) you get a single line with all the important information, like this: method=get path=/jobs/ .json format=json controller=jobscontroller action=show status= duration= . view= . db= . the second line is easy to grasp with a single glance and still includes all the relevant information as simple key-value pairs. the syntax is heavily inspired by the log output of the heroku router. it doesn't include any timestamp by default, instead it assumes you use a proper log formatter instead. installation in your gemfile gem "lograge" enable it in an initializer or the relevant environment config: # config/initializers/lograge.rb # or # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true end if you're using rails 's api-only mode and inherit from actioncontroller::api, you must define it as the controller base class which lograge will patch: # config/initializers/lograge.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.base_controller_class = 'actioncontroller::api' end if you use multiple base controller classes in your application, specify an array: # config/initializers/lograge.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.base_controller_class = ['actioncontroller::api', 'actioncontroller::base'] end you can also add a hook for own custom data # config/environments/staging.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true # custom_options can be a lambda or hash # if it's a lambda then it must return a hash config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| # capture some specific timing values you are interested in {:name => "value", :timing => some_float.round( ), :host => event.payload[:host]} end end or you can add a timestamp: rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true # add time to lograge config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| { time: time.now } end end you can also keep the original (and verbose) rails logger by following this configuration: rails.application.configure do config.lograge.keep_original_rails_log = true config.lograge.logger = activesupport::logger.new "#{rails.root}/log/lograge_#{rails.env}.log" end you can then add custom variables to the event to be used in custom_options (available via the event.payload hash, which has to be processed in custom_options method to be included in log output, see above): # app/controllers/application_controller.rb class applicationcontroller < actioncontroller::base def append_info_to_payload(payload) super payload[:host] = request.host end end alternatively, you can add a hook for accessing controller methods directly (e.g. request and current_user). this hash is merged into the log data automatically. rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| { host: controller.request.host, user_id: controller.current_user.try(:id) } end end to further clean up your logging, you can also tell lograge to skip log messages meeting given criteria. you can skip log messages generated from certain controller actions, or you can write a custom handler to skip messages based on data in the log event: # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.ignore_actions = ['homecontroller#index', 'acontroller#an_action'] config.lograge.ignore_custom = lambda do |event| # return true here if you want to ignore based on the event end end lograge supports multiple output formats. the most common is the default lograge key-value format described above. alternatively, you can also generate json logs in the json_event format used by logstash. # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.formatter = lograge::formatters::logstash.new end note: when using the logstash output, you need to add the additional gem logstash-event. you can simply add it to your gemfile like this gem "logstash-event" done. the available formatters are: lograge::formatters::lines.new lograge::formatters::cee.new lograge::formatters::graylog .new lograge::formatters::keyvalue.new # default lograge format lograge::formatters::json.new lograge::formatters::logstash.new lograge::formatters::ltsv.new lograge::formatters::raw.new # returns a ruby hash object in addition to the formatters, you can manipulate the data yourself by passing an object which responds to #call: # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.formatter = ->(data) { "called #{data[:controller]}" } # data is a ruby hash end internals thanks to the notification system that was introduced in rails , replacing the logging is easy. lograge unhooks all subscriptions from actioncontroller::logsubscriber and actionview::logsubscriber, and hooks in its own log subscription, but only listening for two events: process_action and redirect_to (in case of standard controller logs). it makes sure that only subscriptions from those two classes are removed. if you happened to hook in your own, they'll be safe. unfortunately, when a redirect is triggered by your application's code, actioncontroller fires two events. one for the redirect itself, and another one when the request is finished. unfortunately the final event doesn't include the redirect, so lograge stores the redirect url as a thread-local attribute and refers to it in process_action. the event itself contains most of the relevant information to build up the log line, including view processing and database access times. while the logsubscribers encapsulate most logging pretty nicely, there are still two lines that show up no matter what. the first line that's output for every rails request, you know, this one: started get "/" for . . . at - - : : + and the verbose output coming from rack-cache: cache: [get /] miss both are independent of the logsubscribers, and both need to be shut up using different means. for the first one, the starting line of every rails request log, lograge replaces code in rails::rack::logger to remove that particular log line. it's not great, but it's just another unnecessary output and would still clutter the log files. maybe a future version of rails will make this log line an event as well. to remove rack-cache's output (which is only enabled if caching in rails is enabled), lograge disables verbosity for rack-cache, which is unfortunately enabled by default. there, a single line per request. beautiful. action cable starting with version . . , lograge introduced support for action cable logs. this proved to be a particular challenge since the framework code is littered with multiple (and seemingly random) logger calls in a number of internal classes. in order to deal with it, the default action cable logger was silenced. as a consequence, calling logger e.g. in user-defined connection or channel classes has no effect - rails.logger (or any other logger instance) has to be used instead. additionally, while standard controller logs rely on process_action and redirect_to instrumentations only, action cable messages are generated from multiple events: perform_action, subscribe, unsubscribe, connect, and disconnect. perform_action is the only one included in the actual action cable code and others have been added by monkey patching actioncable::channel::base and actioncable::connection::base classes. what it doesn't do lograge is opinionated, very opinionated. if the stuff below doesn't suit your needs, it may not be for you. lograge removes actionview logging, which also includes rendering times for partials. if you're into those, lograge is probably not for you. in my honest opinion, those rendering times don't belong in the log file, they should be collected in a system like new relic, librato metrics or some other metrics service that allows graphing rendering percentiles. i assume this for everything that represents a moving target. that kind of data is better off being visualized in graphs than dumped (and ignored) in a log file. lograge doesn't yet log the request parameters. this is something i'm actively contemplating, mainly because i want to find a good way to include them, a way that fits in with the general spirit of the log output generated by lograge. however, the payload does already contain the params hash, so you can easily add it in manually using custom_options: # production.rb yourapp::application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| exceptions = %w(controller action format id) { params: event.payload[:params].except(*exceptions) } end end faq logging errors / exceptions our first recommendation is that you use exception tracking services built for purpose ;) if you absolutely must log exceptions in the single-line format, you can do something similar to this example: # config/environments/production.rb yourapp::application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| { exception: event.payload[:exception], # ["exceptionclass", "the message"] exception_object: event.payload[:exception_object] # the exception instance } end end the :exception is just the basic class and message whereas the :exception_object is the actual exception instance. you can use both / either. be mindful when including this, you will probably want to cherry-pick particular attributes and almost definitely want to join the backtrace into something without newline characters. handle actioncontroller::routingerror add a get '*unmatched_route', to: 'application#route_not_found' rule to the end of your routes.rb then add a new controller action in your application_controller.rb. def route_not_found render 'error_pages/ ', status: :not_found end # contributing see the contributing.md file for further information. license mit. code extracted from travis ci. (c) mathias meyer see license.txt for details. about an attempt to tame rails' default policy to log everything. www.paperplanes.de/ / / /on-notifications-logsubscribers-and-bringing-sanity-to-rails-logging.html resources readme license mit license releases tags packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 ruby . % 	 roff . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. mxadm: a small cli matrix room admin tool 	 	 		 			 				erambler 					 					 					 				 				 				 				 					 						 						home 						 						about 						 						series 						 						tags 						 						talks 						 						rdm resources 						 					 				 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 					mxadm: a small cli matrix room admin tool 				 			 			 				 					 date: - - tags: [rust] [matrix] [open source] [communication] 				 				 					 					 					 						i’ve enjoyed learning rust (the programming language) recently, but having only really used it for solving programming puzzles i’ve been looking for an excuse to use it for something more practical. at the same time, i’ve been using and learning about matrix (the chat/messaging platform), and running some small rooms there i’ve been a bit frustrated that some pretty common admin things don’t have a good user interface in any of the available clients. so… i decided to write a little command-line tool to do a few simple tasks, and it’s now released as mxadm! it’s on crates.io, so if you have rust and cargo available, installing it is as simple as running cargo install mxadm. i’ve only taught it to do a few things so far: 	list your joined rooms 	add/delete a room alias 	tombstone a room (i.e. redirect it to a new room) i’ll add more as i need them, and i’m open to suggestions too. it uses matrix-rust-sdk, the matrix client-server sdk for rust, which is built on the lower-level ruma library, along with anyhow for error handling. the kind folks in the #matrix-rust-sdk:matrix.org have been particularly kind in helping me get started using it. more details from: 	source code on tildegit 	mxadm on crates.io 	mxadm on lib.rs suggestions, code reviews, pull requests all welcome, though it will probably take me a while to act on them. enjoy! 					 				 			 			 webmentions you can respond to this post, "mxadm: a small cli matrix room admin tool", by: liking, boosting or replying to a tweet or toot that mentions it; or sending a webmention from your own site to https://erambler.co.uk/blog/introducing-mxadm/ comments & reactions haven't loaded yet. you might have javascript disabled but that's cool 😎. comments powered by cactus comments 🌵 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 me elsewhere :: keyoxide | keybase | mastodon | matrix | twitter | github | gitlab | orcid | pypi | linkedin 				 					© 					jez cope 					| built by: hugo 					| theme: mnemosyne 				 				 					 						 							build status: 						 					 				 				 					 					 except where noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 				 			 		 	 	 email archives: building capacity and community – "email archives: building capacity and community” is a four-year program seeking to build email archiving capacity in archives, libraries, and museums. the program will fund projects of $ , to no more than $ , dollars. the goal of this project is to build a broad community of institutions that can preserve email as part of their research collections. we invite you to be a part of this important initiative by submitting a proposal! 	skip to content 	 		 			☰menu 				about this opportunity 	overview 	funding ideas 	faqs 	more information 	contact us 	submit a proposal 	instructions 	timeline 	proposal evaluation 	news & updates 	email archives task force 		 		 					 		 							email archives: building capacity and community 								"email archives: building capacity and community” is a four-year program seeking to build email archiving capacity in archives, libraries, and museums. the program will fund projects of $ , to no more than $ , dollars. the goal of this project is to build a broad community of institutions that can preserve email as part of their research collections. we invite you to be a part of this important initiative by submitting a proposal! 			 							 					grant summary 					proposal submission 				 			 			 		 		 						 					 						 							 							what are email archives? 						 					 	 						 							 							funding ideas 						 					 	 						 							 							latest news 						 					 	 						 							 							email archives task force 						 					 	 						 							 							submit your proposal 						 					 				 			 	 	 	 		 		 	 			 	 	 			 	 		 	 	 	 		 		privacy policy 		© university of illinois board of trustees 	 		 		 	 a short history of craap | hapgood 	 		 			 				 					hapgood 					mike caulfield's latest web incarnation. networked learning, open education, and online digital literacy 				 			 		 	 	 		menu 		skip to content 			home 	about 	publications 	reviews 	talks 		 			search 		 		 			 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 					 			 	 					a short history of craap 				 			september , december , / mikecaulfield					 	 	 		update: i recently learned that this post has been selected for inclusion in a prestigious acrl yearly list. newcomers unfamiliar with our work may want to check out sift, our alternative to craap, after reading the article. i reference the history of the so-called “checklist approaches” to online information literacy from time to time, but haven’t put the history down in any one place that’s easily linkable. so if you were waiting for a linkable history of craap and radcab, complete with supporting links, pop open the champagne (portland people, feel free to pop open your $ bottle of barrel-aged beer). today’s your lucky day. background in both undergraduate education and k- the most popular approach to online media literacy of the past years has been the acronym-based “checklist”. prominent examples include radcab and craap, both in use since the mid- s. the way that these approaches work is simple: students are asked to chose a text, and then reflect on it using the acronym/initialism as prompt. as an example, a student may come across an interactive fact-check of the claim that reporters in russia were fired over a story they did that was critical of the russian government. it makes claims that a prominent critic of the kremlin, julia ioffe, has made grave errors in her reporting of a particular story on russian journalists, and goes further to detail what they claim is a pattern of controversy: we can use the following craap prompts to analyze the story. craap actually asks the students to ponder and answer separate questions before they can label a piece of content “good”, but we’ll spare you the pain of that and abbreviate here: 	currency: is the article current? is it up-to-date? yes, in this case it is! it came out a couple of days ago! 	relevance: is the article relevant to my need for information? it’s very relevant. this subject is in the news, and the question of whether russia is this authoritarian state that so many people claim it is vital to understanding what our policies should be toward russia, and to what it might mean to want to emulate russia in domestic policy toward journalists. 	accuracy: is the article accurate? are there spelling errors, basic mistakes? nope, it’s well written, and very slickly presented, in a multimedia format. 	authority: does it cite sources? extensively. it quotes the reporters, it references the articles it is rebutting. 	purpose: what is the purpose? it’s a fact-check, so the purpose is to check facts, which is good. having read the whole thing once and read it again thinking about these questions, maybe we find something to get uneasy about, minutes later. maybe. but none of these questions get to the real issue, which is that this fact check is written by fakecheck, the fact-checking unit of rt (formerly russia today), a news outfit believed by experts to be a kremlin-run “propaganda machine”. once you know that, the rest of this is beside the point, a waste of student time. you are possibly reading a kremlin written attack on a kremlin critic. time to find another source. we brought a can opener to a gunfight having gone through this exercise, it probably won’t shock you that the checklist approach was not designed for the social web. in fact, it was not designed for the web at all.  the checklist approach was designed – initially – for a single purpose: selecting library resources on a limited budget. that’s why you’ll see terms like “coverage” in early checklist approaches — what gets the biggest bang for the taxpayer buck?  these criteria have a long history of slow evolution, but as an example of how they looked years ago, here’s a bulletin from the medical library association in . first it states the goal: in december , chin held a series of meetings of health care professionals for the purpose of examining how these providers assess health information in print and other formats. we hoped to extract from these discussions some principles and techniques which could be applied by the librarians of the network to the selection of health materials. and what criteria did they use? during these meetings eight major categories of selection criteria for printed materials were considered: accuracy, currency, point of view, audience level, scope of coverage, organization, style, and format. if you read this article’s expansions on those categories, you’ll see the striking similarities to what we teach students today, as a technique not to decide on how best to build a library collection, but for sorting through social media and web results. again, i’ll repeat: the criteria here are from , and other more limited versions pre-dated that conference significantly. when the web came along, librarians were faced with another collections challenge: if they were going to curate “web collections” what criteria should they use? the answer was to apply the old criteria. this announcement from information superhighway library cyberstacks was typical: although we recognize that the net offers a variety of resources of potential value to many clientele and communities for a variety of uses, we do not believe that one should suspend critical judgment in evaluating quality or significance of sources available from this new medium. in considering the general principles which would guide the selection of world wide web (www) and other internet resources for cyberstacks(sm), we decided to adopt the same philosophy and general criteria used by libraries in the selection of non-internet reference resources (american library association. reference collection development and evaluation committee ). these principles, noted below, offered an operational framework in which resources would be considered as candidate titles for the collection among the criteria mentioned? 	authority 	accuracy 	recency 	community needs (relevance) 	uniqueness/coverage look familiar? it wasn’t just cyberstacks of course. to most librarians it was just obvious that whether it was on the web or in the stacks the same methods would apply. so when the web came into being, library staff, tasked with teaching students web literacy, began to teach students how to use collection development criteria they had learned in library science programs. the first example of this i know of is tate & alexander’s paper which outlines a lesson plan using the “traditional evaluation criteria of accuracy, authority, objectivity, currency, and coverage.”  (an image from a circa slideshow from marsha tate and jan alexander on how to teach students to apply library collection development criteria to the web) it’s worth noting that even in the mid s, research showed the checklist approach did not work as a teaching tool. in her research on student evaluation of web resources, ann scholz‐crane observed how students used the following criteria to evaluate two web sites (both with major flaws as sources): she gave the students the two websites and asked them to evaluate them (one student group with the criteria and one without). she was clear to the students that they had the entire web at their disposal to answer the questions. the results…were not so good. students failed to gather even the most basic information about the larger organization producing one of the sites. in fact, only of students even noted a press release on an organization’s website was produced by the organization, which should be considered as an author. this oversight was all the more concerning as the press release outlined research the organization had done. the students? they saw the relevant author as the contact person listed at the bottom of the press release. that was what was on the page, after all. (if this sounds similar to the fakecheck problem above — oh heck, i don’t even have snark left in me anymore. yeah. it’s the same issue, in .) what was going on? in noting a major difference in how the expert evaluators went about the site versus the way the students did, scholz‐crane notes: no instances were found where it could be determined that the students went outside the original document to locate identifying information. for example, the information about the author of site a that appeared on the document itself was short phrase listing the author as a regular contributor to the magazine… however a link from the document leads the reader to a fuller description of the author’s qualifications and a caution to remember that the author is not a professional and serves only as a friend/mentor. none of the students mentioned any of the information contained in the fuller description as part of the author’s qualifications. this is in stark contrast to the essay evaluations of the expert evaluators where all four librarians consulted sources within the document’s larger web site and sources found elsewhere on the web. worse, although the checklist was meant to provide a holistic view of the document, most students in practice focused their attention on a single criterion, although what that criterion was varied from student to student. the supposed holistic evaluation was not holistic at all. finally, the use of the control group showed that the students without the criteria were already using the same criteria in their responses: far from being a new way of looking at documents it was in fact a set of questions students were already asking themselves about documents, to little effect. you know how this ends. the fact that the checklist didn’t work didn’t slow its growth. in fact, adoption accelerated. in , sarah blakeslee at california state university noted the approach was already pervasive, even if the five terms most had settled on were not memorable: last spring while developing a workshop to train first-year experience instructors in teaching information literacy, i tried to remember off the top of my head the criteria for evaluating information resources. we all know the criteria i’m referring to. we’ve taught them a hundred times and have stumbled across them a million more. maybe we’ve read them in our own library’s carefully crafted evaluation handout or found one of the , web documents that appear in . seconds when we type “evaluating information” into the google search box (search performed at : on / / ). blakeslee saw the lack of memorability of the prompts as a stumbling block: did i trust them to hold up a piece of information, to ponder, to wonder, to question, and to remember or seek the criteria they had learned for evaluating their source that would instantly generate the twenty-seven questions they needed to ask before accepting the information in front of them as “good”? honestly, no, i didn’t. so what could i do to make this information float to the tops of their heads when needed? after trying some variations in order of accuracy, authority, objectivity, currency, and coverage (“my first efforts were less than impressive. aaocc? ccoaa? coaca?”), a little selective use of synonyms produced the final arrangement, in a handout that quickly made its way around the english-speaking world. but the criteria were essentially the same as they were in , as was the process: and so we taught this and its variations for almost twenty years even though it did not work, and most librarians i’ve talked to realized it didn’t work many years back but didn’t know what else to do. so let’s keep that in mind as we consider what to do in the future: contrary to public belief we did teach students online information literacy. it’s just that we taught them methodologies that were developed to decide whether to purchase reference sets for libraries.  it did not work out well. share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	 like this: like loading... 			 	 						 					uncategorized				 						 				 		post navigation 		 			← the fast and frugal needs of the online reader gifs as disinformation remedy (aka the gif curriculum) → 		 	 	 			 	 			 			 thoughts on “a short history of craap”		 		 			 		 			 				 										scott robison				 				 				 					 					september , at : am					 				 			 			“cacoa” 			 				reply							 		 		 		 			 				 										mikecaulfield				 				 				 					 					september , at : pm					 				 			 			oh my gosh. portlandia invented craap. 			 				reply							 		 	 	 		 			 				 										blgriffin				 				 				 					 					september , at : am					 				 			 			whatever the history of evaluation, the checklist elements are still relevant so it makes sense that it has not changed, nor is it some travesty of teaching or necessarily the reason people don’t get it right. experienced people do it (internal checklists) intuitively, as well as look outside of a source (or website);”lateral” searching is no newer than the other elements like currency, and thinking critically about other long-standing elements of a source; it just adds another point to the checklist. the issue isn’t how awful checklists are, it’s that we’ve become lazy and don’t think about what we are seeing critically, we expect instant gratification with the internet, and there is a whole heck of a lot more crap out there now then there would have fit in an old-fashioned, curated print library. 			 				reply							 		 		 		 			 				 										mikecaulfield				 				 				 					 					september , at : am					 				 			 			the issue is that the volume of decisions we must make on the web combined with increased uncertainty around sources do require different approaches than longer assessments under information scarcity. when teaching does not start by considering the actual environment in which skills will be practiced and knowledge applied, i would argue it *is* a travesty. 			 				reply							 		 		 		 			 				 										blgriffin				 				 				 					 					september , at : am					 				 			 			of course one has to cater learning/teaching to the environment that it will be used in, and as importantly, to the developmental level of the learner. i’m merely arguing that checklists, if adapted to the web, which anyone “teaching” this would do, can be a helpful starting point. they are a tool, like so many others, and the fact that they evolved from print standards does not make it a travesty to apply updated versions of them now. most of the bullet points (currency, authority, etc.) remain relevant and worthy of discussion and probably more importantly, practice. the bottom line is, there is no magic bullet, and that it takes time to truly verify web sources, whether one begins with a checklist or something else. in the old days one could pretty much rely on what the librarian had at hand with less critical analysis – now we are pretty much on our own, and many folks will not take the time or do not realize that they have to to get “good” info on the web. 			 											 		 	 	 		 			 				 										mikecaulfield				 				 				 					 					september , at : am					 				 			 			blgriffin — i’m thankful for your input here, and don’t want to belabor the point much – i know you have some expertise in this area. but i have taught with a checklist approach (way back, for both web literacy and statistical literacy) and i have taught with a more heuristic-driven approach, and while it’s not a magic bullet, there has been a world of difference in effect. one of the more interesting elements of the checklist is noted in the article and also something that gigerenzer has noted — when students are presented with many things to evaluate they tend to quickly zero in on whatever property is easiest to assess, and simply apply that. (the study does not say this specifically, but hints at it with the description). by trade i’m a faculty developer and instructional design — i teach faculty how to teach and build courses. and i used to start workshops with a big slide “students economize”, which is to say that students will take the simplest possible lesson from what you teach, and that because of this what a method teaches and what a student learns from it are often opposite things. i have many problems with the checklist, but my biggest is how i see it get “economized” by students in practice, because they are overwhelmed by it, even when taught carefully. we do teach some elements of the checklist later in courses, but: * not as a checklist * always bound to a domain (e.g. currency in news vs. currency in research, etc — something the earliest checklist approaches did that was lost) * only after students have developed the habits and heuristics of quick sorting and want to learn more about the harder calls 			 				reply							 		 	 	 		 			 				 										blgriffin				 				 				 					 					september , at : am					 				 			 			thank you for your more detailed elaboration/reiteration of why you’ve found checklists to be self-defeating, i.e. that students over-simplify (economize, maybe by necessity?), which i see over and over again as well. and i would by no means put all faith in teaching via checklist nor object to calling them something else. when i teach this i try to get students (hs freshmen and sophomores) to come up with their own criteria (checklist?) based on what we are looking at: news, social media or scholarly (this is very tough for them to get at this level and i have a separate module or two for it) sources. i’d be curious to know if this quick-sorting is really a more effective way to get them to be more critical information users and to better sort the wheat from the chaff. it sounds like it has been for your students and teachers. perhaps i’ll try it in the future (and be sure to give you credit!). thanks again! 			 				reply							 		 	 	 		 			 				 										fullertones				 				 				 					 					october , at : am					 				 			 			as a high school librarian, i’ve been using the craap acronym for a while to get studemts thinking broadly about the quality of sources. i never was satisfied, however, with the approach some teacher-librarians use of having stusents assign points based on a craap rubric. when i first read the four moves a couple years ago, i initially thought it would be too difficult for students to remember and apply, but i’m trying. along with encouraging use of fact-checking sites, i’ve been getting students to open another tab to check authority by reading laterally–searching to see what others say about the source. the practices i encourage students to use are still evolving, and i would love to learn more about what others are doing successfully. thank you for this discussion. 			 				reply							 		 	 	 		pingback: hack education weekly news - the vape depot 	 	 		pingback: rethinking the c.r.a.p. test | engaging our digital natives 	 	 		pingback: network heuristics | hapgood 	 	 		pingback: education evolutions # | haas | learning 	 	 		pingback: selected resources: a short history of craap – studying research 	 	 		pingback: it’s time to cut the craap – librarian of things 	 	 		pingback: op-ed: colleges are teaching old lessons on misinformation – bodensee international 	 	 		pingback: op-ed: why can't a generation that grew up online spot the misinformation in front of them? - country highlights 	 	 		pingback: sam wineburg and nadav ziv: we must teach students to recognize misinformation | diane ravitch's blog 	 		 	 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (required) (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name (required) 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 		 		 	 	 		rss. 	rss - posts me, on the web 				@holden on twitter 	caulfield.mike@gmail.com 		search this blog 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 blogroll 		alan levine 	amy colllier 	audrey watters 	dan meyer 	david wiley 	frances bell 	jen ross 	jim groom 	jon udell 	maha bali 	martin weller 	michael feldstein (and others) 	nicole caulfield 	stephen downes 	tom hoffman 	ward cunningham archives 				june 	january 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	january 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	march 				 	 	 				 			blog at wordpress.com. 			 					 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 				 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 none none everybody's libraries everybody's libraries libraries for everyone, by everyone, shared with everyone, about everything 	public domain day : honoring a lost generation it&# ;s public domain day again. in much of europe, and other countries with &# ;life+ years&# ; copyright terms, works by authors who died in , such as george orwell, karin michaelis, george bernard shaw, and edna st. vincent millay, have joined &# ; continue reading &# ; 	counting down to in the public domain we&# ;re rapidly approaching another public domain day, the day at the start of the year when a year&# ;s worth of creative work joins the public domain. this will be the third year in a row that the us will have &# ; continue reading &# ; 	from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) (tl;dr: i&# ;m starting to implement services and publish data to support searching across library collections that use customized subject headings, such as the increasingly-adopted substitutes for lcsh terms like &# ;illegal aliens&# ;. read on for what i&# ;m doing, why, and where &# ; continue reading &# ; 	everybody&# ;s library questions: finding films in the public domain welcome to another installment of everybody&# ;s library questions, where i give answers to questions people ask me (in comments or email) that seem to be useful for general consumption. before i start, though, i want to put in a plug &# ; continue reading &# ; 	build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights the library of congress is seeking public input on abilities and priorities desired for the next register of copyrights, who heads the copyright office, a department within the library of congress.  the deadline for comments as i write this is &# ; continue reading &# ; 	welcome to everybody&# ;s online libraries as coronavirus infections spread throughout the world, lots of people are staying home to slow down the spread and save lives.  in the us, many universities, schools, and libraries have closed their doors.  (here&# ;s what happening at the library where &# ; continue reading &# ; 	public domain day : coming around again i&# ;m very happy for to be arriving.  as the start of the s, it represents a new decade in which we can have a fresh start, and hope to make better decisions and have better outcomes than some of &# ; continue reading &# ; 	 vision # : rhapsody in blue by george gershwin it&# ;s only a few hours from the new year where i write this, but before i ring in the new year, and a new year&# ;s worth of public domain material, i&# ;d like to put in a request for what music &# ; continue reading &# ; 	 vision # : ding dong merrily on high by george ratcliffe woodward and others it&# ;s beginning to sound a lot like christmas everywhere i go.  the library where i work had its holiday party earlier this week, where i joined librarian colleagues singing christmas, hanukkah, and winter-themed songs in a pick-up chorus.  radio stations &# ; continue reading &# ; 	 vision # : the most dangerous game by richard connell &# ;be a realist. the world is made up of two classes&# ;the hunters and the huntees. luckily, you and i are hunters.&# ; sanger rainsford speaks these words at the start of &# ;the most dangerous game&# ;, one of the most famous short &# ; continue reading &# ; supposedly green cryptocurrency chia is just another way of wasting resources foreign policy magazine 	 sign in 	 subscribe subscribe upgrade to insider upgrade to insider 	 latest 	 news 	 analysis 	 podcasts 	 the magazine 	 channels 	economics 	security 	shadow government 	her power   close 	 newsletters 	 events your fp insider access: 	power maps 	fp live 	special reports 	 	 	search 	 	 latest china is protecting its thin corridor to the afghan heartland the wakhan corridor is a fiercely contested imperial hangover. argument | sam dunning nothing but pitch black darkness ahmed rabbani’s journey through the u.s. dark prison system to guantanamo feature | fatima bhutto the end of coal is coming sooner than you think despair elides the progress made over the last two decades. argument | ketan joshi the coming afghan refugee crisis is only a preview more desperate migrants will head west in coming years—and the west’s migration policies must change in response. argument | anatol lieven see all stories 	fp events 	fp studios 	fp analytics 	fp peacegames 	subscription services 	reprint permissions 	writer’s guidelines 	work at fp 	fp guides – graduate education 	fp for education 	fp archive 	buy back issues 	meet the staff 	advertising/partnerships 	contact us 	privacy policy 	 sign in 	 subscribe subscribe upgrade to insider upgrade 	 	 	search 	 	 toggle display of website navigation argument: chia is a new way to waste resources for cryptocurrency chia is a new way to waste resources for c... share: 	 		 			 				 argument 	an expert's point of view on a current event. chia is a new way to waste resources for cryptocurrency what bitcoin does for electricity and ethereum for video cards, chia does for hard disks. by david gerard, the author of the book attack of the foot blockchain and the cryptocurrency and blockchain news blog of the same name. 				 an employee displays a physically destroyed hard disk drive at the tokyo eco recycle company on jan. , . toshifumi kitamura/afp via getty images 				 			 						 			 				 						 				 may , , : am 				 				 				 				 									 						bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, has a problem: it uses ghastly quantities of electricity and thus generates as much carbon emissions as a medium-sized country. this is by design. a new cryptocurrency, chia, avoids this problem—in favor of creating huge amounts of a different kind of waste. bitcoin was meant to be decentralized so as to stay out of any central control. the “proof-of-work mining” process allocates fresh coins by a lottery. you enter this lottery by guessing numbers and running calculations on them as fast as possible—that is, you waste electricity to show your commitment. there is one winner every minutes; as more people join the lottery, the guessing gets harder to stay at one winner every minutes. 					 					 						bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, has a problem: it uses ghastly quantities of electricity and thus generates as much carbon emissions as a medium-sized country. this is by design. a new cryptocurrency, chia, avoids this problem—in favor of creating huge amounts of a different kind of waste. bitcoin was meant to be decentralized so as to stay out of any central control. the “proof-of-work mining” process allocates fresh coins by a lottery. you enter this lottery by guessing numbers and running calculations on them as fast as possible—that is, you waste electricity to show your commitment. there is one winner every minutes; as more people join the lottery, the guessing gets harder to stay at one winner every minutes. as long as people can make money wasting electricity, they’ll add more computing resources to win more bitcoins in an ever-escalating arms race. bitcoin thus uses as much electricity as the netherlands. proof of work has economies of scale: the bigger you are, the more efficiently you can create lottery tickets. despite the grandiose claims of putting financial power in the public’s hands, bitcoin mining functionally centralized by . the majority of bitcoin mining is three large pools. an electricity outage in one small area of xinjiang in april took a quarter of all bitcoin mining offline. bitcoin mining also uses specialized computers that just calculate cryptographic hashes as fast as possible; once the mining computers are obsolete, they’re just e-waste. other cryptocurrencies are similarly wasteful. ethereum uses as much electricity as peru. there are smaller cryptocurrencies that don’t use this process, but bitcoin and ethereum are the two cryptos that are widely exchangeable for actual money. cryptos failed as usable currencies, so their only remaining use case is to be traded in the hope of actual money. bram cohen is famed as the creator of the hugely popular bittorrent file distribution protocol. cohen turned his attention to the proof-of-work problem. he explicitly wanted a “green bitcoin,” so chia, founded by cohen, works very much like bitcoin apart from proof of work. chia’s business white paper advocates the same conspiracy theory economics that was embraced by the bitcoin subculture: it assumes that governments fundamentally cannot be trusted to issue money and wasting a country’s worth of electricity is a better alternative. the resource cohen chose to use for his so-called green cryptocurrency, chia, was computer hard disk space. this is a generic, reusable form of computer hardware, it’s widely available, and he thought this would use less electricity than proof of work. cohen anticipated that casual chia users could use “the unused storage of your laptop, desktop, or corporate network.” to “farm” chia, the software writes a “plot,” a large chunk of cryptographic data, to the disk. the chia blockchain software broadcasts a “challenge” every seconds or so, , times a day; if you have a close enough answer to the challenge, you win two fresh chia tokens. as more disk space is added to the network, the challenges get harder. cohen’s company, chia network, secured venture capital funding in and developed the chia software. the network was launched in march , with the promise users could run it in a “normal apartment.” chia’s business white paper assumes that hard disk space is “over-provisioned.” however, aspiring chia farmers bought hard disks in vast quantities, thousands of terabytes at a time—as they only had to spend less money than they expected to make back. during the covid- pandemic, manufacturing supply chains were already disrupted in multiple industries, leading to shortages of many basic components. by april, just a month after it was launched, chia farmers were straining the hard disk market, with reports from hong kong of large disks, over terabytes, having tripled in price. hard disk shortages and price rises were reported across southeast asia and in the united states. chia’s initial plotting process is usually done on a solid-state drive (ssd), such as you’d find in a desktop or laptop. in normal usage, a modern ssd will last over a decade; an ssd that’s plotting chia may burn out in less than six weeks. ssd manufacturers are now refusing to honor warranties on ssds used for crypto mining. secondhand ssds and hard disks manufactured since can no longer be trusted not to be burnt-out wrecks. in germany, the popular cloud service hetzner has banned chia farming. instead of carbon dioxide, chia produces vast quantities of e-waste—rare metals, assembled into expensive computing components, turned into toxic near-unrecyclable landfill within weeks. cohen has tweeted that the claim that chia destroys disks is mostly “just plain wrong”—though he ends the tweet thread by effectively admitting that it’s true but blames users for using “consumer ssd,” even though chia’s own faq states that it can be run on mobile phones or laptops. chia plotting is heavy on electricity, too—plotting requires arbitrary calculations by a computing device’s central processing unit (cpu), an intensive task. chia’s business white paper anticipates farming on “one raspberry pi” (a small computer about as powerful as a iphone)—but in practice, chia plotting requires multiple cpu threads running continuously at close to percent. chia failed at decentralization for the same reason that bitcoin did: centralization is more efficient. the largest chia pool, hpool, is winning percent of chia farming rewards and increasing. smaller chia farmers have complained that hpool was given a head start by chia network. the first million chia coins were created ahead of time and are held by chia network, in anticipation of being distributed in the event that chia network holds an initial public offering. chia ran headlong into the known psychology of cryptocurrency mining: people will do anything that will generate a net profit—and damn the externalities. cryptocurrency mining has also trashed the market for computer video cards. bitcoin mining uses specialized chips that can only mine bitcoin; but ethereum and many other “altcoins” that use proof of work are still mined on video cards as they’re well suited to complex numerical computation. with the price of bitcoin in an economic asset bubble, the other coins have gone up as well; so high-end nvidia video cards are all but unavailable, with prices going through the roof and the cards being snapped up as quickly as possible. the latest nvidia cards have resorted to drivers—the software that runs the hardware—that detect and block cryptocurrency mining. and, just as with hard disks, secondhand video cards can’t be trusted not to be burnt-out wrecks. almost any service that can do general computation is immediately swarmed by parasitical crypto miners. continuous integration (ci) systems take computer program source code, and build it afresh after every change, to allow quick testing of all changes. some public ci services used to offer a free tier for small projects—but crypto miners started spamming these services with cpu-based crypto mining. one ci service engineer said: “if we, for example, had a team of working on our ci offering, we would have re-allocated at least % of them to work full-time on combating the miners. and this trend is not slowing, it is only accelerating.” cryptocurrency decentralization is a performative waste of resources in order to avoid having to trust a government to issue currency. but since cryptocurrencies don’t actually function as currencies, it just generates new types of otherwise worthless magic beans to sell for real money. your system will waste unlimited amounts of whatever resource you’re throwing away—and incentivize the theft of whatever resources other people can waste to turn into money. cryptocurrency spews out a country’s worth of carbon dioxide and mountains of toxic e-waste, makes basic computing hardware that could be used for productive purposes unavailable, and destroys any sort of commons that someone might want to offer the world if general computation could be done on it. decentralized cryptocurrencies are a cyberpunk parody of unregulated capitalism. they are a disastrous resource drain on the world, by design. the designers look only for fresh resources to abuse. the only functional purpose of decentralized cryptocurrencies is to further idiosyncratic bitcoin economic ideas that don’t work in the hope of making money from speculation. every cryptocurrency is a new form of waste—and the only way to stop that is to stop cryptocurrencies. 					 					 							 			 			 	 			 			david gerard is the author of the book attack of the foot blockchain and the cryptocurrency and blockchain news blog of the same name. his new book is libra shrugged: how facebook tried to take over the money. 		 		 			 			 tags: finance and banking, united states 			 			 new for subscribers: want to read more on this topic or region? click + to receive email alerts when new stories are published on united states 			 			 read more twitter got lucky with the great bitcoin heist the social media giant’s security failures could have allowed far more damage. argument | david gerard 		 		 	 				 	 	 		 							 				 					 	 	 		 			 latest china is protecting its thin corridor to the afghan heartland august , , : am nothing but pitch black darkness august , , : am the end of coal is coming sooner than you think august , , : pm the coming afghan refugee crisis is only a preview august , , : pm china is repeating u.s. mistakes with its own global arrogance august , , : pm see all stories 		 	 	 	 		 trending 	 what went wrong with afghanistan’s defense forces? 	 the taliban are breaking bad 	 china is protecting its thin corridor to the afghan heartland 	 south asia is on the front lines of the climate crisis 	 	 				 		 	 	 		 latest analysis china is protecting its thin corridor to the afghan heartland sam dunning the end of coal is coming sooner than you think ketan joshi the coming afghan refugee crisis is only a preview anatol lieven 	 	 				 		 	 		 			 			 				more from foreign policy why china is cracking down on private tutoring regulations on the $ billion industry reflect concerns over the education rat race. the science says everyone needs a covid- booster shot—and soon the biology of the delta variant has made mass revaccination an urgent necessity. how pakistan could become biden’s worst enemy the united states is banking on islamabad to broker successful peace talks with the taliban. that’s not likely to happen. ‘we fell off the face of the earth’ opposition politicians are disappearing into turkey’s massive new prison system. 				 					 						 trending 	 what went wrong with afghanistan’s defense forces? dispatch | lynne o’donnell 	 the taliban are breaking bad dispatch | lynne o’donnell 	 china is protecting its thin corridor to the afghan heartland argument | sam dunning 	 south asia is on the front lines of the climate crisis south asia brief | michael kugelman 					 					 						 latest china is protecting its thin corridor to the afghan heartland august , , : am nothing but pitch black darkness august , , : am the end of coal is coming sooner than you think august , , : pm the coming afghan refugee crisis is only a preview august , , : pm china is repeating u.s. mistakes with its own global arrogance august , , : pm see all stories 					 					 						 sign up for morning brief foreign policy’s flagship daily newsletter with what’s coming up around the world today from foreign policy’s newsletter writer colm quinn. enter your email sign up ✓ signed up unsubscribe by signing up, i agree to the privacy policy and terms of use and to occasionally receive special offers from foreign policy. 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 		 		you can support foreign policy by becoming a subscriber. 		subscribe today 	 	 	 	fp events 	fp studios 	fp analytics 	fp peacegames 	subscription services 	reprint permissions 	writer’s guidelines 	work at fp 	fp guides – graduate education 	fp for education 	fp archive 	buy back issues 	meet the staff 	advertising/partnerships 	contact us 	privacy policy powered by wordpress vip © , the slate group the well - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the well 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		this article is about the whole earth electronic link online community. for other uses, see well (disambiguation). internet community 	 	this article needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. find sources: "the well" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · jstor (august ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) whole earth 'lectronic link	 	type of site 	virtual community 	available in	english 	owner	the well group inc. 	url	well.com 	launched	february  ;  years ago ( - )[ ] the whole earth 'lectronic link, normally shortened to the well, is one of the oldest virtual communities in continuous operation. as of june , it had , members.[needs update][ ] it is best known for its internet forums, but also provides email, shell accounts, and web pages. the discussion and topics on the well range from deeply serious to trivial, depending on the nature and interests of the participants.[ ] contents 	 history 	 topics of discussion 	 policy and governance 	 journalists 	 in the news 	 virtual community and social network difference 	 publications about the well 	 see also 	 references 	 external links history[edit] the well was started by stewart brand and larry brilliant in , and the name (an acronym for whole earth 'lectronic link)[ ] is partially a reference to some of brand's earlier projects, including the whole earth catalog. initially the well was owned % by the point foundation (publishers of the whole earth catalog and whole earth review) and % by neti technologies inc. a vancouver-based company of which larry brilliant was at that time the chairman. the well began as a dial-up bulletin board system (bbs) influenced by eies,[ ] became one of the original dial-up isps in the early s when commercial traffic was first allowed, and changed into its current form as the internet and web technology evolved. its original management team—matthew mcclure, soon joined by cliff figallo and john coate—collaborated with its early users to foster a sense of virtual community.[citation needed] gail ann williams was hired by figallo in , as community manager, and has continued in management roles into the current era. from to the well was owned by bruce r. katz, founder of rockport, a manufacturer of walking shoes.[ ] in april it was acquired by salon, several of whose founders such as scott rosenberg had previously been regular participants there. in august salon announced that it was looking for a buyer for the well, in order to concentrate on other business lines. in november , a press release of the well said, "as salon has not found a suitable purchaser, it has determined that it is currently in the best interest of the company to retain this business and has therefore suspended all efforts to sell the well."[ ] in june salon once again announced that it was looking for a buyer for the well as its subscriber base "did not bear financial promise". additionally, it announced that it had entered into discussions with various parties interested in buying the well.com domain name, and that the remaining well staff had been laid off at the end of may.[ ] the community pledged money to take over the well itself and rehire important staff.[ ] in september , salon sold the well to a new corporation, the well group inc., owned by a group of eleven investors, who are all long-time members. the ceo was earl crabb, who died on february , . the sale price was reported to be $ , . members have no official role in the management, but "can ... go back to what they do best: conversation. and complaining about the management."[ ][ ] notable items in well history include being the forum through which john perry barlow, john gilmore, and mitch kapor, the founders of the electronic frontier foundation, first met. howard rheingold, an early and very active member, was inspired to write his book the virtual community by his experience on the well. according to rheingold's book, the well's usenet feed was for years provided by apple computer over uucp. the well was a major online meeting place for fans of the grateful dead, especially those who followed the band from concert to concert, in the late s and early s. the well also played a role in the book takedown about the pursuit and capture of kevin mitnick. founded in sausalito, california, the service is now based in emeryville. topics of discussion[edit] the well is organized into subject areas known as "conferences". these conferences reflect member interests, and include arts, health, business, regions, hobbies, spirituality, music, politics, games, software and many more. within conferences, members open separate conversational threads called "topics" for specific items of interest. for example, the media conference has (or had) topics devoted to the new york times, media ethics, and the luann comic strip. an example of a local conference is the one on san francisco, which has topics on restaurants, the city government, and neighborhood news. "public" conferences are open to all members, while "private" conferences are restricted to a list of users controlled by the conference hosts, called the "ulist". some "featured private" or "private independent" conferences (such as "women on the well" and "recovery") are listed in the well's directory, but are access-restricted for privacy or membership-restriction reasons. members may request admission to such conferences. there are also a large number of unlisted "secret private" conferences. the names of these conferences are public, but the contents, hosts, and members are restricted to members of a particular conference. membership in private conferences is by invitation. well members may open their own new public or private independent conferences. policy and governance[edit] the directors of the well have included matthew mcclure and cliff figallo, both veterans of the s commune called the farm, and gail williams, previously known as one of the principals in the political satire group the plutonium players. in , the well hired christian ruzich and daryl lynn johnson, who have over years of combined experience on the well, to be the general managers. the couple, who met on the well, will draw on their years of marketing and online community experience to help the well become the prime destination for premium online conversation and discussion. the community forums, known as "conferences", are supervised by "conference hosts" who guide conversations and may enforce conference rules on civility and/or appropriateness. initially all hosts were selected by staff members. in , gail williams changed the policies to enable user-created forums. participants can create their own "independent" personal conferences—either viewable by any well member or privately viewable by those members on a restricted membership list—on any subject they please with any rules they like. overall support and supervision of the conferencing services is handled by several staff members, often referred to collectively as "confteam", the name of the unix user account used by staff for conference maintenance. they have more system operational powers than conference hosts, along with the additional social authority of selecting "featured conference" hosts and closing accounts for abuse. well members use a consistent login name when posting messages, and a non-fixed pseudonym field alongside it. the "pseud" (in well parlance) defaults to the user's real name, but can be changed at will and so often reflects a quotation from another user, or is an in-joke, or may be left blank. the user's real name can be easily looked up using their login name. well members are not anonymous. there is a time-honored double meaning to the well slogan coined by stewart brand, "you own your own words" or ("yoyow"): members have both the rights to their posted words and responsibility for those words, too. (members can also delete their posts at any time, but a placeholder indicates the former location and author of a deleted or "scribbled" post, as well as who deleted it.) journalists[edit] the well was frequently mentioned in the media in the s and s, probably disproportionately to the number of users it had relative to other online systems. this has diminished but not disappeared in recent years, with other online communities becoming commonplace. this early visibility was largely the result of the early policy of providing free accounts for interested journalists and other select members of the media. as a result, for many journalists it was their first experience of online systems and, later, the internet, even though other systems existed. although accounts are now seldom provided for free to journalists, there are still a sizable number on the well; for example columnist jon carroll of the san francisco chronicle, wendy m. grossman of the inquirer, and critic andy klein of los angeles citybeat. the well also received numerous awards in the s and s, including a webby award for online community in , and an eff pioneer award in . in the news[edit] in march , the well was noted for refusing membership to kevin mitnick, and refunding his membership fee.[ ] virtual community and social network difference[edit] 	 	this section possibly contains original research. please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (december ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) there is often confusion between a virtual community and social network. they are similar in some aspects because they both can be used for personal and professional interests. a social network offers an opportunity to connect with people one already knows or is acquainted with. facebook and twitter are social networks. platforms such as linkedin and yammer open up communication channels among coworkers and peers with similar professions in a more relaxed setting. often social media guidelines are in place for professional usage so that everyone understands what is suitable online behavior.[ ][ ] using a social network is an extension of an offline social community. it is helpful in keeping connections among friends and associates as locations change. move. each user has their own spider web structure which is their social network.[ ][ ] virtual communities differ in that users aren't connected through a mutual friend or similar backgrounds. these groups are formed by people who may be complete strangers but have a common interest or ideology.[ ][ ] virtual communities connect people who normally wouldn't consider themselves to be in the same group.[ ] these groups continue to stay relevant and maintained in the online world because users feel a need to contribute to the community and in return feel empowered when receiving new information from other members. virtual communities have an elaborate nest structure because they overlap. yelp, youtube, and wikipedia are all examples of a virtual community. companies like kaiser permanente launched virtual communities for members. the community gave members the ability to control their health care decisions and improve their overall experience.[ ] members of a virtual community are able to offer opinions and contribute helpful advice. again, the difference between virtual communities and social network is the emergence of the relationship. the well distinguished itself from the technology of the time by creating a networked community for everyone. users were responsible and owned the content posted, a rule created to protect the information from being copyrighted and commoditized.[ ] women particularly were able to find community and voice on the well. while largely bound to household work at the time, women of the well could be participants and contributors on message boards by sharing experiences and information.[ ] publications about the well[edit] 	howard rheingold, the virtual community 	( ) perennial isbn  - - - (hardcover) – isbn  - - - ( revised paperback edition) 	john seabrook, deeper: my two-year odyssey in cyberspace 	( ) simon & schuster isbn  - - - (hardcover) – isbn  - - - (paperback) 	katie hafner, the well: a story of love, death and real life in the seminal online community 	( ) carroll & graf publishers isbn  - - - 	katie hafner's book, expanded from a wired magazine article, chronicles the odd birth, growing pains, and interpersonal dynamics that make the well the unusual, perhaps unique online community that it is. 	fred turner, from counterculture to cyberculture: stewart brand, the whole earth network, and the rise of digital utopianism 	( ) university of chicago press isbn  - - - 	"where the counterculture met the new economy: the well and the origins of virtual community", technology and culture, vol. , no. (july, ), pp. – . 	tierney, john. "stewart brand - john tierney - an early environmentalist, embracing new 'heresies'". the new york times, february , , sec. environment. https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /science/earth/ tier.html. 	kirk, andrew. 	"appropriating technology: the whole earth catalog and counterculture environmental politics". in environmental history, – , . 	counterculture green: the whole earth catalog and american environmentalism. lawrence, kan: university press of kansas, . see also[edit] 	william h. calvin 	cix 	cyberia (book) 	hugh daniel 	digerati 	brian eno 	global business network 	michael gruber (author) 	peter ludlow 	tom mandel 	declan mccullagh 	douglas rushkoff 	john seabrook 	gail williams references[edit] 	^ pernick, ron ( ). "a timeline of the first ten years of the well". retrieved - - . 	^ "the well, a pioneering online community, is for sale again". the new york times, june , 	^ "well, the.". encyclopædia britannica ultimate reference suite. encyclopædia britannica. . isbn  . 	^ learn about the well well.com 	^ "irc history -- electronic information exchange system (eies)". 	^ markoff, john (january , ). "company news; influential computer service sold". new york times. retrieved july . 	^ "the well to stay with salon" (press release). the well. november , . retrieved - - . 	^ "salon k filing, june ". . retrieved - - . 	^ "will the well survive? members pledge $ k+ to buy influential virtual community from corporate owners". . retrieved - - . 	^ salon media group sells the well to the well group archived - - at the wayback machine 	^ grossman, wendy. "salon sells the well to its members". retrieved july . 	^ kevin mitnick is unforgiven wired, march , 	^ mahlberg, t. ( ). alter-identity work via social media in professional service contexts. in proceedings of the th australasian conference on information systems (acis ). chicago 	^ "what is social network? - definition from whatis.com". searchcio. retrieved - - . 	^ clauset, a. ( ). finding local community structure in networks. physical review e, ( ), . 	^ a b "social network vs. online community: what is the difference?". social media today. retrieved - - . 	^ wellman, b., & gulia, m. ( ). virtual communities as communities. communities in cyberspace, - . 	^ a b "examples of virtual communities". encyclopedia.jrank.org. retrieved - - . 	^ a b from counterculture to cyberculture. turner, fred. university of chicago press. . isbn  - . oclc  .cs maint: others (link) external links[edit] 	the well 	 "the well gopher". archived from the original on - - . retained in as a text museum and served via http till around 	wired news: salon buys the well 	wired magazine: "the epic saga of the well" by katie hafner 	the well: small town on the internet highway system by cliff figallo 	c|net news.com: "the well celebrates th birthday" at archive.today (archived - - ) 	net wars at the inquirer: "you own your own th anniversary" 	c|net news.com: "salon places the well up for sale" at archive.today (archived - - ) 		v 	t 	e whole earth catalog 	editors	 	stewart brand 	lloyd kahn 	jay kinney 	kevin kelly 	howard rheingold 	anne herbert 	ken kesey (guest) 	 	community	 	portola institute 	point foundation 	the well 	other publications	 	coevolution quarterly 	whole earth software catalog and review 	whole earth review/whole earth 	related topics	 	whole earth access 	whole internet user's guide and catalog 	long now foundation 	wired 	buckminster fuller 	james baldwin 	ats- 	earthrise retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_well&oldid= " 		categories: 	 establishments in the united states 	bulletin board systems 	culture of san francisco 	gopher (protocol) 	internet forums 	pre–world wide web online services 	shell account providers 	webby award winners 	whole earth catalog 	internet properties established in hidden categories: 	webarchive template wayback links 	cs maint: others 	articles with short description 	short description matches wikidata 	articles needing additional references from august 	all articles needing additional references 	wikipedia articles in need of updating from august 	all wikipedia articles in need of updating 	all articles with unsourced statements 	articles with unsourced statements from july 	articles that may contain original research from december 	all articles that may contain original research 	webarchive template archiveis links 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			español 	euskara 	français 	italiano 	日本語 	Русский 	svenska 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 what i learned today… what i learned today… 	taking a break i&# ;m sure those of you who are still reading have noticed that i haven&# ;t been updating this site much in the past few years. i was sharing my links with you all but now delicious has started adding ads to that. i&# ;m going to rethink how i can use this site effectively going forward. for [&# ;] 	bookmarks for may , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. start a fire grow and expand your audience by recommending your content within any link you share digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for april , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. mattermost mattermost is an open source, self-hosted slack-alternative mblock program your app, arduino projects and robots by dragging &# ; dropping fidus writer fidus writer is an online collaborative editor especially made for academics who need to use citations and/or formulas. beek social network for [&# ;] 	bookmarks for february , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. connfa open source ios &# ; android app for conferences &# ; events paperless scan, index, and archive all of your paper documents foss serve foss serve promotes student learning via participation in humanitarian free and open source software (foss) projects. disk inventory x disk inventory x is [&# ;] 	bookmarks for january , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. superpowers the open source, extensible, collaborative html d+ d game maker sequel pro sequel pro is a fast, easy-to-use mac database management application for working with mysql databases. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for december , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. open broadcaster software free, open source software for live streaming and recording digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for november , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. numfocus foundation numfocus promotes and supports the ongoing research and development of open-source computing tools through educational, community, and public channels. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for november , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. smore smore makes it easy to design beautiful and effective online flyers and newsletters. ninite install and update all your programs at once digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for november , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. vim adventures learning vim while playing a game digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for november , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. star wars: building a galaxy with code digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for october , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. open food facts open food facts gathers information and data on food products from around the world. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for october , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. versionpress wordpress meets git, properly. undo anything (including database changes), clone &# ; merge your sites, maintain efficient backups, all with unmatched simplicity. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for october , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. sogo share your calendars, address books and mails in your community with a completely free and open source solution. let your mozilla thunderbird/lightning, microsoft outlook, android, apple ical/iphone and blackberry users collaborate using a modern platform. gitbook gitbook is a modern publishing toolchain. making [&# ;] 	bookmarks for october , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. discourse discourse is the % open source discussion platform built for the next decade of the internet. it works as a mailing list, a discussion forum, and a long-form chat room digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for september , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. zulip a group chat application optimized for software development teams digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for september , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. idonethis reply to an evening email reminder with what you did that day. the next day, get a digest with what everyone on the team got done. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for september , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. vector vector is a new, fully open source communication and collaboration tool we’ve developed that’s open, secure and interoperable. based on the concept of rooms and participants, it combines a great user interface with all core functions we need (chat, file transfer, voip and [&# ;] 	bookmarks for september , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. roundcube free and open source webmail software bolt bolt is an open source content management tool, which strives to be as simple and straightforward as possible. it is quick to set up, easy to configure, uses elegant templates, and above all: it’s a joy [&# ;] 	bookmarks for september , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. madeye madeye is a collaborative web editor backed by your filesystem. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for september , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. gimlet your library&# ;s questions and answers put to their best use. know when your desk will be busy. everyone on your staff can find answers to difficult questions. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for september , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. thimble by mozilla thimble is an online code editor that makes it easy to create and publish your own web pages while learning html, css &# ; javascript. google coder a simple way to make web stuff on raspberry pi digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for august , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. mediagoblin mediagoblin is a free software media publishing platform that anyone can run. you can think of it as a decentralized alternative to flickr, youtube, soundcloud, etc. the architecture of open source applications a web whiteboard a web whiteboard is touch-friendly online whiteboard app [&# ;] 	bookmarks for august , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. computer science learning opportunities we have developed a range of resources, programs, scholarships, and grant opportunities to engage students and educators around the world interested in computer science. digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for august , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. pydio the mature open source alternative to dropbox and box.net digest powered by rss digest 	bookmarks for july , today i found the following resources and bookmarked them on delicious. hylafax the world&# ;s most advanced open source fax server digest powered by rss digest winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems sarah azouvi university college london, protocol labs george danezis university college london, facebook novi valeria nikolaenko facebook novi abstract winkle protects any validator-based byzantine fault tolerant con- sensus mechanisms, such as those used in modern proof-of-stake blockchains, against long-range attacks where old validators’ sig- nature keys get compromised. winkle is a decentralized secondary layer of client-based validation, where a client includes a single additional field into a transaction that they sign: a hash of the previ- ously sequenced block. the block that gets a threshold of signatures (confirmations) weighted by clients’ coins is called a “confirmed” checkpoint. we show that under plausible and flexible security assumptions about clients the confirmed checkpoints can not be equivocated. we discuss how client key rotation increases secu- rity, how to accommodate for coins’ minting and how delegation allows for faster checkpoints. we evaluate checkpoint latency ex- perimentally using bitcoin and ethereum transaction graphs, with and without delegation of stake. acm reference format: sarah azouvi, george danezis, and valeria nikolaenko. . winkle: foil- ing long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems. in proceedings of acm advances in financial technologies: aft’ , , october – , (new-york ’ ), pages. https://doi.org/ . /nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn introduction a number of blockchains are considering proof-of-stake mech- anisms in place of proof-of-work, attracted by faster and deter- ministic finality as well as lower energy costs. in proof-of-stake blockchains a set of validators run a consensus protocol between themselves and agree on the next block of ordered transactions by collectively signing the block. such protocols rely on the long- term security of validators’ signature keys and a compromise of validators’ past keys threatens full auditability through long-range attacks [ ]. a long-range attack is considered successful if an adversary was able to create an alternative chain of transactions, starting with the same genesis block, that can not be distinguished from the real chain. a number of solutions have been proposed to foil long-range attacks such as publishing checkpoints off-chain in software updates or in a reputable archive (such as the front page of a national newspaper). those solutions are difficult to deploy without introducing a highly unsatisfactory vector of centralization. permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. copyrights for components of this work owned by others than acm must be honored. abstracting with credit is permitted. to copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. request permissions from permissions@acm.org. new-york ’ , october – , , © association for computing machinery. acm isbn -x-xxxx-xxxx-x/yy/mm...$ . https://doi.org/ . /nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn validator key rotations help alleviate the problem, assuming secure destruction of older keys. however, validators might have auxiliary incentives to sell their old keys to an adversary, espe- cially when real-world identities of validators are unknown in a permissionless system and reputation is not at risk. when dishonest behaviour of a validator becomes rational, real-world security of the whole system is at great risk. we notice that corrupting a signif- icant number of coin holders, even after they have no more stake in the system, is far more challenging as they are much more numer- ous than validators (we justify this assumption in section ). this observation brings us to introducing winkle — a novel mechanism that leverages votes from clients creating a decentralized secondary layer of client-based validation to confirm checkpoints (snapshots of the blockchain) and to prevent long-range attacks on proof-of- stake protocols. the voting mechanism is very simple: each client augments their transaction with a single additional field — a hash of a previously sequenced block. once this transaction gets signed by the client and submitted to the chain, it serves as a vote or a confirmation for a block weighted by the number of coins the client holds under their account. the block that gets a threshold of con- firmations is called a “confirmed” checkpoint. we show that under plausible and flexible security assumptions confirmed checkpoints can not be equivocated and serve as irreversible snapshots of the blockchain. our contributions. we design winkle to strengthen consensus protocols with dynamically changing validators against long-range attacks (sec. - ). though winkle can secure other systems as well, it is mainly applicable to blockchains based on byzantine fault tolerant (bft) consensus such as pbft [ ], librabft [ ], tender- mint [ ], hotstuff [ ], or sbft [ ]. our solution does not require unincentivized validators to remain honest. instead, winkle allows each coin holder to augment a transaction with a vote for a previ- ous block. we prove that after a critical mass of coins has voted for a block, the block becomes a “confirmed checkpoint” and can- not be equivocated even if validators who worked on constructing this block have leaked their keys to the adversary. furthermore, in systems protected by winkle, an adversary enacting a long-range attack and building a forking chain cannot freely replicate transac- tions from honest users since those commit to checkpoints on the real chain. in systems with probabilistic finality (not typical proof- of-stake systems) this mechanism also gives protection against replay attacks as was previously observed in [ ]. we give plausible and flexible security assumptions (sec. ), showing trade-offs between the fraction of byzantine accounts and the quorum size. we notice that the assumptions are far more flex- ible than the byzantine bounds in the bft protocols, e.g. if the disconnected users constitute a negligible fraction, the quorum size in winkle can be just slightly above the bound on the byzantine accounts. our assumptions are also tuned to key rotations, allowing https://doi.org/ . /nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn https://doi.org/ . /nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn new-york ’ , october – , , sarah azouvi, george danezis, and valeria nikolaenko accounts to recover following a compromise. we put up a defini- tion for the long-term security of the validator-based consensus protocol (sec. ) and prove that winkle satisfies the definition over- coming challenges of weighted-by-stake voting in the presence of constantly moving weights. we introduce a delegation mechanism, where less active accounts can delegate their stake to more active accounts, in order to facilitate faster confirmation of checkpoints (e.g. a cold wallet could delegate to a hot wallet). we discuss how to safeguard minting of coins. finally, we simulate winkle on the real-world datasets of bitcoin and ethereum and evaluate check- pointing delays with and without delegates (sec. ) showing that the block can be confirmed within several hours to a few days, allowing validators to safely leak their old keys after a few days of use. we discuss related work, other applications and future research directions (sec. - ). background and research question an account-based blockchain model. a blockchain maintains an evolving decentralized database that keeps track of the owner- ship of assets, and allows their transfer according to rules encoded in transactions. we represent the database, at any consistent point, as a key-value store, which maps account addresses to account states: db = {(aj,statej) | j = , , . . . ,n}, where aj ∈ { , } is the account address, statej ∈s is the value under the account, n is the number of accounts. the account state holds the following values: - pk: public key for signature verification, - seq: an incrementing sequence number, that prevents replay attacks, - value: number of coins, that maps to the “voting power”. the account’s state may also hold other meta-data or auxiliary in- formation. to simplify notation we write db[a] to denote account a’s state and use field notation to represent its values: db[a].pk, db[a].seq, db[a].value. we denote by db.n the number of ac- counts in the database and by db.stot the total number of coins, both numbers may be changing with the modifications to the data- base, i.e. when accounts and coins get created or destroyed. transactions. the database evolves, from one consistent state to the next, via processing transactions. a transaction (tx) is comprised of the following data: - sender: the address of the transaction’s sender, - seq: sequence number that should match the sender’s account seq plus one, - program: an efficiently computable deterministic function that mutates the state of the database, i.e. program(db)→ db′, - σ: a cryptographic signature over the previous fields. to clarify exposition we represent those values as tx.sender,tx.seq, tx.program, tx.σ . furthermore, we assume that we can derive from tx.program a list of accounts that receive coins, denoted as tx.raddrs, and corresponding amounts. in this work we principally consider programs associated with asset transfers implementing a monetary system, relevant to cryptocurrencies, but we also allow transactions mutating other meta-data of user accounts (e.g. for key rotation and delegation introduced later). validator based consensus with reconfiguration. we abstract a validator based consensus with reconfiguration (vbcr) as a mechanism that provides a chain of collectively signed blocks on which consensus has been reached. in this work a block refers to a long sequence of transactions (e.g. a day of activity or an epoch of a different duration), rather than a short-term block within the low-level consensus protocol. the first block (genesis block) determines the initial state of the database: b = db . a chain of blocks (b ,b , . . .) modifies the state of the database. each block bi for i > is of the form bi = [hi− ,ti,σi], where hi− is the hash of the previous block, i.e. hi− = h(bi− ); ti is an ordered list of transactions and σi is a signature over (hi− ,ti). given a genesis state db and the chain of blocks, we define recursively dbi = ti(dbi− ). here dbi is a result of application of programs in transactions’ list ti one by one in a given order to dbi− . the system is governed by the consensus protocol run between the validators. the validator set is determined by the set of veri- fication keys: v = {pkk} |v | k= . each signature key skk is private to k-th validator. we assume there is a function gov(·)on the previous block (or the genesis block initially) , that returns the current set of validators: vi = gov(bi− ). typically, we consider the signature σi in the block bi = [hi− ,ti,σi] as being valid if a certain threshold of validators vi = gov(bi− ) have contributed to the aggregate signature σi . for each block bi we define a function seq(·) which returns the height of the block namely the number of blocks preceding it up to the genesis block b , the function implicitly takes the chain of blocks as input. by convention, we use a subscript of the block to denote the height, e.g. i = seq(bi). chain validation. a public verification function validate(·, ·) de- fines a predicate that takes a chain of blocks as a first argument and a new block as a second argument: validate(b,bi+ ). the output in- dicates whether the block bi+ can be successfully chained with the previous blocks b = (b , . . . ,bi). the predicate encodes the busi- ness logic of the state machine describing the blockchain. a chain of blocks b = (b ,b , . . . ,bi) is valid if either b = (b ) or recur- sively computed predicate is true, i.e. ∀i > validate(b,bi)= true. auditing any chain of blocks b, would start at block b , append the blocks one-by-one and test the validity of the chain incremen- tally. the predicate validate checks validators’ signature on the new block, checks transactions’ signatures within the new block and applies transactions one-by-one to the database state, checking the sequence numbers to prevent replay attacks. in more details, taking as input b = (b , . . . ,bi) and bi+ , the predicate assumes that ∀j ≤ i validate((b , . . . ,bj− ),bj) = true and h(bi− ) = hi . let the state of the database after applying all the transactions from the chain of blocks b in sequence be dbi . let bi+ = [hi,t,σ]. first, the validators’ public keys are retrieved from the previous block: pki+ = gov(bi), the signature σ is verified under that key: verify(pki, (hi,t),σ). if the verification fails, verify outputs false and halts, otherwise it continues. transactions are processed from the list t = (t , . . . ,tk) in order. let db i = dbi and for j = , . . . ,k we verify that: ( ) the sequence number is equal to the value under in the vbcr abstraction block’s boundaries capture events of validators’ set change, as those are relevant to long-range attacks. winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems new-york ’ , october – , , the account plus one: tj .seq = db j− i [tj .sender].seq+ , ( ) the sig- nature tj .σ verifies under the public key stored under the sender’s account (dbj− i [tj .sender].pk), ( ) additional checks can be applied to validate the transaction depending on the business logic of the blockchain, encoded in the transaction program. if any of the trans- actions fail at least one check then the procedure returns false and halts. if transaction tj passed the checks successfully, it gets applied to the database to advance it’s state: dbji = tj .program(db j− i ), the sequence number under the account is incremented by one. if the transaction was not applied successfully, the procedure outputs false and halts. safety of vbcrs. we say that the chain validation audit is safe if and only if any two parties that successfully completed the chain validation procedure would have a consistent view of the chain of blocks (i.e., the chains will be equivalent or a chain of one party will be a subchain of another party’s chain). definition . . (perpetually honest validator) a perpetually hon- est validator follows the protocol and maintains the secrecy of their signing keys in perpetuity (the adversary may never have access to them), and only signs a single block at each height. if a sufficient number of validators are perpetually honest in keeping all their keys (gov(bi)) unknown to the adversary in per- petuity, then the verification procedure ensures audit safety. long-range attacks on vbcrs. the safety of chain validation audit described depends on validators being perpetually honest. this imposes a heavy burden on the security of the validators’ signature keys: they need to remain secret forever, otherwise the validity of the sequence cannot be safely audited. this motivates us to define eventually compromised validators as follows: definition . . (eventually compromised validator) an eventu- ally compromised validator after a block bi , leaks all its previous signature keys {ski′ | < i ′ < i} to the adversary. any vbcr protocol becomes unauditable under eventually com- promised validators. for block bi and any block bi′ in the history of bi (i′ < i), eventually the adversary will compromise sufficient number of validators and sign an alternative block to follow bi′ with a different set of transactions, defeating the audit safety prop- erty. this problem is referred to in the literature as a long-range attack, and winkle strengthens validator based consensus with reconfiguration systems against those types of attack. we note that the assumption that eventually compromised validators provide all signing keys before height i represents a strong adversary, and subsumes any adversary that may have access to a subset of past keys instead. the compromise of the old keys in bft or proof-of- stake consensus protocols is particularly devastating as creating an alternative chain is computationally inexpensive. the winkle mechanism definitions. without losing generality we assume that the set of validator keys may change at each block. each block defines a checkpoint that coin holders can vote to confirm in the future, as illustrated (see fig. ). a checkpoint is a binding commitment to a chain of blocks sequenced by the vbcr: ckpti = h(b), where b is the last block the checkpoint points to. we abuse the notation and define the height written as a subscript of a checkpoint as being equal to the height of a block it is committing to. in turn this height defines a global order on all checkpoints referring to a sequence of blocks produced by a secure vbcr. we call two checkpoints ckpti , ckptj consistent if they commit to blocks bi , bj such that bi is an ancestor of bj (we write ckpti < ckptj)) or vice versa. checkpoints that are not consistent commit to blocks that are on different sides of a fork and therefore cannot be part of a sequence produced by a safe vbcr. we assume everybody agrees on the genesis checkpoint: ckpt = h(b ). . basic winkle scheme checkpoint voting. each account may vote for a checkpoint by including it in a signed transaction, and every coin carries the vote of its sender (we call this the propagation rule). the vote is also associated with the remaining value in the account. for example, if an account a has coins and sends coin to an account a with a vote for checkpoint ckpt, then there is a system-wide vote with weight of for checkpoint ckpt: of which is associated with a and associated with a . this also means that an account could have different votes for different coins held, e.g., if a received one coin from account a with a vote for ckpt and one coin from another account a that voted for a previous checkpoint ckpt′, then a carries one vote for ckpt and one vote for ckpt′. whenever a sends a new vote, then all of the coins in the account will be counted towards that new vote, and the previous votes are over-written. an account sending a transaction has to vote on the latest available checkpoint, otherwise its transaction will not get sequenced. as we show, there cannot be any two inconsistent checkpoints within one account due to new chain validation rules. more formally, we define a weighted vote as a tuple wvote = (ckpt,w), where ckpt is a checkpoint and w is a real positive number. we augment transactions and accounts with additional information: ( ) we augment each transaction tx with a parameter tx.vote that we call a checkpoint vote: tx.vote = ckpt; ( ) we change the structure of the database: for each account a in place of value db[a].value we now store a set of weighted votes db[a].votes. accounts managed by honest and active users follow some con- straints: ( ) all their votes are for pairwise consistent checkpoints; and ( ) each of their transactions always contains a vote for the latest available checkpoint. condition ( ) introduces a synchrony assumption, however this should not represent a bottleneck: first of all, we assume blocks are abstractions of long periods of consensus under the same set of validators (e.g. many hours or days); and, second, clients need to be aware of the latest checkpoint since they anyway need to know the latest validator set (from the previous block). the set is required in order to know which entities to direct transactions to, and also to be able to authenticate reads from the latest state of the database. chain validation. we augment the predicate validate executed on input b = (b , . . . ,bi) and bi+ with an additional check on each of the transactions in block bi+ (see the ‘chain validation’ rules in section ). each transaction txj in bi+ for j = , . . . must contain a vote on ckpti , where ckpti = h(bi). if the transaction passes the new-york ’ , october – , , sarah azouvi, george danezis, and valeria nikolaenko b . . . bi− bi bi+ . . . ckpt ckpti− ckpti ckpti+ pk pki− pki pki+ figure : each block commits the full sequence of previous blocks, and forms a potential checkpoint that clients vote to confirm. validator membership and keys may change across blocks (but not within them). block bi is signed by the key pki− = gov(bi− ), and the key defined in pki = gov(bi) signs bi+ . checks, given the previous set of the database dbj− i (db i = dbi) the next state of the database is the same, except for the following changes. ( ) for each of the receiving accounts a ∈ txj .raddrs that obtain some amount v with transaction txj , if the vote is already in the set: (txj .vote,w) ∈ db j− i [a].votes for some w then v gets added to the weight w of the existing element, otherwise a new tuple (txj .vote,v) is added to the set db j− i [a].votes. ( ) for the sending account a: tx.sender = a, the set dbj− i [a].votes gets squashed into a single element (txj .vote,v), where v is the sum of all the values in the set dbj− i [a].votes minus the value sent in the transaction txj . we define the highest confirmed checkpoint as a function highestckpt(db) computed over all accounts in a database db. it represents the highest checkpoint ckptk (k ≤ i) which precedes the checkpoint votes of q fraction of accounts’ (weighted), i.e.∑ a∈db wvote∈ db[a].votes i(wvote.ckpt ≥ ckptk) · wvote.w ≥ q×db.stot the indicator function i(wvote.ckpt ≥ ckptk) takes value if the vote is for a checkpoint higher than k and consistent with ckptk , and otherwise takes value . the highest confirmed checkpoint of the database: highestckpt(db) is the one with the largest height that is supported by a fraction q of the total stake. validator-free full audit. to validate a confirmed checkpoint, as- sociated with a sequence of transactions t leading to it, a client performs the following steps: the client starts the validation pro- cess at the genesis state db , which needs to be known and to be authentic. the client then applies each transaction in the sequence in order, recomputes the state of the database and recomputes the highestckpt(·) function, according to votes in each account, to determine the confirmed checkpoint. the client accepts the highest confirmed checkpoint. we show that this audit process ensures safety, in the sense that the confirmed checkpoint returned is guaranteed to be consistent with the state of the honest chain (i.e. the chain of transactions built from the genesis state up to the confirmed checkpoint is guaranteed to be exactly the same as in the honest chain). however, it does not guarantee freshness, in the sense that the checkpoint returned may not be the highest one in existence. clients can query multiple sources, and pick the highest confirmed checkpoint. determining the latest confirmed checkpoint is especially impor- tant to determine the latest set of validators currently maintaining the consensus protocol. once the current set of validators is se- curely determined their (valid for some period) signatures can be used to track updates of the database state starting from the highest known confirmed checkpoint. validation of the chain built prior to the known confirmed checkpoint does not involve any checks of validators’ signatures. . delegation the basic winkle mechanism requires a mass of account holders to vote for a checkpoint to become the highest confirmed checkpoint. our experiments (see section ), suggest that many accounts within existing blockchains are dormant, and therefore would seldomly vote. in turn this leads to checkpoints being confirmed in months (up to three years for bitcoin), during which the system is vulner- able to validator old key compromise. to reduce this latency we introduce a simple delegation model. an account may be created with a ‘delegate’ field db[a].delegate referencing the address of another account ad with no delegate field. this indicates that the voting power of account a is dele- gated, and therefore contributes, to the weight of account ad . this mechanism only allows for a single level of delegation. accounts that delegate still need to include a vote for the latest block when they transact. when computing the highest confirmed checkpoint, only the most recent vote of either the account that delegates or its delegate is counted (i.e., the stake of accounts that delegate are counted only once, either with the delegate or independently if their transaction is more recent than the delegate’s vote). accounts that delegate may change their choice of delegate through a trans- action. when an account changes its delegate, it also includes a vote and thus our propagation rule stays the same. for security, we assume that honest users delegate to honest delegates only. note that winkle compared to the delegated proof-of-stake systems re- quires weaker trust assumptions from the clients. clients need to trust the delegates which simply confirm checkpoints and are not running consensus protocol between themselves, any client can act as a delegate in winkle and is not required to setup complex infrastructure in contrast to nodes running consensus. moreover, the number of delegates can be much higher than the number of validators and each user is free to delegate to itself if he/she does not trust other delegates. voting accounts act as pools, for accounts that delegate. when pools vote often on behalf of dormant accounts, we expect check- points to be confirmed faster. to further speedup check-pointing a system of economic incentives may be set up to encourage pools to vote often, as well as for other accounts to delegate to those that do—all while preventing over-concentration of stake. economics of pools & decentralization. a key issue with dele- gation is the tendency towards centralization: delegating votes to winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems new-york ’ , october – , , well operated pools is simpler for a user than voting themselves (which requires sending transactions). at a logical extreme, one pool may emerge with a large amount of voting power, which may later have its key compromised and used to perform long-range attacks. to disincentives such concentration of voting power we use crypto-economic ideas from [ ] and design an incentive scheme that should maintain close to a constant number of pools in the system. we define as u > a parameter to affect target number of pools we wish to incentivize in the system. each pool incurs some fixed cost for operating, which we denote as ei for pool i. ei represents the operational pool cost, since it must be online to execute trans- actions and vote in an epoch, as well as an additional fee each pool must provide the system per epoch to vote. we denote as si the weighted vote delegated to a pool i, and as s the total vote weight in winkle. for each pool i we define its incentive weight as wi = min(si, q·s u ). the value q is the fraction of the vote necessary to confirm a checkpoint. we assume that during an epoch of length t time units some monetary value is set aside to reward users and pools that vote to confirm this checkpoint. we define the rate of reward per unit time for each coin in an epoch as d. when a checkpoint is confirmed we observe which fraction of q votes contribute to its confirmation. we split and assign the total reward, of total value d ·t ·s, to each pool i proportionately to its incentive weight wi . taking into account the costs advertised by each pool, its ‘profit’ for an epoch it contributed to confirming is: ri = wi q ·s d ·t ·s −ei = wi q d ·t −ei however, if the pool did not contribute a vote to confirm the epoch, then the reward is zero – and for simplicity we assume that the cost ei for this epoch is also zero. assuming that a pool manages to participate in a fraction a′ of confirmations then its expected reward per epoch is: r̄i = a′ q wi ·d ·t −a ′ ·ei during each epoch any reward that is not distributed to pools is kept to reward future epochs (increasing future d values). we assume that each pool keeps a fee fi for itself, and then distributes the remaining ri − fi to the pool participants as an incentive to remain in the pool, according to their contribution in terms of weighted votes. if a pool does not contribute to the vote we assume it does not keep any fee or distributes any incentive to participants. we now determine a number of properties for the incentive scheme above. we assume that both pool operators and users are honest – in that they follow the winkle protocol correctly – but are however rational in their choice of pools. we therefore stress (in line with recent thinking [ , ]) that the incentive mechanism is there to protect honest users against perverse incentives creating a more brittle system, rather than argue that the incentive mechanism prevents malicious users from participating (such an argument is impossible without considering external incentives they may have to do so, with potentially unbounded rewards). equilibrium impliessi ≤ q·s/u . our first argument is that a user does not have incentive to participate in a pool with voting weight larger than q ·s/u , and in fact a pool operator also has no incentive to operate such a pool. this is a straight forward implication of the incentive weight wi being capped at q · s/u : any additional votes contributed to the pool have a zero marginal rate of return for the pool, and a negative rate of return for users (since distribution of the user incentives ri −fi is done per contribution to the pool with no cap). a rational user will always have incentives to defect from a pool with voting weight larger than q ·s/u to a pool with equivalent characteristics ei , fi and a ′ with a lower voting weight. therefore in an equilibrium allocation of user voting weights to pools it must be that si ≤ q · s/u . as a result for the remaining of our analysis we consider that wi = si ≤ a · s/u . the lack of incentive to operate larger pools is a key part for our argument that there will be about u/a pools in the system (the second part involves bounding the number from below). delay to confirm an epoch. for a pool to participate and vote it should expect at the very least a positive return. since a vote for a later block also counts as a vote for earlier ones, a pool may chose to vote seldomly to reap high rewards per action. we would instead like pools to vote on each block to ensure blocks are quickly confirmed: to generate a positive return on a single block it should hold that: a′ q wi ·d ·t −a ′ ·ei ≥ , therefore t ≥ q d · ei si . as the cost ei of participating as a pool increases, so does the minimum time a pool will wait before it votes in order to guarantee a positive return. on the other hand, the larger the voting power si (subject to the upper bound above) the lower the delay in voting to generate a return. this dynamic establishes a lower bound on the pool delay in voting. competitive pressures also bound the delay in voting from above. pools observe the concentration of voting power amongst pools (or their delay in voting). they have to compete to be within the fraction q of voting power to confirm a block in order to generate any returns. therefore no pool has an incentive to vote any later than the time a fraction q of voting power would have incentives to vote, since it would risk not being included in the reward for the confirmed blocks. characteristics of pools. let’s calltm the maximum time at which the fastest set of pools (in terms of ei and si above) comprising a fraction q of the voting power have incentives to vote. any pool that finds it unprofitable to participate before this time will be excluded from the rewards systematically, and therefore will receive a zero return (its value a′ will tend to zero). this establishes a couple of constraints in terms of the size of the pools and their costs to operate: assuming a pool expects to make a rate of return superior to the fee fi , it must hold that: a′ q si ·d ·tm −a ′ei ≥ fi this constrains the fee pools can charge in relation to their voting power and costs. obviously the higher the costs they incur the lower the fee; and the larger their voting power the higher the fees new-york ’ , october – , , sarah azouvi, george danezis, and valeria nikolaenko they can charge. this dynamic creates an upwards pressure on the size of pools. in fact small pools are simply not viable subject to the constraint (by rewriting the bound above): si ≥ q a′ fi +a ′ei d ·tm even by setting a fee at fi = , and making no profit, small enough pools are not viable due to the fixed costs to participate ei . further, all other things being equal users always have incentives to delegate to larger pools, since those will make more profit and therefore provide a potentially higher rate of user incentive. this competitive pressure will ensure that we expect pools not only to be capped from above to si ≤ q ·s/u but also from below, leading the system to having s/q pools of roughly equal size at equilibrium. competitions for user voting power. pools have endogenous incentives to keep their costs ei down, since any surplus can be turned into a larger profit fi . therefore if a pool has the options to lower its cost it will. we assume that the system should require a minimal payment of e to participate as a pool per epoch to ensure those costs do not become zero. however, pools also compete for users, since it is user voting power that ultimately determines their voting power si . users can change their delegates, and we assume that they will move to pools offering larger user incentives in terms of better rates of return per vote weight delegated. the rate of return for a user delegating one vote to pool i is: ui = r̄i −a ′fi si = a′ q d ·t −a′ ( ei +fi si ) a pool can maintain an equal return to its users by either decreasing its fee fi or by attracting more users’ voting power to the pool. in a competitive setting users will change their delegation to pools offering higher returns. therefore at equilibrium, for two pools the rate of return per vote must be equal (ui = uj) for users to not switch. assuming two pools within the faction that confirms blocks with likelihood a′ = q. equality of rates of return reduces to the constraint: sj/si = (ej +fj)/(ei +fi), where each of the pools can control only its own profit f , and can try to attract more user votes s. attracting more user votes allows a pool to increase f , but the only tool available for doing so is increasing the rate of return per user vote which involves decreasing f (subject to fixed costs e). this puts a downward pressure on the fee f . finally, for two pools with equal user vote share s = si = sj , it holds that the difference in fees that they are able to charge is: fi − fj = (ei − ej). any fee differences are related to the difference in operational and pool participation costs. therefore if one pool defects from a cartel and charges lower fees, all others will have to charge low fees, subject to their respective costs to ensure they provide a comparable rate of return to users, and to avoid them defecting. this dynamic supports a competitive ecosystem of pools. in order to propose a pool, the leader must deposit some stake, which will be the basis of the voting power in that pool. given our assumption that the distribution of stake among stake holders is more decentralized than among validators (which we justify in section ), there cannot be one entity that controls an important number of pools (even though one stake holder could potentially control more than one pool). . minting and stake bleeding attacks another type of a long-range attack are stake bleeding attacks [ ]: an adversary, in a forking chain, may accumulate the rewards as- sociated with creation of new blocks in order to inflate its stake until it accumulates enough to confirm an inconsistent checkpoint. to protect against such attacks we require every minting event to take effect only after the block containing it gets confirmed as a checkpoint. different proof-of-stake blockchains use different reward and minting mechanisms, and some also contract the monetary supply. for example, there can be a minting key capable of creating new coins, this key does not have to stay honest and secure in perpe- tuity. since our mechanism guarantees that without minting an alternative forking block can not be accepted as a checkpoint, even if the old minting key is leaked to the adversary, the alternative minting transaction will never take an effect, as it will have to get checkpointed by the old money supply. the amount of money allowed to get minted or destroyed at a time does not have to be limited as long as the fraction of stake in hands of the adversary remains bounded as per our assumptions (see section ). . key rotation and account healing accounts are controlled by signature keys. key rotation operations shorten the lifetime of keys and prevent obsolete keys from issu- ing new transactions. however, this does not prevent a variant of long-range attacks on winkle: an adversary that gains access to an account’s old signature key that has been already rotated to a new key, may still use the stolen key to create past transactions, interfering with the safety of winkle’s audit. it is prudent to expect that any long term active account at some point may fail to protect a historic key. in the purely static compromise model this account would have to be considered under the control of the adversary for ever after, it is then likely that eventually the volume of stake under the control of such accounts would exceed any fractional threshold, threatening the security of winkle. therefore we adopt a more appropriate model where an adversary may compromise an account’s key, but after the key is rotated may lose control over the account. such an adversary may also compromise some old key that is not being currently active. an account holder a may include a special key rotation transaction t within block bi , updating the public key associated with the account to pk′. the transaction is signed with the public key associated with the account (namely dbi[a].pk). following the transaction t being applied, the database associates a new public key with account a. we show, in our proof, that winkle benefits from key rotations. in cases when some historic account key is compromised, but subse- quent keys included in a confirmed checkpoint are not, the account does not have to be considered as contributing to the voting weight that the adversary commands to mount a long-range attack there- after. this provides a forward security property, which we call account healing. winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems new-york ’ , october – , , security assumptions eventually compromised validators. in our model, we assume that all validators are eventually compromised, and share their keys with the adversary after a confirmed checkpoint has been generated by winkle. (in section we evaluate how long each block awaits to become a confirmed checkpoint). the honest chain or database is created by validators while they are honest and an adversarial chain is created by the adversary after the keys have been leaked. without loss of generality we aggregate all validators into a single validator and we let the concrete instantiation of the consensus protocol to determine the number of validators, the exact form of keys, signatures and the conditions on their validity. honesty of accounts. winkle leverages honest account holders for security. we assume account holders are harder to compromise than validators because there are more numerous. for example in bitcoin, according to our experiments, as of september there are accounts that hold one third of the total stake (see fig. ) compared to four miners that control more than half of the hashrate [ ]. accounts are of four types, and their type may change over time: - active and honest (fa) accounts are connected to the true chain, they receive the latest checkpoint before the next checkpoint be- comes available, - byzantine (fb) accounts share keys with the adversary and arbitrarily deviate from the protocol, - eclipsed (fe) accounts get eclipsed from the honest chain during the long-range attack and may transact on the adversarial chain while the adversary does not control their keys, - dead (fd) accounts that do not transact during the attack and stay idle. each account belongs to only one category, therefore the fractions representing each category add up to one fa + fb + fd + fe = . those fractions are calculated at the boundary of the blocks, i.e. for any checkpoint ckpt we consider the corresponding state of the database db and look into the fraction of accounts of each type in db. as explained later, the fractions are weighted by the amount of stake the accounts hold in database state db. winkle operates by accounts voting for checkpoints, which are commitments to blocks in the vbcr. denote by q the fractional voting power (the quorum) required to create a checkpoint. for safety of the system, the eclipsed accounts and the adversarial accounts should not constitute enough voting power to create a forking chain: fe + fb < q. for liveness byzantine and active users together should constitute a quorum: fa + fb ≥ q (we assume byzantine nodes participate in the honest chain but also equivocate to participate in an adversarial fork). the three equations above can be satisfied in multiple ways, giving a trade-off between liveness and safety of the system. at a high level we want to minimize the voting power needed to advance the checkpoint: q → min and we want to maximize the number of byzantine and/or eclipsable nodes that the system can tolerate: fb, fe → max. we now discuss different solutions to this system. typical bft. in bft systems typically the trade-offs are chosen in the following way: q = / , fa = / +δ, fb = / −δ, fe = / (where δ represents a single user’s fraction). more precisely: n = f + : q = ( f + )/n ; fa = (f + )/n ; fb = fe = f /n ; fd = . note that this solution also leads to quorum intersection, where any two q quorums are guaranteed to intersect at some honest node. the solution also maximizes the portion of eclipsable users. generic trade-off. the bft assumption is very strong: the adver- sary needs to compromise / of all the coin holders and eclipse / of coin holders from the network and make them believe the adversarial fork. it is based on the assumption that the network is adversarial and may separate honest users. in practice, it is quite unlikely that a user will connect to the chain through a fully adver- sarial network, and account holders are far more likely to query multiple validators about the state of the chain. so it is far more difficult to eclipse the accounts from the network [ ], therefore we can lower the bound on the eclipsed accounts and get a generic trade-off between the number of byzantine users and the quorum size as illustrated by the yellow-filled area on fig. . the selected points illustrate: typical bft solution (point “bft”, fig. ); the relaxed requirement on the quorum size: fb = / −δ, q = / , fa = / +δ, fe = / (point # , fig. ); and the increased resilience to byzantine users (assuming those are not incentivised to break liveness): fb = / −δ, q = / , fa = / +δ, fe ≈ negl (point # , fig. ). weighting accounts by value. to prevent sybil attacks, where an adversary creates many empty accounts in order to gain control over more than fb fraction of accounts at no cost, we weight ac- counts by the amount of coins that they hold — which we call stake. for the rest of the paper when we talk about accounts’ fractions (e.g. fb, q), we implicitly assume that those accounts are weighted. fig. illustrates the number of keys protecting a given fractions of stake for both bitcoin and ethereum blockchains: / of stake in bitcoin is protected by , keys and same fraction of stake for ethereum is protected by keys (snapshot taken on - - ). note that the flexibility of the assumption may be used to enlarge the bound on byzantine stake fb thus increasing the number of keys required to be compromised in order to mount the long-range attack. limiting transfers. due to transactions being processed the set of users and their stake is in constant flow. the adversary can potentially manipulate this flow in its fork and accumulate more than fb stake in its chain, for example, by including all transactions where it is the recipient but no transactions where it is the sender of coins. to mitigate this risk we additionally assume that at any state of the honest database the adversary controls at most fy of accounts and that the amount of stake moving during any given block is at most fx of the total amount of stake in the system. we then choose fy + fx/ = fb to make sure that the adversary can not accumulate more than fb coins in his fork (see section (lemma . )). for example we could choose fy = / and fx = / or fy = / and fx = / depending on the power we wish to give to the adversary. for reference, based on measurements on ethereum, one sixth of the money moves in roughly a week ( days in bitcoin) and one third in two weeks (one week for bitcoin). this is consistent with the block time frames we consider. new-york ’ , october – , , sarah azouvi, george danezis, and valeria nikolaenko figure : generic trade-off between the fraction of byzantine users and the quorum size. figure : the number of keys holding a given fraction of stake in logarithmic scale. minting. note that the adversary is only allowed to control fys stake, where s is the total amount of stake in the system. but once the minting transaction takes an effect and increases the amount of stake to s′ = s + m, the adversary is allowed to control more stake: fys ′ > fys. in our mechanism we require that minting happens only after the minting intent gets checkpointed: suppose that the minting intent was issued in block bi and the block bi got checkpointed in block bj , where j > i, then the total stake increases from s to s′ starting in block bj+ . this means that by the end of block bj , in state dbj , the adversary is still only allowed to hold at most fys stake compromised. delegation. lastly, our protocol allows for the delegation of stake. in this case, we assume that honest users always delegate to hon- est pools. this strong assumption is necessary to ensure that no adversarial pool leader can control more than fy fraction of stake in a block. additionally, let’s recall that since winkle depends on the difficulty of compromising coin-holders, we need to ensure that enough pools are created (this is done using an appropriate delegation scheme as shown in our analysis in section . ). security definition and argument we provide a game-based definition for the security of winkle that closely mimics the interactive nature of the attacks. without losing generality we assume that there is a single validator, and that they use a fresh key to sign each new block. the adversary may adaptively compromise the users’ accounts even retrospectively, but can not hold more than fy of accounts’ keys (and stake) at any given block, we define this requirement formally below. the adversary can submit transactions to be included in the next block and if the next block advances the confirmed checkpoint, then the adversary gets all the validator’s keys prior to this newly confirmed checkpoint. the adversary wins if it outputs a forking chain of blocks, whose tip, b∗, generates a confirmed checkpoint inconsistent with the honest chain. we now put the game into more formal terms. definition . . a validator based consensus with reconfiguration vbcr is secure against eventually compromised validators if for any genesis state b and for any polynomially bounded challenger who holds all the secret keys in the system and outputs valid answers for adversarial queries, for any probabilistic polynomial-time adversary a , there is a negligible function ν(λ) such that pr(expvbcr,a(λ)= ) ≤ ν(λ), for λ ∈n. the experiment expvbcr,a(λ) is defined as the interaction with a challenger, where the challenger is comprised of two algorithms: key retrieval getkey and next block creation nextblock, these are stateful algorithms that implicitly take the chain built up to this point as an input. getkey(a,i,b) outputs the account key: let dbi be a state of the database built using the first i blocks of b, sk ← dbi[a].sk, q = q ∪{(i,a,sk)}, output sk. nextblock(t∗i ,b) creates and outputs the next block and the secret keys of the validators used prior to the highest confirmed checkpoint: let the next block include adversarial transactions bi ← [hi− ,ti ||t∗i ,σ], output bi and the validator’s keys:{skt <highestcheckpoint(bi).seq} expvbcr,a(λ)experiment runs as follows starting with an empty state = ∅ and i = : . the adversary queries the keys for block bj with j ≤ i and cre- ates transactions to inject: (t∗i ,state)←a getkey(·,(b , ···,bi)) (bi− ,state), . the adversary gets the next block: bi := nextblock(t∗i ,state), . the adversary decides if his forgery is ready: (b,state) ← a (bi,state), . if b = , then i ← i + and goto ( ), winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems new-york ’ , october – , , . b∗ ←a (state) and output iff highestckpt(b∗) is inconsis- tent with bi and in the adversarial queries q the total amount of stake in control of the adversary never exceeds fy . theorem . . the validator based consensus with reconfiguration vbcr as defined in section is secure against eventually compro- mised validators as per definition . informally, the adversary plays the following game: adversary challenger b ,i = ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− a,i′ < i −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ dbi′[a].sk ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− ti −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ bi = [hi− ,ti ||t∗i ,σ] {skvt <highestcheckpoint(bi).seq } ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− b∗ −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ i += lemma . . for any fraction f , if an adversary is only allowed to compromise keys that control at most f fraction of coins in each of the two states of the database db and db = t(db ) (here db is the result of applying the sequence t of transactions to db ) and t moves at most p amount of stake between the keys, then for any sub-sequence of transactions t∗ ⊆ t the amount of stake in hands of the adversary in db∗ = t∗(db ) is at most f +p/ . proof. suppose in db the adversary controls f − ∆ of coins for some ∆ ≥ . suppose that in the sequence of transactions t adversarial addresses send s amount of coins and receive r amount of coins. to accumulate the maximum amount of stake in t∗, the adversary needs to include transactions it receives and to drop transactions that it is sending out. therefore the adversary will be able to accumulate at most maxamount = (f − ∆)+r. we consider two different cases. in the first case let’s assume that the adversary receives less than ∆ stake: r ≤ ∆, then we trivially have maxamount ≤ f ≤ f +p/ . in the second case we assume r > ∆. let’s write r = ∆ + δ for some δ > . in db the adversary cannot hold more than f and thus we have: (f − ∆)+ (∆ + δ) − s ≤ f . which in turns implies δ −s ≤ , adding (∆ +δ) to both parts equivalently get (*) ∆+ δ ≤ s+∆+δ. since no more than p stake can move in t, we have r+s ≤ p, therefore (**) ∆ +δ +s ≤ p. inequalities (*) and (**) gives us that ∆ + δ ≤ p or equivalently δ ≤ p−∆ (***). now going to maxamount, we have: maxamount = f −∆+∆+δ = f +δ ≤ f + p−∆ ≤ f + p by (***). and hence maxamount ≤ f +p/ , therefore the adversary cannot obtain more than f + p/ in its sub-sequence of transactions t∗. □ proof of theorem . . suppose that the adversary has won the game and successfully produced a forgery b∗, s.t. ckpt∗ := highestckpt(b∗) is inconsistent with bi . denote the latest com- mon ancestor block of b∗ and bi as bparent. the adversary has the validator’s key for bparent to sign the conflicting descendant block creating a fork. by definition of the checkpoints at least q of weighted accounts in the adversarial chain has voted for ckpt∗ or some later one. we prove that this event contradicts at least one of our assumptions. we do so by first considering a very simple variant of our system (case ) and incrementally adding additional features (i.e. key rotations, minting, delegation) (case - ). recall some of the important details of winkle’s design described in sections : - assumption : more than − fy keys are safe in the beginning of the block (the key is safe if all the keys under that account are not compromised within the block), - assumption : at most fx stake moves within a block, - assumption : every transaction is included in some honest block only if it votes for the latest checkpoint (the previous most recent block). we also assume that fy + fx/ = fb. case . we first consider a simplified variant of our system with no key rotations (accounts never rotate keys and new account are not created), no delegation (no accounts have delegates), no minting (new coins are never minted, the only coins in the system are those created in b ). denote the first pair of diverging blocks bparent+ and b∗ parent+ . by design of the system (assumption ), transactions can be se- quenced in the block only if these transactions vote on the previ- ous immediate block, thus only a subset of transactions from non- adversarial accounts in bparent+ can be replayed in the fork as only those sign bparent as a checkpoint, moreover these transactions can only get placed in the block b∗ parent+ . no other transactions from the honest chain can be replayed in the adversarial fork. having that under assumption the adversary can control at most fy keys and eclipse at most fe keys and by assumption in block bparent+ at most fx of stake moves, by applying lemma . , we get that there are no subset of transactions of the honest block bparent+ such that if they are applied to dbparent more than fe + fy + fx/ = fe + fb of weight gets concentrated jointly under the compromised and eclipsed accounts in the resulting state of the database. thus since fe + fb < q the adversary will be able to get more than q fraction of stake and thus will not be able to create a new checkpoint on a forking chain. therefore the forgery is not possible and more- over the eclipsed users can distinguish an adversarial chain from a true chain by the fact that new blocks do not become confirmed checkpoints on an adversarial chain. case : case + key rotation. we now prove the theorem in the presence of key rotations. let’s recall that our assumption in that case is that − fy of the accounts are safe between two checkpoints, meaning that none of the keys from those accounts are ever leaked to the adversary during any given block. let’s assume that the adversary has corrupted fy accounts within block bparent+ that we note (a , · · · ,ay). to corrupt new account, (a′ , · · · ,a′y′), account a ′ i has to perform a key rotation operation in block bparent+ otherwise this account would be considered unsafe in block bparent+ as well, making the number of unsafe accounts go above the allowed threshold fy . due to assumption , the key rotation for account a′i will include a vote for bparent+ , making it impossible to replay this key rotation transaction in the adversarial new-york ’ , october – , , sarah azouvi, george danezis, and valeria nikolaenko b b . . . bparent bparent+ . . . bi b∗ parent+ . . . b∗ figure : illustration of an adversarial fork in an attempt to perform a long-range attack fork. with a similar argument, accounts (a , · · · ,ay) have to per- form a key rotation in block bparent+ (otherwise these accounts would not be safe in block bparent+ ). this ensures the adversary cannot control more than fy in any block since it cannot accumu- late corrupted accounts from multiple blocks (see figure for a visual illustration). in block bparent+ the adversary has the choice of using the new corrupted keys (a′ , · · · ,a′y′) which include the key rotation of accounts (a , · · · ,ay)or ommit all the key rotations and keep account (a , · · · ,ay) corrupted in the adversarial chain but none of the (a′ , · · · ,a′y′) accounts. in both cases the same ar- gument as in lemma . can be made and the maximum amount that the adversary can now hold is still fy +p/ as the conditions on money spent or received from either accounts are similar. the proof from case is thus still valid. [pka → pka ,b ]σa . . . [pkb → pkb ,b ]σb . . . block b block b figure : the adversary that knowspka andpkb cannot use both keys in its forking chain because the second key rota- tion includes a commitment to block b which include the first key rotation, healing the compromised key. case : case + delegation. we now prove the result in the case where delegation is enabled. as a reminder, in the case of dele- gation, we assume that honest users delegate to honest delegates (assumption ). additionally, we require that each delegate is active (as they are incentivized to be). the adversary cannot control more than fy in the honest chain by assumption and and cannot receive more than fx/ of the coins by a similar argument as in lemma . . the main difference between the previous case is that now, eclipsed users may vote on the adversarial chain, but have their delegate vote on the honest chain and thus equivocate. even in that case, under the assumption that no more than fe users are eclipsed, we still have that the adversary can get at most fb + fe < q of the vote in its chain. similarly as in case , if the adversary was to corrupt a previously honest delegates, then they will have to make a key rotation that includes a vote for the latest checkpoint, preventing the adversary, as before, from accumulating stake over many blocks. case : case + minting. we now prove that an adversary cannot obtain more than fy of the stake in its chain even when money can be minted. as explained in section , the minting transaction is only effective once the block that contains it has been checkpointed. we will thus refer to the mint transaction as a mint-intent transaction. if the minting key has been leaked to the adversary, the adversary can include in its chain a mint intent that creates money for itself. however as per cases - of this proof the adversary cannot check- point the alternative minting intent using the old stake. though the adversary can not create a minting transaction of its own it can potentially take advantage of omitting the minting transaction which we explore next. note that the adversary is only allowed to control fys stake, where s is the total amount of stake in the system. but once the minting transaction takes an effect and increases the amount of stake to s′ = s +m, the adversary is allowed to control more stake: fys ′ > fys. we now show that the adversary can not leverage this fact, omit the minting transaction and hold compromised more than fys of stake in its forking chain. indeed, suppose that the minting intent was issued in block bi and the block bi got checkpointed in block bj , where j > i. if the adversary tries to omit the checkpointing of the minting intent, it has to modify block bj or an earlier one and therefore can not include any of the transactions from the subsequent blocks b>j of the honest chain, but only those later transactions (e.g. key rotations) actually allow the adversary to compromise more stake, if the adversary can not leverage those, it can not accumulate more than fys stake. in more details, after the minting intent got checkpointed the adversary can either keep the same accounts compromised (and receive more money on it) or compromise new accounts. in the first case, the additional stake that the adversary receives in order to own more than fys of the stake must happen after bj and thus, by assumption , this stake includes a vote for checkpoint bj . this bounds the adversary to mint new coins. thus if the adversary wants to increase its stake it has to include the minting transac- tions and cannot inflate its relative stake. similarly, if the adversary compromises new accounts after bj , then by assumption these new accounts need to be safe at state bj and thus have operated a key rotation after checkpoint bj . this is because otherwise these ac- counts would be unsafe in the previous block which contradicts our assumption. thus these new accounts that the adversary compro- mises also have to include a vote for bj by a similar argument as before. therefore, all the new stake that the adversary gets past the block bj has to include a vote for bj and therefore the adversary has to include the minting intent and the minting transaction to keep a valid chain. □ evaluation of checkpointing delay the key barrier to reducing winkle’s checkpoint confirmation delay is users’ idleness, which is encouraged within some cryptocurrency communities . we estimate the checkpoint confirmation delay (the a practice known as hodling https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hodl https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hodl winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems new-york ’ , october – , , finality time) of winkle in the “real world”, using workloads from the most popular cryptocurrency projects namely ethereum and bitcoin. we pre-process the transactions graph for these projects by assuming that each transaction in a block votes for the block that precedes it; i.e., if a transaction appears in block bi , we consider that it votes for block bi− . for each block we then retroactively determine the confirmed checkpoint as the block that has just received q fraction of the votes. for our simulations we choose q = / in line with the usual bft assumptions. the finality time shows how long the block awaits to get checkpointed by q fraction of stake, i.e. the time validators need to stay honest. we use google bigquery [ ] on the ethereum and the bitcoin blockchains to perform simulations. we build a database with all addresses (or accounts) and the date of their last transaction, which corresponds to their latest vote, votesent. the value under the account right after the last sent transaction is counted towards the vote votesent. we also list transactions received per account after the last sent transaction, we apply the propagation rule (see sec. . ) and append them to the list of the account’s votes. this gives us a global list of weighted votes. we rank the weighted votes by decreasing checkpoint’s vote (i.e., most recent one first) and retroactively determine the highest confirmed checkpoint. fig. plots the confirmed checkpoint delays for databases at different times. for ethereum a checkpoint takes between days and up to a year to be confirmed (with mean days), and for bitcoin a checkpoint takes between months and up to three years to be confirmed (with mean days). delegation. as shown in fig. , winkle without delegation would lead to finality times of months or years. we simulate simple del- egation to estimate the improvement in the finality time. in our delegation scheme, we incentivize the creation of k pools [ ] of roughly equal weight. to average out monthly fluctuations, we take measurements, plot the mean as a line and standard deviation as error bars on fig. . for each month between sep’ and jan’ we choose delegates as the top k accounts that have been the most frequently transacting during that month. more precisely, these are the accounts whose maximum delay between two consecutive transactions in the given month is the smallest. we assume those as our delegates with equal voting power. we retroactively compute the latest checkpoint confirmed on the last day of the month, by taking the vote from the two third of delegates who sent the newest vote. the results, depending on the number of delegates k between a few and one million are presented in fig. . to better understand the x-axis scale, note the number of transacting ethereum accounts between sep’ and aug’ is million and transacting distinct bitcoin addresses is million. as expected, the delegation scheme drastically reduces finality time: for one thousand delegates the finality time is about hours, for thousand delegates it is hours, and for thousand delegates it is . days. related work an abstract vbcr can be instantiated through a byzantine agree- ment protocol such as pbft [ ], or hotstuff [ ]. systems such as tendermint [ ], sbft [ ], and libra [ ] implement such mecha- nisms and we have designed winkle to be relevant to those designs. long-range attacks do not occur in nakamoto consensus based figure : checkpoint confirmation delay without delegates figure : checkpoint confirmation delay with different num- ber of delegates protocols such as bitcoin [ ] or ethereum [ ] that rely on proof- of-work, instead of validator signatures. however, those only offer probabilistic finality and winkle may act as a finality layer. previous approaches to defeating long-range attacks. two ap- proaches have been proposed in the literature to foil long-range attacks, besides using secure hardware [ ]. software checkpoint- ing [ ] periodically includes in client software a ‘checkpoint’. clients never accept any past contradicting blocks. this relies on centrally trusting the software distribution process and can be modeled as a vbcr system, secured by software developers’ keys. these keys leaking to the adversary allows for long-range attacks. the second approach is based on validators locking deposits [ , ] that are not returned in case of equivocation. it is difficult to de- termine how long the deposits should be locked, after a validator becomes inactive. and locking deposits for any fixed time cannot prevent validators from losing their key after that period suffering no penalty. new-york ’ , october – , , sarah azouvi, george danezis, and valeria nikolaenko winkle can be interpreted as a refinement of those two tech- niques: it allows all to determine appropriate checkpoints in a highly decentralized manner, and allows validators that were honest to recover their deposits after their blocks become confirmed through a checkpoint. background and related techniques. the core of winkle is based on confirming checkpoints using a simplified byzantine consistent broadcast [ ] based on stake. this primitive is always safe but may not lead to a checkpoint in case the initiator (the vbcr in our case) provides two equivocating checkpoints — hence we assume that validators are only eventually compromized. winkle borrows ideas from proof-of-stake systems proposed as early as in the context of the ppcoin [ ], and then snow white [ ] and ouroboros [ ]. winkle makes similar security assumptions, namely that a fraction of the stake is controlled by honest clients. however, winkle is not a consensus mechanism but rather a finality layer, similar to casper [ ]. fantômette [ ] and afgjort [ ] are finality layers that resemble winkle; they rely however on validators rather than general users to provide finality. ouroboros genesis [ ] has a finality layer that allows new parties to bootstrap the correct blockchain without checkpointing. a number of blockchains employ client-led validation. in iota [ ] clients include references to multiple past transactions. consensus is secure if honest clients make more transactions than dishonest ones. eos consensus [ ] is based on clients delegating stake to one of a set of validators, and uses ‘transactions as proof of stake (tapos)’ similar to winkle. winkle differs in that it is a finality layer immune to long-range attacks, rather than a full consensus protocol. discussion winkle provides a finality layer based on account stake. other proof- of-stake protocols [ , , ] allow for more validators than vbcr protocols. a natural question to ask is how using winkle on top of a vbcr protocol compare to these. first, even though these protocols are open to every coin-holder for participation, they require parties to run sophisticated interactive computations. some protocols may require participants to lock some of their funds for the duration of the protocol (or more) and in some cases, a substantial amount of stake must be acquired in order to participate (e.g., ethereum proof-of-stake protocol would require ether = $ , ). these protocols thus still suffer from a relatively small committee size compared to their user-base and would benefit from additional security against long-range attacks. furthermore, using winkle on top of a vbcr protocol provides instant confirmation under the assumption that validators stay honest for at least finality (as defined in this paper) with a smaller committee and hence better efficiency. snow-white [ ] and ouroboros [ ] confirmation times are quite long (on the order of magnitude of hundreds of blocks) hence a vbcr protocol with winkle provides much better latency. winkle was inspired by the proof-of-stake literature, but it is very different from running another proof-of-stake protocol as a finality layer to confirm checkpoints. winkle does not require additional participants to run a second-layer protocol, instead winkle relies https://www.exodus.io/blog/ethereum-proof-of-stake-date/ on existing non-interactive users that submit transactions in an ordinary (one-way) fashion and only requires minimal changes to the vbcr protocol itself, it is therefore much simpler that the proof- of-stake protocols (it requires no leader elections, no complicated cryptography, like cryptographic sortitions [ ], no multiple rounds of voting and no separate special committee). limitations. one limitation of winkle is that a client needs to be aware of the latest state of the database, although this could be solved by using some lighter client such as spv . furthermore, although winkle’s security relies on a flexible set of assumptions it remains an open problem to decide how to adjust the thresholds dynamically. finally, when discussing our security assumptions in section , we relied on the number of accounts used in bitcoin and ethereum. we recognize that one user may hold multiple accounts to achieve more privacy [ ] and the number of users might be a better parameter for our assumptions. but since this number is unknown and can only be speculated, we rely on the number of keys. extension. winkle may also be adapted to provide finality to proof-of-work based blockchains, that otherwise can only achieve probabilistic finality. in such systems blocks are generated through a proof-of-work and a fork choice rule that privileges forks with the most work. clients vote for the fork they consider authoritative, after sufficient time to constitute an epoch and to ensure they are likely to be correct. this means clients will be voting for a block that has been confirmed in the proof-of-work sense (i.e., after x blocks have been mined on top of it). once q of stake confirms a checkpoint all clients accept it, and no matter how much work an adversary commits in the future it may never be reverted. it is worth noting that in this case, the set of assumptions must change as proof-of-work requires a majority of the computational power to be honest (as opposed to validators) and winkle would still require a majority of the coin-holders to be honest. other protocols have been proposed to achieve finality in proof- of-work systems. karakostas et al. [ ] for example proposed check- pointing mechanisms on top of proof-of-work, but they require a set of additional trusted parties, mitigating byzantine faults among those parties brings significant complexity and interaction to the protocol. bissias and levine [ ] proposed an approach to stabilize the block interval time, keller and böhme [ ] built on their work and designed a proof-of-work blockchain with a novel puzzle and a quorum mechanism that brings finality. the solution looks promis- ing but requires a different protocol back-bone which makes it hard to apply to existing blockchains. lastly, duong et al. [ ] followed by chepurnoy et al. [ ] proposed a blockchain that combines the proof-of-work and the proof-of-stake mechanisms, there in case more than half of the compute power comes to the adversary, the honest stake may still be able to protect the system. they claim to improve scalability of proof-of-stake systems, however the proof- of-stake layer requires active participation from the players, while being registered to participate they need to stay alert, this is very different from winkle that does not require stake holders to commit to staying online. https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/simplified_payment_verification https://www.exodus.io/blog/ethereum-proof-of-stake-date/ https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/simplified_payment_verification winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems new-york ’ , october – , , additionally to proof-of-work, winkle could be used as a finality layer to other proof-of-x-type protocols. for example, proof-of- space such as filecoin or chia that are potentially vulnerable to long-range attacks (e.g., some forms of stake-bleeding) unlike proof-of-work cryptocurrencies. a full proof-of-stake system may be bootstrapped through win- kle. clients indicate on-chain whether they want to act as validators. at each block, some of them are selected that represent the most stake in the system. their stake at this point is locked, and they act as validators to produce a block. once the stake has shifted significantly, or after some number of blocks, they are rotated and a new set is selected. stake is released once the last checkpoint they facilitated is confirmed by a fraction q of the stake as per winkle. conclusions proof-of-stake systems based on validators are a promising way to scale up blockchain, but are based on fundamentally different security assumptions to proof-of-work. they are susceptible to validators eventually becoming compromised, and to a long-range attack. winkle provides a decentralized approach for clients to de- termine and validate checkpoints, that rests only on the short term honesty of validators, and the longer term honesty of a more nu- merous set of all the stake holders. we show that using delegation, and assuming usage similar to bitcoin or ethereum, winkle check- points with a delay of hours or a few days. thus validators need only to keep their signature keys safe for this short window of time, assuming validators frequently rotate the keys. a stake locking mechanism incentivizing validators to stay honest can unlock stake after a confirmed checkpoint giving tolerable delays. finally, winkle as presented, has a key shortcoming: we assume that an honest account votes for the latest checkpoint. however, this creates a boundary race condition between blocks; it represents a challenge for cold wallets; and it makes transactions in mempools invalid between blocks. we took a pragmatic approach and assumed those issues are alleviated by blocks representing periods that are relatively long — in the order of a day or more. however, a key open research question relates to relaxing this condition, while preserving the security and simplicity of the winkle scheme. acknowledgements. the authors would like to thank ben mau- rer (facebook novi) for suggesting naming the system after the popular story of rip van winkle. in contemporary times he would have fallen asleep and missed the cryptocurrency boom, and upon waking up would have to do a full chain validation, subject to long range attacks, to catch up with the world. the authors would also like to thank kostas chalkias for useful comments on the idea behind the project. sarah azouvi worked on winkle while being a research intern with facebook novi (previously calibra). references [ ] s. azouvi, p. mccorry, and s. meiklejohn. betting on blockchain consensus with fantomette. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . [ ] sarah azouvi and alexander hicks. sok: tools for game theoretic models of security for cryptocurrencies. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . https://filecoin.io/ https://www.chia.net/ [ ] c. badertscher, p. gaži, a. kiayias, a. russell, and v. zikas. ouroboros genesis: composable proof-of-stake blockchains with dynamic availability. in acm ccs, . [ ] george bissias and brian n levine. bobtail: improved blockchain security with low-variance mining. in isoc ndss, . [ ] bitcoin pools. https://www.blockchain.com/pools. accessed: - - . [ ] l. brünjes, a. kiayias, e. koutsoupias, and a. stouka. reward sharing schemes for stake pools. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . [ ] e. buchman. tendermint: byzantine fault tolerance in the age of blockchains. phd thesis, . [ ] v. buterin. slasher: a punitive proof-of-stake algorithm. ethereum blog url: https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / / slasher-a-punitive-proof-of-stake-algorithm/, . [ ] v. buterin and v. griffith. casper the friendly finality gadget. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . [ ] p. daian, r. pass, and e. shi. snow white: robustly reconfigurable consensus and applications to provably secure proof of stake. in international conference on financial cryptography and data security. springer, . [ ] evangelos deirmentzoglou, georgios papakyriakopoulos, and constantinos pat- sakis. a survey on long-range attacks for proof of stake protocols. ieee access, : – , . [ ] tuyet duong, alexander chepurnoy, lei fan, and hong-sheng zhou. twinscoin: a cryptocurrency via proof-of-work and proof-of-stake. in proceedings of the nd acm workshop on blockchains, cryptocurrencies, and contracts, pages – , . [ ] tuyet duong, lei fan, and hong-sheng zhou. -hop blockchain: combining proof-of-work and proof-of-stake securely. cryptology eprint archive, report / , . [ ] eos.io technical white paper v . https://github.com/eosio/documentation/blob/ master/technicalwhitepaper.md. [ ] replay attack protection: include blocklimit and blockhash in each transaction. https://github.com/ethereum/eips/issues/ . [ ] bryan ford and rainer böhme. rationality is self-defeating in permissionless systems. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . [ ] p. gaži, a. kiayias, and a. russell. stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains. in crypto valley conference on blockchain technology (cvcbt). ieee, . [ ] yossi gilad, rotem hemo, silvio micali, georgios vlachos, and nickolai zeldovich. algorand: scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. in proceedings of the th symposium on operating systems principles, pages – , . [ ] google bigquery. https://console.cloud.google.com/bigquery. [ ] g. gueta, i. abraham, s. grossman, d. malkhi, b. pinkas, m. reiter, d. seredinschi, o. tamir, and a. tomescu. sbft: a scalable and decentralized trust infrastructure. in th annual ieee/ifip international conference on dependable systems and networks (dsn). ieee, . [ ] d. imbs and m. raynal. simple and efficient reliable broadcast in the presence of byzantine processes. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . [ ] dimitris karakostas and aggelos kiayias. securing proof-of-work ledgers via checkpointing. cryptology eprint archive, report / , . https://eprint. iacr.org/ / . [ ] patrik keller and rainer böhme. hotpow: finality from proof-of-work quorums. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . [ ] a. kiayias, a. russell, b. david, and r. oliynykov. ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. in crypto’ . springer, . [ ] s. king and s. nadal. ppcoin: peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake. https://www.peercoin.net/whitepapers/peercoin-paper.pdf, . [ ] w. li, s. andreina, j. bohli, and g. karame. securing proof-of-stake blockchain protocols. in data privacy management, cryptocurrencies and blockchain tech- nology. springer, . [ ] b. magri, c. matt, j. nielsen, and d. tschudi. afgjort–a semi-synchronous finality layer for blockchains. . [ ] sarah meiklejohn, marjori pomarole, grant jordan, kirill levchenko, damon mc- coy, geoffrey m voelker, and stefan savage. a fistful of bitcoins: characterizing payments among men with no names. in proceedings of the conference on internet measurement conference, pages – , . [ ] c. miguel and l. barbara. practical byzantine fault tolerance. in osdi, . [ ] satoshi nakamoto. bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https: //bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf, . [ ] s. popov. the tangle. https://iota.org/iota_whitepaper.pdf. [ ] a. singh, t. ngan, p. druschel, and d. s. wallach. eclipse attacks on overlay networks: threats and defenses. in ieee infocom’ , . [ ] the librabft team. state machine replication in the libra blockchain. https: //developers.libra.org/, . [ ] g. wood. ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger eip- revision. http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf, . [ ] m. yin, d. malkhi, m. k reiter, g. g. golan, and a. ittai. hotstuff: bft consensus in the lens of blockchain. arxiv preprint arxiv: . , . [ ] v. zamfir. introducing casper “the friendly ghost”. ethereum blog url: https: //blog.ethereum.org/ / / /introducing-casper-friendly-ghost, . https://filecoin.io/ https://www.chia.net/ https://www.blockchain.com/pools https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /slasher-a-punitive-proof-of-stake-algorithm/ https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /slasher-a-punitive-proof-of-stake-algorithm/ https://github.com/eosio/documentation/blob/master/technicalwhitepaper.md https://github.com/eosio/documentation/blob/master/technicalwhitepaper.md https://github.com/ethereum/eips/issues/ https://console.cloud.google.com/bigquery https://eprint.iacr.org/ / https://eprint.iacr.org/ / https://www.peercoin.net/whitepapers/peercoin-paper.pdf https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf https://iota.org/iota_whitepaper.pdf https://developers.libra.org/ https://developers.libra.org/ http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /introducing-casper-friendly-ghost https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /introducing-casper-friendly-ghost 	abstract 	 introduction 	 background and research question 	 the winkle mechanism 	 . basic winkle scheme 	 . delegation 	 . minting and stake bleeding attacks 	 . key rotation and account healing 	 security assumptions 	 security definition and argument 	 evaluation of checkpointing delay 	 related work 	 discussion 	 conclusions 	references github - mjordan/islandora_workbench: a command-line tool for managing content in an islandora repository skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} mjordan / islandora_workbench 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork a command-line tool for managing content in an islandora repository unlicense license stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights main switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit   git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .github     docs/images     input_data     scripts     tests     .gitignore     license     readme.md     add_media.yml     autogen_content.yml     create.yml     create_from_files.yml     delete.yml     delete_media.yml     entity_post_task.yml     google_spreadsheet.yml     setup.py     update.yml     workbench     workbench_fields.py     workbench_utils.py     view code islandora workbench features documentation post-merge hook script current maintainer contributing contributing to documentation license readme.md islandora workbench a command-line tool that allows creation, updating, and deletion of islandora content from csv data. islandora workbench is an alternative to using drupal's built-in migrate tools for ingesting islandora content from csv files. unlike the migrate tools, islandora workbench can be run anywhere - it does not need to run on the islandora server. the migrate tools, however, are much more flexible than islandora workbench, and can be extended using plugins in ways that workbench cannot. note that this tool is not related in any way to the drupal contrib module called workbench. features 	allows creation of islandora nodes and media, updating of nodes, and deletion of nodes and media from csv files 	allows creation of paged/compound content 	can run from anywhere - it communicates with drupal via http interfaces 	provides robust data validation functionality 	supports a variety of drupal entity field types (text, integer, term reference, typed relation, geolocation) 	can provide a csv file template based on drupal content type 	can use a google sheet or an excel file instead of a local csv file as input 	allows assignment of drupal vocabulary terms using term ids, term names, or term uris 	allows creation of new taxonomy terms from csv field data 	allows the assignment of url aliases 	allows adding alt text to images 	supports transmission fixity auditing for media files 	cross platform (written in python, tested on linux, mac, and windows) 	well tested 	well documented 	provides both sensible default configuration values and rich configuation options for power users 	a companion project under development, islandora workbench desktop, will add a graphical user interface that enables users not familiar or comfortable with the command line to use workbench. documentation complete documentation is available. post-merge hook script islandora workbench requires the islandora workbench integration drupal module, and it is important to keep workbench and the integration module in sync. when you pull in updates to this git repo, the following script will check the repo's log and if it finds the word "module" in the commit message of the last three commits, it will print the message "note: make sure you are running the latest version of the islandora workbench integration module." this script will also tell you if you need to run python's setup.py script to install newly added libraries. #!/bin/sh # # git hook script that notifies you to update the islandora worbench integration # module if the last commit messsages contain the word 'module.' also notifies # you if you need to run setup.py to install newly added libraries. # # to enable this hook, place create a file in your .git/hooks directory named 'post-merge'. if git log -n --format=format:"%s" | grep -qi module; then echo "note: make sure you are running the latest version of the islandora workbench integration module." fi if git log -n --format=format:"%s" | grep -qi setup; then echo "note: you need to run 'python setup.py install' to install some newly added python libraries." fi to use this reminder, place the script above at islandora_workbench/.git/hooks/post-merge and make it executable (i.e., chmod +x post-merge). current maintainer mark jordan contributing bug reports, improvements, feature requests, and prs welcome. before you open a pull request, please open an issue. if you open a pr, please check your code with pycodestyle: pycodestyle --show-source --show-pep --ignore=e ,w --max-line-length= . also provide tests where applicable. tests in workbench fall into two categories: 	unit tests (that do not require islandora) which are all in tests/unit_tests.py and can be run with python tests/unit_tests.py 	unit tests on workbench's drupal fields handlers (these also does not require islandora) are in tests/field_tests.py and can be run with python tests/field_tests.py 	integration tests that require a live islandora instance running at http://localhost: , which are all in tests/islandora_tests.py and can be run with python tests/islandora_tests.py 	the islandora playbook is recommended way to deploy the islandora used in these tests. note that if an islandora integration test fails, nodes and taxonomy terms created by the test before it fails may not be removed from islandora. 	some integration and field tests output text that beings with "error:." this is normal, it's the text that workbench outputs when it finds something wrong (which is probably what the test is testing). successful test (whether they test for success or failure) runs will exit with "ok". if you can figure out how to suppress this output, please visit this issue. 	if you want to run the tests within a specific class in one of these files, include the class name like this: python tests/unit_tests.py testcomparestings contributing to documentation contributions to islandora workbench's documentation are welcome. if you have a suggestion for improving the documentation, please open an issue on this repository's queue and tag your issue "documentation". license about a command-line tool for managing content in an islandora repository resources readme license unlicense license releases no releases published packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 languages 	 python . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. serious money - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	serious money 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		satirical play by caryl churchill 	serious money 	 	written by	caryl churchill 	music by	ian dury 	date premiered	 	place premiered	royal court theatre london, england 	original language	english 	subject	the world of arbitrageurs, junk bonds and greenmail, white knights and corporate raiders 	genre	comedy, satire 	setting	 s, london and new york serious money is a satirical play written by caryl churchill first staged in london in . its subject is the british stock market, specifically the london international financial futures and options exchange (liffe). often considered one of churchill's finest plays along with cloud ( ) and top girls ( ), it is notable for being largely written in rhyming couplets. contents 	 plot summary 	 productions 	 awards and nominations 	 notes 	 references 	 further reading 	 external links plot summary[edit] the plot follows scilla and jake who are enjoying the pleasures and the comforts of the upper class. but the story climaxes when jake todd turns up murdered during the first few scenes due to his underground trading. scilla takes it upon herself to find her brother's killer and the money he was dealing. she later finds out that he was being investigated by the department of trade and industry. though she does not find the killer, she finds the american business woman marylou banes with whom jake was dealing. marylou banes offers her a fresh start. the story takes place around the stock market troubles in britain. aside from that a second story follows billy corman's and zac zackerman's attempt to take over the albion company from duckett. in between this takeover corman attempts to get jacinta condor and nigel ajibala [who are the foreigners with an interest in his takeover] to buy shares in his company. they support corman but decide to give their bid to duckett in the end. the plot ends with greville todd in jail, corman appointed as a lord, and scilla happily working for marylou banes. productions[edit] serious money was developed at the royal court theatre in london, directed by max stafford clark. it opened in march and was an immediate hit. after its initial engagement it transferred to wyndham's theatre in the west end, where it enjoyed an extended run. serious money was produced on broadway, opening on february , at the royale theatre. some changes were made for the broadway run, including a reference to the stock market crash of . the show closed after previews and performances. the play has fared better at american regional companies, such as the berkeley repertory theatre in california. a successful revival was given at the u.k.'s birmingham repertory theatre in . on july , serious money opened at the shaw festival in niagara-on-the-lake, on, directed by eda holmes.[ ] a run of serious money was put on by students of bristol old vic theatre school at circomedia, portland square from november until november . awards and nominations[edit] 	awards 	 laurence olivier award for best new play 	 obie awards best new american play notes[edit] 	^ "archived copy". archived from the original on - - . retrieved - - .cs maint: archived copy as title (link) references[edit] 	 gussow, mel ( february ). "the stage: serious money". new york times. retrieved - - . 	 rich, frank ( december ). "the stage: serious money". new york times. retrieved - - . further reading[edit] 	 churchill, caryl ( ). serious money: a city comedy (first ed.). london: methuen. isbn  - - - . external links[edit] 	serious money at the internet broadway database 	serious money at the internet broadway database 	serious money at the internet off-broadway database 	awards for serious money 	 		v 	t 	e laurence olivier award for best new play 	 – 	 	dear daddy ( ) 	the fire that consumes ( ) 	whose life is it anyway? ( ) 	betrayal ( ) 	the life and adventures of nicholas nickleby ( ) 	children of a lesser god ( ) 	another country ( ) 	glengarry glen ross ( ) 	benefactors ( ) 	red noses ( ) 	les liaisons dangereuses ( ) 	serious money ( ) 	our country's good ( ) 	racing demon ( / ) 	dancing at lughnasa ( ) 	death and the maiden ( ) 	six degrees of separation ( ) 	arcadia ( ) 	broken glass ( ) 	skylight ( ) 	stanley ( ) 	closer ( ) 	the weir ( ) 	goodnight children everywhere ( ) 	 –present	 	blue/orange ( ) 	jitney ( ) 	vincent in brixton ( ) 	the pillowman ( ) 	the history boys ( ) 	on the shore of the wide world ( ) 	blackbird ( ) 	a disappearing number ( ) 	black watch ( ) 	the mountaintop ( ) 	clybourne park ( ) 	collaborators ( ) 	the curious incident of the dog in the night-time ( ) 	chimerica ( ) 	king charles iii ( ) 	hangmen ( ) 	harry potter and the cursed child ( ) 	the ferryman ( ) 	the inheritance ( ) 	leopoldstadt ( ) 	 	v 	t 	e obie award for best new american play 	 	the blacks ( ) 	who'll save the plowboy? ( ) 	six characters in search of an author ( ) 	home movies ( ) 	the old glory ( ) 	the indian wants the bronx ( ) 	what the butler saw ( ) 	the basic training of pavlo hummel ( ) 	bad habits / the hot l baltimore / when you comin' back, red ryder? ( ) 	short eyes ( ) 	for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf ( ) 	sister mary ignatius explains it all for you ( ) 	fob ( ) 	cloud ( ) 	spunk ( ) 	floyd collins / love! valour! compassion! ( ) 	how i learned to drive / rent / the vagina monologues ( ) 	golden child / hedwig and the angry inch ( ) 	bug / the romance of magno rubio ( ) 	a very merry unauthorized children's scientology pageant ( ) 	ruined ( ) 	circle mirror transformation and the aliens ( ) 	the elaborate entrance of chad deity ( ) 	 miles ( ) 	detroit / grimly handsome ( ) 	appropriate / an octoroon ( ) 	hamilton ( ) 	guards at the taj ( ) 	underground railroad game / oslo ( ) 	describe the night ( ) 	what the constitution means to me ( ) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=serious_money&oldid= " 		categories: 	 plays 	english plays 	broadway plays 	plays by caryl churchill 	west end plays 	off-broadway plays 	obie award-winning plays 	laurence olivier award-winning plays hidden categories: 	cs maint: archived copy as title 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles with ibdb links 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			français 	italiano 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on december , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 github - reidmorrison/semantic_logger: semantic logger is a feature rich logging framework, and replacement for existing ruby & rails loggers. skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} reidmorrison / semantic_logger 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork semantic logger is a feature rich logging framework, and replacement for existing ruby & rails loggers. logger.rocketjob.io/ apache- . license stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 security 	 insights master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit reidmorrison validate io object can write when supplied to an appender … b c jul , validate io object can write when supplied to an appender b c git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .github     docs     lib     test     .gitignore     .rubocop.yml     changelog.md     gemfile     license.txt     readme.md     rakefile     semantic_logger.gemspec     view code semantic logger documentation upgrading to semantic logger v . logging destinations rails rocket job optional dependencies v upgrade notes install author versioning readme.md semantic logger semantic logger is a feature rich logging framework, and replacement for existing ruby & rails loggers. 	https://logger.rocketjob.io/ documentation semantic logger guide upgrading to semantic logger v . with some forking frameworks it is necessary to call reopen after the fork. with v . the workaround for ruby . crashes is no longer needed. i.e. please remove the following line if being called anywhere: semanticlogger::processor.instance.instance_variable_set(:@queue, queue.new) logging destinations logging to the following destinations are all supported "out-of-the-box": 	file 	screen 	elasticsearch. (use with kibana for dashboards and visualizations) 	graylog 	bugsnag 	newrelic 	splunk 	mongodb 	honeybadger 	sentry 	http 	tcp 	udp 	syslog 	add any existing ruby logger as another destination. 	roll-your-own semantic logger is capable of logging thousands of lines per second without slowing down the application. traditional logging systems make the application wait while the log information is being saved. semantic logger avoids this slowdown by pushing log events to an in-memory queue that is serviced by a separate thread that only handles saving log information to multiple destinations / appenders. rails when running rails, use rails_semantic_logger instead of semantic logger directly since it will automatically replace the rails default logger with semantic logger. rocket job checkout the sister project rocket job: ruby's missing batch system. fully supports semantic logger when running jobs in the background. complete support for job metrics sent via semantic logger to your favorite dashboards. optional dependencies the following gems are only required when their corresponding appenders are being used, and are therefore not automatically included by this gem: 	bugsnag appender: gem 'bugsnag' 	mongodb appender: gem 'mongo' . . or above 	newrelic appender: gem 'newrelic_rpm' 	syslog appender: gem 'syslog_protocol' . . or above 	syslog appender to a remote syslogng server over tcp or udp: gem 'net_tcp_client' 	splunk appender: gem 'splunk-sdk-ruby' 	elasticsearch appender: gem 'elasticsearch' 	kafka appender: gem 'ruby-kafka' v upgrade notes the following changes need to be made when upgrading to v : 	ruby v . / jruby v . is now the minimum runtime version. 	replace calls to logger#with_payload with semanticlogger.named_tagged. 	replace calls to logger#payload with semanticlogger.named_tags. 	mongodb appender requires mongo ruby client v or greater. 	appenders now write payload data in a seperate :payload tag instead of mixing them directly into the root elements to avoid name clashes. as a result any calls like the following: logger.debug foo: 'foo', bar: 'bar' must be replaced with the following in v : logger.debug payload: {foo: 'foo', bar: 'bar'} similarly, for measure blocks: logger.measure_info('how long is the sleep', foo: 'foo', bar: 'bar') { sleep } must be replaced with the following in v : logger.measure_info('how long is the sleep', payload: {foo: 'foo', bar: 'bar'}) { sleep } the common log call has not changed, and the payload is still logged directly: logger.debug('log this', foo: 'foo', bar: 'bar') install gem install semantic_logger to configure a stand-alone application for semantic logger: require 'semantic_logger' # set the global default log level semanticlogger.default_level = :trace # log to a file, and use the colorized formatter semanticlogger.add_appender(file_name: 'development.log', formatter: :color) if running rails, see: semantic logger rails author reid morrison contributors versioning this project uses semantic versioning. about semantic logger is a feature rich logging framework, and replacement for existing ruby & rails loggers. logger.rocketjob.io/ topics elasticsearch bugsnag splunk logging syslog rails-semantic-logger resources readme license apache- . license releases tags packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 ruby . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. vision # : opportunity | everybody's libraries 	 		 			 								 					 						everybody's libraries 					 				 				libraries for everyone, by everyone, shared with everyone, about everything 									 						 					 								 			 								skip to content 					home 	about 	about the free decimal correspondence 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					← wikipedia and the deep backfile 					 vision # : when we were very young by a. a. milne → 				 				 											 vision # : opportunity 					 					 						posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom					 					 						in just thirty days from when this post appears, a new crop of works will join the public domain. exactly what will come out of copyright will vary by country.  in europe and other places with “life+ years” copyright terms, works by authors who died in will join the public domain on january , .  in countries that still have “life+ years” terms, works by authors who died in will.  and in the united states, copyrights that were secured in that are still in force will expire. as an american, i’m especially excited about the works in that last set.  for most of the st century to date, almost nothing entered the public domain in the us, after a law extended copyright terms by years.  then last year, all copyrights still active from expired, and we finally had a public domain day here with lots of new published works that many people noted and celebrated.  and it looks like we’re going to get another big set of works from in the public domain next month. last year, i was so excited about the coming of the first substantial public domain day here in a long time that i wrote advent calendar posts every day in december, discussing works from that would (and did!) join the public domain in .  it was a lot of fun, but also a lot of work. i thought it worth the effort, though, to note such a big change in the copyright environment we’d grown accustomed to.  but i wasn’t planning to do all that work again this year. a few thing, though, have made me reconsider, at least in part.   one of them was an article i saw today about a new collection of stories by zora neale hurston being published in early , hitting a straight lick with a crooked stick.  now recognized as a major th century american writer, hurston published works in a variety of genres and forums from the s through the s.  however, she was not well known outside of african american and literary scholarship circles until the s, when alice walker wrote an article in ms. magazine in appreciation of her work, and her novel their eyes were watching god was reprinted and became a best-seller. hurston’s new collection brings back into print a number of her early short stories, which the publisher’s blurb describes as “lost” and “in forgotten periodicals and archives”.  my first thought on reading the blurb was to be annoyed about the erasure of the librarians and archivists who collected, cataloged, and preserved those publications and thereby ensured that they were not, in fact, lost or forgotten.  but then, on further reflection, i realized that for much of the general public, they might as well have been lost, since many people do not have easy access to the libraries and archives that hold them. one of hurston’s early stories, “drenched in light”, appeared in the december issue of opportunity: journal of negro life, which published a variety of articles, stories, poems, studies, and art by african americans.  the journal began in , and hathitrust opened access to its first volume on public domain day at the start of this year.  my listing for the journal also includes some later volumes of the magazine, since as it turns out, the publishers did not renew copyrights for issues prior to the s.  (most of its authors didn’t renew their contributions either, as you can see in the full set of renewals we’ve found for opportunity.)  my listings do not yet, however, include the volume.  hathitrust has a scan of it, but neither they nor anyone else has yet opened access to it, presumably because no one with a scan feels confident enough about its rights status to do so yet.  i expect it to become visible in days, when ’s remaining copyrights expire in the us and hathitrust opens its volumes from . those without access to opportunity in print might be able to read “drenched in light” before then in hurston’s previously published complete stories collection.  but they won’t be able to view the rich context in which it first appeared, from all the other writers and artists who had work published in opportunity in – even though as i noted in one of last year’s advent calendar entries, many early african-american publications, including many of hurston’s stories, did not get renewed copyrights. between now and public domain day , i’ll be posting on works published in , both the famous and the obscure, that i look forward to coming into clearer view in the new year.  some will be joining the public domain on january .  some, like the opportunity issues, are already in the public domain, but are not as widely accessible as they could be.  (though many of them can be found in my library, and perhaps in yours.)  i won’t write a post every day, but i hope to publish a fair number on a variety of works by the new year.  you’re welcome to participate, either directly, such as by suggesting works or contributing comments, or indirectly, such as by contributing further information about what’s in the public domain or soon will be.  (our copyright information for opportunity, for instance, is part of penn’s serials copyright knowledge base that you can add to.) i hope public domain day will be an annual cause for celebration in the united states and elsewhere.  i want new arrivals to the public domain to become routine, but not taken for granted, lest the public domain be frozen again as it was for far too many years.  i hope this series of posts, and other work being done by libraries, readers, and fans of the public domain worldwide, help us recognize the treasures of the public domain and bring more of them to light. share this: 	email 	print 	twitter 	facebook 	reddit 	 like this: like loading... 	related 											 							 						 													 						 							 							about john mark ockerbloom							 							i'm a digital library strategist at the university of pennsylvania, in philadelphia.							 								 									view all posts by john mark ockerbloom →								 							 						 					 						 							this entry was posted in publicdomain, serials. bookmark the permalink.													 					 				 					← wikipedia and the deep backfile 					 vision # : when we were very young by a. a. milne → 				 				 			 	 			 		 		 							 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 				 rss feed 		 	pages 				about 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 	 		recent posts 			 					public domain day : honoring a lost generation 									 	 					counting down to in the public domain 									 	 					from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 									 	 					everybody’s library questions: finding films in the public domain 									 	 					build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights 									 		 	recent comments 					 							jason on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							norma bruce on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							brent reid on counting down to in the public domain						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on counting down to in the public domain						 				 	archives 				january 	december 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	july 	june 	january 	december 	october 	june 	january 	december 	september 	january 	october 	september 	july 	may 	january 	january 	june 	january 	october 	august 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	july 	may 	january 	october 	september 	june 	may 	april 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 			 	access for all 		open access news 	copyrights and wrongs 		copyfight 	copyright & fair use 	freedom to tinker 	lawrence lessig 	general library-related news and comment 		lisnews 	teleread 	interesting folks 		jessamyn west 	john scalzi 	jonathan rochkind 	k. g. schneider 	karen coyle 	lawrence lessig 	leslie johnston 	library loon 	lorcan dempsey 	paul courant 	peter brantley 	walt crawford 	metadata and friends 		planet cataloging 	shiny tech 		boing boing 	o’reilly radar 	planet code lib 	tales from the repository 		repositoryman 	writing and publishing 		if:book 	making light 	publishing frontier 		 	 	 		 			 				 					everybody's libraries				 							 			 								blog at wordpress.com. 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 open data day - google groups groups conversations all groups and messages send feedback to google help 	 account 	 search 	 maps 	 youtube 	 play 	 news 	 gmail 	 meet 	 chat 	 contacts 	 drive 	 calendar 	 translate 	 photos 	 duo 	 chrome 	 shopping 	 finance 	 docs 	 sheets 	 slides 	 books 	 blogger 	 hangouts 	 keep 	 jamboard 	 earth 	 collections 	 arts and culture 	 google ads 	 podcasts 	 stadia 	 travel 	 forms more from google sign in groups open data day conversations about privacy •Â terms open data day – of   hi there! really excited you could join this mailing list! people here are helping organize open data day events in their local cities - please feel free to ask for help, ideas and suggestions from your peers located around the world. dave   mark all as read report abusive group selected   james hamiltonjul promoting some keynote events/lectures during open data day hello this week we published a blog post inviting organisations and individuals from around the world unread,promoting some keynote events/lectures during open data day hello this week we published a blog post inviting organisations and individuals from around the world jul  james hamilton jun what we learned about open data day hello everyone i created a googledoc here with the list of ideas from the blogpost. please feel free unread,what we learned about open data day hello everyone i created a googledoc here with the list of ideas from the blogpost. please feel free jun  james hamilton, … david eaves jun farewell stephen, many thanks huge thank you to stephen - am so grateful for all the work you put into making open data the success unread,farewell stephen, many thanks huge thank you to stephen - am so grateful for all the work you put into making open data the success jun  stephen abbott pugh, … nbani friday jun open data day on saturday th march? hi kate, thanks so much for your mail however lekeh development foundation ledef nigeria is unread,open data day on saturday th march? hi kate, thanks so much for your mail however lekeh development foundation ledef nigeria is jun  stephen abbott pughmay survey: tell us what you think of open data day thank you for taking part in open data day and coming together to celebrate open data wherever unread,survey: tell us what you think of open data day thank you for taking part in open data day and coming together to celebrate open data wherever may  stephen abbott pugh, contenidos eduna apr open data day - it's a wrap! thanks stephen for everything. greetings to the work team. att. mónica el viernes, de abril de unread,open data day - it's a wrap! thanks stephen for everything. greetings to the work team. att. mónica el viernes, de abril de apr  stephen abbott pughapr take part in eu open data days - apply by st may dear all, open knowledge foundation is happy to announce that we have partnered with the publications unread,take part in eu open data days - apply by st may dear all, open knowledge foundation is happy to announce that we have partnered with the publications apr  thiago ferauche, stephen abbott pugh mar results of open data day - santos/sp-brazil thanks for sharing the results of your open data day event, thiago. it was great to see so many unread,results of open data day - santos/sp-brazil thanks for sharing the results of your open data day event, thiago. it was great to see so many mar  paromita basakmar invitation to boil's "bangladesh open data day celebration " dear everyone, greetings from bangladesh open innovation lab(boil)! hope you are doing well. i am unread,invitation to boil's "bangladesh open data day celebration " dear everyone, greetings from bangladesh open innovation lab(boil)! hope you are doing well. i am mar  stephen abbott pugh, … nbani friday feb new open data day events listings and search dear colleagues, thanks so much for your email. i'm just a young lady with passion to defend and unread,new open data day events listings and search dear colleagues, thanks so much for your email. i'm just a young lady with passion to defend and feb  stephen abbott pughfeb enter the open data day photo and video competition hi everyone, every year, hundreds of open data day events take place to celebrate open data in unread,enter the open data day photo and video competition hi everyone, every year, hundreds of open data day events take place to celebrate open data in feb  stephen abbott pughfeb meet the organisations receiving open data day mini-grants the open knowledge foundation is happy to announce the list of organisations from all over the world unread,meet the organisations receiving open data day mini-grants the open knowledge foundation is happy to announce the list of organisations from all over the world feb  sadik shahadufeb help me raise funds for art + feminism on my birthday ( february ) dear colleagues, apologies for crossposting. this year for my birthday (february ), i would unread,help me raise funds for art + feminism on my birthday ( february ) dear colleagues, apologies for crossposting. this year for my birthday (february ), i would feb  stephen abbott pugh, … oksana izakova feb announcing a new partner for open data day mini-grants hello everybody! cool news at the beginning of the working week, we are already in the process of unread,announcing a new partner for open data day mini-grants hello everybody! cool news at the beginning of the working week, we are already in the process of feb  stephen abbott pugh, moses kwereba gathua jan how to run your open data day event online in hello. i intend to have an open data day that will bring a small number of participants together in a unread,how to run your open data day event online in hello. i intend to have an open data day that will bring a small number of participants together in a jan  stephen abbott pughjan launching the open data day mini-grant scheme. apply by pm gmt on friday th february hi everyone, i am thrilled to announce that once again the open knowledge foundation is giving out unread,launching the open data day mini-grant scheme. apply by pm gmt on friday th february hi everyone, i am thrilled to announce that once again the open knowledge foundation is giving out jan  sadik shahadu / / deadline to submit a session proposal for mozfest is fast-approaching! hello, *apologies for cross-posting* the deadline to submit a session proposal for mozfest is unread,deadline to submit a session proposal for mozfest is fast-approaching! hello, *apologies for cross-posting* the deadline to submit a session proposal for mozfest is / /  james hamilton / / thank you for your feedback about open data day. here’s what we learned. hello many thanks to those who replied to our survey on open data day. we really appreciate you unread,thank you for your feedback about open data day. here’s what we learned. hello many thanks to those who replied to our survey on open data day. we really appreciate you / /  james hamilton / / survey - tell us how you think we can better support open data day greetings everyone. while stephen is away, i'm helping out with open data day . today okf unread,survey - tell us how you think we can better support open data day greetings everyone. while stephen is away, i'm helping out with open data day . today okf / /  stephen abbott pugh / / open data day will take place on saturday th march dear open data day members, following consultation with the community here, i am pleased to announce unread,open data day will take place on saturday th march dear open data day members, following consultation with the community here, i am pleased to announce / /  thiago ferauche, … stephen abbott pugh / / open data day ? dear all, thanks to everyone for confirming that saturday th march looks like a great date for open unread,open data day ? dear all, thanks to everyone for confirming that saturday th march looks like a great date for open / /  paulina wilner, ralf janser / / guess an android for outlook would be a bit more helpfull besides, this post is spam, plz stop this unread, guess an android for outlook would be a bit more helpfull besides, this post is spam, plz stop this / /  stephen abbott pugh, … khumbo bangala chirembo / / open data day : it’s a wrap! hello, we remain grateful for the grants we received from the open knowledge foundation which enabled unread,open data day : it’s a wrap! hello, we remain grateful for the grants we received from the open knowledge foundation which enabled / /  markos / / crises hídricas e o coronavírus - o que fazer? participe do "encontro das Ã�guas" e conheça mais sobre o tema "Ã�gua". informações unread,crises hídricas e o coronavírus - o que fazer? participe do "encontro das Ã�guas" e conheça mais sobre o tema "Ã�gua". informações / /  steven clift / / coronavirus tech facebook group coronavirus tech facebook group for all of those in civic tech land hoping to share tech across unread,coronavirus tech facebook group coronavirus tech facebook group for all of those in civic tech land hoping to share tech across / /  benjamin akinmoyeje, stephen abbott pugh / / windhoek opendataday was not on the map after registering the event twice. thank you, stephen. i appreciate your support and timely assistance. kind regards, benjamin on sun, unread,windhoek opendataday was not on the map after registering the event twice. thank you, stephen. i appreciate your support and timely assistance. kind regards, benjamin on sun, / /  michael polidori / / open data day - datahub.io hi, i'm michael, i work at datopian with rufus pollock and others. we're really happy to unread,open data day - datahub.io hi, i'm michael, i work at datopian with rufus pollock and others. we're really happy to / /  stephen abbott pugh / / celebrating the tenth open data day on saturday th march (blogpost from okfn ceo) hi everyone, as things gear up for the tenth open data day tomorrow (saturday th march ), unread,celebrating the tenth open data day on saturday th march (blogpost from okfn ceo) hi everyone, as things gear up for the tenth open data day tomorrow (saturday th march ), / /  oksana izakova, stephen abbott pugh / / who can help with changing info about organizers at map? dear, stephen many thanks! you're the best for such promptness:)😊 oksana izakova | project unread,who can help with changing info about organizers at map? dear, stephen many thanks! you're the best for such promptness:)😊 oksana izakova | project / /  chenda kun / / open data day in #cambodia hello friends and network, i would like to share you the information about open data day in cambodia unread,open data day in #cambodia hello friends and network, i would like to share you the information about open data day in cambodia / /    search clear search close search google apps main menu none stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains peter gaži iohk email: peter.gazi@iohk.io aggelos kiayias university of edinburgh & iohk email: aggelos.kiayias@ed.ac.uk alexander russell university of connecticut email: acr@cse.uconn.edu abstract—we describe a general attack on proof-of-stake (pos) blockchains without checkpointing. our attack leverages transaction fees, the ability to treat transactions “out of context,” and the standard longest chain rule to completely dominate a blockchain. the attack grows in power with the number of honest transactions and the stake held by the adversary, and can be launched by an adversary controlling any constant fraction of the stake. with the present statistical profile of blockchain protocols, the attack can be launched given a few years of prior blockchain operation; hence it is within the realm of feasibility for pos pro- tocols. most importantly, it demonstrates how closely transaction fees and rewards are coupled with the security properties of pos protocols. more broadly, our attack must be reflected and countered in any future pos design that avoids checkpointing, as well as any effort to remove checkpointing from existing protocols. we describe several mechanisms for protecting against the attack that include context-sensitivity of transactions and chain density statistics. i. introduction proof-of-stake (pos) blockchain protocols were envisioned as a solution to the immense energy demands of miner nodes in proof-of-work (pow) based blockchain systems. pos was proposed in discussions in the bitcoin forum and adopts the principle that the right to produce a new blockchain block should be awarded to a stakeholder with probability proportional to their current stake, as documented by the blockchain itself. conceivably, such a blockchain discipline could yield desirable ledger properties without consuming significant real-world resources: no substantial energy expenditure would have to be invested to run the protocol. such protocols would naturally replace the assumption of an honest majority of hashing power with the assumption of an honest majority of stake in the system. while the potential virtues of such pos protocols are substantial, it was argued early on that the design of such schemes could be particularly challenging (see, e.g., [bgm ]) or perhaps even infeasible (see, e.g., [poe ]). one particularly critical threat in the pos setting was documented by buterin [but ] who referred to it as the problem of “long-range attacks” (also related to the concept of “costless-simulation” in, e.g., [poe ]). this refers to the ability of a minority set of stakeholders to execute the blockchain protocol starting from the genesis block (or any sufficiently old state) and produce a valid alternative history of the system. confronted with such alternative history and no other outside see e.g., the post by user quantummechanic https://bitcointalk.org/index. php?topic= . and the ensuing discussion in . information beyond the genesis block, a freshly joining node would have no ability to reliably distinguish between this alternate history and the actual history. it follows that with such an attack a minority set of stakeholders could double- spend or erase past transactions, violating the fundamental persistence property of the resulting ledger. in the same blog post [but ], however, a glimmer of hope was also provided: it was observed that the blockchains produced by such a minority set of stakeholders may have characteristics that could be used to distinguish them from the actual blockchain maintained by the honest majority. in particular, if timestamps are included in each block, it would be the case that a simple simulation of the protocol by a minority set of stakeholders would result in a blockchain that is more sparse in the time domain and, as a result, a longest chain rule at any particular moment would favor the blockchain produced by the honest parties. a number of pos protocols were proposed and implemented, e.g., the ppcoin [kn ] and nxt cryptocurrencies [com ]. recent efforts have additionally begun to rigorously analyze security in the pos setting, leading to protocols with formal guarantees such as algorand [mic ], ouroboros [krdo ], snow white [bps ], and ouroboros praos [dgkr ]. for the sake of the upcoming exposition, it will be useful to split these protocols into two classes: ) eventual-consensus protocols that apply some form of a longest-chain rule to the blockchain. in this setting the immutability of a block increases gradually with the number of blocks created on top of it. ) blockwise-ba protocols that achieve the immutability of every single block via a full execution of a byzantine agreement (ba) protocol before moving on to production of any subsequent block. of the above-listed pos protocols, algorand is a blockwise- ba protocol, while all the other protocols aim for eventual consensus. looking ahead, our investigation proves relevant for the design of eventual-consensus pos protocols; we mention algorand here for the sake of comparison. all of these protocols had to confront the problem of long- range attacks, which was eventually understood to be even more serious than originally thought. the additional complication— aptly named “posterior corruption” in [bps ]—observes that simply examining time stamps will not be sufficient for dealing with long-range attacks. in fact, an attacker can attempt to note that we include only pos protocols for which a a sufficiently detailed whitepaper exists, cf. fig. . https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic= . https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic= . corrupt the secret keys corresponding to accounts that possessed substantial stake at some past moment in the history of the system. assuming that such accounts have small (or even zero) stake at the present time, they are highly susceptible to bribery (or simple carelessness) which would expose their secret keys to an attacker. armed with such a set of (currently low-stake) keys, the attacker can mount the long-range attack and in this case the density of the resulting blockchain in the time domain could be indistinguishable from the honestly generated public blockchain. to address the posterior corruption and other long range attacks, a number of mitigating approaches have been employed (sometimes in conjunction) and can be organised into three types: (i) introduce some type of frequent checkpointing mechanism, that enables nodes to be introduced to the system by providing them a relatively recent block. (ii) employ key-evolving cryptography [fra ] that calls for users to evolve their secret keys so that past signatures cannot be forged, even when a complete exposure of their current secret state takes place. (iii) enforce strict chain density statistics, where the expected number of participating players at any step of the protocol is known; thus alternative protocol execution histories that exhibit significantly smaller participation can be immediately dismissed as adversarial. out of the above-mentioned pos schemes, all eventual- consensus protocols (i.e., nxt, ppcoin, ouroboros, snow white, and ouroboros praos) employ the first mitigation strategy and assume some form of checkpointing. ouroboros praos employs the first and the second approach (key-evolving signatures) to additionally handle adaptive corruptions, while algorand adopts the second and the third approach (strict chain density statistics) to the same end. it is worth appreciating the distinction between these methods to address posterior corruption and long range attacks. checkpointing neutralizes the problem entirely by enabling nodes to ignore alternative chains that are not consistent with the most recent checkpoint known to the node. however, this comes with a significant model restriction: for any type of checkpointing to work, nodes must either be frequently online (so they adopt a recent checkpoint block they have received from the network as active participants) or receive reliable (trusted) information when (re)introduced to the system after a long period of being offline (or when they first join). this amounts to an additional trust assumption necessary for secure operation of the system, and as such is clearly undesirable in a decentralized, permissionless setting. similarly, enforcing strict chain density statistics requires reliably estimating the number of participants at any stage of the protocol and is also model-restricting: the protocol will not be able to operate in an environment permitting an arbitrary number of parties to be invoked for execution. on the other hand, key evolving cryptography is a more algorithmic mitigation that comes with a minimal requirement on the model: nodes should merely have the ability to erase private state. algorithmic mitigations seem clearly preferable to model-restricting ones whenever available. it is important to observe that key-evolving cryptography, the only algorithmic mitigation listed above, focuses specifically on the issue of posterior corruption; in particular, it is unclear if key evolution can thwart all possible long-range attacks. thus, our work is motivated by the following question: is key-evolving cryptography sufficient to prevent all possible long-range attacks, and in this way achieve pos that does not need to rely on any model- restricting mitigations? a. our results we answer the above question in the negative by introducing a new class of long-range attacks against eventual-consensus pos protocols, called stake-bleeding attacks. stake-bleeding is an effective strategy for mounting a long-range attack that does not rely on posterior corruption; thus it cannot be prevented by key-evolving cryptographic techniques. the only requirement for the attack is that the underlying blockchain protocol allows transaction fees to be used as rewards for running the protocol, a standard feature in blockchain protocols to incentivize participation in ledger maintenance. the idea of the attack is as follows: an attacking stakeholder minority coalition launches a long-range attack that at the same time includes all transactions that have been posted in the honestly maintained public blockchain. given that the fees from the transactions will be used to reward the ones that produce the blocks in some way, a large number of the transaction fees in the private attacker blockchain will be collected by the malicious coalition (fees originating from accounts that do not exist in the private chain would have to be forfeited). assuming the blockchain system has run for a substantial period of time, it is conceivable that the accrued transaction fees will turn the attacking minority coalition into a majority that will be able to advance the private blockchain at a speed faster than the honestly maintained public blockchain. due to the costless simulation nature of the long-range attack it would be possible to mount a stake-bleeding attack from an arbitrary point in the past (assuming checkpointing is either not used or extends sufficiently back into the past) and thus the attacking coalition could rewrite the history of transactions. we prove that the theoretical bound that the attacker would have to go back in the history of the pos system to launch the attack is ≈ ( − αa)/f where αa denotes the relative stake of the minority coalition and f is the relative fees that are made available per unit of time. using the bitcoin blockchain as a basis for a feasibility evaluation, on november th, the -day average of trans- action fees per block was . btc. the btc in circulation on this same day are about . million, giving a relative fee rate of . · − . it follows that, at the current rate, a hypothetical pos blockchain with the same fee–currency profile as bitcoin would be of theoretical interest only. nevertheless, with a -fold increase in total transaction fees per unit of note that this is just for the sake of example as the bitcoin blockchain is immune to long-range attacks. the point to consider is a hypothetical pos- based blockchain that has the same statistical characteristics as the bitcoin blockchain. https://www.smartbit.com.au/charts/transaction-fees-per-block https://blockchain.info/charts/total-bitcoins attacker relative stake years of operation . . . . . . . . fig. : years of blockchain history needed to launch a stake- bleeding attack assuming a minimum relative transaction fee volume of . · − per minute (a -fold increase based on recent ( rd of november ) values drawn from the bitcoin blockchain) in a hypothetical pos blockchain. time a stake bleeding attack would be feasible, requiring less than years worth of history for a % attacker, cf. figure . in particular, this indicates that stake-bleeding attacks must be a design consideration in the general threat model for long-lived pos blockchain systems. we then consider possible mitigation strategies for stake bleeding attacks. first, one can observe that stake bleeding attacks would result in a private blockchain that initially exhibits a sparse block density in the time-domain that gradually increases. this may be atypical for honestly maintained blockchains and could be used as part of the chain selection rule. nevertheless, a different mitigation that is much simpler to implement is to introduce context in each transaction: a context-sensitive transaction is a transaction that includes the hash of the blockchain at some recent prior point. it is easy to see that such transactions cannot be transferred to an alternative blockchain that is privately maintained by a malicious set of stakeholders. we note that this mitigation has been considered before for a different purpose; see [lar ] where it was employed to prevent an attacker to transfer “coin- age-destroyed” to a secretly maintained blockchain. to conclude we illustrate a systematized presentation of long-range attacks, their requirements and the way they can be mitigated in figure . we observe that stake bleeding attacks would adversely affect all currently proposed eventual- consensus pos protocols if the checkpointing mechanism was removed. therefore, it has to be taken into account in any future effort to remove the undesirable checkpointing mechanism from these protocols, as well as when designing new eventual-consensus pos protocols that do not rely on checkpointing. introducing context-sensitivity in transactions is a simple “algorithmic” mitigation mechanism that can thus be added to the design arsenal of pos blockchain protocols in order to relax model assumptions such as negligible transaction fees or frequent checkpointing. ii. preliminaries a. the computational model the stake-bleeding attack can be launched even in a generous computational model that affords many advantages note that this does not necessarily mean that the fee per transaction need to increase; it would be sufficient for the blockchain system to process a larger number of transactions per unit of time. actually a -fold increase (from mb to mb) was among various proposals that were vigorously debated in the period - , ultimately leading to a hard fork for the bitcoin blockchain. for the original rationale behind the -fold increase see http: //gavintech.blogspot.co.uk/ / /twenty-megabytes-testing-results.html. to the blockchain protocol: • the adversary requires no control over message deliv- ery: the attack can be launched in a fully synchronous communication and computation environment, with all messages—including those generated by the adversary— delivered by reliable broadcast. • the adversary requires no dynamic corruptions: the attack can be launched by a fixed collection of adversarial parties determined at the beginning of the execution. • the adversary requires no introduction of new parties or deactivation of honest parties: the attack can be launched with a static population of fully participating parties. below, we outline a simple, strong computational model reflecting the features mentioned above. the model is obtained by suitably strengthening the framework from [krdo ], and is sufficient to support our attack. we emphasize that adopting such a strong model only broadens the applicability and strength of the attack, which can be launched in typical blockchain models that provide the adversary significantly more power [gkl ], [pss ], [bps ], [dgkr ]. a) time, slots, and synchrony: we consider a setting where time is unambiguously divided into discrete units called slots; participating parties are equipped with synchronized clocks that indicate the current slot. the model additionally permits reliable, synchronous broadcast: each party may broad- cast, at the beginning of each time slot, a message which is then reliably delivered to all other parties by the end of the slot. b) adversarial corruption: the model involves a fixed collection of participating parties u. an adversary a in our model is associated with a fixed subset of adversarial parties. we overload the symbol a to denote the subset of adversarial parties; the set of honest parties is denoted h. honest parties are active at all times, receiving all messages sent by the other parties, and follow the protocol under consideration. the adversary is activated in each slot, and may arbitrarily direct the behavior of adversarial parties. note that messages sent by adversarial parties are subject to the broadcast constraint—they are synchronously delivered to all honest parties. c) the init functionality; initial stake and transactions; the environment: the model is associated with an (idealized) initialization functionality init. the init functionality is parameterized by an initial stake distribution. this is an assignment of nonnegative numbers to the players which we write as s = ( (u ,s ), . . . , (un,sn) ) . the functionality inits operates as follows: • prior to any computation of the parties, the functionality determines, for each party u ∈ u, a pair of public and private keys (pku,sku ). • during the protocol, the functionality responds to a message from the user u of the form key with sku , the secret key sku of the user u. • during the protocol, the functionality responds to any message of the form genesis block with the “genesis block” b consisting of the initial stake distribution and the public keys associated with the users. the model introduces a further entity: the environment z. in our setting, the environment is merely responsible for generating http://gavintech.blogspot.co.uk/ / /twenty-megabytes-testing-results.html http://gavintech.blogspot.co.uk/ / /twenty-megabytes-testing-results.html fig. : overview of long-range attacks, the associated attack requirements, possible mitigations and our results. the term “pure longest chain rule” refers to a chain selection rule that considers the length of the blockchain as the sole criterion. a mitigation is classified as algorithmic if it prevents the attack by hardening the protocol without weakening the model; it is model-restricting if it strengthens the model assumptions so as to put the attack outside of the model or to otherwise restrict the execution environment in a significant way that is incongruent with the intended operational setting of decentralised blockchain protocols such as bitcoin. note that algorand is a blockwise-ba protocol, the other depicted protocols are of the eventual-consensus type. we include all pos protocols for which a sufficiently detailed whitepaper exists (specifically, ppcoin [kn ], nxt [com ], algorand [mic ], ouroboros [krdo ], snow white [bps ], and ouroboros praos [dgkr ]). others such as casper and bitshares are not sufficiently well documented to include in the comparison.∗ ∗ specifically, the description of casper [bg ] merely provides a “finality” layer on top of a non-specified pos system; regarding bitshares [sl ], the whitepaper for distributed consensus to be found in http://docs.bitshares.org/bitshares/papers/index.html is not available (checked march th, ) transactions, which are provided as inputs to the parties. in particular, in each round of the protocol, the environment may provide each party with a collection of transactions; these have the form (u,u′,s) which calls for the transfer of s stake from party u to party u′. (for our attack, it suffices to consider an environment as simply a fixed schedule of transactions delivered to the parties. note that a typical blockchain security model would imbue the environment with significant further powers: an information channel to the adversary, adaptive choice of transactions, scheduling of message deliveries, etc.) finally, given an initialization functionality inits and an environment z, an execution of a protocol consists of the genesis block b , the secret keys of the parties, the sequence of transactions delivered to the players by the environment, and the entire sequence of messages broadcast by the players. b. blockchains, ledgers and proof-of-stake protocols a) transaction ledger properties: a blockchain is a data structure which associates with each time slot (at most) one block. individual blocks consist of a collection of transactions, in addition to protocol-specific metadata. in the context of the model described above, we assume that the genesis block b appears as a default initial block in any blockchain, associated with time . a chain also immediately induces a stake distribution, sc, given by applying the transactions in the chain to the stake distribution of the genesis block. for a blockchain c, we let cb` denote the prefix of c obtained by removing the last ` blocks. intuitively, a blockchain protocol Π permits a collection of parties to collectively maintain a common ledger. we will focus on protocols that, in fact, maintain an individual ledger for each party (at each point of time); the notion of a common ledger is guaranteed by appropriate persistence and liveness properties of the protocol Π: persistence. once a node of the system proclaims a certain transaction tx as stable, the remaining honest nodes, if queried, will either report tx in the same position in the ledger or will not report as stable any transaction in conflict to tx. here the notion of stability is a predicate that is parameterized by a security parameter k; specifically, a transaction is declared stable (by a party with chain c) if and only if it appears in cbk. liveness. if all honest nodes in the system attempt to include a certain transaction, then after the passing of time corre- sponding to u slots (called the transaction confirmation time), all nodes, if queried and responding honestly, will report the transaction as stable. intuitively speaking, a secure blockchain protocol Π guaran- tees that these properties are possessed by the ledgers (recorded in the blockchains) held by the honest parties, under appropriate constraints on the adversary a. b) chain selection rules; the longest chain rule: we focus our attention on protocols defined by a chain selection rule: each step of the protocol calls for certain players to broadcast a blockchain; players then apply a selection rule which may result in replacing their local chain with one of the broadcast chains. we focus on the “longest chain rule”: broadcast blockchains are checked for validity—a protocol- dependent property—following which the longest valid chain, including the one held by the player, is adopted. (length is simply the number of blocks; for concreteness, we assume ties are broken lexicographically.) c) proof-of-stake protocols: we focus on ledgers that are maintained via a proof-of-stake protocol Π, which confers the right to extend a chain to a party u with probability proportional to the party’s stake in (a prefix of) the chain. stake-proportional growth. the probability of a party being allowed to extend a given chain c (an event denoted as extendopportunityΠ) is proportional to the stake under control of this party according to scb` , the stake distribution induced from cb`. here ` is a protocol-specific parameter typically related to the security parameter k discussed above. we are intentionally vague about the details of the proba- bility space in the description above, as this depends on the details of the underlying proof-of-stake protocol. additionally, we ignore the issue of “persistence depth” in theorem below, simply setting ` = . accounting for this would change the conclusion by an additive ` factor. d) relative stake and honest majority: as a matter of notation, for a set of parties x and a stake distribution s, we denote by s(x) the stake held by the parties in x . at a particular moment in the execution of a blockchain protocol (often understood from the context), we let αx ∈ [ , ] denote the relative stake of the parties in x . specifically, this is the quantity sc(x)/sc(u) where c is the chain held by the honest users. (note that due to the broadcast assumption, all honest players hold the same longest valid chain in each slot.) we say that an execution of Π has an honest majority if αa < / at every step of the protocol. e) block rewards and transaction fees: most blockchain protocols involve some form of block rewards and transaction fees. to be able to make generic statements about all the considered protocols, let us introduce the following notation: feesΠ(e, i) denotes the total fees (as a fraction of total stake) of all new transactions that were created by z in the slot i of execution e. rewardsΠ(c, i) denotes the total amount of coins that were created by the protocol Π and given to the party creating the block in the blockchain c in slot i. transfersx→y(c, i) denotes the total amount transferred from parties in x to parties in y on the blockchain c in slot i. iii. the stake-bleeding attack a. attack description we first informally describe how our attack operates in the context of a generic proof-of-stake blockchain defined by a protocol Π. to simplify the presentation, we assume throughout that the attacker controls some moderate proportion of stake αa < / . the adversary a simulates the honest protocol Π and maintains a local copy of the current blockchain (denoted c) as prescribed by this protocol. additionally, it also maintains an alternative blockchain ĉ that is initially empty and is kept hidden from honest parties. the adversary checks in every time slot whether it is allowed to extend the chain c or ĉ according to the rules of the protocol Π. it skips all opportunities to extend c, hence not contributing to its growth at all. on the other hand, whenever an opportunity to extend ĉ arises, a extends ĉ with a new block, and inserts into this new block all the transactions from the honest chain ĉ that are not yet included in ĉ and are valid in the context of ĉ (or as many of them as allowed by the rules of Π). this entitles a to receive (on ĉ) any block-creation reward and any transaction fees coming from the included transactions. as the protocol progresses, with overwhelming probability both c and ĉ will be growing, with c growing more quickly. while the relative stake of a on c will possibly be decreasing due to the block-creation rewards granted to block creators in c, its relative stake on the chain ĉ will be growing both due to the block rewards and transaction fees. under some realistic assumptions on the relative sizes of the transaction fees and block rewards (that are spelled out in section iii-b), the adversarial relative stake in ĉ will eventually exceed the honest relative stake in c. from this point on, the chain ĉ grows faster (in expectation) than the chain c and eventually becomes longer. if Π uses the plain longest-chain rule that rejects blocks in the future, a can now easily violate the persistence of the ledger by publishing ĉ, which will be adopted by all honest parties following Π. moreover, if a adds a transaction to the end of ĉ just before publishing it in which it transfers enough stake to honest parties to no longer control the majority, it will not violate the “honest majority” assumption as described in section ii-b. a more concise description of the adversary that executes our attack is given in figure . the description uses a generic extendopportunityΠ(c) predicate that is true whenever a is allowed to extend a given chain c according to the rules of Π. additionally, length(c) denotes the length of the chain c from the perspective of the adversary. b. attack analysis the proof-of-stake protocol Π has to satisfy several prop- erties in order to be susceptible to the attack described in the adversary a maintains its view of the public chain c according to Π and its own, private chain ĉ; both initially empty. a follows Π with the following exceptions: • upon extendopportunityΠ(c): do nothing. • upon extendopportunityΠ(ĉ): extend ĉ with a new block containing all transactions from c that are not yet in ĉ and do not compromise the validity of ĉ according to Π. keep ĉ private. • upon length(ĉ) > length(c): transfer stake majority in ĉ to h. publish ĉ according to Π. adversary a fig. : adversary a against an eventual-consensus proof-of- stake protocol Π. section iii-a. the main requirements are: (i) no frequent checkpoints. the protocol Π must operate according to the longest-chain rule: out of all valid chains seen by the honest parties, Π prescribes them to adopt the longest one. while some deviations from this requirement are possible, Π must necessarily allow reorganizations long into the past: if a maximum depth of a reorganization is specified and small (i.e., an honest party is not allowed by Π to change its view of the main chain more than several blocks (or slots) into the past even if there was an otherwise-preferable candidate chain), then the attack is not applicable. (ii) transaction fees. the protocol Π has to involve transac- tion fees, or more broadly, any transfers of coins from transacting parties to the parties maintaining the ledger. in greater detail, the attack only succeeds if ĉ eventually grows faster than c. since the growth speed of c (resp. ĉ) is proportional to the relative stake of honest parties in c (resp. of the adversary in ĉ), we need that the latter eventually exceeds the former. observe that the relative stake of the adversary in ĉ is increased in every slot i when it creates a block by: • the reward for this block rewardsΠ(ĉ, i); • all transfers from honest to adversarial parties transfersh→a(ĉ, i); • all the fees i∑ j=i′+ feesΠ(e,j) for all slots j ≤ i that followed after the slot i′ containing the previous block in ĉ. on the other hand, the relative stake of the honest parties in c is increased in every slot when a block is created in c by rewardsΠ(c, i) (not by any feesΠ, as all fees in c are paid by honest parties); and decreased by transfersh→a(c, i). we assume transfersa→h(c, i) = transfersa→h(ĉ, i) = . (iii) context-oblivious transactions. the valid transactions produced according to Π need to be oblivious to the context in which they are to be used within the blockchain: Π must allow a to take transactions from c and use them in the different context of ĉ. (iv) validity of low-growth chains. the protocol Π has to support “sleepy majority” to make sure that the chain ĉ, which is being extended only by a minority of stakeholders (and hence exhibits small chain growth at its beginning), is still considered valid according to the rules of Π. in the following theorem, we give an estimate of the number of slots that are needed to perform our attack, as a function of the initial adversarial stake αa and the amount of fees that are created in transactions in each slot. for the sake of simplicity, we analyze the case / < αa < / even though the attack works for any constant αa > (see the remarks at the end of the section for the explicit bound). theorem . let Π be a proof-of-stake blockchain protocol with stake-proportional growth satisfying the conditions (i)- (iv) above. consider an execution of the protocol Π with the adversary a given in figure . assume that transfersh→a(c, i) = , rewardsΠ(c ′, i) = , and feesΠ(e, i) ≥ f are satisfied in execution e for both c′ ∈ {c,ĉ} and all i > . let / < αa < / denote the initial relative stake of the adversary a. let t denote the slot in which length(ĉ) > length(c) occurs. then we have e[t ] ≤ − αa f and t will be tightly concentrated around its expectation. proof: let αc ′ p [i] for p ∈ {a,h}, c ′ ∈ {c,ĉ} and i > denote the relative stake of the set of players p in chain c′ in slot i (recall that a and h denote the adversary and the honest parties, respectively). additionally, let lengthi(c ′) denote the length of the chain c′ in slot i from the perspective of the adversary. then the inequality e[lengtht (ĉ)] > e[lengtht (c)] translates (due to the stake- proportional growth assumption) to t∑ i= αĉa[i] > t∑ i= αch[i] . ( ) since rewardsΠ(c′, i) = and the fees in c are all paid (and received) by honest parties, we have αh := αch[i] = −αa for all i > and hence t∑ i= αch[i] = t( −αa) . to lower-bound the sum on the left-hand side of ( ), define t (respectively t ) to be the minimum slot that satisfies αĉa[t ] ≥ αh (respectively α ĉ a[t ] ≥ αh −αa). since the relative stake αĉa grows by at least f per slot (as a includes all we commit a slight imprecision here by neglecting that the actual stake only grows after the transactions are included in a block, however this has no noticeable impact on our argument. transactions from c into ĉ), we get αa + (t − )f ≤ −αa (and similarly for t ), which gives us t ≤ − αa f + and t ≤ − αa f + . ( ) note now that αĉa[i] can be lower-bounded by αĉa[i] ≤   αa for i < t , −αa for t ≤ i < t , − αa for i ≥ t . therefore, ( ) will be satisfied for any t that satisfies αa(t − ) + ( −αa)(t −t ) + ( − αa)(t −t + ) > ( −αa)t . ( ) using ( ) and solving for t gives us the desired bound. the concentration follows from the fact that the length of both c and ĉ at some slot i are determined by a sum of independent random variables for each slot ≤ j ≤ i. we note that we weakened the statement of theorem in several ways in order to simplify the presentation of its proof. first, we focus on / < αa < / as otherwise the event defining t would never occur. nonetheless, it is easy to see that while our attack benefits from higher (sub- %) initial adversarial stake, it can be performed also with αa < / with a slightly modified analysis. second, theorem assumes zero block rewards and transfers from h to a. however, recall that transfersh→a(c, i) are completely controlled by the environment, subject only to the restrictions described in section ii-a. (this is to capture that the security of the blockchain protocol does not rely on any particular assumption regarding the transactions that are to be stored in the ledger; rather it must operate securely for any such sequence of transactions.) hence, for any rewardsΠ(c, i), a situation where the same analysis applies can be simply achieved by setting transfersh→a(c, i) so that the honest stake ratio in c remains constant (as the adversarial stake ratio in ĉ will keep increasing). on the other hand, non-zero rewardsΠ(ĉ, i) only make the attack succeed faster. finally, observe that we are quite pessimistic in the analysis, lower-bounding the values αĉa[i] as if they were not changing except in the slots t and t . by a more careful accounting one can obtain a better bound t ≈ ( − αa)/f. c. implications for existing pos protocols we now summarize to what extent are the preconditions described in section iii-b satisfied by various pos protocols, both those coming from academic literature and real-world deployments, implying that stake-bleeding would be a consid- eration for them. we focus primarily on eventual consensus protocols, nevertheless we make a note on the applicability of our attack concept to the blockwise-ba setting. all of the eventual consensus protocols employ some form of checkpoint- ing, presumably to prevent posterior corruption attacks; this note that we include only pos protocols for which a a sufficiently detailed whitepaper exists, cf. fig. . general countermeasure prevents the stake bleeding attack (and any other long-range attack) as well in a trivial (and model- restricting) manner. interestingly, if we remove checkpointing, all of the considered eventual consensus constructions would be susceptible to our attack, as they all satisfy the conditions (ii)- (iv) from section iii-b: they admit transaction fees, their transactions are context-oblivious, and low-growth chains are considered valid. in more detail we have the following. nxt and ppcoin. the nxt protocol only allows to reorga- nize the last blocks, hence forming a so-called moving checkpoint and violating condition (i) from section iii-b. a similar checkpointing mechanism is employed in ppcoin [kn ]. snow white. the snow white protocol [bps ] also uses moving checkpoints to prevent the posterior corruption attack, and would also be susceptible to the stake bleeding attack without it. ouroboros [krdo ] uses moving checkpoints as a part of its maxvalid chain-selection rule, neutralizing long- range attacks. without checkpointing, ouroboros would be susceptible to both posterior-corruption and stake-bleeding attacks, as it does not employ key-evolving cryptography. ouroboros praos [dgkr ] uses the same maxvalid chain- selection rule as ouroboros, imposing moving checkpoints. without this countermeasure, ouroboros praos would still neutralize posterior corruption attacks thanks to its use of key-evolving signatures for signing blocks; however, it would be susceptible to our stake bleeding attack. algorand [mic ], as already discussed, is not an eventual- consensus protocol, but rather follows the blockwise-ba approach. nonetheless, one can consider the applicability of the core idea of the stake bleeding attack to algorand, aiming for creating an alternative sequence of blocks and exploiting stake bleeding to gain temporary majority of stake there. however, in the case of algorand this attack is prevented by requiring a sufficient fraction of stakeholders to certify the outcome of each ba, which can be seen as violating the requirement (iv) in section iii-b. in fact, algorand enforces a strict participation rule and hence it can always find the correct protocol execution, in a model-restricting fashion. as already indicated, the above results imply that any attempt to remove model-restricting assumptions from these protocols needs to put into play, at minimum, some counter- measure against the stake bleeding attack. we discuss these in the final section. iv. mitigations a natural way to remedy our attack is to modify the protocol Π to violate at least one of the requirements given in section iii-b. doing this for requirements (i) or (ii) would lead to the trust assumption of a checkpointing service or to another model-restricting limitation bounding the transaction fees throughout the protocol execution to insignificant amounts. we hence rather focus on two alternative, algorithmic mitigations, aiming to violate the requirements (iii) and (iv). a) minimum chain density in the time-domain: a first observation that can be used to mitigate a stake bleeding attack is that a blockchain that is produced by the attack of section iii-a has a period over which the density of the blockchain is rather sparse. we clarify the concept of density next: in all pos protocols, it is allowed that some of the parties may not be online all the time (despite the fact that they are elected to participate in the protocol). the absence of their participation is something that can be detected by observing the blockchain. for instance, in the case of ouroboros [krdo ], there will be a number of “slots” that are left empty without a corresponding block; analogous observable quantities exist in the other protocols as well. this allows the protocol to detect and weed out blockchains with this deficiency that distinguishes them from the correct blockchain produced by honest parties. we do not pursue this direction further here. b) context sensitive transactions: a fundamental feature of a stake bleeding attack is taking a transaction “out of context” so to speak, i.e., copying it from the honestly maintained blockchain to the private blockchain maintained by the attacker. a very simple and effective way to prevent this from happening is to include “context”, i.e., the hash of a recent block, into each transaction. this idea has been discussed in the pos setting at least as early as larimer’s work in [lar ] (see also [lar ]) who introduced it to ensure that an attacker’s secret chain cannot take advantage of honest parties’ transactions to increase the total “coin-age“ value of the secret-chain they maintain (as “coin-age-destroyed” was a suggested mechanism for pos that was proposed there). here we use it for a different objective: to prevent transaction fees to “bleed” to the malicious parties over a period of time in a private chain. using context sensitivity, the validity of a transaction would require the presence of that hash in the blockchain. this would only allow adversarially generated transactions to be transferable to the private blockchain, hence completely neutralizing the attack (as there would be no “bleeding” of honest stake anymore in the private blockchain). we remark that a seemingly similar mitigation has been proposed in [bps ], section . . , to resolve a different issue where an attacker attempts to fork the blockchain in order to collect transaction fees that have been issued in the last few blocks produced by the honest participants. the mitigation suggested requires the transaction to include a recent block index and is insufficient to protect against stake-bleeding. in contrast, context-sensitivity as defined in this section requires the transaction to include the hash of a recent block. v. conclusions we have presented a new class of long-range attacks, called stake-bleeding attacks, that are applicable to all investigated eventual-consensus pos protocols when operated without any model-restricting assumptions. a stake-bleeding attack would require years of blockchain history to be successful given the current statistical profile of cryptocurrencies and hence they are not of immediate concern. nevertheless, they point to an important design consideration from the cryptographic perspective. they show how it is possible to mount a long- range attack without relying on posterior corruptions, in fact without exploiting adaptivity of corruptions whatsoever. from this it is also easily inferred that key-evolving cryptography by itself is not a sufficient mitigation for long-range attacks and it is important to investigate additional algorithmic mitigations that thwart long rage attacks in trustless, permissionless environments without the resorting to checkpointing or other model-restricting assumptions. acknowledgment. aggelos kiayias was partly supported by horizon research and innovation programme, project priviledge, under grant agreement no . alexander russell was partly supported by the national science foundation under grant no. . references [bg ] vitalik buterin and virgil griffith. casper the friendly finality gadget. corr, abs/ . , . [bgm ] iddo bentov, ariel gabizon, and alex mizrahi. cryptocurrencies without proof of work. corr, abs/ . , . [bps ] iddo bentov, rafael pass, and elaine shi. snow white: provably secure proofs of stake. cryptology eprint archive, report / , . http://eprint.iacr.org/ / . [but ] vitalik buterin. long-range attacks: the serious problem with adaptive proof of work. https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / / long-range-attacks-the-serious-problem-with-adaptive-proof-of-work/, . [com ] the nxt community. nxt whitepaper. https://bravenewcoin. com/assets/whitepapers/nxtwhitepaper-v -rev .pdf, july . [dgkr ] bernardo david, peter gaži, aggelos kiayias, and alexander rus- sell. ouroboros praos: an adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake protocol. cryptology eprint archive, report / , . http://eprint.iacr.org/ / . to appear at eurocrypt . [fra ] matt franklin. a survey of key evolving cryptosystems. int. j. security and networks, ( / ), . [gkl ] juan a. garay, aggelos kiayias, and nikos leonardos. the bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications. in elisabeth oswald and marc fischlin, editors, eurocrypt , part ii, volume of lncs, pages – . springer, heidelberg, april . updated version at http://eprint.iacr.org/ / . [kn ] sunny king and scott nadal. ppcoin: peer- to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake. https://peercoin.net/assets/paper/peercoin-paper.pdf, august . [krdo ] aggelos kiayias, alexander russell, bernardo david, and ro- man oliynykov. ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. in jonathan katz and hovav shacham, editors, crypto , part i, volume of lncs, pages – . springer, heidelberg, august . [lar ] dan larimer. transactions as proof-of-stake. https://bravenewcoin. com/assets/uploads/transactionsasproofofstake .pdf, novem- ber . [lar ] dan larimer. delegated proof-of-stake consensus. https:// bitshares.org/technology/delegated-proof-of-stake-consensus/, ac- cessed . . , . [mic ] silvio micali. algorand: the efficient and democratic ledger. corr, abs/ . , . [poe ] andrew poelstra. distributed consensus from proof of stake is impossible. https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/old-pos.pdf, may . [poe ] andrew poelstra. on stake and consensus. https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/pos.pdf, march . [pss ] rafael pass, lior seeman, and abhi shelat. analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks. in jean-sébastien coron and jesper buus nielsen, editors, eurocrypt , part ii, volume of lncs, pages – . springer, heidelberg, may . [sl ] fabian schuh and daniel larimer. bitshares . : gen- eral overview. https://bravenewcoin.com/assets/whitepapers/ bitshares-general.pdf, december . http://eprint.iacr.org/ / https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /long-range-attacks-the-serious-problem-with-adaptive-proof-of-work/ https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /long-range-attacks-the-serious-problem-with-adaptive-proof-of-work/ https://bravenewcoin.com/assets/whitepapers/nxtwhitepaper-v -rev .pdf https://bravenewcoin.com/assets/whitepapers/nxtwhitepaper-v -rev .pdf http://eprint.iacr.org/ / http://eprint.iacr.org/ / https://bravenewcoin.com/assets/uploads/transactionsasproofofstake .pdf https://bravenewcoin.com/assets/uploads/transactionsasproofofstake .pdf https://bitshares.org/technology/delegated-proof-of-stake-consensus/ https://bitshares.org/technology/delegated-proof-of-stake-consensus/ https://bravenewcoin.com/assets/whitepapers/bitshares-general.pdf https://bravenewcoin.com/assets/whitepapers/bitshares-general.pdf 	introduction 	our results 	preliminaries 	the computational model 	blockchains, ledgers and proof-of-stake protocols 	the stake-bleeding attack 	attack description 	attack analysis 	implications for existing pos protocols 	mitigations 	conclusions 	references github - roidrage/lograge: an attempt to tame rails' default policy to log everything. skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} roidrage / lograge 	 notifications 	 star k 	 fork an attempt to tame rails' default policy to log everything. www.paperplanes.de/ / / /on-notifications-logsubscribers-and-bringing-sanity-to-rails-logging.html mit license k stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit benlovell release . . … eab jun , release . . eab git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time gemfiles ci: add rails . .x to build matrix jun , lib release . . jun , spec add support for action cable (# ) apr , tools fixes console for local development dec , .gitignore test with ap . and . on travis aug , .rspec centralized require spec_helper in .rspec may , .rubocop.yml bump rubocop and fix new violations dec , .travis.yml ci: jruby- . . . (# ) apr , changelog.md release . . jun , contributing.md add contribution guide feb , gemfile fix bundler warning on install jun , license.txt update license year may , readme.md add action cable section to readme (# ) may , rakefile make rake ci with rspec and rubocop pass sep , lograge.gemspec add license.txt to allow for easier gem auditing (# ) jan , view code lograge - taming rails' default request logging installation internals action cable what it doesn't do faq logging errors / exceptions handle actioncontroller::routingerror contributing license readme.md lograge - taming rails' default request logging lograge is an attempt to bring sanity to rails' noisy and unusable, unparsable and, in the context of running multiple processes and servers, unreadable default logging output. rails' default approach to log everything is great during development, it's terrible when running it in production. it pretty much renders rails logs useless to me. lograge is a work in progress. i appreciate constructive feedback and criticism. my main goal is to improve rails' logging and to show people that they don't need to stick with its defaults anymore if they don't want to. instead of trying solving the problem of having multiple lines per request by switching rails' logger for something that outputs syslog lines or adds a request token, lograge replaces rails' request logging entirely, reducing the output per request to a single line with all the important information, removing all that clutter rails likes to include and that gets mingled up so nicely when multiple processes dump their output into a single file. instead of having an unparsable amount of logging output like this: started get "/" for . . . at - - : : + processing by homecontroller#index as html rendered text template within layouts/application ( . ms) rendered layouts/_assets.html.erb ( . ms) rendered layouts/_top.html.erb ( . ms) rendered layouts/_about.html.erb ( . ms) rendered layouts/_google_analytics.html.erb ( . ms) completed ok in ms (views: . ms | activerecord: . ms) you get a single line with all the important information, like this: method=get path=/jobs/ .json format=json controller=jobscontroller action=show status= duration= . view= . db= . the second line is easy to grasp with a single glance and still includes all the relevant information as simple key-value pairs. the syntax is heavily inspired by the log output of the heroku router. it doesn't include any timestamp by default, instead it assumes you use a proper log formatter instead. installation in your gemfile gem "lograge" enable it in an initializer or the relevant environment config: # config/initializers/lograge.rb # or # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true end if you're using rails 's api-only mode and inherit from actioncontroller::api, you must define it as the controller base class which lograge will patch: # config/initializers/lograge.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.base_controller_class = 'actioncontroller::api' end if you use multiple base controller classes in your application, specify an array: # config/initializers/lograge.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.base_controller_class = ['actioncontroller::api', 'actioncontroller::base'] end you can also add a hook for own custom data # config/environments/staging.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true # custom_options can be a lambda or hash # if it's a lambda then it must return a hash config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| # capture some specific timing values you are interested in {:name => "value", :timing => some_float.round( ), :host => event.payload[:host]} end end or you can add a timestamp: rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true # add time to lograge config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| { time: time.now } end end you can also keep the original (and verbose) rails logger by following this configuration: rails.application.configure do config.lograge.keep_original_rails_log = true config.lograge.logger = activesupport::logger.new "#{rails.root}/log/lograge_#{rails.env}.log" end you can then add custom variables to the event to be used in custom_options (available via the event.payload hash, which has to be processed in custom_options method to be included in log output, see above): # app/controllers/application_controller.rb class applicationcontroller < actioncontroller::base def append_info_to_payload(payload) super payload[:host] = request.host end end alternatively, you can add a hook for accessing controller methods directly (e.g. request and current_user). this hash is merged into the log data automatically. rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| { host: controller.request.host, user_id: controller.current_user.try(:id) } end end to further clean up your logging, you can also tell lograge to skip log messages meeting given criteria. you can skip log messages generated from certain controller actions, or you can write a custom handler to skip messages based on data in the log event: # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.ignore_actions = ['homecontroller#index', 'acontroller#an_action'] config.lograge.ignore_custom = lambda do |event| # return true here if you want to ignore based on the event end end lograge supports multiple output formats. the most common is the default lograge key-value format described above. alternatively, you can also generate json logs in the json_event format used by logstash. # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.formatter = lograge::formatters::logstash.new end note: when using the logstash output, you need to add the additional gem logstash-event. you can simply add it to your gemfile like this gem "logstash-event" done. the available formatters are: lograge::formatters::lines.new lograge::formatters::cee.new lograge::formatters::graylog .new lograge::formatters::keyvalue.new # default lograge format lograge::formatters::json.new lograge::formatters::logstash.new lograge::formatters::ltsv.new lograge::formatters::raw.new # returns a ruby hash object in addition to the formatters, you can manipulate the data yourself by passing an object which responds to #call: # config/environments/production.rb rails.application.configure do config.lograge.formatter = ->(data) { "called #{data[:controller]}" } # data is a ruby hash end internals thanks to the notification system that was introduced in rails , replacing the logging is easy. lograge unhooks all subscriptions from actioncontroller::logsubscriber and actionview::logsubscriber, and hooks in its own log subscription, but only listening for two events: process_action and redirect_to (in case of standard controller logs). it makes sure that only subscriptions from those two classes are removed. if you happened to hook in your own, they'll be safe. unfortunately, when a redirect is triggered by your application's code, actioncontroller fires two events. one for the redirect itself, and another one when the request is finished. unfortunately the final event doesn't include the redirect, so lograge stores the redirect url as a thread-local attribute and refers to it in process_action. the event itself contains most of the relevant information to build up the log line, including view processing and database access times. while the logsubscribers encapsulate most logging pretty nicely, there are still two lines that show up no matter what. the first line that's output for every rails request, you know, this one: started get "/" for . . . at - - : : + and the verbose output coming from rack-cache: cache: [get /] miss both are independent of the logsubscribers, and both need to be shut up using different means. for the first one, the starting line of every rails request log, lograge replaces code in rails::rack::logger to remove that particular log line. it's not great, but it's just another unnecessary output and would still clutter the log files. maybe a future version of rails will make this log line an event as well. to remove rack-cache's output (which is only enabled if caching in rails is enabled), lograge disables verbosity for rack-cache, which is unfortunately enabled by default. there, a single line per request. beautiful. action cable starting with version . . , lograge introduced support for action cable logs. this proved to be a particular challenge since the framework code is littered with multiple (and seemingly random) logger calls in a number of internal classes. in order to deal with it, the default action cable logger was silenced. as a consequence, calling logger e.g. in user-defined connection or channel classes has no effect - rails.logger (or any other logger instance) has to be used instead. additionally, while standard controller logs rely on process_action and redirect_to instrumentations only, action cable messages are generated from multiple events: perform_action, subscribe, unsubscribe, connect, and disconnect. perform_action is the only one included in the actual action cable code and others have been added by monkey patching actioncable::channel::base and actioncable::connection::base classes. what it doesn't do lograge is opinionated, very opinionated. if the stuff below doesn't suit your needs, it may not be for you. lograge removes actionview logging, which also includes rendering times for partials. if you're into those, lograge is probably not for you. in my honest opinion, those rendering times don't belong in the log file, they should be collected in a system like new relic, librato metrics or some other metrics service that allows graphing rendering percentiles. i assume this for everything that represents a moving target. that kind of data is better off being visualized in graphs than dumped (and ignored) in a log file. lograge doesn't yet log the request parameters. this is something i'm actively contemplating, mainly because i want to find a good way to include them, a way that fits in with the general spirit of the log output generated by lograge. however, the payload does already contain the params hash, so you can easily add it in manually using custom_options: # production.rb yourapp::application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| exceptions = %w(controller action format id) { params: event.payload[:params].except(*exceptions) } end end faq logging errors / exceptions our first recommendation is that you use exception tracking services built for purpose ;) if you absolutely must log exceptions in the single-line format, you can do something similar to this example: # config/environments/production.rb yourapp::application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| { exception: event.payload[:exception], # ["exceptionclass", "the message"] exception_object: event.payload[:exception_object] # the exception instance } end end the :exception is just the basic class and message whereas the :exception_object is the actual exception instance. you can use both / either. be mindful when including this, you will probably want to cherry-pick particular attributes and almost definitely want to join the backtrace into something without newline characters. handle actioncontroller::routingerror add a get '*unmatched_route', to: 'application#route_not_found' rule to the end of your routes.rb then add a new controller action in your application_controller.rb. def route_not_found render 'error_pages/ ', status: :not_found end # contributing see the contributing.md file for further information. license mit. code extracted from travis ci. (c) mathias meyer see license.txt for details. about an attempt to tame rails' default policy to log everything. www.paperplanes.de/ / / /on-notifications-logsubscribers-and-bringing-sanity-to-rails-logging.html resources readme license mit license releases tags packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 ruby . % 	 roff . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. erambler 	 	 		 			 				erambler 					 					 					 				 				 				 				 					 						 						home 						 						about 						 						series 						 						tags 						 						talks 						 						rdm resources 						 					 				 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 					 						a blog about 						 							 							 								research communication 								& 							 								higher education 								& 							 								open culture 								& 							 								technology 								& 							 								making 								& 							 								librarianship 								& 							 								stuff 								 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						mxadm: a small cli matrix room admin tool 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [rust] [matrix] [open source] [communication] 			 			 				i’ve enjoyed learning rust (the programming language) recently, but having only really used it for solving programming puzzles i’ve been looking for an excuse to use it for something more practical. at the same time, i’ve been using and learning about matrix (the chat/messaging platform), and running some small rooms there i’ve been a bit frustrated that some pretty common admin things don’t have a good user interface in any of the available clients. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						comments are back 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [meta] [matrix] [fediverse] 			 			 				i forgot to mention it at the time, but i’ve added “normal” comments back to the site, as you’ll see below and on most other pages. in place of the disqus comments i had before i’m now using cactus comments, which is open source and self-hostable (though i’m currently not doing that). if you’ve read my previous post about matrix self-hosting, you might be interested to know that cactus uses matrix rooms for data storage and synchronisation and i can moderate and reply to comments directly from my matrix client. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						intro to the fediverse 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [fediverse] [social media] [twitter] 			 			 				wow, it turns out to be years since i wrote this beginners guide to twitter. things have moved on a loooooong way since then. far from being the interesting, disruptive technology it was back then, twitter has become part of the mainstream, the establishment. almost everyone and everything is on twitter now, which has both pros and cons. so what’s the problem? it’s now possible to follow all sorts of useful information feeds, from live updates on transport delays to your favourite sports team’s play-by-play performance to an almost infinite number of cat pictures. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						collaborations workshop : collaborative ideas & hackday 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - series: collaborations workshop tags: [technology] [conference] [ssi] [research] [disability] [equality, diversity & inclusion] 			 			 				my last post covered the more “traditional” lectures-and-panel-sessions approach of the first half of the ssi collaborations workshop. the rest of the workshop was much more interactive, consisting of a discussion session, a collaborative ideas session, and a whole-day hackathon! the discussion session on day one had us choose a topic (from a list of topics proposed leading up to the workshop) and join a breakout room for that topic with the aim of producing a “speed blog” by then end of minutes. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						collaborations workshop : talks & panel session 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - series: collaborations workshop tags: [technology] [conference] [ssi] [research] [disability] [equality, diversity & inclusion] 			 			 				i’ve just finished attending (online) the three days of this year’s ssi collaborations workshop (cw for short), and once again it’s been a brilliant experience, as well as mentally exhausting, so i thought i’d better get a summary down while it’s still fresh it my mind. collaborations workshop is, as the name suggests, much more focused on facilitating collaborations than a typical conference, and has settled into a structure that starts off with with longer keynotes and lectures, and progressively gets more interactive culminating with a hack day on the third day. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [meta] [design] 			 			 				i’ve decided to try switching this website back to using hugo to manage the content and generate the static html pages. i’ve been on the python-based nikola for a few years now, but recently i’ve been finding it quite slow, and very confusing to understand how to do certain things. i used hugo recently for the glam data science network website and found it had come on a lot since the last time i was using it, so i thought i’d give it another go, and redesign this site to be a bit more minimal at the same time. the theme is still a work in progress so it’ll probably look a bit rough around the edges for a while, but i think i’m happy enough to publish it now. when i get round to it i might publish some more detailed thoughts on the design. 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						ideas for accessible communications 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [stuff] [accessibility] [ablism] 			 			 				the disability support network at work recently ran a survey on “accessible communications”, to develop guidance on how to make communications (especially internal staff comms) more accessible to everyone. i grabbed a copy of my submission because i thought it would be useful to share more widely, so here it is. please note that these are based on my own experiences only. i am in no way suggesting that these are the only things you would need to do to ensure your communications are fully accessible. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						matrix self-hosting 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [technology] [matrix] [communication] [self-hosting] [dweb] 			 			 				i started running my own matrix server a little while ago. matrix is something rather cool, a chat system similar to irc or slack, but open and federated. open in that the standard is available for anyone to view, but also the reference implementations of server and client are open source, along with many other clients and a couple of nascent alternative servers. federated in that, like email, it doesn’t matter what server you sign up with, you can talk to users on your own or any other server. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						what do you miss least about pre-lockdown life? 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [stuff] [reflection] [pandemic] 			 			 				@janethughes on twitter: what do you miss the least from pre-lockdown life? i absolutely do not miss wandering around the office looking for a meeting room for a confidential call or if i hadn’t managed to book a room in advance. let’s never return to that joyless frustration, hey? : am · feb , after seeing terence eden taking janet hughes' tweet from earlier this month as a writing prompt, i thought i might do the same. read more... 			 		 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 					 						remarkable blogging 				 			 		 		 			 				 date: - - tags: [technology] [writing] [gadgets] 			 			 				and the handwritten blog saga continues, as i’ve just received my new remarkable tablet, which is designed for reading, writing and nothing else. it uses a super-responsive e-ink display and writing on it with a stylus is a dream. it has a slightly rough texture with just a bit of friction that makes my writing come out a lot more legibly than on a slippery glass touchscreen. if that was all there was to it, i might not have wasted my money, but it turns out that it runs on linux and the makers have wisely decided not to lock it down but to give you full root mess. read more... 			 		 	 		 		 	 of 	next page 	 	 	 	 		 			 				 me elsewhere :: keyoxide | keybase | mastodon | matrix | twitter | github | gitlab | orcid | pypi | linkedin 				 					© 					jez cope 					| built by: hugo 					| theme: mnemosyne 				 				 					 						 							build status: 						 					 				 				 					 					 except where noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 				 			 		 	 	 pinboard (items tagged code lib) https://pinboard.in/t:code lib/ 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 delivering fast and light applications with save-data - - t : : + : https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/optimizing-content-efficiency/save-data jasonclark if ("connection" in navigator) { if (navigator.connection.savedata === true) { // implement data saving operations here. } } _todo performance code lib article energy green web green-digital-libraries javascript https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:jasonclark/b:d cbb baabf / 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 how web content can affect power usage | webkit - - t : : + : https://webkit.org/blog/ /how-web-content-can-affect-power-usage/ jasonclark performance code lib article energy green web green-digital-libraries javascript https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:jasonclark/b:e a e f/ 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 anelki.net | /home/anelki - - t : : + : https://anelki.net/ edsu <blockquote>personal reflections in challenging times.</blockquote> code lib people https://pinboard.in/u:edsu/b: e aabf b / 	 	 code lib - youtube - - t : : + : https://www.youtube.com/channel/ucnmkmdfo-ul-iabntouzh-q/videos esperr code lib conferences https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:esperr/b:cb d da/ 	 	 ( ) https://twitter.com/rudokemper/status/ /photo/ - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/rudokemper/status/ /photo/ bsscdt rt @rudokemper: floored and honored to have been invited to give a keynote for the #c l #code lib conference next monday. i can't wait to share about our work building open-source tech for communities to map oral histories, and how my journey started in the library + archive space! @code lib c l code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:bsscdt/b: a fefac / 	 	 untitled (https://d keuthy s c .cloudfront.net/static/ems/upload/files/code lib _discogs_blacklight.pdf) - - t : : + : https://d keuthy s c .cloudfront.net/static/ems/upload/files/code lib _discogs_blacklight.pdf rybesh rt @sf : really happy to share, “dynamic integration of discogs data within a blacklight catalog” from now on i’m going to ask myself, “can this talk be a poster?” #code lib code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:rybesh/b: d f f/ 	 the code lib journal – advancing arks in the historical ontology space - - t : : + : https://journal.code lib.org/articles/ geephroh code lib digitallibraries digitalpreservation data ontology identifiers digitalhumanities ark computationalarchivalscience cas archives journalarticle https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:geephroh/b: e caf / 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 the code lib journal – managing an institutional repository workflow with gitlab and a folder-based deposit system - - t : : + : https://journal.code lib.org/articles/ aarontay managing an institutional repository workflow with gitlab and a folder-based deposit system by whitney r. johnson-freeman, @vphill, and kristy k. phillips #code lib journal issue . code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:aarontay/b: dfc c cda/ 	 listserv . - code lib archives - - t : : + : https://lists.clir.org/cgi-bin/wa?a =code lib;e bc . miaridge rt @kiru: i forgot to post the call earlier: the code lib journal () is looking for volunteers to join its editorial committee. deadline: oct. #code lib code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:miaridge/b:e e fb / 	 - c l [ ] future role of libraries in researcher workflows - google slides - - t : : + : https://t.co/jcoe mvhd elibtronic research-lifecycle code lib publish scholarly-communication https://pinboard.in/u:elibtronic/b: b f a/ 	 	 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ aarontay new issue of the the #code lib journal published. some terrific looking papers, including a review of pids for heri… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:aarontay/b: b b d/ 	 ( ) https://journal.code lib.org/ - - t : : + : https://journal.code lib.org/ miaridge rt @kiru: i am very happy to announce the publication of the @code lib journal issue # : webscraping… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:miaridge/b: f c d d c/ 	 	 the code lib journal – column: we love open source software. no, you can’t have our code - - t : : + : https://journal.code lib.org/articles/ pfhyper librarians are among the strongest proponents of open source software. paradoxically, libraries are also among the least likely to actively contribute their code to open source projects. this article identifies and discusses six main reasons this dichotomy exists and offers ways to get around them. code lib library libt opensource finalproject https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:pfhyper/b: da d a b / 	 	 	 	 	 the code lib journal – barriers to initiation of open source software projects in libraries - - t : : + : https://journal.code lib.org/articles/ pfhyper libraries share a number of core values with the open source software (oss) movement, suggesting there should be a natural tendency toward library participation in oss projects. however dale askey’s code lib column entitled “we love open source software. no, you can’t have our code,” claims that while libraries are strong proponents of oss, they are unlikely to actually contribute to oss projects. he identifies, but does not empirically substantiate, six barriers that he believes contribute to this apparent inconsistency. in this study we empirically investigate not only askey’s central claim but also the six barriers he proposes. in contrast to askey’s assertion, we find that initiation of and contribution to oss projects are, in fact, common practices in libraries. however, we also find that these practices are far from ubiquitous; as askey suggests, many libraries do have opportunities to initiate oss projects, but choose not to do so. further, we find support for only four of askey’s six oss barriers. thus, our results confirm many, but not all, of askey’s assertions. code lib library libt opensource finalproject https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:pfhyper/b: f d e / 	 	 	 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink rt @kiru: the #code lib journal's issue ( / ) has been just published: . worldcat search api, go… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b:d cd f e / 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink rt @mjingle: who's excited for the next #code lib conference?! it will be in pittsburgh, pa from march - . is your org interes… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b: defc eb / 	 attempto project - - t : : + : http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/site/ blebo nlp basic cnl computationallinguistics controlledlanguage controlled_language code lib compsci english knowledgerepresentation https://pinboard.in/u:blebo/b: a b f a fd/ 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ danbri when our grandchildren ask about the great #code lib irc battle of the tisane, we will serve them both tea and coff… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:danbri/b: ce a e/ 	 code lib recap – bloggers! - - t : : + : https://saaers.wordpress.com/ / / /code lib- -recap/ geephroh code lib digitallibraries research saa archives https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:geephroh/b: afd / 	 	 	 	 	 digital technologies development librarian | nc state university libraries - - t : : + : https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/jobs/ehra/dtdl cdmorris we're hiring a digital technologies development librarian @ncsulibraries ! #job #libjobs #code lib #dlf #libtech dlf libtech code lib job libjobs https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:cdmorris/b:cf e f / 	 	 	 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink ) all the men who want to preserve the idea of a #code lib discussion space as one that's free of such topics as s… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b:d f / 	 google refine cheat sheet (code lib) - - t : : + : https://code libtoronto.github.io/ - - -access/googlerefinecheatsheets.pdf psammead openrefine code lib how-to cheatsheet https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:psammead/b:d c d / 	 	 	 	 untitled (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icblvnchpnw) - - t : : + : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icblvnchpnw cdmorris code lib southeast happening today! live stream starting at : am eastern. #code libse #code lib code libse code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:cdmorris/b:d cf c/ 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ lbjay it occurs to me the #code lib statement of support for chris bourg, , offers a better model… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:lbjay/b:d d c f/ 	 github - code lib/c l -keynote-statement: code lib community statement in support of chris bourg - - t : : + : https://github.com/code lib/c l -keynote-statement lbjay it occurs to me the #code lib statement of support for chris bourg, , offers a better model… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:lbjay/b: b ef c / 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink now that the #code lib discord is up & running, i'm contemplating leaving slack overall, with exception for plannin… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b:c d f ddd d/ 	 ( ) https://twitter.com/palcilibraries/status/ /photo/ - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/palcilibraries/status/ /photo/ cdmorris talking privacy and ra at #c l with dave lacy from @templelibraries #code lib c l code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:cdmorris/b: f c c f / 	 	 scope: an access interface for dips from archivematica - - t : : + : https://github.com/cca-public/dip-access-interface sdellis archives code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:sdellis/b: ef d c / 	 	 review, appraisal and triage of mail (ratom) - - t : : + : http://ratom.web.unc.edu/ sdellis archives code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:sdellis/b: cdd / 	 	 national web privacy forum - msu library | montana state university - - t : : + : http://www.lib.montana.edu/privacy-forum/ sdellis privacy analytics code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:sdellis/b: b db e / 	 	 	 the code lib journal - - t : : + : https://journal.code lib.org/ ratledge code lib library_technology journal journals_code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:ratledge/b: a f c b / 	 	 	 	 code lib | we are developers and technologists for libraries, museums, and archives who are dedicated to being a diverse and inclusive community, seeking to share ideas and build collaboration. - - t : : + : https://code lib.org/ ratledge code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:ratledge/b: cfc ccb / 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ verwinv ne'er had the pleasure to attend #code lib myself ... but if you're thinking about it but can't afford to go - ther… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:verwinv/b:f ceb/ 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/justindlc/status/ /photo/ librariesval rt @justindlc: pre-conference meetup at ormsby's for code lib southeast ! #code libse #code lib code lib code libse https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:librariesval/b: c ad b / 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink thanks @lydia_zv @redlibrarian and jolene (are you on twitter, i can find you?) for a great #code lib day! it was… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b: faa e bad/ 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink my slides and speakers notes from #code lib #c ln on ursula franklin's "real world of technology" (which i really… code lib c ln https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b:a ed a fc / 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink in an unfortunate timing, it appears the code lib wiki is down the first day of #code lib north - there's a cache o… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b: edcfb c/ 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ jbfink rt @kiru: just off the (word)press: the #code lib journal issue is available: . great articles writ… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b:db c bb a / 	 the code lib journal - - t : : + : http://journal.code lib.org/ jbfink rt @kiru: just off the (word)press: the #code lib journal issue is available: . great articles writ… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b: be / 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/gitwishes/status/ lbjay this is all of #code lib working on @bot lib circa . code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:lbjay/b: e b b / 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/gmcharlt/status/ danbri this is fabulous news for the cultural heritage open source world. big ups to @code lib and @clirdlf! #code lib code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:danbri/b: cbe ff f / 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ miaridge rt @achdotorg: we too co-sign the #code lib community statement in support of @mchris duke. we continue to admire an honor our col… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:miaridge/b:cf f d e / 	 code lib/c l -keynote-statement: code lib community statement in support of chris bourg - - t : : + : https://github.com/code lib/c l -keynote-statement jbfink code lib github https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b: b f bd / 	 	 code lib community statement in support of chris bourg | c l -keynote-statement - - t : : + : https://code lib.github.io/c l -keynote-statement/ wragge rt @clirdlf: we’re proud to stand with the #code lib community in support of #c l keynoter @mchris duke: code lib c l https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:wragge/b:d e b e / 	 	 matthew reidsma : auditing algorithms - - t : : + : https://matthew.reidsrow.com/talks/ malantonio <blockquote>talks about libraries, technology, and the web by matthew reidsma.</blockquote> algorithms bias search libraries technology code lib code lib- https://pinboard.in/u:malantonio/b: dd c f / 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 for the love of baby unicorns: my code lib keynote | feral librarian - - t : : + : https://chrisbourg.wordpress.com/ / / /for-the-love-of-baby-unicorns-my-code lib- -keynote/ petej code lib diversity technology libraries inclusion mansplaining https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:petej/b: d e f / 	 	 	 	 	 	 jira for archives - google slides - - t : : + : https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/ uwywg -nt qjm-j haavsoh ikzucax efbnlcy /edit#slide=id.g a ccaec_ _ malantonio see https://youtu.be/ cno sernxi?t= h m s for presentation code lib code lib- libraries work-life https://pinboard.in/u:malantonio/b: fc b e / 	 	 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/justin_littman/status/ /photo/ aarontay rt @justin_littman: peer review of my #code lib poster on "where to get twitter data for academic research." code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:aarontay/b:c c e d/ 	 availability calendar - kalorama guest house - - t : : + : https://secure.rezovation.com/reservations/availabilitycalendar.aspx?s=ut fw wid skorasaurus kalorama guest house code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:skorasaurus/b: f ea / 	 ( ) https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ docdre rt @nowviskie: icymi: #code lib registration is open! @mmsubram & @mchris duke to keynote, reception in the great hall… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:docdre/b: e f cb/ 	 ( ) https://twitter.com/freethefiles/status/ /photo/ - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/freethefiles/status/ /photo/ verwinv yay! i'm presenting at #code lib. and i can say hello to walter forsberg, @hbmcd and @cristalyze! code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:verwinv/b: bf d / 	 ( ) https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ verwinv registration for #code lib is now open! and its being held in #washingtondc where our #memorylab is - so come visit… washingtondc code lib memorylab https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:verwinv/b: bc fa c/ 	 	 	 code lib - washington, d.c. - - t : : + : http:// .code lib.org/ verwinv last day to vote #code lib program! don't forget 😓! code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:verwinv/b: efcaa db a / 	 presentation voting survey - - t : : + : https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/c l -presentations verwinv vote #code lib proposals rather than the presenters. new anonymity feature! check it: got until / code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:verwinv/b: a e b / 	 lodlam challenge winners - - t : : + : https://summit .lodlam.net/ / / /lodlam-challenge-winners/ miaridge rt @lodlam: #lodlam challenge prize winners congrats to dive+ (grand) & warsampo (open data) teams #dh #musetech #code lib dh musetech lodlam code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:miaridge/b:c bd / 	 	 	 	 jobboard - - t : : + : https://jobs.code lib.org/ lbjay some heroes don't wear capes, y'all. back online and and better than ever thanks to @ryanwick and @_cb_ #code lib code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:lbjay/b:a f f b e/ 	 digital technologies development librarian | ncsu libraries - - t : : + : https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/jobs/ehra/digital-technologies-development-librarian jbfink rt @ronallo: job opening: digital technologies development librarian @ncsulibraries #code lib #libtechwomen know someone? libtechwomen code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jbfink/b: a bff fd/ 	 	 who's using ipfs in libraries, archives and museums - communities / libraries, archives and museums - discuss.ipfs.io - - t : : + : https://discuss.ipfs.io/t/whos-using-ipfs-in-libraries-archives-and-museums/ sdellis career ipfs libraries code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:sdellis/b:df f bc b/ 	 	 	 	 scott w. h. young on twitter: "slides for my talk on participatory design with underrepresented populations. thank you, #c l :) https://t.co/rvs zdv u" - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/hei_scott/status/ brainwane refers to my code lib keynote on empathy & ux yay code lib https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:brainwane/b: c ef cde / 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ lbjay have not read the full report but based on the abstract seems useful to those involved in the #code lib incorporati… code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:lbjay/b: f f b b / 	 resistanceisfertile - google drive - - t : : + : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/ b ooqctdnhjmy wn zw htxc pmhswe code lib harlow keynote https://pinboard.in/u:pmhswe/b: c / 	 	 	 resistanceisfertile - google drive - - t : : + : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/ b ooqctdnhjmy wn zw htxc markpbaggett code lib harlow keynote https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:markpbaggett/b:cffeeb e e / 	 	 	 google drive cms - - t : : + : https://www.drivecms.xyz/ jju webdev programming tech code lib https://pinboard.in/u:jju/b:f af e a a / 	 	 	 	 	 code lib | docker presentation - google slides - - t : : + : https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/ p pr p dxikxjwe _sha-rsktax-hzquo-ffz-th /edit#slide=id.p markpbaggett code lib docker https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:markpbaggett/b:bd aec e/ 	 	 best catalog results page ever - - t : : + : https://www.dropbox.com/s/jbxe jpbdck z/deibel-c l -best-ever.pptx markpbaggett code lib accessibility presentation https://pinboard.in/ https://pinboard.in/u:markpbaggett/b: f b fea a/ 	 	 	 participatory user experience design with underrepresented populations: a model for disciplined empathy - - t : : + : http:// .code lib.org/talks/participatory-user-experience-design-with-underrepresented-populations-a-model-for-disciplined-empathy brainwane am honored & humbled to see #c l glad my talk/article was helpful! wish i were at #code lib to thank you in person c l code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:brainwane/b: bf ebd d d/ 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/i/web/status/ bsscdt why don't you join us in the #libux slack? sign yourself up: #litaux #ux #code lib… ux libux litaux code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:bsscdt/b: f bd a / 	 	 	 	 untitled (http://libux.co/slack?utm_content=buffer f &utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer) - - t : : + : http://libux.co/slack bsscdt why don't you join us in the #libux slack? sign yourself up: #litaux #ux #code lib… ux libux litaux code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:bsscdt/b: a bf / 	 	 	 	 twitter - - t : : + : https://twitter.com/jschneider/status/ /photo/ jcarletonoh ten principles for user protection: #code lib #privacy #ischoolui ischoolui privacy code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jcarletonoh/b: bf dea b/ 	 	 	 technology in hostile states: ten principles for user protection | the tor blog - - t : : + : https://blog.torproject.org/blog/technology-hostile-states-ten-principles-user-protection jcarletonoh ten principles for user protection: #code lib #privacy #ischoolui ischoolui privacy code lib https://twitter.com/ https://pinboard.in/u:jcarletonoh/b: aebf a/ 	 	 	 none none ndsa coordinating committee nominations ndsa coordinating committee nominations if you are interested in joining the coordinating committee or want to nominate another member, please complete this form with the following information by : pm edt friday, august , . ndsa is accepting nominations for three-year terms, starting in . * required nominee's name * your answer nominee's institution * your answer nominee's title your answer nominee's email * your answer nominee's website (if any) your answer brief nominee-approved bio/candidate statement (up to words) your answer additional statement/comments/nominator's name/contact info if not self your answer submit never submit passwords through google forms. this content is neither created nor endorsed by google. report abuse - terms of service - privacy policy  forms     go to hellman go to hellman if you wanna end war and stuff, you gotta sing loud! 	the ebook turns 	open access for backlist books, part ii: the all-stars 	open access for backlist books, part i: the slush pile 	creating value with open access books 	infra-infrastructure, inter-infrastructure and para-infrastructure 	we should regulate virality 	notes on work-from-home teams 	your identity, your library 	four-leaf clovers 	responding to critical reviews 	ra : technology is not the problem. 	ra doesn't address the yet-another-wayf problem. radical inclusiveness would. 	ra 's recommended technical approach is broken by emerging browser privacy features 	ra draft rp session timeout recommendation considered harmful 	ra rp does not require secure protocols. it should. 	fudge, and open access ebook download statistics 	on the surveillance techno-state 	towards impact-based oa funding 	a milestone for gitenberg 	ebook drm and blockchain play cryptokitty and mouse. and the winner is... 	my face is personally identifiable information 	the vast potential for blockchain in libraries 	the shocking truth about ra : it's made of people! 	choose privacy week: your library organization is watching you 	everything* you always wanted to know about voodoo (but were afraid to ask) none counting down to in the public domain | everybody's libraries 	 		 			 								 					 						everybody's libraries 					 				 				libraries for everyone, by everyone, shared with everyone, about everything 									 						 					 								 			 								skip to content 					home 	about 	about the free decimal correspondence 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					← from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 					public domain day : honoring a lost generation → 				 				 											counting down to in the public domain 					 					 						posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom					 					 						 we’re rapidly approaching another public domain day, the day at the start of the year when a year’s worth of creative work joins the public domain. this will be the third year in a row that the us will have a full crop of new public domain works (after a prior -year drought), and once again, i’m noting and celebrating works that will be entering the public domain shortly. approaching , i wrote a one-post-a-day advent calendar for works throughout the month of december, and approaching , i highlighted a few works, and related copyright issues, in a series of december posts called vision. this year i took to twitter, making one tweet per day featuring a different work and creator using the #publicdomaindaycountdown hashtag. tweets are shorter than blog posts, but i started days out, so by the time i finish the series at the end of december, i’ll have written short notices on more works than ever. since not everyone reads twitter, and there’s no guarantee that my tweets will always be accessible on that site, i’ll reproduce them here. (this post has been updated to include all the tweets up to , and in has been further updated to link to copies of some of the featured works.) the tweet links have been reformatted for the blog, and a few tweets have been recombined or otherwise edited. if you’d like to comment yourself on any of the works mentioned here, or suggest others i can feature, feel free to reply here or on twitter. (my account there is @jmarkockerbloom. you’ll also find some other people tweeting on the #publicdomaindaycountdown hashtag, and you’re welcome to join in as well.) september : it’s f. scott fitzgerald’s birthday. his best-known book, the great gatsby, joins the us public domain days from now, along with other works with active copyrights. #publicdomaindaycountdown (links to free online books by fitzgerald here.) september : c. k. scott-moncrieff’s birthday’s today. he translated proust’s remembrance of things past (a controversial title, as the public domain review notes). the guermantes way, his translation of proust’s rd volume, joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : today is t.s. eliot’s birthday. his poem “the hollow men” (which ends “…not with a bang but a whimper”) was first published in full in , & joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown more by & about him here. september : lady cynthia asquith, born today in , edited a number of anthologies that have long been read by children and fans of fantasy and supernatural fiction. her first major collection, the flying carpet, joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : as @marketplace reported tonight, agatha christie’s mysteries remain popular after years. in days, her novel the secret of chimneys will join the us public domain, as will the expanded us poirot investigates collection. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : homer hockett’s and arthur schlesinger, sr.’s political and social history of the united states first came out in , and was an influential college textbook for years thereafter. the first edition joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : inez haynes gillmore irwin died years ago this month, after a varied, prolific writing career. this blog post looks at of her books, including gertrude haviland’s divorce, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : for some, spooky stories and themes aren’t just for october, but for the whole year. we’ll be welcoming a new year’s worth of weird tales to the public domain in months. see what’s coming, and what’s already free online, here. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : misinformation and quackery has been a threat to public health for a long time. in weeks, the book the patent medicine and the public health, by american quack-fighter arthur j. cramp joins the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : sophie treadwell, born this day in , was a feminist, modernist playwright with several plays produced on broadway, but many of her works are now hard to find. her play “many mansions” joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s edward stratemeyer’s birthday. books of his syndicate joining the public domain in days include the debuts of don sturdy & the blythe girls, & further adventures of tom swift, ruth fielding, baseball joe, betty gordon, the bobbsey twins, & more. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : russell wilder was a pioneering diabetes doctor, testing newly invented insulin treatments that saved many patients’ lives. his book diabetes: its cause and its treatment with insulin joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : queer british catholic author radclyffe hall is best known for the well of loneliness. hall’s earlier novel a saturday life is lighter, though it has some similar themes in subtext. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : edgar allan poe’s stories have long been public domain, but some work unpublished when he died (on this day in ) stayed in © much longer. in days, the valentine museum’s book of his previously unpublished letters finally goes public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : in , the nobel prize in literature went to george bernard shaw. in days, his table-talk, published that year, will join the public domain in the us, and all his solo works published in his lifetime will be public domain nearly everywhere else. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : author and editor edward bok was born this day in . in twice thirty ( ), he follows up his pulitzer-winning memoir the americanization of edward bok with a set of essays from the perspective of his s. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : in the silent comedy “the freshman”, harold lloyd goes to tate university, “a large football stadium with a college attached”, and goes from tackling dummy to unlikely football hero. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s françois mauriac’s birthday. his le desert de l’amour, a novel that won the grand prix of the académie française, joins the us public domain in days. published translations may stay copyrighted, but americans will be free to make new ones. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : pulitzer-winning legal scholar charles warren’s congress, the constitution, and the supreme court ( ) analyzes controversies, some still argued, over relations between the us legislature and the us judiciary. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : science publishing in was largely a boys’ club, but some areas were more open to women authors, such as nursing & science education. i look forward to maude muse’s textbook of psychology for nurses going public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown #adalovelaceday october : happy birthday to poet e. e. cummings, born this day in . (while some of his poetry is lowercase he usually still capitalized his name when writing it out) his collection xli poems joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s pg wodehouse’s birthday. in days more of his humorous stories join the us public domain, including sam in the suburbs. it originally ran as a serial in the saturday evening post in . all that year’s issues also join the public domain then. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : playwright and nobel laureate eugene o’neill was born today in . his “desire under the elms” entered the us public domain this year; in days, his plays “marco’s millions” and “the great god brown” will join it. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : not everything makes it to the end of the long road to the us public domain. in days, the copyright for the film man and maid (based on a book by elinor glyn) expires, but no known copies survive. maybe someone will find one? #publicdomaindaycountdown october : corra harris became famous for her novel a circuit rider’s wife and her world war i reporting. the work she considered her best, though, was as a woman thinks. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : edna st. vincent millay died years ago today. all her published work joins the public domain in days in many places outside the us. here, magazine work like “sonnet to gath” (in sep vanity fair) will join, but renewed post-’ work stays in ©. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : all songs eventually reach the public domain. authors can put them there themselves, like tom lehrer just did for his lyrics. but other humorous songs arrive by the slow route, like tilzer, terker, & heagney’s “pardon me (while i laugh)” will in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : sherwood anderson’s winesburg, ohio wasn’t a best-seller when it came out, but his dark laughter was. since joycean works fell out of fashion, that book’s been largely forgotten, but may get new attention when it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : artist nc wyeth was born this day in . the brandywine museum near philadelphia shows many of his works. his illustrated edition of francis parkman’s book the oregon trail joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : today (especially at : , on / ) many chemists celebrate #moleday. in days, they’ll also get to celebrate historically important chemistry publications joining the us public domain, including all issues of justus liebigs annalen der chemie. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : while some early alfred hitchcock films were in the us public domain for a while due to formality issues, the gatt accords restored their copyrights. his directorial debut, the pleasure garden, rejoins the public domain (this time for good) in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (addendum: there may still be one more year of copyright to this film as of ; see the comments to this post for details.) october : albert barnes took a different approach to art than most of his contemporaries. the first edition of the art in painting, where he explains his theories and shows examples from his collection, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : prolific writer carolyn wells had a long-running series of mystery novels featuring fleming stone. here’s a blog post by the passing tramp on one of them, the daughter of the house, which will join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : theodore roosevelt was born today in , and died over years ago, but some of his works are still copyrighted. in days, volumes of his correspondence with henry cabot lodge, written from - and published in , join the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : american composer and conductor howard hanson was born on this day in . his choral piece “lament for beowulf” joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : “skitter cat” was a white persian cat who had adventures in several children’s books by eleanor youmans, illustrated by ruth bennett. the first of the books joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown #nationalcatday october : “secret service smith” was a detective created by canadian author r. t. m. maitland. his first magazine appearance was in ; his first original full-length novel, the black magician, joins the public domain in weeks. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : poet john keats was born this day in . amy lowell’s -volume biography links his romantic poetry with her imagist poetry. ( review.) she finished and published it just before she died. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “not just for an hour, not for just a day, not for just a year, but always.” irving berlin gave the rights to this song to his bride in . both are gone now, and in months it will join the public domain for all of us, always. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : mikhail fokine’s the dying swan dance, set to music by camille saint-saëns, premiered in , but its choreography wasn’t published until , the same year a film of it was released. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (choreography copyright is weird. not only does the term not start until publication, which can be long after st performance, but what’s copyrightable has also changed. before it had to qualify as dramatic; now it doesn’t, but it has to be more than a short step sequence.) november : herbert hoover was the only sitting president to be voted out of office between & . before taking office, he wrote the foreword to carolyn crane’s everyman’s house, part of a homeowners’ campaign he co-led. it goes out of copyright in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “the golden cocoon” is a silent melodrama featuring an election, jilted lovers, and extortion. the ruth cross novel it’s based on went public domain this year. the film will join it there in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : investigative journalist ida tarbell was born today in . her history of standard oil helped break up that trust in , but her life of elbert h. gary wrote more admiringly of his chairmanship of us steel. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : harold ross was born on this day in . he was the first editor of the new yorker, which he established in coöperation with his wife, jane grant. after ninety-five years, the magazine’s first issues are set to join the public domain in fifty-six days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “sweet georgia brown” by ben bernie & maceo pinkard (lyrics by kenneth casey) is a jazz standard, the theme tune of the harlem globetrotters, and a song often played in celebration. one thing we can celebrate in days is it joining the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : today i hiked on the appalachian trail. it was completed in , but parts are much older. walter collins o’kane’s trails and summits of the white mountains, published in when the at was more idea than reality, goes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in sinclair lewis’ arrowsmith, a brilliant medical researcher deals with personal and ethical issues as he tries to find a cure for a deadly epidemic. the novel has stayed relevant well past its publication, and joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : john marquand was born today in . he’s known for his spy stories and satires, but an early novel, the black cargo, features a sailor curious about a mysterious payload on a ship he’s been hired onto. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : the first world war, whose armistice was years ago today, cast a long shadow. among the many literary works looking back to it is ford madox ford’s novel no more parades, part of his “parade’s end” tetralogy. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : anne parrish was born on this day in . in , the dream coach, co-written with her brother, got a newbery honor , and her novel the perennial bachelor was a best-seller. the latter book joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in “the curse of the golden cross”, g. k. chesterton’s father brown once again finds a natural explanation to what seem to be preternatural symbols & events. as of today, friday the th, the story is exactly weeks away from the us public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : the pop standard “yes sir, that’s my baby” was the baby of walter donaldson (music) and gus kahn (lyrics). it’s been performed by many artists since its composition, and in days, this baby steps out into the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : marianne moore, born on this day in , had a long literary career, including editing the influential modernist magazine the dial from on. in days, all issues of that magazine will be fully in the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : george s. kaufman, born today in , wrote or directed a play in every broadway season from till . in days, several of his plays join the public domain, including his still-performed comedy “the butter and egg man”. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : shen of the sea was a newbery-winning collection of stories presented as “chinese” folktales, but written by american author arthur bowie chrisman. praised when first published, seen more as appropriation later, it’ll be appropriable itself in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : jacques maritain was a french catholic philosopher who influenced the universal declaration of human rights. his book on reformers (luther, descartes, and rousseau) joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : prevailing views of history change a lot over years. the pulitzer history prize went to a book titled “the war for southern independence”. the last volume of edward channing’s history of the united states, it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : alfred north whitehead’s science and the modern world includes a nuanced discussion of science and religion differing notably from many of his contemporaries’. (a recent review of it.) it joins the us public domain in weeks. november : algonquin round table member robert benchley tried reporting, practical writing, & reviews, but soon found that humorous essays & stories were his forte. one early collection, pluck and luck, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : i’ve often heard people coming across a piano sit down & pick out hoagy carmichael’s “heart and soul”. he also had other hits, one being “washboard blues“. his original piano instrumental version becomes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : harpo marx, the marx brothers mime, was born today in . in his oldest surviving film, “too many kisses” he does “speak”, but silently (like everyone else in it), without his brothers. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in the man nobody knows, bruce barton likened the world of jesus to the world of business. did he bring scriptural insight to management, or subordinate christianity to capitalism? it’ll be easier to say, & show, after it goes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : before virgil thomson (born today in ) was well-known as a composer, he wrote a music column for vanity fair. his first columns, and the rest of vanity fair for , join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “each moment that we’re apart / you’re never out of my heart / i’d rather be lonely and wait for you only / oh how i miss you tonight” those staying safe by staying apart this holiday might appreciate this song, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (the song, “oh, how i miss you tonight” is by benny davis, joe burke, and mark fisher, was published in , and performed and recorded by many musicians since then, some of whom are mentioned in this wikipedia article.) november : feminist author katharine anthony, born today in , was best known for her biographies. her biography of catherine the great, which drew extensively on the empress’s private memoirs, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : tonight in “barn dance” (soon renamed “grand ole opry”) debuted in nashville. most country music on it & similar shows then were old favorites, but there were new hits too, like “the death of floyd collins”, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (the song, with words by andrew jenkins and music by john carson, was in the line of other disaster ballads that were popular in the s. this particular disaster had occurred earlier in the year, and became the subject of song, story, drama, and film.) november : as many folks get ready for christmas, many christmas-themed works are also almost ready to join the public domain in days. one is the holly hedge, and other christmas stories by temple bailey. more on the book & author. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in john maynard keynes published the economic consequences of sterling parity objecting to winston churchill returning the uk to the gold standard. that policy ended in ; the book’s us copyright lasted longer, but will finally end in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : du bose heyward’s novel porgy has a distinguished legacy of adaptations, including a broadway play, and gershwin’s opera “porgy and bess”. when the book joins the public domain a month from now, further adaptation possibilities are limitless. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in dorothy black’s romance — the loveliest thing a young englishwoman “inherits a small sum of money, buys a motor car and goes off in search of adventure and romance”. first serialized in ladies’ home journal, it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : joseph conrad was born on this day in , and died in , leaving unfinished his napoleonic novel suspense. but it was still far enough along to get serialized in magazines and published as a book in , and it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : ernest hemingway’s first us-published story collection in our time introduced his distinctive style to an american audience that came to view his books as classics of th century fiction: it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : libertarian author rose wilder lane helped bring her mother’s “little house” fictionalized memoirs into print. before that, she published biographical fiction based on the life of jack london, called he was a man. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : indiana naturalist and author gene stratton-porter died on this day in . her final novel, the keeper of the bees, was published the following year, and joins the public domain in days. one review. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : willa cather was born today in . her novel the professor’s house depicts s cultural dislocation from a different angle than f. scott fitzgerald’s better-known great gatsby. it too joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : the last symphony published by finnish composer jean sibelius (born on this day in ) is described in the grove dictionary as his “most remarkable compositional achievement”. it joins the public domain in the us in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : when the habsburg empire falls, what comes next for the people & powers of vienna? the novel old wine, by phyllis bottome (wife of the local british intelligence head) depicts a society undergoing rapid change. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lewis browne was “a world traveler, author, rabbi, former rabbi, lecturer, socialist and friend of the literary elite”. his first book, stranger than fiction: a short history of the jews, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in , john scopes was convicted for teaching evolution in tennessee. books explaining the science to lay audiences were popular that year, including henshaw ward’s evolution for john doe. it becomes public domain in weeks. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : philadelphia artist jean leon gerome ferris was best known for his “pageant of a nation” paintings. three of them, “the birth of pennsylvania”, “gettysburg, ”, and “the mayflower compact”, join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : the queen of cooks, and some kings was a memoir of london hotelier rosa lewis, as told to mary lawton. her life story was the basis for the bbc and pbs series “the duchess of duke street”. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : today we’re celebrating new films being added to the national film registry. in days, we can also celebrate more registry films joining the public domain. one is the clash of the wolves, starring rin tin tin. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : etsu inagaki sugimoto, daughter of a high-ranking japanese official, moved to the us in an arranged marriage after her family fell on hard times. her memoir, a daughter of the samurai, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : on the trail of negro folk-songs compiled by dorothy scarborough assisted by ola lee gulledge, has over songs. scarborough’s next of kin (not gulledge, or any of their sources) renewed its copyright in . but in days, it’ll be free for all. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : virginia woolf’s writings have been slowly entering the public domain in the us. we’ve had the first part of her mrs. dalloway for a while. the complete novel, and her first common reader essay collection, join it in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lovers in quarantine with harrison ford sounds like a movie made for , but it’s actually a silent comedy (with a different harrison ford). it’ll be ready to go out into the public domain after a -day quarantine. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : ma rainey wrote, sang, and recorded many blues songs in a multi-decade career. two of her songs becoming public domain in days are “shave ’em dry” (written with william jackson) & “army camp harmony blues” (with hooks tilford). #publicdomaindaycountdown december : for years we’ve celebrated the works of prize-winning novelist edith wharton as her stories join the public domain. in days, the writing of fiction, her book on how she writes her memorable tales, will join that company. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : albert payson terhune, born today in , raised and wrote about dogs he kept at what’s now a public park in new jersey. his book about wolf, who died heroically and is buried there, will also be in the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in the s it seemed buster keaton could do anything involving movies. go west, a feature film that he co-wrote, directed, co-produced, and starred in, is still enjoyed today, and it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in days, not only will theodore dreiser’s massive novel an american tragedy be in the public domain, but so will a lot of the raw material that went into it. much of it is in @upennlib‘s special collections. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : johnny gruelle, born today in , created the raggedy ann doll, and a series of books sold with it that went under many christmas trees. two of them, raggedy ann’s alphabet book and raggedy ann’s wishing pebble, join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : written in hebrew by joseph klausner, translated into english by anglican priest herbert danby, jesus of nazareth reviewed jesus’s life and teachings from a jewish perspective. it made a stir when published in , & joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : “it’s a travesty that this wonderful, hilarious, insightful book lives under the inconceivably large shadow cast by the great gatsby.” a review of anita loos’s gentlemen prefer blondes, also joining the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : “on revisiting manhattan transfer, i came away with an appreciation not just for the breadth of its ambition, but also for the genius of its representation.” a review of the john dos passos novel becoming public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : all too often legal systems and bureaucracies can be described as “kafkaesque”. the kafka work most known for that sense of arbitrariness and doom is der prozess (the trial), reviewed here. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : chocolate kiddies, an african american music and dance revue that toured europe in , featured songs by duke ellington and jo trent including “jig walk”, “jim dandy”, and “with you”. they join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lon chaney starred in of the top-grossing movies of . the phantom of the opera has long been in the public domain due to copyright nonrenewal. the unholy three, which was renewed, joins it in the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (if you’re wondering why some of the other big film hits of haven’t been in this countdown, in many cases it’s also because their copyrights weren’t renewed. or they weren’t actually copyrighted in .) december : “…you might as well live.” dorothy parker published “resumé” in , and ultimately outlived most of her algonquin round table-mates. this poem, and her other writing for periodicals, will be in the public domain tomorrow. #publicdomaindaycountdown share this: 	email 	print 	twitter 	facebook 	reddit 	 like this: like loading... 	related 											 							 						 													 						 							 							about john mark ockerbloom							 							i'm a digital library strategist at the university of pennsylvania, in philadelphia.							 								 									view all posts by john mark ockerbloom →								 							 						 					 						 							this entry was posted in copyright, publicdomain. bookmark the permalink.													 					 				 					← from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 					public domain day : honoring a lost generation → 				 				 			 			 			 responses to counting down to in the public domain			 				 		 			 								brent reid says:			 				 				 			 				january , at : am			 			a great, useful list but it’s one year premature regarding alfred hitchcock’s the pleasure garden: https://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/alfred-hitchcock-collectors-guide-the-pleasure-garden- 			 				reply			 		 					 		 			 								john mark ockerbloom says:			 				 				 			 				january , at : pm			 			thanks for your comment! determining the date of restored copyrights like this one can be tricky, since there’s often no registration that unambiguously gives a date for the start of the copyright term. if i recall correctly, my basis for assuming a start date (and therefore a end date) was a release of the film in germany stated at places like imdb. the article linked above disputes this release date, with the author citing a lack of contemporary evidence of general public release (either in germany or elsewhere) prior to . if the film’s us copyright term does start in , as that would suggest, the film would indeed have one more year of copyright, and enter the public domain in . folks wanting to use this film before then should check the facts carefully before assuming its public domain, and i’ll add a note to my post warning about this. thanks again! 			 				reply			 		 					 		 			 								brent reid says:			 				 				 			 				january , at : pm			 			you’re welcome but you can’t be expected to know every exact release or publication date, though it does highlight the danger of assuming they match the date of filming or completion. also as per the article, it’s perhaps worth providing a little context as to what “public domain” actually entails, i.e. which copies can be used and which cannot. 			 							 		 				 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (required) (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name (required) 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 	 			 		 		 							 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 				 rss feed 		 	pages 				about 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 	 		recent posts 			 					public domain day : honoring a lost generation 									 	 					counting down to in the public domain 									 	 					from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 									 	 					everybody’s library questions: finding films in the public domain 									 	 					build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights 									 		 	recent comments 					 							jason on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							norma bruce on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							brent reid on counting down to in the public domain						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on counting down to in the public domain						 				 	archives 				january 	december 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	july 	june 	january 	december 	october 	june 	january 	december 	september 	january 	october 	september 	july 	may 	january 	january 	june 	january 	october 	august 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	july 	may 	january 	october 	september 	june 	may 	april 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 			 	access for all 		open access news 	copyrights and wrongs 		copyfight 	copyright & fair use 	freedom to tinker 	lawrence lessig 	general library-related news and comment 		lisnews 	teleread 	interesting folks 		jessamyn west 	john scalzi 	jonathan rochkind 	k. g. schneider 	karen coyle 	lawrence lessig 	leslie johnston 	library loon 	lorcan dempsey 	paul courant 	peter brantley 	walt crawford 	metadata and friends 		planet cataloging 	shiny tech 		boing boing 	o’reilly radar 	planet code lib 	tales from the repository 		repositoryman 	writing and publishing 		if:book 	making light 	publishing frontier 		 	 	 		 			 				 					everybody's libraries				 							 			 								blog at wordpress.com. 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 erin white – library technology, ux, the web, bikes, #rva 	 		 																 				 			 				 			erin white 		 		library technology, ux, the web, bikes, #rva 									 							 				skip to content 																	 			 		 			 	 	 	 		 						 				 	 							 				erinrwhite in libraries, richmond				 					 | 					april , 				 							 				 			talk: using light from the dumpster fire to illuminate a more just digital world 		 	 	 	 		 						 			this february i gave a lightning talk for the richmond design group. my question: what if we use the light from the dumpster fire of to see an equitable, just digital world? how can we change our thinking to build the future web we need? presentation is embedded here; text of talk is below. hi everybody, i’m erin. before i get started i want to say thank you to the rva design group organizers. this is hard work and some folks have been doing it for years. thank you to the organizers of this group for doing this work and for inviting me to speak. this talk isn’t about . this talk is about the future. but to understand the future, we gotta look back. the web in travel with me to . twenty-five years ago! i want to transport us back to the mindset of the early web. the fundamental idea of hyperlinks, which we now take for granted, really twisted everyone’s noodles. so much of the promise of the early web was that with broad access to publish in hypertext, the opportunities were limitless. technologists saw the web as an equalizing space where systems of oppression that exist in the real world wouldn’t matter, and that we’d all be equal and free from prejudice. nice idea, right? you don’t need to’ve been around since to know that’s just not the way things have gone down. pictured before you are some of the early web pioneers. notice a pattern here? these early visions of the web, including barlow’s declaration of independence of cyberspace, while inspiring and exciting, were crafted by the same types of folks who wrote the actual declaration of independence: the landed gentry, white men with privilege. their vision for the web echoed the declaration of independence’s authors’ attempts to describe the world they envisioned. and what followed was the inevitable conflict with reality. we all now hold these truths to be self-evident: 	the systems humans build reflect humans’ biases and prejudices. 	we continue to struggle to diversify the technology industry. 	knowledge is interest-driven. 	inequality exists, online and off. 	celebrating, rather than diminishing, folks’ intersecting identities is vital to human flourishing. the web we have known profit first: monetization, ads, the funnel, dark patterns can we?: innovation for innovation’s sake solutionism: code will save us visual design: aesthetics over usability lone genius: “hard” skills and rock star coders short term thinking: move fast, break stuff shipping: new features, forsaking infrastructure let’s move forward quickly through the past years or so of the web, of digital design. all of the web we know today has been shaped in some way by intersecting matrices of domination: colonialism, capitalism, white supremacy, patriarchy. (thank you, bell hooks.) the digital worlds where we spend our time – and that we build!! – exist in this way. this is not an indictment of anyone’s individual work, so please don’t take it personally. what i’m talking about here is the digital milieu where we live our lives. the funnel drives everything. folks who work in nonprofits and public entities often tie ourselves in knots to retrofit our use cases in order to use common web tools (google analytics, anyone?) in chasing innovation™ we often overlook important infrastructure work, and devalue work — like web accessibility, truly user-centered design, care work, documentation, customer support and even care for ourselves and our teams — that doesn’t drive the bottom line. we frequently write checks for our future selves to cash, knowing damn well that we’ll keep burying ourselves in technical debt. that’s some tough stuff for us to carry with us every day. the “move fast” mentality has resulted in explosive growth, but at what cost? and in creating urgency where it doesn’t need to exist, focusing on new things rather than repair, the end result is that we’re building a house of cards. and we’re exhausted. to zoom way out, this is another manifestation of late capitalism. emphasis on late. because… happened. what taught us hard times amplify existing inequalities cutting corners mortgages our future infrastructure is essential “colorblind”/color-evasive policy doesn’t cut it inclusive design is vital we have a duty to each other technology is only one piece together, we rise the past year has been awful for pretty much everybody. but what the light from this dumpster fire has illuminated is that things have actually been awful for a lot of people, for a long time. this year has shown us how perilous it is to avoid important infrastructure work and to pursue innovation over access. it’s also shown us that what is sometimes referred to as colorblindness — i use the term color-evasiveness because it is not ableist and it is more accurate — a color-evasive approach that assumes everyone’s needs are the same in fact leaves people out, especially folks who need the most support. we’ve learned that technology is a crucial tool and that it’s just one thing that keeps us connected to each other as humans. finally, we’ve learned that if we work together we can actually make shit happen, despite a world that tells us individual action is meaningless. like biscuits in a pan, when we connect, we rise together. marginalized folks have been saying this shit for years. more of us than ever see these things now. and now we can’t, and shouldn’t, unsee it. the web we can build together current state: – profit first – can we? – solutionism – aesthetics – “hard” skills – rockstar coders – short term thinking – shipping future state: – people first: security, privacy, inclusion – should we? – holistic design – accessibility – soft skills – teams – long term thinking – sustaining so let’s talk about the future. i told you this would be a talk about the future. like many of y’all i have had a very hard time this year thinking about the future at all. it’s hard to make plans. it’s hard to know what the next few weeks, months, years will look like. and who will be there to see it with us. but sometimes, when i can think clearly about something besides just making it through every day, i wonder. what does a people-first digital world look like? who’s been missing this whole time? just because we can do something, does it mean we should? will technology actually solve this problem? are we even defining the problem correctly? what does it mean to design knowing that even “able-bodied” folks are only temporarily so? and that our products need to be used, by humans, in various contexts and emotional states? (there are also false binaries here: aesthetics vs. accessibility; abled and disabled; binaries are dangerous!) how can we nourish our collaborations with each other, with our teams, with our users? and focus on the wisdom of the folks in the room rather than assigning individuals as heroes? how can we build for maintenance and repair? how do we stop writing checks our future selves to cash – with interest? some of this here, i am speaking of as a web user and a web creator. i’ve only ever worked in the public sector. when i talk with folks working in the private sector i always do some amount of translating. at the end of the day, we’re solving many of the same problems. but what can private-sector workers learn from folks who come from a public-sector organization? and, as we think about what we build online, how can we also apply that thinking to our real-life communities? what is our role in shaping the public conversation around the use of technologies? i offer a few ideas here, but don’t want them to limit your thinking. consider the public sector here’s a thread about public service. ⚖️🏛️ 💪🏼💻🇺🇸 — dana chisnell (she / her) (@danachis) february , i don’t have a ton of time left today. i wanted to talk about public service like the very excellent dana chisnell here. like i said, i’ve worked in the public sector, in higher ed, for a long time. it’s my bread and butter. it’s weird, it’s hard, it’s great. there’s a lot of work to be done, and it ain’t happening at civic hackathons or from external contractors. the call needs to come from inside the house. working in the public sector government should be – inclusive of all people – responsive to needs of the people – effective in its duties & purpose — dana chisnell (she / her) (@danachis) february , i want you to consider for a minute how many folks are working in the public sector right now, and how technical expertise — especially in-house expertise — is something that is desperately needed. pictured here are the old website and new website for the city of richmond. i have a whole ‘nother talk about that new richmond website. i foia’d the contracts for this website. there are accessibility errors on the homepage alone. it’s been in development for years and still isn’t in full production. bottom line, good government work matters, and it’s hard to find. important work is put out for the lowest bidder and often external agencies don’t get it right. what would it look like to have that expertise in-house? influencing technology policy we also desperately need lawmakers and citizens who understand technology and ask important questions about ethics and human impact of systems decisions. pictured here are some headlines as well as a contract from the city of richmond. y’all know we spent $ . million on a predictive policing system that will disproportionately harm citizens of color? and that earlier this month, city council voted to allow richmond and vcu pd’s to start sharing their data in that system? the surveillance state abides. technology facilitates. i dare say these technologies are designed to bank on the fact that lawmakers don’t know what they’re looking at. my theory is, in addition to holding deep prejudices, lawmakers are also deeply baffled by technology. the hard questions aren’t being asked, or they’re coming too late, and they’re coming from citizens who have to put themselves in harm’s way to do so. technophobia is another harmful element that’s emerged in the past decades. what would a world look like where technology is not a thing to shrug off as un-understandable, but is instead deftly co-designed to meet our needs, rather than licensed to our city for . million dollars? what if everyone knew that technology is not neutral? closing this is some of the future i can see. i hope that it’s sparked new thoughts for you. let’s envision a future together. what has the light illuminated for you? thank you! 			 				 			 			 	 		 	 				 							april , 		 				 		 				 				 		 	 	 			 				 	 						 			this car runs: love letter to a honda accord 		 	 	 	 		 			 			three years ago i sold my honda accord dx. here’s the craigslist ad love letter i wrote to it. honda accord dx – dr, automatic – this car runs. – $ (richmond, va) honda accord dx door cylinders , miles color: “eucalyptus green pearl” aka the color and year that […] 			 	 		 	 							in life, richmond |		 							april , 		 				 		 				 				 		 	 	 			 				 	 						 			podcast interview: names, binaries and trans-affirming systems on legacy code rocks! 		 	 	 	 		 			 			in february i was honored to be invited to join scott ford on his podcast legacy code rocks!. i’m embedding the audio below. view the full episode transcript — thanks to trans-owned deep south transcription services! i’ve pulled out some of the topics we discussed and heavily edited/rearranged them for clarity. names in systems legal […] 			 	 		 	 							in libraries |		 							march , 		 				 		 				 				 		 	 	 			 					 			post navigation 			 				 											← older posts 					 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 	 					categories categoriesselect category bikes conferences libraries life projects richmond 			archives 		archives 		select month april march may march march february september august january december september august may april march march february 			contact 			e-mail me follow @erinrwhite 			 	 		independent publisher empowered by wordpress	 	 none warnings in app boot · issue # · reidmorrison/rails_semantic_logger · github skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} reidmorrison / rails_semantic_logger 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights new issue have a question about this project? sign up for a free github account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. 	pick a username 	 	email address 	 	password 	 sign up for github by clicking “sign up for github”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy statement. we’ll occasionally send you account related emails. already on github? sign in to your account jump to bottom warnings in app boot # closed kadru opened this issue feb , · comments closed warnings in app boot # kadru opened this issue feb , · comments labels awaiting feedback comments copy link kadru commented feb , 	 environment 	ruby . . 	rails . . . 	semantic logger . . 	rails semantic logger . . 	puma . . config/application.rb stdout.sync = true config.rails_semantic_logger.processing = false config.rails_semantic_logger.add_file_appender = false config.rails_semantic_logger.format = :json config.semantic_logger.add_appender( io: stdout, level: config.log_level, formatter: config.rails_semantic_logger.format) config/puma.rb on_worker_boot do # re-open appenders after forking the process semanticlogger.reopen end expected behavior no warnings when is in use with rails and puma. actual behavior warnings: - - t : : . + : app[web. ]: [ ] * listening on http:// . . . : - - t : : . + : app[web. ]: [ ] ! warning: detected thread(s) started in app boot: - - t : : . + : app[web. ]: [ ] ! #<thread: x c f @/app/vendor/bundle/ruby/ . . /gems/semantic_logger- . . /lib/semantic_logger/appender/async.rb: sleep_forever> - /app/vendor/bundle/ruby/ . . /gems/semantic_logger- . . /lib/semantic_logger/appender/async.rb: :in `pop' - - t : : . + : app[web. ]: [ ] ! #<thread: x c d f @/app/vendor/bundle/ruby/ . . /gems/activerecord- . . . /lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb: sleep> - /app/vendor/bundle/ruby/ . . /gems/activerecord- . . . /lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb: :in `sleep' 	 the text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: 👍 we are unable to convert the task to an issue at this time. please try again. the issue was successfully created but we are unable to update the comment at this time. copy link owner reidmorrison commented may , 	 we run puma in single mode, so you are on your own with this one. the semantic logger thread being created is by design, without it no logging will be performed. suggest looking into what is generating that warning log message, since it is not from semantic logger. copy link owner reidmorrison commented jun , 	 i booted our application in clustered mode without any issues. below is the log output: % bin/rails s => booting rails => booting puma => rails . . . application starting in development => run `bin/rails server --help` for more startup options ... [ ] puma starting in cluster mode... [ ] * puma version: . . (ruby . . -p ) ("sweetnighter") [ ] * min threads: [ ] * max threads: [ ] * environment: development [ ] * master pid: [ ] * workers: [ ] * restarts: (✔) hot (✔) phased [ ] * listening on http:// . . . : [ ] * listening on http://[:: ]: [ ] use ctrl-c to stop [ ] - worker (pid: ) booted in . s, phase: [ ] - worker (pid: ) booted in . s, phase: - - : : . d [ :puma threadpool logger.rb: ] rack -- started -- { method: "get", path: "/", ip: " . . . " } ... as per the docs, just had to add semanticlogger.reopen to the on_worker_boot to get logging working. these are the lines i added / uncommented in config/puma.yml workers env.fetch("web_concurrency") { } before_fork do applicationrecord.connection_pool.disconnect! if defined?(activerecord) end on_worker_boot do applicationrecord.establish_connection if defined?(activerecord) # re-open appenders after forking the process semanticlogger.reopen end reidmorrison added the awaiting feedback label jun , reidmorrison closed this jun , sign up for free to join this conversation on github. already have an account? sign in to comment assignees no one assigned labels awaiting feedback projects none yet milestone no milestone linked pull requests successfully merging a pull request may close this issue. none yet participants 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. connect online: cfp for presentations and panels connect online: cfp for presentations and panels the program committee for samvera connect online invites proposals for presentations and panels to be given on monday, october th - friday, october nd, between . am and . pm us edt. presentations should be up to minutes long with an additional minutes available for questions. panels can be or minutes long and should include time for audience questions. this cfp is open until august st. * required email * your email name * your answer names of other presenters/panelists whilst it will be helpful to the program committee to know the names of any additional presenters at this stage, you can provide or change these names later. your answer is this a proposal for a presentation panel? * presentation ( minutes) panel ( minutes) panel ( minutes) title of session * your answer who is/are your target audience? * administrators developers managers (specifically repository managers) managers (more generally) metadata specialists new or potential community participants sysadmins/devops ui/ux practitioners other: required please give us a description of the session that we can use in the conference program * a few sentences - no more than words or so. your answer please indicate the date(s) you are available to present: * monday th october tuesday th october wednesday th october thursday st october friday nd october required please feel free to add any additional information you wish the program committee to take into consideration. your answer send me a copy of my responses. submit never submit passwords through google forms. recaptchaprivacyterms this form was created inside of samvera community. report abuse  forms     meta interchange – libraries, computing, metadata, and more 	skip to content 	 	 		 			 			 									meta interchange 										libraries, computing, metadata, and more 							 			 				 	 		search for 		 	 	submit 			 		 		 			 		 					 				 					primary menu 				 					about 	comment policy 	privacy policy 	 	 		search for 		 	 	submit 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 	 		 			trading for images 		 		 			posted: february 		 		 			categories: libraries, patron privacy					 		 					 	 	 		 let’s search a koha catalog for something that isn’t at all controversial: what you search for in a library catalog ought to be only between you and the library — and that, only briefly, as the library should quickly forget. of course, between “ought” and “is” lies the devil and his details. let’s poke around with chrome’s devtools: 	hit control-shift-i (on windows) 	switch to the network tab. 	hit control-r to reload the page and get a list of the http requests that the browser makes. we get something like this: there’s a lot to like here: every request was made using https rather than http, and almost all of the requests were made to the koha server. (if you can’t trust the library catalog, who can you trust? well… that doesn’t have an answer as clear as we would like, but i won’t tackle that question here.) however, the two cover images on the result’s page come from amazon: https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/p/ . .tzzzzzzz.jpg https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/p/ . .tzzzzzzz.jpg what did i trade in exchange for those two cover images? let’s click on the request on and see: :authority: images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com :method: get :path: /images/p/ . .tzzzzzzz.jpg :scheme: https accept: image/webp,image/apng,image/,/*;q= . accept-encoding: gzip, deflate, br accept-language: en-us,en;q= . cache-control: no-cache dnt: pragma: no-cache referer: https://catalog.libraryguardians.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=anarchist sec-fetch-dest: image sec-fetch-mode: no-cors sec-fetch-site: cross-site user-agent: mozilla/ . (windows nt . ; win ; x ) applewebkit/ . (khtml, like gecko) chrome/ . . . safari/ . here’s what was sent when i used firefox: host: images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com user-agent: mozilla/ . (windows nt . ; win ; x ; rv: . ) gecko/ firefox/ . accept: image/webp,/ accept-language: en-us,en;q= . accept-encoding: gzip, deflate, br connection: keep-alive referer: https://catalog.libraryguardians.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=anarchist dnt: pragma: no-cache amazon also knows what my ip address is. with that, it doesn’t take much to figure out that i am in georgia and am clearly up to no good; after all, one look at the referer header tells all. let’s switch over to using google book’s cover images: https://books.google.com/books/content?id=phzfwaeacaaj&printsec=frontcover&img= &zoom= https://books.google.com/books/content?id=wdgrjqaacaaj&printsec=frontcover&img= &zoom= this time, the request headers are in chrome: :authority: books.google.com :method: get :path: /books/content?id=phzfwaeacaaj&printsec=frontcover&img= &zoom= :scheme: https accept: image/webp,image/apng,image/,/*;q= . accept-encoding: gzip, deflate, br accept-language: en-us,en;q= . cache-control: no-cache dnt: pragma: no-cache referer: https://catalog.libraryguardians.com/ sec-fetch-dest: image sec-fetch-mode: no-cors sec-fetch-site: cross-site user-agent: mozilla/ . (windows nt . ; win ; x ) applewebkit/ . (khtml, like gecko) chrome/ . . . safari/ . x-client-data: cko yqeiilbjaqimtskbcmg yqeiqz kaqi qsobcmuuygeiz /kaqi smobcje ygei bxkaqinusobgkukygeyvrrkaq== and in firefox: host: books.google.com user-agent: mozilla/ . (windows nt . ; win ; x ; rv: . ) gecko/ firefox/ . accept: image/webp,/ accept-language: en-us,en;q= . accept-encoding: gzip, deflate, br connection: keep-alive referer: https://catalog.libraryguardians.com/ dnt: pragma: no-cache cache-control: no-cache on the one hand… the referer now contains only the base url of the catalog. i believe this is due to a difference in how koha figures out the correct image url. when using amazon for cover images, the isbn of the title is normalized and used to construct a url for an <img> tag. koha doesn’t currently set a referrer-policy, so the default of no-referrer-when-downgrade is used and the full referrer is sent. google book’s cover image urls cannot be directly constructed like that, so a bit of javascript queries a web service and gets back the image urls, and for reasons that are unclear to me at the moment, doesn’t send the full url as the referrer. (cover images from openlibrary are fetched in a similar way, but full referer header is sent.) as a side note, the x-client-data header sent by chrome to books.google.com is… concerning. there are some relatively simple things that can be done to limit leaking the full referring url to the likes of google and amazon, including 	setting the referrer-policy header via web server configuration or meta tag to something like origin or origin-when-cross-origin. 	setting referrerpolicy for <script> and <img> tags involved in fetching book jackets. this would help, but only up to a point: fetching https://books.google.com/books/content?id=wdgrjqaacaaj&printsec=frontcover&img= &zoom= still tells google that a web browser at your ip address has done something to fetch the book jacket image for the anarchist cookbook. suspicious! what to do? ultimately, if we’re going to use free third-party services to provide cover images for library catalogs, our options to do so in a way that preserves patron privacy boil down to: 	only use sources that we trust to not broadcast or misuse the information that gets sent in the course of requesting the images. the open library might qualify, but ultimately isn’t beholden to any particular library that uses its data. 	proxy image requests through the library catalog server. evergreen does this in some cases, and it wouldn’t be much work to have koha do something similar. it should be noted that coce does not help in the case of koha, as all it does is proxy image urls, meaning that it’s still the user’s web browser fetching the actual images. 	figure out a way to obtain local copies of the cover images and serve them from the library’s web server. sometimes this is necessary anyway for libraries that collect stuff that wasn’t commercially sold in the past couple decades, but otherwise this is a lot of work. 	do nothing and figure that amazon and google aren’t trawling through their logs correlate cover image retrieval with the potential reading interests. i actually have a tiny bit of sympathy to that approach — it’s not beyond the realm of possibility that cover image access logs are simply getting ignored, unlike say, direct usage data from kindle or google books — but ostriches sticking their head in the sand are not known as a good model for due diligence. non-free book jacket and added content services are also an option, of course — and at least unlike google and amazon, it’s plausible that libraries could insist on contracts (with teeth) that forbid misuse of patron information. my thanks to callan bignoli for the tweet that inspired this ramble. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 	 		 			entering 		 		 			posted: january 		 		 			categories: computing					 		 					 	 	 		 a very brief post to start the new year. i’m not inclined to make elaborate resolutions for the new year other than being very firm that i will stop writing “ ” in dates by the end of march… or maybe april. but seriously, i do want to write and engage more this year and more actively try new things. as i’m doing, right now, by trying wordpress’s new gutenberg editor. beyond that? we’ll see. a brief digression on gutenberg: i will bet a bag of coffee that the rollout of gutenberg will become a standard case study in software management course syllabi. it encapsulates so many points of conflict: open source governance and the role of commercial entities in open source communities; accessibility and the politics of serving (or not) all potential users; technical change management and the balance between backwards compatibility and keeping up to date with modern technology (or, more cynically, modern fashions in technology); and managing major changes to the conceptual model required to use a piece of software. (and an idea for a future post, either by me or anybody who wants to run with it: can the transition of wordpress’s editor from a document-based model to a block-based modal be usefully compared with the transition from aacr /isbd to rda/lrm/lod/etc.?) of course, the situation with gutenberg is evolving, so while initial analyses exist, obviously no definitive post mortems have been written. but before i let this digression run away from me… onwards to . may everybody reading this have a happy new year, or at least better one than . hecate sleeping behind me in my chair. her new year’s resolutions are pretty clear: play, sleep, and eat. also, torment her humans and her brother/uncle cats. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 	 		 			data cleanup as a force for evil 		 		 			posted: october 		 		 			categories: libraries, politics					 		 					 	 	 		a quotidian concern of anybody responsible for a database is the messy data it contains. see a record about a pedro gonzález? bah, the assumption of latin- strikes again! better correct it to gonzález. looking at his record in the first place because you’re reading his obituary? oh dear, better mark him as deceased. , people living in the bungalow at main st.? let us now ponder the wisdom of the null and the foolishness of the dummy value. library name authority control could be viewed as a grand collaborative data cleanup project without having to squint too hard. what of the morality of data cleanup? let’s assume that the data should be gathered in the first place; then as patricia hayes noted back in , there is of course an ethical expectation that efforts such as medical research will be based on clean data: data that has been carefully collected under systematic supervision. let’s consider another context: whether to engage in batch authority cleanup of a library catalog. the decision of whether it is worth the cost, like most decisions on allocating resources, has an ethical dimension: does the improvement in the usefulness of the catalog outweigh the benefits of other potential uses of the money? sometimes yes, sometimes no, and the decision often depends on local factors, but generally there’s not much examination of the ethics of the data cleanup per se. after all, if you should have the database in the first place, it should be as accurate and precise as you can manage consistent with its raison d’être. now let’s consider a particular sort of database. one full of records about people. specifically, a voter registration database.  there are many like it; after all, at its heart it’s just a slightly overgrown list of names and addresses. an overgrown list of names of addresses around which much mischief has been done in the name of accuracy. this is on my mind because the state i live in, georgia, is conducting a gubernatorial election that just about doubles as a referendum on how to properly maintain a voter registration list. on the one hand, you have brian kemp, the current georgia secretary of state, whose portfolio includes the office that maintains the statewide voter database and oversees all elections. on other hand, stacey abrams, who among other things founded the new georgia project aimed at registering tens of thousands of new voters, albeit with mixed results. is it odd for somebody to oversee the department that would certify the winner of the governor’s race? the naacp and others think so, having filed a lawsuit to try to force kemp to step down as secretary of state. moreover, kemp has a history of efforts to “clean” the voter rolls; efforts that tend to depress votes by minorities—in a state that is becoming increasingly purple.  (and consider the county i live in, gwinnett county. it is the most demographically diverse county in the southeast… and happens to have the highest rate of rejection of absentee ballots so far this year.) most recently, the journalist greg palast published a database of voters purged from georgia’s list. this database contains , names removed from the rolls in … one tenth of the list! a heck of a data cleanup project, eh? every record removal that prevents a voter from casting their ballot on election day is an injustice. every one of the , voters whose registration is left pending due to the exact match law is suffering an injustice. hopefully they won’t be put off and will vote… if they can produce id… if the local registrar discretion leans towards expanding and not collapsing the franchise. dare i say it? data cleanup is not an inherently neutral endeavor. sure, much of the time data cleanup work is just improving the accuracy of a database—but not always. if you work with data about people, be wary. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 	 		 			on being wrong, wrong, wrong 		 		 			posted: may 		 		 			categories: evergreen, libraries					 		 					 	 	 		yesterday i gave a lightning talk at the evergreen conference on being wrong. appropriately, i started out the talk on the wrong foot. i intended to give the talk today, but when i signed up for a slot, i failed to notice that the signup sheet i used was for yesterday. it was a good thing that i had decided to listen to the other lightning talks yesterday, as that way the facilitator was able to find me to tell me that i was up next. oops. when she did that, i initially asked to do it today as i had intended… but changed my mind and decided to charge ahead. lightning talks are all about serendipity, right? the talk went something like this: after mentioning my scheduling mix-up, i spoke about how i have been active in the evergreen project for almost nine years. i’ve worn a variety of project hats over that time, including those of developer, core committer, release manager, member of the evergreen oversight board, chair of the eob, and so forth. while i am of course proud of the contributions i’ve made, my history with the project also includes being wrong about many things and failing a lot. i’ve been wrong about coding issues. i’ve been responsible for regressions. i’ve had my share of brown-bag releases. i’ve misunderstood what library staff and patrons were trying to accomplish. i’ve made assumptions about the working conditions and circumstances of users that were very wrong indeed. some of my bug reports and test plans have not been particularly clear. why bring up my wrongness? prior to the talk, i had been part of a couple conversations about how some folks feel intimidated about writing bug reports or posting to the mailing lists for fear of being judged if their submission was not perfect. of course, i don’t want people to feel intimidated; the project needs bug reports and contributions from anybody who cares enough about the software to make the effort. by mentioning how i — as somebody who is unquestionably a senior contributor to the project — have been repeatedly wrong, i hoped to humanize people like me: we’re not perfect. perfection is not a requirement for gaining status in the community as a respected contributor — and that’s a good thing. i also wanted to give permission for folks to be wrong, in the hopes that doing so might help lower a barrier to participating. so much for the gist of the lightning talk. people in the audience seemed to enjoy it, and i got a couple nice comments about it, including somebody mentioning how they wished they had heard something like that as they were making their first contributions to the project. however, i would also like to expand a bit on a couple points. permission to be wrong is not something i can grant all by myself. while i can try to model good ways of providing feedback (and get better myself at it; i’ve certainly been wrong many a time about how to do so), it sometimes doesn’t take much for an interaction with a new contributor (or an experienced one!) to become unwelcoming to the point where we lose the contributor forever. this is not a theoretical concern; while i think we have gotten much better over the years, there were certainly times and circumstances where it was very rational to feel intimidated about participating in the project in certain ways for fear of getting dismissive feedback. giving ourselves permission to be wrong is a community responsibility; by doing so we can give ourselves permission to improve. however, this can’t be treated as a platitude: it takes effort and thoughtfulness both to ensure that the community is welcoming at all levels, and to ensure that permission to be wrong isn’t accorded only to people who look like me. one of the things that the conference keynote speaker crystal martin asked the community to consider was this: “lift as you climb.” i challenge senior contributors to the evergreen project — including myself — to take this to heart. i have benefited a lot by being able to be wrong; we should act to ensure that everybody else in the community can be allowed to be wrong as well. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 	 		 			fostering a habit of nondisclosure 		 		 			posted: april 		 		 			categories: libraries, patron privacy					 		 					 	 	 		it almost doesn’t need to be said that old-fashioned library checkout cards were terrible for patron privacy. want to know who had checked out a book? just take the card out of its pocket and read. it’s also a trivial observation that there’s a mini-genre of news articles and social media posts telling the tales of prodigal books, returning to their library after years or decades away, usually having gathered nothing but dust. put these two together on a slow news day? without care, you can end up not protecting a library user’s right to privacy and confidentially with respect to resources borrowed, to borrow some words from the ala code of ethics. faced with this, one’s sense of proportion may ask, “so what?” the borrower of a book returned sixty years late is quite likely dead, and if alive, not likely to suffer any social opprobrium or even sixty years of accumulated overdue fines.  even if the book in question was a copy of the anarchist cookbook, due back on tuesday, may , the fbi no doubt has lost interest in the matter. of course, an immediate objection to that attitude is that personal harm to the patron remains possible, even if not probable. sometimes the borrower wants to keep a secret to the grave. they may simply not care to be the subject of a local news story. the potential for personal harm to the borrower is of course clearer if we consider more recent loans. it’s not the job of a librarian to out somebody who wishes to remain in the closet; it remains the case that somebody who does not care to have another snoop on their reading should be entitled to read, and think, in peace. at this point, the sense of proportion that has somehow embodied itself in this post may rejoin, “you’re catastrophizing here, charlton,” and not be entirely wrong. inadvertent disclosure of patron information at the “retail” level does risk causing harm, but is not guaranteed to. after all, lots of people have no problem sharing (some) of their reading history. otherwise, librarything and goodreads would just sit there gathering tumbleweeds. i’d still bid that sense of proportion to shuffle off with this: it’s mostly not the librarians bearing the risk of harm. however, there’s a larger point: libraries nowadays run much higher risks of violating patron privacy at the “wholesale” level than they used to. remember those old checkout cards? back in the day, an outsider trying to get a borrower’s complete reading history might have to turn out every book in the library to do so. today, it can be much easier: find a way in, and you can have everything (including driver’s license numbers, addressees, and, if the patrons are really ill-served by their library, ssns). that brings me to my point: we should care about nondisclosure (and better yet, non-collection of data we don’t need) at the retail level to help bolster a habit of caring about it at the wholesale level. imagine a library where people at every level can feel free to point out and correct patron privacy violations — and know that they should. where the social media manager — whose degree may not be an mls — redacts patron names and/or asks for permission every time.  where, and more to my point, the director and the head of it make technology choices that protect patron privacy — because they are in the habit of thinking about patron privacy in the first place. this is why it’s worth it to sweat the small disclosures, to be better prepared against large ones. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 	 		 			scaling the annual code lib conference 		 		 			posted: october 		 		 			categories: code lib					 		 					 	 	 		one of the beautiful things about code lib qua banner is that it can be easily taken up by anyway without asking permission. if i wanted to, i could have lunch with a colleague, talk about evergreen, and call it a code lib meetup, and nobody could gainsay me — particularly if i wrote up a summary of what we talked about. three folks in a coffeehouse spending an afternoon hacking together a connection between digital repository foo and automatic image metadata extractor bar, then tossing something up on the code lib wiki? easy-peasy. ten people for dinner and plotting to take over the world replace marc once and for all? probably should make a reservation at the restaurant. afternoon workshop for in your metro area? well, most libraries have meeting rooms, integral classrooms, or computer labs— and directors willing to let them be used for the occasional professional development activity. day and a half conference for from your state, province, or region? that’s probably a bit more than you can pull off single-handedly, and you may well simply not have the space for it if you work for a small public library. you at least need to think about how folks will get meals and find overnight accommodations. the big one? the one that nowadays attracts over four hundred people from across the u.s. and canada, with a good sprinkling of folks from outside north america — and expects that for a good chunk of the time, they’ll all be sitting in the same room? and that also expects that at least half of them will spend a day scattered across ten or twenty rooms for pre-conference workshops? that folks unable to be there in person expect to live-stream? that tries in more and more ways tries to lower barriers to attending it? different kettle of fish entirely. the conference incurred a tick under $ , in expenses. the conference: a bit over $ , . this year? at the moment, projected expenses are in the neighborhood of $ , . what is this going towards? convention center or hotel conference space rental and catering (which typically need to be negotiated together, as guaranteeing enough catering revenue and/or hotel nights often translates into “free” room rental). a/v services, including projectors, sound systems, and microphones. catering and space rental for the reception. for the past few years, the services of a professional event management firm — even with + people volunteering for code lib conference committees, we need the professionals as well. diversity scholarships, including travel expenses, forgone registration fees, and hotel nights. t-shirts. gratuities. live transcription services. how is this all getting paid for? last year, % of the income came from conference and pre-conference registrations, % from sponsorships and exhibitor tables, % from donations and sponsorships for scholarships, and % from hotel rebates and room credits. the other %? that came from the organizers of the conference in philadelphia, who passed along a bit under $ , to the lpc. the conference in turn was able to pass along a bit over $ , to the organizers of the forthcoming conference. in other words, the conference effectively operated at a loss of a bit under $ , , although fortunately there was enough of a cushion that from ucla’s perspective, the whole thing was a wash — if you ignore some things. things like the time that ucla staff who were members of the local planning committee spent on the whole effort — and time spent by administrative staff in ucla’s business office. what are their names? i have no clue. but something i can say much more confidently: every member of the lpc and budget committees lost sleep pondering what might happen if things went wrong. if we didn’t get enough sponsorships. if members of the community would balk at the registration fee — or simply be unable to afford it — and we couldn’t meet our hotel room night commitments. i can also say, without direct knowledge this time, but equally confidently, that members of the organizers lost sleep. and . and so on down the line. while to my knowledge no code lib member has ever been personally liable for the hotel contracts, i leave it to folks to consider the reputational consequence of telling their employer, were a conference to fail, that that institution is on the hook for potentially tens of thousands of dollars. of course, somebody could justly respond by citing an ancient joke. you know, the one that begins like this: “doctor, it hurts when i do this!”. and that’s a fair point. it is both a strength and weakness of code lib that it imposes no requirement that anybody do anything in particular. we don’t have to have a big annual conference; a lot of good can be done under the code lib banner via electronic communications and in-person meetups small enough that it’s of little consequence if nobody happens to show up. but i also remember the days when the code lib conference would open registration, then close it a couple hours later because capacity has been reached. based on the attendance trends, we know that we can reasonably count on at least people being willing to travel to attend the annual conference.  if a future lpc manages to make the cost of attending the conference signficantly lower, i could easily see or people showing up (although i would then wonder if we might hit some limits on how large a single-track conference can be and still remain relevant for all of the attendees), i think there is value in trying to put on a conference that brings in as many practitioners (and yes, managers) in the glam technology space together in person as can come while also supporting online participation — but puts control of the program in the hands of the attendees via a process that both honors democracy and invites diversity of background and viewpoint. maybe you agree with that—and maybe you don’t. but even if you don’t agree, please do acknowledge the astonishing generosity of the people and institutions that have put their money and reputation on the line to host the annual conference over the years. regardless, if code lib is to continue to hold a large annual conference while not being completely dependent on the good graces of a  small set of libraries that are in a position to assume $ , + liabilities, the status quo is not sustainable. that brings me to the fiscal continuity interest group, which i have helped lead. if you care about the big annual conference, please read the report (and if you’re pressed for time, start with the summary of options), then vote. you have until : et on friday, november to respond to the survey. the survey offers the following options: 	maintain the status quo, meaning that each potential conference host is ultimately responsible for deciding how the liability of holding the conference should be managed 	set up a non-profit organization 	pick among four institutions that have generously offered to consider acting as ongoing fiscal sponsors for the annual conference i believe that moving away from the status quo will help ensure that the big annual code lib conference can keep happening while broadening the number of institutions that would be able to physically host it. setting up some kind of ongoing fiscal existence for code lib may also solve some problems for the folks who have been running the code lib journal. i also believe that continuing with the status quo necessarily means that the code lib community must rethink the annual conference: whether to keep having it at all; to accept the fact that only a few institutions are nowadays capable of hosting it at the scale we’re accustomed to; and to accept that if an institution is nonetheless willing to host it, that we should scale back expectations that the community is entitled to direct the shape of the conference once a host has been selected. in other words, it boils down to deciding how we wish to govern ourselves. this doesn’t mean that code lib needs to embrace bureaucracy… but we must either accept some ongoing structure or scale back. choose wisely. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 			 comments on scaling the annual code lib conference					 	 	 		 			amelia, - 		 		 			posted: october 		 		 			categories: cats, personal					 		 					 	 	 		mellie on a blue blanket last year, i wrote about the blossoming of the mellie-cat, and closed with this line: “sixteen years is not long enough to get to know a cat.” it turns out that neither is seventeen and a half years. mellie passed away today after a brief illness. she is the last of my first set of cats, daughter of erasmus and lazorra, sister of sophia. in the last year of her life, she trained freddie how to cat; while she perhaps did not have the most apt of pupils, i know that he will miss her too. she was the bravest cat i have ever known. she was not inclined to pounce on the world and take it in full; she was reserved and cautious… and yet she always showed up to observe, no matter how unfamiliar the strangers or unusual the circumstances. amelia is a grand name for a cat, but perhaps too grand for daily use. she was mellie most days, but like many cats had accumulated a number of names and sobriquets throughout her life. the clown princess. senior member of the treat committee. inspector of the feets. her mother’s special daughter. the softest and fluffiest. and so another cat joins the realm of story. it never gets any easier to mark that transition. 			 				 			 				 				mellie and lazorra 				 			 				 			 				 				the meeting of the treat committee 				 		 share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 	 		 			mashcat at ala annual + shared notes 		 		 			posted: june 		 		 			categories: libraries, mashcat					 		 					 	 	 		i’m leaving for chicago tomorrow to attend ala annual (and to eat some real pizza), and while going over the schedule i found some programs that may be of interest to mashcat folk: 	cataloging and metadata for the web: meeting the user where they are (friday, june : ; am – : pm; mccormick place, w a; ticketed pre-conference) 	competencies and education for a career in cataloging (alcts camms) (friday, june ; : pm – : pm; mccormick place, w d) 	linked library data interest group (alcts lita): applicability and practicality of bibframe (saturday, june ; : am – : am; mccormick place, s ) 	cataloging norms interest group (alcts camms): the changing metadata arena and its practitioners (saturday, june ; : am – : am; mccormick place, s ) 	marc format transition interest group (alcts lita): what happens to the library catalog in the age of linked data?: discussion & reaction panel (saturday, june ; : pm – : pm; mccormick place, w a) 	cleaning up the mess: modernizing your dev team’s outdated workflow (sunday, june ; : am – : am; mccormick place, w a) 	metadata migration: managing methods and mayhem (sunday, june ; : pm – : pm; mccormick place, w bc) 	new sources of metadata : a path for opening up public records for all (monday, june ; : am – : am; mccormick place, w a) 	heads of cataloging departments interest group (alcts camms): applying agile practices to metadata workflows (monday, june ; : am – : am; mccormick place, w a) as a little experiment, i’ve started a google doc for shared notes about events and other goings-on at the conference. there will of course be a lot of coverage on social media about the conference, but the shared notes doc might be a way for mashcatters to identify common themes. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 	 		 			what makes an anti-librarian? 		 		 			posted: june 		 		 			categories: libraries, politics					 		 					 	 	 		assuming the order gets made and shipped in time (update - - : it did), i’ll be arriving in chicago for ala annual carrying a few tens of badge ribbons like this one: am i hoping that the librarians made of anti-matter will wear these ribbons to identify themselves, thereby avoiding unpleasant explosions and gamma ray bursts? not really. besides, there’s an obvious problem with this strategy, were anti-matter librarians a real constituency at conferences. no, in a roundabout way, i’m mocking this behavior by jeffrey beall: seriously, dude? i suggest reading rachel walden’s tweets for more background, but suffice it to say that even if you were to discount walden’s experience as a medical library director (which i do not), beall’s response to her is extreme. (and for even more background, john dupuis has an excellent compilation of links on recent discussions about open access and “predatory” journals.) but i’d like to unpack beall’s choice of the expression “anti-librarian”? what exactly makes for an anti-librarian? we already have plenty of names for folks who oppose libraries and librarians. book-burners. censors. austeritarians. the closed-minded. the tax-cutters-above-all-else. the drowners of governments in bathtubs. the fearful. we could have a whole taxonomy, in fact, were the catalogers to find a few spare moments. “anti-librarian” as an epithet doesn’t fit most of these folks. instead, as applied to a librarian, it has some nasty connotations: a traitor. somebody who wears the mantle of the profession but opposes its very existence. alternatively: a faker. a purveyor of fake news. one who is unfit to participate in the professional discourse. there may be some librarians who deserve to have that title — but it would take a lot more than being mistaken, or even woefully misguided to earn that. so let me also protest beall’s response to walden explicitly: it is not ok. it is not cool. it is not acceptable. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 			 comments on what makes an anti-librarian?					 	 	 		 			imls support for free and open source software 		 		 			posted: march 		 		 			categories: uncategorized					 		 					 	 	 		the institute of museum and library services is the u.s. government’s primary vehicle for direct federal support of libraries, museums, and archives across the entire country. it should come as no surprise that the trump administration’s “budget blueprint” proposes to wipe it out, along with the nea, neh, meals on wheels, and dozens of other programs. while there is reason for hope that congress will ignore at least some of the cuts that trump proposes, the imls in particular has been in the sights of house speaker paul ryan before. we cannot afford to be complacent. loss of the imls and the funding it delivers would be a disaster for many reasons, but i’ll focus on just one: the imls has paid a significant role in funding in the creation and use of free and open source software for libraries, museums, and archives. besides the direct benefit to the institutions who were awarded grants to build or use f/loss, such grants are a smart investment on the part of an imls: a dollar spent on producing software that anybody can freely use can rebound to the benefit of many more libraries. for example, here is a list of some of the software projects whose creation or enhancement was funded by an imls grant: 	pachyderm . , a multimedia authoring tool for museums ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , apache license) 	open video digital library toolkit ($ , . , grant lg- - - - mit license) 	ivia, a virtual library system that includes automatic metadata generation ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , gpl) 	zotero née smartfox ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , affero gpl) 	omeka ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , gpl) 	systematic archival fascimile engine (safe) ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , apache license) 	collectionspace ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , educational community license) 	cinch ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , public domain) 	mukurtu cms ($ , , . , grants lg- - - - and lg- - - - , gpl) 	avalon media system, ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , apache license) 	crowdask ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , gpl) 	the “old” social feed manager ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , bsd license) 	simplye ($ , , , grants lg- - - - , lg- - - - , and lg- - - - ; apache license) 	epadd ($ , . , grant lg- - - - , apache license) 	eaditor ($ , . , grant sp- - - - , apache license) 	hyku / hydra-in-a-box ($ , , . , grant lg- - - - , apache license) this is only a partial list; it does not include lsta funding that libraries may have used to either implement or enhance f/loss systems or money that libraries contributed to f/loss development as part of a broader grant project. imls has also funded some open source projects that ultimately… went nowhere. but that’s ok; imls funding is one way that libraries can afford to experiment. do you or your institution use any of this software? would you miss it if it were gone — or never existed — or was only available in some proprietary form? if so… write your congressional legislators today. share this: 	twitter 	more 	 	tumblr 	reddit 	 	print 	 			 			 	 		 			 author: galen charlton		 		 								 	 				 					 	 		posts navigation 		older posts 					 			 		 		 	 	follow me on twitter my tweets			delving the metadeeps 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 			copyright © - meta interchange			powered by				 					wordpress				 				 and the 				 					stix theme				 			 		 	 	 				 none fail!lab | technology, libraries and the future! 		 		 			fail!lab 			technology, libraries and the future! 		 		 			menu 			skip to content 				home 	about 		 			 			 		 		 	 		 			 			 								 					 	 		luddites, trumpism and change: a crossroads for libraries 				 			posted on december , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		“globalization is a proxy for technology-powered capitalism, which tends to reward fewer and fewer members of society.” – om malik corner someone and they will react. we may be seeing this across the world as change, globalization, technology and economic dislocation force more and more people into the corner of benefit-nots. they are reacting out of desperation. it’s not rational. it’s not pretty. but it shouldn’t be surprising. years ago at a library conference, one of the keynote speakers forecast that there would be a return to the analog (sorry my twitter-based memory does not identify the person). the rapidity of digitization would be met by a reaction. people would scurry back to the familiar, he said. they always do. fast forward to , where the decades-long trends toward globalization, borderless labor markets, denationalization, exponential technological change and corresponding social revolutions has hit the wall of public reaction. brexit. global trumpism. call it what you will. we’re in a change moment. the reaction is here. reacting to the reaction people in the blue zones, the technorati, the beneficiaries of cheap foreign labor, free trade and technological innovation are scratching their heads. for all their algorithms and ai, they didn’t see this coming. everything looked good on their feeds. no danger could possibly burst their self-assured bubble of inevitability. all was quiet. it was like a clear blue, september , morning in new york city. it was like the boardroom in the federal reserve in . the serenity was over in an instant. since brexit, and then trump’s election, the glittery digitarians have initiated a period of introspection. they’re looking up from their stock tickers and gold-plated smart watches to find a grim reality: the world is crowded with people that have lost much ground at the expense of the global maelstrom that has elevated a very small, lucky few to greatness. they are now seeing, as for the first time, the shuttered towns. the empty retail stores. the displaced and homeless. suddenly their confident talk of personal ai assistants has turned from technolust to terror. their success suddenly looks short-sighted. om malik wrote in his recent new yorker op-ed, that silicon valley may soon find itself equated with the super villains on wall street. he posits that a new business model needs to account for the public good…or else. i recently read throwing rocks at the google bus: how growth became the enemy of prosperity by douglas rushkoff. if you haven’t read it, now would be a good time. like bernie sanders and others, rushkoff has been warning of this kind of reaction for awhile. the system is not designed for the public good, but only around a narrow set of shareholder requirements. all other considerations do not compute. my reaction let me put this in personal perspective. in my work, i engage the public in “the heart of silicon valley” on what they want from their community and what’s missing. what i hear is concern about the loss of quiet, of connection to others, of a pace of life that is not / always a click away. this is consistent. people feel overwhelmed. as one of the chief technologists for my library, this puts me in a strange place. and i’ve been grappling with it for the past few months. on the one hand, people are curious. they’re happy to try the next big thing. but you also hear the frustration. meanwhile, the burden of the tech industry is more than inflated rents and traffic. there’s a very obvious divide between long-time residents and newcomers. there’s a sense that something has been lost. there’s anger too, even here in the shadow of google and facebook. the library as a philosophy the other day, i was visited by a eurpean library director who wanted to talk about vr. he asked me where i thought we’d be in ten years. i hesitated. my thoughts immediately went back to the words of despair that i’d been hearing from the public lately. of course, the genie’s out of the bottle. we can’t stop the digital era. vr interface revolutions will likely emerge. the robots will come. but we can harness this change to our benefit. we can add rules to heal it to our collective needs. this is where the library comes in. we have a sharing culture. a model that values bridging divides, pooling resources and re-distributing knowledge. it’s a model that is practically unique to the library if you think about it. as i read rushkoff, i kept coming back to the librarian’s philosophy on sharing. in his book, he contends that we need to re-imagine (re-code) our economy to work for people. he recalls technologies like http and rss which were invented and then given away to the world to share and re-use. this sounded very ‘librarian’ to me. we share knowledge in the form of access to technology, after all. we host training on new maker gear, coding, robotics, virtual reality. perhaps we need to double-down on this philosophy. perhaps, we can be more than just a bridge. maybe we can be the engine driving our communities to the other side. we can not just advocate, but do. have a hackathon? build a public alternative to the airbnb app to be used by people in your town. know the future in the end, libraires, technologists and digitarians need to tell a better story. we need to get outside our bubbles and tell that story with words that resonate with the benefit-nots. and more, we need that story to be backed up with real-world benefits. it starts with asking the community what kind of world they want to live it? what obstacles keep them from living that way? and then how the library and technology can help make change. we have the philosophy, we have the spaces and we have public permission. let’s get to work. 			 			 						 	 	 								 				posted in innovation, librarianship, society, technology, uncategorized			 			 					 				 | 		leave a comment 		 			 				 					 	 		is d printing dying? 				 			posted on october , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		inc.’s john brandon recently wrote about the slow, sad, and ultimately predictable decline of d printing. uh, not so fast. d printing is just getting started. for libraries whose adopted mission is to introduce people to emerging technologies, this is a fantastic opportunity to do so. but it has to be done right. another dead end? brandon cites a few reasons for his pessimism: 	 d printed objects are low quality and the printers are finicky 	 d printing growth is falling behind initial estimates 	people in manufacturing are not impressed 	and the costs are too high i won’t get into all that’s wrong with this analysis, as i feel like most of it is incorrect, or at the very least, a temporary problem typical of a new technology. instead, i’d like to discuss this in the library maker context. and in fact, you can apply these ideas to any tech project. how to make failure a win—no matter what libraries are quick to jump on tech. remember those qr codes that would revolutionize mobile access? did your library consider a second life branch? how about those chromebooks! inevitably, these experiments are going to fail. but that’s okay. as this blog often suggests, failure is a win when doing so teaches you something. experimenting is the first step in the process of discovery. and that’s really what all these kinds of projects need to be. in the case of a d printing project at your library, it’s important to keep this notion front and center. a d printing pilot with the goal of introducing the public to the technology can be successful if people simply try it out. that seems easy enough. but to be really successful, even this kind of basic d printing project needs to have a fair amount of up-front planning attached to it. chicago public library created a successful maker lab. their program was pretty simple: hold regular classes showing people how to use the d printers and then allow those that completed the introductory course to use the printers in open studio lab times. when i tried this out at cpl, it was quite difficult to get a spot in the class due to popularity. the grant-funded project was so successful, based on the number of attendees, that it was extended and continues to this day. as a grant-funded endeavor, cpl likely wrote out the specifics before any money was handed over. but even an internally-funded project should do this. keep the goals simple and clear so expectations on the front line match those up the chain of command. figure out what your measurements of success are before you even purchase the first printer. be realistic. always document everything. and return to that documentation throughout the project’s timeline. taking it to the next level san diego public library is an example of a maker project that went to the next level. uyen tran saw an opportunity to merge startup seminars with their maker tools at her library. she brought aspiring entrepreneurs into her library for a startup weekend event where budding innovators learned how the library could be a resource for them as they launched their companies. d printers were part of this successful program. it’s important to note that uyen already had the maker lab in place before she launched this project. and it would be risky for a library to skip the establishment of a rudimentary d printer program before trying for this more ambitious program. but it could be done if that library was well organized with solid project managers and deep roots in the target community. but that’s a tall order to fill. what’s the worst thing that could go wrong? the worst thing that could go wrong is doubling down on failure: repeating one failed project after another without changing the flawed approach behind it. i’d also add that libraries are often out ahead of the public on these technologies, so dead ends are inevitable. to address this, i would also add one more tactic to your tech projects: listening. the public has lots of concerns about a variety of things. if you ask them, they’ll tell you all about them. many of their concerns are directly related to libraries, but we can often help. we have permission to do so. people trust us. it’s a great position to be in. but we have to ask them to tell us what’s on their mind. we have to listen. and then we need to think creatively. listening and thinking outside the box was how san diego took their d printers to the next level. the long future of d printing the wright brothers first flight managed only feet in the air. a year later, they flew miles. these initial attempts looked nothing like the jet age and yet the technology of flight was born from these humble experiments. already, d printing is being adopted in multiple industries. artists are using it to prototype their designs. astronauts are using it to print parts aboard the international space station. bio-engineers are now looking at printing stem-cell structures to replace organs and bones. we’re decades away from the jet age of d printing, but this tech is here to stay. john brandon’s read is incorrect simply because he’s looking at the current state and not seeing the long-term promise. when he asks a ford engineer for his take on d printing in the assembly process, he gets a smirk. not a hotbed of innovation. what kind of reaction would he have gotten from an engineer at tesla? at apple? fundamentally, he’s approaching d printers from the wrong perspective and this is why it looks doomed. libraries should not make this mistake. the world is changing ever more quickly and the public needs us to help them navigate the new frontier. we need to do this methodically, with careful planning and a good dose of optimism. 			 	 	 								 				posted in innovation, technology			 			 						 | 			 				tagged d printing, innovation, project planning			 					 				 | 		 comments 		 			 				 					 	 		the state of the library website 				 			posted on september , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		t’was a time when the library website was an abomination. those dark days have lightened significantly. but new clouds have appeared on the horizon. darkest before the dawn in the dark ages of library websites, users suffered under ux regimes that were rigid, unhelpful and confusing. this was before responsive design became a standard in the library world. it was before search engine optimization started to creep into library meetings. it was before user experience became an actual librarian job title. we’ve come a long way since i wrote the ugly truth about library websites. most libraries have evolved beyond the old “website as pamphlet” paradigm to one that is dynamic and focused on user tasks. public libraries have deployed platforms like bibliocommons to serve responsive, task-oriented interfaces that integrate their catalogs, programming and website into a single social platform. books, digital resources, programs and even loanable equipment are all accessible via a single search. what’s more, the critical social networking aspects of library life are also embedded along the user’s path. celebrated examples of this integrated solution include the san francisco public library and chicago public library. queens is also hard at work to develop a custom solution. in the academic realm, libraries have turned to unified discovery layers like worldcat discovery and ebsco discovery service to simplify (googlize) the research process. these systems put a single-search box front and center that access resources on the shelf, but also all those electronic resources that make up the bulk of academic budgets. and while there are still many laggards, few libraries ignore these problems outright. the storm ahead while the general state of online library interfaces has improved, the unforgiving, hyperbolic curve of change continues to press forward. and libraries cannot stay put. indeed, we need to quicken our pace and prepare our organizations for ongoing recalibration as the tempo of change increases. the biggest problem for library websites, is that there is little future for the library website. that’s because people will get less and less information through web browsers. indeed, consider how often you use a web browser on your phone versus an app. developments in ai, augmented reality and virtual reality will compound that trend. if you’re like chris milk, videographer and vr evangelist, you see the writing on the wall. the modes of how we experience information are about to undergo a fundamental revolution. milk likens the current state of vr to the old black and white silent films at the dawn of motion pictures. i’d extend this line of thinking to the web page. within a decade or two, i expect people will look back on web pages as a brief, transitory medium bridging print information to linked data. and as our ai, vr and ar technologies take off, they will liberate information from the old print paradigms altogether. in short, people will interact with information in more direct ways. they will ask a computer to provide them the answer. they will virtually travel to a “space” where they can experience the information they seek. get ready to re-invent the library…again so where does the library fit into this virtualized and automated future? one possibility is that the good work to transform library data into linked data will enable us to survive this revolution. in fact, it may be our best hope. another hope is that we continue to emphasize the library as a social space for people to come together around ideas. whether its a virtual library space or a physical one, the library can be the place in both local and global communities where people meet their universal thirst for connecting with others. the modes of those ideas (books, ebooks, videos, games) will matter far less than the act of connecting. in a sense, you could define the future online library as something between an mmorpg, meetup.com and the ted conference. so, the library website is vastly improved, but we won’t have long to rest on our laurels. ready player one? put on your vr goggles. call up siri. start rethinking everything you know about the library website.     			 	 	 								 				posted in information architecture, librarianship			 			 						 | 			 				tagged internet, libraries, user experience, web design, websites			 					 				 | 		 comment 		 			 				 					 	 		virtual realty is getting real in the library 				 			posted on june , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		my library just received three samsung s devices with gear vr goggles. we put them to work right away. the first thought i had was: wow, this will change everything. my second thought was: wow, i can’t wait for apple to make a vr device! the samsung gear vr experience is grainy and fraught with limitations, but you can see the potential right away. the virtual reality is, after all, working off a smartphone. there is no high-end graphics card working under the hood. really, the goggles are just a plastic case holding the phone up to your eyes. but still, despite all this, it’s amazing. within twenty-four hours, i’d surfed beside the world’s top surfers on giant waves off hawaii, hung out with the masai in africa and shared an intimate moment with a pianist and his dog in their (new york?) apartment. it was all beautiful. we’ve been here before remember when the internet came online? if you’re old enough, you’ll recall the crude attempts to chat on digital bulletin board systems (bbs) or, much later, the publication of the first colorful (often jarringly so) html pages. it’s the hello world! moment for vr now. people are just getting started. you can tell the content currently available is just scratching the surface of potentialities for this medium. but once you try vr and consider the ways it can be used, you start to realize nothing will be the same again. the internet will disappear so said google ceo erik schmidt in . he was talking about the rise of ai, wearable tech and many other emerging technologies that will transform how we access data. for schmidt, the internet will simply fade into these technologies to the point that it will be unrecognizable. i agree. but being primarily a web librarian, i’m mostly concerned with how new technologies will translate in the library context. what will vr mean for library websites, online catalogs, ebooks, databases and the social networking aspects of libraries. so after trying out vr, i was already thinking about all this. here are some brief thoughts: 	visiting the library stacks in vr could transform the online catalog experience 	library programming could break out of the physical world (virtual speakers, virtual locations) 	vr book discussions could incorporate virtual tours of topics/locations touched on in books 	collections of vr experiences could become a new source for local collections 	vr maker spaces and tools for creatives to create vr experiences/objects year zero? still, vr makes your eyes tired. it’s not perfect. it has a long way to go. but based on my experience sharing this technology with others, it’s addictive. people love trying it. they can’t stop talking about it afterward. so, while it may be some time before the vr revolution disrupts the internet (and virtual library services with it), it sure feels imminent. 			 	 	 								 				posted in innovation, librarianship, technology			 			 						 | 			 				tagged gear vr, internet, oculus, samsung, virtual reality, vr			 					 				 | 		leave a comment 		 			 				 					 	 		w c’s css framework review 				 			posted on may , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		i’m a longtime bootstrap fan, but recently i cheated on my old framework. now i’m all excited by the w c’s new framework. like bootstrap, the w c’s framework comes with lots of nifty utilities and plug and play classes and ui features. even if you have a good cms, you’ll find many of their code libraries quite handy. and if you’re cms-deficient, this framework will save you time and headaches! why a framework? frameworks are great for saving time. you don’t have to reinvent the wheel for standard ui chunks like navigation, image positioning, responsive design, etc. all you need to do is reference the framework in your code and you can start calling the classes to make your site pop. and this is really great since not all well-meaning web teams have an eye for good design. most quality frameworks look really nice, and they get updated periodically to keep up with design trends. and coming from this well-known standards body, you can also be assured that the w c’s framework complies with all the nitty-gritty standards all websites should aspire to. things to love some of the things i fell in love with include: 	css-driven navigation menus. there’s really no good reason to rely on javascript for a responsive, interactive navigation menu. the w c agrees. 	icon support. this framework allows you to choose from three popular icon sets to bring icons right into your interface. 	image support: lots of great image styling including circular cropping, shadowing, etc. 	cards. gotta love cards in your websites and this framework has some very nice looking card designs for you to use. 	built-in colors. nuff sed. 	animations. there are plenty of other nice touches like buttons that lift off the screen, elements that drop into place and much more. i give it a big thumbs up! check it out at the w c.org.     			 	 	 								 				posted in reviews			 			 						 | 			 				tagged css, frameworks, w c, web design			 					 				 | 		 comment 		 			 				 					 	 		ai first 				 			posted on may , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		looking to the future, the next big step will be for the very concept of the “device” to fade away. over time, the computer itself—whatever its form factor—will be an intelligent assistant helping you through your day. we will move from mobile first to an ai first world. google founder’s letter, april my library recently finalized a vision document for our virtual library presence. happily, our vision was aligned with the long-term direction of technology as understood by movers and shakers like google. as i’ve written previously, the library website will disappear. but this is because the internet (as we currently understand it) will also disappear. in its place, a new mode of information retrieval and creation will move us away from the paper-based metaphor of web pages. information will be more ubiquitous. it will be more free-form, more adaptable, more contextualized, more interactive. part of this is already underway. for example, people are becoming a data set. and other apps are learning about you and changing how they work based on who you are. your personal data set contains location data, patterns in speech and movement around the world, consumer history, keywords particular to your interests, associations based on your social networks, etc. ai emerging all of this information makes it possible for emerging ai systems like siri and cortana to better serve you. soon, it will allow ai to control the flow of information based on your mood and other factors to help you be more productive. and like a good friend that knows you very, very well, ai will even be able to alert you to serendipitous events or inconveniences so that you can navigate life more happily. people’s expectations are already being set for this kind of experience. perhaps you’ve noticed yourself getting annoyed when your personal assistant just fetches a wikipedia article when you ask it something. you’re left wanting. what we want is that kernel of gold we asked about. but what we get right now, is something too general to be useful. but soon, that will all change. nascent ai will soon be able to provide exactly the piece of information that you really want rather than a generalized web page. this is what google means when they make statements like “ai first” or “the web will die.” they’re talking about a world where information is not only presented as article-like web pages, but broken down into actual kernels of information that are both discrete and yet interconnected. ai first in the library library discussions often focus on building better web pages or navigation menus or providing responsive websites. but the conversation we need to have is about pulling our data out of siloed systems and websites and making it available to all modes like ai, apps and basic data harvesters. you hear this conversation in bits and pieces. the ongoing linked data project is part of this long-term strategy. so too with next-gen opacs. but on the ground, in our local strategy meetings, we need to tie every big project we do to this emerging reality where web browsers are increasingly no longer relevant. we need to think ai first. 			 	 	 								 				posted in librarianship, society, tech industry			 			 						 | 			 				tagged artificial intelligence, google, internet, libraries, linked data			 					 				 | 		leave a comment 		 			 				 					 	 		google analytics and privacy 				 			posted on april , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		collecting web usage data through services like google analytics is a top priority for any library. but what about user privacy? most libraries (and websites for that matter) lean on google analytics to measure website usage and learn about how people access their online content. it’s a great tool. you can learn about where people are coming from (the geolocation of their ip addresses anyway), what devices, browsers and operating systems they are using. you can learn about how big their screen is. you can identify your top pages and much much more. google analytics is really indispensable for any organization with an online presence. but then there’s the privacy issue. is google analytics a privacy concern? the question is often asked, what personal information is google analytics actually collecting? and then, how does this data collection jive with our organization’s privacy policies. it turns out, as a user of google analytics, you’ve already agreed to publish a privacy document on your site outlining the why and what of your analytics program. so if you haven’t done so, you probably should if only for the sake of transparency. personally identifiable data fact is, if someone really wanted to learn about a particular person, it’s not entirely outside the realm of possibility that they could glean a limited set of personal attributes from the generally anonymized data google analytics collects. ip addresses can be loosely linked to people. if you wanted to, you could set up filters in google analytics that look at a single ip. of course, on the google side, any user that is logged into their gmail, youtube or other google account, is already being tracked and identified by google. this is a broadly underappreciated fact. and it’s a critical one when it comes to how approach the question of dealing with the privacy issue. in both the case of what your organization collects with google analytics and what all those web trackers, including google’s trackers, collect, the onus falls entirely on the user. the internet is public over the years, the internet has become a public space and users of the web should understand it as such. everything you do, is recorded and seen. companies like google, facebook, mircosoft, yahoo! and many, many others are all in the data mining business. carriers and internet service providers are also in this game. they deploy technologies in websites that identify you and then sell what your interests, shopping habits, web searches and other activities are to companies interested in selling to you. they’ve made billions on selling your data. ever done a search on google and then seen ads all over the web trying to sell you that thing you searched last week? that’s the tracking at work. only you can prevent data fires the good news is that with little effort, individuals can stop most (but not all) of the data collection. browsers like chrome and firefox have plugins like ghostery, avast and many others that will block trackers. google analytics can be stopped cold by these plugins. but it won’t solve all the problems. users also need to set up their browsers to delete cookies websites save to their browsers. and moving off of accounts provided from data mining companies “for free” like facebook accounts, gmail and google.com can also help. but you’ll never be completely anonymous. super cookies are a thing and are very difficult to stop without breaking websites. and some trackers are required in order to load content. so sometimes you need to pay with your data to play. policies for privacy conscious libraries all of this means that libraries wishing to be transparent and honest about their data collection, need to also contextualize the information in the broader data mining debate. first and foremost, we need to educate our users on what it means to go online. we need to let them know its their responsibility alone to control their own data. and we need to provide instructions on doing so. unfortunately, this isn’t an opt-in model. that’s too bad. it actually would be great if the world worked that way. but don’t expect the moneyed interests involved in data mining to allow the us congress to pass anything that cuts into their bottom line. this ain’t germany, after all. there are ways with a little javascript to create a temporary opt-in/opt-out feature to your site. this will toggle tags added by google tag manager on and off with a single click. but let’s be honest. most people will ignore it. and if they do opt-out, it will be very easy for them to overlook everytime without a much more robust opt-in/opt-out functionality baked in to your site. but for most sites and users, this is asking alot. meanwhile, it diverts attention from the real solution: users concerned about privacy need to protect themselves and not take a given websites word for it. we actually do our users a service by going with the opt-out model. this underlines the larger privacy problems on the wild wild web, which our sites are a part of. 			 	 	 								 				posted in online security & privacy, society			 			 						 | 			 				tagged data mining, google analytics, online security & privacy			 					 				 | 		 comments 		 			 				 					 	 		the l word 				 			posted on march , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		i’ve been working with my team on a vision document for what we want our future digital library platform to look like. this exercise keeps bringing us back to defining the library of the future. and that means addressing the very use of the term, ‘library.’ when i first exited my library (and information science) program, i was hired by adobe systems to work in a team of other librarians. my manager warned us against using the word ‘librarian’ among our non-librarian colleagues. i think the gist was: too much baggage there. so, we used the word ‘information specialist.’ fast forward a few years to my time in an academic environment at depaul university library and this topic came up in the context of services the library provided. faculty and students associated the library in very traditional ways: a quiet, book-filled space. but the way they used the library was changing despite the lag in their semantic understanding. the space and the virtual tools we put in place online helped users not only find and evaluate information, but also create, organize and share information. a case in point was our adoption of digital publishing tools like bepress and omeka, but also the scholar’s lab. i’m seeing a similar contradiction in the public library space. say library and people think books. walk into a public library and people do games, meetings, trainings and any number of online tasks. this disconnect between what the word ‘library’ evokes in the mind’s eye and what it means in practice is telling. we’ve got a problem with our brand. in fact, we may need a new word. taken literally, a library has  been a word for a physical collection of written materials. the library of alexandria held scrolls for example. even code developers rely on ‘libraries’ today, which are collections of materials. in every case, the emphasis is on the collection of things. now, i’m not suggesting that we move away from books. books are vessels for ideas and libraries will always be about ideas. in fact, this focus on ideas rather than any one mode for transmitting ideas is key. in today’s library’s people not only read about ideas, they meet to discuss ideas, they brainstorm ideas. i don’t pretend to have the magic word. in fact, maybe it’s taking so long for us to drop ‘library’ because there is not a good word in existence. maybe we need create a new one. one tactic that comes to mind as we navigate this terminological evolution is to retain the library, but subsume it inside of something new. i’ve seen this done to various degrees in other libraries. for example, loyola university in chicago built an entirely new building adjacent to the book-filled library. administratively, the building is run by the library, but it is called the klarchek information commons. in that rather marvelous space looking out over lake michigan, you’ll find the modern ‘library’ in all its glory. computers, collaboration booths, etc. i like this model for fixing our identity problem and i think it would work without throwing the baby out with the bathwater. however, its done, one thing is for sure. our users have moved on from ‘the library’ and are left with no accurate way to describe that place that they love to go to when they want to engage with ideas. let’s put our thinking caps on and puts a word on their lips that does justice to what the old library has become. let’s get past the l word. 			 	 	 								 				posted in librarianship			 			 						 | 			 				tagged branding, information commons			 					 				 | 		leave a comment 		 			 				 					 	 		locking down windows 				 			posted on march , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		i’ve recently moved back to windows for my desktop computing. but windows comes with enormous privacy and security issues that people need to take into account…and get under a semblance of control. here’s how i did it. there has been much written on this subject, so what i’m including here is more of a digest of what i’ve found elsewhere with perspective on how it worked out for me over time. windows tweaker this is a pretty good tool that does what windows should do out of the box: give you one-stop access to all windows’ settings. as it is, windows has spread out many settings, including those for privacy, to the settings screen as well as registry editor and group policy editor. there are dozens of look and feel tweaks, including an easy way to force windows to use the hidden dark theme. the privacy tab, however, is the single most important. there, you can easily turn of all the nasty privacy holes in windows , such as how the os sends things like keystrokes (that’s right!) back to microsoft. the list of holes it will close is long: telemetry, biometrics, advertising id, cortana, etc. cortana speaking of cortana, i was really excited that this kind of virtual assistant was embedded in windows . i looked forward to trying it out. but then i read the fine print. cortana is a privacy nightmare. she can’t be trusted. she’s a blabbermouth and repeats back everything you tell her to not just microsoft, but indirectly to all of their advertising partners. and who knows where all that data goes and how secure it is in the long run. yuck! turn her off. pull the plug. zero her out. the easiest way to disable her is to set up a local account. but there’s more info out there, including this at pc world. local account when you first install windows , unplug the ethernet and shut down wifi. then, when you’re certain that all of msft’s listeners can’t communicate with your machine, go through the installation set up process and when asked to create/log in to your microsoft account, don’t. instead, use the local account option. the down sides of going this route are that you can’t sync your experience, accounts and apps across devices. you also won’t be able to use cortana. the up sides are that using a local account means you will be far more secure and private in whatever you do with your computer (as long as you maintain the many other privacy settings). reduce risk and streamline your pc windows comes crammed with many programs you may not want. some of these may even be tracking and sharing, so if you don’t actually use it, why not lighten the load on your system and remove them. you can do this the slow way, one app at a time, or you can use the powershell nuclear option and kill them all at once. i did this and haven’t regretted it one bit. so fire away… privacy settings i won’t go into all of this. there is plenty of solid advise on reducing your exposure on other sites (like at pc world) and some lengthy youtube videos which you can easily find. but it is critical that you go into the settings panel and turn everything off at the very least. that’s my feeling. some tell you that you even need to set up ip blocks to keep your machine from reporting back to microsoft and its advertising partners. others say this is somewhat overblown, and not unique to windows, like over at lifehacker, so i’ll leave it to you to decide. conclusion it’s really too bad that operating systems have gone down this road. our pcs should be tools for us and not the other way around. imagine if everything that happened on your device stayed private. imagine if it was all encrypted and nobody could hack into your pc or microsoft’s servers or their advertisers’ databases and learn all kinds of things about you, your family, your work, your finances, your secrets. and yet, this is precisely what microsoft (and ios, android and others) did, intentionally. frankly, i think its bordering on criminal negligence, but good luck suing when your data gets exploited. better safe than sorry…that’s my take. do a little work and lock down your computer. good luck out there…   			 	 	 								 				posted in online security & privacy, technology			 			 						 | 			 				tagged microsoft, online security & privacy, security, windows			 					 				 | 		leave a comment 		 			 				 					 	 		killer apps & hacks for windows  				 			posted on march , by mryanhess		 			 		 		 		did the ux people at microsoft ever test windows ? here are some must have apps and hacks i’ve found to make life on windows quick and easy. set hotkeys for apps sometimes you just want to launch an app from your keyboard. using a method on laptopmag.com, you can do this for most any program. i use this in combination with macros like those noted below. quick switch to vpn vpn macro if you’re a smart and secure internet user, you probably already use a vpn service to encrypt the data and web requests you send over the internet (especially while on public wif-fi networks). but windows makes connecting to your vpn service a bit of a chore (i use private internet access, by the way). it’s weird because windows actually placed the connect to vpn in the communications center, but you still need to click into that, then click the vpn you want and then click connect…that’s clicks if you’re counting. i’ve tried two methods to make this at least a little easier. one caveat on all of this: if you log in with an administrator account (which i don’t because i’m concerned about security after all!), you could have your vpn client launch at start, but you’d still need to click the connect button and anytime you put the machine to sleep, it would disconnect (why they do that is beyond me). with both methods, you need to manually add a vpn account to windows built-in vpn feature. anyway, here are my two methods: macro method you can record actions as a “macro” and then save it as an executable program. you can then save the program to your desktop, start or taskbar. it’s a bit of a chore and in the end, the best you get is two-click access to your vpn connection…not the one-click you would get on a mac. if my memory serves, this method only works if you log-in with an administrator account. otherwise, you’ll be prompted for an administrator password each time…an who wants that? 	create shortcut to settings page 	add a hotkey to shortcut: 	create macro using something like jitbit that uses the new hotkey. 	save as executable 	create a shortcut to the desktop and pin to start 	optionally, change the icon to look pretty pin the communicator vpn app to your start pane. this is actually how i ended up going in the end. to do this, you need to ‘hack’ a shortcut that points to your vpn settings panel (where the connect button resides). 	on your desktop, right-click and select new > shortcut 	a shortcut wizard will open 	paste ms-settings:network-vpn into the form 	now pin the shortcut to your start and you have quick access to the connect dialog for your vpn switch between audio devices sometimes i want to jump between my speakers and my headphones and because i hate clicking and loath jumping out of windows ’s metro design into the old-school looking audio device controller, i followed the advice from the windows club. their solution uses freeware called audio switcher to assign a hotkey to different audio devices. i added audio switcher to my startup to make this a little more automated. unfortunately, because i normally work in a non-administrator account on windows , i get asked for an admin password to launch this app at startup. egads! in my case, i can now click the f (headphones) and f (speakers)  keys to switch playback devices for sound. overcoming the windows education or windows pro watermark windows embeds a horrible little windows education or windows pro watermark over the lower right corner of your desktop if you use one of those versions. there are two solutions to removing this remarkably distracting bit of text. 	use a white background to “disappear” the white text 	or, have an app sit over that space. i use musicbee (recommended by lifehacker) and set position the mini-version over that spot. 	supposedly there’s a regex trick where you delete the text but that’s a bit much work for me for such a slight annoyance. other tricks there are a couple other tricks that i’ve used to clean up windows. 	removing metro apps. this allows you to remove all the built-in apps that are there simply to confound your privacy and peddle your identity to microsoft’s advertising partners. remove them. 	removing default folders from explorer. if you’re like me and want better performance, you use a separate hard disk drive for your music, video and images and another drive (probably an ssd) for your os and programs. windows is confusing for people with this kind of set up by placing folders in the file explorer to your images, documents, etc. on your c drive. in my case, that’s not the right drive. so i used the method linked above to remove those from explorer. 			 	 	 								 				posted in technology			 			 						 | 			 				tagged life hacks, macros, vpn, windows 			 					 				 | 		leave a comment 		 			 				 					 		post navigation 	 				← older posts 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 		 		 						search 	 		search 		 		 	 subscribe 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 sign me up! 			 		 		recent 			 					luddites, trumpism and change: a crossroads for libraries 									 	 					is d printing dying? 									 	 					the state of the library website 									 	 					virtual realty is getting real in the library 									 	 					w c’s css framework review 									 		topics 				best practices ( ) 	case studies ( ) 	digital services ( ) 	green tech ( ) 	information architecture ( ) 	innovation ( ) 	international librarianship ( ) 	librarianship ( ) 	library management ( ) 	online security & privacy ( ) 	reviews ( ) 	society ( ) 	tech industry ( ) 	technology ( ) 	uncategorized ( ) 			tweets 	 				rt @terraworld_work: hello world! it's my pleasure to introduce a new project: #terraworld. terraworld is a virtual world where you can do… 				  hours ago 			 	 				rt @solstarterorg: our public tge whitelist will open may : utc. everyone deserves a fair chance, so we will also be distributing a… 				  months ago 			 	 				rt @techn joy: i often check other library websites for design inspiration. today, i found my very favorite stat on @uvalibrary 's page htt… 				  years ago 			 archives 		archives 		select month december october september june may april march january december november april february january december november september april march february november october july june may april march february january november october september august july march february january december october september august july june may april march february january december 					 	 	 		 			 			blog at wordpress.com. 		 	 		 		 	 		 	 		 			 				 					 						fail!lab					 				 				 					create a free website or blog at wordpress.com. 				 			 		 				 		 		 					 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 				 		 		working... 		 		 		 		 	no status 	 		 		 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 				 				 toggle navigation 	 			browse collections 	browse repositories 	search 			 				 		 			 		 		 		 			user manual 	user forum 	about epadd 	contact us 	 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				alert 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				success 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				information 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				error 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				cancel 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				cancel 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				copy 			 			 				 			 			 				cancel 				copy 			 		 	 discovery     |      about this collection summary institution uc santa cruz repository special collections & archives collection id ms collection title hayden white papers date range - - to - - messages: , sent by owner: , attachments: images: documents: others: contact email speccoll@library.ucsc.edu finding aid     catalog record hayden white papers enter hayden v. white ( - ) was a literary critic and historical theorist. during his academic career, white made contributions to the study of narrative theory, historiography, and hermeneutics. a central thread of white's research throughout his career was questioning how historical events are constructed through writing and discourse. as a teacher and researcher, white held the distinguished title of university professor in the university of california system, where he spent most of his career at the university of california, santa cruz. he also taught at the university of rochester, wesleyan university, university of california los angeles, university of california berkeley, and stanford university. scope and contents this collection contains a selection of emails sent and received by hayden white between the years of and . the emails contain conversations surrounding conference and presentation planning, publications, issues at uc santa cruz, and teaching of master classes (meister klasses) and other symposia at various universities. also included are publication drafts by white and his colleagues, often with comments and annotations. white, his colleagues, and his students often shared articles and other texts over email to review and discuss. major correspondents in this email collection include white's wife and ucsc professor margaret brose, mark e. blum, noah benninga, yasushi xavier tanaka-gutiez, and edward dimendberg. rights and conditions property rights for this collection reside with the university of california. literary rights, including copyright, are retained by the creators and their heirs. the publication or use of any work protected by copyright beyond that allowed by fair use for research or educational purposes requires written permission from the copyright owner. responsibility for obtaining permissions, and for any use rests exclusively with the user. for more information on copyright or to order a reproduction, please visit guides.library.ucsc.edu/speccoll/reproduction-publication. notes email messages in the epadd discovery module have been redacted to ensure the privacy of donors and other correspondents. please contact ucsc special collections & archives if you would like to request access to full messages, including any attachments. the small amount of email files available were captured from white's hard drives. white did not regularly save his email correspondence, so email files were not collected from his email clients. emails pertaining to finances, medical information, travel, employment, social media notifications, passwords, and other personal identifying information were removed from this collection. enter email messages in the epadd discovery module have been redacted to ensure the privacy of donors and other correspondents. please contact the host repository if you would like to request access to full messages, including any attachments. × upload a banner image ( : aspect ratio) file upload github - reidmorrison/rails_semantic_logger: rails semantic logger replaces the rails default logger with semantic logger skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} reidmorrison / rails_semantic_logger 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork rails semantic logger replaces the rails default logger with semantic logger rocketjob.github.io/semantic_logger/rails.html apache- . license stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branch tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit reidmorrison minimum ruby . … d c jun , minimum ruby . d c git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .github update links may , gemfiles add an option to disable logging for any jobs of activejob with sensi… jan , lib fixes # reopen semantic logger when running rails as a rack daemon jun , test merge pull request # from featurist/master jun , .gitignore rubocop apr , .rubocop.yml switch to amazing print jun , appraisals add an option to disable logging for any jobs of activejob with sensi… jan , gemfile fixes # handle nil bound key jan , license.txt fixes # oct , readme.md update links may , rakefile rubocop . apr , testing.md fix # make backward compatible with rails . . may , rails_semantic_logger.gemspec minimum ruby . jun , view code rails semantic logger documentation upgrading to semantic logger v . supports author versioning readme.md rails semantic logger rails semantic logger replaces the rails default logger with semantic logger 	http://github.com/reidmorrison/rails_semantic_logger documentation for complete documentation see: https://logger.rocketjob.io/rails upgrading to semantic logger v . with some forking frameworks it is necessary to call reopen after the fork. with v . the workaround for ruby . crashes is no longer needed. i.e. please remove the following line if being called anywhere: semanticlogger::processor.instance.instance_variable_set(:@queue, queue.new) supports for the complete list of supported ruby and rails versions, see the testing file. author reid morrison contributors versioning this project uses semantic versioning. about rails semantic logger replaces the rails default logger with semantic logger rocketjob.github.io/semantic_logger/rails.html resources readme license apache- . license releases tags packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 ruby . % 	 html . % 	 css . % 	 javascript . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. custom_options or custom_payload? · issue # · roidrage/lograge · github skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} roidrage / lograge 	 notifications 	 star k 	 fork 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights new issue have a question about this project? sign up for a free github account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. 	pick a username 	 	email address 	 	password 	 sign up for github by clicking “sign up for github”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy statement. we’ll occasionally send you account related emails. already on github? sign in to your account jump to bottom custom_options or custom_payload? # open krainboltgreene opened this issue dec , · comment open custom_options or custom_payload? # krainboltgreene opened this issue dec , · comment comments copy link krainboltgreene commented dec , 	 the documentation doesn't really make it clear which one i should be using? what are the differences? in fact, in one part of the documentation it says "custom_options below" but custom_payload is in the codeblock. 	 the text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: 👍 we are unable to convert the task to an issue at this time. please try again. the issue was successfully created but we are unable to update the comment at this time. copy link clupprich commented feb , 	 the pr that introduced custom_payload gives a great overview: # essentially, this (custom_payload) combines the custom_payload option and the append_info_to_payload method override strategy into a single config option sign up for free to join this conversation on github. already have an account? sign in to comment assignees no one assigned labels none yet projects none yet milestone no milestone linked pull requests successfully merging a pull request may close this issue. none yet participants 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. public domain day advent calendar # : in the orchard by virginia woolf | everybody's libraries 	 		 			 								 					 						everybody's libraries 					 				 				libraries for everyone, by everyone, shared with everyone, about everything 									 						 					 								 			 								skip to content 					home 	about 	about the free decimal correspondence 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					← public domain day advent calendar # : success by a. a. milne 					public domain day advent calendar # : new hampshire by robert frost → 				 				 											public domain day advent calendar # : in the orchard by virginia woolf 					 					 						posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom					 					 						“the world broke in two in or thereabouts,” willa cather wrote in a preface to a collection of essays.  many read her remark as referring to major changes in literary forms and styles underway in the early s, particularly the rise of modernist and experimental literature.  we’ve already looked at jean toomer’s cane, a novel using some of those new styles, in a previous calendar entry.  in that same year,  virginia woolf published two short stories still read today as key examples of modernist literature, employing stream-of-consciousness techniques to illuminate a slice of their main characters’ lives.  one of those stories will join the us public domain the day after tomorrow.  the other one is already there. the story already in the public domain is “mrs. dalloway in bond street”, which relates a shopping trip of the title character and the thoughts and memories she experiences while going out to buy gloves.  much of what action exists in the story is internal or told in flashback, though the surface narration includes a “violent explosion” at the end whose nature is not made clear in the short story.  woolf later reworked and expanded this short story into the book mrs. dalloway, which was published in , and will remain under copyright in the us for a couple of years longer. mrs. dalloway’s original short story, however, is already in the public domain.  it was first published in the july issue of the american literary magazine the dial, and there was no copyright renewal filed either for the magazine issue or for the story.  (there was a renewal filed in for the book, but that renewal is too late to cover the story.) “mrs. dalloway in bond street” takes place over a small portion of a day. “in the orchard” features an even shorter slice of life: only about a second, when the main character lies in a chair outdoors on the verge of sleep, and then leaps up exclaiming “oh, i shall be late for tea!” but as in mrs. dalloway’s story, the main point is not the outward action, but a depiction of all that goes on around her, and in her own thoughts.  woolf’s shifts of perspective from miranda lying in her chair to things happening above her and around her are reminiscent of a wide-scene painting or a cinematic pan and zoom, though the narrative relates a combination of sounds, sights and thoughts that a painting or a film can only partially convey. “in the orchard” was first published in the april issue of the criterion, a british literary magazine.  again, there’s no renewal for the magazine issue or for the short story.  but this story, unlike “mrs. dalloway in bond street” is still under copyright in the us, at least for two more days. why the difference?  the reason is a trade agreement that the us made, and enacted into law, to exempt many works first published abroad from copyright formality requirements such as registration, renewal, and notice.  (i alluded to this exemption in a previous calendar entry.)  eligible works were not only exempted from such requirements, but retroactively brought back into copyright, if they would still be under copyright as registered and renewed works. the copyright office’s circular a describes in detail the rules of eligibility for copyright restoration.  here’s how they apply to these stories: virginia woolf was british, and her works were under copyright protection in britain in , when the copyright restorations went into effect.  so works of hers that were first published outside the us at least days before their first us publication are eligible for restoration.  as i mentioned, the criterion, where “in the orchard” first appeared,  was published in the uk (and not, to my knowledge, in the us).  the first us publication of the story that i’m aware of, in the september issue of the american magazine broom,  was more than days after the april criterion, so copyright restoration applies.  on the other hand, because “mrs. dalloway in bond street”, was first published in the us magazine the dial, that story is not eligible for copyright restoration. in this case, the difference will be moot in two days, when “in the orchard” joins “mrs. dalloway in bond street” in the public domain at the completion of its full -year term.  if you haven’t read this story before, or aren’t sure you’d like its style of literature, you’ll have a good opportunity to check out this brief story then, for a little expenditure of time, and no expenditure of money. we’ve almost reached the end of this public domain day advent calendar.  if you’d like to continue reading about public domain works in the new year, though, i recommend checking out the public domain review.  it regularly publishes essays about all manner of public domain works, both those newly arrived there and those that have been there for a while.  the authors of the essays are generally experts on the works they write about, and can also spend more time discussing the works and their contexts than i do here.  if you’re already a fan of the public domain review, you may want to consider supporting it by buying some of its merchandise or making a donation. one of that site’s regular features is an annual review of some of what’s coming into the public domain, both in the us and in other countries, in the coming year.  the latest in this series, class of , has just been posted, and includes a mention of the woolf story featured in this post. update: link to full text of “in the orchard” as published in the september issue of broom, now in the us public domain, courtesy of the blue mountain project share this: 	email 	print 	twitter 	facebook 	reddit 	 like this: like loading... 	related 											 							 						 													 						 							 							about john mark ockerbloom							 							i'm a digital library strategist at the university of pennsylvania, in philadelphia.							 								 									view all posts by john mark ockerbloom →								 							 						 					 						 							this entry was posted in adventcalendar. bookmark the permalink.													 					 				 					← public domain day advent calendar # : success by a. a. milne 					public domain day advent calendar # : new hampshire by robert frost → 				 				 			 	 			 		 		 							 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 				 rss feed 		 	pages 				about 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 	 		recent posts 			 					public domain day : honoring a lost generation 									 	 					counting down to in the public domain 									 	 					from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 									 	 					everybody’s library questions: finding films in the public domain 									 	 					build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights 									 		 	recent comments 					 							jason on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							norma bruce on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							brent reid on counting down to in the public domain						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on counting down to in the public domain						 				 	archives 				january 	december 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	july 	june 	january 	december 	october 	june 	january 	december 	september 	january 	october 	september 	july 	may 	january 	january 	june 	january 	october 	august 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	july 	may 	january 	october 	september 	june 	may 	april 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 			 	access for all 		open access news 	copyrights and wrongs 		copyfight 	copyright & fair use 	freedom to tinker 	lawrence lessig 	general library-related news and comment 		lisnews 	teleread 	interesting folks 		jessamyn west 	john scalzi 	jonathan rochkind 	k. g. schneider 	karen coyle 	lawrence lessig 	leslie johnston 	library loon 	lorcan dempsey 	paul courant 	peter brantley 	walt crawford 	metadata and friends 		planet cataloging 	shiny tech 		boing boing 	o’reilly radar 	planet code lib 	tales from the repository 		repositoryman 	writing and publishing 		if:book 	making light 	publishing frontier 		 	 	 		 			 				 					everybody's libraries				 							 			 								blog at wordpress.com. 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 premium/license · develop · bram wiepjes / baserow · gitlab skip to content gitlab 	 menu projects groups snippets 	 	 loading... 	 	 help 	 what's new 	 help 	 support 	 community forum 	 keyboard shortcuts ? 	 	 submit feedback 	 contribute to gitlab 	 switch to gitlab next 	 sign in / register toggle navigation menu 	 baserow 	 project information 	 project information 	 	 activity 	 labels 	 members 	 repository 	 repository 	 	 files 	 commits 	 branches 	 tags 	 contributors 	 graph 	 compare 	 locked files 	 issues 	 issues 	 	 list 	 boards 	 service desk 	 milestones 	 iterations 	 merge requests 	 merge requests 	 requirements 	 requirements 	 ci/cd 	 ci/cd 	 	 pipelines 	 jobs 	 schedules 	 test cases 	 deployments 	 deployments 	 	 environments 	 releases 	 monitor 	 monitor 	 	 metrics 	 incidents 	 packages & registries 	 packages & registries 	 	 package registry 	 container registry 	 infrastructure registry 	 analytics 	 analytics 	 	 ci/cd 	 code review 	 insights 	 issue 	 repository 	 value stream 	 wiki 	 wiki 	 snippets 	 snippets 	 activity 	 graph 	 create a new issue 	 jobs 	 commits 	 issue boards collapse sidebar close sidebar open sidebar 	bram wiepjes 	baserow 	 repository develop switch branch/tag 	 baserow 	 premium 	 license find file blamehistorypermalink 	 resolve "setup premium directory structure" · d c df bram wiepjes authored apr , d c df this project is licensed under the other. learn more license . kb editweb ide replace license × attach a file by drag & drop or click to upload commit message replace license replace file cancel a new branch will be created in your fork and a new merge request will be started. criterion adds harold lloyd’s campus comedy the freshman to its collection 				 			 	the a.v. club 	deadspin 	gizmodo 	jalopnik 	jezebel 	kotaku 	lifehacker 	the root 	the takeout 	 	the onion 	 	the inventory pop culture obsessives writing for the pop culture obsessed. shopsubscribe homelatestfilmtvmusicgamesauxnewspop culture obsessives writing for the pop culture obsessed. homelatestfilmtvmusicgamesauxnews reviews criterion adds harold lloyd’s campus comedy the freshman to its collection bymike d'angelo / / : am comments ( ) reviewsdvds b+ the freshman director fred c. newmeyer, sam taylor runtime minutes rating not rated cast harold lloyd, jobyna ralston, brooks benedict advertisement for all their popularity, charlie chaplin and buster keaton weren’t figures with whom the average american could identify, in the sense of thinking, “that’s me up there!” harold lloyd was the silent comic who fulfilled that need. the typical lloyd hero is a perpetually bumbling go-getter who wants nothing more than to be liked, and who seems like enough of a normal guy, despite the proto-geeky horn-rimmed glasses, to pull that off after some requisite struggles. in ’s the freshman, his character, harold lamb, repeatedly introduces himself as “just a regular fellow,” following the lead of his own favorite movie star, lester laurel (a fictional actor who stars in the fictional film the college hero). and it’s in harold’s determined efforts to prove himself worthy, rather than in the sort of sustained physical comedy practiced by chaplin and keaton, that lloyd truly shines. the freshman was so successful that keaton wound up making his own campus comedy, ’s college, but this was lloyd’s natural milieu. another thing that distinguishes lloyd’s films is that the intertitles are often as funny as the visual gags. here, tate university, the school harold arrives at as a freshman, is described as “a large football stadium with a college attached,” deftly establishing the path he’ll need to take to earn the respect of the student body. initially, however, he’s perceived as a laughingstock, in part because he insists on introducing himself to everybody by dancing a stupid little jig that he’d seen lester laurel perform. his willingness to buy ice cream for his so-called friends sustains the illusion of popularity, and of course there’s a pretty girl, peggy (jobyna ralston, lloyd’s regular love interest), who genuinely admires him. but harold aspires to be big man on campus, and it’s clear that only gridiron glory can make that happen. the movie’s climax was shot at the rose bowl (with crowd shots filmed separately at a game between stanford and u.c. berkeley), and sees harold, who’s just the water boy, sent in as a desperation substitute after almost the entire tate squad has been injured and carried off the field on stretchers. that’s a tad contrived (in a way that isn’t especially funny—it’s hard to root for harold hoping his teammates get hurt, so that he can play), and is one of the reasons why the freshman, just issued on blu-ray as part of the criterion collection, isn’t quite as glorious as the previous lloyd classic the company released, ’s safety last! another reason is that a large chunk of the movie’s second half is devoted to material better suited to keaton, including a party sequence in which harold wears a hastily tailored suit that rips if he so much as raises an arm or bends a knee. there are some laughs as the tailor attempts to re-stitch his duds from behind a curtain, but it doesn’t achieve the steadily escalating lunacy to which it aspires. on the other hand, nobody but lloyd could win audience empathy by having his alter ego agree to be a tackling dummy for the football team, gamely rising to his feet and getting knocked down again and again and again. making intense neediness seem heroic is no easy task, but lloyd makes it look easy; when the improbably happy ending arrives, with milquetoast harold scoring the game-winning touchdown, it feels fully earned. as usual, criterion has packed the disc with extras, including three lloyd shorts (“the marathon,” “an eastern westerner,” and “high and dizzy”) and audio commentary (by leonard maltin and others). one of the more interesting notes, however, is buried in the booklet’s technical information, which most people probably don’t bother to read. as it turns out, the restored version of the freshman seen today is mostly not the original film: two versions were shot simultaneously, using separate cameras from slightly different angles, and approximately percent of the criterion edition (and pretty much every other edition you’re likely to see nowadays) was actually taken from the foreign-release version of the film, which was called college days. ucla, which restored the freshman in , opted to use that footage because it was in much better shape than the american negative, and the differences are presumably minor; nonetheless, it’s surprising to discover that over half of a classic film is now composed of (essentially) alternate takes. then again, there’s no definitive text of hamlet, either. and in the end, really, funny is funny. g/o media may get a commission galaxy watch from $ at samsung filmreviewsdvds meta interchange meta interchange libraries, computing, metadata, and more 	trading for images let&# ;s search a koha catalog for something that isn&# ;t at all controversial: what you search for in a library catalog ought to be only between... 	entering a very brief post to start the new year. i&# ;m not inclined to make elaborate resolutions for the new year other than being very firm... 	data cleanup as a force for evil a quotidian concern of anybody responsible for a database is the messy data it contains. see a record about a pedro gonzález? bah, the assumption of... 	on being wrong, wrong, wrong yesterday i gave a lightning talk at the evergreen conference on being wrong. appropriately, i started out the talk on the wrong foot. i intended... 	fostering a habit of nondisclosure it almost doesn&# ;t need to be said that old-fashioned library checkout cards were terrible for patron privacy. want to know who had checked out a... 	scaling the annual code lib conference one of the beautiful things about code lib qua banner is that it can be easily taken up by anyway without asking permission. if i wanted... 	amelia, - last year, i wrote about the blossoming of the mellie-cat, and closed with this line: &# ;sixteen years is not long enough to get to know... 	mashcat at ala annual + shared notes i&# ;m leaving for chicago tomorrow to attend ala annual (and to eat some real pizza), and while going over the schedule i found some... 	what makes an anti-librarian? assuming the order gets made and shipped in time (update - - : it did), i&# ;ll be arriving in chicago for ala annual carrying a few tens... 	imls support for free and open source software the institute of museum and library services is the u.s. government&# ;s primary vehicle for direct federal support of libraries, museums, and archives across the entire... premium/backend/src/baserow_premium · develop · bram wiepjes / baserow · gitlab skip to content gitlab 	 menu projects groups snippets 	 	 loading... 	 	 help 	 what's new 	 help 	 support 	 community forum 	 keyboard shortcuts ? 	 	 submit feedback 	 contribute to gitlab 	 switch to gitlab next 	 sign in / register toggle navigation menu 	 baserow 	 project information 	 project information 	 	 activity 	 labels 	 members 	 repository 	 repository 	 	 files 	 commits 	 branches 	 tags 	 contributors 	 graph 	 compare 	 locked files 	 issues 	 issues 	 	 list 	 boards 	 service desk 	 milestones 	 iterations 	 merge requests 	 merge requests 	 requirements 	 requirements 	 ci/cd 	 ci/cd 	 	 pipelines 	 jobs 	 schedules 	 test cases 	 deployments 	 deployments 	 	 environments 	 releases 	 monitor 	 monitor 	 	 metrics 	 incidents 	 packages & registries 	 packages & registries 	 	 package registry 	 container registry 	 infrastructure registry 	 analytics 	 analytics 	 	 ci/cd 	 code review 	 insights 	 issue 	 repository 	 value stream 	 wiki 	 wiki 	 snippets 	 snippets 	 activity 	 graph 	 create a new issue 	 jobs 	 commits 	 issue boards collapse sidebar close sidebar open sidebar 	bram wiepjes 	baserow 	 repository develop switch branch/tag find file select archive format download source code zip tar.gz tar.bz tar clone 	 clone with ssh 	 clone with https 	 	 open in your ide visual studio code (ssh) visual studio code (https) copy https clone url 	 copy ssh clone urlgit@gitlab.com:bramw/baserow.git 	 copy https clone urlhttps://gitlab.com/bramw/baserow.git connect online: cfp for workshops connect online: cfp for workshops the program committee for samvera connect online invites proposals for workshops to be held on thursday and friday, th - th october. workshops may be . hours or hours long. these will be virtual sessions using zoom (or similar software) and may start as early as . am edt. please feel free to propose a workshop that you would like to run yourself or with colleagues. please also feel free to propose a workshop that you would like to see run by someone else on a topic that you would definitely attend. this cfp has been extended through august st. * required email * your email title of proposed workshop * your answer are you proposing to run this workshop yourself, or are you requesting that someone else run it? * i will run it on my own or with others i am requesting that someone else run it next never submit passwords through google forms. this form was created inside of samvera community. report abuse  forms     none github - fcrepo-exts/fcrepo-migration-validator: a command-line tool for validating migrations of fedora datasets to fedora . skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this organization all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} fcrepo-exts / fcrepo-migration-validator 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork a command-line tool for validating migrations of fedora datasets to fedora . apache- . license stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights main switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit   git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .github     src     .gitignore     license     readme.md     pom.xml     view code fcrepo-migration-validator usage development readme.md fcrepo-migration-validator a command-line tool for validating migrations of fedora datasets to fedora . usage general usage is as follows: java -jar target/fcrepo-migration-validator-<version>-driver.jar [cli options | --help] note: the migration validator requires java + to run the following cli options for the migration validator are available: usage: fcrepo-migration-validator [-chv] [--debug] [-a=<algorithm>] [-c=<ocflrootdirectory>] [-d=<f datastreamsdir>] [-e=<f exporteddir>] [-f=<f hostname>] [-i=<indexdir>] [-o=<f objectsdir>] [-p=<objectstovalidate>] [-r=<resultsdirectory>] [-r=<reporttype>] -s=<f sourcetype> [-t=<threadcount>] -h, --help show this help message and exit. -v, --version print version information and exit. -s, --source-type=<f sourcetype> fedora source type. choices: akubra | legacy | exported -d, --datastreams-dir=<f datastreamsdir> directory containing fedora datastreams (used with --source-type 'akubra' or 'legacy') -o, --objects-dir=<f objectsdir> directory containing fedora objects (used with --source-type 'akubra' or 'legacy') -e, --exported-dir=<f exporteddir> directory containing fedora export (used with --source-type 'exported') -f, --f hostname=<f hostname> hostname of fedora , used for replacing placeholder in 'e' and 'r' datastream urls default: fedora.info -i, --index-dir=<indexdir> directory where cached index of datastreams (will reuse index if already exists) -r, --results-dir=<resultsdirectory> directory where validation results are placed -c, --ocfl-root-dir=<ocflrootdirectory> the root directory of the fedora ocfl. -t, --threads=<threadcount> the number of threads for parallel processing. default -p, --pid-file=<objectstovalidate> pid file listing which fedora objects to validate -r, --report-type=<reporttype> type of report to generate: html, csv, tsv default: html -c, --checksum enable checksum validations of datastreams -a, --algorithm=<algorithm> the digest algorithm to use during checksum validation: sha , sha default: sha -n, --check-num-objects enable validation comparing the number of objects in the fedora and fedora ocfl repositories. this validation is always disabled if a pid file is used. -h, --head-only validate only the most recent version of a datastream --debug enables debug logging development the migration validator is built with maven and requires java and maven . + to build the migration validator and run integration tests, run: mvn clean verify about a command-line tool for validating migrations of fedora datasets to fedora . resources readme license apache- . license releases . . release latest jun , + releases packages no packages published contributors 	   	   languages 	 java . % 	 freemarker . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. home - dlf forum 	 	 		 			skip to content		 		 	 	 		 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 			home 	about 	code of conduct 		coc reporting form 	thank you 	resources 	news 	creating accessible presentations 	affiliated events 	learn@dlf 	ndsa’s #digipres 	sponsors & fellows 	sponsorship opportunities 	fellowship opportunities 	registration 	 	 	 	 		 				 					 			 				 	 		search for... 	 	 	 		 			 				 			 		 	 			 					 	 	 							 		 	 	 		 			 				 	 	 	 	 	 		 				 					 			 				 	 		search for... 	 	 	 		 			 				 			 		 	 			 					 	 	 	 	 				 			 			 			 		 		toggle navigation 	 	 							 		 	 	 		 			 				 					 					 					 				 				 				toggle navigation					 			 		 		 			 	 	 			home 	about 	code of conduct 		coc reporting form 	thank you 	resources 	news 	creating accessible presentations 	affiliated events 	learn@dlf 	ndsa’s #digipres 	sponsors & fellows 	sponsorship opportunities 	fellowship opportunities 	registration 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 							 							 						 					 			 									 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 								 				 			a world-class marketplace of ideas for digital glam practitioners since 		 				 				 				 			what's the dlf forum? 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								dlf programs stretch year-round, but we are perhaps best known for our signature event, the annual dlf forum. the dlf forum welcomes digital library, archives, and museum practitioners from member institutions and beyond—for whom it serves as a meeting place, marketplace, and congress. 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn about the event and plan to attend 		 					 		 				 				 					 		 				 			 								 				 																														 				 					 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 								 				 			attend our affiliated events! 		 				 				 				 														 				 				 						 					 			 								 				 					 						 				 								 			 						 				 					ndsa's digital preservation 				 								november 							 		 				 				 				 				 								digital preservation is the annual conference of the national digital stewardship alliance. digipres is expected to be a crucial venue for intellectual exchange, community-building, development of best practices, and national-level agenda-setting in the field. 						 				 					 		 				 			 								 				 					 						 				 								 			 						 				 					learn@dlf 				 								november - 							 		 				 				 				 				 								now in its fourth year, learn@dlf returns in includes engaging, hands-on sessions where attendees will gain experience with new tools and resources, exchange ideas, and develop and share expertise with fellow community members as well as short tutorials about specific tools, techniques, workflows, or concepts. 						 				 					 		 							 		 					 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 								 						 					 			 								 				 			make an impact! 		 				 				 				 			sponsor the dlf forum and ndsa's #digipres 		 				 				 				 																 															 															 				 					 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 					 								 				 																														 				 					 		 				 			 					 								 				 																														 				 					 		 				 			 					 								 				 																														 				 					 		 				 			 					 								 				 																														 				 					 		 							 		 					 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 								 				 			dlf forum starts in 		 				 					 		 				 			 								 				 					 			 days hours minutes seconds 		 		now 		 				 					 		 							 		 				 							 						 			 	 		 					 					 			 								 						 					 			 								 				 			what makes the dlf forum great? 		 				 					 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 								 				 					 							after nearly years of academic library experience and subsequently participating in no less than conferences, i can say that the dlf forum was the most progressive and enlightening conference that i have ever attended. it was downright empowering. 			 						 				 											 													 					 										 														ana ndumu 																						 dlf forum fellow 													 									 			 					 				 				 					 		 				 			 								 				 					 							the thoughtful way the experience was designed was due to the efforts of the organizers...as a first-time participant, i am grateful to have been able to participate in this year’s virtual forum and look forward to continuing to learn from the dlf community! 			 						 				 											 													 					 										 														betsy yoon 																						 dlf forum community journalist 													 									 			 					 				 				 					 		 							 		 					 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 								 						 					 			 								 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 					 		 				 			 								 				 			forum updates 		 				 					 		 				 			 								 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 					 		 							 		 				 				 						 							 					what we’ve learned: major takeaways from virtual forum and affiliated events feedback				 							 							 													 									august , 								 								 				 							 				as team dlf works with planning committee members to help plan events, feedback from events is part of…			 			read more 			 							 					 dlf forum, digipres, and learn@dlf calls for proposals				 							 							 													 									april , 								 								 				 							 				we’re delighted to share that it’s cfp season for clir’s annual events. based on community feedback, we’ve made the decision…			 			read more 		 				 					 		 							 		 						 					 		 		 		 					 						 					 			 								 				 			want forum news? 		 				 				 				 								subscribe to our newsletter to stay informed! 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						subscribe 		 					 		 				 				 					 		 							 		 				 						 					 			 								 				 							sponsorship opportunities 	about dlf 	join dlf 	contact 					 			 			menu 		 				sponsorship opportunities 	about dlf 	join dlf 	contact 				 				 					 		 				 			 								 				 					 							 					 						envelope 											 				 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						instagram 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 					 				 				 					 		 							 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 											 							 								sitemap							 						 									 			 		 		 go to hellman skip to main | skip to sidebar go to hellman if you wanna end war and stuff, you gotta sing loud! sunday, july , the ebook turns on july , , michael hart made the text of the declaration of independence available on arpanet (which is now the internet), using the gopher protocol (look it up). although books in digital form certainly existed before that, many of us regard the beginning of project gutenberg as the birth of the ebook. there were computer-readable books on magnetic disks, punch cards and the like, but the revolutionary element of project gutenberg was the distribution method. printed books, after all, are a digital media, it just that the bits are embodied by the presence or absence of ink rather than electrons on a transistor gate. sending the bits over a wire or a fiber is what puts the 'e' in ebook. the birth of the ebook was a political event as much as a technical achievement. the choice of the "declaration of independence of the united states" as etext # couldn't have been solely an expression of patriotic fervor. rather, i think it was a manifestation of the radical belief that everyone should have access to the printed word, without having to pay for the privilege. (yes, libraries are radical in this way, too!). as thomas jefferson put it: ... it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's god entitle them. in the context of , the "bands" that needed dissolving were expensive services such as dialog. the idea that users had to pay dialog per word to read the declaration mush have been galling to hart. (let's overlook the fact that he and other denizens of the arpanet got their access for "free" because someone else was paying.) books are things in their own right; stripping ebooks of their "bands" to a single device or service is what put the "book" into ebook. although project gutenberg is now delivering about million ebooks a year, about % of global ebook unit sales, until at least it delivered the majority of the world's ebooks. today, that position has been taken by amazon's kindle. just as the united states can't ignore the ideals that led to its founding, the stakeholders of the ebook ecosystem- authors, publishers, distributors, libraries, and readers, all of us need to remember that the ebook was born out of a desire for freedom. note: though i've been helping project gutenberg modernize its technology, i don't speak for them in any way, though i am certainly in awe of what they've achieved! if you'd like to support my work advancing freedom for ebooks, consider a donation to the free ebook foundation. posted by eric at : pm comments email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest labels: ebooks, politics, project gutenberg monday, february , open access for backlist books, part ii: the all-stars libraries know that a big fraction of their book collections never circulate, even once. the flip side of this fact is that a small fraction of a library's collection accounts for most of the circulation. this is often referred to as zipf's law; as a physicist i prefer to think of it as another manifestation of log-normal statistics resulting a preferential attachment mechanism for reading. (english translation: "word-of-mouth".) in my post about the value of open access for books, i suggested that usage statistics (circulation, downloads, etc.) are a useful proxy for the value that books generate for their readers. the logical conclusion is that the largest amount of value that can be generated from opening of the backlist comes from the books that are most used, the "all-stars" of the library, not the discount rack or the discards. if libraries are to provide funding for open access backlist books, shouldn't they focus their resources on the books that create the most value? the question of course, is how the library community would ever convince publishers, who have monopolies on these books as a consequence of international copyright laws, to convert these books to open access. although some sort of statutory licensing or fair-use carve-outs could eventually do the trick, i believe that open access for a significant number of "backlist all-stars" can be achieved today by pushing all the buttons available to supporters of open access. here's where the open access can learn from the game (and business) of baseball. 	 	"baseball", henry sandham, l. prang & co. ( ).   from digital commonwealth baseball's best player, mike trout, should earn $ . million this year, a bit over $ , per regular season game. if he's chosen for the all-star game, he won't get even a penny extra to play unless he's named mvp, in which case he earns a $ , bonus. so why would he bother to play for free? it turns out there are lots of reasons. the most important have everything to with the recognition and honor of being named as an all-star, and with having respect for his fans. but being an all-star is not without financial benefits considering endorsement contracts and earning potential outside of baseball. playing in the all-star game is an all-around no-brainer for mike trout. open access should be an all-star game for backlist books. we need to create community-based award programs that recognize and reward backlist conversions to oa. if the world's libraries want to spend $ , on backlist physics books, for example, isn't it better to spend it on the the mike trout of physics books than on a team full of discount-rack replacement-level players? competent publishers would line up in droves for major-league all-star backlist oa programs. they know that publicity will drive demand for their print versions (especially if nc licenses are used.) they know that awards will boost their prestige, and if they're trying to build open access publication programs, prestige and quality are a publisher's most important selling points. 	 	the newbury medal over a hundred backlist books have been converted to open access already this year. can you name one of them? probably not, because the publicity value of existing oa conversion programs is negligible. to relicense an all-star book, you need an all-star publicity program. you've heard of the newbury medal, right? you've seen the newbury medal sticker on children's books, maybe even special sections for them in bookstores. that prize, award by the american library association every year to honor the most distinguished contributions to american literature for children, is a powerful driver of sales. the winners get feted in a gala banquet and party (at least they did in the before-times). that's the sort of publicity we need to create for open access books. if you doubt that "all-star open access" could work, don't discount the fact that it's also the right thing to do. authors of all-star backlist books want their books to be used, cherished and remembered. libraries want books that measurably benefit the communities they serve. foundations and governmental agencies want to make a difference. even publishers who look only at their bottom lines can structure a rights conversion as a charitable donation to reduce their tax bills. and did i mention that there could be gala award celebrations? we need more celebrations, don't you think? if your community is interest in creating an open-access program for backlist books, don't hesitate to contact me at the free ebook foundation! notes i've written about the statistics of book usage here, here and here. this is the third in a series of posts about creating value of open access books. the first two are: 	creating value with open access books 	open access for backlist books, part i: the slush pile posted by eric at : pm comments email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest labels: baseball, book use, open access, ungluing ebooks tuesday, february , open access for backlist books, part i: the slush pile 	 	"kale emerging from a slush pile" (cc by, eric hellman) book publishers hate their "slush pile": books submitted for publication unsolicited, rarely with literary merit and unlikely to make money for the publisher if accepted. in contrast, book publishers love their backlist; a strong backlist is what allows a book publisher to remain consistently profitable even when most of their newly published books fail to turn a profit. a publisher's backlist typically consists of a large number of "slushy" books that generate negligible income and a few steady "evergreen" earners. publishers don't talk much about the backlist slush pile, maybe because it reminds them of their inability to predict a book's commercial success. with the advent of digital books has come new possibilities for generating value from the backlist slush pile. digital books can be kept "in print" at essentially no cost (printed books need warehouse space) which has allowed publishers to avoid rights reversion in many cases. some types of books can be bundled in ebook aggregations that can be offered on a subscription basis. this is reminiscent of the way investment bankers created valuable securities by packaging junk bonds with opaque derivatives. open access is a more broadly beneficial way to generate value from the backlist slush pile. there is a reason that libraries keep large numbers of books on their shelves even when they don't circulate for years. the myriad ways that books can create value doesn't have to be tied to book sales, as i wrote in my previous post. those of us who want to promote open access for backlist ebooks have a number of strategies at our disposal. the most basic strategy is to promote the visibility of these books. libraries can add listings for these ebooks in their catalogs. aggregators can make these books easier to find. switching backlist books to open access licenses can be expensive and difficult. while the cost of digitization has dropped dramatically over the past decade, quality control is still a significant conversion expense. licensing-related expenses are sometimes large. unlike journals and journal articles, academic books are typically covered by publishing agreements that give authors royalties on sales and licensing, and give authors control over derivative works such as translations. no publisher would consent to oa relicensing without the consent and support of the author. for older books, a publisher may not even have electronic rights (in the us, the tasini decision established that electronic rights are separate from print rights), or may need to have a lawyer interpret the language of the original publishing contract.  while most scholarly publishers obtain worldwide rights to the books they publish, rights for trade books are very often divided among markets. open-access licenses such as the creative commons licenses are not limited to markets, so a license conversion would require the participation of every rights holder worldwide.  the cc by license can be problematic for books containing illustrations or figures used by permission from third party rights holders. "all rights reserved" illustrations are often included in open access books, but they are carved out of the license by separate rights statements, and to be safe, publishers use the cc by-nd or cc by-nd-nc license for the complete book, as the permissions do not cover derivative works. since the cc by license allows derivative works, it cannot be used in cases where translation rights have been sold (without also buying out the translation rights). a publisher cannot use a cc by license for a translated work without also having rights to the original work. the bottom line is that converting a backlist book to oa often requires economic motivations quite apart from any lost sales. luckily, there's evidence that opening access can lead to increased sales. nagaraj and reimers found that digitization and exposure through google books increased sales of print editions by % for books in the public domain.  in addition, a publisher's commercial position and prestige can be enhanced by the attribution requirement in creative commons licenses. additional motivation for oa conversion of the backlist slush pile has been supplied by programs such as used by knowledge unlatched, where libraries contribute to to a fund used for "unlatching" backlist books. (knowledge unlatched has programs for front list books as well.) while such programs can in principle be applied for the "evergreen" backlist, the incentives currently in place result in the unlatching of books in the "slush pile" backlist. while value for society is being gained this way, the willingness of publishers to "unlatch" hundreds of these books poses the question of how much library funding for open access should be allocated to the discount bin, as opposed to the backlist books most used in libraries. that's the topic of my next post!  notes this is the second in a series of posts about creating value of open access books. the others are: 	creating value with open access books 	open access for backlist books, part ii: the all-stars posted by eric at : pm comments email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest labels: creative commons, ebooks, open access, ungluing ebooks friday, february , creating value with open access books can a book be more valuable if it's free? how valuable? to whom? how do we unlock this value? i've been wrestling with these questions for over ten years now.  and for each of these questions, the answer is... it depends. a truism of the bookselling business is that "every book is different" and the same is true of the book freeing "business". recently there's been increased interest in academic communities around open access book publishing and in academic book relicensing (adding an open access license to an already published book). both endeavors have been struggling with the central question of how to value an open access book. the uncertainty in oa book valuation has led to many rookie mistakes among oa stakeholders. for example, when we first started unglue.it, we assumed that reader interest would accelerate the relicensing process for older books whose sales had declined. but the opposite turned out to be true. evidence of reader interest let rights holders know that these backlist titles were much more valuable than sales would indicate, thus precluding any notion of making them open access. pro tip: if you want to pay a publisher to make a books free, don't publish your list of incredibly valuable books! instead of a strictly transactional approach, it's more useful to consider the myriad ways that academic books create value. each of these value mechanisms offer buttons that we can push to promote open access, and point to new structures for markets where participants join together to create mutual value. first, consider the book's reader. the value created is the reader's increased knowledge, understanding and sometimes, sheer enjoyment. the fact of open access does not itself create the value, but removes some of the barriers which might suppress this value. it's almost impossible to quantify the understanding and enjoyment from books; but "hours spent reading" might be a useful proxy for it. next consider a book's creator. while a small number of creators derive an income stream from their books, most academic authors benefit primarily from the development and dissemination of their ideas. in many fields of inquiry, publishing a book is the academic's path to tenure. educators (and their students!) similarly benefit. in principle, you might assess a textbook's value by measuring student performance. the value of a book to a publisher can be more than just direct sales revenue. a widely distributed book can be a marketing tool for a publisher's entire business. in the world of open access, we can see new revenue models emerging - publication charges, events, sponsorships, even grants and memberships.  the value of a book to society as a whole can be enormous. in areas of research, a book might lead to technological advances, healthier living, or a more equitable society. or a book might create outrage, civil strife, and misinformation. that's another issue entirely! books can be valuable to secondary distributors as well. both used book resellers and libraries add value to physical books by increasing their usage. this is much harder to accomplish for paywalled ebooks! since academic libraries are often considered as potential funding sources for open access publishing it's worth noting that the value of an open access ebook to a library is entirely indirect. when a library acts as an open access funding source, it's acting as a proxy for the community it serves. this brings us to communities. the vast majority of books create value for specific communities, not societies as a whole. i believe that community-based funding is the most sustainable path for support of open access books. community supported oa article publishing has already had plenty of support. communities organized by discipline have been particularly successful: consider the success that arxiv has had in promoting open access in physics, both at the preprint level and for journals in high-energy physics. a similar story can be told for biomedicine, pubmed and pubmed central. a different sort of community success story has been scielo, which has used open access to address challenges faced by scholars in latin america. so far, however, sustainable open access has proven to be challenging for scholarly ebooks. my next few posts will discuss the challenges and ways forward for support of ebook relicensing and for oa ebook creation: 	open access for backlist books, part i: the slush pile 	open access for backlist books, part ii: the all-stars posted by eric at : pm comments email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest labels: open access, ungluing ebooks tuesday, december , infra-infrastructure, inter-infrastructure and para-infrastructure no one is against "investing in infrastructure". no one wants bridges to collapse, investing is always more popular than spending, and it's even alliterative! what's more, since infrastructure is almost invisible by definition, it's politically safe to support investing in infrastructure because no one will see when you don't follow through on your commitment! 	 	ponte morandi collapse - michele ferraris, cc by-sa . via wikimedia commons geoffrey bilder gives a talk where he asks us to think of crossref and similar services as "information infrastructure" akin to "plumbing", where the implication is that since we, as a society, are accustomed to paying plumbers and bridge builders lots of money, we should also pony up for "information infrastructure", which is obvious once you say it. what qualifies as infrastructure, anyway? if i invest in a new laptop, is that infrastructure for the go-to-hellman blog? blogspot is google-owned blogging infrastructure for sure. it's certainly not open infrastructure, but it works, and i haven't had to do much maintenance on it.  there's a lot of infrastructure used to make unglue.it, which supports distribution of open-access ebooks. it uses django, which is open-source software originally developed to support newspaper websites. unglue.it also uses modules that extend django that were made possible by django's open license. it works really well, but i've had to put a fair amount of work into updating my code to keep up with new versions of django. ironically, most of this work has been in fixing the extensions that have not updated along with django. i deploy unglue.it on aws, which is definitely infrastructure. i have a love/hate relationship with aws because it works so well, but every time i need to change something, i have to spend hours with documentation to find the one-line incantation that make it work. but every few months, the cost of using aws goes down, which i like, but the money goes to amazon, which is ironic because they really don't care for the free ebooks we distribute. aside from aws and django, the infrastructure i use to deliver ebook foundation services includes python, docker, travis-ci, github, git, ubuntu linux, mysql, postgres, ansible, requests, beautiful soup, and many others. the unglue.it database relies on infrastructure services from doab, oapen, librarything, project gutenberg, openlibrary and google books. my development environment relies heavily on bbedit and jupyter. we depend on crossref and internet archive to resolve some links; we use subject vocabulary from library of congress and bisac. you can imagine why i was interested in "jrost " which turns out to stand for "join roadmap for open science tools ", a meeting organized by a relatively new non-profit, "invest in open infrastructure" (ioi). the meeting was open and free, and despite the challenges associated with such a meeting in our difficult times, it managed to present a provocative program along with a compelling vision. if you think a bit about how to address the infrastructure needs of open science and open scholarship in general, you come up with at least questions: 	how do you identify the "leaky pipes" that need fixing so as to avoid systemic collapse? 	how do you bolster healthy infrastructure so that it won't need repair? 	how do you build new infrastructure that will be valuable and thrive? if it were up to me, my first steps would be to: 	get people with a stake in open infrastructure to talk to each other. break them out of their silos and figure out how their solutions can help solve problems in other communities. 	create a 'venture fund" for new needed infrastructure. work on solving the problems that no one wants to tackle on their own. invest in open infrastructure is already doing this! kaitlin thaney, who's been executive director of ioi for less that a year, seems to be pressing all the right buttons. the jrost meeting was a great start on # and # is the initial direction of the "jrost rapid response fund", whose first round of awards was announced at the meeting. among the first awardees of the jrost rapid response fund announced at jrost was an organization that ties into the infrastructure that i use, i c. it's a great example of much-needed infrastructure for scientific computing, education, digital humanities and data science. i c aims to create hosted interactive computing environments that run in the cloud and are powered by entirely open-source technology (jupyter). as i'm a jupyter user and enthusiast, this makes me happy. but while i c is the awardee,  it's being built on top of jupyter. is jupyter also infrastructure? it needs investment too, doesn't it? there's a lot of overlap between the jupyter team and the i c team, so investment in one could be investment in the other. in fact, chris holdgraf, executive director of i c, told me that "we see i c as a way to both increase the impact of jupyter in the research/education community, and a way to more sustainably drive resources back into the jupyter community.". 	 	open science infrastructure interdependency (from “scoping the open science infrastructure landscape in europe”, https://doi.org/ . /zenodo. ) where does jupyter fit in the infrastructure landscape? it's nowhere to be seen on the neat "interdependency map" presented by sparc eu at jrost. if i c is an example of investment-worthy infrastructure, maybe the best way to think of jupyter is "infra-infrastructure" - the open information infrastructure needed to build open information infrastructure. "trickle-down" investment in this sort of infrastructure may be the best way to support projects like jupyter so they stay open and are widely used. but wait... jupyter is built on top of python, right? python needs people investing in it, is python infra-infra-infrastructure? and python is built on top of c  (i won't even mention jython or pyjs), right?? turtles all the way down. will i c eventually get buried under other layers of infrastructure, be forgotten and underinvested in, only to be one day excavated and studied by technology archeologists? looking carefully at the interdependency map, i don't see a lot of layers. i see a network with lots of loops. and many of the nodes are connectors themselves. orcid and crossref resemble roads, bridges and plumbing not because they're hidden underneath, but because they're visible and in-between. they exist because of the entities they connect cooperate to make the connection robust instead of incidental. they're not infra-infrastructure, they're inter-infrastructure. trickle-down investment probably wouldn't work for inter-infrastucture. instead, investments need to come from the communities that benefit so that the communities can decide how to manage and access to the inter-infrastructure to maximize the community benefit. there's another type of infrastructure that needs investment. i work in ebooks, and a lot of overlapping communities have tackled their own special ebook problems. but the textbook people don't talk to the public domain people don't talk to the monograph people don't talk to the library people. (a slight exaggeration.) there are lots of "almost" solutions that work well for specific tasks. but with the total amount of effort being expended, we could some really amazing things... if only we were better at collaborating. for example, the jupyter folks have gotten funding from sloan for the "executable book project". this is really cool. similarly, there's bookdown, which comes out of the r community. and there are other efforts to give ebooks the functionality that a website could have. gitbook is a commercial open-source effort targeting a similar space, rebus, a non-profit, is using pressbooks to gain traction in the textbook space, while mit press's pubpub has similar goals. i'll call these overlapping efforts "para-infrastructure." should investors in open infrastructure target investment in "rolling up" or merging these efforts? when private equity investors have done this to library automation companies the results have not benefited the user communities, so i'd say "no!" but what's the alternative? i've observed that the folks who are doing the best job of just making stuff work rarely have the time or resources to go off to conferences or workshops. typically, these folks have no incentive to do the work to make their tools work for slightly different problems. that can be time consuming! but it's still easier than taking someone else's work and modifying it to solve your own special problem. i think the best way to invest in open para-infrastructure is to get lots of these folks together and give the time and incentive to talk and to share solutions (and maybe code.) it's hard work, but making the web of open infrastructure stronger and more resilient is what investment in open infrastructure is all about.  different types of open infrastructure benefit from different styles of investment; i'm hoping that ioi will build on the directions exhibited by its rapid response fund and invest effectively in infra-infrastructure, inter-infrastructure, and para-infrastructure.   notes . geoff bilder and cameron neylon have a nice discussion of many of the issues in this post: “bilder g, lin j, neylon c ( ) where are the pipes? building foundational infrastructures for future services, retrieved [date], http://cameronneylon.net/blog/where-are-the-pipes-building-foundational-infrastructures-for-future-services/ ‎” . "trickle-down" has a negative connotation in economics, but that's how you feed a tree, right? posted by eric at : pm comments email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest labels: crossref, ebooks, infrastructure, open source older posts home subscribe to: posts (atom) unglue.it making the world of ebooks safe for the free. blog archive 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ▼  july ( ) 	the ebook turns 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) popular posts 	 beware, comment spammers! i had this great idea about how to fight comment spam. if you're not familiar with comment spam, you probably don't have your own bl... 	 sci-hub, libgen, and total information awareness "good thing downloads not trackable!" was one twitter response to my post imagining a skirmish in the imminent scholarly publi... 	 the ebook turns on july , , michael hart made the text of the declaration of independence available on arpanet (which is now the internet), using the g... 	 google's "crypto-cookies" are tracking chrome users ordinary  http cookies are used in many ways to make the internet work. cookies help websites remember their users. a common use of cookies... 	 book publishing after the jobs act revolution on monday, the us senate confirmed mary jo white as the new head of the securities and exchange commission (the sec). the book industry wi... twitter updates twitter updates follow me on twitter tweets by @gluejar subscribe to posts atom posts all comments atom all comments me 	eric 	eric go to hellman fan page go to hellman on facebook labels 	 ebooks ( ) 	 libraries ( ) 	 book industry ( ) 	 e-book ( ) 	 privacy ( ) 	 copyright ( ) 	 business models ( ) 	 linked data ( ) 	 semantic web ( ) 	 ungluing ebooks ( ) 	 open access ( ) 	 creative commons ( ) 	 physics ( ) 	 google book search ( ) 	 publishing ( ) 	 twitter ( ) 	 web design and development ( ) 	 library automation ( ) 	 google ( ) 	 piracy ( ) 	 unglue.it ( ) 	 gluejar ( ) 	 magic ( ) 	 ala midwinter ( ) 	 rdf ( ) 	 social practice ( ) 	 overdrive ( ) 	 linking technology ( ) 	 scholarly publishing ( ) 	 amazon ( ) 	 amazon kindle ( ) 	 identifiers ( ) 	 metadata ( ) 	 digital rights management ( ) 	 ala annual ( ) 	 book use ( ) 	 conferences ( ) 	 google book search settlement ( ) 	 harpercollins ( ) 	 crossref ( ) 	 epub ( ) 	 openurl ( ) 	 facebook ( ) 	 just kidding ( ) 	 new york times ( ) 	 rdfa ( ) 	 big library read ( ) 	 book digitization ( ) 	 http secure ( ) 	 the four corners of the sky: a novel ( ) 	 truth ( ) 	 isbn ( ) 	 blogging ( ) 	 public library ( ) 	 bugs ( ) 	 denny chin ( ) 	 idpf ( ) 	 project gutenberg ( ) 	 url redirection ( ) 	 knowledgebases ( ) 	 languages ( ) 	 semtech ( ) 	 social networks ( ) 	 wikipedia ( ) 	 attributor ( ) 	 book rights registry ( ) 	 hackathon ( ) 	 kickstarter ( ) 	 library ( ) 	 ra ( ) 	 bit.ly ( ) 	 apple ( ) 	 doi ( ) 	 digital library ( ) 	 google books ( ) 	 ipad ( ) 	 india ( ) 	 new jersey ( ) 	 newspaper industry ( ) 	 open source ( ) 	 public domain ( ) 	 semantic technology ( ) 	 digital object identifier ( ) 	 entrepreneurship ( ) 	 intel ( ) 	 interlibrary loan ( ) 	 library journal ( ) 	 microdata ( ) 	 oclc ( ) 	 star trek ( ) 	 authentication ( ) 	 public identity ( ) 	 aaron swartz ( ) 	 amazon web services ( ) 	 american library association ( ) 	 bell labs ( ) 	 bitcoin ( ) 	 brian o'leary ( ) 	 dpla ( ) 	 electronic journals ( ) 	 j. k. rowling ( ) 	 koha ( ) 	 liblime ( ) 	 librarything ( ) 	 neal stephenson ( ) 	 publishing point ( ) 	 sopa ( ) 	 crowdfunding ( ) 	 my attic ( ) 	 accessibility ( ) 	 adwords ( ) 	 adobe digital editions ( ) 	 baseball ( ) 	 code lib ( ) 	 cryptography ( ) 	 forms of government ( ) 	 geolocation ( ) 	 github ( ) 	 google analytics ( ) 	 google wave ( ) 	 jstor ( ) 	 macmillan ( ) 	 network effect ( ) 	 new york public library ( ) 	 owl ( ) 	 ptfs ( ) 	 search engine optimization ( ) 	 sweden ( ) 	 death ( ) 	 genealogy ( ) 	 hashtags ( ) 	 http-range ( ) 	 iphone ( ) 	 my dad ( ) 	 politics ( ) 	 security ( ) 	 unicode ( ) 	 advertising ( ) 	 americans with disabilities act of ( ) 	 book design ( ) 	 book industry study group ( ) 	 bruce springsteen ( ) 	 database licensing ( ) 	 disruptive technology ( ) 	 electronic frontier foundation ( ) 	 frbr ( ) 	 fair use ( ) 	 fan fiction ( ) 	 file sharing ( ) 	 fusion tables ( ) 	 gitenberg ( ) 	 google book ( ) 	 great gatsby ( ) 	 hachette book group ( ) 	 hal varian ( ) 	 hurricane sandy ( ) 	 john sundman ( ) 	 nook ( ) 	 openid ( ) 	 opensource ( ) 	 payments ( ) 	 philadelphia phillies ( ) 	 proxy server ( ) 	 radiolab ( ) 	 random house ( ) 	 rush holt ( ) 	 school library ( ) 	 social network ( ) 	 spam ( ) 	 star trek tng ( ) 	 vegetables ( ) 	 wolfram alpha ( ) 	 blockchain ( ) 	 ebrary ( ) 	 linkedin ( ) 	 technology ( ) 	 tr.im ( ) 	 adaptiveblue ( ) 	 assistive technology ( ) 	 beer ( ) 	 bibliocommons ( ) 	 bots ( ) 	 brewster kahle ( ) 	 clay johnson ( ) 	 clayton m. christensen ( ) 	 comic con ( ) 	 dbpedia ( ) 	 dcwg ( ) 	 dave winer ( ) 	 digital watermarking ( ) 	 ebl ( ) 	 evan ratliff ( ) 	 evert taube ( ) 	 firefox ( ) 	 gnu affero general public license ( ) 	 garage sale ( ) 	 hugh howie ( ) 	 ian davis ( ) 	 infochimps ( ) 	 infrastructure ( ) 	 instant messaging ( ) 	 internet archive ( ) 	 jon stewart ( ) 	 knowledge representation ( ) 	 kobo ( ) 	 lawrence lessig ( ) 	 mac os x ( ) 	 metcalfe's law ( ) 	 neil gaiman ( ) 	 neurobiology ( ) 	 orcid ( ) 	 open database license ( ) 	 open knowledge foundation ( ) 	 open library ( ) 	 pddl ( ) 	 paypal ( ) 	 proquest ( ) 	 pubmed ( ) 	 qin dynasty ( ) 	 qin shi huangdi ( ) 	 rv guha ( ) 	 ralph waldo emerson ( ) 	 sparql ( ) 	 simon and schuster ( ) 	 single sign-on ( ) 	 siri ( ) 	 star wars ( ) 	 text-to-speech ( ) 	 textbooks ( ) 	 the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy ( ) 	 tim o'reilly ( ) 	 tor (anonymity network) ( ) 	 warner oland ( ) 	 weeds ( ) 	 youtube ( ) 	 zemanta ( ) 	 zola books ( ) 	 dead serious ( ) 	 design patterns ( ) 	 gmail ( ) 	 h n ( ) 	 life ( ) 	 patents ( ) 	 shibboleth ( ) 	 swedish music ( ) 	 twitterdata ( ) if you are a comment spammer, comments are closed to you.   your use of this material is subject to the go to hellman blog license agreement. this blog uses statcounter analytics; they set a tracking cookie that may spy on you. none yes sir, that's my baby (song) - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	yes sir, that's my baby (song) 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 song by walter donaldson (music) and gus kahn (lyrics) 	"yes sir, that's my baby" 	song 	written	 	composer(s)	walter donaldson 	lyricist(s)	gus kahn "yes sir, that's my baby" is a popular u.s. song from . the music was written by walter donaldson and the lyrics by gus kahn. it is now in the public domain. contents 	 background 	 recordings 	 later recordings 	 international re-recordings 	 film appearances 	 references background[edit] opening line of the chorus: "yes sir, that's my ba - by, no sir, don't mean may - be, yes sir, that's my ba - by now...." according to one source, the song was written when donaldson and kahn were visiting eddie cantor. cantor's daughter marjorie brought out one of her favorite toys, a walking mechanical pig. she wound it up and it started walking in rhythm while two notes kept coming from the little creature. kahn was inspired and started working lyrics to these notes in rhythm with the pig, coming up with the title and opening line of the chorus in short order.[ ] recordings[edit] it was introduced by margaret young and other successful recordings in were by: 	ace brigode 	gene austin 	blossom seeley 	ben bernie 	coon-sanders original nighthawk orchestra (vocal by carleton coon).[ ] 	lee morse later recordings[edit] the song has become a standard that has been recorded by over artists in genres from jazz to rock, marimba and country. among the later recordings: 	eddie cantor recorded the song in . 	harry stewart's mock-japanese novelty cover of the song earned a notorious reputation as one of the worst records ever made upon its release in .[ ] although, some define the recording as a stylized japanese parody. 	bing crosby recorded the song in [ ] for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set the bing crosby cbs radio recordings ( - ) issued by mosaic records (catalog md - ) in .[ ] 	also in , the sensations reached # on the best sellers in stores chart.[ ] 	it was later a hit for ricky nelson in . this recording reached # on the hot .[ ] 	the four aces recorded the song in . 	it's the opening track on etta jones' don't go to strangers ( ). 	frank sinatra recorded it in for his strangers in the night lp. 	james booker covered the song on his album classified: remixed & expanded.[ ] international re-recordings[edit] 	a yiddish version entitled "yes sir, iz may kalleh" (yes sir, that's my bride) was recorded by peisachke burstein. in german, the song was titled "küss' mich, schnucki-putzi". 	the song was also sung by jason robards and barry gordon in the feature film a thousand clowns.[ ] 	bram morrison and young singer debbie fruitman sing together on sharon, lois & bram's album one elephant, deux Éléphants.[ ] 	the song was sung in italian by duo fasano (fasano sisters duo)[ ] and the famous italian singer raffaella carrà in . the song was titled "lola" and talks about a girl (lola) that the singer is convincing to dance the charleston.[ ] 	it was also remade by a czech group verona in with completely new lyrics and named "hey boy", becoming a holiday hit on local radio stations. czech and slovak listeners know the song from the traffic-information program "pozor, zákruta" (watch out, turning), which has been broadcast since by czechoslovak radio, which took the instrumental version of that song as its signature.[ ] with older czech lyrics titled "Že se nestydíte" by jan werich this song was performed by the karel vlach orchestra in the rokoko theatre (prague, ).[ ] 	the swedish band onkel kånkel recorded a version of the song called "spetälske leffe" (leprous leffe) for their album kalle anka suger pung. 	the song's title is the name of a spaceship in the john scalzi book the collapsing empire, often referred to as "the yes, sir". film appearances[edit] 	 broadway 	 once upon a time – played often throughout the film 	 yes sir, that's my baby – sung during the montage with the kids. 	 i'll see you in my dreams 	 the eddie cantor story – sung by eddie in the midnight frolics 	 a thousand clowns – sung and played on ukuleles by jason robards and barry gordon. 	 the great gatsby 	 smile – sung by michael chain 	 agatha 	 heartburn – performed by meryl streep and jack nicholson. 	 dancing at lughnasa references[edit] 	^ yes sir, that's my baby by eddie cantor songfacts 	^ whitburn, joel ( ). joel whitburn's pop memories - . wisconsin, usa: record research inc. p.  . isbn  - - - . 	^ ewald, william ( - - ). "song writers guarantee new record worst". oxnard press-courier. united press. p.  . retrieved february . 	^ "a bing crosby discography". bing magazine. international club crosby. retrieved december , . 	^ "allmusic.com". allmusic.com. retrieved december , . 	^ whitburn, joel ( ). top r&b/hip-hop singles: - . record research. p.  . 	^ whitburn, joel ( ). joel whitburn's top pop singles, th edition: - . record research. p.  . 	^ james booker: classified remixed & expanded, rounder, - - , retrieved - - 	^ that's my baby - youtube[dead link]. 	^ yes sir, you're my baby by sharon, lois, and bram on youtube. 	^ lola, duo fasano on youtube. 	^ lola, italian version lyric. 	^ tenkrát v rozhlase - 	^ darek vostřel & jiří Šašek - Že se nestydíte [ vinyl records rpm] on youtube. 	authority control 	 	musicbrainz work retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=yes_sir,_that% s_my_baby_(song)&oldid= " 		categories: 	songs with music by walter donaldson 	songs with lyrics by gus kahn 	pop standards 	 songs 	ricky nelson songs 	eddie cantor songs 	jazz compositions in g major hidden categories: 	all articles with dead external links 	articles with dead external links from january 	articles with short description 	short description is different from wikidata 	articles containing slovak-language text 	articles containing czech-language text 	articles containing swedish-language text 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz work identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			deutsch 	français 	nederlands 	norsk bokmål 	Русский 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 github - frictionlessdata/livemark: livemark is a static page generator that extends markdown with interactive charts, tables, scripts, and more. skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this organization all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} frictionlessdata / livemark 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork livemark is a static page generator that extends markdown with interactive charts, tables, scripts, and more. livemark.frictionlessdata.io mit license stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 security 	 insights main switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit roll v . . … f cba aug , v . . f cba git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .github     data     docs     livemark     tests     .gitignore     .gitverify     changelog.md     cname     lead.md     license.md     manifest.in     makefile     readme.md     index.html     index.md     livemark.yaml     pylama.ini     pyproject.toml     pytest.ini     setup.cfg     setup.py     view code livermark purpose features example documentation readme.md livermark this software is in the early stages and is not well-tested livemark is a static site generator that extends markdown with interactive charts, tables, scripts, and more. purpose 	improved writing experience: now your markdown data articles can include interactive charts, tables, a live development server, and much more. 	static site generator: livemark only operates with static files - it creates an html file from your mardown file. features 	open source (mit) 	full markdown compatibility 	markdown extensions such as tables and charts 	straight-forward command-line interface 	live development server example take a look at the demo article # build a single document (index.md by default) $ livemark build # start a livereload server $ livemark start documentation please visit our documentation portal: 	https://livemark.frictionlessdata.io about livemark is a static page generator that extends markdown with interactive charts, tables, scripts, and more. livemark.frictionlessdata.io resources readme license mit license releases v . . latest aug , + releases packages no packages published contributors 	 roll roll 	 amercader adrià mercader 	 lwinfree lilly winfree languages 	 python . % 	 html . % 	 css . % 	 javascript . % 	 other . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. samvera repository online tour submission form samvera repository online tour submission form we would love to include your repository in an online map/tour of samvera-based repositories. anyone associated with a given repository can complete this form. the repository tour will appear on the samvera website and will be a communication tool to provide an overview of what's possible with samvera-based repositories. thank you for contributing! * required email * your email your name and title * your answer institution/organization * your answer name of repository * your answer repository link * your answer purpose of the repository (i.e., etds, research data, special collections, etc.) your answer link to and brief description ( - sentences) of one particularly notable holding in the repository * your answer anything you'd like to add? your answer a copy of your responses will be emailed to the address you provided. submit never submit passwords through google forms. recaptchaprivacyterms this form was created inside of samvera community. report abuse  forms     kazak.pptx browse kazak.pptx ( . mb) kazak.pptx citedownload ( . mb)shareembed presentation posted on . . , : by lorcan dempsey this is a presentation about trends in metadata, focusing on two important issues. the first is entification, moving from strings to things. the second is pluralization, as we seek to better represent the diversity of perspectives, experiences and memories. it discusses an oclc initiative associated with each trend. history usage metrics categories 	library and information studies keywords metadatapluralizationentificationknowledge graphdiversityoclc licence cc by . exports select an optionrefworksbibtexref. managerendnotedatacitenlmdc hide footeraboutfeaturestoolsblogambassadorscontactfaqsprivacy policycookie policyt&cssitemap figshare. credit for all your research. none connect online: cfp for lightning talks connect online: cfp for lightning talks the program committee for samvera connect online invites proposals for lightning talks to be given the week of monday, october th - friday, october nd, between . am and . pm us edt. lightning talks should be seven minutes long and have a clear focus on one or a few ideas. there will be time for q&a after a block of lightning talks. this cfp is open until september th. * required email * your email name * your answer title of lightning talk * your answer who is/are your target audience? * administrators developers managers (specifically repository managers) managers (more generally) metadata specialists new or potential community participants sysadmins/devops ui/ux practicioners other: required please give us a description of the talk that we can use in the conference program * a few sentences - no more than words or so. your answer please indicate the dates you are available to give your talk: * monday th october tuesday th october wednesday th october thursday st october friday nd october required please feel free to add any additional information you wish the program committee to take into consideration. your answer send me a copy of my responses. submit never submit passwords through google forms. recaptchaprivacyterms this form was created inside of samvera community. report abuse  forms     public domain day advent calendar # : the prophet by kahlil gibran | everybody's libraries 	 		 			 								 					 						everybody's libraries 					 				 				libraries for everyone, by everyone, shared with everyone, about everything 									 						 					 								 			 								skip to content 					home 	about 	about the free decimal correspondence 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					← why pay for what’s free? finding open access and public domain articles 					public domain day advent calendar # : ‘twas the night before christmas cantata by frances mccollin → 				 				 											public domain day advent calendar # : the prophet by kahlil gibran 					 					 						posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom					 					 						“your children are not your children […] for they have their own thoughts […] you are the bows from which your children as living arrows are sent forth.” the lines above are from one of the more well-known parts of the prophet, written by lebanese-american poet and artist kahlil gibran.  though they talk about one’s offspring, one could also see them as applying to one’s creations.  they may originate from people (parents or authors) who start with great control and influence over them, but eventually they become independent of their origin.  to quote another line in the poem, they “dwell in the house of tomorrow, which you cannot visit”. since the prophet was first published in , it has to a large extent been under the control and influence of its author, and then, after his death in , his estate.  but over time it has entered the public domain in various countries around the world.  it entered the public domain in many countries at the start of , after years had passed from the author’s death.  it entered (and in some cases, re-entered) the public domain in many others in , more than years after his death.  and finally, days from now, it will enter the public domain in the united states, as part of the first batch of published works to enter the public domain in more than years. during the month of december, this blog will feature various works from that will be joining the public domain in the us this coming january , public domain day.  the prophet is fairly well-known and still easy to find in print.  many other interesting works from are not so well-known or easy to find, and i hope to feature a wide variety of works over the next days.  (i already have some works planned to feature, but have not yet filled out a full roster; if there are any in particular you’d like to suggest, let me know by commenting here or by contacting me.) i plan to keep most of the posts short, but i’ll have links to more information on the works and authors featured, and folks are also welcome to discuss them further here in the comments if they wish.  come the new year, i’ll also go back and add live links to online copies of the works when possible.  (for now, i’ll just add a link to all online books i know of by gibran, some of which are already public domain in the us, and some of which aren’t yet but are public domain elsewhere.) i may also sometimes take the opportunity to point out aspects of copyright relevant to the featured work.  for instance, in this post i’ve directly copied material from gibran’s book (by quoting from it) even though i’ve noted that it’s still under copyright where i am.  i can do this thanks to the principle of fair use, which allows such copying under certain circumstances. there’s no universal algorithm for determining whether fair use applies in a particular case, but since i’m only quoting a small portion, in a noncommercial educational context, in order to provide original commentary and not to provide a substitute for the original work, a fair use defense would be very likely to prevail if a copyright dispute came up.  once the prophet enters the public domain here, though, we’ll be able to use larger portions, or the whole work, for a much wider variety of purposes. i’ll post my next public domain day advent calendar entry tomorrow.  i hope you’ll come back then to read it, and welcome your comments. update:  link to the full text of the prophet, now in the us public domain, courtesy gutenberg australia     share this: 	email 	print 	twitter 	facebook 	reddit 	 like this: like loading... 	related 											 							 						 													 						 							 							about john mark ockerbloom							 							i'm a digital library strategist at the university of pennsylvania, in philadelphia.							 								 									view all posts by john mark ockerbloom →								 							 						 					 						 							this entry was posted in adventcalendar, copyright. bookmark the permalink.													 					 				 					← why pay for what’s free? finding open access and public domain articles 					public domain day advent calendar # : ‘twas the night before christmas cantata by frances mccollin → 				 				 			 	 			 		 		 							 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 				 rss feed 		 	pages 				about 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 	 		recent posts 			 					public domain day : honoring a lost generation 									 	 					counting down to in the public domain 									 	 					from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 									 	 					everybody’s library questions: finding films in the public domain 									 	 					build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights 									 		 	recent comments 					 							jason on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							norma bruce on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							brent reid on counting down to in the public domain						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on counting down to in the public domain						 				 	archives 				january 	december 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	july 	june 	january 	december 	october 	june 	january 	december 	september 	january 	october 	september 	july 	may 	january 	january 	june 	january 	october 	august 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	july 	may 	january 	october 	september 	june 	may 	april 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 			 	access for all 		open access news 	copyrights and wrongs 		copyfight 	copyright & fair use 	freedom to tinker 	lawrence lessig 	general library-related news and comment 		lisnews 	teleread 	interesting folks 		jessamyn west 	john scalzi 	jonathan rochkind 	k. g. schneider 	karen coyle 	lawrence lessig 	leslie johnston 	library loon 	lorcan dempsey 	paul courant 	peter brantley 	walt crawford 	metadata and friends 		planet cataloging 	shiny tech 		boing boing 	o’reilly radar 	planet code lib 	tales from the repository 		repositoryman 	writing and publishing 		if:book 	making light 	publishing frontier 		 	 	 		 			 				 					everybody's libraries				 							 			 								blog at wordpress.com. 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 everybody's libraries | libraries for everyone, by everyone, shared with everyone, about everything 	 		 			 								 					 						everybody's libraries 					 				 				libraries for everyone, by everyone, shared with everyone, about everything 									 						 					 								 			 								skip to content 					home 	about 	about the free decimal correspondence 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 	 		← older posts 		 	 	 			 			public domain day : honoring a lost generation 			 				posted on january , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				 it’s public domain day again. in much of europe, and other countries with “life+ years” copyright terms, works by authors who died in , such as george orwell, karin michaelis, george bernard shaw, and edna st. vincent millay, have joined the public domain. canada, and other countries that still have the berne convention’s “life+ years” copyright terms, get works by authors like e. m. forster, nelly sachs, bertrand russell, elsa triolet, and other authors who died in in the public domain. and in the united states, copyrights from that are still in force have expired, introducing to the public domain a wide variety of works i’ve covered in my prior blog post. the new public domain work that i’ve seen most widely noted is f. scott fitzgerald’s jazz age novel the great gatsby. my library has a copy of the first edition, and its scan of the volume became available on hathitrust today. though he doesn’t use the term in gatsby, fitzgerald and many other authors writing around are often considered both members and chroniclers of the “lost generation”. the term was coined by gertrude stein, and made famous by ernest hemingway, who used it in the epigraph to his novel the sun also rises (one of many more works scheduled to join the us public domain a year from now). the lost generation describes an age cohort that was disrupted by the first world war, and all the deaths caused by that war and by the influenza pandemic that arose in its wake. society would never be the same afterwards. it’s ironic that some of the definitive creations of that generation are themselves part of a largely lost generation. at the time of their publication, they were supposed to enter the public domain after years at most, but that maximum term has been extended by more years, well over a generation’s worth of time. the creators of these works that got the full copyright term are almost all now dead, and many of the less famous works in this cohort have also become lost from most people’s memories. some, including many fragile films of that era, now have all copies lost as well. the generation that now sees these works joining the public domain also has many of the makings of a new “lost generation”. the number of deaths from covid- in the united states, which badly botched its response compared to many similar countries, far exceeds the number of american deaths in world war i, and is a sizable and rapidly growing fraction of all the american deaths from the - flu pandemic. many more people who have dealt with illness and quarantine have also experienced what feels like a lost year, one that hasn’t ended yet despite today’s change in the calendar. but it’s also important to recognize the key role of the public domain and of open access publications in preventing further loss. while philadelphia, where i live, has been hit hard by this pandemic, it hasn’t been hit as hard as some other places, in part because masking and other behavioral changes have been more widely used and accepted here. not long before the current pandemic started, the mutter museum’s spit spreads death exhibit reminded us of the horrifying death toll of the flu pandemic here, caused in large part by failing to stop mass gatherings that made the flu spread like wildfire here. the exhibit’s narrative, which many other local media outlets further elaborated on, was able to freely draw on a wide variety of source materials of the era that were all in the public domain due to their age. the freely available sources from helped spread public health awareness here in . open access to resources also spurred the rapid development and testing of effective treatments against covid. open sharing of the novel coronavirus genomes, and related scientific data, enabled research on the virus and effective responses to be carried out by many different labs across the globe, and many of the resulting research papers and research materials have also been made freely available in venues that are usually limited to paid subscribers. while much of this work is not public domain, strictly speaking, it is being shared and built on largely as if it were. that has enabled vaccines to be safely rolled out much more quickly than they have been for other diseases. while we celebrate today’s belated additions to the public domain, it’s also important to promote and protect it, because there are still efforts to freeze it or roll it back. the successor to the nafta trade deal requires canada to add years to its copyright terms, for instance (though canada has not yet implemented that provision). and while there is no current legislation to extend us copyright terms any further, such extensions have been proposed in the past, and we’ve just seen in congress’s recent funding bill how questionable changes to copyright law can be jammed into “must-pass” legislation with little or no warning or recourse. the public domain enriches our culture, reminds us and lets us learn from our past, and helps us make better futures. as gives us opportunities to turn the page, let’s celebrate the new opportunities we have to enjoy, share, reuse, and build on our newly public domain works. and let’s make sure we don’t lose any more generations. 							 	 			 									 						posted in online books, open access, publicdomain					 					| 				 				 				 comments 							 		 		 	 	 			 			counting down to in the public domain 			 				posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				 we’re rapidly approaching another public domain day, the day at the start of the year when a year’s worth of creative work joins the public domain. this will be the third year in a row that the us will have a full crop of new public domain works (after a prior -year drought), and once again, i’m noting and celebrating works that will be entering the public domain shortly. approaching , i wrote a one-post-a-day advent calendar for works throughout the month of december, and approaching , i highlighted a few works, and related copyright issues, in a series of december posts called vision. this year i took to twitter, making one tweet per day featuring a different work and creator using the #publicdomaindaycountdown hashtag. tweets are shorter than blog posts, but i started days out, so by the time i finish the series at the end of december, i’ll have written short notices on more works than ever. since not everyone reads twitter, and there’s no guarantee that my tweets will always be accessible on that site, i’ll reproduce them here. (this post has been updated to include all the tweets up to , and in has been further updated to link to copies of some of the featured works.) the tweet links have been reformatted for the blog, and a few tweets have been recombined or otherwise edited. if you’d like to comment yourself on any of the works mentioned here, or suggest others i can feature, feel free to reply here or on twitter. (my account there is @jmarkockerbloom. you’ll also find some other people tweeting on the #publicdomaindaycountdown hashtag, and you’re welcome to join in as well.) september : it’s f. scott fitzgerald’s birthday. his best-known book, the great gatsby, joins the us public domain days from now, along with other works with active copyrights. #publicdomaindaycountdown (links to free online books by fitzgerald here.) september : c. k. scott-moncrieff’s birthday’s today. he translated proust’s remembrance of things past (a controversial title, as the public domain review notes). the guermantes way, his translation of proust’s rd volume, joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : today is t.s. eliot’s birthday. his poem “the hollow men” (which ends “…not with a bang but a whimper”) was first published in full in , & joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown more by & about him here. september : lady cynthia asquith, born today in , edited a number of anthologies that have long been read by children and fans of fantasy and supernatural fiction. her first major collection, the flying carpet, joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : as @marketplace reported tonight, agatha christie’s mysteries remain popular after years. in days, her novel the secret of chimneys will join the us public domain, as will the expanded us poirot investigates collection. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : homer hockett’s and arthur schlesinger, sr.’s political and social history of the united states first came out in , and was an influential college textbook for years thereafter. the first edition joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : inez haynes gillmore irwin died years ago this month, after a varied, prolific writing career. this blog post looks at of her books, including gertrude haviland’s divorce, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : for some, spooky stories and themes aren’t just for october, but for the whole year. we’ll be welcoming a new year’s worth of weird tales to the public domain in months. see what’s coming, and what’s already free online, here. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : misinformation and quackery has been a threat to public health for a long time. in weeks, the book the patent medicine and the public health, by american quack-fighter arthur j. cramp joins the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : sophie treadwell, born this day in , was a feminist, modernist playwright with several plays produced on broadway, but many of her works are now hard to find. her play “many mansions” joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s edward stratemeyer’s birthday. books of his syndicate joining the public domain in days include the debuts of don sturdy & the blythe girls, & further adventures of tom swift, ruth fielding, baseball joe, betty gordon, the bobbsey twins, & more. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : russell wilder was a pioneering diabetes doctor, testing newly invented insulin treatments that saved many patients’ lives. his book diabetes: its cause and its treatment with insulin joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : queer british catholic author radclyffe hall is best known for the well of loneliness. hall’s earlier novel a saturday life is lighter, though it has some similar themes in subtext. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : edgar allan poe’s stories have long been public domain, but some work unpublished when he died (on this day in ) stayed in © much longer. in days, the valentine museum’s book of his previously unpublished letters finally goes public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : in , the nobel prize in literature went to george bernard shaw. in days, his table-talk, published that year, will join the public domain in the us, and all his solo works published in his lifetime will be public domain nearly everywhere else. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : author and editor edward bok was born this day in . in twice thirty ( ), he follows up his pulitzer-winning memoir the americanization of edward bok with a set of essays from the perspective of his s. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : in the silent comedy “the freshman”, harold lloyd goes to tate university, “a large football stadium with a college attached”, and goes from tackling dummy to unlikely football hero. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s françois mauriac’s birthday. his le desert de l’amour, a novel that won the grand prix of the académie française, joins the us public domain in days. published translations may stay copyrighted, but americans will be free to make new ones. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : pulitzer-winning legal scholar charles warren’s congress, the constitution, and the supreme court ( ) analyzes controversies, some still argued, over relations between the us legislature and the us judiciary. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : science publishing in was largely a boys’ club, but some areas were more open to women authors, such as nursing & science education. i look forward to maude muse’s textbook of psychology for nurses going public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown #adalovelaceday october : happy birthday to poet e. e. cummings, born this day in . (while some of his poetry is lowercase he usually still capitalized his name when writing it out) his collection xli poems joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s pg wodehouse’s birthday. in days more of his humorous stories join the us public domain, including sam in the suburbs. it originally ran as a serial in the saturday evening post in . all that year’s issues also join the public domain then. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : playwright and nobel laureate eugene o’neill was born today in . his “desire under the elms” entered the us public domain this year; in days, his plays “marco’s millions” and “the great god brown” will join it. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : not everything makes it to the end of the long road to the us public domain. in days, the copyright for the film man and maid (based on a book by elinor glyn) expires, but no known copies survive. maybe someone will find one? #publicdomaindaycountdown october : corra harris became famous for her novel a circuit rider’s wife and her world war i reporting. the work she considered her best, though, was as a woman thinks. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : edna st. vincent millay died years ago today. all her published work joins the public domain in days in many places outside the us. here, magazine work like “sonnet to gath” (in sep vanity fair) will join, but renewed post-’ work stays in ©. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : all songs eventually reach the public domain. authors can put them there themselves, like tom lehrer just did for his lyrics. but other humorous songs arrive by the slow route, like tilzer, terker, & heagney’s “pardon me (while i laugh)” will in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : sherwood anderson’s winesburg, ohio wasn’t a best-seller when it came out, but his dark laughter was. since joycean works fell out of fashion, that book’s been largely forgotten, but may get new attention when it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : artist nc wyeth was born this day in . the brandywine museum near philadelphia shows many of his works. his illustrated edition of francis parkman’s book the oregon trail joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : today (especially at : , on / ) many chemists celebrate #moleday. in days, they’ll also get to celebrate historically important chemistry publications joining the us public domain, including all issues of justus liebigs annalen der chemie. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : while some early alfred hitchcock films were in the us public domain for a while due to formality issues, the gatt accords restored their copyrights. his directorial debut, the pleasure garden, rejoins the public domain (this time for good) in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (addendum: there may still be one more year of copyright to this film as of ; see the comments to this post for details.) october : albert barnes took a different approach to art than most of his contemporaries. the first edition of the art in painting, where he explains his theories and shows examples from his collection, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : prolific writer carolyn wells had a long-running series of mystery novels featuring fleming stone. here’s a blog post by the passing tramp on one of them, the daughter of the house, which will join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : theodore roosevelt was born today in , and died over years ago, but some of his works are still copyrighted. in days, volumes of his correspondence with henry cabot lodge, written from - and published in , join the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : american composer and conductor howard hanson was born on this day in . his choral piece “lament for beowulf” joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : “skitter cat” was a white persian cat who had adventures in several children’s books by eleanor youmans, illustrated by ruth bennett. the first of the books joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown #nationalcatday october : “secret service smith” was a detective created by canadian author r. t. m. maitland. his first magazine appearance was in ; his first original full-length novel, the black magician, joins the public domain in weeks. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : poet john keats was born this day in . amy lowell’s -volume biography links his romantic poetry with her imagist poetry. ( review.) she finished and published it just before she died. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “not just for an hour, not for just a day, not for just a year, but always.” irving berlin gave the rights to this song to his bride in . both are gone now, and in months it will join the public domain for all of us, always. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : mikhail fokine’s the dying swan dance, set to music by camille saint-saëns, premiered in , but its choreography wasn’t published until , the same year a film of it was released. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (choreography copyright is weird. not only does the term not start until publication, which can be long after st performance, but what’s copyrightable has also changed. before it had to qualify as dramatic; now it doesn’t, but it has to be more than a short step sequence.) november : herbert hoover was the only sitting president to be voted out of office between & . before taking office, he wrote the foreword to carolyn crane’s everyman’s house, part of a homeowners’ campaign he co-led. it goes out of copyright in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “the golden cocoon” is a silent melodrama featuring an election, jilted lovers, and extortion. the ruth cross novel it’s based on went public domain this year. the film will join it there in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : investigative journalist ida tarbell was born today in . her history of standard oil helped break up that trust in , but her life of elbert h. gary wrote more admiringly of his chairmanship of us steel. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : harold ross was born on this day in . he was the first editor of the new yorker, which he established in coöperation with his wife, jane grant. after ninety-five years, the magazine’s first issues are set to join the public domain in fifty-six days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “sweet georgia brown” by ben bernie & maceo pinkard (lyrics by kenneth casey) is a jazz standard, the theme tune of the harlem globetrotters, and a song often played in celebration. one thing we can celebrate in days is it joining the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : today i hiked on the appalachian trail. it was completed in , but parts are much older. walter collins o’kane’s trails and summits of the white mountains, published in when the at was more idea than reality, goes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in sinclair lewis’ arrowsmith, a brilliant medical researcher deals with personal and ethical issues as he tries to find a cure for a deadly epidemic. the novel has stayed relevant well past its publication, and joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : john marquand was born today in . he’s known for his spy stories and satires, but an early novel, the black cargo, features a sailor curious about a mysterious payload on a ship he’s been hired onto. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : the first world war, whose armistice was years ago today, cast a long shadow. among the many literary works looking back to it is ford madox ford’s novel no more parades, part of his “parade’s end” tetralogy. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : anne parrish was born on this day in . in , the dream coach, co-written with her brother, got a newbery honor , and her novel the perennial bachelor was a best-seller. the latter book joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in “the curse of the golden cross”, g. k. chesterton’s father brown once again finds a natural explanation to what seem to be preternatural symbols & events. as of today, friday the th, the story is exactly weeks away from the us public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : the pop standard “yes sir, that’s my baby” was the baby of walter donaldson (music) and gus kahn (lyrics). it’s been performed by many artists since its composition, and in days, this baby steps out into the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : marianne moore, born on this day in , had a long literary career, including editing the influential modernist magazine the dial from on. in days, all issues of that magazine will be fully in the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : george s. kaufman, born today in , wrote or directed a play in every broadway season from till . in days, several of his plays join the public domain, including his still-performed comedy “the butter and egg man”. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : shen of the sea was a newbery-winning collection of stories presented as “chinese” folktales, but written by american author arthur bowie chrisman. praised when first published, seen more as appropriation later, it’ll be appropriable itself in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : jacques maritain was a french catholic philosopher who influenced the universal declaration of human rights. his book on reformers (luther, descartes, and rousseau) joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : prevailing views of history change a lot over years. the pulitzer history prize went to a book titled “the war for southern independence”. the last volume of edward channing’s history of the united states, it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : alfred north whitehead’s science and the modern world includes a nuanced discussion of science and religion differing notably from many of his contemporaries’. (a recent review of it.) it joins the us public domain in weeks. november : algonquin round table member robert benchley tried reporting, practical writing, & reviews, but soon found that humorous essays & stories were his forte. one early collection, pluck and luck, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : i’ve often heard people coming across a piano sit down & pick out hoagy carmichael’s “heart and soul”. he also had other hits, one being “washboard blues“. his original piano instrumental version becomes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : harpo marx, the marx brothers mime, was born today in . in his oldest surviving film, “too many kisses” he does “speak”, but silently (like everyone else in it), without his brothers. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in the man nobody knows, bruce barton likened the world of jesus to the world of business. did he bring scriptural insight to management, or subordinate christianity to capitalism? it’ll be easier to say, & show, after it goes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : before virgil thomson (born today in ) was well-known as a composer, he wrote a music column for vanity fair. his first columns, and the rest of vanity fair for , join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “each moment that we’re apart / you’re never out of my heart / i’d rather be lonely and wait for you only / oh how i miss you tonight” those staying safe by staying apart this holiday might appreciate this song, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (the song, “oh, how i miss you tonight” is by benny davis, joe burke, and mark fisher, was published in , and performed and recorded by many musicians since then, some of whom are mentioned in this wikipedia article.) november : feminist author katharine anthony, born today in , was best known for her biographies. her biography of catherine the great, which drew extensively on the empress’s private memoirs, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : tonight in “barn dance” (soon renamed “grand ole opry”) debuted in nashville. most country music on it & similar shows then were old favorites, but there were new hits too, like “the death of floyd collins”, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (the song, with words by andrew jenkins and music by john carson, was in the line of other disaster ballads that were popular in the s. this particular disaster had occurred earlier in the year, and became the subject of song, story, drama, and film.) november : as many folks get ready for christmas, many christmas-themed works are also almost ready to join the public domain in days. one is the holly hedge, and other christmas stories by temple bailey. more on the book & author. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in john maynard keynes published the economic consequences of sterling parity objecting to winston churchill returning the uk to the gold standard. that policy ended in ; the book’s us copyright lasted longer, but will finally end in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : du bose heyward’s novel porgy has a distinguished legacy of adaptations, including a broadway play, and gershwin’s opera “porgy and bess”. when the book joins the public domain a month from now, further adaptation possibilities are limitless. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in dorothy black’s romance — the loveliest thing a young englishwoman “inherits a small sum of money, buys a motor car and goes off in search of adventure and romance”. first serialized in ladies’ home journal, it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : joseph conrad was born on this day in , and died in , leaving unfinished his napoleonic novel suspense. but it was still far enough along to get serialized in magazines and published as a book in , and it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : ernest hemingway’s first us-published story collection in our time introduced his distinctive style to an american audience that came to view his books as classics of th century fiction: it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : libertarian author rose wilder lane helped bring her mother’s “little house” fictionalized memoirs into print. before that, she published biographical fiction based on the life of jack london, called he was a man. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : indiana naturalist and author gene stratton-porter died on this day in . her final novel, the keeper of the bees, was published the following year, and joins the public domain in days. one review. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : willa cather was born today in . her novel the professor’s house depicts s cultural dislocation from a different angle than f. scott fitzgerald’s better-known great gatsby. it too joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : the last symphony published by finnish composer jean sibelius (born on this day in ) is described in the grove dictionary as his “most remarkable compositional achievement”. it joins the public domain in the us in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : when the habsburg empire falls, what comes next for the people & powers of vienna? the novel old wine, by phyllis bottome (wife of the local british intelligence head) depicts a society undergoing rapid change. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lewis browne was “a world traveler, author, rabbi, former rabbi, lecturer, socialist and friend of the literary elite”. his first book, stranger than fiction: a short history of the jews, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in , john scopes was convicted for teaching evolution in tennessee. books explaining the science to lay audiences were popular that year, including henshaw ward’s evolution for john doe. it becomes public domain in weeks. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : philadelphia artist jean leon gerome ferris was best known for his “pageant of a nation” paintings. three of them, “the birth of pennsylvania”, “gettysburg, ”, and “the mayflower compact”, join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : the queen of cooks, and some kings was a memoir of london hotelier rosa lewis, as told to mary lawton. her life story was the basis for the bbc and pbs series “the duchess of duke street”. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : today we’re celebrating new films being added to the national film registry. in days, we can also celebrate more registry films joining the public domain. one is the clash of the wolves, starring rin tin tin. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : etsu inagaki sugimoto, daughter of a high-ranking japanese official, moved to the us in an arranged marriage after her family fell on hard times. her memoir, a daughter of the samurai, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : on the trail of negro folk-songs compiled by dorothy scarborough assisted by ola lee gulledge, has over songs. scarborough’s next of kin (not gulledge, or any of their sources) renewed its copyright in . but in days, it’ll be free for all. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : virginia woolf’s writings have been slowly entering the public domain in the us. we’ve had the first part of her mrs. dalloway for a while. the complete novel, and her first common reader essay collection, join it in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lovers in quarantine with harrison ford sounds like a movie made for , but it’s actually a silent comedy (with a different harrison ford). it’ll be ready to go out into the public domain after a -day quarantine. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : ma rainey wrote, sang, and recorded many blues songs in a multi-decade career. two of her songs becoming public domain in days are “shave ’em dry” (written with william jackson) & “army camp harmony blues” (with hooks tilford). #publicdomaindaycountdown december : for years we’ve celebrated the works of prize-winning novelist edith wharton as her stories join the public domain. in days, the writing of fiction, her book on how she writes her memorable tales, will join that company. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : albert payson terhune, born today in , raised and wrote about dogs he kept at what’s now a public park in new jersey. his book about wolf, who died heroically and is buried there, will also be in the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in the s it seemed buster keaton could do anything involving movies. go west, a feature film that he co-wrote, directed, co-produced, and starred in, is still enjoyed today, and it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in days, not only will theodore dreiser’s massive novel an american tragedy be in the public domain, but so will a lot of the raw material that went into it. much of it is in @upennlib‘s special collections. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : johnny gruelle, born today in , created the raggedy ann doll, and a series of books sold with it that went under many christmas trees. two of them, raggedy ann’s alphabet book and raggedy ann’s wishing pebble, join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : written in hebrew by joseph klausner, translated into english by anglican priest herbert danby, jesus of nazareth reviewed jesus’s life and teachings from a jewish perspective. it made a stir when published in , & joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : “it’s a travesty that this wonderful, hilarious, insightful book lives under the inconceivably large shadow cast by the great gatsby.” a review of anita loos’s gentlemen prefer blondes, also joining the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : “on revisiting manhattan transfer, i came away with an appreciation not just for the breadth of its ambition, but also for the genius of its representation.” a review of the john dos passos novel becoming public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : all too often legal systems and bureaucracies can be described as “kafkaesque”. the kafka work most known for that sense of arbitrariness and doom is der prozess (the trial), reviewed here. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : chocolate kiddies, an african american music and dance revue that toured europe in , featured songs by duke ellington and jo trent including “jig walk”, “jim dandy”, and “with you”. they join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lon chaney starred in of the top-grossing movies of . the phantom of the opera has long been in the public domain due to copyright nonrenewal. the unholy three, which was renewed, joins it in the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (if you’re wondering why some of the other big film hits of haven’t been in this countdown, in many cases it’s also because their copyrights weren’t renewed. or they weren’t actually copyrighted in .) december : “…you might as well live.” dorothy parker published “resumé” in , and ultimately outlived most of her algonquin round table-mates. this poem, and her other writing for periodicals, will be in the public domain tomorrow. #publicdomaindaycountdown 							 	 			 									 						posted in copyright, publicdomain					 					| 				 				 				 comments 							 		 		 	 	 			 			from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 			 				posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				 (tl;dr: i’m starting to implement services and publish data to support searching across library collections that use customized subject headings, such as the increasingly-adopted substitutes for lcsh terms like “illegal aliens”. read on for what i’m doing, why, and where i would value advice and discussion on how to proceed.) i’ve run the forward to libraries service for a few years now. as i’ve noted in earlier posts here, it’s currently used on the online books page and in some wikipedia articles to search for resources in your local library (or any other library you’re interested in) on a subject you’re exploring. one of the key pieces of infrastructure that makes it work is the library of congress subject headings (lcsh) system, which many research libraries use to describe their holdings. using the headings in the system, along with mappings between it and other systems for describing subjects (such as the english wikipedia article titles that forward to libraries knows how to relate to lcsh) allows researchers to find materials on the same subjects across multiple collections, using common terminology. there are limitations to relying on lcsh for cross-collection subject searches, though. first of all, many libraries, particularly those outside the us, do not use lcsh. some use other subject vocabularies. if a mapping has been defined between lcsh and another subject vocabulary (as has been done, for example, with mesh) one can use that mapping to determine search terms to use in libraries that use that subject vocabulary. we don’t yet have that capability in forward to libraries, but i’m hoping to add it eventually. changing the subjects i’m now also seeing more libraries that use lcsh, but that also use different terms for certain subjects that they find more appropriate for their users. while there is a process for updating lcsh terms (and its terms get updated on a monthly basis) the process can be slow, hard for non-specialists to participate in, and contentious, particularly for larger-scale subject heading changes. it can also be subject to pressure by non-librarians. the library of congress ultimately answers to congress (as its name suggests), and members of congress have used funding bills to block changes in subject headings that the librarian-run process had approved. they did that in for the subject heading “illegal aliens”, where librarians had recommended using other terms to cover subjects related to unauthorized immigration. the documentary film “change the subject” (linked with context in this article) has a detailed report on this controversy. four years after the immigration subject changes were blocked, some libraries have decided not to wait for lcsh to change, and are introducing their own subject terms. the university of colorado boulder, for example, announced in that they would use the term “undocumented immigrants” where the library of congress had “illegal aliens”. other libraries have recently announced similar changes. some library consortia have organized systematic programs to supersede outdated and offensive terms in lcsh in their catalogs. some groups now maintain specialized subject vocabularies that can both supplement and supersede lcsh terms, such as homosaurus for lgbt+-related subjects. and there’s also been increasing interest in using subject terms and classifications adapted to local communities. for instance, the brian deer classification system is intended to be both used and shaped by local indigenous communities, and therefore libraries in different locations that use it may well use different terms for some subjects, depending on local usage and interests. supporting cross-collection search in a community of localized catalogs we can still search across collections that use local terms, as long as we know what those terms are and how to translate between them. forward to libraries already uses a data file indicating wikipedia article titles that correspond closely to lcsh subjects, and vice versa. by extension, we can also create a data file indicating terms to use at a given library that correspond to terms in lcsh and other vocabularies, so we can see what resources are available at different places on a given topics. you can see how that works in practice at the online books page. as i write this, we’re still using the unaltered lcsh subjects (updated to october ), so we have a subject page showing free online books on “illegal aliens”. you can follow links from there to see what other libraries have. if you select the “elsewhere” link in the upper left column and choose the library of congress as the library to search, you’ll see what they hold under that subject heading. but if you instead choose the university of colorado boulder, you’ll see what they have under “undocumented immigrants”, the subject term they’ve adopted there. similar routing happens from wikipedia. the closest related wikipedia article at present is “illegal immigration”, and if you go down to the further reading section and select links in the library resources box, selecting “online books” or most libraries will currently take you to their “illegal aliens” subject search. but selecting university of colorado boulder (from “resources in other libraries” if you don’t already have it specified as your preferred library in wikipedia) will take you to their “undocumented immigrants” search. this routing applies two mappings, one from wikipedia terms to lcsh terms, and another from lcsh terms to local library terms. a common data resource these sorts of transformations are fundamentally data-driven. my forward to libraries github repository now includes a data file listing local subject terms that different libraries use, and how they relate to lcsh subject terms. (the library codes used in the file are the same ones that are used in my libraries data file, and are based on oclc and/or isil identifiers.) the local subject terms file is very short for now– as i write this, it only has enough data for the examples i’ve described above, but i’ll be adding more data shortly for other libraries that have announced and implemented subject headings changes. (and i’ll be glad to hear about more so i can add them.) as with other data in this repository, the data in this file is cc , so it can be used by anyone for any purpose. in particular, it could be be used by services other than my forward to libraries tool, such as by aggregated catalogs that incorporate data from multiple libraries, some of which might use localized subject terms that have lcsh analogues. where to go next what i’ve shown so far is not far removed from a proof-of-concept demo, but i hope it suggests ways that services can be developed to support searches among and across library collections with diverse subject headings. as i mentioned, i’ll be adding more data on localized subject headings as i hear about it, as well as adding more functionality to the forward to libraries service (such as the ability to link from a collection with localized subject headings, so i can support them in the online books page, or in other libraries that have such headings and want to use to the service). there are some extensions that could be done to the basic data model to support scaling up these sorts of localizations, such as customizations used by all the libraries in a given consortium, or ones that adopt wholesale an alternative set of subjects, whether that be mesh, homosaurus, or the subject thesaurus of a national library outside the us. even with data declarations supporting those sorts of “bulk” subject mappings, a universal subject mapping knowledge base could get large over time. i’ve created my own mapping file for my services, and for now i’m happy to grow it as needed and share the data freely. but if there is another suitable mapping hub already available or in the works, i’m happy to consider using that instead. it’s important to support exploration across a community of diverse libraries with a diverse array of subject terms and descriptions. i hope the tools and data i’ve described here will help advance us towards that goal, and that i can help grow them from their current nascent state to make them more broadly useful. 							 	 			 									 						posted in discovery, metadata, subjects, wikipedia					 					| 				 				 				leave a comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			everybody’s library questions: finding films in the public domain 			 				posted on march , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				 welcome to another installment of everybody’s library questions, where i give answers to questions people ask me (in comments or email) that seem to be useful for general consumption. before i start, though, i want to put in a plug for your local librarians.  even though many library buildings are closed now (as they should be) while we’re trying to get propagation and treatment for covid- under control, many of those libraries offer online services, including interactive online help from librarians. (many of our libraries are also expanding the scope and hours of these services during this health crisis.)   your local librarians will have the best knowledge of what’s available to you, can find out more about your needs when they talk to you, and will usually be able to respond to questions faster than i or other specific folks on the internet can. check out your favorite library’s website, and look for links like “get help” or “online chat” and see what they offer. ok, now here’s the question, extracted from a comment made by nicholas escobar to a recent post: i am currently studying at the university of edinburgh getting masters degree in film composition. for my final project i am required to score a minute film. i was thinking of picking a short silent film (any genre) in the public domain that is minutes (or very close to that length) and was wondering if you had any suggestions? there are three questions implied by this one: first, how do you find out what films exist that meet your content criteria?  second, how do you find out whether films in that set are in the public domain?  finally, how can you get access to a film so you can do things with it (such as write a score for it)? there are a few ways you can come up with films to consider.  one is to ask your local librarian (see above) or professor to recommend reference works or data sources that feature short films.  (information about feature films, which run longer, are often easier to find, but there’s a fair bit out there as well on short films.)  another is to search some of the reference works and online data sources i’ll mention in the other answers below. the answer to the copyright question depends on where you are.  in the united states, there are basically three categories of public domain films: 	first, there are films copyrighted before .  all such films’ copyrights have now expired in the us.  this covers most, but not all, of the commercial silent-film era; once the jazz singer came out in , movie studies quickly switched to films with sound. 	second, there are us films that entered the public domain because they did not take the steps required to secure or maintain their copyrights.  researching whether this has occurred with a particular film can be complicated, but because there’s been so much interest in cinema history, others have already researched the copyright history of many us films.  the wikipedia article “list of films in the public domain in the united states” cites a number of reference sources you can check for the status of various films.  (it also lists specific films believed to be in the public domain, but you should check sources cited in the article for those films, and not just take the word of what could be a random internet user before relying on that information.) 	third, there are films created in their entirety by the us government.  there’s a surprisingly large number of these, in various genres and lengths, with tens of thousands or more digitized in the internet archive’s united states government film collection or listed in the national archives catalog.  you can do lots of things with works of the united states government, which are generally not subject to copyright. that’s the situation in the united states, at least.  however, if you’re not in the united states, different rules may apply.  in edinburgh and elsewhere in the united kingdom (and in most of the rest of europe), works are generally copyrighted until the end of the th year after the death of the last author.  in the uk, the authors of a film are considered to be the principal director, the screenwriter(s), and the composer(s).  (for more specifics, see the relevant portion of uk law.)  however, some countries will also let the copyrights of foreign works expire when they do in their country of origin, and in those a us film that’s in the public domain in the us would also be public domain in those countries.  as you can see in the uk law section i link to, the uk does apply such a “rule of the shorter term” to films from outside the european economic area (eea), if none of the authors are eea nationals.  so you might be good to go in the uk with many, but not all, us films that are public domain in the us.  (i’m not a uk copyright expert, though; you might want to talk to one to be sure.) let’s suppose you’ve come up with some suitable possible films, either ones that are in the public domain, ones that have suitable creative commons licenses or you can otherwise get permission to score, or ones that are in-copyright but that you could score in the context of a study project, even if you couldn’t publish the resulting audiovisual work.  (educational fair use is a thing, though its scope also varies from country to country.  here a guide from the british library on how it works in the uk.)  we then move on to the last question: how do you get hold of a copy so you can write a score for it? the answer to that question depends on your situation.  right now, the situation for many of us is that we’re stuck at home, and can’t visit libraries or archives in person.  (and our ability to get physical items like dvds or videotapes may be limited too.)  so for now, you may be limited to films you can obtain online.  there are various free sources of public domain films: i’ve already mentioned the internet archive, whose moving image archive includes many films that are in the public domain (and many that are not, so check rights before choosing one to score).  the library of congress also offers more than , compilations and individual films free to all online.  and your local library may well offer more, as digital video, or as physical recordings (if you can still obtain those).  a number of streaming services that libraries or individuals can subscribe to offer films in the public domain that you can free free to set to music.  check with your librarian or browse the collection of your favorite streaming service. i’m not an expert in films myself.  folks reading this who know more, or have more suggestions, should feel free to add comments to this post while comments are open.  in general, the first librarians you talk to won’t usually be experts about the questions you ask.  but even when we can’t give definitive answers on our own, we’re good at sending researchers in productive directions, whether that’s to useful research and reference sources, or to more knowledgeable people.  i hope you’ll take advantage of your librarians’ help, especially during this health crisis.  and, for my questioner and other folks who are interested in scoring or otherwise building on public domain films, i’ll be very interested in hearing about the new works you produce from them.   							 	 			 									 						posted in copyright, publicdomain, questions					 					| 				 				 				comments off on everybody’s library questions: finding films in the public domain 							 		 		 	 	 			 			build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights 			 				posted on march , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				 the library of congress is seeking public input on abilities and priorities desired for the next register of copyrights, who heads the copyright office, a department within the library of congress.  the deadline for comments as i write this is march , though i’m currently having trouble getting the form to accept my input, and operations at the library, like many other places, are in flux due to the covid- pandemic.  below i reproduce the main portion of the comments i’m hoping to get in before the deadline, in the hope that they will be useful for both them and others interested in copyright.  i’ve added a few hyperlinks for context. at root, the register of copyrights needs to do the job the position title implies: build and maintain an effective copyright registry. a well designed, up-to-date digital registry should make it easy for rightsholders to register, and for the public to use registration information. using today’s copyright registry involves outdated, cumbersome, and costly technologies and practices. much copyright data is not online, and the usability of what is online is limited. the library of congress is now redesigning its catalogs for linked data and modern interfaces. its copyright office thus also has an opportunity to build a modern copyright registry linked to library databases and to the world, with compatible linked data technologies, robust apis, and free open bulk downloads. the copyright office’s registry and the library of congress’s bibliographic and authority knowledge bases could share data, using global identifiers to name and describe entities they both cover, including publications, works, creators, rightsholders, publishers, serials and other aggregations, registrations, relationships, and transactions. the copyright office need not convert wholesale to bibframe, or to other library-specific systems. it simply needs to create and support identifiers for semantic entities described in the registry (“things, not strings“), associate data with them, and exchange data in standard formats with the library of congress catalog and other knowledge bases. as a comprehensive us registry for creative works of all types, the copyright office is uniquely positioned to manage such data. the deep backfile project at the university of pennsylvania (which i maintain) provides one example of uses that can be made of linked copyright data. at <https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/cinfo/colliers> is a page showing selected copyrights associated with collier’s magazine ( - ). it links to online copies of public domain issues, contents and descriptive information from external sources like fictionmags, wikidata, and wikipedia, and rights contact information for some of its authors. the information shown has no rights restrictions, and can be used by humans and machines. json files, and the entire deep backfile knowledge base, are available from this page and from github. it is not the copyright office’s job to produce applications like these. but it can provide data that powers them. much of our deep backfile data was copied manually from scanned catalog of copyright entries pages, and from online catalogs lacking easily exported or linked data. the copyright office and the library of congress could instead produce such data natively (first prospectively, eventually retrospectively). in the process, they could also cross-pollinate each other’s knowledge bases. to implement this vision, the register needs to understand library standards and linked open data technologies, gather and manage a skilled implementation team, and be sufficiently persuasive, trusted, and organized to bring stakeholders together inside and outside the copyright office and the library of congress to support and fund a new system’s development. if explained and implemented well, a registry of the sort described here could greatly benefit copyright holders and copyright users alike. the register of copyrights should also know copyright law thoroughly, implement sensible regulations required by copyright law and policy, and be a trusted and inclusive expert that rightsholders, users, and policymakers can consult. i expect other commenters to go into more detail about these skills, which are also useful in building a trustworthy registry of the sort i describe. but the copyright office is long overdue to be led by a register who can revitalize its defining purpose: register copyrights, in up-to-date, scalable, and flexible ways that encourage wide use of the creations they cover, and thus promote the progress of science and useful arts. update, march : as of the late afternoon on the day of the deadline, the form appears to be still rejecting my submission, without a clear error message.  it did, however, accept a very short submission without any attachment, and with a url pointing here.  so below i include the rest of my intended comment, listing top priorities. (the essay above was for the longer comment asked for about knowledge, skills, and abilities.) these priorities largely restate in summary form what i wrote above.   if anyone else reading this was unable to post their full comment by the deadline due to technical difficulties, you can try emailing something to me (or leaving a comment to this post) and posting a simple comment to that effect on the lc site, and i’ll do my best to get your full comment posted on this blog. 	priority # : make copyright registration data easy to use: data should be easy to search, consult, and analyze, individually and in bulk, by people and machines, linked with the library of congress’s rich bibliographic data, facilitating verification of copyright ownership, licensing from rightsholders, and cataloging and analysis by libraries, publishers, vendors, and researchers. 	 priority # : make effective copyright registration easy to do: ensure copyright registration is simple, inexpensive, supports a variety of electronic and physical deposits, and where possible supports persistent, addressible identifiers and accompanying data for semantic entities described in registrations, and their relationships. 	 priority # : be a trusted, inclusive resource for understanding copyright and its uses: creators, publishers, consumers, and policymakers all are concerned with copyright, and with possible reforms. the register should help all understand their rights, and provide expert and impartial advice and mediation for diverse copyright stakeholders and policymaking priorities. 	other factors: the register of copyrights should also be capable of creating, implementing, and keeping up to date appropriate regulations and practices required or implied by congressional statutes.  (for the “additional comments” attachment, i had a static pdf attachment showing the collier’s web page linked from my main essay, as it was on march .)   							 	 			 									 						posted in copyright, data, metadata, open access, serials					 					| 				 				 				comments off on build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights 							 		 		 	 	 			 			welcome to everybody’s online libraries 			 				posted on march , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				 as coronavirus infections spread throughout the world, lots of people are staying home to slow down the spread and save lives.  in the us, many universities, schools, and libraries have closed their doors.  (here’s what happening at the library where i work, which as i write this has closed all its buildings.)  but lots of people are still looking for information, to continue studies online, or just to find something good to read. libraries are stepping up to provide these things online.  many libraries have provided online information for years, through our own websites, electronic resources that we license, create, or link to, and other online services.  during this crisis, as our primary forms of interaction move online, many of us will be working hard to meet increased demand for digital materials and services (even as many library workers also have to cope with increased demands and stresses on their personal lives). services are likely to be in flux for a while.  i have a few suggestions for the near term: check your libraries’ web sites regularly. they should tell you whether the libraries are now physically open or closed (many are closed now, for good reason), and what services the library is currently offering.  those might change over time, sometimes quickly.  our main library location at penn, for instance, was declared closed indefinitely last night, less than hours before it was next due to reopen.   on the other hand, some digitally mediated library services and resources might not be available initially, but then become available after we have safe and workable procedures set up for them and sufficient staffing.    many library web sites also prominently feature their most useful electronic resources and services, and have extensive collections of electronic resources in their catalogs or online directories.  they may be acquiring more electronic resources to meet increased user demand for online content. some providers are also increasing what they offer to their library customers during the crisis, and sometimes making some of their material free for all to access. if  you need particular things from your library during this crisis, reach out to them using the contact information given on their website.  when libraries know what their users need, they can often make those needs a priority, and can let you know if and when they can provide them. check out other free online library services.    i run one of them, the online books page, which now lists over million books and serials freely readable online due to their public domain status or the generosity of their rightsholders.   we’ll be adding more material there over the next few weeks as we incorporate the listings of more collections, and respond to your requests.  there are many other services online as well.   wikipedia serves not only as a crowd-sourced collection of articles on millions of topics, but also as a directory of further online resources related to those topics.   and the internet archive also offers access millions of books and other information resources no longer readily commercially available, many through controlled digital lending and other manifestations of fair use.  (while the limits of fair use are often subject to debate, library copyright specialists make a good case that its bounds tend to increase during emergencies like this one.  see also kyle courtney’s blog for more discussion of useful things libraries can do in a health crisis with their copyright powers.) support the people who provide the informative and creative resources you value.  the current health crisis has also triggered an economic crisis that will make life more precarious for many creators.  if you have funds you can spare, send some of them their way so they can keep making and publishing the content you value.  humble bundles, for instance, offer affordable packages of ebooks, games, and other online content you can enjoy while you’re staying home, and pay for to support their authors, publishers, and associated charities.  (i recently bought their tachyon sf bundle with that in mind; it’s on offer for two more weeks as i write this.)  check the websites of your favorite authors and artists to see if they offer ways to sponsor their work, or specific projects they’re planning.  buy books from your favorite independent booksellers (and if they’re closed now, check their website or call them to see if you can buy gift cards to keep them afloat now and redeem them for books later on).  pay for journalism you value.  support funding robust libraries in your community. consider ways you can help build up online libraries.  many research papers on covid- and related topics have been opened to free access by their authors or publishers since the crisis began.  increasing numbers of scholarly and other works are also being made open access, especially by those who have already been paid for creating them.   if you’re interested in sharing your work more broadly, and want to learn more about how you can secure rights to do so, the authors’ alliance has some useful resources. as libraries shift focus from in-person to online service, some librarians may be busy with new tasks, while others may be left hanging until new plans and procedures get put into motion.  if you’re in the latter category, and want something to do, there are various library-related projects you can work on or learn about.  one that i’m running is the deep backfile project to identify serial issues that are in the public domain in less-than-obvious ways, and to find or create free digital copies of these serials (so that, among other things, people who are stuck at home can read them online).  i’ve recently augmented my list of serial backfiles to research to include serials held by the library in which i work, in the hopes that we could eventually find or produce digital surrogates for some of them that our readers (and anyone else interested) could access from afar.  i can also add sets for other libraries; if you’re interested in one for yours, let me know and i can go into more detail about the data i’m looking for.  (i’m not too worried about creating too many serial sets to research, especially since once information about a serial is added into one of the serial sets, it also gets automatically added into any other sets that include that serial.) take care of yourself, and your loved ones.  whether you work in libraries of just use them, this is a stressful time.  give yourself and those around you room and resources to cope, as we disengage from much of our previous activities, and deal with new responsibilities and concerns.  i’m gratified to see the response of the wikimedia foundation, for instance, which is committed both to keeping the world well-informed and up-to-date through wikipedia and related projects, and also to letting its staff and contractors work half-time for the same pay during the crisis, and waiving sick-day limits. among new online community support initiatives, i’m also pleased to see librarian-created resources like the ontario library association’s pandemic information brief, with useful information for library users and workers, and the covid glam discord community, a discussion space to support the professional and personal needs of people working in libraries, archives, galleries and museums. these will be difficult times ahead.  our libraries can make a difference online, even as our doors are closed.  i hope you’ll be able to put them to good use.   							 	 			 									 						posted in libraries, online books, open access					 					| 				 				 				 comments 							 		 		 	 	 			 			public domain day : coming around again 			 				posted on january , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				i’m very happy for to be arriving.  as the start of the s, it represents a new decade in which we can have a fresh start, and hope to make better decisions and have better outcomes than some of what we’ve gone through in recent years.  and i’m also excited to have a full year’s worth of copyrighted works entering the public domain in much of the world, including in the us for the second year in a row after a -year public domain freeze. outside the us, in countries that still use the berne convention‘s “life plus years” copyright terms, works by authors who died in are now in the public domain.  (such countries include canada, new zealand, and a number of other countries mostly in asia and africa.)  many other countries, including most european countries, have extended copyright terms to life of the author(s) plus years, often under pressure from the united states or the european union.  in those countries, works by authors who died in are now in the public domain.  the public domain review has a “class of ” post featuring some of these authors, along with links to lists of other people who died in the relevant years. in the us, nearly all remaining copyrights from have now expired, just as copyrights from expired at the start of last year.  (the exceptions are sound recordings, which will still be under copyright for a little while longer.   but thanks to recent changes in copyright law, those too will join the public domain soon instead of remaining indefinitely in state copyright.)  i discussed some of the works joining the public domain in a series of blog posts last month, in the last one linking to some posts by others that mentioned new public domain arrivals from .  but i’m happy not just because of these specific works, but also because new arrivals to the us public domain are now an annual event, and not just something that happens with published works at rare intervals.  i could get used to this. it isn’t all good news this year.  the most recent draft of the intellectual property chapter of the us-canada-mexico trade agreement requires canada to extend its copyrights another years, making it freeze its public domain not long after we’ve unfrozen our own in the us.  but the agreement hasn’t yet been ratified, and could conceivably still be changed or rejected.  and the continued force of copyrights from the second half of the previous ’ s while we’re entering a new set of ’ s is a reminder that us copyright terms remain overlong; so long, in fact, that many works from that era are lost or severely deteriorated before their copyrights expire. but there’s now an annual checklist of things to do for me and for many other library organizations.  for me, some of the things to do for the online books page include: 	updating our documentation on what’s public domain  (done) and on what versions of our site are public domain (also done; as in previous years, i’m dedicating to the public domain works that i wrote whose copyrights i control that are were published more than years ago.  this year that includes the copyrights to the online books page.) 	removing the “no us access” notices from books i’d linked to at non-us sites, when i couldn’t previously establish that they were public domain here; and removing “us access only” notices for volumes at hathitrust, which over the next few days will be making -year-old volumes globally accessible without requiring author-death-date review.   (this and other activities below will start tomorrow and continue until done.) 	updating our list of first active renewals for serials and our “determining copyright status of serial issues” decision guide to reflect the expiration of ’s copyrights.  as part of this process, i’ll be deleting all the serial issue and contribution renewals currently recorded in our serials knowledge base, since they’re no longer in force.  if anyone wants to know what they were for historical or other analytical purposes, i have a zipped collection of all our serial renewals records as of the end of , available on request.  they can also be found in the january , commit of this github directory. 	adding newly opened or scanned books to our listings, through our automated oai harvests of selected digital collections, readers’ suggestions and requests, surveys of prize winners and other relevant collections, and our own bibliographer selections. all of this is work i’m glad to be doing this year, and hope to be doing more in the years to come.  (and i’m already streamlining our processes to make it easier to do in years to come.)  its the job of libraries to collect and preserve works of knowledge and creativity and make them easy for people to discover, access, and use.  it’s also our job to empower our users to draw on those works to make new ones.  as the public domain grows, we can freely collect and widely share more works, and our users can likewise build on and reuse more public domain works in their own creations. supporting the public domain, then, is supporting the work and mission of libraries.  i therefore hope that all libraries and their users will support a robust public domain, and have more works to celebrate and work with every year.  happy public domain day!       							 	 			 									 						posted in publicdomain					 					| 				 				 				comments off on public domain day : coming around again 							 		 		 	 	 			 			 vision # : rhapsody in blue by george gershwin 			 				posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				it’s only a few hours from the new year where i write this, but before i ring in the new year, and a new year’s worth of public domain material, i’d like to put in a request for what music to ring it in with: george gershwin’s rhapsody in blue, which joins the public domain in the us as the clock strikes twelve, over years after it was first performed. the unofficial song for public domain day turned out to be “yes! we have no bananas”, one of the members of the first big class of us public domain works in the last years.  that’s a fun novelty song, and certainly memorable, but not something i necessarily want to hear a lot.  in contrast, for me rhapsody in blue has a freshness that makes it a joy for me to hear repeatedly, right from the opening clarinet glissando (apparently the idea of clarinetist ross gorman, who took the scale that gershwin had composed for the piece and gave it the bendy, slidy wail that tells you right away that this is no ordinary concert piece).  it’s brought together classical, popular, high-art and everyday music, as it’s been played and recorded countless times by jazz bands (the original scoring is for jazz band and piano), symphony orchestras, and pop musicans like billy joel.  even its licensing as an theme tune for an airline hasn’t diminished it. there’s lots of other work joining the public domain along with gershwin’s tune.  i’ve only had a chance to mention a few others in my short series, but others have mentioned more works you may find of interest. at the internet archive’s blog, elizabeth townsend gard writes about vera brittain’s not without honour and other works that will be in the public domain very soon.  duke’s public domain day post mentions various books, films, and musical compositions joining the public domain as well (and has more to say on rhapsody in blue).  wikipedia’s various articles also mention various works that will either be joining the public domain, or becoming more clearly established there.  and hathitrust will begin opening access to tens of thousands of scanned volumes from over the next few days. i’ll have more to say on the new arrivals tomorrow, sometime after the midnight bells chime.  by tradition, the first tune played in the new year is usually the public domain song “auld lang syne”.  but after that, at your new years’ party or at a later public domain celebration, you might enjoy hearing or playing gershwin’s new arrival in the public domain.     							 	 			 									 						posted in publicdomain					 					| 				 				 				comments off on vision # : rhapsody in blue by george gershwin 							 		 		 	 	 			 			 vision # : ding dong merrily on high by george ratcliffe woodward and others 			 				posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				it’s beginning to sound a lot like christmas everywhere i go.  the library where i work had its holiday party earlier this week, where i joined librarian colleagues singing christmas, hanukkah, and winter-themed songs in a pick-up chorus.  radio stations and shopping centers play a familiar rotation of popular seasonal songs whose biggest hits are from a surprisingly narrow date range centered in the s.  and more traditional familiar christmas carols, hymns, and songs are being sung and played in concert halls and churches well into january. the more “classic” christmas music often feels timeless to those of us singing and hearing it.  but while their roots often go back far, the form in which we know them is often much newer that we might think.  notice how the list in the previous link, for instance, includes “carol of the bells”, dated .  that’s when it was first published as a christmas song, one that’s still under copyright.  its roots are older, and darker, as is made clear in a recent slate article well worth reading. as noted there, the melody is based on a ukrainian folk tune (date unknown), its full musical setting composed by mykola leontovych (assassinated by a soviet agent in ), and christmas-themed lyrics written by the ukrainian-descended american musician peter wilhousky (who lived until ). while “carol of the bells” still has a number of years left to go on its copyright, another classic christmas carol will most likely be joining the public domain in the us in just under two weeks.  like carol of the bells, “ding dong merrily on high” is based on a folk tune, in this case a secular dance tune first published in france in the th century under the title “branle de l’official”.  in , george ratcliffe woodward, an english cleric already known for publishing collections of old songs, wrote lyrics for the tune recalling earlier ages, and included them in the cambridge carol-book, published that year by the society for promoting christian knowledge. charles wood, who’d collaborated with woodward on the earlier cowley carol book,  wrote a harmonization to go with it.  while you won’t hear it at every christmas service, it remains widely sung this time of year.  that’s in large part because it’s so much fun to sing, with its dance-like rhythms, its long bell-like vocal runs on “gloria” (something also heard in “angels we have heard on high“), and its praise of various forms of music (musicians liking to hear good things about themselves as much as anyone else). i don’t actually know for sure that “ding dong merrily on high” is still under copyright here.  i have not found a or copyright renewal for the song or the book it was published in, but i’m assuming that, if nothing else, gatt restoration retroactively secured and automatically renewed a us copyright for the song as published in the cambridge carol-book.  (folks with more knowledge or legal expertise are free to correct me on that.)  later published arrangements of the song may continue to have active copyrights, but only for material original to those arrangements.  ’s remaining copyrights, on the other hand, all end in the us on january .   (and since woodward and wood both died over years ago, the song’s already public domain in most other countries.) the arrival of , then, should at least clear up any ambiguity about the public domain status of the basic carol.  i appreciate that, in part because this song, like many other christmas carols, lives in a sort of liminal space between the private property regimes set up for copyright holders and the older, more informal understandings of folk culture.  both kinds of spaces have good reason to exist. on the one hand, it’s good to have more than a few people who can earn a living through music, and one important way many musicians do so is by controlling rights to their compositions.  on the other hand, the folk process, which originally gave rise to the tunes for both “ding dong merrily on high” and “carol of the bells”, is also a very good way of creating and passing on shared cultural works. conflict can rage when two different sets of cultural expectations around creative works try to occupy the same space.  that’s one reason we’ve seen decades of conflict in academia over open access, where scholarly work is largely published by companies that depend on its control and sale to earn money, while it’s largely written by scholars who earn their money in other ways, and tend to prefer free, widespread availability of their work.  sometimes informal arrangements work best to keep the peace.  publishers, for instance, have grown more used to free preprint servers, and memes and fan fiction communities have become more widely accepted (and even winning awards) as long as they stay well away from unauthorized commercial exploitation (where both big and small creators tend to draw the line). sometimes, though, it’s best to have a more formal understanding that works are free for anyone to freely use as we like.  that’s what we’ll have when ’s copyrights end, and the works they cover, such as “ding dong merrily on high” are clearly seen to be in the public domain.  and then, those of us who are so inclined can freely sing “hosanna in excelsis!“ 							 	 			 									 						posted in publicdomain					 					| 				 				 				comments off on vision # : ding dong merrily on high by george ratcliffe woodward and others 							 		 		 	 	 			 			 vision # : the most dangerous game by richard connell 			 				posted on december , by john mark ockerbloom			 					 				“be a realist. the world is made up of two classes–the hunters and the huntees. luckily, you and i are hunters.” sanger rainsford speaks these words at the start of “the most dangerous game”, one of the most famous short stories of all time. first published in collier’s magazine in , it’s been reprinted in numerous anthologies, been adapted for radio, tv, and multiple movies, and assigned in countless middle and high school english classes.  the tropes established in the story, in which a hunter finds himself a “huntee”, are so well-established in present-day american culture that there are lengthy tv tropes pages not just for the story itself, but for the trope named by its title. up until now, the story’s been under copyright in the us, as well as in europe and other countries that have “life plus years” copyright terms.  (the author, richard connell,  died just over years ago in , so as of january , it will be public domain nearly everywhere in the world.)  anyone reprinting the story, or explicitly adapting it for drama or art has had to get permission or pay a royalty.  on the other hand, many creators have reused its basic idea– humans being hunted for sport or entertainment– without getting such permission. that’s because ideas themselves are not copyrightable, but rather the expression of those ideas.  and the basic idea long predates this particular story: consider, for instance, gladiators in roman arenas, or tributes being hunted down in the labyrinth by the minotaur of greek mythology.  but the particular formulation in connell’s short story, in which general zaroff, a former nobleman bored with hunting animals, lures humans to his private island to hunt and kill them for sport, is both distinctively memorable, and copyrightable.  stray too close to it, or quote too much from the story, and you may find yourself the target of lawyers.  (but perhaps not if you yourself are dangerous enough game.  i don’t know if the makers of “the incredibles“, which also featured a rich recluse using his wits and inventions to hunt humans on a private island, paid royalties to connell’s estate, or relied on fair use or arguments about uncopyrightable ideas.  but in any case, disney is better equipped to either negotiate or defend themselves against infringement lawsuits than others would be.) rereading the story recently, i’m struck by both how it reflects its time in some ways, and in how its action is surprisingly economical.  in , we were still living in the shadow of the first world war, in which multiple empires and noble houses fell, while others continued but began to teeter.  the deadly spectacles of public executions and lynchings were still not uncommon in the united states.  and the dividing of people into two classes– those who are inherently privileged and those who are left in the cold or even considered fair game– was particularly salient that year, as the second incarnation of the ku klux klan neared its peak in popularity, and as immigration law was changed to explicitly keep out people of the “wrong” national origin or race.  those sorts of division haunt our society to this day. rainsford objects to zaroff’s dehumanizing game in what we now tend to think of the story’s setup, which actually takes most of the story’s telling.  (the description of the hunt itself is relatively brief, and no words at all are used to describe the final showdown, which implicitly takes place in the gap between the story’s last two sentences.)  in the end, though, rainsford prevails by beating his opponent at his own game.  he doesn’t want to kill another human being, but when pressed to the extreme, he adopts his opponent’s rules (at the end giving zaroff the sporting warning “i am still a beast at bay… get ready”) and proves to be the better killer. with the story entering the public domain in less than three weeks, we’ll have the chance to reuse, adapt, and critique the story in quotation more freely than ever before.  i hope we use the opportunity not just to recapitulate the story, but to go beyond it in new ways. that’s what happens in the best reuses of tropes.  consider for instance, how in the hunger games books, the main character katniss repeatedly finds ways to subvert the trope of killing others for entertainment.  instead of prevailing by beating opponents at the deadly human-hunting game the enemy has created, she and her allies find ways to reject the game’s premise, cut it short, or prevent its recurrence. when, in days, we get another year’s worth of public domain works, i hope we too find ways not just to revisit what’s come before, but make new and better work out of them.  that’s something that the public domain allows everyone, and not just members of some privileged class, to do.           							 	 			 									 						posted in publicdomain					 					| 				 				 				comments off on vision # : the most dangerous game by richard connell 							 		 		 	 				 					← older posts 					 				 			 		 		 							 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 				 rss feed 		 	pages 				about 	free decimal correspondence 	ils services for discovery applications 	john mark ockerbloom 	the metadata challenge 			 	 		recent posts 			 					public domain day : honoring a lost generation 									 	 					counting down to in the public domain 									 	 					from our subjects to yours (and vice versa) 									 	 					everybody’s library questions: finding films in the public domain 									 	 					build a better registry: my intended comments to the library of congress on the next register of copyrights 									 		 	recent comments 					 							jason on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							norma bruce on public domain day : honoring a lost generation						 	 							brent reid on counting down to in the public domain						 	 							john mark ockerbloom on counting down to in the public domain						 				 	archives 				january 	december 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	july 	june 	january 	december 	october 	june 	january 	december 	september 	january 	october 	september 	july 	may 	january 	january 	june 	january 	october 	august 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	july 	may 	january 	october 	september 	june 	may 	april 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 			 	access for all 		open access news 	copyrights and wrongs 		copyfight 	copyright & fair use 	freedom to tinker 	lawrence lessig 	general library-related news and comment 		lisnews 	teleread 	interesting folks 		jessamyn west 	john scalzi 	jonathan rochkind 	k. g. schneider 	karen coyle 	lawrence lessig 	leslie johnston 	library loon 	lorcan dempsey 	paul courant 	peter brantley 	walt crawford 	metadata and friends 		planet cataloging 	shiny tech 		boing boing 	o’reilly radar 	planet code lib 	tales from the repository 		repositoryman 	writing and publishing 		if:book 	making light 	publishing frontier 		 	 	 		 			 				 					everybody's libraries				 							 			 								blog at wordpress.com. 			 		 	 		 		 	 		 	 		 			 				 					 						everybody's libraries					 				 				 					blog at wordpress.com. 				 			 		 		 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 				 		 lograge/.travis.yml at master · roidrage/lograge · github skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} roidrage / lograge 	 notifications 	 star k 	 fork 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights permalink master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags lograge/.travis.yml go to file 	 go to file t 	 go to line l 	 	 copy path 	 copy permalink     cannot retrieve contributors at this time lines ( sloc) bytes raw blame 	 open with desktop 	 view raw 	 view blame 		language: ruby 		cache: bundle 		rvm: 		 - . 		 - . 		 - . 		 - jruby- . . . 		 - jruby-head 		before_install: 		 - gem install bundler 		matrix: 		 fast_finish: true 		 allow_failures: 		 - rvm: jruby-head 		env: 		 global: 		 - jruby_opts='-j-xx:+tieredcompilation -j-xx:tieredstopatlevel= -j-djruby.compile.mode=off -j-djruby.compile.invokedynamic=false' 		gemfile: 		 - gemfiles/gemfile.actionpack . 		 - gemfiles/gemfile.actionpack . 		 - gemfiles/gemfile.actionpack . 		 - gemfiles/gemfile.actionpack . 		 - gemfile 	 copy lines 	 copy permalink 	view git blame 	reference in new issue go 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. dueling generators — rust — #adventofcode day 	 	 		 			 				erambler 					 					 					 				 				 				 				 					 						 						home 						 						about 						 						series 						 						tags 						 						talks 						 						rdm resources 						 					 				 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 					dueling generators — rust — #adventofcode day 				 			 			 				 					 date: - - series: advent of code tags: [technology] [learning] [advent of code] [rust] 				 				 					 series this post is part of the series advent of code 	 reflections on #aoc 	 the halting problem — python — #adventofcode day 	 electromagnetic moat — rust — #adventofcode day 	 coprocessor conflagration — haskell — #adventofcode day 	 sporifica virus — rust — #adventofcode day 	 fractal art — python — #adventofcode day 	 particle swarm — python — #adventofcode day 	 a series of tubes — rust — #adventofcode day 	 duet — haskell — #adventofcode day 	 spinlock — rust/python — #adventofcode day 	 permutation promenade — julia — #adventofcode day 	 > dueling generators — rust — #adventofcode day < 	 disk defragmentation — haskell — #adventofcode day 	 packet scanners — haskell — #adventofcode day 	 digital plumber — python — #adventofcode day 	 hex ed — python — #adventofcode day 	 knot hash — haskell — #adventofcode day 	 stream processing — haskell — #adventofcode day 	 i heard you like registers — python — #adventofcode day 	 recursive circus — ruby — #adventofcode day 	 memory reallocation — python — #adventofcode day 	 a maze of twisty trampolines — c++ — #adventofcode day 	 high entropy passphrases — python — #adventofcode day 	 spiral memory — go — #adventofcode day 	 corruption checksum — python — #adventofcode day 	 inverse captcha — coconut — #adventofcode day 	 advent of code : introduction 					 					 						today’s challenge introduces two pseudo-random number generators which are trying to agree on a series of numbers. we play the part of the “judge”, counting the number of times their numbers agree in the lowest bits. → full code on github ever since i used go to solve day , i’ve had a hankering to try the other new kid on the memory-safe compiled language block, rust. i found it a bit intimidating at first because the syntax wasn’t as close to the c/c++ i’m familiar with and there are quite a few concepts unique to rust, like the use of traits. but i figured it out, so i can tick another language of my to-try list. i also implemented a version in python for comparison: the python version is more concise and easier to read but the rust version runs about × faster. first we include the std::env “crate” which will let us get access to commandline arguments, and define some useful constants for later. use std::env; const m: i = ; const mask: i = b ; const factor_a: i = ; const factor_b: i = ; gen_next generates the next number for a given generator’s sequence. gen_next_picky does the same, but for the “picky” generators, only returning values that meet their criteria. fn gen_next(factor: i , current: i ) -> i { return (current * factor) % m; } fn gen_next_picky(factor: i , current: i , mult: i ) -> i { let mut next = gen_next(factor, current); while next % mult != { next = gen_next(factor, next); } return next; } duel runs a single duel, and returns the number of times the generators agreed in the lowest bits (found by doing a binary & with the mask defined above). rust allows functions to be passed as parameters, so we use this to be able to run both versions of the duel using only this one function. fn duel<f, g>(n: i , next_a: f, mut value_a: i , next_b: g, mut value_b: i ) -> i where f: fn(i ) -> i , g: fn(i ) -> i , { let mut count = ; for _ in ..n { value_a = next_a(value_a); value_b = next_b(value_b); if (value_a & mask) == (value_b & mask) { count += ; } } return count; } finally, we read the start values from the command line and run the two duels. the expressions that begin |n| are closures (anonymous functions, often called lambdas in other languages) that we use to specify the generator functions for each duel. fn main() { let args: vec<string> = env::args().collect(); let start_a: i = args[ ].parse().unwrap(); let start_b: i = args[ ].parse().unwrap(); println!( "duel : {}", duel( , |n| gen_next(factor_a, n), start_a, |n| gen_next(factor_b, n), start_b, ) ); println!( "duel : {}", duel( , |n| gen_next_picky(factor_a, n, ), start_a, |n| gen_next_picky(factor_b, n, ), start_b, ) ); } 					 				 			 			 webmentions you can respond to this post, "dueling generators — rust — #adventofcode day ", by: liking, boosting or replying to a tweet or toot that mentions it; or sending a webmention from your own site to https://erambler.co.uk/blog/day- / comments & reactions haven't loaded yet. you might have javascript disabled but that's cool 😎. comments powered by cactus comments 🌵 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 me elsewhere :: keyoxide | keybase | mastodon | matrix | twitter | github | gitlab | orcid | pypi | linkedin 				 					© 					jez cope 					| built by: hugo 					| theme: mnemosyne 				 				 					 						 							build status: 						 					 				 				 					 					 except where noted, this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 				 			 		 	 	 connect online: call for posters connect online: call for posters the program committee for samvera connect invites contributions for the conference "virtual poster session." all appropriate submissions will be accepted. the image should be supplied as a jpg file (preferably) or as a pdf. the image will be loaded to, and accessed from, samvera's repository which operates under a cc-by license. this call for posters will close thursday, september th, . in order to generate discussion, there will be a slack channel devoted to the posters. poster presenters will also have the option of a -minute slot (using zoom or similar) to present and discuss their poster on thursday, october th or friday, october th. the program committee will follow up beginning in september with file submission information and to discuss a poster presentation time. thank you! * required name(s) * your answer contact e-mail address(es) * please provide at least one email address for correspondence about this poster. your answer institution * your answer likely theme and/or title of poster * please give us a very brief indication of the theme for the poster. this is not binding on your part, you are free to change your ideas later. your answer please feel free to add any additional information you feel would be helpful to the program committee your answer submit never submit passwords through google forms. this form was created inside of samvera community. report abuse  forms     		working... 		 		 		 		 	no status 	 		 		 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 				 				 toggle navigation 	 			browse collections 	browse repositories 	search 			 				 		 			 		 		 		 			user manual 	user forum 	about epadd 	contact us 	 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				alert 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				success 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				information 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				error 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				cancel 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				cancel 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				copy 			 			 				 			 			 				cancel 				copy 			 		 	 discovery     |      about this collection summary institution stanford university repository special collections collection id m collection title ted nelson email archive date range - - to - - messages undated messages: , sent by owner: attachments: , images: , documents: , others: , contact email specialcollections@stanford.edu catalog record ted nelson email archive enter theodor holm "ted" nelson ( -) is an american pioneer of information technology, philosopher, and sociologist. nelson founded project xanadu in , with the goal of creating a computer network with a simple user interface. he coined the terms hypertext and hypermedia in and published them in . scope and contents the ted nelson email archive spans the years of to . the archive contains correspondence related to ted nelson’s life and career as an information technology entrepreneur and philosopher. many of nelson’s projects are documented through this email collection, including project xanadu, xanaduspace, zigzag, and his autobiography, possiplex: movies, intellect, creative control, my computer life and the fight for civilization. the correspondence also documents nelson’s speaking and teaching engagements at the university of california, santa cruz and chapman university. other well-known information technology figures found among ted nelson’s correspondence include douglas engelbart, steve wozniak, harry mendell, and laurie spiegel. rights and conditions all requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the head of special collections and university archives, stanford university libraries, stanford, california - . consent is given on behalf of special collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. see: https://library.stanford.edu/spc/using-our-collections notes the ted nelson email archive includes some messages identified by the donor, or stanford libraries, as sensitive. these messages may contain financial, medical, legal, and other sensitive information. for this reason, , messages have been restricted according to federal and state guidelines, and stanford libraries policy, for up to years. these email messages are not included in this release of the collection; they will be made available in . additionally, due to the potentially sensitive nature of their content, , messages are available only in the full-text version of the collection that is accessible in the field reading room at green library. please contact the host repository if you would like to request access to full messages, including any attachments. enter email messages in the epadd discovery module have been redacted to ensure the privacy of donors and other correspondents. please contact the host repository if you would like to request access to full messages, including any attachments. × upload a banner image ( : aspect ratio) file upload github - matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk: matrix client-server sdk for rust skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this organization all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} matrix-org / matrix-rust-sdk 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork matrix client-server sdk for rust apache- . license stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit poljar merge branch 'secret-sharing' … aug , merge branch 'secret-sharing' git stats 	 , commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .cargo     .github/workflows     contrib/mitmproxy     matrix_qrcode     matrix_sdk     matrix_sdk_appservice     matrix_sdk_base     matrix_sdk_common     matrix_sdk_crypto     matrix_sdk_test     matrix_sdk_test_macros     .gitignore     .pre-commit-config.yaml     .rustfmt.toml     cargo.toml     license     makefile     readme.md     tarpaulin.toml     view code matrix-rust-sdk project structure status license readme.md matrix-rust-sdk matrix-rust-sdk is an implementation of a matrix client-server library in rust. project structure the rust-sdk consists of multiple crates that can be picked at your convenience: 	matrix-sdk - high level client library, with batteries included, you're most likely interested in this. 	matrix-sdk-base - no (network) io client state machine that can be used to embed a matrix client in your project or build a full fledged network enabled client lib on top of it. 	matrix-sdk-crypto - no (network) io encryption state machine that can be used to add matrix e ee support to your client or client library. status the library is in an alpha state, things that are implemented generally work but the api will change in breaking ways. if you are interested in using the matrix-sdk now is the time to try it out and provide feedback. license apache- . about matrix client-server sdk for rust topics rust matrix-org resources readme license apache- . license releases tags packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 rust . % 	 other . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. none none github - fcrepo-exts/migration-utils: an in-development framework for managing data migrations from previous versions to .x. skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this organization all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} fcrepo-exts / migration-utils 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork an in-development framework for managing data migrations from previous versions to .x. stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights main switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branches tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit   git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time .github     conf     src     .gitattributes     .gitignore     readme.md     pom.xml     view code migration utilities overview status how to use pid migration selection examples metrics gathering property mappings fcrepo object properties to fcrepo + fcrepo datastream properties to fcrepo + audittrail mapping development maintainers readme.md migration utilities a framework to support migration of data from fedora to fedora repositories overview this utility iterates the foxml files of a fedora repository, and creates a fedora compliant ocfl oxford common file layout migrations to fedora write migrated objects directly to the filesystem as ocfl objects. in particular: 	there is a : correspondence between fedora objects and ocfl objects. fedora datastreams appear as files within the resulting ocfl objects. 	rdf is not re-mapped, info:fedora/ subjects and objects are kept intact as-is 	foxml object and datastream properties are represented as triples in additional sidecar files status fedora support is production ready. please use the latest production release. how to use background work 	determine the disposition of your foxml files: 	will you be migrating from exported (archive or migration context) foxml? 	if so, you will need all of the export foxml in a known directory. 	will you be migrating from from a native fcrepo filesystem? 	if so, fcrepo should not be running, and you will need to determine if you're using legacy or akubra storage general usage of the migration utils cli is as follows: java -jar target/migration-utils- . . -snapshot-driver.jar [various options | --help] note that the migration utility will only run under java +. the following cli options for specifying details of a given migration are available: usage: migration-utils [-chrvx] [--debug] -a=<targetdir> [-d=<f datastreamsdir>] [-e=<f exporteddir>] [-f=<f hostname>] [-i=<indexdir>] [-l=<objectlimit>] [-m=<migrationtype>] [-o=<f objectsdir>] [-p=<pidfile>] -t=<f sourcetype> [-u=<user>] [-u=<useruri>] -h, --help show this help message and exit. -v, --version print version information and exit. -t, --source-type=<f sourcetype> fedora source type. choices: akubra | legacy | exported -d, --datastreams-dir=<f datastreamsdir> directory containing fedora datastreams (used with --source-type 'akubra' or 'legacy') -o, --objects-dir=<f objectsdir> directory containing fedora objects (used with --source-type 'akubra' or 'legacy') -e, --exported-dir=<f exporteddir> directory containing fedora export (used with --source-type 'exported') -a, --target-dir=<targetdir> directory where ocfl storage root and supporting state will be written -i, --working-dir=<workingdir> directory where supporting state will be written (cached index of datastreams, ...) -i, --delete-inactive migrate objects and datastreams in the inactive state as deleted. default: false. -m, --migration-type=<migrationtype> type of ocfl objects to migrate to. choices: fedora_ocfl | plain_ocfl default: fedora_ocfl --id-prefix=<idprefix> only use this for plain_ocfl migrations: prefix to add to pids for ocfl object ids - defaults to info:fedora/, like fedora default: info:fedora/ --foxml-file migrate foxml file as a whole file, instead of creating property files. foxml file will be migrated, then marked as deleted so it doesn't show up as an active file. -l, --limit=<objectlimit> limit number of objects to be processed. default: no limit -r, --resume resume from last successfully migrated fedora object default: false -c, --continue-on-error continue to next pid if an error occurs (instead of exiting). disabled by default. default: false -p, --pid-file=<pidfile> pid file listing which fedora objects to migrate -x, --extensions add file extensions to migrated datastreams based on mimetype recorded in foxml default: false -f, --f hostname=<f hostname> hostname of fedora , used for replacing placeholder in 'e' and 'r' datastream urls default: fedora.info -u, --username=<user> the username to associate with all of the migrated resources. default: fedoraadmin -u, --user-uri=<useruri> the username to associate with all of the migrated resources. default: info:fedora/fedoraadmin --algorithm=<digestalgorithm> the digest algorithm to use in the ocfl objects created. either sha or sha default: sha --no-checksum-validation disable validation that datastream content matches fedora checksum. default: false --enable-metrics enable gathering of metrics for a prometheus instance. note: this requires port to be free in order for prometheus to scrape metrics. default: false --debug enables debug logging pid migration selection the default migration configuration will migrate all of the fedora objects found in the source. subsequent runs will simply re-migrate all of those objects. however, there are circumstances when it is preferred that only a subset of all source objects be migrated. there are three means by which a subset of objects may be selected for migration (noting that these means may also be combined). 	limit: when setting the limit configuration (detailed above), the migration will be performed on first x-number of objects specified by the value of limit. 	pid list: when a pid-list is provided (detailed above), the migration will only be performed on the objects associated with the pids in the provided pid-list file. 	resume: when enabling the resume configuration (detailed above), a file is maintained that keeps track of the last successfully migration object. subsequent executions will only migrate objects following the last migrated object. note, this capability is based on the assumption that the order of objects to be migrated is deterministic and the same from one execution to the next. examples run a minimal fedora migration from fedora legacy foxml java -jar target/migration-utils- . . -snapshot-driver.jar --source-type=legacy --limit= --target-dir=target/test/ocfl --objects-dir=src/test/resources/legacyfs/objects --datastreams-dir=src/test/resources/legacyfs/datastreams run a minimal fedora migration from a fedora archival export java -jar target/migration-utils- . . -snapshot-driver.jar --source-type=exported --limit= --target-dir=target/test/ocfl --exported-dir=src/test/resources/exported metrics gathering the migration-utils offers some insight into operations using prometheus and grafana. when running, the --enable-metrics option must be used which will start up an http server on port with an endpoint on /prometheus for prometheus to scrape data from. this can be tested by going to http://localhost: /prometheus while the migration-utils is running. to get setup, follow the directions from the migration utils metrics documentation and run a fedora migration with metrics enabled: java -jar target/migration-utils- . . -snapshot-driver.jar --source-type=legacy --target-dir=target/test/ocfl --objects-dir=src/test/resources/legacyfs/objects --datastreams-dir=src/test/resources/legacyfs/datastreams --enable-metrics property mappings fcrepo object properties to fcrepo + 	fcrepo 	fcrepo +	example 	pid	fedora model:pid†	yul: 	state	fedoraaccess:objstate	active 	label	fedora model:label†	elvis presley 	createdate	fcrepo:created	 - - t : : . z 	lastmodifieddate	fcrepo:lastmodified	 - - t : : . z 	ownerid	fedora model:ownerid†	nruest fcrepo datastream properties to fcrepo + 	fcrepo 	fcrepo +	example 	dsid	dcterms:identifier	obj 	label	dcterms:title‡	asc .tif 	mime type	ebucore:hasmimetype†	image/tiff 	state	fedoraaccess:objstate	active 	created	fcrepo:created	 - - t : : . z 	versionable	fedora:hasversions‡	true 	format uri	premis:formatdesignation‡	info:pronom/fmt/ 	alternate ids	dcterms:identifier‡	 	access url	dcterms:identifier‡	 	checksum	cryptofunc:hashalgorithm‡	cryptofunc:sha "c b b cb f ac cc a d aec " audittrail mapping 	fcrepo event	fcrepo + event type 	adddatastream	premis:ing‡ 	modifydatastreambyreference	audit:contentmodification/metadatamodification‡ 	modifyobject	audit:resourcemodification‡ 	modifyobject (checksum validation)	premis:validation‡ 	modifydatastreambyvalue	audit:contentmodification/metadatamodification‡ 	purgedatastream	audit:contentremoval‡ † the fedora model namespace is not a published namespace. it is a representation of the fcrepo namespace info:fedora/fedora-system:def/model. ‡ not yet implemented note: all fcrepo dc (dublin core) datastream values are mapped as dcterms properties on the object in fcrepo +. the same goes for any properties in the rels-ext and rels-int datastreams. development the migration-utils software is built with maven and requires java and maven . +. mvn clean install the executable utility will be found in the target directory. maintainers current maintainer 	daniel bernstein about an in-development framework for managing data migrations from previous versions to .x. resources readme releases . . release latest jun , + releases packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 java . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. 		working... 		 		 		 		 	no status 	 		 		 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 				 				 toggle navigation 	 			browse collections 	browse repositories 	search 			 				 		 			 		 		 		 			user manual 	user forum 	about epadd 	contact us 	 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				alert 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				success 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				information 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				error 			 			 			 			 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				cancel 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				warning 			 			 			 			 				cancel 				ok 			 		 	 	 		 			 				× 				copy 			 			 				 			 			 				cancel 				copy 			 		 	 discovery     |      about this collection summary institution stanford university repository university archives collection id sc collection title donald e. knuth papers accessions date range - - to - - message undated messages: , sent by owner: , attachments: , images: , documents: others: contact email universityarchives@stanford.edu finding aid     catalog record donald e. knuth papers enter donald ervin knuth’s work established the analysis of algorithms as an academic field. he contributed to the development of the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. in the process he also popularized the asymptotic notation. in addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, knuth is the creator of thetex computer typesetting system, the related metafont font definition language and rendering system, and the computermodern family of typefaces. as a writer and scholar, knuth created the web/cweb computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate literate programming, and designed the mix/mmix instruction set architectures. scope and contents this email collection spans messages from january through january . the messages reflect knuth's work in the study and teaching of computer programming, computer systems, mathematics, and organ performance. rights and conditions all requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the head of special collections and university archives, stanford university libraries, stanford, california - . consent is given on behalf of special collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. see: https://library.stanford.edu/spc/using-our-collections notes this email collection was processed in two parts due to significant technical differences between the email formats knuth used. researchers will encounter duplicate messages across both parts. note that email in rmail format (dating from january through december ) consists only of sent messages, while email in mbox format (november through january ) consists of both sent and received messages. messages containing financial, medical, and other sensitive information have been restricted for up to years. accession id:arch - mbox title: donald e. knuth papers scope and contents this email collection spans messages from november through january . the messages reflect knuth's work in the study and teaching of computer programming, computer systems, mathematics, and organ performance. rights and conditions all requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the head of special collections and university archives, stanford university libraries, stanford, california - . consent is given on behalf of special collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. see: https://library.stanford.edu/spc/using-our-collections accession id:arch - rmail title: donald e. knuth papers scope and contents this email collection spans messages from january through december . the messages reflect knuth's work in the study and teaching of computer programming, computer systems, mathematics, and organ performance. rights and conditions all requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the head of special collections and university archives, stanford university libraries, stanford, california - . consent is given on behalf of special collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission from the copyright owner. such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. see: https://library.stanford.edu/spc/using-our-collections enter email messages in the epadd discovery module have been redacted to ensure the privacy of donors and other correspondents. please contact the host repository if you would like to request access to full messages, including any attachments. × upload a banner image ( : aspect ratio) file upload hublog by alf eatonsearch from pub to pubpub: a history of rich text editing may , continuous deployment of a web service on cloud run march , creating and deploying a web service using cloud run's continuous deployment, github integration and cloud build's buildpacks cloud runnode.jsgithubbuilding amd docker images with arm (m ) macos march , using docker buildx bake to build docker images for different system architectures docker"git scraping" data from the office for national statistics api march , fetching and publishing regularly-updated data as a web service with github actions and datasette github actiondatasettecsvsqlitedocker on a raspberry pi december , using armv docker images on a raspberry pi dockerraspberry piarman express app as a web service in cloud functions july , deploying a simple web service to cloud functions node.jscloud functionsan express app as a web service in cloud run july , deploying a simple web service to cloud run node.jscloud runa single-author web app hosted on cloud run june , developing, building and deploying a single-author web app blogjavascriptexpressnode.jscloud rungithubsending a raw https request may , storing, editing and sending a multipart/form-data request over https converting pdf to png or jpeg september , tools and services for converting a page of a pdf to an image how to build a user interface april , the steps of designing a software product may , designing a user interface for moving data from one state to another openid connect march , a summary of the openid connect protocol and its usage for authentication in an spa serving a web application over https february , using nginx and letsencrypt to serve a web application over https janice: a prototype re-implementation of jane, using the semantic scholar open research corpus january , formatting a lacie external drive for time machine january , indexing semantic scholar's open research corpus in elasticsearch january , building an elasticsearch index of semantic scholar's open research corpus dataset a single-user blog october , building a simple blog using react and firebase recovering from a failed macos high sierra upgrade october , oauth in a chrome extension october , es export/import august , exporting/importing/re-exporting es modules styling and theming react components august , using css in js to style and theme react components async is more than await april , symfony forms march , symfony is best at allowing users to apply mutations to resources via html forms polymer + firebase makefile october , a makefile for deploying polymer apps to firebase distributed consensus april , what aaron understood september , what colour is a tree? september , collections of items in time and space fetching web resources september , using resource and collection interfaces to retrieve data from the web quantifying journals september , metrics for scoring and ranking journals it's a shame about google plus september , urls for people distributed asynchronous composable resources september , filling out data tables using promises and computed properties access-control-allow-origin: * april , add the access-control-allow-origin: * header to the data you publish no more documents april , client-side xml validation in javascript april , using an emscripten port of xmllint to validate xml against a dtd in a web browser. organising, building and deploying static web sites/applications march , using jekyll (remote or local) or yeoman (local) to build, serve and deploy a github pages site or application visualising political donations february , using tableau public to visualise donations to uk political parties force-directed tag clouds february , using artists as the dark matter in a graph of tags, to visualise the thematic content of radio shows exploring a personal twitter network january , using gephi to create a network graph showing the most highly-connected twitter friends of those i follow. searching for mergeable tables january , finding tabular data sets that can be merged, using urls for data types uk prospective parliamentary candidates january , the people who will be standing as candidates in the general election creating a map of grade i listed buildings january , filtering an environment agency shapefile to create a custom map uk parliamentary constituencies january , boundaries, names and codes of the uk's parliamentary constituencies the trouble with scientific software december , scientific software is often opaque, and difficult to obtain and cite archiving and displaying tweets with dat september , don't just publish json-ld june , publish plain, simple json, with a linked context document for consumers that want it vege-table: the data table that grows, with leaves may , the easiest, most resourceful way to harvest, explore and publish a collection of data. line-oriented data formats february , iterating arrays february , javascript methods for iterating arrays publishing research on the web january , two examples of publishing code, data and a human-readable report jquery microdata january , a jquery plugin for working with html microdata creating printable cards with html and css december , use html and css to fill a printed card with content post-humanist technology december , if you can't tell why a technology would be useful to you, it's for the robots collecting article metrics with openrefine december , using openrefine to collect article metrics data json templates december , using json templates to describe objects and query by example json-ld december , using context documents to map local property names to shared urls csv on the web, with php december , fetching, parsing and publishing csv publishing, versioning and persistence december , some rules for publishing a resource online select * from web december , ok guha describing objects december , using names and classes as shorthand for object properties switching off hubmed's rss and atom feeds august , hubmed's rss and atom feeds are discontinued web components july , using web components to define custom html elements internet surveillance june , methods of gathering information from the internet. citing articles within articles march , html markup for inline citations in scholarly articles open, social, academic bookmarking: save to app.net february , using app.net's file api to create an open, personal reading library. html metadata for journal articles november , a summary of ontologies for describing journal articles ten years of hubmed november , an overview of the ten years since hubmed was created publishing a podcast using google drive (in theory) september , generate a podcast feed for audio files stored on google drive, using apps script and yahoo pipes publishing articles using gists september , introducing macrodocs.org, a client-side renderer for articles stored in gists music seeds and more like these august , sources for music recommendation; querying by example querying data sets using google bigquery august , using google fusion tables to provide an api to data files august , resourceful web interfaces august , classlessness june , a resourceful alternative to oai-pmh june , adding files to google drive using php may , working with the harvard library bibliographic dataset april , bbc radio -> xspf bookmarklet march , how to text mine open access documents february , open access author manuscripts in pubmed central february , issn(l)s and serial title abbreviations february , extracting text from a pdf using only javascript november , open graph wins the semantic web september , citing with uris in google docs september , client-side pubmed searching july , capturing a manipulated web page with phantomjs march , this weblog in (some) urls march , a modular system for automatic entity extraction and manual annotation of academic papers february , getting and sending binary files with xmlhttprequest december , aoty november , reco: a music recommender october , artists october , creating a single file, lossless rip of a dvd chapter in ubuntu august , london cycle hire data/apps august , writing firefox add-ons with the jetpack sdk july , uk fuel consumption for energy use july , current uk reservoir stocks july , ecryptfs in ubuntu (lucid) june , using stix fonts with @font-face june , inline annotations/formatting in html may , command line twitter authentication using the pecl oauth library may , automatically mounting a remote directory in ubuntu using autofs + sshfs may , a simple hit counter with node.js and redis may , voting correlation (uk general election ) may , uk general election may , installing php . etc on ubuntu karmic ( . ) may , maps at the british library, and on the bbc may , mapstvbillions april , archiving timestamped copies of bookmarked web content march , a wsdl . description of the eutils efetch web service march , phpschemaxmlrest web services, xml and data typing march , phpxmlgoogle bookmarks lists march , googlelistsmapsa solr index of wikipedia on ec /ebs march , ec lucenesolrmapping xml named character references to unicode characters march , a pipe for new episodes in a bbc series march , bbce xjavascriptpipesrdfxmlyahooyqlindependent uk record labels on spotify march , adding spotify links to bbc radio playlists, via rdfa, using greasemonkey and rdfquery march , indexing json data in mongodb using php february , showing delicious bookmarks of pages within a domain february , elasticsearch in php february , describing rest apis with html forms february , the top google search result for each unicode character january , listing unicode characters january , spotify playlist: the hype machine top albums of january , on a bus updated january , using the bing maps web services in php january , publishing files using a public folder in google docs january , web applications january , installing platform-specific applications january , operating systems and application launching january , an os x single site browser with html storage support? january , a basic web app with a settings page, using jqtouch and php january , openurl + opensearch january , map overlays january , mapsthird-party cookies december , spotify lookup and playdar in aoty december , aotyplaydarspotifyopensearch + yql december , importing geoplanet data into mysql december , semantic assistants november , text mining november , soylatte: java . for -bit os x november , javaosxtransforming xml files with xslt . and saxon-he on os x, using an xml catalog october , xmllatest npg articles in pubmed central october , exploring pubchem via sparql october , bacode october , yahoo! apis terms of use changed october , using pubmed's autocomplete data in jquery september , html template september , htmlsheevaplug as a torrent seed box september , graphing weather time series data with timetric september , dataweatherconverting pdf to png using imagemagick or ghostscript august , the music industry (version) august , qr code testing on the iphone august , embedding chemical structure information in image files august , applescriptchemistryusing the tesco api with php august , apiphptopic modelling with mallet august , travel with an iphone august , iphonetravelmarking up a bibliographic reference with rdfa july , entities in scientific news stories june , onabus.com june , annotation of scientific articles june , annotationnow playing in songbird june , musicnow-playingsongbirda private radio archive june , notuberadiodealing with election results data june , adding bing search results to google june , extracting keyphrases from documents using mesh terms and kea june , scraping with yql execute june , scrapingclustering documents with cluto may , exploring an oai-pmh repository may , oaiyahoo! placemaker may , apilocationyahoofetching article citation counts from web of science may , apiphp, dom, dtds and named entities may , phpxmlphp, dom and xml encodings may , phpxmlrecording video from a webcam in ubuntu may , ubuntuvideoquerying bbc programmes in a talis data store may , bbcrdfurioai, yql and json may , phpyqlwhat's the unicode character for "irony"? may , updating local copies of databases and ontologies may , server-side dom scraping with javascript: options april , domjavascriptsolr/lucene on ec /ebs april , ec lucenesolrinstalling couchdb from source on os x april , everything? april , playdar as an openurl resolver? april , audiocoinsopenurlplaydarresolutiongraph of new albums added to spotify april , analysing 'science' bookmarks in delicious march , deliciousposting shared items from google reader to delicious march , deliciousphpresolving urls with php march , phpfinding all occurrences of a utf- -encoded needle in a utf- -encoded haystack march , phpusing yql and pipes to make a screensaver of the big picture march , pipesyqlpages tagged as 'science' on delicious, by co-tags march , delicioussciencepopular pages tagged as 'science' on delicious march , deliciousscienceselecting wikipedia articles by inchi march , chemistryinchirdfcontent hashing march , similarityyql open data tables march , scrapingyqlfestive spotify playlists march , playlistsradioxspftfl feeds march , semantic/scientific authoring add-ins for microsoft word march , publishingsemanticdata, science and stories march , datamusic recipe march , musicdelicious network meme tracker march , deliciouscomparing similar articles and categorisation with wikipedia march , fetching articles from the ny times api march , apiguardian + lucene = similar articles + categorisation march , guardian open platform march , apicloudmade february , mapsan open question to authors of text mining tools february , text-mininghtml + wmv -> xspf + mp february , phpvideoanalysing the tictocs collection of journal toc feeds february , freebase: types, topics, timelines and mentions february , freebaseontologygoogle, jquery and plugin loading february , googlejavascriptjqueryyoumomus february , bigmaps with modest maps january , mapsquestion for a map january , mapsbigmaps with cutycapt and xvfb january , ecsstract: scraping in xulrunner with json/css selectors january , generating standard chemical identifiers (standard inchi) january , pubmed xml in exist on os x january , difficult album titles of january , musicprivacy online: prevent tracking using adblock plus' site-specific filters january , adblockprivacyextracting a certificate/key pair from a java keystore january , spotified sxsw catalog january , greasemonkeyspotifydefining scraper mappings using css selectors january , an annotated timeline of u.s. public debt, using google spreadsheet and google calendar january , datagenerative art in second life january , installing an independent php . to run from the command line january , phpnotes on using the ubuntu ec ami january , events! january , radio now january , iplayerradioubuntu on ec january , displaying new episodes from bbc iplayer january , bbciplayertvzemanta api january , making a lucene index of wikipedia for morelikethis queries january , lucenephpwikipediaalbums of the year collages january , musicend-of-year tv (uk only) january , tvskyrails december , graphnetworkvisualisationspotification december , greasemonkeyuniprot / rdf / sparql december , rdfuniprotgetting a visitor's location (city) december , browse my privates december , firefox . , maxversion for extensions december , firefoxalbums of the year december , nokeepalive december , potatoo december , greasemonkeysongbird links and bookmarks december , libxml , php and utf- december , the most interesting regions in second life november , secondlifeon a bus november , iphonemapstransportsecond life person pseudo-apis november , second life region apis november , secondlifesecond life bigmap november , mouse coordinates bookmarklet november , bookmarkletencoding aac/mp audio files on os x november , audioosxinline wikipedia history, updated november , greasemonkeywikipediaintrepid vs nvidia november , ubuntunational public transport data repository data november , transportroyal mail paf data november , datatransport direct api november , apiphptransportgetting started in second life november , secondlifejsonp, google spreadsheet security october , securityuima october , minimal php script for downloading pubmed xml october , phppubmedminimal php script for downloading pubmed xml (with error checking) october , phppubmedhuffduffer october , who cares about open access october , publishingsciencesecond life: "teleport to camera position" october , second lifevideo encoding recommendations october , videomaximise os x windows with a keyboard shortcut september , query parameters in uris september , logout/login csrf september , pure data september , audiopuredataplaylist builder using freebase suggest september , freebasemetadataweb playlist tool september , mediaplaylistspreprints and categorisation september , creating a freebase data view september , datafreebaserasmus lerdorf on php performance september , phpubiquity pubmed search september , audacity september , php, simplexml, xpath and namespaced attributes september , removing 'for each' from javascript examples september , pubmed json api september , apijavascriptjsonpubmedlinux music players: compilations and watching folders september , audiolinuxbbc aod filter pipe september , audiobbcpipesgopubmed export api september , ubiquity commands september , national rail bus service sparklines september , businfographictransportgmail menuextra ssb in fluid august , veodia august , second lifevideopulseaudio resampling august , audioprojectm-pulseaudio august , audioubuntu,visualisationlondon: cycling and walking route maps august , london: visitors bus map, mobile tfl august , pulseaudio voodoo august , audioubuntuukpa negotiates a licence for commercial music podcasting august , podcastgeonames nearbywikipedia api august , apijavascriptjquerylocationwikipediaaiderss postrank api august , apijqueryuk postcode -> bus stop prototype august , maptransport , bus stops august , locationphpfull-text feeds as a route around censorship august , feedsepub and stanza august , epubliteraturepdfmendeley august , bibliographypdfcreating maptube maps with neighbourhood statistics data august , mapsan amazon wishlist competition/contest august , amazoncompetitionwishlistlisten later updated august , audiobbcextensionfirefoxmobile bus departures august , locationtransportupload to google docs bookmarklet august , bookmarkletgooglegrowl alerts for gmail messages from address book august , applescriptgmailradio comedy feeds august , bbcradiosending a url from safari to firefox august , applescriptosxwriting an atom feed in php august , atomphphow to share a social network august , portabilityprivacylocatory august , britain from above august , bbctvmeta-tv august , tviphone reader for google reader starred items august , feedsgoogleiphonefree august , iphonecount/distinct queries august , mysqlrdfxquerymanipulating forms in google spreadsheets august , googlespreadsheetstiddlywiki zoomable interface august , tiddlywikiiphone interface for delicious network august , deliciousiphonemapping statistics mini-presentation at barcamb august , mapsds game classics july , dsgameslondon age distribution maps part july , mapslondon age distribution maps july , mapsdata uri for a google search box july , googleiphonesecurity email addresses that are black holes july , securitybeware of the app july , iphonesecurityxmpp comments july , xmppupcoming api (php ) july , apiphpsend pdfs from skim to gmail july , applescriptgmailpdflisten direct /programmes july , bbcgreasemonkeyradioinstalling java advanced imaging in ubuntu hardy july , javaubuntuconvert amr files to wav in ubuntu hardy july , audiolinuxubuntuneighbourhood statistics api july , apiphpsoapordnance survey-based bigmap of the uk july , mapartist -> bbc radio shows lookup june , bbcmusicphpradiosoul bubbles june , gamesessential add-ons for firefox june , extensionsfirefoxchris wetherell on google reader june , feedsgooglepod-u-like june , app-enginepodcastsusing google to fetch all of a feed's items june , apifeedsgooglephpfirefox, opensearch and autocomplete june , firefoxopensearchopencalais api june , apiskim: open all with papers june , applescriptosxpdftumblr auto-pager june , greasemonkeywebclipcountupdown june , csssafaricreate a calendar from del.icio.us bookmarks june , calendardel.icio.uspod news june , podcastsbringing a publisher's content to the life science researcher may , presentationpublishingslidestext-miningthe rules of web . may , publications may , app-enginemedlineopensocialpublicationspythonon the rain-slick precipice of darkness, from penny arcade may , gameopensocial terminology may , opensocialmy speediest gatherers updated may , del.icio.usphpupgrading to gmail may , emailwith or without uids may , metadatapresentationsearchslidesxtechi'm feeling unlucky may , googlegreasemonkeymeta latest may , searchdealing with corrupt preference files on os x may , osxrecipebook april , drupalrecipebookrecipesmixingit april , drupalminingphpradiotextgazelle april , musicp pnow playing on the radio april , bbcradioxmpprealplayer for linux april , linuxradiorealplayerpubmed search url april , pubmedhow to make someone fetch a url with a blank referer header april , securityreification april , rdfsecurity against sql injection in wordpress april , phpsecuritywordpresstwubble april , twittergoogle docs april , code quality in contributed drupal modules april , drupalnds april , dsgamessecure password hashing april , drupalopenpasswordssecuritysourcewordpresshow identifight works april , identifightprivacysemgine's mymap for exploring semantic networks of information april , datagraphinterfacerdfvst instruments in linux march , linuxvstgoogle site search bookmarklet march , bookmarkletgooglebookmooch, librarything march , bookssneetchalizer march , audiolinuxlast.fm fingerprinting client march , last.fmmetadatamusicdecentralised music subscription services march , musicdrupalcpp march , drupals e march , tvpenguin march , booksidentifight additions march , identifightprivacyidentifight march , identifightprivacyspokeo march , identityphp script for downloading mp files from iplayer march , bbcphptopcited march , citationpublishingdownload tv shows from the bbc iplayer as mp march , bbctvclimate change march , climate-changeconferenceparticipationlocating london buses march , busesopen-databuilding a "now playing" wall february , amarokxmppmusicbrainz artist info api february , apimusicbrainzphplast.fm artist info api february , lastfmphp"relation" metadata february , metadatapublishingxmpp, publish-subscribe, pep and user tune february , pubsubxmppfull openurl metadata from crossref february , openurlsetting the height of a cross-domain iframe using postmessage february , htmljavascriptno frills fullscreen february , extensionsfirefoxkitte february , designwordpresscrossref citation plugin february , citationcrossref"play in sidebar" firefox extension february , audioextensionfirefoxplaylistvlccoding niggles february , codezowbar february , firefoxmetadatazoterorefactormycode february , codewindows-less? february , linuxmusicrenoisewindowscanon printers in ubuntu february , printubuntulinking to papers february , citationconversationsdisambiguationunpredictability of influence january , xmpp january , firefoxxmppupdating "selected text" bookmarklets january , bookmarkletsfinding conversations around academic publications january , citationconversationscintillacanonical pubmed urls january , pubmedlisten later january , bbcextensionfirefoxradiohow a firefox extension works january , extensionsfirefoxfsdl january , searchsingle window mode january , firefoxmozilla, chrome and fuel january , firefoxfirefox , del.icio.us posting extension january , del.icio.usextensionfirefoxopenurled january , openurlfeed deltas: what's changed? january , feedsblog remix january , musicxspfannotations in xml january , annotationsubmitting author manuscripts to pubmed central january , publishingdepositing nature articles in pubmed central january , natureopen-accesspublishingbpr markup january , citationmicroformatscrowbar january , scrapingzoterothe long arm of copyright january , copyrightgamesall nature papers now available online january , natureaccessing the umlsks soap web service using php january , apiphpcoverflow-ish for newest amarok albums january , amarokphpcommunicating with amarok from a local web page january , amarokhttp post in php january , phparchiving del.icio.us bookmarks january , del.icio.usdrupalprojectm in amarok december , audiovisualisationcontextlinks amarok plugin december , amarokamarok: record labels from musicbrainz december , amarokmusicbrainzpythonamarok: album release dates from musicbrainz december , amarokmusicbrainzpythontv on the internet december , bbctvbbc cross-platform iplayer december , bbcradiotvbest albums of lists december , drupalmusicpresenting replicates in a table december , datahtmlpublishingcharting features december , datajavascriptvisualisationair december , e xeasylistener bookmarklet december , bookmarkletplayraida toolkit entity extraction api december , medlineminingreasons for loving cash music december , musicmyexperiment december , bioinformaticsxnat workflow december , sciencefirefox's sandbox december , firefoxsecurityjquery in zotero november , jqueryzoterothe world is pixels at zoom level november , googlemapconditionally hiding html elements with jquery/css november , jqueryamazon aws api november , amazonapipubchem (eutilities) api november , apieutilsphpcross-platform javascript omissions november , javascriptrenoise november , musicrenoisesideload/mp tunes vs emi november , copyrightmusicpredictive accuracy is substantially improved when blending multiple predictors november , algorithmsserver-side scraping with javascript november , javascriptmetadatacurehunter's graph viewer november , visualisationscraping web pages with php november , phpscrapingmaking a screencast november , screencastvideorev="review" november , citationmicroformatspreserving pdf metadata november , metadatapdfgutsy november , ubuntubpr november , citationmicroformatsstill oink-less november , musicp pted november , p ptvmyspace -> file hd greasemonkey script november , greasemonkeymetadata scrapers october , metadatadel.icio.us / earlier october , del.icio.ushype machine october , musicsongbirdgetting a local copy of medline october , medlinephppubmedbbc radio player as a separate application, with webrunner october , bbcfirefoxradioi forgot my password october , securityxul ftw october , xulfix ssh in mac os x by reinstalling kerberos.framework october , osxmail -> thunderbird october , emailmethods for private atom/rss feeds october , feedssecuritylinux and wireless devices september , linuxwifigmail vulnerability september , emailsecuritythings that taste great together september , notes from drupalcon barcelona september , drupalupdate: artist popularity in specific countries september , lastfmncbi resource locator september , pubmedhcalendar, microformats and google calendar september , microformatsdealing with hard drives in ubuntu september , ubuntulondon cinema today september , cinemadrupalhigh usage of pubmed's "related articles" august , pubmedsearchinline wikipedia history august , greasemonkeywikipediaon the wire has a podcast august , radiomusicsun august , audioscrobblervisualisationnon-destructive faceted browsing august , searchvisualisationquite |kw?t| august , adding random email addresses to facebook august , geocoding apis august , apigeogene network api august , apibioinformaticsphppostgenomic api august , apicitationwhatizit api august , apibioinformaticsphppubmed api august , apiphppubmedclearforest sws api august , apimetadataphpcss workarounds for internet explorer &lt; august , csswikipedia api july , apifreebase api july , apiscopus api july , apicitationrss nightmare july , feedslazytube july , screencastvideopublishing data tables july , datapublishinguser styles july , cssfarewell azureus july , p pepub and adobe digital editions july , publishingif it's ready, release it july , musicopera mini beta july , faceted search in solr/drupal july , drupalsearchmusic.of.interest july , musicpeel sessions july , drupalradioscintilla june , naturescintillacreate a google custom search engine on the fly june , googlesearchxtech science bof slides june , presentationxtechunofficial london rss feeds june , feedslondonbenchmarking php . . string manipulation june , phpbenchmarking php . . string manipulation june , phpexpanding abbreviations in hubmed june , hubmedmahalo june , searchpodule # may , poduleslast.fm listening graph may , lastfmvisualisationpodcast awards may , podcastxss vulnerabilities by pagerank may , securityriaa-safe top may , musicp pcompiling and installing xalan on os x may , osxprogramming language reference widgets for dashboard may , osxwebjay → last.fm playlists may , lastfmplaylistsnotes from xtech may , xtechpredictions/observations for may , mobile feed reader may , feedsreal-time, -bit audio processing may , audioplay this gene may , greasemonkeyitems you rated in amazon may , amazonrecommendationrate items quickly in amazon with greasemonkey april , amazongreasemonkeyxtech april , xtechmultiple "related articles" in pubmed april , pubmedr ds april , ds album covers april , musicvisualisationfetching cover art for a list of albums april , amarokmusicmusicbrainzpythonadd publications from hubmed to publicationslist.org april , greasemonkeyhubmedpublicationsmirror last.fm listening statistics april , lastfmmusicphpmobile mapping/gps april , gpszotero ? hubmed tags april , extensionfirefoxhubmedzoteroownership of user-contributed data march , data-portabilitytouchgraph relaunched march , touchgraphamarok → last.fm links (my first ruby) march , amaroklastfmmusicrubyadding musicbrainz data to an amarok database march , amarokmusicmusicbrainzpythonsmall pieces please march , p pthe sorry state of online music march , musicvideo aggregators march , video -bit firefox on -bit ubuntu march , ubuntuwhat's on your google homepage? march , googlevisual scrapers march , automationscrapingxhtml vs html march , xhtmlfour tenets of web security march , securityone column layouts march , cssfirefox offline browsing march , firefoxpublishinglast.fm user listening data march , lastfmscientific article conversations and distributed libraries february , citationsearch-and-replace february , bashwarning: don't use hpmount february , linuxplos one february , publishingopensearchfox february , extensionfirefoxcopying bookmarks from del.icio.us to connotea february , bookmarksdel.icio.use xgreasemonkeygetting an audio file in another format from an m p on os x february , audioosxmemcached and drupal february , drupaldrupal module for solr february , drupalsearchubuntu edgy, bluetooth and sony ericsson k i february , mobileubuntumame reviews february , drupalgamesa web interface to search and download albums in an amarok library february , amarokphpq: what am i using itunes for? january , musicposting machine tags to del.icio.us january , del.icio.usdrupal january , drupalberyl . beta january , berylubuntubt have been busy january , btthings you need to play arcade games january , gamesdvd::rip january , dvdlinuxnew server january , server days of london widget january , drupallondonosxplos too december , drupalpublishingmetrack december , del.icio.usgreasemonkeyautomatically play youtube videos in a full window december , greasemonkeyyoutubeplaying web video in fullscreen december , playliststits & sharks & acid december , audiomashupnautilus actions december , ubuntuplaying youtube videos in ubuntu december , ubuntuvideosound from a microphone on hda intel in ubuntu december , ubuntumetalicious november , javascriptperlmusicbrainz picard tagger november , metadatamusicmusicbrainzuniform requirements for manuscripts november , citationvisual jquery user style november , cssjquerycheap-ish windows xp november , windowsgeocoding uk postcodes with postcodeanywhere november , geophpyahoo! bookmarks november , bookmarksgmap geocoding uk postcodes november , geolast.fm events calendar october , lastfmnovelty vs necessity october , ubuntufitting in ubuntu october , firefoxubuntuamarok, mysql, json and greasemonkey october , amarokgreasemonkeyphpthe case of the disappearing comments october , wikipedia export format for citing papers from hubmed october , greasemonkeyhubmedunapiwikipediatgn analysis in the lancet october , immunologytgn hubmed speed october , hubmednnw sneak peek release october , netnewswirezotero and compound documents october , metadatapublishingzoterometaphors that have had their day october , google webpage gadgets october , googleprivacydreamhost promotion today october , msn.co.uk doesn't rank firefox october , firefoxsearchi candy september , ubuntuall you need on a (consumer) pc september , appsosxubuntuwindowsubuntu and core duo pcs september , ubuntumigrate movable type to drupal ( . ) september , drupalmtsecurity as a non-admin user in os x september , securitynetnewswire: "mark all as read and proceed" september , netnewswirebuilding a site to handle images in drupal september , drupalbt home hub september , btpodcasts for people who say they don't know any good podcasts september , podcastssharing a list of podcasts september , podcastsfirefox beta september , firefoxwhy is myspace popular august , myspace steps to making myspace nicer august , cssgreasemonkeymyspacescan in itunes august , applescriptitunesgenerate a bookmarklet to automate offprint requests august , bookmarkletpublishingnature.com css august , cssnaturestylishcleanliness july , osxnotate july , annotationpublishingaggademia july , aggregationdrupalnatureunapi link enabler for greasemonkey july , greasemonkeyunapihubmed paper in nucleic acids research july , hubmedsphere it! july , bookmarkletrss feeds for bloglines citation searches july , bloglinesfeedsferret: lucene for ruby july , lucenerubysearch - - data webs conference june , conferencemore about/like this page june , bookmarkletsmapping and tagging greasemonkey scripts june , connoteagreasemonkeygraph your connotea library june , connoteatouchgraphvisualisationxsl files for publishing from nlm xml may , publishingxsllucene . may , lucenesearchmesh information in hubmed may , hubmedmeshpodule # may , podulesquery statistics in hubmed may , hubmedsentence ordering in otmi may , text-mininggoogle co-op may , googlesearchadd hubmed links to google search results may , greasemonkeyhubmedadd radio commands to bbc radio player may , bbcgreasemonkeyradiostructure of a scientific article may , publishingrelated articles algorithms may , hubmedhealth-related queries in google may , googlerecommendations from hubmed may , hubmedrecommendationa plan for publishing journal articles may , publishingtreemaps of medline may , medlinevisualisationplaying streaming radio [realaudio, bbc, os x] through an airport express may , osxa network of politicians and interviewers/journalists on the bbc may , touchgraophvisualisationtouchgraph of bbc tv/radio collaborators april , bbctouchgraphvisualisationrecent papers in hubmed search results april , hubmedpersonalisation and privacy april , hubmedpersonalisationmarkov-chained text from medline abstracts april , medlineitunes alarm clock (ical + applescript) april , applescriptitunesosxemail notifications in gnome april , emailubuntudocument clustering in hubmed april , hubmedrecording streaming radio (improved) april , bashradiovlc, xspf, dapper and tango april , playlistsubuntuopen text mining interface (otmi) april , text-mininginterdb links in hubmed april , hubmedex-html april , htmlhubmed extension for mediawiki march , hubmedctla- -ig march , immunologyadobe xmp sdk beta march , metadatapdfxmppeer review with marginalia march , annotationpublishingfulltext links from hubmed's feeds march , hubmeda week of tv in pictures (comedy, mostly) march , tvcriticker march , filmrecommendationfeedback down march , playr's xspf player march , playrpodule # march , podulestgn march , immunologytgn my most played artists this week, from last.fm march , lastfmxhtml, svg and mathml march , xhtmlgetting document elements out of the clipboard march , bookmarklethobbs on rewind march , lots of comment spam march , mtgetting document elements into the clipboard march , bookmarkletexclusive photo of the new google colander march , googlecopy and paste with unapi march , unapilinking and storing supplementary data march , datanotepress for wordpress march , wordpressconnecting to the nintendo wfc march , dssupplementary data march , databluetooth intellimouse explorer on os x march , osxsound in ubuntu february , ubuntutorrentbot missed some episodes february , p pmanaging metadata for academic pdfs february , bibdeskbibtexmetadatapdfscalable bar charts with tables and css february , cssopenurl for music february , openurlpimp my paper! february , publishingwhere to download firefox february , firefoxsearchuniprot creative commons licensed, available as rdf february , rdfthe state of online biomedical full text articles february , publishingallfulltext february , bookmarkletshubmeda_list of podcasts february , podcaststhe state of biomedical pdfs february , publishingmanaging academic papers (almost) like mp s february , publishingquery expansion in hubmed february , hubmedwebphones february , audioauthor contributions in scientific paper metadata february , publishingupcoming.org simple event posting form february , calendareventsinterview with david lipman of the ncbi february , pubmedbritish albums vs mercury nominees february , musicpodule # january , podulesthings that reek of greatness january , normalising uris january , citationad-hoc xml databases with mysql . january , mysqlxlmpubmed lookup for structure blogging january , hubmednotepressrelevance-ranked search results in hubmed january , hubmedpopulate itunes with webjay playlists update january , applescriptituneswebjaynlm mods january , xsltcreating an atom feed in perl january , atomperltv january , tvcreating an openoffice document in perl january , openofficeperla suggestion for opensearch january , opensearchlistenable retrospectives january , feedsmusicbest albums of january , musicrvwhubmed bibtex changes january , bibtexhubmedciteproxy january , citationidentifiersmodsxmlreading feeds january , feedsosxsoftwaremp blog toplist updated january , blogsmusicvideo chat between mac and pc december , imosxvideoa script for slogger december , bookmarksextensionfirefoxmachineprose december , biomedicalontologypublishingrdfacademic metadata workflow december , metadatanow that's what i call weblogs... vol december , weblogsgoogle music search december , googleupdated opensearch templates for movable type december , mtmore useful firefox extensions december , firefoxdragthing [os x] december , osxsoftwareeasynews search plugin december , firefoxsearchpluginsspacer december , bookmarkletextracting knowledge from biomedical text december , biomedicalhubmedrdftextbioinformatics workflows december , bioinformaticsalbums of snapshot december , musicthings of interest added to hubmed december , hubmedindestructible user profiles december , searchgoggle update december , greasemonkeyrdf interoperability for social bookmarking tools december , feedshubmedrdftagspopulate itunes with webjay playlists november , applescriptituneswebjaysequence manipulation en-suite november , javascriptscienceindex diagnosticus november , searchbest of: bookmarklets november , bookmarkletsstylish november , firefoxbest of: games on os x november , gamesosxbest of: applescripts for itunes november , itunesosxbest of: firefox extensions november , extensionsfirefoxmechanical turking november , amazonrdf export from hubmed tags november , hubmedrdftagscontent negotiation for hubmed tags november , hubmedpiggybankrdftagsyahoo! canada movies feed november , cinemafeedcached web pages and spurl november , bookmarkscacheutf- citation export from hubmed november , hubmeda modular dynamic web page for bioinformatics searches november , bioinformaticsperllast.fm search plugin november , firefoxlastfmdated web page snapshots with my web november , bookmarkletcachemywebsubmitting reviews to google base november , googlegreasemonkeyrvwcreating a citable archive of a web page november , archivebookmarkscitationeeeeeeeeeeeevil november , googlethe wire on resonance fm podcast november , musicplayrpodcastmime types and feed handlers november , feedspodcastspodule # november , musicpodulesfoaf + hcard november , yahoo's my web . november , taggingvisible changes in hubmed this week november , hubmeddisabling caps lock in ubuntu november , ubuntuvisible changes to hubmed this week november , hubmedblogbridge november , softwarejedit november , softwaretemporary feed subscriptions and individual item archives november , feedsopenoffice on os x november , openofficeosxnotepress october , notepressresearchwordpressflock october , firefoxflockhealthline october , healthsearcha definite lack of standards for academic metadata october , metadatalooking for mp s? october , firefoxsearchpluginstweaking firefox for user-side accessibility october , accessibilitycssfirefoxstart.com gadgets october , a couple of music videos on slow servers october , musicpublishing whole documents using an open xml standard format october , publishingxmlsomeone comes to town october , torontosomeone leaves town october , parisfixation october , hubmedrvwtiny greasemonkey script for flickr page titles october , flickrgreasemonkeynews.com graph visualisation for related stories october , anti-personal portal aggregators october , blogpulse alert feed for recently played artists september , audioscrobblerfeedslast.fmmusicpodule # september , musicpodulesopensearch description and atom-based response templates for movable type september , atommovabletypeopensearchsearchubuntu breezy september , breezyubuntureplace the guardian logo september , greasemonkeyopensearch . september , firefoxopensearchsearchsruspyware . september , security september , fruityloopsmusicfirefox search plugin for google blog search september , firefoxgooglesearchpluginsmetadata in feeds (again) september , atommetadatardfreviewsthou shalt not make me squint september , accessibilitycssfirefoxflickr vs yahoo sign-up september , flickrsecurityyahoobookmark folders september , bookmarksfirefoxchanging feed format september , atomfeedsrdfrssdvd ripping to matroska september , dvdmatroskaoggxvidmovable type + tags september , movabletypetagaudioscrobbler browser update september , last.fmmusictouchgraphcoins browser extensions updated september , bookmarkletcoinsgreasemonkeyopenurltv august , torrentbottvsort del.icio.us popular (again) august , deliciousgreasemonkeygetting firefox bookmarks into spotlight august , firefoxspotlightdyld_fallback_library_path (os x) august , osxexport citations from hubmed to refworks august , bookmarklethubmedself-contained firefox search plugins august , firefoxsearchpluginsxsltfirefox search plugin template for a movable type weblog august , firefoxmovabletypesearchpluginstalk to google august , googleprivacyextracting microcontent (xslt, grddl, rdf) august , firefoxgreasemonkeymicrocontentrdfsome handy links for del.icio.us august , deliciouscoins to crossref resolver script august , coinsgreasemonkeymicrocontentopenurla better cite bookmarklet august , bookmarkletcitemicrocontentadding to last.fm with greasemonkey august , flittergreasemonkeylast.fmmusictorrentbot additions august , torrentbotturning a java jar into an application bundle (os x) august , jackson & his computer band (a test of bleep.com's web tools) august , hide flickr comments from specific users august , flickrgreasemonkeyplayr atom feed august , atomplayrpandora august , musicaudioscrobbler & last.fm relaunch august , audioscrobblerlast.fmdel.icio.us firefox extension security update august , deliciousfirefoxpodule # august , musicpodulesserver speed august , debianntrstng (os x) august , flickrperlhide flickr comments (greasemonkey) august , flickrgreasemonkeypublication of cytokines august , converting rtf to plain text (os x) july , osxgatherers of the month # july , deliciousmaking a big old map july , perlplayr's mp blogs section july , playrpodcastsopenurl coins july , coinsopenurlpodule # july , musicpodulesbbc air time july , bbcvisualisationatom . in hubmed july , atomfeedshubmedlinux applications july , linuxsoftwareubuntufirefox form widgets in os x july , firefoxosxatom . july , atomfeedsinsecure rss encryption july , greasemonkeysecuritydel.icio.us inbox in firefox's sidebar july , deliciousfirefoxos x url handler to open links to local files july , applescriptosxwordpressflickr pro accounts july , almost everything about hubmed july , hubmedstatistics in nature immunology july , publishingstatisticsitunes podcasts june , itunesplayrpodcastsextracting microcontent june , greasemonkeymicrocontentit's about the catalogue june , musicp peasynewzbin june , greasemonkeyhubmed tag storage june , hubmedtaggive us a big back! june , cssfirefoxspotlight june , osxsemantic weblog posts with movable type june , movabletyperdftv june , tvmore feeds please, vicar june , feedsclient-side m u generation june , playrgoggle update may , googlegreasemonkeyoperation d-elite may , p pweb assistants may , firefoxrdf data in hubmed may , hubmedpiggybankrdfparis may , mapsparisg.w.a. may , googleprivacyfof may , feedonfeedsabout reviews and microformats may , microcontentreviewsconcatenating multiple mp s into one big playable mp may , musicsoftwarepodules may , musicpodcastspodulestag search may , searchtagbagram may , m.i.a. loop may , musicgoggle may , firefoxgooglegreasemonkeyscreencast of hubmed and bibdesk may , bibliographyhubmedscreencastpubmed rss may , automator plug-ins may , osxgot adblock? may , firefoxopen sourcing apis april , opensourcethe hype machine april , musicemail reply notifications (mail and growl) april , applescriptgrowlosxhow to get a firefox that works (os x) april , firefoxosxtargeted advertising april , cssnetnewswireplay lhb daily downloads april , playrbrowser anti-aliasing april , firefoxitems for consideration april , bibliographyidentifiersopenurlsidєɳotÑ” april , osxsoftwareskinning del.icio.us with firefox and uriid april , deliciousfirefoxfirefox search plugin for audioscrobbler april , audioscrobblerfirefoxsearchpluginssend me a file april , gpgjavascript benchmarks april , firefoxosxsafariswitching from safari to firefox april , firefoxosxfirefox search plugin installer april , firefoxsearchpluginsbest albums of april , musicreviewsprefetch google ad links april , googlegreasemonkeynew rvw! april , deliciousreviewsdeliciousify audioscrobbler april , audioscrobblerdeliciousgreasemonkeylesinrocksparis march , concertsfeedsparisflash + xspf in playr march , xspfupcoming api march , tv march , tvupdates march , why upcoming.org isn't more popular march , upcomingopensearch march , feedssearchflitter v . march , flittersearchgive me all your cookies march , greasemonkeyopenurl resolver bookmarklet march , bookmarkletopenurladd search links to audioscrobbler artist pages march , audioscrobblerbookmarkletgreasemonkeyartist popularity in specific countries march , audioscrobblermusicvisualisationremove pdf delay for journal articles march , pithhelmethubmed utf- export march , bibtexhubmedrisutf- us vs uk band popularity february , audioscrobblermusicvisualisationblackwell's 'author pays' publishing february , biomedicalskip sourceforge delay page february , pithhelmethide selected content with css (in the future) february , cssnetnewswiressl certificates for apache , courier, exim and jabberd on debian february , debiansslxml-based book authoring february , softwaresubversionwordpress . february , softwarewordpresschilibot february , biomedicaldatavisualisationradio rss feeds february , bbcfeedsradiobd graphit floating (modified) style for netnewswire february , cssnetnewswiretorrentbot moved february , torrentbotsorted lists of reviews, using rvw! and del.icio.us february , deliciousreviewsflickrdesk update february , flickrsoftwaresorting del.icio.us/popular february , bookmarkletdeliciousmap interfaces february , googlemapsgre.gario.us february , deliciousdynamic openurl resolver links february , openurlpubmed tabs and amplify february , biomedicalosxpubmedsoftwaremy speediest gatherers february , deliciousgatherers of the month february , deliciousswervedriver oddities february , musicpithhelmet hubmed redirect january , hubmedpithhelmetordnance survey copyright annoyance (again) january , mapsmfeeds january , feedsmusicplayrbeagle january , linuxsoftwarewpa january , ubuntumore paris rss feeds january , feedsparisoclc software contest january , a 's street photos january , mapsgraph del.icio.us subscriptions network january , deliciousvisualisationgraph del.icio.us related tags january , deliciousvisualisationexplosion january , playrm ucast update january , m ucastosxplayrsoftwaregames toplist january , deliciousblogresearch toplist january , deliciousmp blog toplist january , deliciousmusicyesterday's kexp january , musicradioflitter with del.icio.us links january , deliciousflitterlugradio interviews mark shuttleworth january , radioubuntucoral too slow january , p pplayrflitter with band photos january , flitterflickrdesk update january , flickrsoftwarejavascript drag-and-drop ordered lists january , javascriptunshuffly ipod january , svg maps from pdf january , mapspdfsvgxspf + swf january , xspflistmania january , liststechnorati touchgraph january , touchgraphvisualisationa mini svg map january , mapsparissvgupcoming.org for paris concerts january , feedsparisupcomingbreezy listening january , flitter bookmarklet january , flitteritunes music store gift certificates january , musicp pbands of january , musicbe the coolest december , bookmarkletdeliciouscatching up december , feedsmusicp ptvlocalopenurl and localsfx for hubmed pages december , openurlxslt export from omnioutliner pro december , osxsoftwarexsltparis concerts rss feed update december , concertsfeedspariscompiled live swervedriver albums december , search a restricted set of feeds december , feedssearchgoogle reviews december , googlereviewswi-fi ipod december , musicp phubmed tutorials? december , hubmedamiga emulation december , emulationwindows applications december , softwarewindowsvennmaster december , biomedicalvisualisationworlds apart december , musicflitter december , musicmusic in del.icio.us december , playlistshorizontal amazon music thing december , amazonpricenoia december , amazonucomics atom feeds for netnewswire november , feedperlgoogle scholar bookmarklet november , bookmarklettouchgraph browser for amazon citations november , touchgraphciteseer oai compliance november , citeseertouchgraph browser for google scholar november , googletouchgraphvisualisationpaper cd case november , john peel's final show november , musicadium groupchats november , links to google scholar november , free shipping for books at amazon france november , more tv november , mark steel lectures november , os x applications november , osxclusty pubmed november , dowser november , momentum november , citeulike november , a decent setup for writing (os x, with latex) november , sending files from one computer to another november , motorcasting november , fluxpod november , visitors october , flickrdesk: daily updated desktop pictures from flickr (os x) october , define the lie october , netgear wg fs and airport express on ubuntu october , ubuntu october , m ucast october , desktop pictures from flickr, using magpie and os x october , making podcasts from mp blogs october , what's in your menubar? october , realplayer update october , fulltext links from hubmed october , must... resist... october , torrentbot missed episodes september , bookmarklets september , review sites reviewed september , reviewsfirefox extensions updated september , glit_ september , hercules/powervr drivers september , storing or aggregating microcontent september , netnewswire . beta september , feed your reader september , mp .com community features september , albums for people who are bored of music september , deliciouspresidential candidates on science september , a buttload of bootlegs september , bootlegsnew web software releases september , softwaremolecular systems biology - a new open access journal from npg september , open-accessmedical literature info sorting overload september , aggregate feeds as impromptu record labels september , musicdivision of laura lee september , musicgoogle vs medline september , pubmedthe return of stg september , p pdocco september , documentssearchvisualisationdiebold's tamper-conducive vote counter august , securitycoral august , cachedata retention august , googleartificial meme tracking august , memenobel laureates call for open access to public-funded research august , open-accessthe p challenge august , radiofactory resetting an airport express august , appleibook/powerbook + ipod rebate august , appledevendra banhart august , musicthings google knows about you august , googleblogger's next blog tour august , ingentaconnect august , rss munging with urchin august , aws . beta august , rilo kiley + others august , i wish i had a tripod august , the guardian digital music survey august , alac droplet august , some people say 'tax the rich' august , audio channelling august , osxplanet is fantastic august , flac &rarr; alac august , what to do if you're running out of bandwidth august , rss feeds of playlist recommendations from playr august , inducement to hymn august , justeport streams audio to an airport express august , create a wishlist of videos to rent august , allmusic desertion august , caching media files august , brain hacks august , joggle tellybot august , tagged reviews august , cover art in del.icio.us rss feeds august , sidebar stars august , meme destruction project august , rvw! tool repurposed august , deliciousreview of an airport express august , allconsuming book list july , connected bands july , cross-cluster navigation july , nodule organiser july , hallowed be thy game july , punk voter playlist july , pagerank sites july , pubmed search field tags july , pdf warning from css july , a . gb torrent july , open source + television july , drm denial july , cachem u july , mobile rfid reader july , feed autodetection in firefox july , ipapers july , biomail july , omg - nomusic july , html wget m u mpg july , bbc news video console july , wget m u playlist files july , mp blog playlists july , simpler todo rss feed july , music to go to sleep by july , audioscrobbler browser bugfix july , twitch july , crossref/google search july , choose your open access with springer july , a ghost is born july , realplayer beta for os x july , getting the web out of the browser july , data auto-detection in browsers july , identifying papers with content hashes june , ris format confusion june , document publishing diagram june , hubmed.org june , apple tiger june , compressing pdfs containing colour images june , server switch june , mail.app, imap and courier june , torrentbot updates june , live music from the sonar festival june , webjay alarm clock june , clevercactus share june , soap interface for e-utilities june , suprnova discographies (-ish) feed june , firefox . june , favourite albums at/of the moment june , os x root email account forwarding june , rvw . june , jem archives june , blogdigger media june , muziekhobbyist webradio june , your kids need drugs june , pocket radio june , goliath x june , scopus links from hubmed june , drupaled and drupalblog june , ome june , hubmed history tab june , music file data hashes june , all back to mine may , rvw! formatter may , détente may , boosh on tv may , elsevier author self-archiving may , server co-op may , pnas offers open access option may , real bbc radio may , that man will not hang may , bastet may , swervedriver may , mp .com may , safari vulnerability may , google groups atom feeds may , printing from windows to a shared cups printer on panther using samba may , endnote incompatibility may , infomediaries may , sente: like itunes, for biomedical literature may , penance soirée may , red cross reports may , dropload may , fillable, home-networked file servers may , hubmed search box may , rss feeds for new album releases may , rock ahoy may , a big red blip may , synchronized multimedia working group may , printer sharing may , the golden apples of the sun may , hey hey k may , franz ferdinand - - may , prefuse visualisation toolkit may , electric chill noise may , searching scientific papers online may , unbinding may , ipod pricing may , returned-to albums may , fnac listings in paris concerts rss feed may , be not afraid april , blosxom april , itunes . april , flickr photo badging april , geneinfoviz april , inline del.icio.us april , random mp .com playlist april , inline musilog april , academic pdf workflow april , collaborative playlists april , current advantages of im clients april , follow mouse focus in x windows april , dafont april , lab notebook database system april , genotyping a meme april , os x fonts in gtk /gimp april , google ads april , unicode vs latin- april , pixies reunion show april , pdf browser plugin april , culturepool april , imagemagick april , musicompass april , tv torrent/rss automation april , spillsbury april , fibonacci ratios and musical intervals april , a shared word processor-bibliographic manager interface april , musiclogging from winamp april , torrentbot pt april , torrentbot april , smell the satire april , musiclogging april , mltorrents bookmarklet april , wonderfalls april , ml_www april , outcesticide set april , the live music archive is huge april , repaying generosity april , bittorrent command line client on os x april , bitcollider april , entrez search updates april , mediaseek april , link extraction bookmarklet for webjay march , user-centric data services march , aibrainz march , amg new releases march , gimp.app march , album cover art tagging for windows march , tv shows march , openurl router march , text mining march , science commons march , remembering konspire march , music ownership in an open, online database march , perlprimer march , music publishers, sales and metadata march , atomly march , hubmed svg graphs march , free software directory march , liars march , playr update march , time shifting march , pyget***** march , shn and flac tools march , x on os x march , acknowledgements march , latex add-ons march , latex for dummies march , latex for the modern age march , how to find (more of) what you want march , ipod whamb skin with volume march , join groups, find better music march , propa' mash-up ragga-rave dubplate bloodclot jungle tekno tour-de-force march , semantic hifi march , document handling linkdump march , /cores march , sparklines march , closed-access data from open-acces publications march , hubmed atom feeds march , power laws and purchasing priorities february , one world in march february , audioscrobbler browser update february , darkplace february , reviewskimya dawson february , netlabel catalogue february , releasing mac word . february , groupthinking, but on which side? february , the advancement of science and culture february , ranchero's big cat scripts plugin february , movable type 'edit this entry' bookmarklet february , advancemame february , zoom player february , latex february , gtk/panther february , ram february , yahoo search bookmarklet february , mperia february , jukebox mp collection for £ . february , recommend playlists with flickr february , berlin bastard lesson february , raster noton february , reviewr february , reviewssubviral rna february , america's sweetheart february , dear microsoft word february , listening post february , deepvacuum [os x] february , throttled [os x] february , citespace february , open-source audio, tools for endless music [os x] february , omniamea february , endnote pubmed import filter february , compiling an mp -playing helix client on panther february , helix developer grants february , netnewswire has no atom february , ecto final january , betterpropaganda january , quicktime for m u january , kazaa/kapsule test needed january , emotilinks january , usb floppy drive with red hat linux january , install classic after panther january , primer design for cdna amplification january , vienna rna january , it's called i like january , webjay.org january , nothing in return january , playlist bookmarklet update january , sente january , automatically update itunes library with daapd january , earth map desktop january , macgde january , musicplasma january , itunes music store rss generator january , mtcommentauthorlink january , m u playlists page january , artemis sequence viewer january , itunes opener january , jpegs progress january , pick of the bastard pops january , realplayer installation january , copper, prions and tse january , suprnova rss feed january , hubmed print-friendly pages january , scientific stories january , mp to m u or smil playlist january , return of the mac january , kx project and avg january , firebird tabbrowser extensions january , morality of software patches january , transmission january , pitchfork singles of january , are you feeling throaty? january , & free hosting january , largehearted boy january , what a difference a year makes january , linking to musicbrainz january , fountain of youth january , collections of music files from distributed sources january , trying this again january , ibook display problems? january , festive fifty january , happy new year january , some contributions to saving the internet december , who represents my points of view december , scientists for dean december , social software interfaces december , movable type plugins december , using religion for aggression december , playlist distribution december , gpsweb december , rpxp web service december , mldonkey [os x] december , vocal removal december , pester december , make gtk apps pretty december , mad plugin eats track numbers december , the signaling gateway december , movable type on windows xp december , xstream radio december , sourceforge december , no fink december , fluorescence microscopy movies december , gofigure december , rumoured demise of biomednet december , semblogbibman december , not safe for work december , rdf for last played tracks, via audioscrobbler december , mp blogs are switched on december , rss feed for paris concerts december , google irregularity december , festival octopus december , azureus december , day audio december , kid video december , album continuum december , laptop dj december , firebird [os x] december , playlist tracklisting update december , weasel december , electromagnetism december , qotsa/kyuss circle of collaboration december , musictouchgraphbbc radio interface november , the shins on kcrw november , unfree the music november , movable type spam vulnerability november , french-speaking weblog rankings november , qtfairuse november , got foaf november , cgi_buffer november , blam for trial november , vorbis updates november , bibdesk november , the perfect email november , singingfish november , glc november , bleep.com november , free- or donation-ware updates for panther november , you will require... november , xml for individual entries november , eugene garfield commentaries november , styling rss with css to make it browser-friendly november , scidev open access section november , reviews-enabled movable type november , sublime electronica november , excel add-in to remove low numbers november , fixed the blaxm reviews exchange november , blogware with reviews metadata november , a tune called grin october , longhorn october , itunes playlist hint october , facil-o-smil update for m u and cc october , phrase searching in pubmed october , the knowledge society october , flowjo october , wow. a big clock. october , playlouder msp october , soulseek recommendations october , winamp october , pdc pokemon october , fink upgrade for gcc . october , google glossary october , plos biology october , chutes too narrow october , constant playlist october , facil-o-smil october , weed october , gnu privacy guard october , os x im: msn is on october , plos biology trackbacks in hubmed october , plos biology october , from the ashes october , stop the leaks october , tuna october , empty pages in search results october , steam [os x] october , calendar events from xhtml october , sound october , in defence of open access october , emusic pricing changes october , digital accretion october , daily mp s from pitchforkmedia october , albums of the year (so far) october , dynamo playlist october , pure data dsp software october , open source democracy october , bad spiders october , mercora october , boom selected october , headcloud october , flat-fee p p model october , neuro-info-transmitters october , what's on my docks? october , metadata in the metaweblog api october , rdf review vocabulary october , the wellcome trust supports open access october , shareable playlists october , bloglines recommendations october , mini-links rss feed september , research mapper september , downstream september , iwebcal september , dynamic event files september , freak up, look smart september , x goodies september , export an event from a web page to ical september , terminally ill september , ical events from web pages september , fingertips september , natureevents september , kde september , share the music september , jumbled words september , equinox september , syncato september , wsil for blogroll autodiscovery september , tv listings and audio streaming licensing september , worst jobs in science september , digital marketplace summary september , uk data surveillance measures september , intellectual is not physical september , collective payment september , icaris september , the importance of open access for semantic research september , devonagent [os x] september , polished turds september , fame *and* fortune (if you're good enough) september , open source bibliography format september , biologging september , science and religion forum september , scientific publishing september , konspire radio channel september , subscribe to comments september , trackbacks september , nicotine september , waypath september , my.pubmed rss feeds september , musical interlude september , biotech protocols september , smokescreen september , openam.com subdomains august , armagetron tron clone august , netnewswire with webkit august , fun with xmltv august , peel sessions august , the return of openam august , bbc creative archive august , radiolaw enforcement against prohibition august , earthstation august , msn network rejigged august , tofu august , album cover artwork august , freakmachine august , human knowledge navigator august , peer review under scrutiny august , tools for handling information august , mcode august , classification of associations august , morale-o-meter august , miranda im august , prism for rdf august , who's going to pay? august , perception august , blufilter august , trillian pro . beta august , protein interaction browser august , music browser repaired august , august , jobs as rss extensions august , quick release august , test august , openam linking july , rock-it launcher july , aol journals july , myths and legends of file sharing july , os x show desktop july , the same thing, again july , digital sales network july , yapc july , buy back continues july , blosxom.com july , vague memories july , amazon tracks search box july , perl culture july , we're all going straight to hell :-) july , biomed central links july , faculty of links july , open bibliography software july , musical artifacts july , wiretap july , the marigolds july , the holy grail july , audioscrobbler + last.fm july , safari fullscreen bookmarklet july , biomed central articles in one big zip july , negative feedback on ebay july , copyright for scientific papers in eprint archives july , performance at the cost of expansibility july , i (heart symbol) mp july , when fireworks attack july , online electronic hardware stores july , touchgraph livejournal browser july , zane lowe on radio july , clutter update july , endnote v july , rss legacy july , did you know? july , open access conference reports june , phone gps june , searching for the social benefits of technological progress june , eff seeks p p licensing scheme june , cites and insights july june , public access to science act june , blosxom rating plugin june , pithhelmet june , nitle blog census api june , blogs ! us june , concept clustering june , molecular graphics on os x june , how i got soulseek to work on os x june , handy hints june , public library of science june , id card consultation figures june , nature pdf content extraction june , openurl draft standard june , politics and the english language june , four tet favourites june , costs of illicit mp downloading june , spoogefest june , unicode characters in hubmed june , paid for software june , site redesign june , ontologies in scientific research june , concert listings june , pdf annotation june , spared from internet hell june , political positioning june , technicalities of a p p music market june , modelling social interactions june , andromeda on os x may , back on track may , rvw specification may , jack valenti says may , kast/konspire b may , come together may , emergence may , itunes script may , emusic signs beggars group may , principles of emergent democracy may , lo-fi may , jabber notification of new referrers may , lamebrain may , kwiki and voodoopad may , music recommendations may , technorati api in blaxm! may , if they want to do this the hard way... may , sfx/openurl interview may , advertoys may , nodalpoint - moderated bioinformatics papers from pubmed may , rvw success may , test review for rvw markup in rss . may , photopal may , geograffiti may , rvw format in rss . may , video sans frontieres may , the scientist in rss may , rvw format in rss may , arrowsmith may , winamp aac/mp input plugin may , isuck may , itunes, again may , global friendster visualisation may , peer-to-peer search spidering may , drm within aac files may , processing soda may , improving science through online commentary may , rvw standard metadata format for reviews may , dj martian's page may , itunes download may , fos news catchup may , scrobbleyou may , on the wire may , emusic upgrade may , itunes may , electric six - fire april , itunes music store top downloads april , cd industry seeks niche april , echocloud april , music licensing april , semantic blogging demonstrator april , modular, extensible rdf april , touchgraph audioscrobbler browser april , antisocial behaviour in online communities april , laszlo april , the world live web april , finding people april , the wipers - box set -- is this real april , librarians on the offensive april , environmental noise retards auditory cortical development april , the liberation will not be nationalised april , fire with intent april , thinkbot april , globe alive april , journal of mammalogy april , open access april , equator april , last.fm april , completion of the human genome project april , rdf braindump april , wavefinder, dab april , microsound april , sumeria april , george boosh april , terrestrial jukebox april , not content april , summarise this april , queens of the stone age - feel good hit of the summer april , many to many april , digital video april , digital music streaming april , an excellent lab web page april , w c drafting, drifting april , internet explorer april , winamp . april , phoenix april , clarity of writing april , a miscommunication with civilians april , a few blam! and blaxm! updates april , not in my name ++ april , some radio shows april , automata and visualisation april , complexity digest rss april , political fiction april , distributing music on plastic discs one album at a time april , discussion from cto forum april , blueprint for phased access journals april , mp ripping and encoding benchmark april , new clinic album april , a tune april , rock & roll library april , more sites on sticks april , the day music became priceless april , blaxm!, foaf, rss march , mp track ids march , death of an activist march , iraqi opposition march , web applications march , anacubis visual google march , beos file system with metadata for os x march , bioinformatrix march , acromed march , foaf browser march , thinkbot march , lock down march , empire march , a global discussion forum, by invitation only. march , techgnosis march , blam! + radio march , blam! + blogger march , xnap hint for os x march , standardised review metadata march , blam! + moveable type march , oai searches from hubmed march , newzcrawler update march , imdb moveabletype hack march , amazon cd track listings march , not unexpectedly pleasant march , blam!: amazon review creator march , research buy-back march , endnote march , mp sushi march , but why? march , making money march , sciencedirect backfiles march , a simplified valuation of commoditised art march , apple java hooray march , ibook usb fm radio tuner march , more mini-things march , digital collection and peer review march , spirographx march , biopedia march , the ends of the internet march , biologging part march , oral traditions in online communication march , value of music march , biologging march , spiders march , citation trackbacks march , keyboard shortcuts march , giftbox march , cnps march , allabstracts bookmarklet march , citation maps february , science citation index february , medscape headlines in rss february , iscrobbler february , open access literature part iii february , open access literature part ii february , visualisations of political polarisation february , better late than never february , andromeda/php on os x february , open access literature february , hublink february , allmusic-to-magnet-uri bookmarklet february , semantic blogging and bibliographies february , linking services february , nice titles february , endnote import filter updated february , endnotehubmedexceptions to copyright february , latent semantic indexing february , fair use february , proper p p february , taking the internet outside february , the infography february , safari cookies february , cookiessafaritoc alerts january , alertsnewsreaderpushrsszetoc evaluation january , paratools january , citationparaciteparsingintegrated comments and trackbacks january , commentstrackbackfixed touchgraph scripts january , applettouchgraphvisualisationcitation parser update january , citationparsereferencescollaboration network browser january , analogies with trackback variants january , analogiesbiomedicalliteraturenetworksself-organisingtrackbackmake a list january , collaborativelisttrackbackweblogedina join-up january , openurlcitation matcher updated for multiple references january , citationparseris citation export file suffix january , exportfileriscitation matching january , citationopcitparsehublog rss update january , hublogrsstrackback january , trackbackalternative software for community-driven literature management january , blogcommunitysitesoftwarepersonal/group publishing january , knowledgeliteraturepersonalpublishingwebimmunolog launched january , collaborativejournaljoining the dots - advances in online biomedical literature management. january , biomedicalknowledgeliteraturemanagementsafari, touchgraph update january , touchgraphsfx lookup bookmarklet january , bookmarkletsfx - - : perl scripts for organising pdfs january , acrobatperl - - : library lookup issn bookmarklet january , bookmarkletlibrarylookup - - : experimental links january , citationdoi - - : gnutella p p january , gnutellamagnetp p - - : bibtex output january , bibtexpubmed - - : endnote and ris import filters january , endnoteexportpubmed - - : related articles algorithm january , articlespubmedrelated - - : linkout urls january , fulltextlinkoutpubmed - - : pubmed javascript january , javascriptpubmed - - : hubmed online. january , perlpubmedutilitiesxml inclusive and reparative work - archival collections management - research guides at new york university skip to main content it looks like you're using internet explorer or older. this website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of chrome, firefox, safari, and edge. if you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. 	 		 			 				 			 		 	 				 						nyu libraries 						 					 	 						research guides 						 					 	 						archives & special collections 						 					 	 						archival collections management 						 					 	inclusive and reparative work 					 search this guide search archival collections management program documentation on archival technical services at new york university. 	 home 	 accessioning 	 arrangement and description 	 cross-program 	 requirements 	 inclusive and reparative work 					 						 							inclusive and reparative work 							 								 									 			 				acm is actively committed to reparative and inclusive archival practices, including archival description, metadata management, and systems environments. this growing section includes local documentation and other resources centering ethical description, critical cataloging, and equitable technology to support this work. local documentation: 	local policy on description related to japanese american wartime incarceration external resources (archives- and library-specific): 	archives for black lives in philadelphia anti-racist description resources 	disrupting whiteness in libraries and librarianship: a reading list (created and maintained by karla j. strand, gender and women’s studies librarian at university of wisconsin-madison libraries) 	protocols for native american archival materials 	society of american archivists' description section documentation portal section on inclusive description external resources (general): 	accessible communication styles (association of specialized, government, and cooperative library agencies (asgcla)) 	conscious style guide 	the diversity style guide 	p. gabrielle foreman, et al. “writing about slavery/teaching about slavery: this might help” 		 								 								 							 						 					 					 						 							statement on harmful language 							 								 									 			 				you may encounter harmful language in our description, which includes catalog records, finding aids, collection guides, and inventories. if you encounter harmful language in description, or would like to request changes, please complete this form. materials in our collections, which comprise a part of the cultural and historical record, may depict offensive and objectionable perspectives, imagery, and norms. while we have control over description of our collections, we cannot alter the content. we are committed to reassessing and modifying description when possible so that it more accurately and transparently reflects the content of materials that are harmful and triggering in any way and for any reason. as librarians and archivists at nyu libraries, we are actively confronting and remediating how we describe our collection materials. we know that language can and does perpetuate harm, and the work we are undertaking centers on anti-oppressive practices. we are also making reparative changes, all to ensure that the descriptive language we use upholds and enacts our values of inclusion, diversity, equity, belonging, and accessibility. once you submit the form, we will review and act on your request, and document any changes we make. you can submit the form anonymously if you prefer, or provide your contact information to receive updates. 		 								 								 							 						 					 	<< previous: requirements 	 	 last updated: may , : pm 	 url: https://guides.nyu.edu/archival-collections-management 	 print page author log-in report a problem subjects: library & information sciences accessibility (opens in new window) 		 [question] project status · issue # · roidrage/lograge · github skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this user all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} roidrage / lograge 	 notifications 	 star k 	 fork 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights new issue have a question about this project? sign up for a free github account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. 	pick a username 	 	email address 	 	password 	 sign up for github by clicking “sign up for github”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy statement. we’ll occasionally send you account related emails. already on github? sign in to your account jump to bottom [question] project status # open caonulisses opened this issue may , · comment open [question] project status # caonulisses opened this issue may , · comment comments copy link caonulisses commented may , 	 hi! thanks for this awesome gem! i noticed that prs are not being merged, so i added the project to my list of gems needing contributors. if the project is currently being maintained or just on a hiatus, please, do respond and i'll remove it from the list. thanks again! 😄 	 the text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: 👍 👀 we are unable to convert the task to an issue at this time. please try again. the issue was successfully created but we are unable to update the comment at this time. copy link jrochkind commented jul , 	 i also noticed that the build matrix only tests rails . , not . or . -- but, then, ci isn't actually working anyway, becuase it's set up to run on travis-ci.org, which has been disabled by it's owner. i am left thinking lograge is kind of maintainer-abandoned, and not tested under rails +. it is still recommended by many places on the internet though (including heroku docs). sign up for free to join this conversation on github. already have an account? sign in to comment assignees no one assigned labels none yet projects none yet milestone no milestone linked pull requests successfully merging a pull request may close this issue. none yet participants 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. none none github - code lib/planetcode lib: configuration for https://planet.code lib.org/ skip to content sign up 	 why github? features → 	mobile → 	actions → 	codespaces → 	packages → 	security → 	code review → 	issues → 	integrations → 	github sponsors → 	customer stories→ 	 team 	 enterprise 	 explore 	explore github → learn and contribute 	topics → 	collections → 	trending → 	learning lab → 	open source guides → connect with others 	the readme project → 	events → 	community forum → 	github education → 	github stars program → 	 marketplace 	 pricing plans → 	compare plans → 	contact sales → 	education → 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 no suggested jump to results 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this organization all github ↵ jump to ↵ 	 in this repository all github ↵ jump to ↵ sign in sign up {{ message }} code lib / planetcode lib 	 notifications 	 star 	 fork configuration for https://planet.code lib.org/ stars forks star notifications 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights more 	 code 	 issues 	 pull requests 	 actions 	 projects 	 wiki 	 security 	 insights master switch branches/tags branches tags could not load branches nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all branches could not load tags nothing to show {{ refname }} default view all tags branch tags code 	 clone https github cli use git or checkout with svn using the web url. work fast with our official cli. learn more. 	 open with github desktop 	 download zip launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching github desktop if nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. go back launching xcode if nothing happens, download xcode and try again. go back launching visual studio code your codespace will open once ready. there was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. latest commit   git stats 	 commits files permalink failed to load latest commit information. type name latest commit message commit time themes     venus @ de     .gitignore     .gitmodules     readme.md     config.ini     test.ini     view code planet.code lib.org installation generally installation on the code lib.org server adding (or removing) a feed readme.md planet.code lib.org planet code lib aggregates feeds and blogs of interest to the code lib community. it uses planet venus. installation generally > git clone git@github.com:code lib/planetcode lib.git > cd planetcode lib > git submodule init > git submodule update > ./venus/planet.py --verbose the generated files will be in output/. to test it with one feed, run > ./venus/planet.py --verbose test.ini installation on the code lib.org server downloading and cloning is done over https so it's as generic as possible. no updates are to be made on the server; they should be made locally, pushed to github, then pulled down. > # become the c l user > cd /var/www/code lib.org/planet_new > git clone https://github.com/code lib/planetcode lib.git > cd planetcode lib > git submodule init > git submdule update > ./venus/planet.py --verbose --expunge to update: > # become the c l user > cd /var/www/code lib.org/planet_new/planetcode lib > git pull the relevant line in c l's crontab is: , * * * * cd /var/www/code lib.org/planet_new/planetcode lib; ./venus/planet.py --expunge >& adding (or removing) a feed additions are welcome! email william denton or submit a pull request modifying config.ini. if you're on the list but don't want to be, please do the same, and you'll be removed, no questions asked. about configuration for https://planet.code lib.org/ resources readme releases no releases published packages no packages published contributors 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 + contributors languages 	 xslt . % 	 css . % 	 html . % 	© github, inc. 	terms 	privacy 	security 	status 	docs 	contact github 	pricing 	api 	training 	blog 	about you can’t perform that action at this time. you signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. you signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session. none none none none history of the howard hanson institute for american music – the howard hanson institute for american music - eastman school of music 	 		 			 	inquire 	visit 	apply 		eastman centennial celebration 				 	university of rochester 	directory 				 				 								 			 			 			 				 					 					 						 						 						 						 						 					 				 				 					about 	admissions 	faculty 	departments & programs 	student life 	concerts 	sibley music library 	more 				 				 					calendar 	directory 	offices and services 	registrar 	rehearsal schedules 	room reservations 	sibley music library 	university of rochester 	more >> 				 			 		 		 			 				 						about 	admissions 	faculty 	departments & programs 	student life 	concerts 	sibley music library 	more 				 			 		 	 the howard hanson institute for american music history of the howard hanson institute for american music when howard hanson retired in after serving years as the director of the eastman school of music, his service to the university of rochester was extended as the director of a newly created institute of american music. the purpose of the institute, which was established as a university entity outside of the administrative structure of the school, was to continue dr. hanson’s tradition for promoting the understanding and appreciation of american music through performance, publication, and recording. the modest funds upon which the institute has operated derive principally from royalties on compositions and recordings executed during dr. hanson’s tenure at the eastman school. when howard hanson died in , his wife peggy assumed the role of the institute’s director for a short time. however, as her health declined over the years, the institute became less active. following mrs. hanson’s death in , the institute was reorganized and new board members named. about howard hanson by ruth watanabe howard hanson ( - ) was a composer, conductor, musical statesman, educator, and for years ( - ), director of the eastman school of music. born in wahoo, nebraska, on october , , to swedish-american parents who had settled in the midwest, he was a child prodigy whose music lessons were begun with his mother. he continued his professional training at lutheran college (wahoo), the university of nebraska school of music (lincoln), the institute of music art (new york), and the school of music, northwestern university (evanston), earning his bachelor’s degree in . that year he was appointed to the faculty of the college of the pacific in san jose, california, where three years later he became dean of the school of fine arts. a declared neo-romanticist, hanson wrote music at once tuneful, vigorous, and accessible. hanson’s earliest compositions, dating from around , included songs, piano pieces, and two symphonic works, and culminated in his music for the california forest play of . in he won the prix de rome with which he took up residence in italy as the first american composer to be named a rome fellow. while there he completed his first symphony (“nordic”), whose first performance by the augusteo orchestra he conducted in rome, and wrote his great choral piece, the lament for beowulf, his string quartet, and his two symphonic poems, north and west and lux aeterna. early in hanson returned to the united states to lead the new york symphony orchestra in his north and west and to conduct the rochester philharmonic orchestra in the american premiere of his nordic symphony. upon the invitation of president rush rhees and george eastman, he became the second director of the recently established eastman school of music, taking office shortly before his th birthday. during the ensuing decades hanson became one of the country’s most influential music educators. the eastman school under his leadership developed into an institution in which students could receive a well-rounded education while concentrating upon their professional studies. perhaps his greatest overall influence upon music was as protagonist of american culture. during the early decades of the century, music in america was dominated by european music and old world influences. as an american composer striving to be heard, hanson was fired with zeal to bring native music to the fore. in , in a daring move for those years, he initiated the american composers concerts, during which works by our own writers were performed, many for the first time, by professional musicians from the rochester philharmonic orchestra, assisted by the school’s artist faculty and advanced students. in he began an even more ambitious project: the annual festivals of american music, which continued through , by which time more than compositions had been given their first performance, with the composers being present for the rehearsals and the public concerts. while it may appear that the greatest emphasis was upon orchestral music, each festival also featured a ballet, opera, chamber and choral music. hanson’s inclusion of american works at symphony concerts he offered as guest conductor with major symphonies throughout the country and his national radio broadcasts over the nbc network during the s and s helped to create a large audience for contemporary works by our own composers. he was justly called the dean of american composers and spokesman for music in america. the outward signs of recognition accorded him by the public took the form of citations for his contributions to the quality of american life and culture, honorary doctorates, election into the most prestigious national and international organizations, and buildings named in his honor. in , we at the eastman school of music as well the country at large celebrated his glorious career on what would have been his th birthday and we continue to invite all music-lovers to share in his music. save save save 	about hhiam 	commissions 	howard hanson visiting composers 	board members 	history 	esm home 		 			 esm quick links 					eastman journal 	community engagement 	offices & services 	resources for current students 	resources for faculty and staff 	resources for visitors 	facebook 	twitter 	instagram 	youtube 				 				 	read eastman notes back issues 	 contact us 	eastman school of music gibbs st. rochester, ny 	 - - 	directions and parking 	questions and comments 		© eastman school of music none hectic pace hectic pace a view on libraries, the library business, and the business of libraries 	my pre-covid things authors note: these parodies are always about libraries and always based on christmas songs, stories, or poems. being what it is, this year is an exception to both&# ;that&# ;s right, i&# ;m siding with my family and admitting that my favorite things is not a christmas song. (sung to the tune of “my favorite things&# ;) [click the youtube link to listen while you sing along.] eating in restaurants and movies on big screenspeople who don&# ;t doubt the virtue of vaccines.inspiring leaders who don&# ;t act like kings.these were a few of my pre-covid things. live music venues and in-person classes.no masks or ... 	sitting in the reading room all day (sung to the tune of “walking in a winter wonderland”) [click the youtube link to listen while you sing along.] people shhhhhh, are you listening? in the stacks, laptops glistening the reading light&# ;s bright the library&# ;s right for sitting in the reading room all day. gone away are the book stacks here to stay, the only town&# ;s fax. we share all our books without judgy looks. sitting in the reading room all day. in the lobby we could build a book tree. readers guide is green and they stack well. i&# ;ll say &# ;do we have &# ;em?&# ; you&# ;ll say, &# ;yeah man.&# ; ... 	it’s the best library time of the year (sung to the tune of “it&# ;s the most wonderful time of the year&# ;)  press play to sing along with the instrumental track! it&# ;s the best library time of the year with no more children yelling and no one is telling you &# ;get it in gear!&# ; it&# ;s the best library time of the year it&# ;s the qui-quietest season at school only smile-filled greetings and no more dull meetings where bosses are cruel it&# ;s the qui-quietest season at school there&# ;ll be books for re-stocking vendor end-of-year-hawking and overdue fine cash for beer send the word out to pre-schools drag queen visit ... 	maybe it’s books we need [i figured this was a song in desperate need of some new lyrics. sung to the tune of baby it&# ;s cold outside. you&# ;re gonna want to grab a singing partner and use the instrumental track for this one!] (listen to the track while you sing!) i really must binge (but maybe it&# ;s books we need) you mustn&# ;t infringe (it&# ;s definitely books we need) this season has been (reading will make you grin) so fun to watch (i&# ;ll hold the remote, you hold my scotch) my netflix queue scrolls forever (mystery, poems, whichever) and stranger things won&# ;t just watch itself (grab ... 	being a better ally: first, believe warning: i might make you uncomfortable. i’m uncomfortable. but it comes from an earnest place. i was recently lucky enough to participate with my oclc membership &# ; research division colleagues in deetta jones &# ; associates’ cultural competency training. this day-long session has a firm spot in the top of my professional development experiences. (not coincidentally, one of the others in that top was deetta’s management training i took part in when she was with the association of research libraries). a week later, i&# ;m still processing this incredible experience. and i&# ;m very grateful to oclc for sponsoring the workshop! ... 	fake news forever! librarians were among the first to join the call to arms and combat the onslaught of fake news that has permeated our political discussions for the last several months. frankly, it seems hard for anyone to be on the other side of this issue. but is it? not long after the effort to stop fake news in its tracks, a group of librarians began to consider the long-term implications of eradicating an entire body of content from history. thus began a concerted effort to preserve all the fake news that a vigilant group of librarians could gather up. building on ... 	how will you be remembered? my grandfather had a sizable library when he passed away, and his son (my father) would wind up with roughly half of it. i remember shelves and shelves of books of quotations. he was a criminal lawyer with a love of quotes. i either inherited this love or caught it through the osmosis of being surrounded by these books throughout my childhood. most of the books were ruined over the years by mold and silverfish and a dose of neglect. but i managed to save a few handfuls of eclectic titles. their smell still transports me to the basement of ... 	seeking certainty “uncertain times” is a phrase you hear a lot these days. it was actually in the title of the ala town hall that took place in atlanta last month (ala town hall: library advocacy and core values in uncertain times). political turmoil, uncertainty, divisiveness, and vitriol have so many of us feeling a bit unhinged. when i feel rudderless, adrift, even completely lost at sea, i tend to seek a safer port. i’ve exercised this method personally, geographically, and professionally and it has always served me well. for example, the stability and solid foundation provided by my family gives me solace ... 	no not google search box, just you (to the tune of “all i want for christmas is you”) (if you need a karaoke track, try this one) i don’t need a lot for freedom, peace, or love, democracy, and i don’t care about the congress or their failed bureaucracy i just want a li-brar-y filled with places just for me a librarian or two no not google search box, just you i don’t want a lot of features search results are too grotesque i don’t care about the systems back behind your reference desk i don’t need to download e-books on the de-vice of my choice noisy ... 	we are ala i’ve been thinking a lot about governance lately. that said, i will avoid the topic of the recent u.s. election as much as possible, even though it is a factor in what makes me think about governance. instead, i will focus on library governance and what makes it work and not work. spoiler alert: active participation. i am an admitted governance junky, an unapologetic lover of robert’s rules of order, and someone who tries to finds beauty in bureaucratic process. i blame my heritage. i come from a long line of federal government employees, all of us born in the ... a saturday life – radclyffe hall ( ) | heavenali 		 			home 	#ddmreadingweek 	about me 	persephone 	the women’s prize – a project 	 	 heavenali book reviews by someone who loves books … 	 		 		feeds: 	posts 	comments 	 	 	 		 									 				« the birthday boys – beryl bainbridge ( ) 				olivia by (olivia) dorothy strachey ( ) » 			 			 			 				 					a saturday life – radclyffe hall ( ) 					december , by heavenali 				 				 					 radclyffe hall became famous – perhaps infamous in her day – for her novel the well of loneliness a ground-breaking novel in lesbian literature. i loved that novel – although it gets increasingly bleak and is not terribly positive. i was compelled to keep reading and didn’t at all mind hall’s rather flowery writing style. before writing that novel hall was already a published novelist and poet. the obscenity trial that followed the publication of the well of loneliness resulted in an order for all copies to be destroyed. a saturday life was published three years before that book which was to cause such an unwarranted furore. it is an altogether lighter book, a comic novel about a precocious child, artistic experience and the possibility of reincarnation. sidonia shore is the only daughter of the gently vague lady prudence shore, a woman whose head is generally somewhere in ancient egypt. her husband, himself a great egyptologist has died, and she is determined to carry on his life’s work and ensure his name is not forgotten. her daughter sidonia is only seven years old as the novel opens, when the child’s nurse finds her dancing naked in the drawing room. when challenged, sidonia bites the nurse and the shocked woman has no choice but to rouse lady shore from her egyptian ruminations. sidonia’s mother is rather at a loss as how to deal with her eccentric child – and enlists the help of her friend lady frances reide who lives nearby and is a frequent visitor. sidonia is clearly a precocious child – and frances suggests that her mother enrol her in the rose valery dance school in fulham. here the pupils – under the tutelage of their teacher, endeavour to recapture the soul of ancient greece. “sidonia’s first appearance at the rose valery school was positively melodramatic. to begin with, she looked so extremely unusual, with her pale face and shock of auburn curls. she was little and quiet and immensely self-possessed, not at all put out by the groups of gaping students. the moment rose valery set eyes on the child she had, or so she said afterwards, great difficulty in stifling a scream of pleasure.” prudence and frances can only hope that sidonia is able to express herself artistically at the school, while keeping her clothes on. sidonia behaves impeccably to begin with – but she finds clothes so restrictive for dance – and soon removes them, dancing naked before her classmates in the cloakroom. frances has some work to do in persuading rose valery to allow sidonia back after this – she has been receiving letters from uncles after all. for a few years sidonia is happy dancing at the school – but the strictures of the school and clothing begin to take their toll on her talent, and her dancing changes. soon sidonia finds she no longer loves dance – and completely gives it up. over the next twenty years, frances continues to support and counsel sidonia and her mother. sidonia changes artistic discipline every few years. with extraordinary enthusiasm she takes up each new interest, perfecting and obsessing over each new talent as it crops up. sidonia appears to have the most extraordinary talent for everything she takes up. piano, wax modelling, sculpture and singing are each taken up fully embraced and then discarded. lady shore can barely keep up, so lost in her own world is she, that her daughter’s artistic developments are a constant confusion. when she is in her sculpture phase, sidonia is working under the tutelage of einar jensen alongside a roomful of other students who she never really gets to know. she is determined to be awarded the travelling scholarship, and to go to italy and continue her studies there. once sidonia is set on something it’s sure to happen – and she does win the scholarship and persuades frances to accompany her to italy. frances is a wonderful foil to sidonia’s wild enthusiasm, wryly sardonic, sensible and practical – she’s not keen to go to italy – she is far more at home, spending time in the predictable though vague company of her old friend. however, sidonia gets her own way as usual. it is in italy, that frances first learns about a saturday life in an old book she buys. it provides one explanation for sidonia’s taking up and throwing off of artistic disciplines. a theory requiring a belief in reincarnation. “people who are living a ‘saturday life’ are said to have no new experiences, but to spend it entirely in a last rehearsal of experiences previously gained. they are said to exhibit remarkable talent for a number of different things; but since they have many memories to revive, they can never concentrate for long on one. this also applies to their relationships with people, which are generally unsatisfactory.” in italy sidonia is introduced to the ferraris, a family of singing teachers – old friends of frances’. soon, sidonia has lost all interest in sculpture and taken up singing as if she was born to it. frances is furious at her wasting the scholarship and its not long before she returns to england – happy to be more and more in the company of her old friend prudence. when sidonia returns to london, she meets david, falling hopelessly in love. david is quite a contrast to the rest of the book, and like frances i had my doubts about him. he is a traditional type with fixed ideas about women. “‘i think that you ought to have married. why haven’t you married, my dear?’ he stood surveying her critically, but his eyes were not altogether unsympathetic. she thought: ‘supposing i tried to explain? and began to laugh softly to herself. ‘bless you!’ she said, ‘i’ve never wanted to marry.’ ‘all women do,’ he told her. ‘not being a woman, how can you know?’ ‘because i’m a man, i suppose.’ the reader of course understands early on that frances is a lesbian, hall gives us plenty of clues. living alone, wearing rather masculine clothes, quietly devoted to prudence. she is easily the most interesting character in the book. the ending is enigmatic – has sidonia found her last great fulfilment in life – will it be a happy ending? share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	more 	 	linkedin 	tumblr 	 	email 	reddit 	 	pinterest 	 like this: like loading... 	related 									 				 					posted in uncategorized | tagged book reviews, radclyffe hall, vmc | 											 comments									 				 responses 		 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply juliana brina 						glad to know you liked this author – i haven’t read anything by her yet. i might start by the well of loneliness, which is on my classics club list… 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						the well of loneliness is fascinating for so many reasons. hope you enjoy it. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply grier 						i haven’t read anything by radclyffe hall and this sounds like a good one to start with. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yes, i think a saturday life would be a good one to start with. the style is less flowery too. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply kaggsysbookishramblings 						sounds much less emotionally draining than the well of loneliness is meant to be, certainly! i’ve not yet read hall, although i own several – another one to drag off the shelves soon! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						it is definitely less emotionally draining than the well.. i have also had the unlit lamp tbr for a while. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply liz dexter 						i love this book but i haven’t read it for years and years, not since i started blogging, it seems! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yay, it’s so good isn’t it. shame it isn’t better known really. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply cathy books 						sidonia sounds like a fantastic character ali, one to look out for. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						she’s a great character, frustrating sometimes and selfish though not totally without sympathy. frances was my favourite character though. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply jacquiwine 						not an author i’m particularly familiar with, so thank you for the introduction. the well of loneliness probably isn’t for me, but this (with its lightness of touch) sounds more appealing. i do enjoy a book with ambiguous ending, all the more to think about in the days that follow. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yes this book is an easier and lighter book than the well.. though that is a deeply fascinating novel for many reasons. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : am | reply buriedinprint 						i haven’t read this one but i’ve read a couple others and been surprised to find them so enjoyable (having found the well quite the experience but fundamentally sombre). glad to hear this one was so enjoyable! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yes, this one is much less sombre, i hope you enjoy it if you read this too. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply o (@ quaint and curious volumes) 						that sounds very interesting – will try to get a hold of a copy. i read well of loneliness but for some reason never thought to look beyond it. i’m glad you blogged about this 🙂 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						glad to put this one on your radar. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : am | reply madamebibilophile 						i have this in the tbr and it sounds an entertaining read. nice to hear you liked the well… – i thought i was the only one! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : am | reply heavenali 						i know not everyone likes the well.. but i really did. i think you will find this entertaining. 			 		 	 		 		 on january , at : pm | reply maria gonzalez 						hello! we are looking forward to organise a talk about radcliffe hall in february , in london for the lgbt history month, any specialist out there? 			 		 	 		 		 on january , at : pm | reply heavenali 						not here, i’m afraid, but good luck. 			 		 	 		 		 	 	 	comments rss 	 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 			 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (required) (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name (required) 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 			 		 		 	 	 		recent bookish talk 			 					orphan island – rose macaulay ( ) 									 	 					the pear field – nana ekvtimishvili ( ) 									 	 					my sister, the serial killer – oyinkan braithwaite ( ) 									 	 					child of all nations – irmgard keun ( ) 									 	 					july in review 									 	 					a long time ago – margaret kennedy ( ) 									 	 					ramifications – daniel saldaña paris ( ) 									 		 	tags #readingmuriel #witmonth #woolfalong agatha christie all virago all august a month of re-reading a month of re-reading in january anita brookner aug reads barbara pym bello books book reviews classic club daphne du maurier dean street press dec reads elizabeth taylor golden age crime june reads margaret atwood mary hocking may reads monthly roundup murdoch a month muriel spark nina bawden non-fiction reading persephone short stories sylvia townsend warner thomas hardy thomas hardy reading challenge translated fiction virginia woolf vmc 	book talk on twitter 	 				book review: orphan island – rose macaulay ( ) heavenali.wordpress.com/ / / /orp… 				  hour ago 			 	 				rt @booksatbluebird: we have an amazing opportunity to help the shop, but we need a minimum of followers to be considered for it. righ… 				  hours ago 			 	 				devastated about nanci griffith. i have seen her live several times. that voice!! 'there's a light beyond these woods...' 				  hours ago 			 	 				book review: orphan island – rose macaulay ( ) heavenali.wordpress.com/ / / /orp… 				  hours ago 			 	 				rt @bagfullobooks: ‘little boy lost’ by marghanita laski bagfullofbooks.com/ / / /lit… 				  day ago 			 follow @heaven_ali 	currently reading 	blogs i read. 			 adventures in reading, writing and working from home a life in books a new look through old eyes annabel's house of books beauty is a sleeping cat beyond eden rock booksnob dovegreyreader scribbles gudren's tights harriet devine kaggsy's bookish ramblings leaves and pages lizzy's literary life miss darcy's library my book strings she reads novels stuck in a book the writes of woman word by word 		 	follow blog via email 			 				enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 				 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 follow 			 	recent comments on heavenali 						jane on orphan island – rose mac… 		rawdon crawley on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		jacquiwine on orphan island – rose mac… 		a life in books on orphan island – rose mac… 				 	archived posts from heavenali 		archived posts from heavenali 		select month august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july 			 	meta 			register 	log in 	entries feed 	comments feed 	wordpress.com 		 	posts i like 	 		blog at wordpress.com. 		wpthemes. 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 		 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 sartography building strategic relationships to advance open scholarship at your institution: workshop series on social interoperability - liber europe to main content to navigation news sponsors contact us 	 who we are 	 about us 	 mission & values 	 organisation 	 governance 	 history 	 working for liber liber (ligue des bibliothèques européennes de recherche – association of european research libraries) is the voice of europe’s research library community. 	 what we do 	 our - strategy 	 projects 	 working groups 	 leadership & skills building 	 policy development 	 advocacy & communication 	 our open access journal liber’s exists to support europe’s research libraries. we highlight their value to policymakers, provide resources and training and form valuable partnerships. working groups 	 																 architecture 	 																 copyright & legal matters 	 																 citizen science 	 																 digital humanities & digital cultural heritage 	 																 digital skills 	 																 fim l 	 																 innovative metrics 	 																 leadership programmes 	 																 linked open data 	 																 open access 	 																 research data management focus areas 	 																 innovative scholarly communication 	 																 digital skills & services 	 																 research infrastructure 	 																 	 																 copyright reform 	 																 lobbying 	 																 open science 	 																 text & data mining 	 our network 	 liber member libraries 	 partners 	 join liber 	 get involved 	 sponsors 	 become a liber sponsor 	 press centre liber (ligue des bibliothèques européennes de recherche – association of european research libraries) is the voice of europe’s research library community. 	 resources 	 search all resources 	 selected resources 	 branding toolbox 	 dmp catalogue 	 job description repository quick searches 	 																 case studies 	 																 factsheets 	 																 reports 	 																 guidelines alerts & mailings 	 																 liber insider 	 																 quarterly mailings 	 																 liber quarterly journal 	 events & webinars 	 events calendar 	 events 	 annual conference 	 liber journées 	 emerging leaders programme 	 webinar recordings 	 	search page 	get involved 	resources 	events & training 	search page 	contact 	get involved 	 news 	 sponsors 	 contact us 	 									webinars 					 building strategic relationships to advance open scholarship at your institution: workshop series on social interoperability 					 posted: - - 				 					topics: 											oclc 						 “when things work well, it’s about people and relationships. when things don’t work well, it’s often also about people and relationships.” ~ academic dean, united states   successful advancement of open scholarship initiatives at research universities worldwide is dependent upon collaboration and partnership among many stakeholders from across the institution. the recent oclc research report, social interoperability in research support: cross-campus partnerships and the university research enterprise, emphasizes that the best chance for developing these relationships is to cultivate a deep understanding of potential stakeholders: their responsibilities, pain points, and areas of common interest where engagement can take root and flourish. however, in the recent oclc-liber open science discussion series, many librarians reported feeling inadequately equipped to connect with the array of non-library stakeholders essential for open science success, despite the widespread acknowledgement that “open science must be a collective effort.” one participant even stated, “it’s making the connection that is most important…because we don’t know what they need.” a key takeaway from that discussion series was that library practitioners must develop a specific type of soft skill: the ability to create and maintain working relationships between individuals and organizational units that promote collaboration, communication, and mutual understanding. we call this skill “social interoperability.”  this may, oclc and liber are again collaborating to offer a three-session workshop series exclusively for liber members and oclc research library partnership affiliates, using both the social interoperability in research support report and the key takeaways from the oclc-liber open science discussion series, as a core component of the workshop curriculum. this workshop series is a pilot effort and participation numbers are strictly limited. our organizations will be working together to assess the pilot and explore if this training exercise can be scaled to support more librarians.  about the workshop series this three-session workshop series consists of three -minute sessions held on three consecutive tuesdays, beginning on may , , at : cest (utc + ) / : am edt (utc - ). each session will include a combination of presentations and small group discussion activities, facilitated by the authors of the social interoperability report and other invited experts, and hosted by liber participants.    intended audience this offering is intended for mid-level library managers and practitioners at research universities who are seeking to further open scholarship and research support efforts across their institution.    participant expectations 	participants are expected to have read the assigned materials prior to each session and come prepared to discuss the literature as well as to share their own local experiences.  	they are expected to attend and participate in all three sessions. each session will build on the information provided in the previous session(s).  	seating is extremely limited; please, do not register unless you commit to the above requirements. 	you will need to register for all three sessions separately (see the links to each session below).   expected learning outcomes participants should leave this workshop series with: 	an understanding of the complex adaptive system of research universities and how this informs relationship development and partnerships 	an increased understanding of the specific challenges at their local institutions, and improved identification of the stakeholders they must engage to advance their own programmatic efforts 	a prioritized list of strategies and tactics that they will apply toward enhancing their own local social interoperability workshop overview   workshop ( may ): understanding social and structural norms that shape academic institutional collaboration. register here. the first session will explore the social and structural norms that shape academic institutional collaboration, particularly examining the model of universities as “complex, adaptive systems.” it will also introduce participants to key institutional stakeholders in research support. participants will engage in small group discussions about the challenges and barriers to collaboration at their institutions and will begin work to create a mapping of their institutional structures. required reading:  	social interoperability in research support, pages - 	session handout: understanding social and structural norms that shape academic institutional collaboration. workshop  ( may ): case studies in successful social interoperability. register here.  the second session will examine strategies and tactics that can support successful social interoperability. participants will discuss several case studies that exemplify successful cross-institutional collaboration in support of open scholarship in order to develop a shared understanding of both the ‘what’ and ‘how’ of relationship development/management. required reading:  	social interoperability in research support, pages - 	case studies from different national environments: 	“the big ask”: securing recurring campus funding for a research data service at the university of illinois 	emerging roles for libraries in bibliometric and research impact analysis: lessons learned from the university of waterloo 	zeeland, hilde van, and jacquelijn ringersma. . “the development of a research data policy at wageningen university & research: best practices as a framework.” liber quarterly ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /lq. .  workshop ( may ): making your plan for developing cross-functional relationships at our institution. register here.  in this final session, workshop trainers will offer some additional resources to support participants as they return to their institutions. participants will share about what they’ve learned, describe what tactics they will adapt for relationship building at their institutions, and develop a list of activities they plan to adopt–and share with others at their institution–to develop stronger cross-campus relationships. required reading:  	review social interoperability in research support, pages - , with particular attention to the sidebar “script for learning about other units” on page   important note: you will need to register for all three sessions separately.   [‘handshake’ photo by cytonn photography on unsplash] 	 	 		 			 				 					 	sign up for our monthly liber insider mailer 	email* 				 			 		 		 							 					 							c/o koninklijke bibliotheek 	national library of the netherlands 	po box 	 lk the hague 	the netherlands 	tel: + 	mail: liber@libereurope.org 					 				 										 						working groups 	events 	webinars 	get involved 	contact us 				 										 					 						together we get things done. 						get involved 					 				 					 					 				 						privacy statement & cookies 	copyright liber 				 			 			 	 	 	 none 	 		 planet code lib 		 sat, aug : : + 		 sat, aug : : + 		 code lib 		 c l-planet-admins@library.oregonstate.edu 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 none none islandora islandora 	what's new what's new manez tue, / / - : body our website has been overhauled in a big way. we have moved to drupal , changed our look, and shifted content around to make it easier to find the islandora information and resources that you need. can't find something you expect from the old site? let us know and we'll get it fixed.     	welcome to the summer of islandora welcome to the summer of islandora agriffith thu, / / - : body today we are officially announcing a summer-long series of specialized open meetings we are calling “the summer of islandora”. each month we will be giving our regularly scheduled open meetings a theme and bringing together demos & presentations from community members all centered around said theme. as covid travel restrictions are still making travel difficult in some areas, and in light of the time of year, we have decided to postpone islandora online or islandoracon until we are more confident in our ability to host an event at the caliber we as islandorians have come to expect. the summer of islandora will replace these events for this year and we hope that showcasing our progress over the past year will get people excited for our next in-person event! what to expect: open meetings are held on the last tuesday of each month from : - : pm eastern online. the dates for the summer of islandora sessions will be: 	 	june 	 	 	july 	 	 	august 	 registration is not required to attend, we just ask that you email community@islandora.ca for a calendar invite or password for the zoom session as we do not want it publicly available for privacy reasons. the theme for june will be: intro to islandora subsequent themes for july and august will follow as we iron out speak we details and agendas, so stay tuned! as always, there will be time to bring your questions and specific use cases to the open meetings. we encourage you to join us for any or all parts of the session as part of what makes our community strong is our willingness to help one another! see you all there. 	upcoming testing sprint upcoming testing sprint agriffith wed, / / - : body we're excited to announce that we've got a testing sprint coming up!  it will run from june rd to july th.  by setting it up this way we can utilize the regular tech calls to kickoff and wrap up the sprint. if you're interested in helping out, please consider signing up here! also, here is the list of test cases we'll be working through, which will be cleaned up this week for accuracy. this is a pretty easy way to help out and get your hands on islandora if you haven't tried it already.  time commitment, as always, is as much or as little as you want.  we're not asking for your entire work week here, just whatever you can give during your usual juggling of work, life, family, etc... 	islandora open meeting - may , islandora open meeting - may , agriffith tue, / / - : body this month's open meeting will be held on may ,  between : - : pm eastern. as always, it is a drop-in style session open to anyone to attend. we will be live to answer questions, give updates on the state of the software and updates from community members. please join us and bring your questions or just pop in to see what's up! the more the merrier. more details can be found here. registration is not required, but if you would like an invite, please email agriffith@islandora.ca. 	documentation interest group upcoming sprint documentation interest group upcoming sprint agriffith thu, / / - : body the islandora documentation group is holding a writing/editing sprint as part of the next release of islandora. from may - june ,  we will work together to review and update the islandora documentation. if you can help, please sign up and join us for our kick-off on may th at : pm eastern during the regularly scheduled dig meeting, where we will go over the plan and parcel out some of the work. can't wait to see you there! 	documentation interest group sprint wrap up documentation interest group sprint wrap up agriffith wed, / / - : body the islandora documentation interest group (dig) held a sprint from april - ,  in order to audit the current islandora documentation in preparation for a second sprint aimed at editing and improving those docs for the upcoming release. after two weeks of work, almost all of the docs have been audited and reviewed, and the dig has plans for the sections that remain incomplete.  big thanks to our team of volunteers, especially the university of texas at austin, which was very well represented! 	 	melissa anez (lyrasis) 	 	 	amy blau (whitman college) 	 	 	melanie cofield (university of texas libraries) 	 	 	katie coldiron (ut austin school of information) 	 	 	morgan a. colbert (university of texas libraries) 	 	 	cary gordon (cherry hill company) 	 	 	mirko hanke (university of texas libraries) 	 	 	david kwasny (university of toronto scarborough) 	 	 	mandy ryan (university of texas libraries) 	 	 	yamil suarez (berklee college) 	   next up will be a sprint focussed on writing and editing those audited docs, and will run from may - , . please sign up now to join us! 	code sprint wrap up code sprint wrap up agriffith wed, / / - : body this past week we had the pleasure of wrapping up a -week code sprint where we accomplished a massive list of things and made great headway toward release! i'd like to take a moment to thank everyone who took part. y'all turned on the fire hose for contributions and we made out like bandits.  here's a breakdown of everything we received: 	advanced search 	 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora/pull/ 	 	 	captions using vtts (oral histories anyone?) 	 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora/pull/ 	 	 	a new install profile for a better default experience 	 		https://github.com/islandora-devops/islandora_install_profile_demo 	 	 	a new starter theme based on bootstrap_barrio 	 		https://github.com/islandora-devops/islandora_starter_theme 	 	 	default relationship of "associated name' for agents 	 		https://github.com/islandora/controlled_access_terms/pull/ 	 	 	no longer showing marc relator codes when displaying agents 	 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora_defaults/pull/ 	 	 	ui for registering namespace prefixes 	 		https://github.com/islandora/jsonld/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/jsonld/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora/pull/ 	 	 	search intervals and faceting for edtf dates 	 		https://github.com/islandora/controlled_access_terms/pull/   	 	 	bugfix for predicates that contain colons 	 		https://github.com/islandora/jsonld/pull/ 	 	 	bugfix for wsod when source file is missing on media 	 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora/pull/ 	 	 	github actions instead of travis 	 		https://github.com/islandora/controlled_access_terms/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/jsonld/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/carapace/pull/ 	 	 and as if that weren't enough amazing contributions, we're still sitting on a pile of more very valuable ones that haven't been merged yet, specifically: 	metatag tokens (this unlocks better seo and google scholar indexing) 	 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/controlled_access_terms/pull/ 	 	 	refactored islandora-playbook to use install profiles 	 		https://github.com/islandora-devops/islandora-playbook/pull/ /files 	 	 	refactored isle to use the new install profile from icg / born digital 	 		https://github.com/islandora-devops/isle-dc/pull/ 	 	 	an improved file upload form.  just upload your file and it makes all the drupal entities for you. 	 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora/pull/ 	 	 	a slew of field and form fixes from the mig, which have been configured on https:// - - - .traefik.me/ and provided to me as a config export 	and even more github actions instead of travis 	 		https://github.com/islandora/syn/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/alpaca/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/chullo/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/crayfish-commons/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/crayfish/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/openseadragon/pull/ 		https://github.com/islandora/islandora_defaults/pull/ 	 	 i know we were supposed to freeze the code on monday, but i'd like to give folks some more time to review and respond to feedback on these outstanding issues. we will revisit at the end of the week to wrap things up. it feels foolish to leave such great contributions on the table when they could be part of the software in the upcoming release. regardless, when you step back and take a look at the volume and quality of contributions that we received in such a short time frame, it's pretty staggering. i'd like to give a big thanks to everyone involved and their employers who graciously allowed them to work on islandora while on the clock. 	eli zoller (arizona state university) 	willow gillingham (arizona state university) 	seth shaw (university of nevada las vegas) 	alan stanley 	don richards (born digital) 	mark jordan (simon fraser university) 	alexander o'neill (university of prince edward island) 	nigel banks (lyrasis) 	kristina spurgin (lyrasis) and the metadata interest group, whose recommendations are being implemented thanks a million! 	islandora open meeting: april , islandora open meeting: april , agriffith tue, / / - : body we are happy to announce the date of our next open meeting! join us on april ,  any time between : - : pm edt. the open meetings are drop-in style sessions where users of all levels and abilities gather to ask questions, share use cases and get updates on islandora. there will be experienced islandora users on hand to answer questions or give demos. we would love for your to join us any time during the -hour window, so feel free to pop by any time! more details about the open meeting, and the zoom link to join, are in this google doc.  registration is not required. if you would like a calendar invite as a reminder, please let us know at community@islandora.ca. 	upcoming dig sprint upcoming dig sprint agriffith thu, / / - : body the islandora documentation interest group is holding a sprint! to support the upcoming release of islandora, the dig has planned a -week documentation, writing-and-updating sprint to occur as part of the release process. to prepare for that effort, we’re going to spend april – th on an auditing sprint, where volunteers will review existing documentation and complete this spreadsheet, providing a solid overview of the current status of our docs so we know where to best deploy our efforts during the release. this sprint will run alongside the upcoming pre-release code sprint, so if you’re not up for coding, auditing docs is a great way to contribute during sprint season! we are looking for volunteers to sign up to take on two sprint roles: auditor: review a page of documentation and fill out a row in the spreadsheet indicating things like the current status (‘good enough’ or ‘needs work’) , the goal for that particular page (e.g., “explain how to create an object,” or “compare islandora concepts to islandora concepts”), and the intended audience (beginners, developers, etc.). reviewer: read through a page that has been audited and indicate if you agree with the auditor’s assessment, add additional notes or suggestions as needed; basically, give a second set of eyes on each page.  you can sign up for the sprint here, and sign up for individual pages here.   	community announcement community announcement agriffith wed, / / - : body as you know, the islandora foundation has recently updated its governance structure to remain compliant with canadian non-profit regulations. islandora foundation members approved these changes at the annual general meeting in early march. a summary of these changes is provided here, as well as our emerging roadmap for moving forward. a newly formed “leadership group”, composed of representatives from our partner-level member organizations, replaces the pre-existing board of directors, and a smaller board of directors remains responsible for islandora’s administrative and fiscal responsibilities. this leadership group met for the first time on friday, march th to begin to discuss their goals going forward, and the ways the leadership group will interact with the other governance structures of the islandora community. the leadership group immediately affirmed their commitment to transparent communication and collaboration with the vibrant, robust islandora community and will be creating a terms of reference over the next month. the terms of reference will be written with agility and transformation in mind, as we work together to secure a strong future for both the community and codebase. in the meantime, please let us know if you have any questions regarding the formation of the leadership group, and stay tuned to hear more about the initial goals of this group. planet code lib planet code lib planet code lib - http://planet.code lib.org 	crossref: phil agre and the gendered internet there is an article today in the washington post about the odd disappearance of a computer science professor named phil agre.  the article, entitled "he predicted the dark side of the internet years ago. why did no one listen?" reminded me of a post by agre in after a meeting of computer professionals for social responsibility. although it annoyed me at the time, a talk that i gave there triggered in him thoughts of gender issues;  as a women i was very much in the minority at the meeting,  but that was not the topic of my talk. but my talk also gave agre thoughts about the missing humanity on the web.i had a couple of primary concerns, perhaps not perfectly laid out, in my talk, "access, not just wires." i was concerned about what was driving the development of the internet and the lack of a service ethos regarding society. access at the time was talked about in terms of routers, modems, t- lines. there was no thought to organizing or preserving of online information. there was no concept of "equal access". there was no thought to how we would democratize the web such that you didn't need a degree in computer science to find what you needed. i was also very concerned about the commercialization of information. i was frustrated watching the hype as information was touted as the product of the information age. (this was before we learned that "you are the product, not the user" in this environment.) seen from the tattered clothes and barefoot world of libraries, the money thrown at the jumble of un-curated and unorganized "information" on the web was heartbreaking. i said: "it's clear to me that the information highway isn't much about information. it's about trying to find a new basis for our economy. i'm pretty sure i'm not going to like the way information is treated in that economy. we know what kind of information sells, and what doesn't. so i see our future as being a mix of highly expensive economic reports and cheap online versions of the national inquirer. not a pretty picture." - kcoyle in access, not just wires little did i know how bad it would get.like many or most people, agre heard "libraries" and thought "female." but at least this caused him to think, earlier than many, about how our metaphors for the internet were inherently gendered. "discussing her speech with another cpsr activist ... later that evening, i suddenly connected several things that had been bothering me about the language and practice of the internet. the result was a partial answer to the difficult question, in what sense is the net "gendered"?" -  agre, tno, october this led agre to think about how we spoke then about the internet, which was mainly as an activity of "exploring." that metaphor is still alive with microsoft's internet explorer, but was also the message behind the main web browser software of the time, netscape navigator. he suddenly saw how "explore" was a highly gendered activity:"yet for many people, "exploring" is close to defining the experience of the net. it is clearly a gendered metaphor: it has historically been a male activity, and it comes down to us saturated with a long list of meanings related to things like colonial expansion, experiences of otherness, and scientific discovery. explorers often die, and often fail, and the ones that do neither are heroes and role models. this whole complex of meanings and feelings and strivings is going to appeal to those who have been acculturated into a particular male-marked system of meanings, and it is not going to offer a great deal of meaning to anyone who has not. the use of prestigious artifacts like computers is inevitably tied up with the construction of personal identity, and "exploration" tools offer a great deal more traction in this process to historically male cultural norms than to female ones." - agre, tno, october he decried the lack of social relationships on the internet, saying that although you know that other  people are there, you cannot see them. "why does the space you "explore" in gopher or mosaic look empty even when it's full of other people?" - agre, tno, october none of us knew at the time that in the future some people would experience the internet entirely and exclusively as full of other people in the forms of facebook, twitter and all of the other sites that grew out of the embryos of bulletin board systems, the well, and aol. we feared that the future internet would  not have the even-handedness of libraries, but never anticipated that russian bots and qanon promoters would reign over what had once been a network for the exchange of scientific information. it hurts now to read through agre's post arguing for a more library-like online information system because it is pretty clear that we blew through that possibility even before the meeting and were already taking the first steps toward to where we are today.agre walked away from his position at ucla in and has not resurfaced, although there have been reports at times (albeit not recently) that he is okay. looking back, it should not surprise us that someone with so much hope for an online civil society should have become discouraged enough to leave it behind. agre was hoping for reference services and an internet populated with users with:"...the skills of composing clear texts, reading with an awareness of different possible interpretations, recognizing and resolving conflicts, asking for help without feeling powerless, organizing people to get things done, and embracing the diversity of the backgrounds and experiences of others." - agre, tno, october  oh, what world that would be! 	lucidworks: how to keep shoppers loyal online-only shoppers have more options available to them than ever before. here’s how to make your brand stand out in the crowd and keep customers coming back. the post how to keep shoppers loyal appeared first on lucidworks. 	david rosenthal: the economist on cryptocurrencies the economist edition dated august th has a leader (unstablecoins) and two articles (in the finance section (the disaster scenario and here comes the sheriff).sourcethe leader argues that:regulators must act quickly to subject stablecoins to bank-like rules for transparency, liquidity and capital. those failing to comply should be cut off from the financial system, to stop people drifting into an unregulated crypto-ecosystem. policymakers are right to sound the alarm, but if stablecoins continue to grow, governments will need to move faster to contain the risks. but even the economist gets taken in by the typical cryptocurrency hype, balancing current actual risks against future possible benefits:yet it is possible that regulated private-sector stablecoins will eventually bring benefits, such as making cross-border payments easier, or allowing self-executing “smart contracts”. regulators should allow experiments whose goal is not merely to evade financial rules. they don't seem to understand that, just as the whole point of uber is to evade the rules for taxis, the whole point of cryptocurrency is to "evade financial rules".below the fold i comment on the two articles.here comes the sheriffthis article is fairly short and mostly describes the details of gary gensler's statement in three "buckets":the first is about investor protection:the regulator claims jurisdiction over the crypto assets that it defines as securities; issuers of these must provide disclosures and abide by other rules. the sec‘s definition uses a number of criteria, including the “howey test”, which asks whether investors have a stake in a common enterprise and are led to expect profits from the efforts of a third party. bitcoin and ether, the two biggest cryptocurrencies, do not meet this criterion (they are commodities, under american law). but mr gensler thinks that ... a fair few probably count as securities—and do not follow the rules. these, he said, may include stablecoins ... some of which may represent a stake in a crypto platform. mr gensler asked congress for more staff to police them. the second is about new products:for months the sec has sat on applications for bitcoin etfs and related products, filed by big wall street names like goldman sachs and fidelity. mr gensler hinted that, in order to be approved, these may have to comply with the stricter laws governing mutual funds. the third is a request for new legal powers needed to pave over cracks in regulation that cryptocurrencies, whose whole point is to "evade financial rules", are exploiting:mr gensler is chiefly concerned with platforms engaged in crypto trading or lending as well as in decentralised finance (defi), where smart contracts replicate financial transactions without a trusted intermediary. some of these, he said, may host tokens that should be regulated as securities; others could be riddled with scams. the sec is likely to encounter massive opposition to these ideas. how cryptocurrency became a powerful force in washington by todd c. frankel et al reports on the flow of lobbying dollars from cryptocurrency insiders to capitol hill and how it is blocking progress on the current infrastructure bill:and after years of debate over how to improve america’s infrastructure, and months of sensitive negotiations between the white house and lawmakers, the $ trillion bipartisan infrastructure proposal suddenly stalled in part because of concerns about how government would regulate an industry best known for wild financial speculation, memes — and its role in ransomware attacks....regardless of the measure’s ultimate fate, the fact that crypto regulation has become one of the biggest stumbling blocks to passage of the bill underscored how the industry has become a political force in washington — and previewed a series of looming battles over a financial technology attracting billions of dollars of interest from wall street, silicon valley and financial players around the world, but that few still understand. it gets worse. kate riga reports that in fit of pique, shelby kills crypto compromise:sen. richard shelby (r-al) killed a hard-earned cryptocurrency compromise amendment to the bipartisan infrastructure bill because his own amendment, to beef up the defense budget another $ billion, was rejected by sen. bernie sanders (i-vt). shelby had tried to tack it on to the cryptocurrency amendment....so that’s basically it for the crypto amendment, which took the better part of the weekend for senators and the white house and hammer into a compromise. the issue here was that the un-amended bill would require:some cryptocurrency companies that provide a service “effectuating” the transfer of digital assets to report information on their users, as some other financial firms are required to do, in an effort to enforce tax compliance.crypto supporters said the provision’s wording would seemingly apply to companies that have no ability to collect data on users, such as cryptocurrency miners, and could push a swath of the industry overseas. so maybe by accident mining is money transmission. the disaster scenariothis article is far longer and far more interesting. it takes the form of a "stress test", discussing a scenario in which bitcoin's "price" goes to zero and asking what the consequences for the broader financial markets and investors would be. it is hard to argue with the conclusion:still, our extreme scenario suggests that leverage, stablecoins, and sentiment are the main channels through which any crypto-downturn, big or small, will spread more widely. and crypto is only becoming more entwined with conventional finance. goldman sachs plans to launch a crypto exchange-traded fund; visa now offers a debit card that pays customer rewards in bitcoin. as the crypto-sphere expands, so too will its potential to cause wider market disruption. the article identifies a number of channels by which a bitcoin collapse could "cause market disruption":via the direct destruction of paper wealth for hodl-ers and actual losses for more recent purchasers.via the stock price of companies, including cryptocurrency exchanges, payments companies, and chip companies such as nvidia.via margin calls on leveraged investments, either direct purchases of bitcoin or derivatives.via redemptions of stablecoins causing reserves to be liquidated.via investor sentiment contagion from cryptocurrencies to other high-risk assets such as meme stocks, junk bonds, and spacs.i agree that these are all plausible channels, but i have two main issues with the article.issue # : tethersourcefirst, it fails to acknowledge that the spot market in bitcoin is extremely thin (a sell order for btc crashed the "price" by %), especially compared to the x larger market in bitcoin derivatives, and that the "price" of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is massively manipulated, probably via the "wildcat bank" of tether. the article contains, but doesn't seem to connect, these facts:fully % of the money invested in bitcoin is spent on derivatives like “perpetual” swaps—bets on future price fluctuations that never expire. most of these are traded on unregulated exchanges, such as ftx and binance, from which customers borrow to make bets even bigger....the extent of leverage in the system is hard to gauge; the dozen exchanges that list perpetual swaps are all unregulated. but “open interest” ... has grown from $ . bn in march to $ bn today. this is not a perfect proxy for total leverage, as it is not clear how much collateral stands behind the various contracts. but forced liquidations of leveraged positions in past downturns give a sense of how much is at risk. on may th alone, as bitcoin lost nearly a third of its value, they came to $ bn....because changing dollars for bitcoin is slow and costly, traders wanting to realise gains and reinvest proceeds often transact in stablecoins, which are pegged to the dollar or the euro. such coins, the largest of which are tether and usd coin, are now worth more than $ bn. on some crypto platforms they are the main means of exchange. sourcethat last paragraph is misleading. fais kahn writes:binance also hosts a massive perpetual futures market, which are “cash-settled” using usdt. this allows traders to make leveraged bets of x margin or more...which, in laymen’s terms, is basically a speculative casino. that market alone provides around ~$ b of daily volume, where users deposit usdt to trade on margin. as a result, binance is by far the biggest holder of usdt, with $ b sitting in its wallet. bernhard meuller writes:a more realistic estimate is that ~ % of the tether supply ( . b usdt) is located on centralized exchanges.interestingly, only a small fraction of those usdt shows up in spot order books. one likely reason is that a large share is sitting on wallets to collateralize derivative positions, in particular perpetual futures. ... it’s important to understand that usdt perpetual futures implementations are % usdt-based, including collateralization, funding and settlement. so on the exchange that dominates bitcoin derivative trading, where the majority of "fully % of the money invested in bitcoin" lives, usdt is the exclusive means of exchange. the entire market's connection to the underlying spot market is that:prices are tied to crypto asset prices via clever incentives, but in reality, usdt is the only asset that ever changes hands between traders. other than forced liquidations, the article does not analyze how the derivative market would respond to a massive drop in the bitcoin "price", and whether tether could continue to pump the "price". as money market funds did in the global financial crisis, the article suggests that stablecoins would have problems:issuers back their stablecoins with piles of assets, rather like money-market funds. but these are not solely, or even mainly, held in cash. tether, for instance, says % of its assets were held in commercial paper, % in secured loans and % in corporate bonds, funds and precious metals at the end of march. a cryptocrash could lead to a run on stablecoins, forcing issuers to dump their assets to make redemptions. in july fitch, a rating agency, warned that a sudden mass redemption of tethers could “affect the stability of short-term credit markets”. it is certainly true that the off-ramps from cryptocurrencies to fiat are constricted; that is a major reason for the existence of stablecoins. but fais kahn makes two points:if there were a sudden drop in the market, and investors wanted to exchange their usdt for real dollars in tether’s reserve, that could trigger a “bank run” where the value dropped significantly below one dollar, and suddenly everyone would want their money. that could trigger a full on collapse.but when that might actually happen? when bitcoin falls in the frequent crypto bloodbaths, users actually buy tether - fleeing to the safety of the dollar. this actually drives tether’s price up! and:tether’s own terms of service say users may not be redeemed immediately. forced to wait, many users would flee to bitcoin for lack of options, driving the price up again. it isn't just tether that doesn't allow winnings out. carol alexander's binance’s insurance fund is a fascinating, detailed examination of binance's extremely convenient "outage" as btc crashed on may . her subhead reads:how insufficient insurance funds might explain the outage of binance’s futures platform on may and the potentially toxic relationship between binance and tether. i certainly don't understand all the ramifications of the "toxic relationship between binance and tether", but the article's implicit assumption that they, and similar market particiapants, behave like properly regulated financial institutions is implausible. alexander's take on the relationship, on the other hand, is alarmingly plausible:in may ... tether reported that only . % of all tokens are actually backed by cash reserves and about % is in commercial paper, a form of unsecured debt that is normally only issued by firms with high-quality debt ratings. he simultaneous growth of binance and tether begs the question whether binance itself is the issuer of a large fraction of tether’s $ billion commercial paper. binance's b b platform is the main online broker for tether. suppose binance is in financial difficulties (possibly precipitated by using its own money rather than insurance funds to cover payment to counterparties of liquidated positions). then the tether it orders and gives to customers might not be paid for with dollars, or bitcoin or any other form of cash, but rather with an iou. that is, commerical paper on which it pays tether interest, until the term of the loan expires.no new tether has been issued since binance's order of $ bn [correction aug: net $ bn transfer] was made highly visible to the public on may. [correction: aug: another $ bn tether was issued on aug]. maybe this is because tether's next audit is imminent, and the auditers may one day investigate the identity of the issuers of the % (or more, now) of commercial paper it has for reserves. if it were found that the main issuer was binance (maybe followed by ftx) then the entire crypto asset market place would have been holding itself up with its own bootstraps! this would certainly explain why matt levine wrote:there is a fun game among financial journalists and other interested observers who try to find anyone who has actually traded commercial paper with tether, or any of its actual holdings. the game is hard! as far as i know, no one has ever won it, or even scored a point; i have never seen anyone publicly identify a security that tether holds or a counterparty that has traded commercial paper with it. if tether's reserves were % composed of unsecured debt from unregulated exchanges like binance ...issue # : dynamic effectsmy second problem with the article is that this paragraph shows the economist sharing two common misconceptions about blockchain technology:a crash would puncture the crypto economy. bitcoin miners—who compete to validate transactions and are rewarded with new coins—would have less incentive to carry on, bringing the verification process, and the supply of bitcoin, to a halt. first, it is true that, were the "price" of bitcoin zero, mining would stop. but if mining stops, it is transactions that stop. bitcoin hodl-ings would be frozen in place, not just worth zero on paper but actually useless because nothing could be done with them.second, the idea that the goal of mining is to create new bitcoin is simply wrong. the goal of mining is to secure the blockchain by making sybil attacks implausibly expensive. the creation of new bitcoin is a side-effect, intended to motivate miners to make the blockchain secure by making sybil attacks implausibly expensive. the fact that nakamoto intended mining to continue after the final bitcoin had been created clearly demonstrates this.the article is based on this scenario:in order to grasp the growing links between the crypto-sphere and mainstream markets, imagine that the price of bitcoin crashes all the way to zero.a rout could be triggered either by shocks originating within the system, say through a technical failure, or a serious hack of a big cryptocurrency exchange. or they could come from outside: a clampdown by regulators, for instance, or an abrupt end to the “everything rally” in markets, say in response to central banks raising interest rates. but, as the article admits, a discontinuous change from $ k or so to $ is implausible. a rapid but continuous drop over, say, a month is more plausible, and it could bring issues that the article understandably fails to address.sourceas the "price" drops two effects take place. first, the value of the mining reward in fiat currency decreases. the least efficient and least profitable miners become uneconomic and drop out, decreasing the hash rate and thus increasing the block time and reducing the rate at which transactions can be processed:typically, it takes about minutes to complete a block, but feinstein told cnbc the bitcoin network has slowed down to - to -minute block times. this effect occurred during the chinese government's crackdown, as shown in the graph of hash rate.sourcesecond, every blocks (about two weeks) the algorithm adjusts, in this case decreases, the difficulty and thus the cost of mining the next blocks. the idea is to restore the block time to about minutes despite the reduction in the hash rate. when the chinese crackdown took . % of bitcoin's hash power off-line, the algorithm made the biggest reduction in difficulty in bitcoin's history.in our scenario, bitcoin plunges over a month. lets assume it starts just after a difficulty adjustment. the month is divided into two parts, with the initial difficulty for the first part, and a much reduced difficulty for the second part.in the first part the rapid "price" decrease makes all but the most efficient miners uneconomic, so the hash rate decreases rapidly and block production slows rapidly. producing the -th block takes a lot more than two weeks. this is a time when the demand for transactions will be extreme, but during this part the supply of transactions is increasingly restricted. this, as has happened in other periods of high transaction demand, causes transaction fees to spike to extraordinary levels. in normal times fees are less than % of miner income, but it is plausible that they would spike an order of magnitude or more, counteracting the drop in the economics of mining. but median fees of say $ would increase the sense of panic in the spot market.lets assume that, by the -th block, that more than half the mining power has been rendered uneconomic, so that the block time is around minutes. thus the adjustment comes after three weeks. when it happens, the adjustment, being based on the total time taken in the first part, will be large but inadequate to correct for the reduced hash rate at the end of the first part. with our assumptions the adjustment will be for a % drop in hash power, but the actual drop will have been %. block production will speed up, but only to about minutes/block. given the panic, fees will drop somewhat but remain high.as the adjustment appraoches there are a lot of disgruntled miners, whose investment in asic mining rigs has been rendered uneconomic. the rigs can't be repurposed for anything but other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies, which have all crashed because, as the article notes:investors would probably also dump other cryptocurrencies. recent tantrums have shown that where bitcoin goes, other digital monies follow, says philip gradwell of chainalysis, a data firm. recall that what the mining power is doing is securing the blockchain against attack. once it became possible to rent large amounts of mining power, % attacks on minor alt-coins became endemic. for example, there were three successful attacks on ethereum classic in a single month. before the adjustment, some fraction of the now-uneconomic bitcoin mining power has migrated to the rental market. even a small fraction can overwhelm other cryptocurrencies. as i write, the bitcoin hash rate is around m th/s. dogecoin is the next largest "market cap" coin using bitcoin-like proof-of-work. its hash rate is around th/s, or , times smaller. thus during the first part there was a tidal wave of attacks against every other proof-of-work cryptocurrency.it has never been possible to rent enugh mining power to attack a major cryptocurrency. but now we have more than % of the bitcoin mining power sitting idle on the sidelines desperate for income. these miners have choices:they can resume mining bitcoin. the more efficient of them can do so and still make a profit, but if they all do most will find it uneconomic.they can mine other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies. but even if only a tiny fraction of them do so, it will be uneconomic. and trust in the alt-coins has been destroyed by the wave of attacks.they can collaborate to mount double-spend attacks against bitcoin, since they have more than half the mining power.they can collaborate to mount the kind of sabotage attack described by eric budish in the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain, aiming to profit by shorting bitcoin in the derivative market and destroying confidence in the asset's security.the security of proof-of-work blockchains depends upon the unavailability of enough mining power to mount an attack. a massive, sustained drop in the value of bitcoin would free up enormous amounts of mining power, far more than enough to destroy any smaller cryptocurrency, and probably enough to destroy bitcoin. 	open knowledge foundation: the registration for the first eu open data days is open! here at open knowledge foundation, we are really pleased to see that registration is now open for participants for the first eu open data days. the programme lasts three days from rd to th november , and is split in two main parts. – eu dataviz, a conference on open data and data visualisation for public administrations, from rd to th november ; and – eu datathon, the annual eu open data competition, on th november . it’s free and open for everyone to attend, and is designed for a broad audience – including experts, open data enthusiasts and the public. = = = = = = = registration can be done here. = = = = = = = since eu open data days launched in march , open knowledge foundation is proud to be an official partner of eu open data days. we hope to see you there ! 	john mark ockerbloom: counting down to in the public domain we’re rapidly approaching another public domain day, the day at the start of the year when a year’s worth of creative work joins the public domain. this will be the third year in a row that the us will have a full crop of new public domain works (after a prior -year drought), and once again, i’m noting and celebrating works that will be entering the public domain shortly. approaching , i wrote a one-post-a-day advent calendar for works throughout the month of december, and approaching , i highlighted a few works, and related copyright issues, in a series of december posts called vision. this year i took to twitter, making one tweet per day featuring a different work and creator using the #publicdomaindaycountdown hashtag. tweets are shorter than blog posts, but i started days out, so by the time i finish the series at the end of december, i’ll have written short notices on more works than ever. since not everyone reads twitter, and there’s no guarantee that my tweets will always be accessible on that site, i’ll reproduce them here. (this post has been updated to include all the tweets up to , and in has been further updated to link to copies of some of the featured works.) the tweet links have been reformatted for the blog, and a few tweets have been recombined or otherwise edited. if you’d like to comment yourself on any of the works mentioned here, or suggest others i can feature, feel free to reply here or on twitter. (my account there is @jmarkockerbloom. you’ll also find some other people tweeting on the #publicdomaindaycountdown hashtag, and you’re welcome to join in as well.) september : it’s f. scott fitzgerald’s birthday. his best-known book, the great gatsby, joins the us public domain days from now, along with other works with active copyrights. #publicdomaindaycountdown (links to free online books by fitzgerald here.) september : c. k. scott-moncrieff’s birthday’s today. he translated proust’s remembrance of things past (a controversial title, as the public domain review notes). the guermantes way, his translation of proust’s rd volume, joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : today is t.s. eliot’s birthday. his poem “the hollow men” (which ends “…not with a bang but a whimper”) was first published in full in , &amp; joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown more by &amp; about him here. september : lady cynthia asquith, born today in , edited a number of anthologies that have long been read by children and fans of fantasy and supernatural fiction. her first major collection, the flying carpet, joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : as @marketplace reported tonight, agatha christie’s mysteries remain popular after years. in days, her novel the secret of chimneys will join the us public domain, as will the expanded us poirot investigates collection. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : homer hockett’s and arthur schlesinger, sr.’s political and social history of the united states first came out in , and was an influential college textbook for years thereafter. the first edition joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown september : inez haynes gillmore irwin died years ago this month, after a varied, prolific writing career. this blog post looks at of her books, including gertrude haviland’s divorce, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : for some, spooky stories and themes aren’t just for october, but for the whole year. we’ll be welcoming a new year’s worth of weird tales to the public domain in months. see what’s coming, and what’s already free online, here. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : misinformation and quackery has been a threat to public health for a long time. in weeks, the book the patent medicine and the public health, by american quack-fighter arthur j. cramp joins the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : sophie treadwell, born this day in , was a feminist, modernist playwright with several plays produced on broadway, but many of her works are now hard to find. her play “many mansions” joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s edward stratemeyer’s birthday. books of his syndicate joining the public domain in days include the debuts of don sturdy &amp; the blythe girls, &amp; further adventures of tom swift, ruth fielding, baseball joe, betty gordon, the bobbsey twins, &amp; more. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : russell wilder was a pioneering diabetes doctor, testing newly invented insulin treatments that saved many patients’ lives. his book diabetes: its cause and its treatment with insulin joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : queer british catholic author radclyffe hall is best known for the well of loneliness. hall’s earlier novel a saturday life is lighter, though it has some similar themes in subtext. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : edgar allan poe’s stories have long been public domain, but some work unpublished when he died (on this day in ) stayed in © much longer. in days, the valentine museum’s book of his previously unpublished letters finally goes public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : in , the nobel prize in literature went to george bernard shaw. in days, his table-talk, published that year, will join the public domain in the us, and all his solo works published in his lifetime will be public domain nearly everywhere else. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : author and editor edward bok was born this day in . in twice thirty ( ), he follows up his pulitzer-winning memoir the americanization of edward bok with a set of essays from the perspective of his s. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : in the silent comedy “the freshman”, harold lloyd goes to tate university, “a large football stadium with a college attached”, and goes from tackling dummy to unlikely football hero. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s françois mauriac’s birthday. his le desert de l’amour, a novel that won the grand prix of the académie française, joins the us public domain in days. published translations may stay copyrighted, but americans will be free to make new ones. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : pulitzer-winning legal scholar charles warren’s congress, the constitution, and the supreme court ( ) analyzes controversies, some still argued, over relations between the us legislature and the us judiciary. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : science publishing in was largely a boys’ club, but some areas were more open to women authors, such as nursing &amp; science education. i look forward to maude muse’s textbook of psychology for nurses going public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown #adalovelaceday october : happy birthday to poet e. e. cummings, born this day in . (while some of his poetry is lowercase he usually still capitalized his name when writing it out) his collection xli poems joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : it’s pg wodehouse’s birthday. in days more of his humorous stories join the us public domain, including sam in the suburbs. it originally ran as a serial in the saturday evening post in . all that year’s issues also join the public domain then. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : playwright and nobel laureate eugene o’neill was born today in . his “desire under the elms” entered the us public domain this year; in days, his plays “marco’s millions” and “the great god brown” will join it. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : not everything makes it to the end of the long road to the us public domain. in days, the copyright for the film man and maid (based on a book by elinor glyn) expires, but no known copies survive. maybe someone will find one? #publicdomaindaycountdown october : corra harris became famous for her novel a circuit rider’s wife and her world war i reporting. the work she considered her best, though, was as a woman thinks. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : edna st. vincent millay died years ago today. all her published work joins the public domain in days in many places outside the us. here, magazine work like “sonnet to gath” (in sep vanity fair) will join, but renewed post-’ work stays in ©. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : all songs eventually reach the public domain. authors can put them there themselves, like tom lehrer just did for his lyrics. but other humorous songs arrive by the slow route, like tilzer, terker, &amp; heagney’s “pardon me (while i laugh)” will in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : sherwood anderson’s winesburg, ohio wasn’t a best-seller when it came out, but his dark laughter was. since joycean works fell out of fashion, that book’s been largely forgotten, but may get new attention when it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : artist nc wyeth was born this day in . the brandywine museum near philadelphia shows many of his works. his illustrated edition of francis parkman’s book the oregon trail joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : today (especially at : , on / ) many chemists celebrate #moleday. in days, they’ll also get to celebrate historically important chemistry publications joining the us public domain, including all issues of justus liebigs annalen der chemie. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : while some early alfred hitchcock films were in the us public domain for a while due to formality issues, the gatt accords restored their copyrights. his directorial debut, the pleasure garden, rejoins the public domain (this time for good) in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (addendum: there may still be one more year of copyright to this film as of ; see the comments to this post for details.) october : albert barnes took a different approach to art than most of his contemporaries. the first edition of the art in painting, where he explains his theories and shows examples from his collection, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : prolific writer carolyn wells had a long-running series of mystery novels featuring fleming stone. here’s a blog post by the passing tramp on one of them, the daughter of the house, which will join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : theodore roosevelt was born today in , and died over years ago, but some of his works are still copyrighted. in days, volumes of his correspondence with henry cabot lodge, written from - and published in , join the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : american composer and conductor howard hanson was born on this day in . his choral piece “lament for beowulf” joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : “skitter cat” was a white persian cat who had adventures in several children’s books by eleanor youmans, illustrated by ruth bennett. the first of the books joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown #nationalcatday october : “secret service smith” was a detective created by canadian author r. t. m. maitland. his first magazine appearance was in ; his first original full-length novel, the black magician, joins the public domain in weeks. #publicdomaindaycountdown october : poet john keats was born this day in . amy lowell’s -volume biography links his romantic poetry with her imagist poetry. ( review.) she finished and published it just before she died. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “not just for an hour, not for just a day, not for just a year, but always.” irving berlin gave the rights to this song to his bride in . both are gone now, and in months it will join the public domain for all of us, always. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : mikhail fokine’s the dying swan dance, set to music by camille saint-saëns, premiered in , but its choreography wasn’t published until , the same year a film of it was released. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (choreography copyright is weird. not only does the term not start until publication, which can be long after st performance, but what’s copyrightable has also changed. before it had to qualify as dramatic; now it doesn’t, but it has to be more than a short step sequence.) november : herbert hoover was the only sitting president to be voted out of office between &amp; . before taking office, he wrote the foreword to carolyn crane’s everyman’s house, part of a homeowners’ campaign he co-led. it goes out of copyright in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “the golden cocoon” is a silent melodrama featuring an election, jilted lovers, and extortion. the ruth cross novel it’s based on went public domain this year. the film will join it there in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : investigative journalist ida tarbell was born today in . her history of standard oil helped break up that trust in , but her life of elbert h. gary wrote more admiringly of his chairmanship of us steel. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : harold ross was born on this day in . he was the first editor of the new yorker, which he established in coöperation with his wife, jane grant. after ninety-five years, the magazine’s first issues are set to join the public domain in fifty-six days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “sweet georgia brown” by ben bernie &amp; maceo pinkard (lyrics by kenneth casey) is a jazz standard, the theme tune of the harlem globetrotters, and a song often played in celebration. one thing we can celebrate in days is it joining the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : today i hiked on the appalachian trail. it was completed in , but parts are much older. walter collins o’kane’s trails and summits of the white mountains, published in when the at was more idea than reality, goes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in sinclair lewis’ arrowsmith, a brilliant medical researcher deals with personal and ethical issues as he tries to find a cure for a deadly epidemic. the novel has stayed relevant well past its publication, and joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : john marquand was born today in . he’s known for his spy stories and satires, but an early novel, the black cargo, features a sailor curious about a mysterious payload on a ship he’s been hired onto. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : the first world war, whose armistice was years ago today, cast a long shadow. among the many literary works looking back to it is ford madox ford’s novel no more parades, part of his “parade’s end” tetralogy. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : anne parrish was born on this day in . in , the dream coach, co-written with her brother, got a newbery honor , and her novel the perennial bachelor was a best-seller. the latter book joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in “the curse of the golden cross”, g. k. chesterton’s father brown once again finds a natural explanation to what seem to be preternatural symbols &amp; events. as of today, friday the th, the story is exactly weeks away from the us public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : the pop standard “yes sir, that’s my baby” was the baby of walter donaldson (music) and gus kahn (lyrics). it’s been performed by many artists since its composition, and in days, this baby steps out into the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : marianne moore, born on this day in , had a long literary career, including editing the influential modernist magazine the dial from on. in days, all issues of that magazine will be fully in the public domain. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : george s. kaufman, born today in , wrote or directed a play in every broadway season from till . in days, several of his plays join the public domain, including his still-performed comedy “the butter and egg man”. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : shen of the sea was a newbery-winning collection of stories presented as “chinese” folktales, but written by american author arthur bowie chrisman. praised when first published, seen more as appropriation later, it’ll be appropriable itself in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : jacques maritain was a french catholic philosopher who influenced the universal declaration of human rights. his book on reformers (luther, descartes, and rousseau) joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : prevailing views of history change a lot over years. the pulitzer history prize went to a book titled “the war for southern independence”. the last volume of edward channing’s history of the united states, it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : alfred north whitehead’s science and the modern world includes a nuanced discussion of science and religion differing notably from many of his contemporaries’. (a recent review of it.) it joins the us public domain in weeks. november : algonquin round table member robert benchley tried reporting, practical writing, &amp; reviews, but soon found that humorous essays &amp; stories were his forte. one early collection, pluck and luck, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : i’ve often heard people coming across a piano sit down &amp; pick out hoagy carmichael’s “heart and soul”. he also had other hits, one being “washboard blues“. his original piano instrumental version becomes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : harpo marx, the marx brothers mime, was born today in . in his oldest surviving film, “too many kisses” he does “speak”, but silently (like everyone else in it), without his brothers. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in the man nobody knows, bruce barton likened the world of jesus to the world of business. did he bring scriptural insight to management, or subordinate christianity to capitalism? it’ll be easier to say, &amp; show, after it goes public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : before virgil thomson (born today in ) was well-known as a composer, he wrote a music column for vanity fair. his first columns, and the rest of vanity fair for , join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : “each moment that we’re apart / you’re never out of my heart / i’d rather be lonely and wait for you only / oh how i miss you tonight” those staying safe by staying apart this holiday might appreciate this song, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (the song, “oh, how i miss you tonight” is by benny davis, joe burke, and mark fisher, was published in , and performed and recorded by many musicians since then, some of whom are mentioned in this wikipedia article.) november : feminist author katharine anthony, born today in , was best known for her biographies. her biography of catherine the great, which drew extensively on the empress’s private memoirs, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : tonight in “barn dance” (soon renamed “grand ole opry”) debuted in nashville. most country music on it &amp; similar shows then were old favorites, but there were new hits too, like “the death of floyd collins”, which joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (the song, with words by andrew jenkins and music by john carson, was in the line of other disaster ballads that were popular in the s. this particular disaster had occurred earlier in the year, and became the subject of song, story, drama, and film.) november : as many folks get ready for christmas, many christmas-themed works are also almost ready to join the public domain in days. one is the holly hedge, and other christmas stories by temple bailey. more on the book &amp; author. #publicdomaindaycountdown november : in john maynard keynes published the economic consequences of sterling parity objecting to winston churchill returning the uk to the gold standard. that policy ended in ; the book’s us copyright lasted longer, but will finally end in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : du bose heyward’s novel porgy has a distinguished legacy of adaptations, including a broadway play, and gershwin’s opera “porgy and bess”. when the book joins the public domain a month from now, further adaptation possibilities are limitless. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in dorothy black’s romance — the loveliest thing a young englishwoman “inherits a small sum of money, buys a motor car and goes off in search of adventure and romance”. first serialized in ladies’ home journal, it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : joseph conrad was born on this day in , and died in , leaving unfinished his napoleonic novel suspense. but it was still far enough along to get serialized in magazines and published as a book in , and it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : ernest hemingway’s first us-published story collection in our time introduced his distinctive style to an american audience that came to view his books as classics of th century fiction: it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : libertarian author rose wilder lane helped bring her mother’s “little house” fictionalized memoirs into print. before that, she published biographical fiction based on the life of jack london, called he was a man. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : indiana naturalist and author gene stratton-porter died on this day in . her final novel, the keeper of the bees, was published the following year, and joins the public domain in days. one review. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : willa cather was born today in . her novel the professor’s house depicts s cultural dislocation from a different angle than f. scott fitzgerald’s better-known great gatsby. it too joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : the last symphony published by finnish composer jean sibelius (born on this day in ) is described in the grove dictionary as his “most remarkable compositional achievement”. it joins the public domain in the us in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : when the habsburg empire falls, what comes next for the people &amp; powers of vienna? the novel old wine, by phyllis bottome (wife of the local british intelligence head) depicts a society undergoing rapid change. it joins the us public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lewis browne was “a world traveler, author, rabbi, former rabbi, lecturer, socialist and friend of the literary elite”. his first book, stranger than fiction: a short history of the jews, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in , john scopes was convicted for teaching evolution in tennessee. books explaining the science to lay audiences were popular that year, including henshaw ward’s evolution for john doe. it becomes public domain in weeks. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : philadelphia artist jean leon gerome ferris was best known for his “pageant of a nation” paintings. three of them, “the birth of pennsylvania”, “gettysburg, ”, and “the mayflower compact”, join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : the queen of cooks, and some kings was a memoir of london hotelier rosa lewis, as told to mary lawton. her life story was the basis for the bbc and pbs series “the duchess of duke street”. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : today we’re celebrating new films being added to the national film registry. in days, we can also celebrate more registry films joining the public domain. one is the clash of the wolves, starring rin tin tin. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : etsu inagaki sugimoto, daughter of a high-ranking japanese official, moved to the us in an arranged marriage after her family fell on hard times. her memoir, a daughter of the samurai, joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : on the trail of negro folk-songs compiled by dorothy scarborough assisted by ola lee gulledge, has over songs. scarborough’s next of kin (not gulledge, or any of their sources) renewed its copyright in . but in days, it’ll be free for all. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : virginia woolf’s writings have been slowly entering the public domain in the us. we’ve had the first part of her mrs. dalloway for a while. the complete novel, and her first common reader essay collection, join it in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lovers in quarantine with harrison ford sounds like a movie made for , but it’s actually a silent comedy (with a different harrison ford). it’ll be ready to go out into the public domain after a -day quarantine. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : ma rainey wrote, sang, and recorded many blues songs in a multi-decade career. two of her songs becoming public domain in days are “shave ’em dry” (written with william jackson) &amp; “army camp harmony blues” (with hooks tilford). #publicdomaindaycountdown december : for years we’ve celebrated the works of prize-winning novelist edith wharton as her stories join the public domain. in days, the writing of fiction, her book on how she writes her memorable tales, will join that company. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : albert payson terhune, born today in , raised and wrote about dogs he kept at what’s now a public park in new jersey. his book about wolf, who died heroically and is buried there, will also be in the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in the s it seemed buster keaton could do anything involving movies. go west, a feature film that he co-wrote, directed, co-produced, and starred in, is still enjoyed today, and it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : in days, not only will theodore dreiser’s massive novel an american tragedy be in the public domain, but so will a lot of the raw material that went into it. much of it is in @upennlib‘s special collections. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : johnny gruelle, born today in , created the raggedy ann doll, and a series of books sold with it that went under many christmas trees. two of them, raggedy ann’s alphabet book and raggedy ann’s wishing pebble, join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : written in hebrew by joseph klausner, translated into english by anglican priest herbert danby, jesus of nazareth reviewed jesus’s life and teachings from a jewish perspective. it made a stir when published in , &amp; joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : “it’s a travesty that this wonderful, hilarious, insightful book lives under the inconceivably large shadow cast by the great gatsby.” a review of anita loos’s gentlemen prefer blondes, also joining the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : “on revisiting manhattan transfer, i came away with an appreciation not just for the breadth of its ambition, but also for the genius of its representation.” a review of the john dos passos novel becoming public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : all too often legal systems and bureaucracies can be described as “kafkaesque”. the kafka work most known for that sense of arbitrariness and doom is der prozess (the trial), reviewed here. it joins the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : chocolate kiddies, an african american music and dance revue that toured europe in , featured songs by duke ellington and jo trent including “jig walk”, “jim dandy”, and “with you”. they join the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown december : lon chaney starred in of the top-grossing movies of . the phantom of the opera has long been in the public domain due to copyright nonrenewal. the unholy three, which was renewed, joins it in the public domain in days. #publicdomaindaycountdown (if you’re wondering why some of the other big film hits of haven’t been in this countdown, in many cases it’s also because their copyrights weren’t renewed. or they weren’t actually copyrighted in .) december : “…you might as well live.” dorothy parker published “resumé” in , and ultimately outlived most of her algonquin round table-mates. this poem, and her other writing for periodicals, will be in the public domain tomorrow. #publicdomaindaycountdown 	ed summers: opinionated i’ve never really been a huge fan of the basecamp philosophy of software development–especially since the no-politics fiasco. calling it a philosophy is probably giving it a lot more credit than it deserves, since it largely seems to be thinly veiled marketing. but i’ll admit to having liked one idea that they promulgated since the early days of ruby on rails: that software should be opinionated. the hero narrative of the individual software developer or software user having an opinion and voicing it through the design or use of some software seems wrongheaded. software is made and used by people in groups, whether that group is realized and cultivated or not. however the basic idea here that software expresses opinions, and for designers and users to consciously express those opinions is a useful way to to think about design. but the thing your app should take sides really gets wrong is the suggestion that it’s possible for an app not to express opinions–as if one could do otherwise, and that some kind of neutrality is possible. software always takes sides, and expresses opinions–and often embodies multiple opinions in several arguments or controversies, rather than just one. the question is, do you understand the opinions it is expressing, and the decisions that are being made to express them? how can these decisions be negotiated as a group that includes the designers and users of the software? hint: it works best when there is significant overlap between the two. 	jonathan rochkind: logging uri query params with lograge the lograge gem for taming rails logs by default will lot the path component of the uri, but leave out the query string/query params. for instance, perhaps you have a url to your app /search?q=libraries. lograge will log something like: method=get path=/search format=html… the q=libraries part is completely left out of the log. i kinda want that part, it’s important. the lograge readme provides instructions for “logging request parameters”, by way of the params hash. i’m going to modify them a bit slightly to: use the more recent custom_payload config instead of custom_options. (i’m not certain why there are both, but i think mostly for legacy reasons and newer custom_payload? is what you should read for?)if we just put params in there, then a bunch of ugly &lt;actioncontroller::parameters show up in the log if you have nested hash params. we could fix that with params.to_unsafe_h, but…we should really use request.filtered_parameters instead to make sure we’re not logging anything that’s been filtered out with rails config.filter_parameters. (thanks /u/ezekg on reddit). this also converts to an ordinary hash that isn’t actioncontroller::parameters, taking care of previous bullet point. (it kind of seems like lograge readme could use a pr updating it?) config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| exceptions = %w(controller action format id) params: controller.request.filtered_parameters.except(*exceptions) end that gets us a log line that might look something like this: method=get path=/search format=html controller=searchcontroller action=index status= duration= . view= . db= . params={"q"=&gt;"foo"} ok. the params hash isn’t exactly the same as the query string, it can include things not in the url query string (like controller and action, that we have to strip above, among others), and it can in some cases omit things that are in the query string. it just depends on your routing and other configuration and logic. the params hash itself is what default rails logs… but what if we just log the actual url query string instead? benefits: it’s easier to search the logs for actually an exact specific known url (which can get more complicated like /search?q=foo&amp;range% byear_facet_isim% d% bbegin% d= &amp;source=foo or something). which is something i sometimes want to do, say i got a url reported from an error tracking service and now i want to find that exact line in the log. i actually like having the exact actual url (well, starting from path) in the logs. it’s a lot simpler, we don’t need to filter out controller/action/format/id etc. it’s actually a bit more concise? and part of what i’m dealing with in general using lograge is trying to reduce my bytes of logfile for papertrail! drawbacks? if you had some kind of structured log search (i don’t at present, but i guess could with papertrail features by switching to json format?), it might be easier to do something like “find a /search with q=foo and source=ef without worrying about other params)to the extent that params hash can include things not in the actual url, is that important to log like that?….? curious what other people think… am i crazy for wanting the actual url in there, not the params hash? at any rate, it’s pretty easy to do. note we use filtered_path rather than fullpath to again take account of rails parameter filtering, and thanks again /u/ezekg: config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| { path: controller.request.filtered_path } end this is actually overwriting the default path to be one that has the query string too: method=get path=/search?q=libraries format=html ... you could of course add a different key fullpath instead, if you wanted to keep path as it is, perhaps for easier collation in some kind of log analyzing system that wants to group things by same path invariant of query string. i’m gonna try this out! meanwhile, on lograge… as long as we’re talking about lograge…. based on commit history, history of issues and pull requests… the fact that ci isn’t currently running (travis.org grr) and doesn’t even try to test on rails . + (although lograge seems to work fine)… one might worry that lograge is currently un/under-maintained…. no comment on a gh issue filed in may asking about project status. it still seems to be one of the more popular solutions to trying to tame rails kind of out of control logs. it’s mentioned for instance in docs from papertrail and honeybadger, and many many other blog posts. what will it’s future be? looking around for other possibilties, i found semantic_logger (rails_semantic_logger). it’s got similar features. it seems to be much more maintained. it’s got a respectable number of github stars, although not nearly as many as lograge, and it’s not featured in blogs and third-party platform docs nearly as much. it’s also a bit more sophisticated and featureful. for better or worse. for instance mainly i’m thinking of how it tries to improve app performance by moving logging to a background thread. this is neat… and also can lead to a whole new class of bug, mysterious warning, or configuration burden. for now i’m sticking to the more popular lograge, but i wish it had ci up that was testing with rails . , at least! incidentally, trying to get rails to log more compactly like both lograge and rails_semantic_logger do… is somewhat more complicated than you might expect, as demonstrated by the code in both projects that does it! especially semantic_logger is hundreds of lines of somewhat baroque code split accross several files. a refactor of logging around rails (i think?) to use activesupport::logsubscriber made it possible to customize rails logging like this (although i think both lograge and rails_semantic_logger still do some monkey-patching too!), but in the end didn’t make it all that easy or obvious or future-proof. this may discourage too many other alternatives for the initial primary use case of both lograge and rails_semantic_logger — turn a rails action into one log line, with a structured format. 	hangingtogether: a research roadmap for building a national finding aid network (nafan) i had the opportunity to develop and lead the oclc project team in the user research design phase for the imls-funded project (grant number lg- -ols- ), building a national finding aid network (nafan). we are collaborating on this project with our colleagues at the california digital library and the university of virginia. for additional details about the project, please refer to the project web page and the november , hanging together blog post written by my colleague merrilee proffitt. other research includes conducting an evaluation of finding aid data quality, described in a july , hanging together blog post by bruce washburn. the oclc project team developed a mixed methods approach to learn about individuals who use aggregated archival descriptions. the intent is to identify who uses these descriptions, why they use them, and what preferences they have for discovery and access. we also are interested in learning from archive, museum, and library staff about how they create and publish archival descriptions. we want to identify and discuss the opportunities and challenges these staff experience when describing archival materials, sharing archival description on the web, and participating in or not participating in finding aid aggregations. as you will see below, this methodology is designed to capture information about the use, design and management of the current archival aggregation ecosystem, currently comprised of separate websites. findings from this research will inform the design of the future nafan platform. it aims to serve the needs for both users and contributors to create a meaningful, inclusive and low-barrier pathway for access to archival collections. why archival user research is important prior to developing the research questions and design, we reviewed the literature identifying studies related to aggregations of archival description which represent the holdings of multiple institutions. we recognized a gap in the literature. while there was research about user interaction with individual finding aids and the discovery systems of individual institutions, there was no research specifically identifying the users of aggregations and their research needs. additionally, although some work has addressed the information-seeking behaviors and research practices of scholars using primary sources, it primarily has focused on historians and other academic researchers in the humanities. however, recent work on archival user personas at multiple institutions indicate that users of archives are not only scholars, but also genealogists, local historians, and enthusiast researchers; k- educators; and a range of researchers using archives for their professional and creative work in fields such as journalism, documentary filmmaking, fiction writing; as well as public services librarians and archivists. what we want to learn from the nafan research based on the gaps in the identification of users of archive aggregators and the documented archival user personas, we decided to survey and subsequently interview users of aggregated archival description as well as the archive, museum, and library staff who provide description for archive collections. building on questions outlined in the final report from the first phase of the nafan project, we prioritized a set of research questions to address the key issues that we believe are foundational to informing the other phases of the research for the formulation of technical and system requirements for modeling a national archival finding aid network. research questions: users of aggregated archival description  who are the current users of aggregated archival description?do current user types align with the persona types and needs identified in recent archival persona work (i.e., what characteristics are present vs. not)?   why are the current users trying to discover and access archival collections via aggregation of archival description?   how are current users discovering and accessing aggregations of archival description? what are the benefits and challenges users face when searching archival description in aggregation?    research questions: staff who provide description for archival collections what are the enabling and constraining factors that influence whether organizations describe the archival collections in their care?  what are the enabling or constraining factors that influence whether organizations contribute to an aggregation of archival description?  what value does participation in an archival aggregation service bring to organizations?   what is the structure and extent of consistency across the body of metadata records in current aggregations of archival description?can that body of metadata records support user needs identified in findings from the user research phase of the study?if so, how? if not, what are the gaps?   why the data collection tools were selected to answer our research questions to develop a more complete picture of the users and creators of archival description, we used a mixed methods approach for data collection and analysis. our research design includes a pop-up survey and individual semi-structured interviews with users of aggregated archival description and focus group interviews with archive, museum, and library staff who provide description for archive collections. the pop-up survey provides a broad overview of the demographics, rationale, and content and format preferences for using aggregated archival description while the semi-structured individual interviews provide more in-depth information on the hows and whys for using them. the focus group interviews with archivists enabled us to identify the challenges and opportunities experienced when contributing to archival aggregation services as well as their perceptions of their users’ needs and expectations. focus group interviews: ten virtual focus group interviews, with approximately five participants each for a total of participants were conducted with archivists. the participants worked in institutions where the archives staff either currently contribute to an aggregation or in institutions where the archives staff currently do not contribute to an aggregation. although focus group interview data cannot be generalized to an entire population, we used this methodology to identify archivists’ needs, expectations, and perceptions of contributing to and using aggregated archival description. the focus group interview data were digitally recorded and transcribed for content analysis of themes. the responses to the questions will be coded based on emerging themes and a comparative analysis of the responses will be calculated. the findings will be used for identifying contributor needs in relation to finding aid aggregations and evaluating the quality of existing finding aid data; technical assessments of potential systems to support network functions and formulating system requirements for a minimum viable national finding aid network; and community building, sustainability planning, and governance modeling to support subsequent phases of the project. user pop-up survey: a pop-up survey was implemented on nafan partner aggregation websites from march to may , to gather demographic data and information about why and how individuals use finding aid aggregations, as well as their preferred format types. it was designed and implemented using surveymonkey software and included both open-ended and fixed response questions. there were , completed and usable survey responses, providing a convenience sampling frame for this phase of the project. the pop-up survey data are being analyzed using descriptive statistics and a comparative analysis of the responses from the different types of users identified in the demographic data that we collected.   user semi-structured interviews: all respondents of the pop-up survey were invited to participate in a virtual, - minute, one-on-one semi-structured interview that includes guided open-ended questions that are asked in the same order during each interview. the respondents were offered a $  gift card, if they volunteered, were invited, and completed the interview. we are in the process of identifying  users who indicated they are interested in participating in the interviews and who represent the different user types and demographics of the pop-up survey respondents. these interviews will provide more detailed information about how and why individuals use finding aid aggregations. the data collected from the individual semi-structured interviews will be digitally recorded and transcribed for coding and analysis. descriptive statistics and a comparative analysis of the responses in the demographic data collected during the individual semi-structured interview sessions will be calculated. a codebook will be developed from the themes emerging from the interviews and the transcribed responses to the open-ended questions will be coded in the nvivo software using the codebook. following coding, we will gather samples of the answers and calculate inter-coder reliability to ensure consistency across the corpus of data. what’s next in nafan research oclc research will begin conducting the individual semi-structured interviews with users of aggregated archival description. these data will be analyzed, as will the data from the user pop-up survey and the archive, museum, and library staff focus group interviews. we will continue to share our findings and we welcome your feedback. acknowledgements: i want to thank my project team colleagues, chela scott weber, lesley langa, brooke doyle, brittany brannon, merrilee proffitt, and janet mason for their assistance with the focus group interview and survey data collection and analysis and to chela, lesley, and merrilee for their review of this blog post. the post a research roadmap for building a national finding aid network (nafan) appeared first on hanging together. 	jez cope: mxadm: a small cli matrix room admin tool i’ve enjoyed learning rust (the programming language) recently, but having only really used it for solving programming puzzles i’ve been looking for an excuse to use it for something more practical. at the same time, i’ve been using and learning about matrix (the chat/messaging platform), and running some small rooms there i’ve been a bit frustrated that some pretty common admin things don’t have a good user interface in any of the available clients. so… i decided to write a little command-line tool to do a few simple tasks, and it’s now released as mxadm! it’s on crates.io, so if you have rust and cargo available, installing it is as simple as running cargo install mxadm. i’ve only taught it to do a few things so far: list your joined rooms add/delete a room alias tombstone a room (i.e. redirect it to a new room) i’ll add more as i need them, and i’m open to suggestions too. it uses matrix-rust-sdk, the matrix client-server sdk for rust, which is built on the lower-level ruma library, along with anyhow for error handling. the kind folks in the #matrix-rust-sdk:matrix.org have been particularly kind in helping me get started using it. more details from: source code on tildegit mxadm on crates.io mxadm on lib.rs suggestions, code reviews, pull requests all welcome, though it will probably take me a while to act on them. enjoy! 	eric lease morgan: searching project gutenberg at the distant reader the venerable project gutenberg is a collection of about , transcribed editions of classic literature in the public domain, mostly from the western cannon. a subset of about , project gutenberg items has been cached locally, indexed, and made available through a website called the distant reader. the index is freely for anybody and anywhere to use. this blog posting describes how to query the index. the index is rooted in a technology called solr, a very popular indexing tool. the index supports simple searching, phrase searching, wildcard searches, fielded searching, boolean logic, and nested queries. each of these techniques are described below: simple searches – enter any words you desire, and you will most likely get results. in this regard, it is difficult to break the search engine. phrase searches – enclose query terms in double-quote marks to search the query as a phrase. examples include: "tom sawyer", "little country schoolhouse", and "medieval europe". wildcard searches – append an asterisk (*) to any non-phrase query to perform a stemming operation on the given query. for example, the query potato* will return results including the words potato and potatoes. fielded searches – the index has many different fields. the most important include: author, title, subject, and classification. to limit a query to a specific field, prefix the query with the name of the field and a colon (:). examples include: title:mississippi, author:plato, or subject:knowledge. boolean logic – queries can be combined with three boolean operators: ) and, ) or, or ) not. the use of and creates the intersection of two queries. the use of or creates the union of two queries. the use of not creates the negation of the second query. the boolean operators are case-sensitive. examples include: love and author:plato, love or affection, and love not war. nested queries – boolean logic queries can be nested to return more sophisticated sets of items; nesting allows you to override the way rudimentary boolean operations get combined. use matching parentheses (()) to create nested queries. an example includes (love not war) and (justice and honor) and (classification:bx or subject:"spiritual life"). of all the different types of queries, nested queries will probably give you the most grief. becase this index is a full text index on a wide variety of topics, you will probably need to exploit the query language to create truly meaningful results. 	david rosenthal: stablecoins part i wrote stablecoins about tether and its "magic money pump" seven months ago. a lot has happened and a lot has been written about it since, and some of it explores aspects i didn't understand at the time, so below the fold at some length i try to catch up.sourcein the postscript to stablecoins i quoted david gerard's account of the december th pump that pushed btc over $ k:we saw about million tethers being lined up on binance and huobi in the week previously. these were then deployed en masse.you can see the pump starting at : utc on december. btc was $ , . on coinbase at : utc. notice the very long candles, as bots set to sell at $ , sell directly into the pump. in btc had dropped from around $ . k on march th to under $ k on march th. it spiked back up on march th, then gradually rose to just under $ k by october th.sourceduring that time tether issuance went from $ . b to $ . b, an increase of over % with large jumps on four occasions: march - th: $ . b = $ . b to $ . b (a weekend) may - th $ . b = $ . b to $ . b july th- st $ . b = $ . b to $ b (a weekend) august - th $ . b = $ b to $ . b (a weekend)sourcethen both btc and usdt really took off, with btc peaking april th at $ . k, and usdt issuing more than $ b. btc then started falling. tether continued to issue usdt, peaking days later on may th after nearly another $ b at $ . b. issuance slowed dramatically, peaking days later on june th at $ . b when btc had dropped to $$ . k, % of the peak. since then usdt has faced gradual redemptions; it is now down to $ , b.what on earth is going on? how could usdt go from around $ b to around $ b in just over a year?tethersourcein crypto and the infinite ladder: what if tether is fake?, the first of a two-part series, fais kahn asks the same question:tether (usdt) is the most used cryptocurrency in the world, reaching volumes significantly higher than bitcoin. each coin is supposed to be backed by $ , making it “stable.” and yet no one knows if this is true.even more odd: in the last year, usdt has exploded in size even faster than bitcoin - going from $ b in market cap to over $ b in less than a year. this includes $ b of new supply - a straight line up - after the new york attorney general accused tether of fraud. i and many others have considered a scenario in which the admitted fact that usdt is not backed -for- by usd causes a "run on the bank". among the latest is taming wildcat stablecoins by gary gorton and jeffery zhang. zhang is one of the federal reserve's attorney, but who is gary gorton? izabella kaminska explains:over the course of his career, gary gorton has gained a reputation for being something of an experts’ expert on financial systems. despite being an academic, this is in large part due to what might be described as his practitioner’s take on many key issues.the yale school of management professor is, for example, best known for a highly respected (albeit still relatively obscure) theory about the role played in bank runs by information-sensitive assets....the two authors make the implicit about stablecoins explicit: however you slice them, dice them or frame them in new technology, in the grand scheme of financial innovation stablecoins are actually nothing new. what they really amount to, they say, is another form of information sensitive private money, with stablecoin issuers operating more like unregulated banks.gorton and zhang write:the goal of private money is to be accepted at par with no questions asked. this did not occur during the free banking era in the united states—a period that most resembles the current world of stablecoins. state-chartered banks in the free banking era experienced panics, and their private monies made it very hard to transact because of fluctuating prices. that system was curtailed by the national bank act of , which created a uniform national currency backed by u.s. treasury bonds. subsequent legislation taxed the state-chartered banks’ paper currencies out of existence in favor of a single sovereign currency. unlike me, kahn is a "brown guy in fintech", so he is better placed to come up with answers than i am. for a start, he is skeptical of the usdt "bank run" scenario:the unbacked scenario is what concerns investors. if there were a sudden drop in the market, and investors wanted to exchange their usdt for real dollars in tether’s reserve, that could trigger a “bank run” where the value dropped significantly below one dollar, and suddenly everyone would want their money. that could trigger a full on collapse.but when that might actually happen? when bitcoin falls in the frequent crypto bloodbaths, users actually buy tether - fleeing to the safety of the dollar. this actually drives tether’s price up! the only scenario that could hurt is when bitcoin goes up, and tether demand drops.but hold on. it’s extremely unlikely tether is simply creating tokens out of thin air - at worst, there may be some fractional reserve (they themselves admitted at one point it was only % backed) that is split between usd and bitcoin.the ny ag’s statement that tether had “no bank anywhere in the world” strongly suggests some money being held in crypto (tether has stated this is true, but less than %), and tether’s own bank says they use bitcoin to hold customer funds! that means in the event of a tether drop/bitcoin rise, they are hedged.tether’s own terms of service say users may not be redeemed immediately. forced to wait, many users would flee to bitcoin for lack of options, driving the price up again. kahn agrees with me that tether may have a magic "money" pump:it’s possible tether didn’t have the money at some point in the past. and it’s just as possible that, with the massive run in bitcoin the last year tether now has more than the $ b they claim!in that case tether would seem to have constructed a perfect machine for printing money. (and america has a second central bank.) of course, the recent massive run down in bitcoin will have caused the "machine for printing money" to start running in reverse.matt levine listened to an interview with tether's cto paolo ardoino and general counsel stuart hoegner, and is skeptical about tether's backing:tether is a stablecoin that we have talked about around here because it was sued by the new york attorney general for lying about its reserves, and because it subsequently disclosed its reserves in a format that satisfied basically no one. tether now says that its reserves consist mostly of commercial paper, which apparently makes it one of the largest commercial paper holders in the world. there is a fun game among financial journalists and other interested observers who try to find anyone who has actually traded commercial paper with tether, or any of its actual holdings. the game is hard! as far as i know, no one has ever won it, or even scored a point; i have never seen anyone publicly identify a security that tether holds or a counterparty that has traded commercial paper with it. usdt reserve disclosurelevine contrasts tether's reserve disclosure with that of another instrument that is supposed to maintain a stable value, a money market fund:here is the website for the jpmorgan prime money market fund. if you click on the tab labeled “portfolio,” you can see what the fund owns. the first item alphabetically is $ million face amount of asset-backed commercial paper issued by alpine securitization corp. and maturing on oct. . its cusip — its official security identifier — is xmg . there are certificates of deposit at big banks, repurchase agreements, even a little bit of non-financial commercial paper. ... you can see exactly how much (both face amount and market value), and when it matures, and the cusip for each holding.jpmorgan is not on the bleeding edge of transparency here or anything; this is just how money market funds work. you disclose your holdings. binancebut the big picture is that usdt pumped $ b into cryptocurrencies. where did the demand for the $ b come from? in my view, some of it comes from whales accumulating dry powder to use in pump-and-dump schemes like the one illustrated above. but kahn has two different suggestions. first:one of the well-known uses for usdt is “shadow banking” - since real us dollars are highly regulated, opening an account with binance and buying usdt is a straightforward way to get a dollar account.the ceo of usdc himself admits in this coindesk article: “in particular in asia where, you know, these are dollar-denominated markets, they have to use a shadow banking system to do it...you can’t connect a bank account in china to binance or huobi. so you have to do it through shadow banking and they do it through tether. and so it just represents the aggregate demand. investors and users in asia – it’s a huge, huge piece of it.” sourcesecond:binance also hosts a massive perpetual futures market, which are “cash-settled” using usdt. this allows traders to make leveraged bets of x margin or more...which, in laymen’s terms, is basically a speculative casino. that market alone provides around ~$ b of daily volume, where users deposit usdt to trade on margin. as a result, binance is by far the biggest holder of usdt, with $ b sitting in its wallet. wikipedia describes "perpetual futures" thus:in finance, a perpetual futures contract, also known as a perpetual swap, is an agreement to non-optionally buy or sell an asset at an unspecified point in the future. perpetual futures are cash-settled, and differ from regular futures in that they lack a pre-specified delivery date, and can thus be held indefinitely without the need to roll over contracts as they approach expiration. payments are periodically exchanged between holders of the two sides of the contracts, long and short, with the direction and magnitude of the settlement based on the difference between the contract price and that of the underlying asset, as well as, if applicable, the difference in leverage between the two sides in is tether a black swan? bernhard mueller goes into more detail about binance's market:according to tether’s rich list, billion tron usdt are held by binance alone. the list also shows . b usdt in huobi’s exchange wallets. that’s almost b usdt held by two exchanges. considering those numbers, the value given by cryptoquant appears understated. a more realistic estimate is that ~ % of the tether supply ( . b usdt) is located on centralized exchanges.interestingly, only a small fraction of those usdt shows up in spot order books. one likely reason is that a large share is sitting on wallets to collateralize derivative positions, in particular perpetual futures. the cex futures market is essentially a casino where traders bet on crypto prices with insane amounts of leverage. and it’s a massive market: futures trading on binance alone generated $ billion in volume over the last hours. it’s important to understand that usdt perpetual futures implementations are % usdt-based, including collateralization, funding and settlement. prices are tied to crypto asset prices via clever incentives, but in reality, usdt is the only asset that ever changes hands between traders. this use-case generates significant demand for usdt. why is this "massive perpetual futures market" so popular? kahn provides answers:that crazed demand for margin trading is how we can explain one of the enduring mysteries of crypto - how users can get . % interest on their holdings when banks offer less than %. sourcethe high interest is possible because:the massive supply of usdt, and the host of other dollar stablecoins like usdc, pax, and dai, creates an arbitrage opportunity. this brings in capital from outside the ecosystem seeking the “free money” making trades like this using a combination of x leverage and and . % variance between stablecoins to generate an % profit in just a few seconds. if you’re only holding the bag for a minute, who cares if usdt is imaginary dollars? rollicking good times like these attract the attention of regulators, as amy castor reported on july nd in binance: a crypto exchange running out of places to hide:binance, the world’s largest dark crypto slush fund, is struggling to find corners of the world that will tolerate its lax anti-money laundering policies and flagrant disregard for securities laws. as a result, laurence fletcher, eva szalay and adam samson report that hedge funds back away from binance after regulatory assault :the global regulatory pushback “should raise red flags for anyone keeping serious capital at the exchange”, said ulrik lykke, executive director at ark , adding that the fund has “scaled down” exposure....lykke described it as “especially concerning” that the recent moves against binance “involve multiple entities from across the financial sphere”, such as banks and payments groups. this leaves some serious money looking for an off-ramp from usdt to fiat. these are somewhat scarce:if usdt holders on centralized exchanges chose to run for the exits, usd/usdc/busd liquidity immediately available to them would be relatively small. ~ billion usdt held on exchanges would be matched with perhaps ~ billion in fiat currency and usdc/busd this, and the addictive nature of "a casino ... with insane amounts of leverage", probably account for the relatively small drop in usdt market cap since june th. amy castor reported july th on another reason in binance: fiat off-ramps keep closing, reports of frozen funds, what happened to catherine coley?:binance customers are becoming trapped inside of binance — or at least their funds are — as the fiat exits to the world’s largest crypto exchange close around them. you can almost hear the echoes of doors slamming, one by one, down a long empty corridor leading to nowhere.in the latest bit of unfolding drama, binance told its customers today that it had disabled withdrawals in british pounds after its key payment partner, clear junction, ended its business relationship with the exchange....there’s a lot of unhappy people on r/binanceus right now complaining their withdrawals are frozen or suspended — and they can’t seem to get a response from customer support either....binance is known for having “maintenance issues” during periods of heavy market volatility. as a result, margin traders, unable to exit their positions, are left to watch in horror while the exchange seizes their margin collateral and liquidates their holdings. and it isn't just getting money out of binance that is getting hard, as david gerard reports:binance is totally not insolvent! they just won’t give anyone their cryptos back because they’re being super-compliant. kyc/aml laws are very important to binance, especially if you want to get your money back after suspicious activity on your account — such as pressing the “withdraw” button. please send more kyc. [binance] issues like these tend to attract the attention of the mainstream press. on july rd the new york times' eric lipton and ephrat livni profiled sam bankman-fried of the ftx exchange in crypto nomads: surfing the world for risk and profit:the highly leveraged form of trading these platforms offer has become so popular that the overall value of daily purchases and sales of these derivatives far surpasses the daily volume of actual cryptocurrency transactions, industry data analyzed by researchers at carnegie mellon university shows....ftx alone has one million users across the world and handles as much as $ billion a day in transactions, most of them derivatives trades.like their customers, the platforms compete. mr. bankman-fried from ftx, looking to out promote bitmex, moved to offer up to times leverage on derivatives trades. mr. zhao from binance then bested them both by taking it to . then on the th, as the regulators' seriousness sank in, the same authors reported leaders in cryptocurrency industry move to curb the highest-risk trades:two of the world’s most popular cryptocurrency exchanges announced on sunday that they would curb a type of high-risk trading that has been blamed in part for sharp fluctuations in the value of bitcoin and the casino-like atmosphere on such platforms globally.the first move came from the exchange, ftx, which said it would reduce the size of the bets investors can make by lowering the amount of leverage it offers to times from times. leverage multiplies the traders’ chance for not only profit, but also loss....about hours later, changpeng zhao [cz], the founder of binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, echoed the move by ftx, announcing that his company had already started to limit leverage to times for new users and it would soon expand this limit to other existing clients. early the next day, tom schoenberg, matt robinson, and zeke faux reported for bloomberg that tether executives said to face criminal probe into bank fraud: u.s. probe into tether is homing in on whether executives behind the digital token committed bank fraud, a potential criminal case that would have broad implications for the cryptocurrency market.tether’s pivotal role in the crypto ecosystem is now well known because the token is widely used to trade bitcoin. but the justice department investigation is focused on conduct that occurred years ago, when tether was in its more nascent stages. specifically, federal prosecutors are scrutinizing whether tether concealed from banks that transactions were linked to crypto, said three people with direct knowledge of the matter who asked not to be named because the probe is confidential.federal prosecutors have been circling tether since at least . in recent months, they sent letters to individuals alerting them that they’re targets of the investigation, one of the people said. sourceonce again, david gerard pointed out the obvious market manipulation:this week’s “number go up” happened several hours before the report broke — likely when the bloomberg reporter contacted tether for comment. btc/usd futures on binance spiked to $ , , and the btc/usd price on coinbase spiked at $ , shortly after.here’s the one-minute candles on coinbase btc/usd around : utc ( am bst on this chart) on july — the price went up $ , in three minutes. you’ve never seen something this majestically organic and so did amy castor in the doj’s criminal probe into tether — what we know:last night, before the news broke, bitcoin was pumping like crazy. the price climbed nearly %, topping $ , . on coinbase, the price of btc/usd went up $ , in three minutes, a bit after : utc. after a user placed a large number of buy orders for bitcoin perpetual futures denominated in tethers (usdt) on binance — an unregulated exchange struggling with its own banking issues — the btc/usdt perpetual contract hit a high of $ , at around : utc on the exchange.bitcoin pumps are a good way to get everyone to ignore the impact of bad news and focus on number go up. “hey, this isn’t so bad. bitcoin is going up in price. i’m rich!” sourceas shown in the graph, the perpetual futures market is at least an order of magnitude larger than the spot market upon which it is based. and as we saw for example on december th and july th, the spot market is heavily manipulated. pump-and-dump schemes in the physical market are very profitable, and connecting them to the casino in the futures market with its insane leverage can juice profitability enormously.tether and binancefais kahn's second part, bitcoin's end: tether, binance and the white swans that could bring it all down, explores the mutual dependency between tether and binance:there are $ b tokens for usdt in circulation, much of which exists to fuel the massive casino that is the perpetual futures market on binance. these complex derivatives markets, which are illegal to trade in the us, run in the tens of billions and help drive up the price of bitcoin by generating the basis trade.the "basis trade":involves buying a commodity at spot (taking a long position) and simultaneously establishing a short position through derivatives like options or futures contracts kahn continues:for binance to allow traders to make such crazy bets, it needs collateral to make sure if traders get wiped out, binance doesn’t go bankrupt. that collateral is now an eye-popping $ b, having grown from $ b in february and $ b in may:but for that market to work, binance needs usdt. and getting fresh usdt is a problem now that the exchange, which has always been known for its relaxed approach to following the laws, is under heavy scrutiny from the us department of justice and irs: so much so that their only us dollar provider, silvergate bank, recently terminated their relationship, suggesting major concerns about the legality of some of binance’s activities. this means users can no longer transfer us dollars from their bank to binance, which were likely often used to fund purchases of usdt.since that shutdown, the linkages between binance, usdt, and the basis trade are now clearer than ever. in the last month, the issuance of usdt has completely stopped:likewise, futures trading has fallen significantly. this confirms that most of the usdt demand likely came from leveraged traders who needed more and more chips for the casino. meanwhile, the basis trade has completely disappeared at the same time.which is the chicken and which is the egg? did the massive losses in bitcoin kill all the craziest players and end the free money bonanza, or did binance’s banking troubles choke off the supply of dollars, ending the game for everyone? either way, the link between futures, usdt, and the funds flooding the crypto world chasing free money appears to be broken for now. this is a problem for binance:right now tether is binance’s $ b problem. at this point, binance is holding so much tether the exchange is far more dependent on usdt’s peg staying stable than it is on any of its banking relationships. if that peg were to break, binance would likely see capital flight on a level that would wreak untold havoc in the crypto markets...regulators have been increasing the pace of their enforcements. in other words, they are getting pissed, and the bitmex founders going to jail is a good example of what might await.binance has been doing all it can to avoid scrutiny, and you have to award points for creativity. the exchange was based in malta, until malta decided binance had “no license” to operate there, and that malta did not have jurisdiction to regulate them. as a result, cz began to claim that binance “doesn’t have” a headquarters. wonder why? perhaps to avoid falling under anyone’s direct jurisdiction, or to avoid a paper trail?cz went on to only reply that he is based in “asia.” given what china did to jack ma recently, we can empathize with a desire to stay hidden, particularly when unregulated exchanges are a key rail for evading china’s strict capital controls. any surprise that the cfo quit last month?but it is also a problem for tether:here’s what could trigger a cascade that could bring the exchange down and much of crypto with it: the doj and irs crack down on binance, either by filing charges against cz or pushing biden and congress to give them the death penalty: full on sanctions. this would lock them out of the global financial system, cause withdrawals to skyrocket, and eventually drive them to redeem that $ b of usdt they are sitting on.and what will happen to tether if they need to suddenly sell or redeem those billions?we have no way of knowing. even if fully collateralized, tether would need to sell billions in commercial paper on short notice. and in the worst case, the peg would break, wreaking absolute havoc and crushing crypto prices. alternatively it’s possible that regulators will move as slow as they have been all along - with one country at a time unplugging binance from its banking system until the exchange eventually shrinks down to be less of a systemic risk than it is. that's my guess — it will become increasingly difficult either to get usd or cryptocurrency out of binance's clutches, or to send them fiat, as banks around the world realize that doing business with binance is going to get them in trouble with their regulators. once customers realize that binance has become a "roach motel" for funds, and that about % of usdt is locked up there, things could get quite dynamic.kahn concludes:everything around binance and tether is murky, even as these entities two dominate the crypto world. tether redemptions are accelerating, and binance is in trouble, but why some of these things are happening is guesswork. and what happens if something happens to one of those two? we’re entering some uncharted territory. but if things get weird, don’t say no one saw it coming. policy responsesgorton and zhang argue that the modern equivalent of the "free banking" era is fraught with too many risks to tolerate. david gerard provides an overview of the era in stablecoins through history — michigan bank commissioners report, :the wildcat banking era, more politely called the “free banking era,” ran from to . banks at this time were free of federal regulation — they could launch just under state regulation.under the gold standard in operation at the time, these state banks could issue notes, backed by specie — gold or silver — held in reserve. the quality of these reserves could be a matter of some dispute.the wildcat banks didn’t work out so well. the national bank act was passed in , establishing the united states national banking system and the office of the comptroller of the currency — and taking away the power of state banks to issue paper notes. gerard's account draws from a report of michigan's state banking commissioners, documents accompanying the journal of the house of representatives of the state of michigan, pp. – , which makes clear that tether's lack of transparency as to its reserves isn't original. banks were supposed to hold "specie" (money in the form of coin) as backing but:the banking system at the time featured barrels of gold that were carried to other banks, just ahead of the inspectors for example, the commissioners reported that:the farmers’ and mechanics’ bank of pontiac, presented a more favorable exhibit in point of solvency, but the undersigned having satisfactorily informed himself that a large proportion of the specie exhibited to the commissioners, at a previous examination, as the bona fide property of the bank, under the oath of the cashier, had been borrowed for the purpose of exhibition and deception; that the sum of ten thousand dollars which had been issued for “exchange purposes,” had not been entered on the books of the bank, reckoned among its circulation, or explained to the commissioners. gorton and zhang summarize the policy choices thus:based on historical lessons, the government has a couple of options: ( ) transform stablecoins into the equivalent of public money by (a) requiring stablecoins to be issued through fdic- insured banks or (b) requiring stablecoins to be backed one-for-one with treasuries or reserves at the central bank; or ( ) introduce a central bank digital currency and tax private stablecoins out of existence. their suggestions for how to implement the first option include:the interpretation of section of the glass-steagall act, under which "it is unlawful for a non-bank entity to engage in deposit-taking"the interpretation of title viii of the dodd-frank act, under which the financial stability oversight council could "designate stablecoin issuance as a systemic payment activity". this "would give the federal reserve the authority to regulate the activity of stablecoin issuance by any financial institution."congress could pass legislation that requires stablecoin issuers to become fdic-insured banks or to run their business out of fdic-insured banks. as a result, stablecoin issuers would be subject to regulations and supervisory activities that come along with being an fdic-insured bank.alternatively, the second option would involve:congress could require the federal reserve to issue a central bank digital currency as a substitute to privately produced digital money like stablecoins...the question then becomes whether policymakers would want to have central bank digital currencies coexist with stablecoins or to have central bank digital currencies be the only form of money in circulation. as discussed previously, congress has the legal authority to create a fiat currency and to tax competitors of that uniform national currency out of existence. they regard the key attribute of an instrument that acts as money to be that it is accepted at face value "no questions asked" (nqa). thus, based on history they ask:in other words, should the sovereign have a monopoly on money issuance? as shown by revealed preference in the table below, the answer is yes. the provision of nqa money is a public good, which only the government can supply. 	digital library federation: building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group are continuing to foster a partnership aimed at building transatlantic collaborations and connections. the two groups have had a series of conversations, and we have now hosted two joint meetings. at an april event, we divided into small groups to share ideas about the potential collaborative future of our two groups.  then we conducted a follow-up expressions of interest survey in april-may .  in response to the april event and the expressions of interest survey, we hosted a second event on july , at which we launched a beta skills exchange directory, and we offered a series of tailored “skills conversations.”  this post provides more detail on the july event and plans for next steps in our transatlantic collaboration. july event one of the main takeaways from the first event in april was that participants appreciated being able to meet colleagues both from the uk and us so we were keen to facilitate this again and started the july event with or small group “meet and greets”. participants enjoyed the serendipity of these meetings and individual connections have already been made.  the second part of the event was more structured and aimed to build on the information we had gathered from the expressions of interest survey. from this survey we were able to identify key areas of digital scholarship skills that colleagues were most keen to develop and could match these with colleagues who were willing to share their expertise in these areas by facilitating curated conversations. the areas identified were: artificial intelligence and machine learning  tools for digital scholarship  planning and managing a digital scholarship centre  assessment and metrics the success of these curated conversations was dependent on the experts being willing to share their knowledge and we are grateful to carol chiodo (harvard library), alexandra sarkozy (wayne state university),  sarah melton (boston college), kirsty lingstadt (university of edinburgh), eleonora gandolfi (university of southampton), gavin boyce (university of sheffield) and matt philips (university of southampton) for being so willing to participate and share their experiences so openly.  in these breakout sessions the experts talked about their services and how they developed skills for mins each and then participants who had signed up for the session were able to ask follow up questions. dsn and dds partners acted as moderators in each breakout session and we were impressed with how informative and interactive the sessions were. if you weren’t able to make it to the july event, each session documented the conversation in a shared notes document. these interactive sessions are core for the success of a skills exchange but the finale of this event was the launch of the skills directory – a dynamic resource through which colleagues from both groups can share their skills and expertise with one another.  transatlantic skills directory participants were introduced to the directory (designed by stephanie jesper and susan halfpenny at university of york) and shown how to search (via the google sheets filter function) to identify colleagues with varying levels of expertise across skills areas relating to digital scholarship activities within research libraries. the directory includes the names and contact details of colleagues who are willing to share their skills and expertise around a skills area, and the means through which they are willing to do so (e.g. one-on-one conversation, contributing to a training session etc). due to the potential demand on colleagues the directory is only available to dsn and dds members but a recording of the introduction to the directory from the session is available here.   the success of the directory depends on colleagues signing up to share their skills and after the demonstration participants were given time to register their own skills – the group were impressed by the response. as we write this, colleagues have registered in the directory, offering more than skills between them. however, we still need more and encourage members of rluk dsn and dlf dds to register their skills. we need your expertise to make this a success! we also encourage members to make good use of the directory to learn new skills or move forward with digital scholarship services and would be keen to hear of any contacts made via the directory. next steps these events and tools have helped us learn more about our colleagues on both sides of the atlantic, and rluk dsn and dlf dds look forward to continuing this partnership. please check out the shared meeting notes, resources, and other materials available on our open science framework site. we plan to host more joint events to support networking and idea-generation, and we will continue to expand the directory with more colleagues who are interested in exchanging skills. thanks to everyone involved in arranging these events and the directory and of course to everyone who participates in the skills exchange! colleagues leading this work beth clark, associate director, digital scholarship &amp; innovation, london school of economics, and rluk dsn member. sara mannheimer, associate professor, data librarian, montana state university, and dlf dds co-convener. jason clark, professor, lead for research informatics, montana state university, and dlf dds co-convener. susan halfpenny, head of digital scholarship &amp; innovation, university of york, and rluk dsn member. matt greenhall, deputy executive director, rluk thanks go to gayle schechter (program associate, clir/dlf), louisa m. kwasigroch (director, outreach and engagement at clir and interim dlf senior program officer), kirsty lingstadt (deputy director, university of edinburgh and rluk dsn co-convener), eleonora gandolfi (head of digital scholarship and innovation, university of southampton and rluk dsn co-convener), stephanie jesper (teaching &amp; learning advisor, university of york), and melanie cheung (rluk executive assistant). the post building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward appeared first on dlf. 	open knowledge foundation: register your interest: open knowledge justice programme community meetups what’s this about? the open knowledge justice programme is kicking off a series of free, monthly community meetups to talk about public impact algorithms. register here. who is this for? do you want to learn more about public impact algorithms? would you like to know how to spot one, and how they might affect the clients you represent? do you work in government, academia, policy-making or civil society – and are interested in learning how to deploy a public impact algorithm fairly? tell me more whether you’re a new to tech or a seasoned pro, join us once a month to share your experiences, listen to our guest speakers and ask our data expert questions on this fast changing issue. = = = = = when? lunch time every second thursday of the month – starting september th . how? register your interest here = = = = = more info: www.thejusticeprogramme.org/community 	journal of web librarianship: #powerinnumbers: how digital libraries use collaborative social media campaigns to promote collections . 	oclc dev network: planned maintenance for the classify application, august oclc will be performing maintenance on the experimental classify api on august. 	digital library federation: dlf digest: august a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf digital library pedagogy group invites all interested digital pedagogy practitioners to contribute to a literacy- and competency-centered #dlfteach toolkit, an online, open resource focused on lesson plans and concrete instructional strategies. for additional information, see the cfp. if you are interested in contributing a lesson to the toolkit and/or being a peer reviewer, please complete the intent to contribute form. proposals are due by september , . questions can be sent to dlfteach.toolkit @gmail.com. on august , all twitter updates about clir’s recordings at risk and digitizing hidden collections grants and grantees will move to one account, @clirgrants. make sure to follow the @clirhc twitter account so you’ll be ready once it transitions to @clirgrants! registration for the dlf forum and affiliated events opens soon. subscribe to the dlf forum newsletter for the latest updates on this fall’s virtual events.  this month’s dlf group events: dlf digital library pedagogy group – #dlfteach twitter chat tuesday, august , pm et/ pm pt; participate on twitter using the hashtag #dlfteach join the dlf digital library pedagogy group for this month’s twitter chat on building stronger community engagement for open source. twitter chat details, instructions, and archives of past #dlfteach chats are available on the dlf wiki. this month’s open dlf group meetings: for the most up-to-date schedule of dlf group meetings and events (plus ndsa meetings, conferences, and more), make sure to bookmark the dlf community calendar. can’t find meeting call-in information? email us at info@diglib.org.  dlf-aig metadata assessment working group: thursdays, august &amp; , : pm et/ : am pt dlf-aig cultural assessment working group: monday, august , pm et/ am pt dlf-aig cost assessment working group: monday, august , pm et/ pm pt dlf digital accessibility working group: wednesday, august , pm et/ am pt dlf digital accessibility working group-education &amp; advocacy subgroup: monday, august , pm et/ am pt dlf committee for equity &amp; inclusion: thursday, august , pm et/ pm pt dlf museums cohort: wednesday, august , pm et/ am pt dlf-aig user experience working group: friday, august , pm et/ am pt dlf groups are open to all, regardless of whether or not you’re affiliated with a dlf member institution. learn more about our working groups and how to get involved on the dlf website. interested in starting a new working group or reviving an older one? need to schedule an upcoming working group call? check out the dlf organizer’s toolkit to learn more about how team dlf supports our working groups, and send us a message at info@diglib.org to let us know how we can help.  the post dlf digest: august appeared first on dlf. 	digital library federation: arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s qirab project (http://thesaurus-islamicus.org/index.htm). translations for the levels of digital preservation matrix and implementation guide were completed. links to these documents are found on the levels of digital preservation osf site (https://osf.io/qgz /). if you would be interested in translating the levels of digital preservation v . into another language please contact us at ndsa.digipres@gmail.com. الترجمات العربيَّة لمستويات الحفظ لعام والوثائق المرتبطة بها يسرُّ الاتحاد الوطني للإشراف الرقمي أن يُعلنَ عن صدور ترجمة باللغة العربيَّة لوثائق مستويات الحفظ الرقمي لعام ، نفَّذها زملاؤنا من مشروع «قِرَاب» التابع لجمعية المكنز الإسلامي. (http://thesaurus-islamicus.org)   وقد اكتملت التَّرجمات الخاصة بمصفوفة ودليل تنفيذ مستويات الحفظ الرقمي. علمًا أنه يمكن الوصولُ إلى تلك الوثائق من خلال مستويات الحفظ الرقمي لعام في الموقع الإلكتروني الخاص بمؤسسة أوبن ساينس فريم ورك (osf). (https://osf.io/qgz ) وفي حالة اهتمامكم بترجمة الإصدار الثاني من مستويات الحفظ الرقمي إلى لغةٍ أخرى، يُرجى التواصلُ معنا عبر عنوان البريد الإلكتروني التالي: ndsa.digipres@gmail.com the post arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation appeared first on dlf. 	lorcan dempsey: presentation: two metadata directions conferencei was pleased to deliver a presentation at the eurasian academic libraries conference - , organized by the nazarbayev university library and the association of university libraries in the republic of kazakhstan. thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and support. i was asked to talk about metadata and to mention oclc developments. the conference topic was: contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment.further information here:nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : homenazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : homenazarbayev university libguides at nazarbayev universitytopici spoke about two trends in metadata developments: entification and pluralization. each of these is important and i provided an example under each head of a related initiative at oclc. i discuss these trends in more detail in a recent blog entry, which recapitulated and extends the material presented at the conference:two metadata directions in librariesmetadata practice is evolving. i discuss two important trends here: entification and pluralization.lorcandempsey.netlorcanadditional materialsthe slides as presented are here:kazak.pptxthis is a presentation about trends in metadata, focusing on two important issues. the first is entification, moving from strings to things. the second is pluralization, as we seek to better represent the diversity of perspectives, experiences and memories. it discusses an oclc initiative associated…figsharethe conference organizers have made a video of the sessions available. here is the video for day two, which should begin as i begin speaking. move back to see more of the presentations. as we prepared the video, i did reflect on the future of conferences and conference-going. clearly, much to work through here, and we are certainly seeing new and engaging online and hybrid experiences. in writing the accompanying blog entry, i finished with this observation:the pandemic is affecting how we think about work travel and the design of events, although in as yet unclear ways. one pandemic effect, certainly, has been the ability to think about both audiences and speakers differently. it is unlikely that i would have attended this conference had it been face to face, however, i readily agreed to be an online participant. // two metadata directions 	lucidworks: how to increase ecommerce conversion rates with signals signals are powerful indicators of what customers want. here's how brands can use signals with machine learning models to improve conversion. the post how to increase ecommerce conversion rates with signals appeared first on lucidworks. 	david rosenthal: economics of evil revisited eight years ago i wrote economics of evil about the death of google reader and google's habit of leaving its customers users in the lurch. in the comments to the post i started keeping track of accessions to le petit musée des projets google abandonnés. so far i've recorded at least dead products, an average of more than a year. two years ago ron amadeo wrote about the problem this causes in google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand:we are days into the year, and so far, google is racking up an unprecedented body count. if we just take the official shutdown dates that have already occurred in , a google-branded product, feature, or service has died, on average, about every nine days. below the fold, some commentary on amadeo's latest report from the killing fields, in which he detects a little remorse.belatedly, someone at google seems to have realized that repeatedly suckering people into using one of your products then cutting them off at the knees, in some cases with one week's notice, can reduce their willingness to use your other products. and they are trying to do something about it, as amadeo writes in google cloud offers a model for fixing google’s product-killing reputation:a google division with similar issues is google cloud platform, which asks companies and developers to build a product or service powered by google's cloud infrastructure. like the rest of google, cloud platform has a reputation for instability, thanks to quickly deprecating apis, which require any project hosted on google's platform to be continuously updated to keep up with the latest changes. google cloud wants to address this issue, though, with a new "enterprise api" designation. what google means by "enterprise api" is: our working principle is that no feature may be removed (or changed in a way that is not backwards compatible) for as long as customers are actively using it. if a deprecation or breaking change is inevitable, then the burden is on us to make the migration as effortless as possible. they then have this caveat:the only exception to this rule is if there are critical security, legal, or intellectual property issues caused by the feature. and go on to explain what should happen: customers will receive a minimum of one year’s notice of an impending change, during which time the feature will continue to operate without issue. customers will have access to tools, docs, and other materials to migrate to newer versions with equivalent functionality and performance. we will also work with customers to help them reduce their usage to as close to zero as possible. this sounds good, but does anyone believe if google encountered "critical security, legal, or intellectual property issues" that meant they needed to break customer applications they'd wait a year before fixing them?amadeo points out that:despite being one of the world's largest internet companies and basically defining what modern cloud infrastructure looks like, google isn't doing very well in the cloud infrastructure market. analyst firm canalys puts google in a distant third, with percent market share, behind microsoft azure ( percent) and market leader amazon web services ( percent). rumor has it (according to a report from the information) that google cloud platform is facing a deadline to beat aws and microsoft, or it will risk losing funding.the linked story from actually says: while the company has invested heavily in the business since last year, google wants its cloud group to outrank those of one or both of its two main rivals by on canalys numbers, the "and" target to beat (aws plus azure) has happy customers forming % of the market. so there is % of the market up for grabs. if google added every single one of them to its % they still wouldn't beat a target of "both". adding six times their customer base in years isn't a realistic target.even the "or" target of azure is unrealistic. since google's market share has been static while azure's has been growing slowly. catching up in the years remaining would involve adding % of google's current market share. so le petit musée better be planning to enlarge its display space to make room for a really big new exhibit in . 	digital library federation: call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee ndsa will be electing three members to its coordinating committee (cc) this year, with terms starting in january . cc members serve a three year term, participate in a monthly call, and meet at the annual digital preservation conference. the coordinating committee provides strategic leadership to the organization in coordination with group co-chairs. ndsa is a diverse community with a critical mission, and we seek candidates to join the cc that bring a variety of cultures and orientations, skills, perspectives and experiences, to bear on leadership initiatives. working on the cc is an opportunity to contribute your leadership for the community as a whole, while collaborating with a wonderful group of dynamic and motivated professionals.  if you are interested in joining the ndsa coordinating committee (cc) or want to nominate another member, please complete the nomination form by : pm edt friday, august , , which asks for the name, e-mail address, brief bio/candidate statement (nominee-approved), and ndsa-affiliated institution of the nominee. we particularly encourage and welcome nominations of people from underrepresented groups and sectors.  as members of the ndsa, we join together to form a consortium of more than partnering organizations, including businesses, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, professional associations and universities, all engaged in the long-term preservation of digital information. committed to preserving access to our national digital heritage, we each offer our diverse skills, perspectives, experiences, cultures and orientations to achieve what we could not do alone.  the cc is dedicated to ensuring a strategic direction for ndsa, to the advancement of ndsa activities to achieve community goals, and to further communication among digital preservation professionals and ndsa member organizations. the cc is responsible for reviewing and approving ndsa membership applications and publications; updating eligibility standards for membership in the alliance, and other strategic documents; engaging with stakeholders in the community; and working to enroll new members committed to our core mission. more information about the duties and responsibilities of cc members can be found at the ndsa’s leadership page. we hope you will give this opportunity serious consideration and we value your continued contributions and leadership in our community. any questions can be directed to ndsadigipres@gmail.com.   thank you, nathan tallman, vice chair on behalf of the ndsa coordinating committee the post call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee appeared first on dlf. 	duraspace news: fedora migration paths and tools project update: july this is the latest in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see the previous post for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been generously funded by the imls. we completed some final performance tests and optimizations for the university of virginia pilot. both the migration to their aws server and the fedora . indexing operation were much slower than anticipated, so the project team tested a number of optimizations, including: adding more processing threads increasing the size of the server instance  using a separate and larger database server  using locally attached flash storage fortunately, these improvements made a big difference; for example, ingest speed was increased from . resources per second to . resources per second. in general, this means that institutions with specific performance targets can use a combination of parallel processing and increased computational resources. feedback from this pilot has been incorporated into the migration guide, updates to the migration-utils to improve performance, updates to the aws-deployer tool to provide additional options, and improvements to the migration-validator to handle errors. the whitman college team has begun their production migration using islandora workbench. initial benchmarking has shown that running workbench from the production server rather than locally on a laptop achieves much better performance, so this is the recommended approach. the team is working collection-by-collection using csv files and a tracking spreadsheet to keep track of each collection as it is ingested and ready to be tested. they have also developed a quality control checklist to make sure everything is working as intended – we anticipate doing detailed checks on the first few collections and spot checks for subsequent collections. as we near the end of the pilot project phase of the grant work we are focused on documentation for the migration toolkit. we plan to complete a draft of this documentation over the summer, after which this draft will be shared with the broader community for feedback. we will organize meetings in the fall to provide opportunities for community members to provide additional feedback on the toolkit and make suggestions for improvements. the post fedora migration paths and tools project update: july appeared first on duraspace.org. 	hangingtogether: how well does ead tag usage support finding aid discovery? in november, we shared information with you about the building a national finding aid network project (nafan). this is a two-year research and demonstration project to build the foundation for a (us) national archival finding aid network. oclc is engaged as a partner in the project, leading qualitative and quantitative research efforts. this post will gives some details on just one of those research strands, evaluation of finding aid data quality. in considering building a nationwide aggregation of finding aids, looking at the potential raw materials that will make up that resource helps us to both scope the network’s functionality to the finding aid data​ and to lay the groundwork for data remediation and expanded network features.​ we have two main research questions when approaching the finding aid data quality: what is the structure and extent of consistency across finding aid data in current aggregations?can that data support the needs to be identified in the user research phase of the study? if so, how? if not, what are the gaps? about the research aggregation twelve nafan partners made their finding aids available to the project for quantitative analysis, producing a total of over thousand documents. the finding aids were provided in the encoded archival description (ead) format. ead is an xml-based standard for describing collections of archival materials.  as a warning to the reader: this post delves deeply into ead elements and attributes and assumes at least a passing knowledge of the encoding standard. for those wishing to learn more about the definitions and structure, we recommend the official ead website or the less official but highly readable and helpful eadiva site.” a treemap visualization of finding aid sources in the nafan research aggregation. this treemap visualizes the relative proportion of the finding aid aggregation from the partners: archival resources in wisconsinarchives westarizona archives online (aao)black metropolis research consortium (bmrc)chicago collections consortiumconnecticut’s archives online (cao)empire archival discovery cooperative (empireadc)online archives of california (oac)philadelphia area archival research portal (paarp)rhode island archives and manuscripts online (riamco)texas archival resources online (taro)virginia heritage ​though a few of the partners provided much of the content, the aggregation is a very good mix from a wide variety of united states locales and institution types.​ dimensions for analysis this analysis continues work carried out previously, including a ead tag analysis that oclc worked on with a different aggregation of ead documents, based on about , finding aids drawn from oclc’s archivegrid discovery system. ​you can check out that previous study, “thresholds for discovery: ead tag analysis in archivegrid, and implications for discovery systems” published in code lib journal issue . oclc’s analysis looked at ead tag and attribute usage from a discovery perspective. for that study, we identified five high-level features that were often present in archival discovery systems.  ​ search: all discovery systems have a keyword search function; many also include the ability to search by a particular field or element.​browse: many discovery systems include the ability to browse finding aids by title, subject, dates, or other facets.​results display: once a user has done a search, the results display will return portions of the finding aid to help with further evaluation.​sort: once a user has done a search, they may have the option to reorder the results.​facet: once a user has done a search, they may have the option to narrow the results to only include results that fall within certain facets.​ the analysis used that framework of high-level discovery features to select ead elements and attributes that, if present, could be accessed, indexed, and displayed.​ this is the categorization of ead elements and attributes that the study found to be relevant for supporting discovery system features.  ​ dates​: unitdate​extent data​: extent​collection title sources​: unittitle, titleproper/@type=filing​content tags in dsc​: corpname, famname, function, genreform, geogname, name, occupation, persname, subject​content tags in origination​: corpname, famname, name, persname​content tags in controlaccess​: corpname, famname, function, geogname, name, occupation, persname, subject​material type​: controlaccess/genreform​repository​: repository​notes​: abstract, bioghist, scopecontent​ for example, dates could potentially be utilized as search terms, or leveraged for for browsing or sorting. they may also be important for disambiguating similarly named collections in displays.  ​similarly, material types, represented by form and genre terms, could be important for narrowing a large result using a facet.​ (thank you to eadiva for providing the excellent tag library that is linked to from the ead elements names above.) the question then was, how often are these key elements and attributes used?​ defining thresholds for discovery​ a table showing the thresholds of ead tag usage for supporting discovery. we should preface this by saying that it is difficult to predefine thresholds for the level of usage of an element at which it becomes more or less useful for discovery. ​is an element that is used % of the time still useful but one that is used % not?​ oclc’s study developed these thresholds after evaluating the ead aggregation.​ the absence of an element does not directly lead to a breakdown in a discovery system. it is more like a gradual decay of its effectiveness. ​ although we used these levels as a reference point in the study, we recognized that correlating usage with discovery is an artificial construct. ​ a table comparing ead tag usage in and . the above figure shows a comparison of the usage thresholds from the study (right), compared with the same tag analysis applied to the nafan corpus in (left).​ you will notice that there are some elements that we have added for analysis in the study, thanks to input from the expanded project team and the advisory board which is reviewing / providing input into work. this input has helped to breathe new life into old research.​ ​the findings of the study were decidedly mixed. some important elements were at the high or complete thresholds.  but many elements that are necessary for discovery interfaces were at medium or low use. though the nafan ead aggregation is a different corpus of data provided by different contributing institutions at a different time, the ead tag analysis for it hasn’t changed the picture very much.  ​ a few elements have moved from the high threshold to complete, and a few from medium to high. and we found that there was mostly low-level use of content tags in origination and control access.​ apart from that, the study’s appraisal of how well ead supports the typical features of discovery systems could be considered mostly unchanged.​ this may be due in part to the relatively static nature of ead finding aids. once written and published, some documents may not receive further updates and improvements. it is not uncommon to find ead documents in this aggregation that were published several years ago and have not been updated since. looking back on the conclusions of the study suggests that its cautionary forecast about underutilization of ead to support discovery has proven to be accurate, while the study’s vision of the promise and potential for improving ead encoding has yet to be fulfilled.​ if the archival community continues on its current path, then the potential of the ead format to support researchers or the public in discovery of material will remain underutilized. minimally, collection descriptions that are below the thresholds for discovery will hinder their discovery efforts and maximally will remain hidden from view.​perhaps with emerging evidence about the corpus of ead, continued discussion of practice, recognition of a need for greater functionality, and shared tools both to create new ead documents and improve existing encoding, we can look forward to further increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of ead encoding and develop a practice of ead encoding that pushes collection descriptions across the threshold of discovery.thresholds for discovery: ead tag analysis in archivegrid, and implications for discovery systems more research opportunities though replicating the ead tag analysis was an important step to confirm what we previously understood about the content and character of ead finding aids, it only scratched the surface of what’s left to learn.​ while oclc’s qualitative research is still being carried out and its findings won’t be available until later in the project, we can pursue other quantitative research right now to learn more about the nafan finding aid aggregation.​ here are some of the areas that we’re investigating:​ what is the linking potential of the nafan ead finding aids?​what is the completeness and consistency of the description of collections’ physical characteristics and genre?​are content element values associated with controlled vocabularies, or can they be?​is institutional contact information in ead finding aids consistent and reliable? ​how do ead finding aids inform researchers about access to, use of, and reuse of materials in the described collections?​ there are many possible avenues for research, but we want to be truly informed by the focus groups and researcher interviews before investing additional effort.​ the first area of investigation noted here about finding aid links to digital content correlates with early findings from oclc’s nafan pop-up survey which show that, for many users, only digitized materials would be of interest.   ​ investigating the linking potential of the aggregated finding aids could help answer several questions, including:​ what is the average number of external links per finding aid?​what ead elements and attributes are most frequently used for external links?​what types of digital objects are linked?​how many relative urls are present, that rely on the finding aid to be accessed within its local context?​what percentage of external links still resolve?​ oclc will be investigating these areas and publishing findings over the coming months.​ please get in touch with us if you’d like to discuss this work in more detail.​ the post how well does ead tag usage support finding aid discovery? appeared first on hanging together. 	open knowledge foundation: applications for the coact open calls on gender equality (july st, - september th, ) are open! coact is launching a call for proposals, inviting civil society initiatives to apply for our cascading grants with max. . euro to conduct citizen social science research on the topic of gender equality. a maximum of four ( ) applicants will be selected across three ( ) different open calls. applications from a broad range of backgrounds are welcome, including feminist, lgtbq+, none-binary and critical masculinity perspectives. eligible organisations can apply until september th, , : pm gmt. all information for submitting applications is available here: https://coactproject.eu/opencalls/ if selected, coact will support your work by providing funding for your project ( months max), alongside dedicated activities, resources and tools providing a research mentoring program for your team. in collaborative workshops you will be supported to co-design and explore available tools, working together with the coact team to achieve your goals. connecting you to a community of people and initiatives, tackling similar challenges and contributing to common aims. you will have the opportunity to discuss your projects with the other grantees and, moreover, will be invited to join coact´s broader citizen social science network. you should apply if you: are an ongoing citizen social science project looking for support, financial and otherwise, to grow and become sustainable; are a community interested in co-designing research to generate new knowledge about gender equality topics, broadly defined; are a not-for-profit organization focusing on community building, increasing the visibility of specific communities, increasing civic participation, and being interested in exploring the use of citizen social science in your work. read more about the open calls here: https://coactproject.eu/opencalls/ 	ed summers: altair Звезда Альтаир we use airtable quite a bit at $work for building static websites. it provides a very well designed no-code or low-code environment for creating and maintaining databases. it has an easy to use, beautifully documented, api which makes it simple to use your data in many different settings, and also to update the data programmatically, if that’s needed. airtable is a product, which means there is polished documentation, videos, user support, and helpful people keeping the lights on. but airtable also have a fiendishly inventive marketing and sales department who are quite artful at designing their pricing scheme with the features that will get you in the door, and the features that will act as pressure points to drive you to start paying them money … and then more money. of course, it’s important to pay for services you use on the web…it helps sustain them, which is good for everyone. but tying a fundamental part of your infrastructure to the whims of a company trying to maximize its profits sometimes has its downsides, which normally manifest over time. wouldn’t it be nice to be able to pay for a no-code database service like airtable that had more of a platform-cooperative mindset, where the thing being sustained was the software, the hardware and an open participatory organization for managing them? i think this approach has real value, especially in academia and other non-profit and activist organizations, where the focus is not endless growth and profits. i’ve run across a couple open source alternatives to airtable and thought i would just quickly note them down here for future self in case they are ever useful. caveat lector: i haven’t actually tried either of them yet, so these are just general observations after quickly looking at their websites, documentation and their code repositories. nocodb nocodb is a typescript/vue web application that has been designed to provide an interface for an existing database such as mysql, postgresql, sqlite, sqlserver, . i suspect you can also use it to create new databases too, but the fact that it can be used with multiple database backends distinguishes it from the next example. the idea is that you will deploy nocodb on your own infrastructure (using docker or installing it into a nodejs environment). they also provide a one click heroku installer. it has token based rest and graphql apis for integration with other applications. all the code is covered by a gnu agpl license. it seems like nocodb is tailored for gradual introduction into an already existing database ecosystem, which is good for many people. baserow baserow is a python/django + vue + postgresql application that provides airtable like functionality in a complete application stack. so unlike nocodb, baserow seems to want to manage the database entirely. while this might seem like a limitation at first i think it’s probably a good thing, since postgresql is arguably the best open source relational database out there in terms of features, support, extensibility and scalability. the fact that nocodb supports so many database backends makes me worry that it might not take full advantage of each, and it may be more difficult to scale. perhaps the nocodb folks see administering and tuning the database as an orthogonal problem to the one they are solving. having an application that uses one open source database, and uses it well seems like a plus. but that assumes that there are easy ways to import existing data. while the majority of the baserow code is open source with an mit expat license, they do have some code that is designated as premium with a separate baserow premium edition license that requires you to get a key to deploy. it’s interesting that the premium code appears to be open in the gitlab, and that they are relying on people to do right by purchasing a key if they use it. or i guess it’s possible that the runtime requires a valid key to be in place for premium features? their pricing also has a hosted version if you don’t want to deploy the application stack yourself, which is “free for now”, implying that it won’t be in the future, which makes sense. but it’s kind of strange to have to think about the hosting costs and the premium costs together. having the json and xml export be a premium feature seems a bit counter-intuitive, unless it’s meant to be a way to quickly extract money as people leave the platform. governance anyway these are some general quick notes. if i got anything wrong, or you know of other options in this area of open source, no-code databases please let me know. if i ever get around to trying either of these i’ll be sure to update this post. to return to this earlier idea of a platform-coop that supported these kinds of services i think we don’t see that idea present in either nocodb or baserow. it looks like baserow was started by bram wiepjes in the netherlands in , and that it is being set up as a profitable company. nocodb also appears to be a for profit startup. what would it look like to structure these kinds of software development projects around a co-operative governance? another option is to deploy and sustain these open source technologies as part of a separate co-op, which is actually how i found out about baserow, through the co-op cloud matrix chat. one downside to this approach is that all the benefits of having an participatory decision making process accrue to the people who are running the infrastructure, and not to the people designing and making the software. unless of course there is overlap in membership between the co-op and the software development. 	hangingtogether: social interoperability: getting to know all about you photo by mihai surdu on unsplash building and sustaining productive cross-campus partnerships in support of the university research enterprise is both necessary and fraught with challenges. social interoperability – the creation and maintenance of working relationships across individuals and organizational units that promote collaboration, communication, and mutual understanding – is the key to making these partnerships work. there are strategies and tactics for building social interoperability – can you use them to learn more about an important campus stakeholder and potential partner in research support services? this was the challenge we posed to participants in the third and final session of the joint oclc-liber online workshop building strategic relationships to advance open scholarship at your institution, based on the findings of the recent oclc research report social interoperability in research support: cross-campus partnerships and the university research enterprise. this three-part workshop brought together a dynamic group of international participants to examine the challenges of working across the institution, identify tools for cross-unit relationship building, and develop plans for increasing their own social interoperability. in this post, we share insights and perspectives from the workshop’s final session: “making your plan for developing cross-functional relationships at your institution.” in the first two sessions, we learned why social interoperability is important, and how it can be developed into a skill set we can use in our work. in the third session, we explored how, as library professionals, we can use our social interoperability skill set to reach out to other parts of the campus. the library as campus partner the session began with a reminder of the important role the library plays as a stakeholder and partner in the delivery of research support services, with recognized expertise in areas such as metadata, licensing/vendor negotiations, and bibliometrics/research impact. at the same time, the library often occupies a distinct space in terms of the perspective it brings to its mission, such as a strong preference for “free” and “open” solutions. given this unique blend of skills and values, the library is often viewed as a trusted and “agnostic” partner on campus, as we heard from our interviewees for our social interoperability report. but we also heard from our interviewees about several sources of frustration encountered when working with the library. for example, some campus stakeholders described how, in their experience, the library did not focus enough on the “bottom line”, or moved too slowly in comparison to the needs and workflows of researchers. during the session, we conducted a quick poll of the workshop participants, asking them to put themselves in the role of a different campus stakeholder and consider how that unit would describe the library in one word or phrase. the results were revealing: while the top responses included “supportive”, “helpful”, “competent”, and “expert”, “slow” was also a frequent choice, and other responses included “friendly but not fully relevant”, “opaque”, and “reactive not proactive”. the important takeaway was that in building cross-campus relationships, library professionals need to take into account, and in some cases, shift, how the library is perceived by potential collaborative partners, rather than relying on self-perceptions. while unflattering characterizations of the library may be based on misinformation, unfamiliarity, or differing priorities, they can still impede the development of productive working relationships (see the social interoperability report for more on the library as a campus partner). learn about your partners our breakout discussions were motivated by an enormously valuable resource shared by colleagues at rutgers university-new brunswick libraries. developed as part of a strategic planning initiative, the resource is a questionnaire that the library used to structure conversations with their stakeholders across campus. the purpose of the questionnaire was to learn about the library’s stakeholders: their goals, their challenges, their needs. consequently, almost all of the questions focused on the stakeholder’s priorities and interests; it is only toward the end of the questionnaire that library services are mentioned. this helped elicit the context that the library needed to align its work with the needs of stakeholders (see the social interoperability report for the full questionnaire) . the first discussion placed our participants in the role of discovering information about a hypothetical campus partner, using the rutgers questionnaire as a guide. this discussion elicited some good advice on how to approach prospective campus partners and learn about them. for example, in considering how to break the ice and learn about colleagues in campus it, several participants suggested initiating a discussion of general it-related topics, such as network security or new technologies. another participant suggested that a careful review of unit web sites would help in gathering information about prospective campus partners. while the pandemic has certainly introduced challenges in connecting to colleagues around campus, it has also sometimes made it easier: as one person pointed out, more people are attending inter-departmental meetings because it is easier to join a zoom meeting than to be physically present at a particular location on campus. discovering information about other units on campus is not without challenges, as many of our workshop participants shared in the discussions. for example, several participants reported that it was sometimes difficult to pinpoint who to connect with, or even to identify the hierarchy of the unit. while direct, interpersonal contact usually helped in forming relationships, campus units with high staff turnover – such as the it unit – made this problematic. and sometimes the information you discover about another unit’s responsibilities and needs may make forming successful partnerships even more daunting – for example, when it is clear that the other unit’s priorities do not easily mesh with those of the library. by way of illustration, some participants observed that university communications teams often seem remote from the library, and do not adequately relay information about the library and its activities. but as one person noted, it is a challenge for them to communicate everything, and currently, outreach to students and covid-related information are understandably their priorities. but participants also told many stories of how discovering more about their colleagues around campus helped create actionable opportunities for the library. often, it was as simple as discovering how library skills and capacities matched up to the needs of other units. for example, one participant described how units in the area of academic affairs valued input from the library in regard to accreditation processes. others talked about the fact that mandates aimed at promoting open science have started to have more “teeth”, with compliance receiving greater scrutiny. this creates a stronger demand for library expertise in areas such as data management plans. several participants mentioned that they have learned that rising interest in inter-disciplinary, “grand challenge” projects has created a need for project support capacities that the library can provide. and hearing from other campus units and departments about their need to better document productivity and output creates opportunities for library staff to initiate conversations about tools such as orcid that help advance that goal. what do your campus partners know about you? in one of the breakout discussions, a participant observed that they did not know very much about what their university communications team did. but, the participant continued, this probably means that the communications staff probably did not know much about what the library does! in the second set of breakout discussions, participants once again utilized the rutgers script as a frame as they considered what other campus units might say about how the library and its services contribute toward their work. one participant noted that the script questions were particularly useful for bringing out misconceptions about what the library can and cannot do. in the course of the discussions, several themes emerged from participants’ experiences of how the library is perceived across campus. first, it was clear that campus stakeholders often do not have a clear picture of the expertise and capacities of today’s academic library. participants noted, for example, that stakeholders often are unaware that the library can help with every aspect of the research cycle. much more effort is needed to raise awareness about the library’s role in the university research enterprise. one participant observed that at their university, the library provides good data management support, but it took a lot of work to make researchers see this expertise. another person related a similar experience, remarking that library participation in cross-campus projects requires a lot of energy and communication – not least because many campus stakeholders are not fully aware of what the library can do. or, as one participant pointed out, stakeholders may utilize library services without realizing it is the library that is providing them. another theme touched on the need to establish a clear boundary around library services within the broader university service eco-system. one participant remarked that the library provides many services, but some of them are also offered by other campus units. for example, if a researcher needs data storage services, should they go to campus it, or to the library? one participant described a circular process whereby the library receives a technical question and passes it to the it unit, which then passes it back to the library for resolution. participants also noted that as the library takes on new, emerging roles beyond its traditional functions, there is a tendency to “step on toes” and awaken territorial instincts in other campus units. but some participants also pointed out synergies that could be leveraged. a good example is that both the library and the it unit face budgetary challenges. when requests are received for support that neither unit can provide, but for which there is a clear need, they can collaborate to build a case for additional resources to address the gap. finally, workshop participants noted a shared need to elevate the perception of the library’s capabilities across campus. participants shared examples they have encountered of outdated or even indifferent perceptions of the library and its services: “important but not essential to research office day-to-day business”; “the office of the vice provost would not think of many areas that the library supports in the university research enterprise”; “the library buys the books”; “seen as useful, but difficult to get them to see things the library should take the lead on”; “not seen as thought leaders or a source for answers, but as service providers.” several participants cautioned against the library being seen strictly in an administrative support role in cross-unit initiatives; one person observed that the library’s responsibility to manage article processing charges (apcs) reinforces a perception as “book keeper” or “note-taker”. library staff are often included in projects only after funding is received, rather than being included as a partner as the project is being developed. how to counteract these perceptions? participants emphasized the need for a “negotiation” process to ease the tension between what is expected from libraries and what libraries can offer. in short, libraries must learn to say “no” when necessary. other campus units often expect a great deal from libraries, and library staff must strike a difficult balance between doing as much as possible to advance the interests of other units while at the same time preserving clear goals and advocating for library-related priorities. as one person noted, “there is so much education to be done” to dispel the notion that libraries are useful only for administrative support. libraries must break down and re-build these expectations. to do this, library staff need to be more proactive, rather than reactive, in their cross-campus partnerships. more openness across units is also needed, and libraries can set a good example in promoting transparency. and because, as one participant put it, “our services are not always top of mind”, library staff should work with the university communications team, as well as influential faculty and administrators, “to get our message across.” how do you feel about cross-unit partnerships now? we concluded the workshop by asking participants to select one word to describe their current feelings about the prospect for cross-campus partnerships at their institution, in light of what they learned over the three sessions. we were gratified to see that the top response was “optimistic”! and indeed, with careful attention to the importance and need for social interoperability, and the techniques and practices we discussed to build it in the campus environment, library staff can be optimistic that their campus partnerships will be successful, and that the full value proposition of the library will be better understood and utilized across the university research enterprise. special thanks to all of our workshop participants for sharing their insights through lively and enlightening discussions, and to our colleagues at liber for working with us to make the workshop a success (a great example of social interoperability in action!) the post social interoperability: getting to know all about you appeared first on hanging together. 	david rosenthal: yet another dna storage technique sourcean alternative approach to nucleic acid memory by george d. dickinson et al from boise state university describes a fundamentally different way to store and retrieve data using dna strands as the medium. will hughes et al have an accessible summary in dna ‘lite-brite’ is a promising way to archive data for decades or longer:we and our colleagues have developed a way to store data using pegs and pegboards made out of dna and retrieving the data with a microscope – a molecular version of the lite-brite toy. our prototype stores information in patterns using dna strands spaced about nanometers apart. below the fold i look at the details of the technique they call digital nucleic acid memory (dnam).the traditional way to use dna as a storage medium is to encode the data in the sequence of bases in a synthesized strand, then use sequencing to retrieve the data. instead:dnam uses advancements in super-resolution microscopy (srm) to access digital data stored in short oligonucleotide strands that are held together for imaging using dna origami. in dnam, non-volatile information is digitally encoded into specific combinations of single-stranded dna, commonly known as staple strands, that can form dna origami nanostructures when combined with a scaffold strand. when formed into origami, the staple strands are arranged at addressable locations ... that define an indexed matrix of digital information. this site-specific localization of digital information is enabled by designing staple strands with nucleotides that extend from the origami. writingin dnam, writing their character message "data is in our dna!\n" involved encoding it into -bit fountain code droplets then synthesizing two different types of dna sequences:origami: there is one origami for each bits of data to be stored. it forms a x matrix holding a bit index, the bits of droplet data, bits of parity, bits of checksum, and orientation bits. each of the cells thus contains a unique, message-specific dna sequence.staples: there is one staple for each of the x matrix cells, with one end of the strand matching the matrix cell's sequence, and the other indicating a or a by the presence or absence of a sequence that binds to the flourescent dna used for reading.when combined, the staple strands bind to the appropriate cells in the origami, labelling each cell as a or a .readingthe key difference between dnam and traditional dna storage techniques is that dnam reads data without sequencing the dna. instead, it uses optical microscopy to identify each "peg" (staple strand) in each matrix cell as either a or a : the patterns of dna strands – the pegs – light up when fluorescently labeled dna bind to them. because the fluorescent strands are short, they rapidly bind and unbind. this causes them to blink, making it easier to separate one peg from another and read the stored information. the difficulty in doing so is that the pegs are on a nanometer grid:because the dna pegs are positioned closer than half the wavelength of visible light, we used super-resolution microscopy, which circumvents the diffraction limit of light. the technique is called "dna-points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (dna-paint)". the process to recover the character message was: , frames from a single field of view were recorded using dna-paint (~ origami identified in  µm ). the super-resolution images of the hybridized imager strands were then reconstructed from blinking events identified in the recording to map the positions of the data domains on each origami ... using a custom localization processing algorithm, the signals were translated to a  ×  grid and converted back to a -bit binary string — which was passed to the decoding algorithm for error correction, droplet recovery, and message reconstruction ... the process enabled successful recovery of the dnam encoded message from a single super-resolution recording. analysisthe first thing to note is that whereas traditional dna storage techniques are volumetric, dnam like hard disk or tape is areal. it will therefore be unable to match the extraordinary data density potentially achievable using the traditional approach. dnam claims:after accounting for the bits used by the algorithms, our prototype was able to read data at a density of gigabits per square centimeter. current hard disks have an areal density of . tbit/inch , or about gbit/cm , so for a prototype this is good but not revolutionary, the areal density is set by the nm grid space, so it may not be possible to greatly reduce it. hard disk vendors have demonstrated gbit/cm and have roadmaps to around gbit/cm .dnam's writing process seems more complex than the traditional approach, so is unlikely to be faster or cheaper. the read process is likely to be both faster and cheaper, because dna-paint images a large number of origami in parallel, whereas sequencing is sequential (duh!). but, as i have written, the big barrier to adoption of dna storage is the low bandwidth and high cost of writing the data. 	eric lease morgan: searching cord- at the distant reader this blog posting documents the query syntax for an index of scientific journal articles called cord- . cord- is a data set of scientific journal articles on the topic of covid- . as of this writing, it includes more than , items. this data set has been harvested, pre-processed, indexed, and made available as a part of the distant reader. access to the index is freely available to anybody and everybody. the index is rooted in a technology called solr, a very popular indexing tool. the index supports simple searching, phrase searching, wildcard searches, fielded searching, boolean logic, and nested queries. each of these techniques are described below: simple searches – enter any words you desire, and you will most likely get results. in this regard, it is difficult to break the search engine. phrase searches – enclose query terms in double-quote marks to search the query as a phrase. examples include: "waste water", "circulating disease", and "acute respiratory syndrome". wildcard searches – append an asterisk (*) to any non-phrase query to perform a stemming operation on the given query. for example, the query virus* will return results including the words virus and viruses. fielded searches – the index has many different fields. the most important include: authors, title, year, journal, abstract, and keywords. to limit a query to a specific field, prefix the query with the name of the field and a colon (:). examples include: title:disease, abstract:"cardiovascular disease", or year: . of special note is the keywords field. keywords are sets of statistically significant and computer-selected terms akin to traditional library subject headings. the use of the keywords field is a very efficient way to create a small set of very relevant articles. examples include: keywords:mrna, keywords:ribosome, or keywords:china. boolean logic – queries can be combined with three boolean operators: ) and, ) or, or ) not. the use of and creates the intersection of two queries. the use of or creates the union of two queries. the use of not creates the negation of the second query. the boolean operators are case-sensitive. examples include: covid and title:sars, abstract:cat* or abstract:dog*, and abstract:cat* not abstract:dog* nested queries – boolean logic queries can be nested to return more sophisticated sets of articles; nesting allows you to override the way rudimentary boolean operations get combined. use matching parentheses (()) to create nested queries. an example includes ((covid and title:sars) or abstract:cat* or abstract:dog*) not year: . of all the different types of queries, nested queries will probably give you the most grief. 	tara robertson: strategic and effective storytelling with data i was delighted to speak at data science by design’s creator conference. dsxd is a community of researchers, educators, artists, computer scientists who conference organizers described as curious, dynamic, creative and interdisciplinary. i chose to talk about the challenge of communicating about diversity metrics in a way that informs and inspires your audience to want to push for change using mozilla’s last external diversity disclosure as an example.  here are important things to keep in mind when storytelling using data: understand who your audience is share the context of the data with your audience think about how you want your audience to feel  (and what you want them to do) after seeing the data  audience as this was an external disclosure it is obvious that one audience was people outside mozilla. transparency about dei metrics is table stakes for companies that say they care about these things. it’s also an important part of a company’s employer brand, especially for younger workers. when i’ve been interested in a job, i’m checking to see if companies are sharing their diversity metrics, what photos they use to illustrate who works there, what diversity in senior leadership looks like and how they’re telling the story of what their culture is like. when i see stories of free beer fridays, ping pong tables and “a work hard play hard” culture, i am much less interested in applying. i don’t drink alcohol, i don’t like ping pong, and i value work-life balance. equally important to me was the internal audience at mozilla. we had done a lot of internal systems work including redesigning our hiring process, removing meritocracy from our governance and leadership structures, and improving accessibility internally by live captioning all company meetings being more intentional about accessibility at events. i wanted people to see that all of these projects laddered up to measurable change. i wanted them to see progress and feel proud of all of our hard work. context a few years ago this is something i would have said:  by the end of , representation of women in technical roles was . %. this would prompt many questions from people, including: is this any good?  how do we compare to other companies? how do we compare to the labor market? what does our pipeline look like? are we getting better or worse? what do you mean by technical role? is a data analyst a technical role? what about a data scientist?  context is so important!  i decided to add an explainer video to the disclosure to help people understand the context. in addition, the video starts with the big picture context on why we were invested in d&amp;i at mozilla:  from the the individual experience of feeling like you belong to being directly connected to the mission “to make the internet open and accessible for all” as well as the business case on innovation and performance. emotion taking a data-driven approach is necessary in an engineering organization–most people want to see and understand the numbers. for the last diversity disclosure i prepared, i saw the opportunity to try and tell a story that could connect to people’s heads and hearts.    i wanted them to feel something, whether that was pride at the progress we’d made, or frustration that we weren’t making change quickly enough. my ideal outcome was to pique people’s curiosity and have them ask “what can i do to make mozilla a diverse and inclusive inclusive place?”. my worst case scenario is that people heard this update and thought “meh, whatever”. here’s the minute video: drew merit is the illustrator who brought this idea to life. i’d love examples from your work, or examples that you’ve seen out in the wild where people have used data to tell a story that inspires the audience to take action. the post strategic and effective storytelling with data appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	ed summers: untitled several years ago someone in our neighborhood was moving out of the area and was giving away their old piano. we figured out a way to get it to our house, and it has sat (still untuned) in a corner of our living room ever since. the kids have sporadically taken piano lessons, and the various teachers who have heard it have all been polite not to comment on its current state. mostly it just sits there, part table, part decoration, until someone stops by to play a little tune. it’s interesting to hear the kids develop little signature riffs that they play while walking by the piano in the morning, or sometimes before going to bed. here’s a short untitled little tune that maeve regularly plays, almost like a little prayer, or memory: 	lucidworks: how to capture chatbots’ untapped potential shoppers are turning to chatbots for more than customer service. here's how to make your chatbot the intelligent, well-rounded conversational app that consumers expect. the post how to capture chatbots’ untapped potential appeared first on lucidworks. 	hangingtogether: reimagine descriptive workflows: meeting the challenges of inclusive description in shared infrastructure in a previous blog post, i told you about our reimagine descriptive workflows project, and the path we took to get there. in that post, i shared the three objectives we have in this project. convene a conversation of community stakeholders about how to address the systemic issues of bias and racial inequity within our current collection description infrastructure.share with libraries the need to build more inclusive and equitable library collections.develop a community agenda to help clarify issues for those who do knowledge work in libraries, archives, and museums; prioritize areas for attention from these institutions; and provide guidance for those national agencies and suppliers. coming together in this post, i’m going to fill you in on the reimagine descriptive workflows convening we held in june. our virtual meeting took place in june ( – in north america, - in australia &amp; new zealand). fifty-nine people from the us, canada, australia, and new zealand attended the meeting, which was designed and co-facilitated by shift collective. prior to the convening, the project team met twice with the advisory group, who helped shape the following goals for the event: create a safe space to share and connect honestly as humanslay the foundations for relationship building and repairbuilding a basis for reciprocal relationships between communities and centers of powerinspire radical thinking to rebuild a more just metadata infrastructurestart building a concrete roadmap for change in the sector and keep conversation going the project team identified potential participants through a consultative process and via self nomination. we prioritized attendance for those who had demonstrated leadership working in the area of “just descriptions.” we also prioritized the attendance of bipoc colleagues, as well as others with lived experiences as members of underrepresented groups. all participants were offered a stipend to acknowledge and partially compensate in recognition of the valuable time, labor, and expertise they would bring to the event. the reimagine descriptive workflows meeting was held, as so many are in these times, via zoom. recognizing that virtual meeting fatigue is real (and that our group included participants from the middle of australia all the way to the east coast of north america) we met between two and three hours each day. for meeting organizers this presented a challenge – how to structure the time together so that people could connect with one another as humans and build connections and trust, but also produce concrete outputs that would help move the conversation forward. in order to help foster connections and build community, asante salaam (who i think of as the shift team’s minister of culture!) helped to create a unique set of “cultural infusions” for participants, bringing in artists, musicians, a chef, and a poet and fostering conversations to give us an encounter with local flavor and culture from just some of the communities we were connecting with. it was not the same as being able to share a meal or gallery walk with others, but, for me, her efforts created a communal experience that supported the opportunity to connect with others outside of the official convening agenda. to help establish the space we would share for three days, the meeting hosts put forward the following agreements. share the space, step forward/step backlisten and share bravelylisten for understandingsense and speak your feelingsuse “i” statementsdiscomfort is not the same as harmno alphabet soup (don’t use acronyms and insider language without explaining it)be kind to yourself and otherstake care of your needs although we were together as the full group at the beginning and end of each day, and for our “cultural infusions,” most time was spent in smaller groups of five to six people, each supported by a guide. the guides took notes on behalf of the group and offered timekeeping support and gentle moderation when needed. notes were kept in miro (an ever-expanding online whiteboard and collaboration space). here is an example of one of the discussion groups’ miro board at the conclusion of the convening. thanks to shift team member, tayo medupin, who put a lot of effort and artistic touches into the design of these boards – it made me feel like i was in a distinctive space as opposed to a characterless virtual room. screen capture: notes from one discussion group composting, weeding, and seeding the topic for the first day was “composting: what is driving us forward?” during this day we worked through prompts such as… why is taking this journey together meaningful? where is our abundance, and what assets should we bring with us? what stories and experiences of positive change will we build upon? what must be acknowledged? on day two, the topic was “weeding: what is holding us back?” here, participants were given time to draw a map or diagram of what a just, anti-racist and equitable descriptive workflow would look like. prompts included calling out systemic, technical or procedural, social, cultural or personal blockers that might exist to implementing that workflow. between the second and third days, tayo medupin, together with other members of the shift team, worked her miro magic, collecting notes from the various discussion groups and mapping them to eleven design challenges. on the final day of the convening the small groups explored the topic “seeding: opportunities for change?” and adopted a design challenge, using the time to explore questions related to the challenge. because of the limited amount of time we had to spend together, the small groups were only able to dig into a few of these. reimagine descriptive workflows design challenges [note: these are in draft form and have received little review. we are sharing to give a sense of meeting outcomes.] screen capture: notes from discussions mapped to design challenges are we done yet? insight: we’re trying to catalog and describe a world which is dynamic, fluid, complex and evolving over time in a cataloging culture that rewards the singular, definitive, and static. opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a cataloging culture that embraces the long-term view, valuing and rewarding evolution, deepening, enrichment and progress over the concept of ‘complete’? stop and learn (connecting with communities) insight: we’re trying to slow down and involve communities in our workflows in equitable ways within a cataloging culture that pushes us to speed up and to spend and value time / resource in ways that can be at odds with slowing down and equitable collaboration. opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a cataloging culture that demonstrably values community engagement by making it accepted and even expected to slow down and invest our time and money in this way? in it for the long haul insight: we have been and will be trying to create just metadata description across multiple generations. we are currently riding a wave of socio-political interest and prioritization that may or may not last. opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support the foundations for a resilient (anti-fragile) system of actors and activity pushing towards just metadata description that will be able to survive the generation to come? context insight: we are trying to redress hundreds of years of white supremacist colonial describing at scale in a system that is judged and valued on the legacy descriptions and language we can still see right now. opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a mutuality of understanding about where we are in the journey and what road is left ahead? common definitions insight: we are trying to work towards a just, equitable, anti-racist, anti-oppressive approach, but are we working within a common understanding of what this means and should/could look like in the sector? opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support the creation of share visions and definitions of ‘good’ held by those working towards just description? change culture insight: we’re often trying to make changes within organizational structures and cultures that can feel resistant or challenging to change. opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support individuals, teams and collectives to help shape and reshape the cultures of our core institutions to ready them for this long and hard period of change? connected abundance insight: we’re trying to change a huge legacy system often in our silos, in isolation, experiencing scarcity and without the clout of a network of others also making strides in the fight. opportunity: how might we create the conditions / support the growth of a thriving and resilient network of people, groups and organizations sharing the energy, bravery, resource, ideas, information and rest needed for the sector to transform? power to change insight: we’re trying to change a huge legacy system in our own ways but many of us in our work, teams, institutions and sector do not feel we have the power and agency to make the necessary change opportunity: how might we create the conditions / support the growth of a sector where everyone feels the power and agency to drive forward the necessary change? liberating the liberators insight: there are pockets of the future in the present in smaller institutions and in individuals who are pioneering just, anti-oppressive approaches, but they are often hampered by scale, visibility, recognition and reward. opportunity: how might we create the conditions / support the growth and progress of our system liberators to help them to create and scale the changes and cultures we need to transform us? third horizon insight: we’re trying to create just, equitable, anti-racist and anti-oppressive descriptions within a structure and worldview of describing which is conceptually unjust, inequitable, racist and oppressive. opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support a radical rethink of the very concept of cataloging and metadata description, to lay the foundations for an approach that will better serve us for the next years? feedback culture insight: we’re trying to create just metadata description in a culture that doesn’t currently prioritize, demand, embrace or leave space for external feedback. opportunity: how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a cataloging culture that demands, priorities and creates room for external / community feedback? thanks and gratitude an important output of the reimagine descriptive workflows project was the construction of a novel online convening that helped to support a brave space for productive and honest conversations about the challenges and solutions around inclusive and anti-racist description. this convening was the mudsill, setting the stage for everything to come. for seven hours of meeting, many, many more were put into the planning. first and foremost, we want to thank our advisory group, which has really been at the heart of this project. we are grateful to this amazing group which not only brings their substantial professional perspectives but also their network connections and their lived experiences in this space. this group devoted heart and dedication, doing this work on top of their very busy professional and personal lives. stacy allison-cassin, jennifer baxmeyer, dorothy berry, kimberley bugg, camille callison, lillian chavez, trevor a. dawes, jarret martin drake, bergis jules, cellia joe-olsen, katrina tamaira, damien webb. we were gratified that nearly every person who was invited to the meeting not only accepted our invitation but came to the meeting and shared experiences and ideas. convening attendees added so much by contributing, preparing, and being present. they made this so much more than another zoom meeting. audrey altman, jill annitto, heidy berthoud, kelly bolding, stephanie bredbenner, itza carbajal, may chan, alissa cherry, sarah dupont, maria estorino, sharon farnel, lisa gavell, marti heyman, jay holloway, jasmine jones, michelle light, sharon leon, koa luke, christina manzella, mark matienzo, rachel merrick, shaneé yvette murrain, lea osborne, ashwinee pendharkar, treshani perera, nathan putnam, keila zayas ruiz, holly smith, gina solares, michael stewart, katrina tamaira, diane vizine-goetz, bri watson, beacher wiggins, and pamela wright. many thanks also to the team at shift collective that helped to design and facilitate the meetings: gerry himmelreich, jennifer himmelreich, lynette johnson, tayo medupin, asante salaam, and jon voss. an oclc team also contributed to the planning and implementation: rachel frick, bettina huhn, nancy lensenmayer, mercy procaccini, merrilee proffitt, and chela scott weber. finally, a big thank you to the andrew w. mellon foundation for co-investing alongside oclc. this seed funding made this convening possible. next steps the eleven design challenges barely scratch the surface of everything that was covered at the meeting. the project team still has hours of transcripts and other meeting outputs to dig through. we’ll be using those outputs to construct a draft community agenda, as we promised at the outset of this project. we will make that draft available for broad community comment before publishing. we will also be using the community agenda to structure conversations with library leaders and other stakeholders – we believe it is important in socializing this work to get a sense of how those with power and access to purse strings see their role in implementing this work. and, of course we will be doing work internal to oclc to consider our own role in the vision that this community has created. as we consider our next steps, we are taking seriously our responsibilities as stewards of this conversation. although preliminary feedback from the meeting was overwhelmingly positive, many attendees expressed a yearning to be able to connect, or continue to connect and learn from one another. we are considering how best to nurture that seed so that it can grow. thanks to marti heyman, andrew pace, mercy procaccini, and chela weber who reviewed and improved this blog post. the post reimagine descriptive workflows: meeting the challenges of inclusive description in shared infrastructure appeared first on hanging together. 	lucidworks: activate conference : call for submissions the annual activate conference continues virtually in , and submissions for speakers are now open. the post activate conference : call for submissions appeared first on lucidworks. 	in the library, with the lead pipe: dismantling the evaluation framework (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation reactiveproactiveunderstanding of informationindividual objects you find→networked objects that find youunderstanding of evaluationintrinsic (to the object)→contextual (within the network)user is the agentinformation is the agent→both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationshiphow/what we teachclosed yes/no questions with defined answers→open questionsbinaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)→contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z)student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)→student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processesevaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics→evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sourcescraapsift→into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debatesarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in .mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit.mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.comjessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-studyjutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit.alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - .see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - .alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - .alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - .alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit.barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework 	open knowledge foundation: welcome livemark – the new frictionless data tool we are very excited to announce that a new tool has been added to the frictionless data toolkit: livemark. what is frictionless? frictionless data is a set of specifications for data and metadata interoperability, accompanied by a collection of software libraries that implement these specifications, and a range of best practices for data management. the project is funded by the sloan foundation and open data institute. learn more about frictionless data here. what is livemark? livemark is a great tool that allows you to publish data articles very easily, giving you the possibility to see your data live on a working website in a blink of an eye. how does it work? livemark is a python library generating a static page that extends markdown with interactive charts, tables, scripts, and much much more. you can use the frictionless framework as a frictionless variable to work with your tabular data in livemark. livemark offers a series of useful features, like automatically generating a table of contents and providing a scroll-to-top button when you scroll down your document. you can also customise the layout of your newly created webpage. how can you get started? livemark is very easy to use. we invite you watch this great demo by developer evgeny karev: you can also have a look at the documentation on github what do you think? if you create a site using livemark, please let us know! frictionless data is an open source project, therefore we encourage you to give us feedback. let us know your thoughts, suggestions, or issues by joining us in our community chat on discord (opens new window) or by opening an issue in the github repo. 	samvera: take a virtual tour of samvera repositories the samvera repository online tour provides an overview of a range of samvera-based digital repositories and their collections at institutions across the us and uk. click through to explore how samvera technologies allow institutions and organizations to organize and provide access to diverse materials — from oral histories and historic photographs, to student projects and research data.  the tour was planned by the samvera marketing working group and created using storymapjs by lafayette college libraries student workers grayce walker, deja jackson, and khaknazar shyntassov. a huge thanks to them, as well as to charlotte nunes at lafayette college libraries digital scholarship services for coordinating the work. if you’d like to include your samvera-based repository on the tour, simply fill out this form. the post take a virtual tour of samvera repositories appeared first on samvera. 	david rosenthal: alternatives to proof-of-work the designers of peer-to-peer consensus protocols such as those underlying cryptocurrencies face three distinct problems. they need to prevent:being swamped by a multitude of sybil peers under the control of an attacker. this requires making peer participation expensive, such as by proof-of-work (pow). pow is problematic because it has a catastrophic carbon footprint.a rational majority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this is thought to be achieved by decentralization, that is a network of so many peers acting independently that a conspiracy among a majority of them is highly improbable. decentralization is problematic because in practice all successful cryptocurrencies are effectively centralized.a rational minority of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this requirement is called incentive compatibility. this is problematic because it requires very careful design of the protocol.in the rather long post below the fold i focus on some potential alternatives to pow, inspired by jeremiah wagstaff's subspace: a solution to the farmer’s dilemma, the white paper for a new blockchain technology.careful design of the economic mechanisms of the protocol can in theory ensure incentive compatibility, or as ittay eyal and emin gun sirer express it:the best strategy of a rational minority pool is to be honest, and a minority of colluding miners cannot earn disproportionate benefits by deviating from the protocol they showed in that the bitcoin protocol was not incentive-compatible, but this is in principle amenable to a technical fix. unfortunately, ensuring decentralization is a much harder problem.decentralizationvitalik buterin, co-founder of ethereum, wrote in the meaning of decentralization:in the case of blockchain protocols, the mathematical and economic reasoning behind the safety of the consensus often relies crucially on the uncoordinated choice model, or the assumption that the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently. the internet's basic protocols, tcp/ip, dns, smtp, http are all decentralized, and yet the actual internet is heavily centralized around a few large companies. centralization is an emergent behavior, driven not by technical but by economic forces. w. brian arthur described these forces before the web took off in his book increasing returns and path dependence in the economy.similarly, the blockchain protocols are decentralized but ever since the bitcoin blockchain has been centralized around - large mining pools. buterin wrote:can we really say that the uncoordinated choice model is realistic when % of the bitcoin network’s mining power is well-coordinated enough to show up together at the same conference? this is perhaps the greatest among the multiple failures of satoshi nakamoto's goals for bitcoin. the economic forces driving this centralization are the same as those that centralized other internet protocols. i explored how they act to centralize p p systems in 's economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks. i argued that an incentive-compatible protocol wasn't adequate to prevent centralization. the simplistic version of the argument was:the income to a participant in an incentive-compatible p p network should be linear in their contribution of resources to the network.the costs a participant incurs by contributing resources to the network will be less than linear in their resource contribution, because of the economies of scale.thus the proportional profit margin a participant obtains will increase with increasing resource contribution.thus the effects described in brian arthur's increasing returns and path dependence in the economy will apply, and the network will be dominated by a few, perhaps just one, large participant.and i wrote:the advantages of p p networks arise from a diverse network of small, roughly equal resource contributors. thus it seems that p p networks which have the characteristics needed to succeed (by being widely adopted) also inevitably carry the seeds of their own failure (by becoming effectively centralized). bitcoin is an example of this. my description of the fundamental problem was:the network has to arrange not just that the reward grows more slowly than the contribution, but that it grows more slowly than the cost of the contribution to any participant. if there is even one participant whose rewards outpace their costs, brian arthur's analysis shows they will end up dominating the network. herein lies the rub. the network does not know what an individual participant's costs, or even the average participant's costs, are and how they grow as the participant scales up their contribution.so the network would have to err on the safe side, and make rewards grow very slowly with contribution, at least above a certain minimum size. doing so would mean few if any participants above the minimum contribution, making growth dependent entirely on recruiting new participants. this would be hard because their gains from participation would be limited to the minimum reward. it is clear that mass participation in the bitcoin network was fuelled by the (unsustainable) prospect of large gains for a small investment. the result of limiting reward growth would be a blockchain with limited expenditure on mining which, as we see with the endemic % attacks against alt-coins, would not be secure. but without such limits, economies of scale mean that the blockchain would be dominated by a few large mining pools, so would not be decentralized and would be vulnerable to insider attacks. note that in june the ghash.io mining pool alone had more than % of the bitcoin mining power.but the major current problem for bitcoin, ethereum and cryptocurrencies in general is not vulnerability to % attacks. participants in these "trustless" systems trust that the mining pools are invested in their security and will not conspire to misbehave. events have shown that this trust is misplaced as applied to smaller alt-coins. trustlessness was one of nakamoto's goals, another of the failures. but as regards the major cryptocurrencies this trust is plausible; everyone is making enough golden eggs to preserve the life of the goose.alternatives to proof-of-workthe major current problem for cryptocurrencies is that their catastrophic carbon footprint has attracted attention. david gerard writes:the bit where proof-of-work mining uses a country’s worth of electricity to run the most inefficient payment system in human history is finally coming to public attention, and is probably bitcoin’s biggest public relations problem. normal people think of bitcoin as this dumb nerd money that nerds rip each other off with — but when they hear about proof-of-work, they get angry. externalities turn out to matter. yang xiao et al's a survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks is very useful. they:identify five core components of a blockchain consensus protocol, namely, block proposal, block validation, information propagation, block finalization, and incentive mechanism. a wide spectrum of blockchain consensus protocols are then carefully reviewed accompanied by algorithmic abstractions and vulnerability analyses. the surveyed consensus protocols are analyzed using the five-component framework and compared with respect to different performance metrics. their "wide spectrum" is comprehensive as regards the variety of pow protocols, and as regards the varieties of proof-of-stake (pos) protocols that are the leading alternatives to pow. their coverage of other consensus protocols is less thorough, and as regards the various protocols that defend against sybil attacks by wasting storage instead of computation it is minimal.the main approach to replacing pow with something equally good at preventing sybil attacks but less good at cooking the planet has been pos, but a recent entrant using proof-of-time-and-space (i'll use potas since the acronyms others use are confusing) to waste storage has attracted considerable attention. i will discuss pos in general terms and two specific systems, chia (potas) and subspace (a hybrid of potas and pos).proof-of-stakein pow as implemented by nakamoto, the probability of a winning the next block is proportional to the number of otherwise useless hashes computed — nakamoto thought by individual cpus but now by giant mining pools driven by warehouses full of mining asics. the idea of pos is that the resource being wasted to deter sybil attacks is the cryptocurrency itself. in order to mount a % attack the attacker would have to control more of the cryptocurrency that the loyal peers. in vanilla pos the probability of winning the next block is proportional to the amount of the cryptocurrency "staked", i.e. effectively escrowed and placed at risk of being "slashed" if the majority concludes that the peer has misbehaved. it appears to have been first proposed in by bitcointalk user quantummechanic.the first cryptocurrency to use pos, albeit as a hybrid with pow, was peercoin in . there have been a number of pure pos cryptocurrencies since, including cardano from and algorand from but none have been very successful.ethereum, the second most important cryptocurrency, understood the need to replace pow in and started work in . but as vitalik buterin then wrote:over the last few months we have become more and more convinced that some inclusion of proof of stake is a necessary component for long-term sustainability; however, actually implementing a proof of stake algorithm that is effective is proving to be surprisingly complex.the fact that ethereum includes a turing-complete contracting system complicates things further, as it makes certain kinds of collusion much easier without requiring trust, and creates a large pool of stake in the hands of decentralized entities that have the incentive to vote with the stake to collect rewards, but which are too stupid to tell good blockchains from bad. buterin was right about making "certain kinds of collusion much easier without requiring trust". in on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos philip daian and co-authors show that "smart contracts" provide for untraceable on-chain collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous. it is obviously much harder to prevent bad behavior in a turing-complete environment. seven years later ethereum is still working on the transition, which they currently don't expect to be complete for another months:shocked to see that the timeline for ethereum moving to eth and getting off proof-of-work mining has been put back to late … about months from now. this is mostly from delays in getting sharding to work properly. vitalik buterin says that this is because the ethereum team isn’t working well together. [tokenist] skepticism about the schedule for eth is well-warranted, as julia magas writes in when will ethereum . fully launch? roadmap promises speed, but history says otherwise:looking at how fast the relevant updates were implemented in the previous versions of ethereum roadmaps, it turns out that the planned and real release dates are about a year apart, at the very minimum. are there other reasons why pos is so hard to implement safely? bram cohen's talk at stanford included a critique of pos:its threat model is weaker than proof of work.just as proof of work is in practice centralized around large mining pools, proof of stake is centralized around large currency holdings (which were probably acquired much more cheaply than large mining installations).the choice of a quorum size is problematic. "too small and it's attackable. too large and nothing happens." and "unfortunately, those values are likely to be on the wrong side of each other in practice."incentivizing peers to put their holdings at stake creates a class of attacks in which peers "exaggerate one's own bonding and blocking it from others."slashing introduces a class of attacks in which peers cause others to be fraudulently slashed.the incentives need to be strong enough to overcome the risks of slashing, and of keeping their signing keys accessible and thus at risk of compromise."defending against those attacks can lead to situations where the system gets wedged because a split happened and nobody wants to take one for the team"cohen seriously under-played pos's centralization problem. it isn't just that the gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies are extremely high, but that this is a self-reinforcing problem. because the rewards for mining new blocks, and the fees for including transactions in blocks, flow to the hodl-ers in proportion to their hodl-ings, whatever gini coefficient the systems starts out with will always increase. as i wrote, cryptocurrencies are:a mechanism for transferring wealth from later adopters, called suckers, to early adopters, called geniuses. pos makes this "ratchet" mechanism much stronger than pow, and thus renders them much more vulnerable to insider % attacks. i discussed one such high-profile attack by justin sun of tron on the steemit blockchain in proof-of-stake in practice :one week later, on march nd, tron arranged for exchanges, including huobi, binance and poloniex, to stake tokens they held on behalf of their customers in a % attack:according to the list of accounts powered up on march. , the three exchanges collectively put in over million steem power (sp).with an overwhelming amount of stake, the steemit team was then able to unilaterally implement hard fork . to regain their stake and vote out all top community witnesses – server operators responsible for block production – using account @dev as a proxy. in the current list of steem witnesses, steemit and tron’s own witnesses took up the first slots. although this attack didn't provide tron with an immediate monetary reward, the long term value of retaining effective control of the blockchain was vastly greater than the cost of staking the tokens. i've been pointing out that the high gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies means proof-of-stake centralizes control of the blockchain in the hands of the whales since 's why decentralize? quoted vitalik buterin pointing out that a realistic scenario was:in a proof of stake blockchain, % of the coins at stake are held at one exchange. or in this case three exchanges cooperating. note that economic analyses of pos, such as more (or less) economic limits of the blockchain by joshua gans and neil gandal, assume economically rational actors care about the iliquidity of staked coins and the foregone interest. but true believers in "number go up" have a long-term perspective similar to sun's. the eventual progress of their coin "to the moon!" means that temporary, short-term costs are irrelevant to long-term hodl-ers.jude c. nelson amplifies the centralization point:pow is open-membership, because the means of coin production are not tied to owning coins already. all you need to contribute is computing power, and you can start earning coins at a profit.pos is closed-membership with a veneer of open-membership, because the means of coin production are tied to owning a coin already. what this means in practice is that no rational coin-owner is going to sell you coins at a fast enough rate that you'll be able to increase your means of coin production. put another way, the price you'd pay for the increased means of coin production will meet or exceed the total expected revenue created by staking those coins over their lifetime. so unless you know something the seller doesn't, you won't be able to profit by buying your way into staking.overall, this makes pos less resilient and less egalitarian than pow. while both require an up-front capital expenditure, the expenditure for pos coin-production will meet or exceed the total expected revenue of those coins at the point of sale. so, the system is only as resilient as the nodes run by the people who bought in initially, and the only way to join later is to buy coins from people who want to exit (which would only be viable if these folks believed the coins are worth less than what you're buying them for, which doesn't bode well for you as the buyer). nelson continues:pow requires less proactive trust and coordination between community members than pos -- and thus is better able to recover from both liveness and safety failures -- precisely because it both ( ) provides a computational method for ranking fork quality, and ( ) allows anyone to participate in producing a fork at any time. if the canonical chain is %-attacked, and the attack eventually subsides, then the canonical chain can eventually be re-established in-band by honest miners simply continuing to work on the non-attacker chain. in pos, block-producers have no such protocol -- such a protocol cannot exist because to the rest of the network, it looks like the honest nodes have been slashed for being dishonest. any recovery procedure necessarily includes block-producers having to go around and convince people out-of-band that they were totally not dishonest, and were slashed due to a "hack" (and, since there's lots of money on the line, who knows if they're being honest about this?). pos conforms to mark : :for he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath. in section vi(e) yang xiao et al identify the following types of vulnerability in pos systems:costless simulation:literally means any player can simulate any segment of blockchain history at the cost of no real work but speculation, as pos does not incur intensive computation while the blockchain records all staking history. this may give attackers shortcuts to fabricate an alternative blockchain. it is the basis for attacks through . nothing at stakeunlike a pow miner, a pos minter needs little extra effort to validate transactions and generate blocks on multiple competing chains simultaneously. this “multi-bet” strategy makes economical sense to pos nodes because by doing so they can avoid the opportunity cost of sticking to any single chain. consequently if a significantly fraction of nodes perform the “multi-bet” strategy, an attacker holding far less than % of tokens can mount a successful double spending attack. the defense against this attack is usually "slashing", forfeiting the stake of miners detected on multiple competing chains. but slashing, as cohen and nelson point out, is in itself a consensus problem. posterior corruptionthe key enabler of posterior corruption is the public availability of staking history on the blockchain, which includes stakeholder addresses and staking amounts. an attacker can attempt to corrupt the stakeholders who once possessed substantial stakes but little at present by promising them rewards after growing an alternative chain with altered transaction history (we call it a “malicious chain”). when there are enough stakeholders corrupted, the colluding group (attacker and corrupted once-rich stakeholders) could own a significant portion of tokens (possibly more than %) at some point in history, from which they are able to grow an malicious chain that will eventually surpass the current main chain. the defense is key-evolving cryptography, which ensures that the past signatures cannot be forged by the future private keys. long-range attack as introduced by buterin:foresees that a small group of colluding attackers can regrow a longer valid chain that starts not long after the genesis block. because there were likely only a few stakeholders and a lack of competition at the nascent stage of the blockchain, the attackers can grow the malicious chain very fast and redo all the pos blocks (i.e. by costless simulation) while claiming all the historical block rewards. evangelos deirmentzoglou et al's a survey on long-range attacks for proof of stake protocols provides a useful review of these attacks. even if there are no block rewards, only fees, a variant long-range attack is possible as described in stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains by peter gazi et al, and by shijie zhang and jong-hyouk lee in eclipse-based stake-bleeding attacks in pos blockchain systems.stake-grinding attackunlike pow in which pseudo-randomness is guaranteed by the brute-force use of a cryptographic hash function, pos’s pseudo-randomness is influenced by extra blockchain information—the staking history. malicious pos minters may take advantage of costless simulation and other staking-related mechanisms to bias the randomness of pos in their own favor, thus achieving higher winning probabilities compared to their stake amounts centralization risk as discussed above:in pos the minters can lawfully reinvest their profits into staking perpetually, which allows the one with a large sum of unused tokens become wealthier and eventually reach a monopoly status. when a player owns more than % of tokens in circulation, the consensus process will be dominated by this player and the system integrity will not be guaranteed. there are a number of papers on this problem, including staking pool centralization in proof-of-stake blockchain network by ping he et al, compounding of wealth in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies by giulia fanti et al, and stake shift in major cryptocurrencies: an empirical study by rainer stütz et al. but to my mind none of them suggest a realistic mitigation.these are not the only problems from which pos suffers. two more are:checkpointing. long-range and related attacks are capable of rewriting almost the entire chain. to mitigate this, pos systems can arrange for consensus on checkpoints, blocks which are subsequently regarded as canonical forcing any rewriting to start no earlier than the following block. winkle – decentralised checkpointing for proof-of-stake is:a decentralised checkpointing mechanism operated by coin holders, whose keys are harder to compromise than validators’ as they are more numerous. by analogy, in bitcoin, taking control of one-third of the total supply of money would require at least keys, whereas only mining pools control more than half of the hash power it is important that consensus on checkpoints is achieved through a different mechanism than consensus on blocks. to over-simplify, winkle piggy-backs votes for checkpoints on transactions; a transaction votes for a block with the number of coins remaining in the sending account, and with the number sent to the receiving account. a checkpoint is final once a set proportion of the coins have voted for it. for the details, see winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems by sarah azouvi et al. lending. in competitive equilibria between staking and on-chain lending, tarun chitra demonstrates that it is:possible for on-chain lending smart contracts to cannibalize network security in pos systems. when the yield provided by these contracts is more attractive than the inflation rate provided from staking, stakers will tend to remove their staked tokens and lend them out, thus reducing network security. ... our results illustrate that rational, non-adversarial actors can dramatically reduce pos network security if block rewards are not calibrated appropriately above the expected yields of on-chain lending. i believe this is part of a fundamental problem for pos. the token used to prevent a single attacker appearing as a multitude of independent peers can be lent, and thus the attacker can borrow a temporary majority of the stake cheaply, for only a short-term interest payment. preventing this increases implementation complexity significantly.in summary, despite pos' potential for greatly reducing pow's environmental impact and cost of defending against sybil attacks, it has a major disadvantage. it is significantly more complex and thus its attack surface is much larger, especially when combined with a turing-complete execution environment such as ethereum's. it therefore needs more defense mechanisms, which increase complexity further. buterin and the ethereum developers realize the complexity of the implementation task they face, which is why their responsible approach is taking so long. currently ethereum is the only realistic candidate to displace bitcoin, and thus reduce cryptocurrencies' carbon footprint, so the difficulty of an industrial-strength implementation of pos for ethereum . is a major problem.proof-of-space-and-timeback in i wrote about bram cohen's potas system, chia, in proofs of space and chia network. instead of wasting computation to prevent sybil attacks, chia wastes storage. chia's "space farmers" create and store "plots" consisting of large amounts of otherwise useless data. the technical details are described in chia consensus. they are comprehensive and impressively well thought out.because, like bitcoin, chia is wasting a real resource to defend against sybil attacks it lacks many of pos' vulnerabilities. nevertheless, the chia protocol is significantly more complex than bitcoin and thus likely to possess additional vulnerabilities. for example, whereas in bitcoin there is only one role for participants, mining, the chia protocol involves three roles:farmer, "farmers are nodes which participate in the consensus algorithm by storing plots and checking them for proofs of space."timelord, "timelords are nodes which participate in the consensus algorithm by creating proofs of time".full node, which involves "broadcasting proofs of space and time, creating blocks, maintaining a mempool of pending transactions, storing the historical blockchain, and uploading blocks to other full nodes as well as wallets (light clients)."figure another added complexity is that the chia protocol maintains three chains (challenge, reward and foliage), plus an evanescent chain during each "slot" (think bitcoin's block time), as shown in the document's figure . the document therefore includes a range of attacks and their mitigations which are of considerable technical interest.cohen's praiseworthy objective for chia was to avoid the massive power waste of pow because:"you have this thing where mass storage medium you can set a bit and leave it there until the end of time and its not costing you any more power. dram is costing you power when its just sitting there doing nothing". alas, cohen was exaggerating:a state-of-the-art disk drive, such as seagate's tb barracuda pro, consumes about w spun-down in standby mode, about w spun-up idle and about w doing random k reads. which is what it would be doing much of the time while "space farming". clearly, potas uses energy, just much less than pow. reporting on cohen's talk at stanford i summarized:cohen's vision is of a posp/vdf network comprising large numbers of desktop pcs, continuously connected and powered up, each with one, or at most a few, half-empty hard drives. the drives would have been purchased at retail a few years ago. my main criticism in those posts was cohen's naiveté about storage technology, the storage market and economies of scale:there would appear to be three possible kinds of participants in a pool:individuals using the spare space in their desktop pc's disk. the storage for the proof of space is effectively "free", but unless these miners joined pools, they would be unlikely to get a reward in the life of the disk. individuals buying systems with cpu, ram and disk solely for mining. the disruption to the user's experience is gone, but now the whole cost of mining has to be covered by the rewards. to smooth out their income, these miners would join pools. investors in data-center scale mining pools. economies of scale would mean that these participants would see better profits for less hassle than the individuals buying systems, so these investor pools would come to dominate the network, replicating the bitcoin pool centralization. thus if chia's network were to become successful, mining would be dominated by a few large pools. each pool would run a vdf server to which the pool's participants would submit their proofs of space, so that the pool manager could verify their contribution to the pool.the emergence of pools, and dominance of a small number of pools, has nothing to do with the particular consensus mechanism in use. thus i am skeptical that alternatives to proof of work will significantly reduce centralization of mining in blockchains generally, and in chia network's blockchain specifically. as i was writing the first of these posts, techcrunch reported:chia has just raised a $ . million seed round led by angellist’s naval ravikant and joined by andreessen horowitz, greylock and more. the money will help the startup build out its chia coin and blockchain powered by proofs of space and time instead of bitcoin’s energy-sucking proofs of work, which it plans to launch in q . even in the naiveté persisted, as chia pitched the idea that space farming on a raspberry pi was a way to make money. it still persists, as chia's president reportedly claims that "recyclable hard drives are entering the marketplace". but when chia coin actually started trading in early may the reality was nothing like cohen's vision:as everyone predicted, the immediate effect was to create a massive shortage of the ssds needed to create plots, and the hard drives needed to store them. even gene hoffman, chia's ceo, admitted that bitcoin rival chia 'destroyed' hard disc supply chains, says its boss:chia, a cryptocurrency intended to be a “green” alternative to bitcoin has instead caused a global shortage of hard discs. gene hoffman, the president of chia network, the company behind the currency, admits that “we’ve kind of destroyed the short-term supply chain”, but he denies it will become an environmental drain. the result of the spike in storage prices was a rise in the vendors stock:the share price of hard disc maker western digital has increased from $ at the start of the year to $ , while competitor seagate is up from $ to $ over the same period. to give you some idea of how rapidly chia has consumed storage in the two months since launch, it is around % of the rate at which the entire industry produced hard disk in . chia pools mining pools arose. as i write the network is storing . eb of otherwise useless data, of which one pool, ihpool.com is managing . eb, or . %. unlike bitcoin, the next two pools are much smaller, but large enough so that the top four pools have % of the space. the network is slightly more decentralized than bitcoin has been since , and for reasons discussed below is less vulnerable to an insider % attack. chia "price" the "price" of chia coin collapsed, from $ . at the start of trading to $ . sunday before soaring to $ . as i write. each circulating xch corresponds to about tb. the investment in "space farming" hardware vastly outweighs, by nearly six times, the market cap of the cryptocurrency it is supporting. the "space farmers" are earning $ . m/day, or about $ /tb/year. a tb internal drive is currently about $ on amazon, so it will be about a months before it earns a profit. the drive is only warranted for years. but note that the warranty is limited:supports up to tb/yr workload rate workload rate is defined as the amount of user data transferred to or from the hard drive. using the drive for "space farming" would likely void the warranty and, just as pow does to gpus, burn out the drive long before its warranted life. if you have two years, the $ investment theoretically earns a % return before power and other costs. but the hard drive isn't the only cost of space farming. in order to become a "space farmer" in the first place you need to create plots containing many gigabytes of otherwise useless cryptographically-generated data. you need lots of them; the probability of winning your share of the $ . m/day is how big a fraction of the nearly eb you can generate and store. the eb is growing rapidly, so the quicker you can generate the plots, the better your chance in the near term. to do so in finite time you need in addition to the hard drive a large ssd at extra cost. using it for plotting will void its warranty and burn it out in as little as six weeks. and you need a powerful server running flat-out to do the cryptography, which both rather casts doubt on how much less power than pow chia really uses, and increases the payback time significantly. in my first chia post i predicted that "space farming" would be dominated by huge data centers such as amazon's. sure enough, wolfie zhao reported on may th that:technology giant amazon has rolled out a solution dedicated to chia crypto mining on its aws cloud computing platform.according to a campaign page on the amazon aws chinese site, the platform touts that users can deploy a cloud-based storage system in as quickly as five minutes in order to mine xch, the native cryptocurrency on the chia network. two weeks later david gerard reported that:the page disappeared in short order — but an archive exists. because chia mining trashes the drives, something else i pointed out in my first chia post, storage services are banning users who think that renting something is a license to destroy it. in any case, tb of amazon's s reduced redundancy storage costs $ . /day, so it would be hard to make ends meet. cheaper storage services, such as wasabi at $ . /day are at considerable risk from chia. although this isn't an immediate effect, as david gerard writes, because creating chia plots wears out ssds, and chia farming wears out hard disks:chia produces vast quantities of e-waste—rare metals, assembled into expensive computing components, turned into toxic near-unrecyclable landfill within weeks. miners are incentivized to join pools because they prefer a relatively predictable, frequent flow of small rewards to very infrequent large rewards. the way pools work in bitcoin and related protocols is that the pool decides what transactions are in the block it hopes to mine, and gets all the pool participants to work on that block. thus a pool, or a conspiracy among pools, that had % of the mining power would have effective control over the transactions that were finalized. because they make the decision as to which transactions happen, nicholas weaver argues that mining pools are money transmitters and thus subject to the aml/kyc rules. but in chia pools work differently:first and foremost, even when a winning farmer is using a pool, they themselves are the ones who make the transaction block - not the pool. the decentralization benefits of this policy are obvious. the potential future downside is that while bitcoin miners in a pool can argue that aml/kyc is the responsibility of the pool, chia farmers would be responsible for enforcing the aml/kyc rules and subject to bank-sized penalties for failing to do so.in bitcoin the winning pool receives and distributes both the block reward and the (currently much smaller) transaction fees. over time the bitcoin block reward is due to go to zero and the system is intended to survive on fees alone. alas, research has shown that a fee-only bitcoin system is insecure.chia does things differently in two ways. first:all the transaction fees generated by a block go to the farmer who found it and not to the pool.trying to split the transaction fees with the pool could result in transaction fees being paid ‘under the table’ either by making them go directly to the farmer or making an anyone can spend output which the farmer would then pay to themselves. circumventing the pool would take up space on the blockchain. it could also encourage the emergence of alternative pooling protocols where the pool makes the transaction block which is a form of centralization we wish to avoid. the basic argument is that in bitcoin the % conspiracy is n pools where in chia it is m farmers (m ≫ n). chia are confident that this is safe:this ensures that even if a pool has % netspace, they would also need to control all of the farmer nodes (with the % netspace) to do any malicious activity. this will be very difficult unless all the farmers (with the % netspace) downloaded the same malicious chia client programmed by a bram like level genius. i'm a bit less confident because, like ethereum, chia has a turing-complete programming environment. in on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos philip daian and co-authors showed that "smart contracts" provide for untraceable on-chain collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous. although their conspriacies were much smaller, similar techniques might be the basis for larger attacks on blockchains with "smart contracts".second:this method has the downside of reducing the smoothing benefits of pools if transaction fees come to dominate fixed block rewards. that’s never been a major issue in bitcoin and our block reward schedule is set to only halve three times and continue at a fixed amount forever after. there will alway be block rewards to pay to the pool while transaction fees go to the individual farmers. so unlike the austrian economics of bitcoin, chia plans to reward farming by inflating the currency indefinitely, never depending wholly on fees. in bitcoin the pool takes the whole block reward, but the way block rewards work is different too:fixed block rewards are set to go / to the pool and / to the farmer. this seems to be a sweet spot where it doesn’t reduce smoothing all that much but also wipes out potential selfish mining attacks where someone joins a competing pool and takes their partials but doesn’t upload actual blocks when they find them. those sort of attacks can become profitable when the fraction of the split is smaller than the size of the pool relative to the whole system. last i checked ihpool.com had almost % of the total system.rational economics are not in play here. "space farming" makes sense only at scale or for the most dedicated believers in "number go up". others are less than happy:so i tested this chia thing overnight. gave it gb plot and two cpu threads. after hours it consumed gb temp space, didn’t sync yet, cpu usage is always %+. estimated reward time is months. this isn’t green, already being centralised on large waste producing servers. the problem for the "number go up" believers is that the "size go up" too, by about half-an-exabyte a day. as the network grows, the chance that your investment in hardware will earn a reward goes down because it represents a smaller proportion of the total. unless "number go up" much faster than "size go up", your investment is depreciating rapidly not just because you are burning it out but because its cost-effectiveness is decaying. and as we see, "size go up" rapidly but "number go down" rapidly. and economies of scale mean that return on investment in hardware will go up significantly with the proportion of the total the farmer has. so the little guy gets the short end of the stick even if they are in a pool.chia's technology is extremely clever, but the economics of the system that results in the real world don't pass the laugh test. chia is using nearly a billion dollars of equipment being paid for by inflating the currency at a rate of currently / billion dollars a year to process transactions at a rate around five billion dollars a year, a task that could probably be done using a conventional database and a raspberry pi. the only reason for this profligacy is to be able to claim that it is "decentralized". it is more decentralized than pow or pos systems, but over time economies of scale and free entry will drive the reward for farming in fiat terms down and mean that small-scale farmers will be squeezed out.the chia "price" chart suggests that it might have been a "list-and-dump" scheme, in which a z and the other vcs incentivized the miners to mine and the exchanges to list the new cryptocurrency so that the vcs could dump their hodl-ings on the muppets seduced by the hype and escape with a profit. note that a z just raised a $ . b fund dedicated to pouring money into similar schemes. this is enough to fund chia-sized ventures! (david gerard aptly calls andreesen horowitz "the softbank of crypto") they wouldn't do that unless they were making big bucks from at least some of the ones they funded earlier. chia's sensitivity about their pr led them to hurl bogus legal threats at the leading chia community blog. neither is a good look. subspaceas we see, the chia network has one huge pool and a number of relatively miniscule pools. in subspace" a solution to the farmer's dilemma, wagstaff describes the "farmer's dilemma" thus:observe that in any poc blockchain a farmer is, by-definition, incentivized to allocate as much of its scarce storage resources as possible towards consensus. contrast this with the desire for all full nodes to reserve storage for maintaining both the current state and history of the blockchain. these competing requirements pose a challenge to farmers: do they adhere to the desired behavior, retaining the state and history, or do they seek to maximize their own rewards, instead dedicating all available space towards consensus? when faced with this farmer’s dilemma rational farmers will always choose the latter, effectively becoming light clients, while degrading both the security and decentralization of the network. this implies that any poc blockchain would eventually consolidate into a single large farming pool, with even greater speed than has been previously observed with pow and pos chains. subspace proposes to resolve this using a hybrid of pos and potas:we instead clearly distinguish between a permissionless farming mechanism for block production and permissioned staking mechanism for block finalization. wagstaff describes it thus:to prevent farmers from discarding the history, we construct a novel poc consensus protocol based on proofs-of-storage of the history of the blockchain itself, in which each farmer stores as many provably-unique replicas of the chain history as their disk space allows.to ensure the history remains available, farmers form a decentralized storage network, which allows the history to remain fully-recoverable, load-balanced, and efficiently-retrievable.to relieve farmers of the burden of maintaining the state and preforming [sic] redundant computation, we apply the classic technique in distributed systems of decoupling consensus and computation. farmers are then solely responsible for the ordering of transactions, while a separate class of executor nodes maintain the state and compute the transitions for each new block.to ensure executors remain accountable for their actions, we employ a system of staked deposits, verifiable computation, and non-interactive fraud proofs.separating consensus (potas) and computation (pos) has interesting effects:like chia, the only function of pools is to smooth out farmer's rewards. they do not compose the blocks. pools will compete on their fees. economics of scale mean that the larger the pool, the lower the fees it can charge. so, just like chia, subspace will end up with one, or only a few, large pools.like chia, if they can find a proof, farmers assemble transactions into a block which they can submit to executors for finalization. subspace shares with chia the property that a % attack requires m farmers not n pools (m ≫ n), assuming of course no supply chain attack or abuse of "smart contracts".subspace uses a lockss-like technique of electing a random subset of executors for each finalization. because any participant can unambiguously detect fraudulent execution, and thus that the finalization of a block is fraudulent, the opportunity for bad behavior by executors is highly constrained. a conspiracy of executors has to hope that no honest executor is elected.like chia, the technology is extremely clever but there are interesting economic aspects. as regards farmers, wagstaff writes:to ensure the history does not grow beyond total network storage capacity, we modify the transaction fee mechanism such that it dynamically adjusts in response to the replication factor. recall that in bitcoin, the base fee rate is a function of the size of the transaction in bytes, not the amount of btc being transferred. we extend this equation by including a multiplier, derived from the replication factor. this establishes a mandatory minimum fee for each transaction, which reflects its perpetual storage cost. the multiplier is recalculated each epoch, from the estimated network storage and the current size of the history. the higher the replication factor, the cheaper the cost of storage per byte. as the replication factor approaches one, the cost of storage asymptotically approaches infinity. as the replication factor decreases, transaction fees will rise, making farming more profitable, and in-turn attracting more capacity to the network. this allows the cost of storage to reach an equilibrium price as a function of the supply of, and demand for, space. there are some issues here:the assumption that the market for fees can determine the "perpetual storage cost" is problematic. as i first showed back in , the endowment needed for "perpetual storage" depends very strongly on two factors that are inherently unpredictable, the future rate of decrease of media cost in $/byte (kryder rate), and the future interest rate. the invisible hand of the market for transaction fees cannot know these, it only knows the current cost of storage. nor can subspace management know them, to set the "mandatory minimum fee". thus it is likely that fees will significantly under-estimate the "perpetual storage cost", leading to problems down the road.the assumption that those wishing to transact will be prepared to pay at least the "mandatory minimum fee" is suspect. cryptocurrency fees are notoriously volatile because they are based on a blind auction; when no-one wants to transact a "mandatory minimum fee" would be a deterrent, when everyone wants to fees are unaffordable. research has shown that if fees dominate block rewards systems become unstable.wagstaff's paper doesn't seem to describe how block rewards work; i assume that they go to the individual farmer or are shared via a pool for smoother cash flow. i couldn't see from the paper whether, like chia, subspace intends to avoid depending upon fees.as regards executors:for each new block, a small constant number of executors are chosen through a stake-weighted election. anyone may participate in execution by syncing the state and placing a small deposit. but the chance that they will be elected and gain the reward for finalizing a block and generating an execution receipt (er) depends upon how much they stake. the mechanism for rewarding executors is:farmers split transaction fee rewards evenly with all executors, based on the expected number of ers for each block. for example, if executors are elected, the farmer will take half of the all transaction fees, while each executor will take / . a farmer is incentivized to include all ers which finalize execution for its parent block because doing so will allow it to claim more of its share of the rewards for its own block. for example, if the farmer only includes out of expected ers, it will instead receive / (not / ) of total rewards, while each of the executors will still receive / . any remaining shares will then be escrowed within a treasury account under the control of the community of token holders, with the aim of incentivizing continued protocol development. although the role of executor demands significant resources, both in hardware and in staked coins, these rewards seem inadequate. every executor has to execute the state transitions in every block. but for each block only a small fraction of the executors receive only, in the example above, / of the fees. note also footnote : we use this rate for explanatory purposes, while noting that in order to minimize the plutocratic nature of pos, executor shares should be smaller in practice. so wagstaff expects that an executor will receive only a small fraction of a small fraction of / of the transaction fees. even supposing the stake distribution among executors was small and even, unlikely in practice, for the random election mechanism to be effective there need to be many times executors. for example, if there are executors, and executors share / of the fees, each can expect around . % of the fees. bitcoin currently runs with fees less than % of the block rewards. if subspace had the same split in my example executors as a class would expect around . % of the block rewards, with farmers as a class receiving % of the block rewards plus . % of the fees.there is another problem — the notorious volatility of transaction fees set against the constant cost of running an executor. much of the time there would be relatively low demand for transactions, so a block would contain relatively few transactions that each offered the mandatory minimum fee. unless the fees, and especially the mandatory minimum fee, are large relative to the block reward it isn't clear why executors would participate. but fees that large would risk the instability of fee-only blockchains.there are two other roles in subspace, verifiers and full nodes. as regards incentivizing verifiers:we rely on the fact that all executors may act as verifiers at negligible additional cost, as they are already required to maintain the valid state transitions in order to propose new ers. if we further require them to reveal fraud in order to protect their own stake and claim their share of the rewards, in the event that they themselves are elected, then we can provide a more natural solution to the verifier’s dilemma. as regards incentivizing full nodes, wagstaff isn't clear.in addition to executors, any full node may also monitor the network and generate fraud proofs, by virtue of the fact that no deposit is required to act as verifier. as i read the paper, full nodes have similar hardware requirements as executors but no income stream to support them unless they are executors too.overall, subspace is interesting. but the advantage from a farmer's point of view of subspace over chia is that their whole storage resource is devoted to farming. everything else is not really significant, and all this would be dominated by a fairly small difference in "price". add to that the fact that chia has already occupied the market niche for new potas systems, and has high visibility via bram cohen and a z, and the prospects for subspace don't look good. if subspace succeeds, economies of scale will have two effects:large pools will dominate small pools because they can charge smaller fees.large farmers will dominate small farmers because their rewards are linear in the resource they commit, but their costs are sub-linear, so their profit is super-linear. this will likely result in the most profitable, hassle-free way for smaller consumers to participate being investing in a pool rather than actually farming.conclusionthe overall theme is that permissionless blockchains have to make participating in consensus expensive in some way to defend against sybils. thus if you are expending an expensive resource economies of scale are an unavoidable part of sybil defense. if you want to be "decentralized" to avoid % attacks from insiders you have to have some really powerful mechanism pushing back against economies of scale. i see three possibilities, either the blockchain protocol designers:don't understand why successful cryptocurrencies are centralized, so don't understand the need to push back on economies of scale.do understand the need to push back on economies of scale but can't figure out how to do it. it is true that figuring this out is incredibly difficult, but their response should be to say "if the blockchain is going to end up centralized, why bother wasting resources trying to be permissionless?" not to implement something they claim is decentralized when they know it won't be.don't care about decentralization, they just want to get rich quick, and are betting it will centralize around them.in most cases, my money is on # . at least both chia and subspace have made efforts to defuse the worst aspects of centralization. 	open knowledge foundation: open data day – read the report = = = = = = = we are really pleased to share with you our report on open data day . = = = = = = = we wrote this report for the open data day funding partners – microsoft, uk foreign, commonwealth and development office, mapbox, global facility for disaster reduction and recovery, latin american open data initiative, open contracting partnership and datopian. but we also decided to publish it here so that everyone interested in open data day can learn more about the open data day mini-grant scheme – and the impact of joining open data day as a funding partner. = = = = = = = highlights from the report include: a list of the countries that received mini-grants in 	 a breakdown of the mini-grants by world bank region. it’s notable that most of the open data day mini-grants were distributed to sub-saharan africa and latin america &amp; the caribbean. no mini-grants were sent to north america or the middle east &amp; north africa. if you would like to help us reach these two regions in open data day – please do email us at opendataday@okfn.org 	 a chart showing % of mini-grants went to lower, lower middle or upper middle income countries (by world bank lending group). we think this is probably about the right kind of distribution. 	 eleven case studies demonstrating the impact of the open data day mini-grant programme. = = = = = = = to find out more, you can download the report here please do email us at opendataday@okfn.org if you would like a high resolution copy. = = = = = = = if you would like to learn more about open data day, please visit www.opendataday.org, join the open data day forum or visit the open knowledge foundation blog, where we regularly post articles about open data day. 	david rosenthal: graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown below the fold an update to last thursday's china's cryptocurrency crackdown with more recent graphs.mckenzie sigalos reports that bitcoin mining is now easier and more profitable as algorithm adjusts after china crackdown:china had long been the epicenter of bitcoin miners, with past estimates indicating that % to % of the world's bitcoin mining happened there, but a government-led crackdown has effectively banished the country's crypto miners."for the first time in the bitcoin network's history, we have a complete shutdown of mining in a targeted geographic region that affected more than % of the network," said darin feinstein, founder of blockcap and core scientific.more than % of the hashrate – the collective computing power of miners worldwide – has dropped off the network since its market peak in may. sourcehere is the hashrate graph. it is currently . th/s, down from a peak of . th/s, so down . % from the peak and trending strongly down. we may not have seen the end of the drop. this is good news for bitcoin.the result is that the bitcoin system slowed down:typically, it takes about minutes to complete a block, but feinstein told cnbc the bitcoin network has slowed down to - to -minute block times. and thus, as shown in the difficulty graph, the bitcoin algorithm adjusted the difficulty: this is precisely why bitcoin re-calibrates every blocks, or about every two weeks, resetting how tough it is for miners to mine. on saturday, the bitcoin code automatically made it about % less difficult to mine – a historically unprecedented drop for the network – thereby restoring block times back to the optimal -minute window. sourceit went from a peak of . t to . t, a drop of . %. this is good news for bitcoin, as sigalos writes:fewer competitors and less difficulty means that any miner with a machine plugged in is going to see a significant increase in profitability and more predictable revenue."all bitcoin miners share in the same economics and are mining on the same network, so miners both public and private will see the uplift in revenue," said kevin zhang, former chief mining officer at greenridge generation, the first major u.s. power plant to begin mining behind-the-meter at a large scale.assuming fixed power costs, zhang estimates revenues of $ per day for those using the latest-generation bitmain miner, versus $ per day prior to the change. longer-term, although miner income can fluctuate with the price of the coin, zhang also noted that mining revenues have dropped only % from the bitcoin price peak in april, whereas the coin's price has dropped about %. sourcehere is the miners' revenue graph. it went from a peak of $ . m/day on april th to a trough of $ . m/day on june th, a drop of . %. it has since bounced back a little, so this is good news for bitcoin, if not quite as good as zhang thinks. obviously, the trough was before the decrease in difficulty, which subsequently resulted in . btc rewards happening more frequently than before and thus increased miners' revenue somewhat.have you noticed how important it is to check the numbers that the hodl-ers throw around?matt novak reported on june st that: miners in china are now looking to sell their equipment overseas, and it appears many have already found buyers. cnbc’s eunice yoon tweeted early monday that a chinese logistics firm was shipping , lbs ( , kilograms) of crypto mining equipment to an unnamed buyer in maryland for just $ . per kilogram. and sigalos adds details:of all the possible destinations for this equipment, the u.s. appears to be especially well-positioned to absorb this stray hashrate. cnbc is told that major u.s. mining operators are already signing deals to patriate some of these homeless bitmain miners.u.s. bitcoin mining is booming, and has venture capital flowing to it, so they are poised to take advantage of the miner migration, arvanaghi told cnbc."many u.s. bitcoin miners that were funded when bitcoin's price started rising in november and december of means that they were already building out their power capacity when the china mining ban took hold," he said. "it's great timing." and, as always, the hodl-ers ignore economies of scale and hold out hope for the little guy:but barbour believes that much smaller players in the residential u.s. also stand a chance at capturing these excess miners."i think this is a signal that in the future, bitcoin mining will be more distributed by necessity," said barbour. "less mega-mines like the + megawatt ones we see in texas and more small mines on small commercial and eventually residential spaces. it's much harder for a politician to shut down a mine in someone's garage." it is good news for bitcoin that more of the mining power is in the us where the us government could suppress it by, for example, declaring that mining is money transmission and thus that pools needed to adhere to the aml/kyc rules. doing so would place the poor little guy in a garage in a dilemma — mine on his own and be unlikely to get a reward before their rig was obsolete, or join an illegal pool and risk their traffic being spotted. update:the malaysian government's crackdown is an example to the world. andrew hayward reports that police destroy , bitcoin miners with big ass steamroller in malaysia. 	ted lawless: automatically extracting keyphrases from text i've posted an explainer/guide to how we are automatically extracting keyphrases for constellate, a new text analytics service from jstor and portico. we are defining keyphrases as up to three word phrases that are key, or important, to the overall subject matter of the document keyphrase is often used interchangeably with keywords, but we are opting to use the former since it's more descriptive we did a fair amount of reading to grasp prior art in this area, extracting keyphrases is a long standing research topic in information retrieval and natural language processing, and ended up developing a custom solution based on term frequency in the constellate corpus if you are interested in this work generally, and not just the constellate implementation, burton dewilde has published an excellent primer on automated keyphrase extraction. more information about constellate can be found here. disclaimer: this is a work-related post i don't intend to speak for my employer, ithaka 	david rosenthal: venture capital isn't working i was an early employee at three vc-funded startups from the s and s. all of them ipo-ed and two (sun microsystems and nvidia) made it into the list of the top us companies by market capitalization. so i'm in a good position to appreciate jeffrey funk's must-read the crisis of venture capital: fixing america’s broken start-up system. funk starts: despite all the attention and investment that silicon valley’s recent start-ups have received, they have done little but lose money: uber, lyft, wework, pinterest, and snapchat have consistently failed to turn profits, with uber’s cumulative losses exceeding $ billion. perhaps even more notorious are bankrupt and discredited start-ups such as theranos, luckin coffee, and wirecard, which were plagued with management failures, technical problems, or even outright fraud that auditors failed to notice.what’s going on? there is no immediately obvious reason why this generation of start-ups should be so financially disastrous. after all, amazon incurred losses for many years, but eventually grew to become one of the most profitable companies in the world, even as enron and worldcom were mired in accounting scandals. so why can’t today’s start-ups also succeed? are they exceptions, or part of a larger, more systemic problem? below the fold, some reflections on funk's insightful analysis of the "larger, more systemic problem".funk introduces his argument thus:in this article, i first discuss the abundant evidence for low returns on vc investments in the contemporary market. second, i summarize the performance of start-ups founded twenty to fifty years ago, in an era when most start-ups quickly became profitable, and the most successful ones rapidly achieved top- market capitalization. third, i contrast these earlier, more successful start-ups with silicon valley’s current set of “unicorns,” the most successful of today’s start-ups. fourth, i discuss why today’s start-ups are doing worse than those of previous generations and explore the reasons why technological innovation has slowed in recent years. fifth, i offer some brief proposals about what can be done to fix our broken start-up system. systemic problems will require systemic solutions, and thus major changes are needed not just on the part of venture capitalists but also in our universities and business schools. is there a problem?funk's argument that there is a problem can be summarized thus:the returns on vc investments over the last two decades haven't matched the golden years of the proceeding two decades.in the golden years startups made profits.now they don't.vc returns are sub-parsourcethis graph from a morgan stanley report shows that during the s the returns from vc investments greatly exceeded the returns from public equity. but since then the median vc return has been below that of public equity. this doesn't reward investors for the much higher risk of vc investments. the weighted average vc return is slightly above that of public equity because, as funk explains:a small percentage of investments does provide high returns, and these high returns for top-performing vc funds persist over subsequent quarters. although this data does not demonstrate that select vcs consistently earn solid profits over decades, it does suggest that these vcs are achieving good returns. it was always true that vc quality varied greatly. i discussed the advantages of working with great vcs in kai li's fast keynote:work with the best vc funds. the difference between the best and the merely good in vcs is at least as big as the difference between the best and the merely good programmers. at nvidia we had two of the very best, sutter hill and sequoia. the result is that, like kai but unlike many entrepreneurs, we think vcs are enormously helpful. one thing that was striking about working with sutter hill was how many entrepreneurs did a series of companies with them, showing that both sides had positive experiences.startups used to make profitsbefore the dot-com boom, there used to be a rule that in order to ipo a company, it had to be making profits. this was a good rule, since it provided at least some basis for setting the stock price at the ipo. funk writes:there was a time when venture capital generated big returns for investors, employees, and customers alike, both because more start-ups were profitable at an earlier stage and because some start-ups achieved high market capitalization relatively quickly. profits are an important indicator of economic and technological growth, because they signal that a company is providing more value to its customers than the costs it is incurring.a number of start-ups founded in the late twentieth century have had an enormous impact on the global economy, quickly reaching both profitability and top- market capitalization. among these are the so-called faanmg (facebook, amazon, apple, microsoft, netflix, and google), which represented more than percent of the s&amp;p’s total market capitalization and more than percent of the increase in the s&amp;p’s total value at one point—in other words, the most valuable and fastest-growing compa­nies in america in recent years. funk's table shows the years to profitability and years to top- market capitalization for companies founded between and . i'm a bit skeptical of the details because, for example, the table says it took sun microsystems years to turn a profit. i'm pretty sure sun was profitable at its ipo, years from its founding.note funk's stress on achieving profitability quickly. an important silicon valley philosophy used to be:success is great!failure is ok.not doing either is a big problem.the reason lies in the silicon valley mantra of "fail fast". most startups fail, and the costs of those failures detract from the returns of the successes. minimizing the cost of failure, and diverting the resource to trying something different, is important.unicorns, not so muchwhat are these unicorns? wikipedia tells us:in business, a unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at over $ billion. the term was coined in by venture capitalist aileen lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures. back in unicorns were indeed rare, but as wikipedia goes on to point out:according to cb insights, there are over unicorns as of october . unicorns are breeding like rabbits, but the picture funk paints is depressing:in the contemporary start-up economy, “unicorns” are purportedly “disrupting” almost every industry from transportation to real estate, with new business software, mobile apps, consumer hardware, internet services, biotech, and ai products and services. but the actual performance of these unicorns both before and after the vc exit stage contrasts sharply with the financial successes of the previous generation of start-ups, and suggests that they are dramatically overvalued.figure shows the profitability distribution of seventy-three unicorns and ex-unicorns that were founded after and have released net income and revenue figures for and/or . in , only six of the seventy-three unicorns included in figure were profitable, while for , seven of seventy were. hey, they're startups, right? they just need time to become profitable. funk debunks that idea too:furthermore, there seems to be little reason to believe that these unprofitable unicorn start-ups will ever be able to grow out of their losses, as can be seen in the ratio of losses to revenues in versus the founding year. aside from a tiny number of statistical outliers ... there seems to be little relationship between the time since a start-up’s founding and its ratio of losses to revenues. in other words, age is not correlated with profits for this cohort. funk goes on to note that startup profitability once public has declined dramatically, and appears inversely related to ipo valuation:when compared with profitability data from decades past, recent start-ups look even worse than already noted. about percent of the unicorn start-ups included in figure were profitable, much lower than the percent of start-ups founded in the s that were profitable, according to jay ritter’s analysis, and also below the overall percentage for start-ups today ( percent). thus, not only has profitability dramatically dropped over the last forty years among those start-ups that went public, but today’s most valuable start-ups—those valued at $ billion or more before ipo—are in fact less profitable than start-ups that did not reach such lofty pre-ipo valuations. funk uses electric vehicles and biotech to illustrate startup over-valuation:for instance, driven by easy money and the rapid rise of tesla’s stock, a group of electric vehicle and battery suppliers—canoo, fisker automotive, hyliion, lordstown motors, nikola, and quantumscape—were valued, combined, at more than $ billion at their listing. likewise, dozens of biotech firms have also achieved billions of dollars in market capitalizations at their listings. in total, set a new record for the number of companies going public with little to no revenue, easily eclipsing the height of the dot-com boom of telecom companies in . the alphaville team have been maintaining a spreadsheet of the ev bubble. they determined that there was no way these companies' valuations could be justified given the size of the potential market. jamie powell's april th revisiting the ev bubble spreadsheet celebrates their assessment:at pixel time the losses from their respective peaks from all of the electric vehicle, battery and charging companies on our list total some $ bn of market capitalisation, or a fall of just under per cent. ouch. what is causing the problemthis all looks like too much money chasing too few viable startups, and too many me-too startups chasing too few total available market dollars.funk starts his analysis of the causes of poor vc returns by pointing to the obvious one, one that applies to any successful investment strategy. its returns will be eroded over time by the influx of too much money:there are many reasons for both the lower profitability of start-ups and the lower returns for vc funds since the mid to late s. the most straightforward of these is simply diminishing returns: as the amount of vc investment in the start-up market has increased, a larger proportion of this funding has necessarily gone to weaker opportunities, and thus the average profitability of these investments has declined. but the effect of too much money is even more corrosive. i'm a big believer in bill joy's law of startups — "success is inversely proportional to the amount of money you have". too much money allows hard decisions to be put off. taking hard decisions promptly is key to "fail fast".nvidia was an example of this. the company was founded in one of silicon valley's recurring downturns. we were the only hardware company funded in that quarter. we got to working silicon on a $ . m a round. think about it — each of our vcs invested $ . m to start a company currently valued at $ , m. despite delivering ground-breaking performance, as i discussed in hardware i/o virtualization, that chip wasn't a success. but it did allow jen-hsun huang to raise another $ . m. he down-sized the company by / and got to working silicon of the highly successful second chip with, iirc, six weeks' money left in the bank.funk then discusses a second major reason for poor performance:a more plausible explanation for the relative lack of start-up successes in recent years is that new start-ups tend to be acquired by large incumbents such as the faamng companies before they have a chance to achieve top market capitalization. for instance, youtube was founded in and instagram in ; some claim they would be valued at more than $ billion each (pre-lockdown estimates) if they were independent companies, but instead they were acquired by google and facebook, respectively. in this sense, they are typical of the recent trend: many start-ups founded since were subsequently acquired by faamng, including new social media companies such as github, linkedin, and whatsapp. likewise, a number of money-losing start-ups have been acquired in recent years, most notably deepmind and nest, which were bought by google. but he fails to note the cause of the rash of acquisitions, which is clearly the total lack of anti-trust enforcement in the us. as with too much money, the effects of this lack are more pernicious than at first appears. again, nvidia provides an example.just like the founders and vcs of sun, when we started nvidia we knew that the route to an ipo and major return on investment involved years and several generations of product. so, despite the limited funding and with the full support of our vcs, we took several critical months right at the start to design an architecture for a family of successive chip generations based on hardware i/o virtualization. by ensuring that the drivers in application software interacted only with virtual i/o resources, the architecture decoupled the hardware and software release cycles. the strong linkage between them at sun had been a consistent source of schedule slip.the architecture also structured the implementation of the chip as a set of modules communicating via an on-chip network. each module was small enough that a three-person team could design, simulate and verify it. the restricted interface to the on-chip network meant that, if the modules verified correctly, it was highly likely that the assembled chip would verify correctly.laying the foundations for a long-term product line in this way paid massive dividends. after the second chip, nvidia was able to deliver a new chip generation every months like clockwork. months after we started nvidia, we knew over other startups addressing the same market. only one, ati, survived the competition with nvidia's -month product cycle.vcs now would be hard to persuade that the return on the initial time and money to build a company that could ipo years later would be worth it when compared to lashing together a prototype and using it to sell the company to one of the faanmgs. in many cases, simply recruiting a team that could credibly promise to build the prototype would be enough for an "aqui-hire", where a faanmg buys a startup not for the product but for the people. building the foundation for a company that can ipo and make it into the top- market cap list is no longer worth the candle.but funk argues that the major cause of lower returns is this:overall, the most significant problem for today’s start-ups is that there have been few if any new technologies to exploit. the internet, which was a breakthrough technology thirty years ago, has matured. as a result, many of today’s start-up unicorns are comparatively low-tech, even with the advent of the smartphone—perhaps the biggest technological breakthrough of the twenty-first century—fourteen years ago. ridesharing and food delivery use the same vehicles, drivers, and roads as previous taxi and delivery services; the only major change is the replacement of dispatchers with smartphones. online sales of juicers, furniture, mattresses, and exercise bikes may have been revolutionary twenty years ago, but they are sold in the same way that amazon currently sells almost everything. new business software operates from the cloud rather than onsite computers, but pre- start-ups such as amazon, google, and oracle were already pursuing cloud computing before most of the unicorns were founded. remember, sun's slogan in the mid s was "the network is the computer"!virtua fighter on nv in essence, funk argues that succssful startups out-perform by being quicker than legacy companies to exploit the productivity gains made possible by a technological discontinuity. nvidia was an example of this, too. the technological discontinuity was the transition of the pc from the isa to the pci bus. it wasn't possible to do d games over the isa bus, it lacked the necessary bandwidth. the increased bandwidth of the first version of the pci bus made it just barely possible, as nvidia's first chip demonstrated by running sega arcade games at full frame rate. the advantages startups have against incumbents include:an experienced, high-quality team. initial teams at startups are usually recruited from colleagues, so they are used to working together and know each other's strengths and weaknesses. jen-hsun huang was well-known at sun, having been the application engineer for lsi logic on sun's first sparc implementation. the rest of the initial team at nvidia had all worked together building graphics chips at sun. as the company grows it can no longer recruit only colleagues, so usually experiences what at sun was called the "bozo invasion".freedom from backwards compatibility constraints. radical design change is usually needed to take advantage of a technological discontinuity. reconciling this with backwards compatibility takes time and forces compromise. nvidia was able to ignore the legacy of program i/o from the isa bus and fully exploit the direct memory access capability of the pci bus from the start.no cash cow to defend. the ibm-funded andrew project at cmu was intended to deploy what became the ibm pc/rt, which used the romp, an ibm risc cpu competing with sun's sparc. the romp was so fast that ibm's other product lines saw it as a threat, and insisted that it be priced not to under-cut their existing product's price/performance. so when it finally launched, its price/performance was much worse than sun's sparc-based products, and it failed.funk concludes this section:in short, today’s start-ups have targeted low-tech, highly regulated industries with a business strategy that is ultimately self-defeating: raising capital to subsidize rapid growth and securing a competitive position in the market by undercharging consumers. this strategy has locked start-ups into early designs and customer pools and prevented the experimentation that is vital to all start-ups, including today’s unicorns. uber, lyft, doordash, and grubhub are just a few of the well-known start-ups that have pursued this strategy, one that is used by almost every start-up today, partly in response to the demands of vc investors. it is also highly likely that without the steady influx of capital that subsidizes below-market prices, demand for these start-ups’ services would plummet, and thus their chances of profitability would fall even further. in retrospect, it would have been better if start-ups had taken more time to find good, high-tech business opportunities, had worked with regulators to define appropriate behavior, and had experimented with various technologies, designs, and markets, making a profit along the way. but, if the key to startup success is exploiting a technological discontinuity, and there haven't been any to exploit, as funk argues earlier, taking more time to "find good, high-tech business opportunities" wouldn't have helped. they weren't there to be found.how to fix the problem?funk quotes charles duhigg skewering the out-dated view of vcs:for decades, venture capitalists have succeeded in defining themselves as judicious meritocrats who direct money to those who will use it best. but examples like wework make it harder to believe that v.c.s help balance greedy impulses with enlightened innovation. rather, v.c.s seem to embody the cynical shape of modern capitalism, which too often rewards crafty middlemen and bombastic charlatans rather than hardworking employees and creative businesspeople. and:venture capitalists have shown themselves to be far less capable of commercializing breakthrough technologies than they once were. instead, as recently outlined in the new yorker, they often seem to be superficial trend-chasers, all going after the same ideas and often the same entrepreneurs. one managing partner at softbank summarized the problem faced by vc firms in a marketplace full of copycat start-ups: “once uber is founded, within a year you suddenly have three hundred copycats. the only way to protect your company is to get big fast by investing hundreds of millions.” vcs like these cannot create the technological discontinuities that are the key to adequate returns on investment in startups:we need venture capitalists and start-ups to create new products and new businesses that have higher productivity than do existing firms; the increased revenue that follows will then enable these start-ups to pay higher wages. the large productivity advantages needed can only be achieved by developing breakthrough technologies, like the integrated circuits, lasers, magnetic storage, and fiber optics of previous eras. and different players—vcs, start-ups, incumbents, universities—will need to play different roles in each in­dustry. unfortunately, none of these players is currently doing the jobs required for our start-up economy to function properly. business schoolssuccess in exploiting a technological discontinuity requires understanding of, and experience with, the technology, its advantages and its limitations. but funk points out that business schools, not being engineering schools, need to devalue this requirement. instead, they focus on "entrepreneurship":in recent decades, business schools have dramatically increased the number of entrepreneurship programs—from about sixteen in to more than two thousand in —and have often marketed these programs with vacuous hype about “entrepreneurship” and “technology.” a recent stanford research paper argues that such hype about entrepreneurship has encouraged students to become entrepreneurs for the wrong reasons and without proper preparation, with universities often presenting entrepreneurship as a fun and cool lifestyle that will enable them to meet new people and do interesting things, while ignoring the reality of hard and demanding work necessary for success. one of my abiding memories of nvidia is tench coxe, our partner at sutter hill, perched on a stool in the lab playing the "road rash" video game about am one morning as we tried to figure out why our first silicon wasn't working. he was keeping an eye on his investment, and providing a much-needed calming influence.focus on entrepreneurship means focus on the startup's business model not on its technology:a big mistake business schools make is their unwavering focus on business model over technology, thus deflecting any probing questions students and managers might have about what role technological breakthroughs play and why so few are being commercialized. for business schools, the heart of a business model is its ability to capture value, not the more important ability to create value. this prioritization of value capture is tied to an almost exclusive focus on revenue: whether revenues come from product sales, advertising, subscriptions, or referrals, and how to obtain these revenues from multiple customers on platforms. value creation, however, is dependent on technological improvement, and the largest creation of value comes from breakthrough technologies such as the automobile, microprocessor, personal computer, and internet commerce. the key to "capturing value" is extracting value via monopoly rents. the way to get monopoly rents is to subsidize customer acquisition and buy up competitors, until the customers have no place to go. this doesn't create any value. in fact once the monopolist has burnt through the investor's money they find they need a return that can only be obtained by raising prices and holding the customer to ransom, destroying value for everyone.it is true a startup that combines innovation in technology with innovation in business has an advantage. once more, nvidia provides an example. before starting nvidia, jen-hsun huang had run a division of lsi logic that traded access to lsi logic's fab for equity in the chips it made. based on this experience on the supplier side of the fabless semiconductor business, one of his goals for nvidia was to re-structure the relationship between the fabless company and the fab to be more of a win-win. nvidia ended up as one of the most successful fabless companies of all time. but note that the innovation didn't affect nvidia's basic business model — contract with fabs to build gpus, and sell them to pc and graphics board companies. a business innovation combined with technological innovation stands a chance of creating a big company; a business innovation with no technology counterpart is unlikely to.researchfunk assigns much blame for the lack of breakthrough technologies to universities:university engineering and science programs are also failing us, because they are not creating the breakthrough technologies that america and its start-ups need. although some breakthrough technologies are assembled from existing components and thus are more the responsibility of private companies—for instance, the iphone—universities must take responsibility for science-based technologies that depend on basic research, technologies that were once more common than they are now. note that funk accepts as a fait accompli the demise of corporate research labs, which certainly used to do the basic research that led not just to funk's examples of "semiconductors, lasers, leds, glass fiber, and fiber optics", but also, for example, to packet switching, and operating systems such as unix. as i did three years ago in falling research productivity, he points out that increased government and corporate funding of university research has resulted in decreased output of breakthrough technologies:many scientists point to the nature of the contemporary university research system, which began to emerge over half a century ago, as the problem. they argue that the major breakthroughs of the early and mid-twentieth century, such as the discovery of the dna double helix, are no longer possible in today’s bureaucratic, grant-writing, administration-burdened university. ... scientific merit is measured by citation counts and not by ideas or by the products and services that come from those ideas. thus, labs must push papers through their research factories to secure funding, and issues of scientific curiosity, downstream products and services, and beneficial contributions to society are lost. funk's analysis of the problem is insightful, but i see his ideas for fixing university research as simplistic and impractical:a first step toward fixing our sclerotic university research system is to change the way we do basic and applied research in order to place more emphasis on projects that may be riskier but also have the potential for greater breakthroughs. we can change the way proposals are reviewed and evaluated. we can provide incentives to universities that will encourage them to found more companies or to do more work with companies. funk clearly doesn't understand how much university research is already funded by companies, and how long attempts to change the reward system in universities have been crashing into the rock comprised of senior faculty who achieved their position through the existing system.he is more enthusiastic but equally misled about how basic research in corporate labs could be revived:one option is to recreate the system that existed prior to the s, when most basic research was done by companies rather than universities. this was the system that gave us transistors, lasers, leds, magnetic storage, nuclear power, radar, jet engines, and polymers during the s and s. ... unlike their predecessors at bell labs, ibm, ge, motorola, dupont, and monsanto seventy years ago, top university scientists are more administrators than scientists now—one of the greatest mis­uses of talent the world has ever seen. corporate labs have smaller administrative workloads because funding and promotion depend on informal discussions among scientists and not extensive paperwork. not understanding the underlying causes of the demise of corporate research labs, funk reaches for the time-worm nostrums of right-wing economists, "tax credits and matching grants":we can return basic research to corporate labs by providing much stronger incentives for companies—or cooperative alliances of companies—to do basic research. a scheme of substantial tax credits and matching grants, for instance, would incentivize corporations to do more research and would bypass the bureaucracy-laden federal grant process. this would push the management of detailed technological choices onto scientists and engineers, and promote the kind of informal discussions that used to drive decisions about technological research in the heyday of the early twentieth century. the challenge will be to ensure these matching funds and tax credits are in fact used for basic research and not for product development. requiring multiple companies to share research facilities might be one way to avoid this danger, but more research on this issue is needed. in last year's the death of corporate research labs i discussed a really important paper from a year earlier by arora et al, the changing structure of american innovation: some cautionary remarks for economic growth, which funk does not cite. i wrote:arora et al point out that the rise and fall of the labs coincided with the rise and fall of anti-trust enforcement:historically, many large labs were set up partly because antitrust pressures constrained large firms’ ability to grow through mergers and acquisitions. in the s, if a leading firm wanted to grow, it needed to develop new markets. with growth through mergers and acquisitions constrained by anti-trust pressures, and with little on offer from universities and independent inventors, it often had no choice but to invest in internal r&amp;d. the more relaxed antitrust environment in the s, however, changed this status quo. growth through acquisitions became a more viable alternative to internal research, and hence the need to invest in internal research was reduced. lack of anti-trust enforcement, pervasive short-termism, driven by wall street's focus on quarterly results, and management's focus on manipulating the stock price to maximize the value of their options killed the labs:large corporate labs, however, are unlikely to regain the importance they once enjoyed. research in corporations is difficult to manage profitably. research projects have long horizons and few intermediate milestones that are meaningful to non-experts. as a result, research inside companies can only survive if insulated from the short-term performance requirements of business divisions. however, insulating research from business also has perils. managers, haunted by the spectre of xerox parc and dupont’s “purity hall”, fear creating research organizations disconnected from the main business of the company. walking this tightrope has been extremely difficult. greater product market competition, shorter technology life cycles, and more demanding investors have added to this challenge. companies have increasingly concluded that they can do better by sourcing knowledge from outside, rather than betting on making game-changing discoveries in-house. it is pretty clear that "tax credits and matching grants" aren't the fix for the fundamental anti-trust problem. not to mention that the idea of "requiring multiple companies to share research facilities" in and of itself raises serious ant-trust concerns. after such a good analysis, it is disappointing that funk's recommendations are so feeble.we have to add inadequate vc returns and a lack of startups capable of building top- companies to the long list of problems that only a major overhaul of anti-trust enforcement can fix. lina khan's nomination to the ftc is a hopeful sign that the biden adminstration understands the urgency of changing direction, but biden's hesitation about nominating the doj's anti-trust chief is not.update: michael cembalest's food fight: an update on private equity performance vs public equity markets has a lot of fascinating information about private equity in general and venture capital in particular. his graphs comparing moic (multiple of invested capital) and irr (internal rate of return) across vintage years support his argument that: we have performance data for venture capital starting in the mid- s, but the period is so distorted by the late ’s boom and bust that we start our vc performance discussion in . in my view, the massive gains earned by vc managers in the mid- s are not relevant to a discussion of vc investing today. as with buyout managers, vc manager moic and irr also tracked each other until after which a combination of subscription lines and faster distributions led to rising irrs despite falling moics. there’s a larger gap between average and median manager results than in buyout, indicating that there are a few vc managers with much higher returns and/or larger funds that pull up the average relative to the median. the gap is pretty big: vc managers have consistently outperformed public equity markets when looking at the “average” manager. but to reiterate, the gap between average and median results are substantial and indicate outsized returns posted by a small number of vc managers. for vintage years to , the median vc manager actually underperformed the s&amp;p pretty substantially. another of cembalest's fascinating graphs addresses this question: one of the other “food fight” debates relates to pricing of venture-backed companies that go public. in other words, do venture investors reap the majority of the benefits, leaving public market equity investors “holding the bag”? actually, the reverse has been true over the last decade when measured in terms of total dollars of value creation accruing to pre- and post-ipo investors: post-ipo investor gains have often been substantial. to show this: we analyzed all us tech, internet retailing and interactive media ipos from to . we computed the total value created since each company’s founding, from original paid-in capital by vcs to its latest market capitalization. we then examined how total value creation has accrued to pre- and post-ipo investors . sometimes both investor types share the gains, and sometimes one type accrues the vast majority of the gains. pre-ipo investors earn the majority of the pie when ipos collapse or flat-line after being issued, and post-ipo investors reap the majority of the pie when ipos appreciate substantially after being issued. there are three general regions in the chart. as you can see, the vast majority of the ipos analyzed resulted in a large share of the total value creation accruing to public market equity investors; nevertheless, there were some painful exceptions (see lower left region on the chart). 	david rosenthal: a modest proposal about ransomware on the evening of july nd the revil ransomware gang exploited a -day vulnerability to launch a supply chain attack on customers of kaseya's virtual system administrator (vsa) product. the timing was perfect, with most system administrators off for the july th long weekend. by the th alex marquardt reported that kaseya says up to , businesses compromised in massive ransomware attack. revil, which had previously extorted $ m from meat giant jbs, announced that for the low, low price of only $ m they would provide everyone with a decryptor.the us government's pathetic response is to tell the intelligence agencies to investigate and to beg putin to crack down on the ransomware gangs. good luck with that! it isn't his problem, because the gangs write their software to avoid encrypting systems that have default languages from the former ussr.i've writtten before (here, here, here) about the importance of disrupting the cryptocurrency payment channel that enables ransomware, but it looks like the ransomware crisis has to get a great deal worse before effective action is taken. below the fold i lay out a modest proposal that could motivate actions that would greatly reduce the risk.it turns out that the vulnerability that enabled the revil attack didn't meet the strict definition of a -day. gareth corfield's white hats reported key kaseya vsa flaw months ago. ransomware outran the patch explains: rewind to april, and the dutch institute for vulnerability disclosure (divd) had privately reported seven security bugs in vsa to kaseya. four were fixed and patches released in april and may. three were due to be fixed in an upcoming release, version . . . unfortunately, one of those unpatched bugs – cve- - , a credential-leaking logic flaw discovered by divd's wietse boonstra – was exploited by the ransomware slingers before its fix could be emitted. divd praised kaseya's response:once kaseya was aware of our reported vulnerabilities, we have been in constant contact and cooperation with them. when items in our report were unclear, they asked the right questions. also, partial patches were shared with us to validate their effectiveness.during the entire process, kaseya has shown that they were willing to put in the maximum effort and initiative into this case both to get this issue fixed and their customers patched. they showed a genuine commitment to do the right thing. unfortunately, we were beaten by revil in the final sprint, as they could exploit the vulnerabilities before customers could even patch. but if kaseya's response to divd's disclosure was praisworthy, it turns out it was the exception. in kaseya was warned about security flaws years ahead of ransomware attack by j., fingas reports that: the giant ransomware attack against kaseya might have been entirely avoidable. former staff talking to bloomberg claim they warned executives of "critical" security flaws in kaseya's products several times between and , but that the company didn't truly address them. multiple staff either quit or said they were fired over inaction.employees reportedly complained that kaseya was using old code, implemented poor encryption and even failed to routinely patch software. the company's virtual system administrator (vsa), the remote maintenance tool that fell prey to ransomware, was supposedly rife with enough problems that workers wanted the software replaced.one employee claimed he was fired two weeks after sending executives a -page briefing on security problems. others simply left in frustration with a seeming focus on new features and releases instead of fixing basic issues. kaseya also laid off some employees in in favor of outsourcing work to belarus, which some staff considered a security risk given local leaders' partnerships with the russian government. ... the company's software was reportedly used to launch ransomware at least twice between and , and it didn't significantly rethink its security strategy. to reiterate:the july nd attack was apparently at least the third time kaseya had infected customers with ransomware!kaseya outsourced development to belarus, a country where ransomware gangs have immunity!.kaseya fired security whistleblowers!the first two incidents didn't seem to make either kaseya or its customers re-think what they were doing. clearly, the only reason kaseya responded to divd's warning was the threat of public disclosure.without effective action to change this attitude the ransomware crisis will definitely result in what stephen diehl calls the oncoming ransomware storm: imagine a hundred new stuxnet-level exploits every day, for every piece of a equipment in public works and health care. where every day your check your phone for the level of ransomware in the wild just like you do the weather. entire cities randomly have their metro systems, water, power grids and internet shut off and on like a sudden onset of bad cybersecurity “weather”.or a time in business in which every company simply just allocates a portion of its earnings upfront every quarter and pre-pays off large ransomware groups in advance. it’s just a universal cost of doing business and one that is fully sanctioned by the government because we’ve all just given up trying to prevent it and it’s more efficient just to pay the protection racket. to make things worse, companies can insure against the risk of ransomware, essentially paying to avoid the hassle of maintaining security. insurance companies can't price these policies properly, because they can't do enough underwriting to know, for example, whether the customer's backups actually work and whether they are offline enough so the ransomware doesn't encrypt them too.in cyber insurance model is broken, consider banning ransomware payments, says think tank gareth corfield reports on the royal united services institute's (rusi) latest report, cyber insurance and the cyber security challenge:unfortunately, rusi's researchers found that insurers tend to sell cyber policies with minimal due diligence – and when the claims start rolling in, insurance company managers start looking at ways to escape an unprofitable line of business....rusi's position on buying off criminals is unequivocal, with [jason] nurse and co-authors jamie maccoll and james sullivan saying in their report that the uk's national security secretariat "should conduct an urgent policy review into the feasibility and suitability of banning ransom payments." the fundamental problem is that neither the software vendors nor the insurers nor their customers are taking security seriously enough because it isn't a big enough crisis yet. the solution? take control of the crisis and make it big enough that security gets taken seriously.the us always claims to have the best cyber-warfare capability on the planet, so presumably they could do ransomware better and faster than gangs like revil. the us should use this capability to mount ransomware attacks against us companies as fast as they can. victims would see, instead of a screen demanding a ransom in monero to decrypt their data, a screen saying:us government cybersecurity agencypatch the following vulnerabilities immediately!the cybersecurity agency (csa) used some or all of the following vulnerabilities to compromise your systems and display this notice:cve- -xxxxxcve- -yyyyycve- -zzzzzthree days from now if these vulnerabilities are still present, the csa will encrypt your data. you will be able to obtain free decryption assistance from the csa once you can prove that these vulnerabilities are no longer present. if the victim ignored the notice, three days later they would see:us government cybersecurity agencythe cybersecurity agency (csa) used some or all of the following vulnerabilities to compromise your systems and encrypt your data:cve- -xxxxxcve- -yyyyycve- -zzzzzonce you have patched these vulnerabilities, click here to decrypt your datathree days from now if these vulnerabilities are still present, the csa will re-encrypt your data. for a fee you will be able to obtain decryption assistance from the csa once you can prove that these vulnerabilities are no longer present. the program would start out fairly gentle and ramp up, shortening the grace period to increase the impact.the program would motivate users to keep their systems up-to-date with patches for disclosed vulnerabilities, which would not merely help with ransomware, but also with botnets, data breaches and other forms of malware. it would also raise the annoyance factor customers face when their supplier fails to provide adequate security in their products. this in turn would provide reputational and sales pressure on suppliers to both secure their supply chain and, unlike kaseya, prioritize security in their product development.of course, the program above only handles disclosed vulnerabilities, not the -days revil used. there is an flourishing trade in -days, of which the nsa is believed to be a major buyer. the supply in these markets is increasing, as dan goodin reports in ios zero-day let solarwinds hackers compromise fully updated iphones:in the first half of this year, google’s project zero vulnerability research group has recorded zero-day exploits used in attacks— more than the total number from . the growth has several causes, including better detection by defenders and better software defenses that require multiple exploits to break through.the other big driver is the increased supply of zero-days from private companies selling exploits.“ -day capabilities used to be only the tools of select nation-states who had the technical expertise to find -day vulnerabilities, develop them into exploits, and then strategically operationalize their use,” the google researchers wrote. “in the mid-to-late s, more private companies have joined the marketplace selling these -day capabilities. no longer do groups need to have the technical expertise; now they just need resources.”the ios vulnerability was one of four in-the-wild zero-days google detailed on wednesday....based on their analysis, the researchers assess that three of the exploits were developed by the same commercial surveillance company, which sold them to two different government-backed actors. as has been true since the cold-war era and the "crypto wars" of the s when cryptography was considered a munition, the us has prioritized attack over defense. the nsa routinely hoards -days, preferring to use them to attack foreigners rather than disclose them to protect us citizens (and others). this short-sighted policy has led to several disasters, including the juniper supply-chain compromise and notpetya. senators wrote to the head of the nsa, and the eff sued the director of national intelligence, to obtain the nsa's policy around -days:since these vulnerabilities potentially affect the security of users all over the world, the public has a strong interest in knowing how these agencies are weighing the risks and benefits of using zero days instead of disclosing them to vendors, it would be bad enough if the nsa and other nations' security services were the only buyers of -days. but the $ m revil received from jbs buys a lot of them, and if each could net $ m they'd be a wonderful investment. forcing ransomware gangs to use -days by getting systems up-to-date with patches is good, but the gangs will have -days to use. so although the program above should indirectly reduce the supply (and thus increase the price) of -days by motivating vendors to improve their development and supply chain practices, something needs to be done to reduce the impact of -days on ransomware.the colonial pipeline and jbs attacks, not to mention the multiple hospital chains that have been disrupted, show that it is just a matter of time before a ransomware attack has a major impact on us gdp (and incidentally on us citizens). in this light, the idea that nsa should stockpile -days for possible future use is counter-productive. at any time -days in the hoard might leak, or be independently discovered. in the past the fallout from this was limited, but no longer; they might be used for a major ransomware attack. is the national security agency's mission to secure the united states, or to have fun playing team america: world police in cyberspace?unless they are immediately required for a specific operation, the nsa should disclose -days it discovers or purchases to the software vendor, and once patched, add them to the kit it uses to run its "ransomware" program. to do less is to place the us economy at risk.ps: david sanger reported tuesday that russia’s most aggressive ransomware group disappeared. it’s unclear who disabled them.: just days after president biden demanded that president vladimir v. putin of russia shut down ransomware groups attacking american targets, the most aggressive of the groups suddenly went off-line early tuesday. ... a third theory is that revil decided that the heat was too intense, and took the sites down itself to avoid becoming caught in the crossfire between the american and russian presidents. that is what another russian-based group, darkside, did after the ransomware attack on colonial pipeline, ...but many experts think that darkside’s going-out-of-business move was nothing but digital theater, and that all of the group’s key ransomware talent will reassemble under a different name. this is by far the most likely explanation for revil's disappearance, leaving victims unable to pay. the same day, bogdan botezatu and radu tudorica reported that trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar: the trickbot group, which has infected millions of computers worldwide, has recently played an active role in disseminating ransomware. we have been reporting on notable developments in trickbot’s lifecycle, with highlights including the analysis in of one of its modules used to bruteforce rdp connections and an analysis of its new c infrastructure in the wake of the massive crackdown in october .despite the takedown attempt, trickbot is more active than ever. in may , our systems started to pick up an updated version of the vncdll module that trickbot uses against select high-profile targets. as regards the "massive crackdown", ravie lakshmanan notes: the botnet has since survived two takedown attempts by microsoft and the u.s. cyber command, update:sourcevia barry ritholtz we find this evidence of willie sutton's law in action. when asked "why do you rob banks?", sutton replied "because that's where the money is."sourceand, thanks to jack cable, there's now ransomwhe.re, which tracks ransomware payments in real time. it suffers a bit from incomplete data. because it depends upon tracking bitcoin addresses, it will miss the increasing proportion of demands that insist on monero. 	hugh rundle: top big library ideas in history glam blog club has the first in a new approach to themes this month - top five big.... i'm also taking a new approach, with some shitty drawings to spice things up. i hope you enjoy. - found in translation (academy of gondishapur, persia) the academy of gondishapur (modern day iran) was centred around a library of medical books from around the world known to persia, and a school of talented translators to make it all readable in persian. - oppression through "standards" (library of congress, united states of america) most libraries in the anglosphere use library of congress subject headings or variations based on them, for classifying knowledge. it's pretty ridiculous for a primary school library in fiji to organise knowledge according to the worldview of american politicians, but it sure is effective soft power. - shelve it like you stole it (library of alexandria) the ptolomies wanted their library to have a copy of every book in the known world. woe betide anyone foolish enough to turn up with a boatload of books. - give communists somewhere to write (british library, london) world champion grump and famous communist karl marx washed up in london after he was thrown out of everywhere else in europe. the british library famously became the place he wrote most of his world-changing book capital. - read in the bath (baths of trajan, rome) the enormous baths of trajan in ancient rome were commissioned by emperor trajan and included several cold and hot baths, a swimming pool, sports stadium, and two libraries (greek, and latin). 	lucidworks: lucidworks experts weigh in on the power of connected experiences our team shared their thoughts on the five critical elements of creating a connected experience that delights customers, empowers employees, and enhances the experience for both. the post lucidworks experts weigh in on the power of connected experiences appeared first on lucidworks. 	digital library federation: catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd nominations are now being accepted for the ndsa excellence awards. in , epadd won the ndsa innovation award in the project category. at that time, this project was an undertaking to develop free and open-source computational analysis software that facilitates screening, browsing, and access for historically and culturally significant email collections. the software incorporates techniques from computer science and computational linguistics, including natural language processing, named entity recognition, and other statistical machine-learning associated processes. glynn edwards accepted the award on behalf of the project. she is currently the assistant director in the department of special collections &amp; university archives at stanford university and kindly took a few minutes to help us catch up on where the project stands today. what have you been doing since receiving an ndsa innovation award in ? we completed two additional phases of software development for epadd. phase , funded by the institute of museum &amp; library studies (imls) national leadership grant (nlg) and phase , funded by the andrew w. mellon foundation. these rounds of development focused on adding new features and functionality to the software to support the appraisal, processing, discovery, and delivery of email collections of historic value. our project team also changed before this third phase with sally debauche, our new digital archivist, taking over project management full-time for months.  before phase launched in january with harvard library as our official partner, jessica smith, ian gifford, and jochen farwer from the university of manchester contacted us about their own independent project to redevelop aspects of epadd. they created a prototype version of epadd that would display a full-text email archive in the discovery module, allowing users to view an email collection online.  meetings with the harvard team, represented by tricia patterson &amp; stephen abrams, progressed to the proposal of ceasing the redevelopment of their in-house email processing and preservation software, eas, and instead collaborating with us to add specific preservation functionality to epadd. at this stage, we brought the team from the university of manchester into those discussions to help us shape the requirements for a new version of epadd with greater support for preservation workflows. concurrently with our phase grant, our three institutions began working on a joint grant proposal for phase of epadd’s software development, funded by the university of illinois’s email archives: building capacity and community (ea:bcc) re-grant program, supported by the andrew w. mellon foundation. we have been meeting together for the past year as we document requirements, identify roles and responsibilities for each of our units to carry out this work. for this phase of the project, we have contracted with an independent software development team, sartography, to implement changes to the software, while retaining epadd’s original development team to ensure consistency in our approach. internally at stanford, we continue to use epadd as our production tool for appraising, processing, and delivering email archives at stanford. our digital archives team, sally debauche &amp; annie schweikert, have presented on the software to our group of curators and have been in contact with them about appraising and processing new acquisitions. annie &amp; sally have processed several new email collections, including the ted nelson email archive and the don knuth email archive. we have also launched a new multi-institutional online epadd discovery website at epadd.org, featuring the archive of literary critic and historical theorist, hayden white, from the uc santa cruz archives. to accompany the site, we have created documentation about contributing to the discovery site.  what did receiving the ndsa award mean to you? beyond the recognition of our colleagues, it raised the profile of the epadd software which garnered more users and interest. this greater following gave us the impetus for our third grant from the mellon foundation and allowed us to create a more stable program that can be used as a production tool for email archives. what efforts/advances/ideas of the last few years have you been impressed with or admired in the field of data stewardship and/or digital preservation? there has been a lot of development in the field since we started with the epadd project. but i have been very impressed with the eaasi project (emulation), for which stanford serves as a node host. this project will be a game changer for our stakeholders across the university and beyond, as well as colleagues throughout the library who use this platform to provide access to legacy software and files that rely on unique and outdated software. how has the epadd project evolved since you won the innovation award? i included a lot of this in # above – but i would add that the raised profile and increased interest and use of epadd, has brought dedicated partners. the stanford-harvard-manchester partnership began during our third grant and has increased exposure of epadd+ (as we now refer to it) and with the greater involvement from colleagues at each institution has allowed the larger team to focus on different aspects of running and managing the project. one exciting outcome is the commitment of more software testers and greater input from a wider community. what do you currently see as some of the biggest challenges in email assessment and preservation? while i am still hoping for a more holistic way to search across all types of archival content, i think that sustainability is one of the major issues facing open-source software development projects. the cost of bug-fixes and updates with new versions of underlying programs might not always be inordinate, but securing dedicated funding is not simple and is often very time consuming. even more difficult is getting concrete buy-in for funds needed to pay developers to create significant enhancements. we are excited to see the progress from the it takes a village in practice project that aims to provide guidance to open-source software development projects on sustainability. we are engaged in beta testing for the tools that they are developing, and it will be very interesting to see how they can be of service to the broader community. the post catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd appeared first on dlf. 	lucidworks: the good, the bad and the ugly: a history of customer service customer service has a wild history rooted in the boom of innovation that came with the industrial revolution. the ebbs and flows of the industry are closely tied to the economic crests and troughs of american consumerism as a whole. join us on the journey. the post the good, the bad and the ugly: a history of customer service appeared first on lucidworks. 	samvera: calls for proposals – samvera connect online the program committee is pleased to announce its call for proposals (cfp) of workshops, presentations/panels, lightning talks, and posters for samvera connect online. the online conference workshops will be held october th - th with plenary presentations october th – nd. connect online programming is intended to serve the needs of attendees from throughout our community, from potential adopters to expert samverans, in many roles including developers, managers, sysops, metadata librarians, and others who are interested in samvera technologies and community activities. workshops: submission form open through sunday, august th,   the workshops form includes the option to request a workshop on a specific topic that you would like to attend. the program committee will use these suggestions to solicit workshops from the community. presentations and panels: submission form open through tuesday, august st, lightning talks: submission form open through thursday, september th, virtual posters: submission form open through thursday, september th, you may find it helpful to refer to the workshop program, presentation/lightning talk program, and posters from last year’s online conference. the post calls for proposals – samvera connect online appeared first on samvera. 	casey bisson: b c b is the new b b the most recent stackoverflow developer survey shows % of developers prefer to use a free trial as a way to research a new service. forrester research reported that % of b b buyers prefer self-service buying online. and a harvard business review study found “that [b b] customers are, on average, % of the way through the [purchase] process before they engage with supplier sales reps.” because of this, b b sales require internal advocates—called mobilizers—that can build consensus around purchase decisions. 	lorcan dempsey: two metadata directions this short piece is based on a presentation i delivered by video to the eurasian academic libraries conference - , organized by the nazarbayev university library and the association of university libraries in the republic of kazakhstan. thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and for encouragement as i prepared the presentation and blog entry. i was asked to talk about metadata and to mention oclc developments. the conference topic was: contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment.the growing role and value of metadatalibraries are very used to managing metadata for information resources - for books, images, journal articles and other resources. metadata practice is rich and varied. we also work with geospatial data, archives, images, and many other specialist resources. authority work has focused on people, places and things (subjects). archivists are concerned about evidential integrity, context and provenance. and so on. in the network environment, general metadata requirements have continued to evolve in various ways: information resource diversification. we want to discover, manage or otherwise interact with a progressively broader range of resources, research data, for example, or open educational resources. resource type diversification. however, we are also increasingly interested in more resource types than informational alone. the network connects together many entities or types of resource in new ways, and interaction between these entities requires advance knowledge, often provided by metadata, to be efficient. workflows tie people, applications and devices together to get things done. to be effective, each of these resources needs to be described. social applications like strava tie together people, activities, places, and so on. scholarly engines like google scholar, semantic scholar, scopus or dimensions tie together research outputs, researchers, funders, and institutions. the advance knowledge required for these workflows and environments to work well is provided by metadata and so we are increasingly interested in metadata about a broad range of entities. functional diversification. we want to discover, manage, request or buy resources. we also want to provide context about resources, ascertain their validity or integrity over time, determine their provenance. we want to compare resources, collect data about usage, track and measure. we want to make connections between entities, understand relationships, and actually create new knowledge. we do not just want to find individual information resources or people, we want to make sense of networks of people, resources, institutions, and so on and the relations between them. source diversification.  i have spoken about four sources of metadata in the past. versions of these are becoming more important, but so is how they are used together to tackle the growing demands on metadata in digital environments. professional. our primary model of metadata has been a professional one, where librarians, abstract writers, archivists and so on are the primary source. libraries have streamlined metadata creation and provision for acquired resources. many libraries, archives and others, devote professional attention and expertise to unique resources - special collections, archives, digitised and born-digital materials, institutional research outputs, faculty profiles, and so on. community.  i described the second as crowdsourced, and certainly the collection of contributions in this way has been of importance, in digital projects, community initiatives and in other places. however, one might extend this to a broader community source. the subject of the description or the communities from which the resources originate are an increasingly important source. this is especially the case as we pluralize description as i discuss further below.  an interesting example here is local contexts which works with collecting institutions and indigenous communities and "provides a new set of procedural workflows that emphasize vetting content, collaborative curation, ethical management and sustained outreach practices within institutions."programmatically promoted. the programmatic promotion of metadata is becoming increasingly important. we will see more algorithmically generated metadata, as natural language processing, entity recognition, machine learning, image recognition, and other approaches become more common. this is especially the case as we move towards more entity-based approaches where the algorithmic identification of entities and relationships across various resources becomes important. at the same time, we are more aware of the need for responsible operations, where dominant perspectives also influence construction of algorithms and learning sets. intentional. a fourth source is intentional data, or usage data, data about how resources are downloaded, cited, linked and so on. this may be used to rate and rank, or to refine other descriptions. again, appropriate use of this data needs to be responsibly managed. perspective diversification. a purported feature of much professional metadata activity has been neutral or objective description. however, we are aware that to be &amp;aposneutral&amp;apos can actually mean to be aligned with dominant perspectives. we know that metadata and subject description have very often been partial, harmful or unknowing about the resources described, or have continued obsolescent or superseded perspectives, or have not described resources or people in ways that a relevant community expects or can easily find. this may be in relation to race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, or other contexts. this awareness leads directly into the second direction i discuss below, pluralization. it also highlights the increasing reliance on community perspectives. it is important to understand context, cultural protocols, community meanings and expectations, through more reciprocal approaches. and as noted above, use of programmatically promoted or intentional data needs to be responsibly approached, alert to ways in which preferences or bias can be present.so we want to make metadata work harder, but we also need more metadata and more types of metadata. metadata helps us to work in network environments. a more formal definition of metadata might run something like: "schematized assertions about a resource of interest." however, as we think about navigating increasingly digital workflows and environments, i like to think about metadata in this general way:data which relieves a potential user (whether human or machine) of having to have full advance knowledge of the existence or characteristics of a resource of potential interest in the environment.metadata allows applications and users to act more intelligently, and this becomes more important in our increasingly involved digital workflows and environments. given this importance, and given the importance of such digital environments to our working, learning and social lives, it also becomes more important to think about how metadata is created, who controls it, how it is used, and how it is stewarded over time. metadata is about both value and values. in this short piece, and in the presentation on which it is based, i limit my attention to two important directions. certainly, this is a part only of the larger picture of evolving metadata creation, use and design in libraries and beyond. two metadata directionsi want to talk about two important directions here. entification. pluralization.entification: strings and thingsgoogle popularized the notion of moving from &amp;aposstrings&amp;apos to &amp;aposthings&amp;apos when it introduced the google knowledge graph. by this we mean that it is difficult to rely on string matching for effective search, management or measurement of resources. strings are ambiguous. what we are actually interested in are the &amp;aposthings&amp;apos themselves, actual entities which may be referred to in different ways. entification involves establishing a singular identity for &amp;aposthings&amp;apos so that they can be operationalized in applications, gathering information about those &amp;aposthings,&amp;apos and relating those &amp;aposthings&amp;apos to other entities of interest. research information management and the scholarly ecosystem provide a good example of this. this image shows a variety of entities of interest in a research information management system. these include researchers, research outputs, institutions, grants and other entities. relationships between these include affiliation (researcher to institution), collaborator (researcher to researcher), authorship (researcher to research output), and so on. we want to know that the professor who got this grant is the same one as the one who teaches this course or published that paper. these identities could be (and are) established within each system or service. so, this means that a research information management system does not only return strings that match a text search. it can facilitate the prospecting of a body of institutional research outputs, a set of scholars, a collection of labs and departments, and so on, and allow links to related works, scholars and institutions to be made. similarly, a scholarly engine like scopus, or semantic scholar, or dimensions will bring together scholarly entities and offer access to a more or less rich network of results. of course, in this case, the metadata may be under less close control. typically, they will also be using metadata sourced in the four ways i described above, as &amp;aposprofessionally created&amp;apos metadata works with metadata contributed by, say, individual researchers, as entities may be established and related programmatically, and as usage data helps organize resources. wikidata is an important resource in this context, as a globally addressable identity base for entities of all types. of course one wants to work with entities across systems and services. researchers move between institutions, collaborate with others, cite research outputs, and so on. one may need to determine whether an identity in one context refers to the same entity as an identity in another context. so important entity backbone services have emerged which allow entities to be identified across systems and services by assigning globally unique identifiers. these include orcid for researchers, doi for research outputs, and the emerging ror for institutions. these initiatives aim to create a singular identity for resources, gather some metadata about them, and make this available for other services to use. so a researcher may have an orcid, for example, which is associated with a list of research outputs, an affiliation, and so on. this orcid identity may then be used across services, supporting global identification and contextualization. here, for example, is a profile generated programmatically by dimensions (from digital science) for my colleague lynn connaway. it aims to generate a description, but then also to recognize and link to other entities (e.g. topics, institutions, or collaborators). again, the goal is to present a profile, and then to allow us to prospect a body of work and its connections. it pulls data from various places. we are accustomed to this more generally now with knowledge cards in google (underpinned by google&amp;aposs knowledge graph). of course, this is not complete, and there has been some interesting discussion about improved use of identifiers from the scholarly entity backbone services. meadows and jones talk about the practical advantages to scholarly communication of a &amp;apospid-optimized world.&amp;apos (pid=persistent identifier.)in these systems and services, the entities i have been talking about will typically be nodes in an underlying knowledge graph or ontology.  today, kgs are used extensively in anything from search engines and chatbots to product recommenders and autonomous systems. in data science, common use cases are around adding identifiers and descriptions to data of various modalities to enable sense-making, integration, and explainable analysis.  [...]a knowledge graph organises and integrates data according to an ontology, which is called the schema of the knowledge graph, and applies a reasoner to derive new knowledge. knowledge graphs can be created from scratch, e.g., by domain experts, learned from unstructured or semi-structured data sources, or assembled from existing knowledge graphs, typically aided by various semi-automatic or automated data validation and integration mechanisms. // the alan turing institutethe knowledge graph may be internal to a particular service (google for example) or may be used within a domain or globally. again, wikidata is important because it publishes its underlying knowledge graph and can be used to provide context, matches, and so on for other resources. the library of congress, other national libraries, oclc ,and others now manage entity backbones for the library community, sometimes rooted in traditional authority files. there is a growing awareness of the usefulness of entity-based approaches and of the importance of identifiers in this context. in this way, it is expected that applications will be able to work across these services. for example, an orcid identity may be matched with identifiers from other services, viaf for example, to provide additional context or detail, or wikidata to provide demographic or other data not typically found in bibliographic services. in this way, we can expect to see a decentralized infrastructure which can be tied together to achieve particular goals. pluralizing description“nobody should be compelled to us a slur to search a catalogue” - @mentionthewar #dcdc — david prosser (@rluk_david) june , systems of description are inevitably both explicitly and implicitly constructed within particular perspectives. metadata and subject description have long been criticized for embodying dominant perspectives, and for actively shunning or overlooking the experiences, memories or expectations of parts of the communities they serve. they may also contain superseded, obsolescent or harmful descriptions. libraries have spoken about "knowledge organization" but such a phrase has to reckon with two challenges. first, it is acknowledged that there are different  knowledges. the tk labels support the inclusion of local protocols for access and use to cultural heritage that is digitally circulating outside community contexts. the tk labels identify and clarify community-specific rules and responsibilities regarding access and future use of traditional knowledge. this includes sacred and/or ceremonial material, material that has gender restrictions, seasonal conditions of use and/or materials specifically designed for outreach purposes. // local contexts, [traditional knowledge] labelssecond, knowledge may be contested, where it has been constructed within particular power relations and dominant perspectives. others described “the look of horror” on the face of someone who has been told to search using the term “indians of north america.” students — indigenous as well as settler—who work with the collections point out to staff the many incorrect or outdated terms they encounter. // towards respectful and inclusive descriptionmy research library partnership colleagues carried out a survey on equity, diversity and inclusion in . while it is interesting to note the mention of archival description as among the most changed features, there was clearly a sense that metadata description and terminologies required attention, and there was an intention to address these next.such work may be retrospective, including remediation of existing description by linking to or substituting more appropriate descriptions. and there is certainly now a strong prospective focus, working on pluralizing description, on decentering dominant perspectives to respectfully and appropriately describe resources. this work has been pronounced in australia, new zealand and canada, countries which recognize the need to address harmful practices in relation to indigenous populations. in early , my rlp colleagues interviewed library staff from institutions in australia, new zealand, canada and the us to talk about respectful and inclusive description:of those interviewed, no one felt they were doing an adequate job of outreach to communities. several people weren’t even sure how to go about connecting with stakeholder communities. some brought up the possibility of working with a campus or community-based indigenous center. these organizations can be a locus for making connections and holding conversations. a few working in a university setting have found strong allies and partners to advocate for increased resources in faculty members of the indigenous studies department (or similar unit). those with the most developed outreach efforts saw those activities as being anchored in exchanges that originated at the reference desk, such as when tribal members came into the library to learn something about their own history, language or culture using materials that are stewarded by the library. engaging with these communities to understand needs offers the opportunity to transform interactions with them from one-time transactions to ongoing, meaningful relationships.  learning how indigenous community members use and relate to these materials can decenter default approaches to description and inspire more culturally appropriate ways. some institutions have developed fellowships to foster increased use of materials by community members. // towards respectful and inclusive descriptionthe murder of george floyd in the us caused a general personal, institutional and community reckoning with racism. this has extended to addressing bias in library collections and descriptions. materials in our collections, which comprise a part of the cultural and historical record, may depict offensive and objectionable perspectives, imagery, and norms. while we have control over description of our collections, we cannot alter the content. we are committed to reassessing and modifying description when possible so that it more accurately and transparently reflects the content of materials that are harmful and triggering in any way and for any reason.as librarians and archivists at nyu libraries, we are actively confronting and remediating how we describe our collection materials. we know that language can and does perpetuate harm, and the work we are undertaking centers on anti-oppressive practices. we are also making reparative changes, all to ensure that the descriptive language we use upholds and enacts our values of inclusion, diversity, equity, belonging, and accessibility. // nyu libraries, archival collections management, statement on harmful language. many individual libraries, archives and other organizations are now taking steps to address these issues in their catalogs. the national library of scotland has produced an interesting inclusive terminology guide and glossary, which includes a list of areas of attention. of course, the two directions i have mentioned can be connected, as entification and linking strategies may offer ways of pluralizing description in the future:other magic included technical solutions, such as linked data solutions, specifically, mapping inappropriate terms to more appropriate ones, or connecting the numerous alternative terms with the single concept they represent. for example, preferred names and terms may vary by community, generation, and context—what is considered incorrect or inappropriate may be a matter of perspective. systems can also play a role: the discovery layers should have a disclaimer stating that users may find terms that are not currently considered appropriate. terms that are known to be offensive terms could be blurred out (with an option to reveal them). // towards respectful and inclusive descriptionoclc initiativesnow i will turn to discuss one important initiative oclc has under each of these two directions. entification at oclc: towards a shared entity management infrastructurefor linked data to move into common use, libraries need reliable and persistent identifiers and metadata for the critical entities they rely on. this project [semi] begins to build that infrastructure and advances the whole field // lorcan dempsey oclc has long worked with entification in the context of several linked data initiatives. viaf (the virtual international authority file) has been foundational here. this brings together name authority files from national libraries around the world, and establishes a singular identity for persons across them. it adds bibliographic and other data for context. and it matches to some other identifiers. viaf has become an important source of identity data for persons in the library community. project passage is also an important landmark. in this project we worked with wikibase to experiment with linked data and entification at scale. my colleague andrew pace provides an overview of the lessons learned:the building blocks of wikibase can be used to create structured data with a precision that exceeds current library standards.the wikibase platform enables user-driven ontology design but raises concerns about how to manage and maintain ontologies.the wikibase platform, supplemented with oclc’s enhancements and stand-alone utilities, enables librarians to see the results of their effort in a discovery interface without leaving the metadata-creation workflow.robust tools are required for local data management. to populate knowledge graphs with library metadata, tools that facilitate the import and enhancement of data created elsewhere are recommended.the pilot underscored the need for interoperability between data sources, both for ingest and export.the traditional distinction between authority and bibliographic data disappears in a wikibase description.these initiatives paved the way for semi (shared entity management infrastructure). supported by the andrew w. mellon foundation, semi is building the infrastructure which will support oclc&amp;aposs production entity management services. the goal is to have infrastructure which allows libraries to create, manage and use entity data at scale. the initial focus is on providing infrastructure for work and person entities. it is advancing with input from a broad base of partners and a variety of data inputs, and will be released for general use in . pluralization at oclc: towards reimagining descriptive workflowsoclc recognizes its important role in the library metadata environment and has been reviewing its own vocabulary and practices. for example, it has deprecated the term &amp;aposmaster record&amp;apos in favor of &amp;aposworldcat record.&amp;aposit was also recognized that there were multiple community and institutional initiatives which were proceeding independently and that there would be value in a convening to discuss shared directions.accordingly, again supported by the andrew w mellon foundation, oclc, in consultation with shift collective and an advisory group of community leaders, is developing a program to consider these issues at scale. the following activities are being undertaken over several months:convene a conversation of community stakeholders about how to address the systemic issues of bias and racial equity within our current collection description infrastructure.share with member libraries the need to build more inclusive and equitable library collections and to provide description approaches that promote effective representation and discovery of previously neglected or mis-characterized peoples, events, and experiences.develop a community agenda that will be of great value in clarifying issues for those who do knowledge work in libraries, archives, and museums, identifying priority areas for attention from these institutions, and providing valuable guidance for those national agencies and suppliers.it is hoped that the community agenda will help mobilize activity across communities of interest, and will also provide useful input into oclc development directions.find out more .. resources to check outthe oclc research library partners metadata managers focus group is an important venue for discussion of metadata directions and community needs. this report synthesizes six years ( - ) of discussion, and traces how metadata services are evolving:transitioning to the next generation of metadataoclcoclcthis post brings together a series of international discussions about the report and its ramifications for services, staffs and organization. next-generation metadata and the semantic continuum for updates about oclc&amp;aposs semi initiative, see here:worldcat - shared entity management infrastructure | oclclearn more about how oclc is developing a sharedoclcfor more about about reimagining descriptive workflows, see here:reimagine descriptive workflowsoclc has been awarded a grant from the andrew w. mellon foundation to convene a diverse group of experts, practitioners, and community members to determine ways to improve descriptive practices, tools, infrastructure and workflows in libraries and archives. the multi-day virtual convening is part of…oclcthe project passage summary and report is here:creating library linked data with wikibase: lessons learned from project passagethe oclc research linked data wikibase prototype (“project passage”) provided a sandbox in which librarians from us institutions could experiment with creating linked data to describe resources—without requiring knowledge of the technical machinery of linked data. this report provides an overview…oclcoclcacknowledgements: thanks to my colleagues john chapman, rachel frick, erica melko, andrew pace and merrilee proffitt for providing material and/or advice as i prepared the presentation and this entry. again, thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and for encouragement along the way. for more information about the conference, check out these pages:nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : homenazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : homenazarbayev university libguides at nazarbayev universitypicture: i took the feature picture at sydney airport, australia (through a window). the pandemic is affecting how we think about work travel and the design of events, although in as yet unclear ways. one pandemic effect, certainly, has been the ability to think about both audiences and speakers differently. it is unlikely that i would have attended this conference had it been face to face, however, i readily agreed to be an online participant. 	lita: blog archive the lita blog will now function as an archive of posts by the library and information technology association (lita), formerly a division of the american library association (ala). lita is now a part of core, but was previously the leading organization reaching out across types of libraries to provide education and services for a broad membership of systems librarians, library technologists, library administrators, library schools, vendors, and others interested in leading edge technology and applications for librarians and information providers. are you interested in becoming involved with core or the core news blog? core news has more information! four books by inez haynes gillmore | redeeming qualities redeeming qualities adventures in etextland 	 		 			« new link: the project gutenberg project 			 happy th anniversary to redeeming qualities » 		 		 			four books by inez haynes gillmore february , 			 				say hi to inez haynes gillmore. i know some of you are familiar with her, but i suspect most of you are not. she could easily be your new favorite author. she’s pretty good. but mostly what she is is versatile. i read a book of hers the other day called gertrude haviland’s divorce. it made me re-examine three of gillmore’s other books, just because it seemed so unlikely that they all could have come from the same person. so, there’s gertrude haviland, a divorce novel — and please don’t try to tell me that’s not a genre, because i won’t listen — and then there’s an adorable children’s book, a fluffy romance/adventure/ghost story/paean to old furniture, and a disturbing, bloody, and terrifyingly upbeat allegorical feminist fantasy. all of them are, in their separate ways, perfect. we’ll start with maida’s little shop. it’s the most innocuous. there were fifteen maida books, two of which are in the public domain, but although the series ran until the s, it was obviously never intended to be a series at all — there wasn’t so much as a sequel for eleven years. i’ve only read maida’s little shop and maida’s little house, but that’s enough to be glad there was a sequel, and to take the rest of the books on faith, because they’re lovely. maida is the daughter of the kind of fictional millionaire of whom, despite the fact that he’s clearly a great guy, everyone is terrified. she’s also a bit of an invalid, only capable of walking because of a recent operation by one of those specialists who are always curing crippled fictional characters. all she needs to complete her recovery is to take a real interest in something, so when she expresses a desire to run a store, her father buys it for her. i might have liked to hear a bit more about the actual running of the shop — logistics, and the kind of financial detail you only get from horatio alger, and things like that — but the friendships she forms with the children in her new neighborhood are completely satisfactory. based on maida’s little house, i expect the rest of the series revolves around maida and her friends being happy and industrious in a variety of settings while her father spends vast amounts of money on them. and what more could you want? then there’s angel island. i don’t know how it was received when it was first serialized in the american magazine, but right now it’s probably the most famous thing she wrote, because of all the feminism. i kind of wish it was even more feminist, though. or maybe a bit less pessimistic about human nature. this is the story of five young men who are shipwrecked with a lot of dead bodies and even more supplies. after they’ve been hanging around on their new island home for a while, they discover that they’re sharing it with some winged women — conveniently, five of them. in spite of the language barrier, they begin to pair off, “peachy” showing off for ralph, “chiquita” hanging out with frank as he writes, etc. and then ralph is like, “so, obviously the next step is to capture them and force them to marry us.” the other men are initially horrified by this, but eventually they all come round to the same point of view, at which point they trap the women in a cabin the’ve built and cut off their wings. that was a but of a surprise for me. there’s all this talk about capturing the women, and then once they’ve done it gillmore is like, “and then they pulled out their freshly sharpened shears.” then the men proceed to “tame” the women. which, you know, if it’s going to happen at all, i don’t care how it happens. mostly i wanted the women to murder their husbands in their sleep, but instead they fall in love with them. eventually they have kids, one of whom, a girl, has wings, and the women have to decide what they’re willing to do to protect her. angel island has what i guess qualifies as a happy ending, under the circumstances, but i wouldn’t say it ends well. it works better as an allegory than a story. my favorite bit — the one that made my brother say “this is really subtle, isn’t it?” in his most sarcastic tone of voice — was the bit where one of the men, shortly after the wing removal, says to another something along the lines of, “i don’t know why they’re so scared of us. once they can understand english we’ll tell them about our gentlemen’s code of honor and they’ll realized we would never hurt them.” still, though, i love that this book exists. sometimes the story needs to be heavy-handed and didactic and mildly disturbing for everyone to get it. out of the air is a lot more normal, as gillmore’s books go. not in the way gillmore likes to use the word “normal,” though. she likes to pretend it means not having any mental health issues. this seems unnecessarily ableist, but maybe that’s a discussion for another time. anyway, there are no winged women or benevolent millionaires in out of the air, just a pilot back from world war i who wants to write a biography of his favorite author and a newly graduated stenographer looking for honest work in new york city. the favorite author, lutetia murray, just happens to be her aunt. the pilot, david lindsay, moves into lutetia’s old house in a small town in maine and starts restoring it to its former glory and getting acquainted with lutetia’s ghost, while in alternating chapters we see that the getting work part isn’t so difficult for susannah ayers, but the honest part is causing some trouble. it’s sometimes meditative (david) and sometimes exciting (susannah), but it’s always suspenseful and lovely. the inevitable romantic ending feels like an afterthought, but not even that can take away from this book. and then there’s gertrude haviland’s divorce, probably the most grounded in reality of the four. also probably the best divorce novel i’ve read. the thing about divorce novels — the thing that distinguishes them from regular old novels with divorces in them — is that they don’t just feature divorce; they make a case for or against. the divorces at the center of divorce novels are usually test cases, “perfect” divorces constructed by the author so that they can put forward their opinion on what will happen in the best case scenario. gertrude haviland’s scenario doesn’t seem like a best case at first, though — she’s at home with the kids as usual when she gets a letter from her husband, will, telling her a) he’s been having an affair with a woman from their neighborhood, b) he wants a divorce, and c) he doesn’t plan on ever seeing her again. he gives her the old colonial house they bought shortly after they were married and never used, and she moves there with the three kids almost immediately, trying to avoid any contact with people she knows, or, actually, people of any description. a few months after the move, gertrude shakes off her depression and starts to get involved with things — her kids’ lives, the house, her neighbors and neighborhood. things don’t move too fast, but she moves slowly and surely towards being an important member of the community, and becomes a much more exciting person while she’s at it. gillmore is pretty cynical about will’s side of things, and how quick people are to accept his treatment of gertrude, but in the end gertrude gets the much better end of the deal, and she knows it. gertrude haviland’s divorce is a wish-fulfillment book, the kind that gets you to invest yourself in the protagonist’s success, and silently cheer her on and snicker when bad things happen to her enemies. and maybe this is the most lowbrow thing about my extremely lowbrow reading tastes, but i love books like that. it’s why i get along so well with mary jane holmes. gertrude haviland’s divorce was published in , so you may have more luck tracking it down in your local library than on the internet, but that’s not really the point. these are four of gillmore’s books, and there are probably half a dozen others floating around online, not counting a bit of non-fiction. my point is that whichever of them you choose, you’re going to get a few pleasant surprises. 			 			 			share this: 	share 	 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to email this to a friend (opens in new window) 	 	click to print (opens in new window) 	click to share on reddit (opens in new window) 	 	 like this: like loading... 							 			posted in books | tagged s, s, s, adventure, allegory, childrens, favorite books, inez haynes gillmore, romance | 		 		 comments 		 	 		i loved maida’s little shop, as did my mother and grandmother. we had the whole series at home when i was growing up and i read them many times. i had downloaded angel island a while back but never read it. i have mixed emotions about reading it now, after your review! but i probably will. i just downloaded out of the air and will probably like that. maybe gertrude haviland’s divorce will be available as an ebook in a couple of years, since our library doesn’t have it. 	 						     			by 						cathlin 			 february , at : am						 						 	 	 	reply	 	 	 		angel island is interesting, but i guess i wouldn’t call it a fun book. out of the air is definitely more up your alley. i wish i could believe that gertrude haviland’s divorce will ever be online, but the us public domain cutoff isn’t moving forward until , as far as i know, and probably before then the walt disney company’ll do something to push it back again. 	 						     			by 						melody 			 february , at : pm						 						 	 	 	reply	 	 	 		angel island sounds like animal farm for feminists. 	 						     			by 						lp king 			 february , at : am						 						 	 	 	reply	 	 	 		a bit, yeah. all of those books where the symbolism is more important than the content are kind of the same. 	 						     			by 						melody 			 february , at : pm						 						 	 	 	reply	 	 	 		angel island sounds kinda awesome. is gilmore’s writing style really different for all these novels, too? 	 						     			by 						heidenkind 			 february , at : am						 						 	 	 	reply	 	 	 		sometimes it’s awesome, but more often it’s infuriating. i hadn’t really thought about the differences in writing style, but she does get a lot more figurative in angel island than in out of the air or (especially) gertrude haviland. 	 						     			by 						melody 			 february , at : pm						 						 	 	 	reply	 	 	 		definitely want to read the gertrude book now! i think the only “divorce novel” i’ve read from early th c is the younger set by robert w chambers. you might like it, because it’s kind of a secret insane wife story: the ex-wife is slowly succumbing to an inherent strain of lunacy culminating in convenient death. having fallen for an unspoiled girl (half his age, of course), the protagonist must decide whether the divorce frees him from his responsibilities to the madwoman, or whether marriage is a tie forged by god that can’t be dissolved by legalities. 	 						     			by 						jenn 			 april , at : pm						 						 	 	 	reply	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 			 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 this site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed. 	 	 	 			 						 	redeeming qualities 			you might be looking for... about the blog: the short version or the long version. the redeeming qualities virtual bookshelf late th and early th century bestsellers a short guide to the patty fairfield series, by carolyn wells the official recommendations page questions? comments? email melody at redeeming.qualities@gmail.com 		 				 subscribe in a reader 		 	email subscription 			 				enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 					 						 						join other followers						 					 									 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 sign me up! 			 	 s s s s s s s s s s adventure advertisements alicebemerson anna buchan augustahuiellseaman automobiles bestseller books boys carolynwells children childrens christmas cookery earlderrbiggers eleanorhallowellabbott eleanorhporter elinorglyn england ephillipsoppenheim epistolary favorite books favorite posts fluff france girls gracelivingstonhill he/she fell in love with his/her wife/husband historical horatioalgerjr illustrations janeabbott julietwilbortompkins kindle lauraerichards list london marieconwayoemler maryjaneholmes maryrobertsrinehart mary roberts rinehart millionaires' daughters mystery new york nonfiction nyc percykeesefitzhugh religious reviewsatep romance rqhousekeeping sabatini samuelhopkinsadams school series shortstories stratemeyer stuff stupid the south transatlantic voyages travel week in books williamsons wwi 	blogroll 		barnacle press 	charlotte's library 	consumed and judged 	edwardian promenade 	sequestered nooks 	slouching towards bethlehem 	the bunburyist 	the project gutenberg project 	truth, beauty, freedom, and books 	voyages of the susabella 	links 		google books 	manybooks.net 	pg distributed proofreaders 	project gutenberg 	the internet archive 	 		recent posts 			 					the bronze hand 									 	 					our miss york 									 	 					dora’s housekeeping 									 	 					the blue envelope 									 	 					gladiola murphy 									 	 					support 									 	 					the snowshoe trail 									 	 					cordelia the magnificent 									 	 					rope 									 	 					the queen of farrandale 									 	 					the strange countess 									 	 					the shuttle 									 	 					year in books , slightly belated 									 	 					the billiard room mystery 									 	 					the seven conundrums 									 		 	february 	s	m	t	w	t	f	s 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  		« jan 		  		mar » 	 	archives 		archives 		select month may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) august  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) 			 				 this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-no derivative works . license. 		 	top posts 	 					the mystery of a hansom cab					 	 					when ghost meets ghost					 	 					janet, or, the christmas stockings					 	 					late th / early th century bestsellers					 	search rq 	 	 	create a free website or blog at wordpress.com. 		 		entries (rss) 		and comments (rss). 	 		 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 		 		 					 	 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 pinboard recent ‧ popular ‧ tour ‧ howto     log in login required only registered users can view this page. create an account or log in. © nine fives software. problems or questions? contact <support@pinboard.in>. tos ‧ privacy ‧ about ‧ blog ‧ faq ‧ resources ‧ security food fight: an update on private equity performance vs public equity markets eye on the market food fight: an update on private equity performance vs public equity markets michael cembalest | jp morgan asset and wealth management food fight. every two years, we take a close look at the performance of the private equity industry given its rising share of institutional and individual portfolios. our findings this year: the private equity industry is still outperforming public equity, but this outperformance is narrrowing as all markets benefit from non-stop monetary and fiscal stimulus, and as private equity acquisition multiples rise. we examine manager dispersion, benchmarks, co-investing, gp-led secondary funds, the torrid pace of industry fundraising and manager fees in this year’s piece. michael cembalest chairman of market and investment strategy j.p. morgan asset management every two years, we examine the performance of the private equity industry given its rising share of institutional and individual portfolios. our findings: private equity is still outperforming public equity, but outperformance narrowed as all markets benefit from non-stop stimulus, and as private equity acquisition multiples rise. we examine manager dispersion, benchmarks, co-investing, gp-led secondary funds, the torrid pace of industry fundraising and manager fees in this year’s piece. as for public equity markets, the slower rate of gains since april is consistent with data we’re seeing. there’s a robust recovery in earnings, household/capital spending and other activity, but there’s also a disconnect between accommodative fed policy, exhaustible supplies of labor and equity valuations. the latest comments from the fed on gradual normalization of monetary policy are consistent with peak valuations and further market gains being driven by earnings only. the next hurdle for us equities: rising domestic and international taxes whose blueprints are still being worked out. a brief comment on covid, which you can continue to track on our virus web portal. infections and mortality are plummeting in the developed world, as latin america stands out as the last unrelenting hotspot. but the us, whose vaccination rates are now being eclipsed by europe, canada and china, has pockets of unvaccinated people still heavily affected by the disease. as shown below, us covid hospitalizations among the unvaccinated are x- x levels for the entire population in certain states. the recent uk infection spike despite % vaccination is a warning of what could occur elsewhere. jan ' feb ' mar ' apr ' may ' jun ' s&p value s&p s&p growth ytd s&p performance total return index source: bloomberg. june , . - % - % % % % % % % resource equip. vehicles industr. machinery structures office equip. tech equip. med equip. capex growth demand-based capex growth estimate us leading indicators point to a lot more capital spending source: bridgewater. may , . dc ri wa me mo co fl md pa nv as reported as % of unvaccinated covid hospitalizations and the unvaccinated hospitalizations per mm people source: hhs, imf, jpmam. june , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . s america m east c america e europe em asia africa latest covid trends in developing countries source: johns hopkins university, imf, jpmam. june , . mortality per million people, log scale infections per million people, log scale investment products are: ● not fdic insured ● not a deposit or other obligation of, or guaranteed by, jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. or any of its affiliates ● subject to investment risks, including possible l oss of the principal amount invested https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/gl/en/insights/investing/eotm/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , food fight: private equity update the question of whether private equity outperforms public equity continues to be a hotly debated issue in investment finance. in the latest food fight, steve kaplan at the university of chicago takes on ludovic phalippou from the university of oxford. phalippou is the author of “private equity laid bare”, has a podcast with the same name, and asserts that private equity managers have not outperformed net of fees. kaplan disagrees; the schematic below outlines the main points of dispute . we’ll get into the details later but for now, think of the public market equivalent (pme) measure as a multiple of invested capital of private equity relative to public equity, and where a pme > . indicates that private equity outperformed. phalippou: “private equity has underperformed public equity” private equity pme = . from to using the s&p as a benchmark kaplan: “yes, but all other time periods show pe outperformance” all contiguous periods from to show a private equity pme > except for to kaplan: “phalippou’s definition of private equity is too broad” phalippou’s private equity universe includes real assets, real estate, infrastructure and energy. when private equity is defined just as buyout, growth equity and venture capital, private equity pme = . even when using phalippou’s time period of to phalippou: “if you remove underperforming real assets like oil & gas from the private equity universe, shouldn’t you remove them from the s&p benchmark too?” yes, in principle; the impact on the benchmark depends on the time period analyzed. for to , the energy sector underperformed the s&p . however, given the %- % modest weight of energy in the index, an s&p ex-energy benchmark would only be - bps higher on an annualized basis. kaplan: “phalippou’s use of the s&p for an alternative small/mid-cap benchmark is odd” kaplan and phalippou also compute pmes using small/mid cap benchmarks. kaplan uses the russell while phalippou uses the s&p . around % of small cap managers use the russell , which is the industry standard. for buyout, growth equity and venture capital from to : private equity pme = . using s&p or s&p , and . using russell phalippou: “managers love to measure performance vs the russell instead of the s&p ” the russell has substantially underperformed the s&p since the year due to the lack of an ipo seasoning requirement, no profitability tests, a smaller float requirement and its popularity with etf investors since there is more buying/selling pressure when names are added or removed from the index another dispute: phalippou claimed in that private equity managers would need to increase earnings by % over a typical year holding period to outperform public equity. kaplan claims that phalippou neglected to assume that private companies would use earnings to pay down debt (akin to ignoring dividends as part of total return on equities), in which case private equity earnings would need to grow by % rather than %. https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , such differences of opinion have existed for years and date back to debates around which data sources to use for measuring private equity performance in the first place. most analyses of private equity now use data sourced from limited partners rather than relying on other databases that can have significant problems due to voluntary reporting by managers and stale data (see page ). for our biennial private equity reviews, i find kaplan’s analyses and similar ones from finance professors at vanderbilt, university of virginia and duke to be sensible and devoid of an agenda to either praise or excoriate the private equity industry. their analyses once again form the basis of this year’s eye on the market private equity review, which gets into detail on performance of buyout and venture capital on an industry-wide basis. a few things to keep in mind. first, the private equity performance measures in this piece cover vintage years through and including . for vintage years since then, not enough time has passed to analyze distributions and valuations relative to invested capital. second, buyout and venture performance is net of management, incentive and other fees. third, average industry returns weight each fund by the size of its commitments and distributions (i.e., size-weighted rather than equal-weighted). table of contents absolute buyout performance ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ..................................................................... ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. relative buyout performance buyout funds: what is the “right” buyout performance benchmark? buyout manager dispersion drivers of buyout performance secondary private equity funds absolute and relative venture capital performance venture capital: performance benchmarks and manager dispersion how are gains on venture-backed companies split between vc investors and post-ipo investors? ...................... buyout vs venture capital what about private equity co-investments? ....................................................................................................... fundraising and the pace of investment ............................................................................................................. private equity fundraising vs market capitalization ............................................................................................. on private equity fees ....................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ............................ ........................................................................... ......................................................... recent academic papers on private equity appendix i: other industry data appendix ii: return dispersion on buyout and venture transactions within commingled funds appendix iii: sources for private equity manager performance appendix iv: on irr, direct alpha, cash flow timing and subscription lines https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , absolute buyout performance let’s start with buyout funds. the charts below show average and median multiples of invested capital (moic) and internal rate of return (irr) since the early ’s. moic is a simple measure of cash-in vs cash-out, while irr is a time-weighted measure of return. note how there’s only a small gap between average and median buyout manager results. before , average moics and irrs generally moved in tandem with each other. since , moics have been declining while irrs have been rising. in theory, this could happen if managers generate smaller gains vs invested capital but deliver distributions to investors more quickly. in reality, the reason for rising irrs despite falling moic is increased use of subscription lines: managers finance investments with bank loans and delay capital calls to lps until later in the investment period. this practice increases the irr of a fund at the expense of a small rise in moic, since lps end up paying subscription line interest. . . . . . average median us buyout moics by vintage year source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . % % % % % % % % median average us buyout irrs by vintage year source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . on subscription lines • irr impact. estimates of the irr impact of subscription lines vary. cambridge associates estimates that subscription lines could boost irrs by % per year, while a notre dame study found that such lines would be less likely to materially impact irr. in terms of actual data, carnegie mellon found a . % increase in irr while the institutional limited partners association points to a median irr impact of no more than . % • impact drivers. the irr impact depends on how long the lines are used for and what percentage of invested capital they are applied to. as an extreme example, assume that a manager used subscription lines for % of invested capital and held such lines outstanding until the end of the investment period. in this case, the irr would rise by % from % to % (see appendix iii base case) • arms race. % of private equity poll respondents indicate that they are using or plan to use subscription lines. according to mercer, the use of subscription lines of credit (slcs) has grown x since with more than % of funds now using them “should you avoid commitment (facilities)?”, cambridge associates, june ; “private equity returns, cash flow timing, and investor choices”, larocque (notre dame) et al, august ; “private equity fund debt: capital flows, performance, and agency costs”, albertus and denes (carnegie mellon), may ; “enhancing transparency around subscription lines of credit”, institutional limited partners association, june . “fund finance: utilizing credit lines/subscription lines of credit at the fund level”, haynes and boone llp, february ; “dry powder meets low interest rates”, mercer, march . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , relative buyout performance moic is not time weighted and neither moic nor irr measures performance vs public equity. many analysts have converged on two concepts that address these shortfalls: the public market equivalent ratio and direct alpha. pme compares private equity commitments and distributions to investments in public equity markets in the exact same time periods. the result is essentially an moic ratio of private equity performance vs the public equity benchmark used . direct alpha converts the pme into annualized outperformance in percentage terms. note how average and median results for buyout are similar, as they were for moic and irr. since subscription loans impact the timing of upfront cash flows, they can materially boost direct alpha as well as irr. why have relative buyout returns declined? after the financial crisis in - , the fed and other central banks adopted “maximum accommodation” policies. these policies led to a sharp rise in public equity valuations. in addition, buyout acquisition multiples have increased as the food fight over private companies continues, propelled further by the spac boom (which we wrote about in detail earlier this year). so, higher buyout purchase prices and better-performing public equities have reduced buyout outperformance. are the recent annualized %- % excess returns over public equity markets since enough given the illiquidity of private equity? rather than apply an abstract derived cost of liquidity, most investors will judge for themselves whether these returns suffice based on their consistency and magnitude. . . . . . . . . . average median us buyout pmes by vintage year pme ratio vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . - % % % % % % median average us buyout direct alpha by vintage year %, annualized vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . x x x x x x x x x x ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' s&p price / earnings ratio price / forward year earnings per share source: bloomberg, j.p. morgan. june , . x x x x x x x q q other equity/ebitda subordinated debt/ebitda senior debt/ebitda source: s&p global. . buyout purchase price multiples average ebitda purchase price multiple for us lbo transactions see “private equity performance: returns, persistence and capital flows”, kaplan and schoar, university of chicago, and “benchmarking private equity: the direct alpha method”, gredil (unc) et al, . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-wm-aem/global/pb/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/hydraulic-spacking.pdf e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , buyout funds: what is the “right” buyout performance benchmark? some analysts are reluctant to use the s&p as a benchmark for buyout managers that invest in smaller companies. while us buyout deal sizes have been rising (first chart), the average buyout is still much smaller than a typical large cap company. the median s&p market cap is $ billion, the average us buyout is $ . billion and the median russell market cap is $ . billion. in any case, the second chart shows pmes using the russell instead. the results reflect the relative performance of the s&p vs the russell over time. the third chart shows rolling performance of the russell vs the s&p . % % % % % % % % % % % ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' <$ m $ m-$ m $ -$ m $ m-$ b $ b+ us lbo deals by size % of total deal value source: s&p global. . . . . . . . . . . vs russell vs s&p us buyout average pmes by benchmark pme ratio source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . - % - % - % - % - % - % % % % the russell has trailed the s&p for most of the last two decades, russell rolling yr out (under) performance source: bloomberg. june , . , s&p russell s&p russell growth major index returns total return index ( = jan. ) source: bloomberg. june , . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , buyout manager dispersion average/median managers have consistently outperformed, but what happens if you pick a below-average buyout manager? since , the gap between top and bottom quartile managers has narrowed compared to prior decades, and the degree of underperformance for bottom quartile managers is pretty modest. . . . . . . . top quartile median bottom quartile us buyout pme quartiles by vintage year pme ratio vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . - % - % % % % % % % % top quartile median bottom quartile us buyout direct alpha quartiles by vintage year direct alpha, annualized vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . the next chart illustrates absolute performance dispersion across venture, buyout, real estate and private credit. % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % distribution of performance by strategy % of funds source: hamilton lane. january . includes - vintage years. trailing -year annualized return private credit real estate buyout venture capital https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , drivers of buyout performance while cash flow data sourced from limited partners is a reliable way to measure performance of private equity funds, it does not allow a closer look under the hood to see what drives that performance. we asked one of the larger buyout managers we know for company-specific data for three consecutive buyout funds they managed. we decomposed the change in enterprise value into three sources: cash flow (ebitda) growth, changes in valuation multiples and change in debt levels. in each case, operating cash flow improvements at the company accounted for more than half of the total change in enterprise value, and for more than the impact of multiple expansion. this is not meant to be indicative of the industry as a whole, but it does illustrate that operating improvements can play a primary role in generation of returns. - % - % % % % % % % ebitda growth multiple expansion change in debt total change in enterprise value source: jp morgan private bank. . pre-gfc fund: buyout return components investments sorted by cumulative enterprise value growth - % % % % % % % aggregate results enterprise value weighted - % - % % % % % % % % % % ebitda growth multiple expansion change in debt total change in enterprise value source: jp morgan private bank. . post-gfc fund i: buyout return components investments sorted by cumulative enterprise value growth % % % % % % % % % % aggregate results enterprise value weighted - % - % % % % % % % ebitda growth multiple expansion change in debt total change in enterprise value source: jp morgan private bank. . post-gfc fund ii: buyout return components investments sorted by cumulative enterprise value growth % % % % % % % aggregate results enterprise value weighted p https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , secondary private equity funds  secondary private equity funds are pooled vehicles which buy seasoned private equity units or companies  the original iteration of secondary funds involved the purchase of limited partner units, typically when lps have liquidity needs, are repositioning private equity portfolios or when making some other asset allocation adjustment. these are referred to as “lp-led transactions” since the lps are the one deciding to sell their units. since , average secondary market buyout prices for lp units have ranged between % and % of nav, while average vc secondary prices have ranged from % to % of nav  since , another form of secondary fund has emerged: gp-led transactions. in this iteration, a lead lp investor approaches a gp with financing for a continuation fund to provide a “new lease on life” for the last remaining companies in a seasoned fund, perhaps when only a few companies are left. normally, a gp would have to monetize these investments at the end of a fund’s life to a strategic buyer or another private equity fund. in gp-led transactions, these remaining deals are rolled into a new fund with the possibility of added capital investment from the original gps and new lps. lps in the legacy fund have the option to either roll into the new fund or cash out  in the earliest versions of gp-led transactions, some “zombie” managers with poor returns and no expectations of future fund-raising were simply looking to keep deals alive and earn more management fees. since then, our general sense is that gp-led secondary funds have improved, but this is not something easy to empirically demonstrate $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ other secondaries gp-led secondaries single asset continuation funds secondary market volume deal volume, us$, billions source: credit suisse. march . % % % % % % % % ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' buyout venture capital source: coller capital. . average secondary market pricing for private equity lp positions, % of net asset value buyout private credit fund of funds growth equity infrastructure real estate venture capital secondary funds % % % % % % % % % . . . . . . . . . alternative investment performance by type median irr for - vintage years median total value to paid-in capital source: cambridge associates. q . the third chart shows how secondary funds (both lp- and gp-led) performed from to . however:  this data is not from our regular source and relies on self-reported performance from cambridge associates  some gp-led secondary funds use %- % leverage at the fund level in addition to leverage that already exists at the company level within lp interests they’re buying. that’s a lot of leverage to carry into a downturn note: total value to paid-in capital (tvpi) = distributions plus remaining market value of investments divided by total paid-in capital. in most cases, tvpi = moic https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , absolute and relative venture capital performance we have performance data for venture capital starting in the mid- s, but the period is so distorted by the late ’s boom and bust that we start our vc performance discussion in . in my view, the massive gains earned by vc managers in the mid- s are not relevant to a discussion of vc investing today. as with buyout managers, vc manager moic and irr also tracked each other until after which a combination of subscription lines and faster distributions led to rising irrs despite falling moics. there’s a larger gap between average and median manager results than in buyout, indicating that there are a few vc managers with much higher returns and/or larger funds that pull up the average relative to the median. . . . . . . . average median us venture capital moics by vintage year source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . % % % % % % % % % average median us venture capital irrs by vintage year source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . vc managers have consistently outperformed public equity markets when looking at the “average” manager. but to reiterate, the gap between average and median results are substantial and indicate outsized returns posted by a small number of vc managers. for vintage years to , the median vc manager actually underperformed the s&p pretty substantially. . . . . . . . . . average median us venture capital pmes by vintage year pme ratio vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . - % - % % % % % % average median us venture capital direct alphas by vintage year %, annualized vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . the year of peak vc performance was the vintage whose moic was x and whose irr reached %. the subsequent bust took a toll on returns: the vintage ended up with moic of x and an irr of - %. https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , venture capital: performance benchmarks and manager dispersion one could make an even stronger argument that the s&p is not the right benchmark for venture capital given much smaller deal sizes (see last chart). the first two charts show average and median pme ratios for vc using different benchmark options. since the s&p outperformed the russell index, the russell growth index, the russell microcap index and most other us equity benchmarks since , using a different benchmark than the s&p would simply make venture outperformance look larger since that date. as for manager performance dispersion, vc trends are similar to buyout. since the gap between top and bottom quartile vc managers has narrowed and bottom quartile vc manager underperformance vs public equity is very modest. to be frank, i was expecting much worse from bottom quartile vc managers. . . . . . . . . . vs russell microcap vs russell vs s&p us venture capital average pmes by benchmark pme ratio source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . vs russell microcap vs russell vs s&p us venture capital median pmes by benchmark pme ratio source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . . . . . . top quartile median bottom quartile us venture capital pme quartile by vintage year pme ratio vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . % % % % % % % % % % % ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' <$ m $ m-$ m $ m-$ m $ m-$ m $ m-$ m $ m+ us venture capital deals by size % of total deal value source: pitchbook. q . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , how are gains on venture-backed companies split between vc investors and post-ipo investors? one of the other “food fight” debates relates to pricing of venture-backed companies that go public. in other words, do venture investors reap the majority of the benefits, leaving public market equity investors “holding the bag”? actually, the reverse has been true over the last decade when measured in terms of total dollars of value creation accruing to pre- and post-ipo investors: post-ipo investor gains have often been substantial. we analyzed all us tech, internet retailing and interactive media ipos from to . we computed the total value created since each company’s founding, from original paid-in capital by vcs to its latest market capitalization. we then examined how total value creation has accrued to pre- and post-ipo investors . sometimes both investor types share the gains, and sometimes one type accrues the vast majority of the gains. pre-ipo investors earn the majority of the pie when ipos collapse or flat-line after being issued, and post-ipo investors reap the majority of the pie when ipos appreciate substantially after being issued. there are three general regions in the chart. as you can see, the vast majority of the ipos analyzed resulted in a large share of the total value creation accruing to public market equity investors; nevertheless, there were some painful exceptions (see lower left region on the chart). pre-ipo investors earned all or practically all of the value that was created, leaving public market investors with losses or no gains pre-ipo and post-ipo investors shared the total value creation post-ipo investors earned the vast majority of total value creation rocket fuel quotient groupon green sky blue apron solarwinds sabre eventbrite the realreal dropbox switch surveym onkey yelp twitter datadog pinterest linkedin chewy cloudflare zoom crowdstrike snap docusign facebook square first data - % - % % % % % % % %- % - % % % % % % % % value creation in pre-ipo and post-ipo markets tech, internet retailing and interactive media ipos from - (n = ) % of value created post-ipo % of value created pre-ipo source: pitchbook, bloomberg, jpmam. . total value creation measured as market capitalization less pre-ipo paid in capital less primary and secondary issuance. value creation shares capped at % w ith values over % ref lecting situations w here value creation f or one group of investors w as negative. for pre-ipo investors, we include the post-ipo lockup period as part of their pre-ipo performance; after the lockup expires, they are assumed to be the same as other public investors https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , buyout vs venture capital the charts below compare buyout and vc across the main performance measures for the median manager. venture capital has outperformed buyout since , but not by as much as you might think. if we were to look at these charts for the average manager, the performance advantage for vc would be much higher (see table). however, we believe that median results are a better reflection of the opportunity set for an individual lp. . . . . . . venture capital buyout us buyout vs vc median moics by vintage year source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . % % % % % % buyout venture capital us buyout vs vc median irrs by vintage year source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . . . . . . . . . . buyout venture capital us buyout vs vc median pmes by vintage year pme ratio vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . - % - % % % % buyout venture capital us buyout vs vc median direct alphas by vintage year %, annualized vs s&p source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . median manager for - vintage years moic irr pme direct alpha venture capital . . % . . % buyout . . % . . % difference . - . % - . - . % average manager for - vintage years moic irr pme direct alpha venture capital . . % . . % buyout . . % . . % difference . . % . . % source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , what about private equity co-investments? • co-investment opportunities typically arise when a target acquisition requires more capital than a sponsor wants to provide from their fund alone; as a result, co-investors join the sponsor to make up the shortfall • the premise behind co-investment is that lower fees increase lp returns, and that security selection will be at least as good as in overall diversified private equity funds • our private equity performance universe excludes co-investments that lps make into individual deals and only includes co-investment funds that invest in transactions led by multiple private equity managers. as a result, if co-investment returns exceed those on underlying funds, average and median returns we cited earlier would understate actual returns for lps participating in individual deal co-investments • the history of buyout and growth co-investment funds does show outperformance vs the overall industry. for - vintages, % of co-investment funds outperformed primary private equity funds. for the longer period of to , % of co-investment funds outperformed. the net median irr for co- investment funds was . % for - vintages vs . % for primary private equity funds • lps also benefit from downside risk mitigation benefits from co-investment funds, illustrated in the next two charts on how co-investment impacts moic and the number of loss-generating funds . . . . . x . x . x . x . x lower quartile tvpi lower decile tvpi downside risk mitigation: primary private equity vs co-investment funds, net tvpi source: capital dynamics. . primary private equity funds co-investment funds % % % % % % % % - vintage years - vintage years primary private equity funds co-investment funds proportion of loss-generating funds % of funds with tvpi< source: capital dynamics. . “private equity co-investment funds – a comparison of risks and returns”, capital dynamics, february . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , fundraising and the pace of investment • since the pace of new investment has trailed fundraising, global “dry powder” has exploded since our last analysis, rising from $ trillion to ~$ trillion. however, this figure includes all private equity categories and not just buyout and venture capital. for the latter two categories, dry powder is closer to $ trillion • increased use of subscription lines also overstates the “real” amount of undrawn and committed capital. the latest estimates indicate $ billion in subscription lines outstanding, which is a meaningful portion of the increase in global dry powder since $ . $ . $ . $ . $ . $ . $ . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' other (secondary, growth, distressed, spacs, nat resources, mezz) infrastructure real estate venture capital buyout source: bain global private equity report. . global private equity capital raised by year us$, trillions $ . $ . $ . $ . $ . $ . $ . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' other (direct lending, secondary, growth, distressed, spacs, nat resources, mezz) infrastructure real estate venture capital buyout source: bain global private equity report. . global dry powder by category us$, trillions • as one might expect at a time of elevated valuations in both public and private equity, exits and distributions exceed capital calls, particularly in the us • a lot of exits in have been through ipos and spacs. much of that is public but not yet distributed. so, we expect to see distributions remain high in % % % % % % % % distributions capital calls source: burgiss. q . us private equity capital calls and distributions % of fund size % % % % % % % % distributions capital calls source: burgiss. q . global private equity capital calls and distributions % of fund size “subscription credit’s shifting landscape”, private equity international, oct . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , private equity fundraising vs market capitalization • while commitments to buyout and vc have been rising sharply, they look a little less ominous when measured against stock market capitalization $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ commitments to us private equity & lbo partnerships $, billions source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . . % . % . % . % . % . % . % . % commitments to us private equity & lbo partnerships % of all-cap stock market capitalization source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . commitments to us venture capital partnerships $, billions source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . . % . % . % . % . % . % . % . % . % . % commitments to us venture capital partnerships % of all-cap stock market capitalization source: steve kaplan (chicago booth) and burgiss. . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , on private equity fees private equity fees fall into three categories. they are described below, with estimates of fees earned from to by private equity companies with public filings (carlyle, kkr, blackstone, apollo) : [ ] carried interest, paid if returns exceed a specified threshold level; $ billion academic research generally supports the notion that there is alignment of interest between general and limited partners. a study of years of private equity history found no evidence that higher fee levels resulted in lower net-of-fee performance. if anything, the authors found that higher fee levels were associated with superior performance. one agency conflict they did spot: gps tend to accelerate realizations right after the lp’s preferred return has been paid in what is known as the “waterfall quarter”, illustrated by the chart on the right below. this approach sacrifices lp upside in exchange for certainty of gps earning a catch-up return. [ ] management fees, typically earned based on committed capital; $ billion as shown below, % of buyout managers charge fees on committed (rather than invested) capital. within other categories of private equity, larger numbers of managers charge on invested capital instead. [ ] net monitoring and transaction fees (“company fees”); $ . billion this segment generates controversy since these fees are paid by companies whose boards the gp controls. in the past, the sec has fined some managers for inadequate disclosure. fees charged to portfolio companies are not specified in limited partnership agreements (lpa); they are laid out in management services agreements, signed by gps after documents are finalized. the lpa does state the % of each type of portfolio company fee that is rebated against management fees paid by lps. from - , %- % of such fees were rebated to lps; this reflects three common rebate levels of %, % and %. b uy ou t g ro w th v en tu re c ap ita l p riv at e eq ui ty f of d ire ct le nd in g d is tr es se d de bt m ez za ni ne in fr as tr uc tu re r ea l e st at e n at ur al r es ou rc es % % % % % fees based on invested capital fees based on committed capital source: preqin. march . private equity management fee approach by manager type b uy ou t v en tu re c ap ita l % % % % % % % % source: "do private equity fund managers earn their fees?", robinson (duke) and sensoy (vanderbilt). . managers cluster realizations around waterfall quarter excess realizations in manager's waterfall quarter compared to realizations in the average quarter; % of original committed capital “big revenue sources: what do we learn?”, phalippou (oxford) et al, june “do private equity fund managers earn their fees?”, robinson (duke) and sensoy (vanderbilt), june https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , recent academic papers on private equity • top performer persistence . the performance of top quartile vc and buyout funds is likely to persist in subsequent funds. however, final performance is typically unavailable to lps at the time of fundraising. for buyout, interim performance of prior funds is not an accurate indicator of future fund performance. in contrast, the average pme for vc funds with top quartile interim performance was . x higher than those with bottom quartile performance. in other words, partial performance information could be useful to vc lps at the time of fundraise, but less useful to buyout investors • secondary market volatility . as illustrated in the chart, investors should expect wide dispersion in mature fund performance (dispersion increases - years into a fund’s life), probably due to a diminishing number of remaining deals. this has implications for secondary private equity funds purchasing mature funds • second time around . after exceptionally strong performance, private equity firms often increase fund sizes for subsequent raises. historically, these later funds experience performance declines vs the original fund. this can be attributed to an inability to scale investment operations, or it may be simply be due to reversion to the mean (early outperformance was due to luck) • investor timing . updated analysis confirms earlier conclusions that timing private equity commitments has only generated modest benefits since gps respond to market cycles and valuations • post-ipo manager decision making . buyout funds tend to hold companies for years on average post- ipo. typically this does not result in value-added to investors, and requires lps to continue paying management fees to gps for keeping them in the portfolio. one study finds that faster disposition of buyout ipos would have lowered overall management fees by %. note that this paper did not analyze the retention of venture ipos. “evidence from buyout and venture funds”, harris (uva) et al., november “evolution of private equity fund value”, brown (unc) et al., june “decreasing returns or reversion to the mean?”, rossi (arizona), december “can investors time their exposure to private equity?”, brown (unc) et al., october “long goodbyes: why do private equity funds hold onto public equity?”, jenkinson et al. (oxford), feb - % - % - % - % % % % % % % th percentile th percentile median th percentile th percentile dispersion of remaining buyout fund performance over fund life, remaining direct alpha source: burgiss; "evolution of pe fund value", brown et al. june . fund age (years) % % % % % % % % % % fastest exit (top quartile) share sales equally spaced over yrs actual slowest exit (bottom quartile) faster exits post-ipo improve buyout fund performance net irr of median deal source: jenkinson et al. (oxford). february . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , appendix i: other industry data • the number of private equity funds has now surpassed the number of hedge funds, which is perhaps an ominous development given what excess proliferation of hedge funds did to hedge fund returns • since , sponsor-to-sponsor buyouts have been declining as a % of overall us deals relative to public-to- private buyouts and corporate divestitures • while acquisitions account for the highest number of vc deal exits ( % in ), public listings account for % of the total exit value • over the last decade, institutional investors have incrementally rotated away from public equities into bonds, private equity and other alternatives • buyouts saw fewer poorly-performing investments in vs the gfc due to rapid central bank response , , , , , , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' private markets overall hedge funds private equity real estate natural resrouces private debt infrastructure global active private capital firms by asset class number of firms source: mckinsey. . % % % % % % q q source: s&p global. . distribution of us lbos by type share of overall transaction volume sponsor-to-sponsor public-to-private corporate division divestitures other , , , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' buyout public listing acquisition us venture capital exits by type number of exits source: pitchbook. q . $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' buyout public listing acquisition us venture capital exits by type us$, billions source: pitchbook. q . % % % % % % % % % % % ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' other alts infra. pe re bonds stocks institutional investors' portfolio allocation source: mckinsey. . % % % % % % % % ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' impact of rapid central bank response %, loss rate for buyout deals by year of exit source: bain global private equity report. . financial crisis covid https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , appendix ii: return dispersion on buyout and venture transactions within commingled funds our biennial private equity analysis is primarily focused on the performance of commingled buyout and venture capital funds that our institutional and high net worth clients invest in. from time to time, clients will ask about performance dispersion within these funds, on the companies they invest in. the data source used to obtain fund performance can now also be used to analyze returns on individual private equity transactions . this particular database covers transactions from the mid ’s to . as you might imagine, there is a wide range of dispersion on individual buyout and venture investment returns, which is why we typically advocate diversified private equity funds. as an example, look at the last column: more than % of all venture capital transactions entered into by private equity managers ended up losing money (this outcome incorporates a lot of the failed deals during the dotcom boom at the end of the ’s). and yet the average venture capital return was still positive, which indicates that some mega-winners ended up offsetting a lot of the losing transactions. the last chart shows the cumulative dollar value resulting from a given percentage of transactions; the reliance of vc managers on around % of transactions to drive overall fund returns is striking, particularly when compared to buyout. as a reminder, total value to paid-in capital is the same as multiple on invested capital. deal specific performance data (mid 's to ) mean (value- weighted) mean (equal- weighted) standard deviation th percentile th percentile th percentile percent of transactions with tvpi < . x percent of transactions with tvpi < . x buyout tvpi . . . . . . % % pme . . . . . . venture capital tvpi . . . . . . % % pme . . . . . . source: "a first look at burgiss holdings data", brow n et al. . % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % vc and buyout reliance on a subset of transactions cumulative % of value creation source: brown (unc) et al. . transaction data from mid 's - . cumulative % of all transactions each deal contributes equally to return buyout venture capital “private equity portfolio companies: a first look at burgiss holdings data”, brown, harris, hu, jenkinson, kaplan and robinson, january https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , appendix iii: sources for private equity manager performance for many years, data aggregators such as venture economics were the primary sources for academics, analysts, asset allocators and others trying to figure out how diversified private equity portfolios were performing vs the public equity market. however, as explained in a paper from the university of oxford, venture economics databases had substantial problems such as survivorship bias (selective reporting by funds) and incomplete data: “a detailed analysis of its aggregate and individual numbers, however, reveals severe anomalies. over % of the funds in the database stopped being updated during their active lifetime. incomplete funds are missing over % of their cash distributions. the result is a significant downward bias of the whole benchmark with major implications for a large fraction of the established literature on private equity”…and “reengineering the findings of some earlier studies turns the previously estimated underperformance of - % against the s&p into an outperformance by % per annum.” to compound the problem, some analysts assumed that constant residual values were in effect “living dead investments” and that they were worthless for purposes of computing fund returns. the burgiss database. a few years ago, a new approach was devised that sources private equity cash flow data directly from limited partners via burgiss, a global provider of analytics to investors in private equity. the burgiss investor universe includes state and corporate pension fund, endowment and foundation limited partner investors in , private equity funds, and contains net-of-fee cash flow data. burgiss believes its universe represents at least % of all private equity funds ever raised . as a result, i have not looked at any self-reported performance data in years. “updating history”, rudiger stucke, oxford, . "private equity, buyouts and venture capital: past, present and future", steve kaplan (chicago booth), june . https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , appendix iv: on irr, direct alpha, cash flow timing and subscription lines scenario analyses can be useful in understanding the drivers of irr and direct alpha. we assume a base case for commitments and distributions, and also assume more front-loaded and back-loaded outcomes. we use an extreme case for subscription lines: every dollar called is funded by the line and is not paid back until the end of the investment period. we assume a hypothetical fund with a year investment period and a year harvesting period that distributes x committed capital. relative performance metrics are benchmarked to the s&p index. - % - % - % - % % % % % % % base case front loaded back loaded illustrative net cash flows % of committed capital source: jpmam. . end of investment period the tables illustrate the sensitivity of irr and direct alpha to changes in cash flow timing, and to the use of a subscription line as described above. for example, subscription lines have a much bigger impact when distributions are front-loaded vs when they are back-loaded. base case front loaded back loaded base case % % % front loaded % % % back loaded % % % source: jpmam. . commitment schedule irr based on commitment and distribution timing (without subscription line) distribution schedule base case front loaded back loaded base case % - % % front loaded % % % back loaded - % - % - % source: jpmam. . direct alpha based on commitment and distribution timing (without subscription line) distribution schedule commitment schedule base case front loaded back loaded base case % % % front loaded % % % back loaded % % % source: jpmam. . commitment schedule distribution schedule irr based on commitment and distribution timing (with subscription line) base case front loaded back loaded base case % % % front loaded % % % back loaded % % % source: jpmam. . direct alpha based on commitment and distribution timing (with subscription line) distribution schedule commitment schedule https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , important information this report uses rigorous security protocols for selected data sourced from chase credit and debit card transactions to ensure all information is kept confidential and secure. all selected data is highly aggregated and all unique identifiable information, including names, account numbers, addresses, dates of birth, and social security numbers, is removed from the data before the report’s author receives it. the data in this report is not representative of chase’s overall credit and debit cardholder population. the views, opinions and estimates expressed herein constitute michael cembalest’s judgment based on current market conditions and are subject to change without notice. information herein may differ from those expressed by other areas of j.p. morgan. this information in no way constitutes j.p. morgan research and should not be treated as such. the views contained herein are not to be taken as advice or a recommendation to buy or sell any investment in any jurisdiction, nor is it a commitment from j.p. morgan or any of its subsidiaries to participate in any of the transactions mentioned herein. any forecasts, figures, opinions or investment techniques and strategies set out are for information purposes only, based on certain assumptions and current market conditions and are subject to change without prior notice. all information presented herein is considered to be accurate at the time of production. this material does not contain sufficient information to support an investment decision and it should not be relied upon by you in evaluating the merits of investing in any securities or products. in addition, users should make an independent assessment of the legal, regulatory, tax, credit and accounting implications and determine, together with their own professional advisers, if any investment mentioned herein is believed to be suitable to their personal goals. investors should ensure that they obtain all available relevant information before making any investment. it should be noted that investment involves risks, the value of investments and the income from them may fluctuate in accordance with market conditions and taxation agreements and investors may not get back the full amount invested. both past performance and yields are not reliable indicators of current and future results. non-affiliated entities mentioned are for informational purposes only and should not be construed as an endorsement or sponsorship of j.p. morgan chase & co. or its affiliates. for j.p. morgan asset management clients: j.p. morgan asset management is the brand for the asset management business of jpmorgan chase & co. and its affiliates worldwide. to the extent permitted by applicable law, we may record telephone calls and monitor electronic communications to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations and internal policies. personal data will be collected, stored and processed by j.p. morgan asset management in accordance with our privacy policies at https://am.jpmorgan.com/global/privacy. accessibility for u.s. only: if you are a person with a disability and need additional support in viewing the material, please call us at - - - for assistance. this communication is issued by the following entities: in the united states, by j.p. morgan investment management inc. or j.p. morgan alternative asset management, inc., both regulated by the securities and exchange commission; in latin america, for intended recipients’ use only, by local j.p. morgan entities, as the case may be.; in canada, for institutional clients’ use only, by jpmorgan asset management (canada) inc., which is a registered portfolio manager and exempt market dealer in all canadian provinces and territories except the yukon and is also registered as an investment fund manager in british columbia, ontario, quebec and newfoundland and labrador. in the united kingdom, by jpmorgan asset management (uk) limited, which is authorized and regulated by the financial conduct authority; in other european jurisdictions, by jpmorgan asset management (europe) s.à r.l. in asia pacific (“apac”), by the following issuing entities and in the respective jurisdictions in which they are primarily regulated: jpmorgan asset management (asia pacific) limited, or jpmorgan funds (asia) limited, or jpmorgan asset management real assets (asia) limited, each of which is regulated by the securities and futures commission of hong kong; jpmorgan asset management (singapore) limited (co. reg. no. k), which this advertisement or publication has not been reviewed by the monetary authority of singapore; jpmorgan asset management (taiwan) limited; jpmorgan asset management (japan) limited, which is a member of the investment trusts association, japan, the japan investment advisers association, type ii financial instruments firms association and the japan securities dealers association and is regulated by the financial services agency (registration number “kanto local finance bureau (financial instruments firm) no. ”); in australia, to wholesale clients only as defined in section a and g of the corporations act (commonwealth), by jpmorgan asset management (australia) limited (abn ) (afsl ). for all other markets in apac, to intended recipients only. for j.p. morgan private bank clients: accessibility j.p. morgan is committed to making our products and services accessible to meet the financial services needs of all our clients. please direct any accessibility issues to the private bank client service center at - - - . legal entity, brand & regulatory information in the united states, bank deposit accounts and related services, such as checking, savings and bank lending, are offered by jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. member fdic. jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. and its affiliates (collectively “jpmcb”) offer investment products, which may include bank-managed investment accounts and custody, as part of its trust and fiduciary services. other investment products and services, such as brokerage and advisory accounts, are offered through j.p. morgan securities llc (“jpms”), a member of finra and sipc. annuities are made available through chase insurance agency, inc. (cia), a licensed insurance agency, doing business as chase insurance agency services, inc. in florida. jpmcb, jpms and cia are affiliated companies under the common control of jpm. products not available in all states. in luxembourg, this material is issued by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. (jpmbl), with registered office at european bank and business centre, route de treves, l- , senningerberg, luxembourg. r.c.s luxembourg b . . authorized and regulated by commission de surveillance du secteur financier (cssf) and jointly supervised by the european central bank (ecb) and the cssf. j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. is authorized as a credit institution in accordance with the law of th april . in the united kingdom, this material is issued by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., london branch, registered office at bank street, canary wharf, london e jp. authorised and regulated by commission de surveillance du secteur financier (cssf) and jointly supervised by the european central bank (ecb) and the cssf. deemed authorised by the prudential regulation authority. subject to regulation by the financial conduct authority and limited regulation by the prudential regulation authority. details of the temporary permissions regime, which allows eea-based firms to operate in the uk for a limited period while seeking full authorisation, are available on the financial conduct authority’s website. in spain, this material is distributed by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., sucursal en españa, with registered office at paseo de la castellana, , madrid, spain. j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., sucursal en https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research https://am.jpmorgan.com/global/privacy http://www.finra.org/ http://www.sipc.org/ e y e o n t h e m a r k e t • m i c h a e l c e m b a l e s t • j . p . m o r g a n a c c e s s o u r f u l l c o r o n a v i r u s a n a l y s i s w e b p o r t a l h e r e j u n e , españa is registered under number within the administrative registry of the bank of spain and supervised by the spanish securities market commission (cnmv). in germany, this material is distributed by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., frankfurt branch, registered office at taunustor (taunusturm), frankfurt, germany, jointly supervised by the commission de surveillance du secteur financier (cssf) and the european central bank (ecb), and in certain areas also supervised by the bundesanstalt für finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (bafin). in italy, this material is distributed by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a– milan branch, registered office at via cordusio , milano, italy and regulated by bank of italy and the commissione nazionale per le società e la borsa (consob). in the netherlands, this material is distributed by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., amsterdam branch, with registered office at world trade centre, tower b, strawinskylaan , xx, amsterdam, the netherlands. j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., amsterdam branch is authorized and regulated by the commission de surveillance du secteur financier (cssf) and jointly supervised by the european central bank (ecb) and the cssf in luxembourg; j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., amsterdam branch is also authorized and supervised by de nederlandsche bank (dnb) and the autoriteit financiële markten (afm) in the netherlands. registered with the kamer van koophandel as a branch of j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. under registration number . in denmark, this material is distributed by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg, copenhagen br, filial af j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. with registered office at kalvebod brygge - , københavn v, denmark. j.p. morgan bank luxembourg, copenhagen br, filial af j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. is authorized and regulated by commission de surveillance du secteur financier (cssf) and jointly supervised by the european central bank (ecb) and the cssf. j.p. morgan bank luxembourg, copenhagen br, filial af j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. is also subject to the supervision of finanstilsynet (danish fsa) and registered with finanstilsynet as a branch of j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. under code . in sweden, this material is distributed by j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., stockholm bankfilial, with registered office at hamngatan , stockholm, , sweden. j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., stockholm bankfilial is authorized and regulated by commission de surveillance du secteur financier (cssf) and jointly supervised by the european central bank (ecb) and the cssf. j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a., stockholm bankfilial is also subject to the supervision of finansinspektionen (swedish fsa). registered with finansinspektionen as a branch of j.p. morgan bank luxembourg s.a. in france, this material is distributed by jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. (“jpmcb”), paris branch, which is regulated by the french banking authorities autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution and autorité des marchés financiers. in switzerland, this material is distributed by j.p. morgan (suisse) sa, which is regulated in switzerland by the swiss financial market supervisory authority (finma). in hong kong, this material is distributed by jpmcb, hong kong branch. jpmcb, hong kong branch is regulated by the hong kong monetary authority and the securities and futures commission of hong kong. in hong kong, we will cease to use your personal data for our marketing purposes without charge if you so request. in singapore, this material is distributed by jpmcb, singapore branch. jpmcb, singapore branch is regulated by the monetary authority of singapore. dealing and advisory services and discretionary investment management services are provided to you by jpmcb, hong kong/singapore branch (as notified to you). banking and custody services are provided to you by jpmcb singapore branch. the contents of this document have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in hong kong, singapore or any other jurisdictions. you are advised to exercise caution in relation to this document. if you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this document, you should obtain independent professional advice. for materials which constitute product advertisement under the securities and futures act and the financial advisers act, this advertisement has not been reviewed by the monetary authority of singapore. jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. is a national banking association chartered under the laws of the united states, and as a body corporate, its shareholder’s liability is limited. with respect to countries in latin america, the distribution of this material may be restricted in certain jurisdictions. we may offer and/or sell to you securities or other financial instruments which may not be registered under, and are not the subject of a public offering under, the securities or other financial regulatory laws of your home country. such securities or instruments are offered and/or sold to you on a private basis only. any communication by us to you regarding such securities or instruments, including without limitation the delivery of a prospectus, term sheet or other offering document, is not intended by us as an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities or instruments in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful. furthermore, such securities or instruments may be subject to certain regulatory and/or contractual restrictions on subsequent transfer by you, and you are solely responsible for ascertaining and complying with such restrictions. to the extent this content makes reference to a fund, the fund may not be publicly offered in any latin american country, without previous registration of such fund’s securities in compliance with the laws of the corresponding jurisdiction. public offering of any security, including the shares of the fund, without previous registration at brazilian securities and exchange commission— cvm is completely prohibited. some products or services contained in the materials might not be currently provided by the brazilian and mexican platforms. jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. (jpmcbna) (abn /afs licence no: ) is regulated by the australian securities and investment commission and the australian prudential regulation authority. material provided by jpmcbna in australia is to “wholesale clients” only. for the purposes of this paragraph the term “wholesale client” has the meaning given in section g of the corporations act (cth). please inform us if you are not a wholesale client now or if you cease to be a wholesale client at any time in the future. jpmorgan chase bank, n.a. (jpmcbna) (abn /afs licence no: ) is regulated by the australian securities and investment commission and the australian prudential regulation authority. material provided by jpmcbna in australia is to “wholesale clients” only. for the purposes of this paragraph the term “wholesale client” has the meaning given in section g of the corporations act (cth). please inform us if you are not a wholesale client now or if you cease to be a wholesale client at any time in the future. jpms is a registered foreign company (overseas) (arbn ) incorporated in delaware, u.s.a. under australian financial services licensing requirements, carrying on a financial services business in australia requires a financial service provider, such as j.p. morgan securities llc (jpms), to hold an australian financial services licence (afsl), unless an exemption applies. jpms is exempt from the requirement to hold an afsl under the corporations act (cth) (act) in respect of financial services it provides to you, and is regulated by the sec, finra and cftc under u.s. laws, which differ from australian laws. material provided by jpms in australia is to “wholesale clients” only. the information provided in this material is not intended to be, and must not be, distributed or passed on, directly or indirectly, to any other class of persons in australia. for the purposes of this paragraph the term “wholesale client” has the meaning given in section g of the act. please inform us immediately if you are not a wholesale client now or if you cease to be a wholesale client at any time in the future. this material has not been prepared specifically for australian investors. it: • may contain references to dollar amounts which are not australian dollars; • may contain financial information which is not prepared in accordance with australian law or practices; • may not address risks associated with investment in foreign currency denominated investments; and • does not address australian tax issues. https://www.amazon.com/j-p-morgan-chase-eye-market/dp/b l swcyl/ https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.playmusic&isi= &ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/ituhdyagshysf bmai ddjmif y?t% dj.p._morgan_eye_on_the_market% pcampaignid% dmkt-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod- https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eye-on-the-market/id https://www.jpmorgan.com/coronavirus-research 	food fight: an update on private equityperformance vs public equity markets 	michael cembalest 	table of contents 	absolute buyout performance 	relative buyout performance 	buyout funds: what is the “right” buyout performance benchmark? 	buyout manager dispersion 	drivers of buyout performance 	secondary private equity funds 	absolute and relative venture capital performance 	venture capital: performance benchmarks and manager dispersion 	how are gains on venture-backed companies split between vc investors and post-ipo investors? 	buyout vs venture capital 	what about private equity co-investments? 	fundraising and the pace of investment 	private equity fundraising vs market capitalization 	on private equity fees 	recent academic papers on private equity 	appendix i: other industry data 	appendix ii: return dispersion on buyout and venture transactions within commingled funds 	appendix iii: sources for private equity manager performance 	appendix iv: on irr, direct alpha, cash flow timing and subscription lines 	back cover none none catmandu catmandu 	catmandu . on may th , nicolas steenlant (our main developer and guru of catmandu) released version . of our catmandu toolkit with some very interesting new features. the main addition is a brand new way how catmandu fix-es can be implemented using the new catmandu::path implementation. this coding by nicolas will make it much easier and [&# ;] 	lpw : &# ;contrarian perl&# ; &# ; tom hukins at : , tom hukins shares his enthusiasm for catmandu! 	introducing filestores catmandu is always our tool of choice when working with structured data. using the elasticsearch or mongodb catmandu::store-s it is quite trivial to store and retrieve metadata records. storing and retrieving a yaml, json (and by extension xml, marc, csv,&# ;) files can be as easy as the commands below: $ catmandu import yaml to database [&# ;] 	catmandu . catmandu . has been released to with some nice new features. there are some new fix routines that were asked by our community: error the &# ;error&# ; fix stops immediately the execution of the fix script and throws an error. use this to abort the processing of a data stream: $ cat myfix.fix unless exists(id)     error("no [&# ;] 	metadata analysis at the command-line i was last week at the elag  conference in copenhagen and attended the excellent workshop by christina harlow  of cornell university on migrating digital collections metadata to rdf and fedora . one of the important steps required to migrate and model data to rdf is understanding what your data is about. probably old systems need to [&# ;] 	catmandu . catmandu . has been released today. there has been some speed improvements processing fixes due to switching from the data::util to the ref::util package which has better a support on many perl platforms. for the command line there is now support for preprocessing  fix scripts. this means, one can read in variables from the command line into [&# ;] 	parallel processing with catmandu in this blog post i&# ;ll show a technique to scale out your data processing with catmandu. all catmandu scripts use a single process, in a single thread. this means that if you need to process times as much data , you need times at much time. running a catmandu convert command with the [&# ;] 	catmandu . after years of programming, minor releases we are finally there: the release of catmandu . ! we have pushed the test coverage of the code to . % and added and cleaned a lot of our documentation. for the new features read our changes file. a few important changes should be noted. &# ; &# ; by default [&# ;] 	catmandu chat on friday june : cest, we&# ;ll  provide a one hour introduction/demo into processing data with catmandu. if you are interested, join us on the event page: https://plus.google.com/hangouts/_/event/c jcknos egjlthk m btha o more instructions on the exact google hangout coordinates for this chat will follow on this web page at friday june : . to enter the chat session, [&# ;] 	matching authors against viaf identities at ghent university library we enrich catalog records with viaf identities to enhance the search experience in the catalog. when searching for all the books about &# ;chekov&# ; we want to match all name variants of this author. consult viaf http://viaf.org/viaf/ /#chekhov,_anton_pavlovich,_ -  and you will see many of them. chekhov Čehov tsjechof txékhov etc any of the these names variants can be [&# ;] none search results | the online books page the online books page search results you requested books by authors with the words "fitzgerald", and with titles with the words "great gatsby". (exclude extended shelves) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby (first edition; new york: c. scribner's sons, )	 page images at hathitrust 	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby ( ) (text at gutenberg australia) items were found. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing additional items in the extended shelves: 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby (gutenberg ebook) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby / (new york : charles scribner's sons, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby [electronic resource] / (new york : new directions books, [ ]), also by lionel trilling (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the last tycoon, an unfinished novel, together with the great gatsby. (new york, scribner, [c , ]) (page images at hathitrust) items were found. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing home -- search -- new listings -- authors -- titles -- subjects -- serials books -- news -- features -- archives -- the inside story edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) obp copyrights and licenses. inkdroid inkdroid paper or plastic 	opinionated i’ve never really been a huge fan of the basecamp philosophy of software development–especially since the no-politics fiasco. calling it a philosophy is probably giving it a lot more credit than it deserves, since it largely seems to be thinly veiled marketing. but i’ll admit to having liked one idea that they promulgated since the early days of ruby on rails: that software should be opinionated. the hero narrative of the individual software developer or software user having an opinion and voicing it through the design or use of some software seems wrongheaded. software is made and used by people in groups, whether that group is realized and cultivated or not. however the basic idea here that software expresses opinions, and for designers and users to consciously express those opinions is a useful way to to think about design. but the thing your app should take sides really gets wrong is the suggestion that it’s possible for an app not to express opinions–as if one could do otherwise, and that some kind of neutrality is possible. software always takes sides, and expresses opinions–and often embodies multiple opinions in several arguments or controversies, rather than just one. the question is, do you understand the opinions it is expressing, and the decisions that are being made to express them? how can these decisions be negotiated as a group that includes the designers and users of the software? hint: it works best when there is significant overlap between the two. 	altair Звезда Альтаир we use airtable quite a bit at $work for building static websites. it provides a very well designed no-code or low-code environment for creating and maintaining databases. it has an easy to use, beautifully documented, api which makes it simple to use your data in many different settings, and also to update the data programmatically, if that’s needed. airtable is a product, which means there is polished documentation, videos, user support, and helpful people keeping the lights on. but airtable also have a fiendishly inventive marketing and sales department who are quite artful at designing their pricing scheme with the features that will get you in the door, and the features that will act as pressure points to drive you to start paying them money … and then more money. of course, it’s important to pay for services you use on the web…it helps sustain them, which is good for everyone. but tying a fundamental part of your infrastructure to the whims of a company trying to maximize its profits sometimes has its downsides, which normally manifest over time. wouldn’t it be nice to be able to pay for a no-code database service like airtable that had more of a platform-cooperative mindset, where the thing being sustained was the software, the hardware and an open participatory organization for managing them? i think this approach has real value, especially in academia and other non-profit and activist organizations, where the focus is not endless growth and profits. i’ve run across a couple open source alternatives to airtable and thought i would just quickly note them down here for future self in case they are ever useful. caveat lector: i haven’t actually tried either of them yet, so these are just general observations after quickly looking at their websites, documentation and their code repositories. nocodb nocodb is a typescript/vue web application that has been designed to provide an interface for an existing database such as mysql, postgresql, sqlite, sqlserver, . i suspect you can also use it to create new databases too, but the fact that it can be used with multiple database backends distinguishes it from the next example. the idea is that you will deploy nocodb on your own infrastructure (using docker or installing it into a nodejs environment). they also provide a one click heroku installer. it has token based rest and graphql apis for integration with other applications. all the code is covered by a gnu agpl license. it seems like nocodb is tailored for gradual introduction into an already existing database ecosystem, which is good for many people. baserow baserow is a python/django + vue + postgresql application that provides airtable like functionality in a complete application stack. so unlike nocodb, baserow seems to want to manage the database entirely. while this might seem like a limitation at first i think it’s probably a good thing, since postgresql is arguably the best open source relational database out there in terms of features, support, extensibility and scalability. the fact that nocodb supports so many database backends makes me worry that it might not take full advantage of each, and it may be more difficult to scale. perhaps the nocodb folks see administering and tuning the database as an orthogonal problem to the one they are solving. having an application that uses one open source database, and uses it well seems like a plus. but that assumes that there are easy ways to import existing data. while the majority of the baserow code is open source with an mit expat license, they do have some code that is designated as premium with a separate baserow premium edition license that requires you to get a key to deploy. it’s interesting that the premium code appears to be open in the gitlab, and that they are relying on people to do right by purchasing a key if they use it. or i guess it’s possible that the runtime requires a valid key to be in place for premium features? their pricing also has a hosted version if you don’t want to deploy the application stack yourself, which is “free for now”, implying that it won’t be in the future, which makes sense. but it’s kind of strange to have to think about the hosting costs and the premium costs together. having the json and xml export be a premium feature seems a bit counter-intuitive, unless it’s meant to be a way to quickly extract money as people leave the platform. governance anyway these are some general quick notes. if i got anything wrong, or you know of other options in this area of open source, no-code databases please let me know. if i ever get around to trying either of these i’ll be sure to update this post. to return to this earlier idea of a platform-coop that supported these kinds of services i think we don’t see that idea present in either nocodb or baserow. it looks like baserow was started by bram wiepjes in the netherlands in , and that it is being set up as a profitable company. nocodb also appears to be a for profit startup. what would it look like to structure these kinds of software development projects around a co-operative governance? another option is to deploy and sustain these open source technologies as part of a separate co-op, which is actually how i found out about baserow, through the co-op cloud matrix chat. one downside to this approach is that all the benefits of having an participatory decision making process accrue to the people who are running the infrastructure, and not to the people designing and making the software. unless of course there is overlap in membership between the co-op and the software development. 	untitled several years ago someone in our neighborhood was moving out of the area and was giving away their old piano. we figured out a way to get it to our house, and it has sat (still untuned) in a corner of our living room ever since. the kids have sporadically taken piano lessons, and the various teachers who have heard it have all been polite not to comment on its current state. mostly it just sits there, part table, part decoration, until someone stops by to play a little tune. it’s interesting to hear the kids develop little signature riffs that they play while walking by the piano in the morning, or sometimes before going to bed. here’s a short untitled little tune that maeve regularly plays, almost like a little prayer, or memory: 	don't think as part of some research i’ve been a part of i’ve recently had the opportunity to do a bit of reading and chatting about the special role of theorizing in research. for some context, jess, shawn and i have been spending the past / a year or so talking about different ways to examine the use of web archives, mostly by looking at links on the web that point at web archives. if you are interested we’re talking about some of this next week as part of resaw (which is free and entirely online). part of this work has been trying to generate a set of categories of use that we’ve been observing in our data. we started out with a predefined set of categories that were derived from our own previous research and reading. we started looking for evidence of these categories in our link data. but we found over the course of doing this work and talking about it that what we were actually engaged in wasn’t really developing a theory per se but theorizing. recognizing the difference was extremely helpful (thanks jess!) jess introduced us to a couple texts that were very helpful in helping me distinguish how theorizing is related to theory. interestingly they also connected with some previous work i’ve been doing in the classroom. i just wanted to note these papers here for future me, with a few notes. hammond, m. ( ). “an interesting paper but not sufficiently theoretical”: what does theorising in social research look like?: methodological innovations. https://doi.org/ . / swedberg, r. ( ). theorizing in sociology and social science: turning to the context of discovery. theory and society, ( ), – . https://doi.org/ . /s - - - the hammond paper was the gateway to the swedberg, but i read them the other way around. it didn’t matter too much because both papers are about the role of theorizing in research, and how it’s related to but distinct from research involving a theory. if you read them definitely read the hammond first because its shorter, and sets things up nicely for the deeper dive that swedberg provides. hammond reviews the literature around theorizing (which includes swedberg) and also discusses some interviews he conducted with researchers at his university to better understand the role of theory in their work. these first person accounts were helpful because they highlighted the degree of uncertainty and anxiety that researchers felt around their use of theory. hammond and his participants noted the connection to grounded theory (glaser &amp; strauss, ), and the role of reflexivity in qualitative methods more generally. but he suggests that a broader discussion of theorizing takes it out of the realm of what happens when asking specific research questions, and into the exploratory work that needs to happen before. hammond’s basic point is that theorizing is the search for explanations, not the explanation itself. it is the process of identifying ‘patterns and regularities’ that can sometimes lead to hypothesis and theory. the swedberg piece does many things, but its basic point is that this theorizing work is crucial for theory, and that it’s not really talked about enough. the premium is on the theory, but that we are often left in the dark about how that theory was generated, because all the focus goes into the verification of that theory. swedberg has this idea of the prestudy which is work that happens before a theory is expressed, and tested/verified. the prestudy is empirical work that is creative and aimed at making a discovery. he draws quite a bit on peirce’s idea of abductive reasoning, or the practice of guessing right. he pushes back on the idea that empirical data should only be collected in the context of theory justification, and that data is extremely valuable in exploratory work. in addition to peirce, swedberg also draws on wittgenstein’s philosophy of “don’t think but look!” which highlights how existing concepts (theories) can actually be a barrier to insight. sometimes simply restating phenomena without using the name of the concept can unlock important insights into processes and practices. he also mentions bachelard ( ) “epistemological obstacles” to theorizing such as managing data when theorizing, and overly reliance on existing theory instead of engaging in theorizing. i’ve definitely experienced the managing data problem as we’ve been looking at links to web archives at multiple levels of abstraction, and how to keep them organized for recall without overly prescribing what they signify. he also cites mills ( ) quite a bit who stressed that researchers should strive to be their own theorist in addition to being their own methodologist–and that theorizing can be learned. one method he suggested for gaining insight and bypassing existing theories is to dump out all the data (folders in his case) and to sort them again, to get to know the data again. swedberg’s idea of the prestudy is compelling i think because in part it is a call for there to be more writing about the prestudy so that we can learn how to theorize. this reminds me a bit of what i really liked about law ( ) which examines the messy and difficult to contain sites where social science work actually gets done. if we don’t know where our ideas come from how will be able to recognize what they contain, and what they might be missing? for swedberg theorizing can be neatly summarized as: observing and choosing something to investigate naming the central concept(s) building* out a theory (metaphors, comparisons, diagrams) completing the tentative theory the goal of theorizing is to build heuristic tools, tools that are unpolished, a bit messy, fit to purpose and non-formalized rather than definitive explanations. … concepts should primarily be used as heuristic tools at the stage of theorizing, that is, to discover something new, and not to block the discovery process by forcing some interesting observation into some bland category. insisting on exact operational definitions is usually not helpful at this stage. according to a well-known formulation, concepts should at this stage be seen as sensitizing and not as definitive. i’m just grateful to have learned about this connection between theorizing and some elements of pragmatic philosophy that i’ve been drawn to for some time … and also to have some new people to read: mills and bachelard. practical advice for theorizing, and how to do it, is especially important when starting new projects, and it seems like an essential ingredient for staying happy and productive as a researcher. research is hard work, but it also has an element of intuitive play that seems to get undervalued in the shapes of many scholarly outputs. references bachelard, g. ( ). the new scientific spirit. boston: beacon press. glaser, b., &amp; strauss, a. ( ). the discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. aldine. law, j. ( ). after method: mess in social science research. routledge. mills, c. w. ( ). the sociological imagination. oxford [england] new york: oxford university press. 	notes from the apicalypse i’m giving a short presentation as part of a panel tomorrow at the umd social data science center with the title “notes from the apicalypse: the twitter v api”. it’s an obvious riff off of axel bruns’ instant classic after the apicalypse: social media platforms and their fight against critical scholarly research which details the events and aftermath of the cambridge analytica controversy. i’ve spent some time over the past few months working with people from the documenting the now project updating some of our tools to work with the new twitter v api and thought i could use this talk as an opportunity to pause and quickly reflect on some of that. i’m not sure it will be recorded, and wanted to practice the talk beforehand, so here’s a recording of that if you are interested: 	python for somebody i’m just finishing teaching a class for the umd ischool focused on object oriented programming. this is the third time i’ve taught the class so i’m starting to get a feel for what works and what doesn’t. the catalog has this generic description: an introduction to programming, emphasizing understanding and implementation of applications using object-oriented techniques. topics to be covered include program design and testing as well as implementation of programs. the instructors for this class have kindly developed a curriculum and course materials, which largely draw on (but don’t completely follow) charles severance’s python for everybody. i think it works pretty smoothly, and can be quite rewarding (and challenging) for undergraduate students looking to start a career in information technology. having these materials at hand means i can spend more time developing exercises and assignments for the class (which is the topic of this post). the course starts by reinforcing how to use python’s built in types (strings, numbers, lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets, functions) and how to define new ones using classes and methods. i try to move the class towards using extensions like pandas or requests, not only to learn what these modules do, but to encourage students to apply what they know about object oriented programming to understand how these extensions are designed and used. to learn how to learn. navigating the documentation for these complex libraries, and understanding how to install and use them, can be quite challenging. reading code is a learned skill that’s just as important as writing it. i think reading is in fact more important, as most students will go out into the field needing to deal with legacy systems. because it’s an ischool, and not a computer science department, one thing that instructors try to teach alongside the computer programming concepts is a sense of how computation is a technology and practice that gets deployed in particular settings, with real social and political outcomes. and on the flip side, that computational technology itself has been shaped by these social and political projects. in short that software is a sociotechnical thing. i think it’s fair to say that this can be difficult to do, not only because the study of sociotechnical systems is an advanced topic, probably for a senior seminar or graduate school, but also because it’s a level problem. it’s difficult to learn the grammar and syntax of programming while also understanding that this grammar and syntax is coproduced by cultures of computing and society (jasanoff, ). it is a struggle to just get the students thinking computationally, and so thinking critically about the application of computation falls by the wayside. (isn’t it interesting to think about application in this difference sense, as a concept, technique or practice that is being applied rather than in the sense of an “app”?) one technique that i tried this semester was to orient all the exercises around a particular sociotechnical theme. so rather than the exercises and assignments being about the usual object oriented topics like shapes, number patterns, pizza ingredients, books, music, etc i structured all the exercises around the topic of covid- . i’ve written in a few other posts that perhaps this wasn’t the best topic to choose given the situations that many students found themselves in. but despite that difficulty i did find having a theme to dig into over the course of the semester from different angles was useful for getting students to think about how computer programming is a social and political thing, and not some neutral tool. this has me thinking a bit about what topics or themes could be useful in future classes in order to explore the sociotechnical aspects of code over the course of the semester while also learning programming. the idea is that the class would work like a programming course but also a special topics class. if you have ideas for potential topics please let me know. a couple obvious ones for me are social media, and blockchain technologies. the advantage to focusing on social media is that it is something that many students have direct experience with, and there is a lot to work with. looking at blockchain from a sociotechnical perspective is of interest to me because this is something i personally want to gain some expertise in understanding at a technical level so i can interrogate it better. i’ll spend some time over the summer thinking about this in preparation for teaching the class again in the fall. references jasanoff, s. ( ). states of knowledge: the co-production of science and the social order. routledge. 	jan on this mother’s day i was thinking about kesa and kathy and my mom, who i’m so grateful are all still here. when i think about the mothers in my life, i think of how they give life, with the understanding that lives can, will and must go in all kinds of directions, that surpass them. the mothers i’ve known well recognize and appreciate life in the moment, and also embody a hope and trust in an unknown future–that love can sustain and connect us, even when it seems like such a small thing in adversity and troubled times. this made me remember jan wyckoff, who i worked with at pyramid books in pennington, nj in the mid s. back then i was pretty lost after graduating from college, and having done odd jobs in east sussex, england for a few years, before coming back to live at my parents in pennington, nj. i think i was probably clinically depressed at the time, since it was hard for me to walk down the street and interact with anyone. i just wanted to sleep all the time, and found it difficult to find work, or do much of anything really. but i somehow managed to get a job at the local used book store where jan was the manager. pyramid books was a small store in a small town. jan showed me through her example how to trust people again and build relationships, and have hope in my own future. her own story was interesting to me because she had a phd in developmental psychology from rutgers (she was whip smart), but had gone through a rough divorce, found a new partner, and discovered that she really enjoyed making “crazy” quilts out of old neckties. jan loved cultivating a collection of books for children, and helping parents and kids find the right books for them, whatever the occasion. this wasn’t easy because it was a used book store, so we were at the mercy of whatever books came in the door. it wasn’t simply a matter of placing the right book order. she knew a ton about sci-fi and fantasy books too, and generally had an open idea of how people actually lived lives, rather than closed ones about the ones they “should” live. i enjoyed seeing how she unpacked and processed the donations, finding the things that would sell–that she could sell–and finding a place for them on the right shelf or nook in the store. after a year or so she encouraged me to head back to school to study library and information studies, to get back out into the world. i was back able to do that again. thank you jan you will be missed. 	twarc demo on twitterdev i wrote recently about twarc and the support for twitter’s v api, but i also just wanted to share this session that i did on april , with suhem parack on the twitterdev twitch about installing twarc and using it to collect data from the twitter v api. we focused our discussion primarily on researchers who have access to the academic product track, which allows searching of the full archive of tweets. this video is hosted on the nocturlab’s peertube instance which is nice because if you watch it while other people happen to be looking at it too you will download parts of it from them using the magic of peertube and webtorrent. but, in case that fails for whatever reason, there’s also a backup at the internet archive. 	sandwich 🥪 last night i noticed darius kazemi post about a little web page that displays a random sandwich from a list of sandwiches on wikipedia. it tickled me, probably because the page is so simple (view the source), and also because the results were so delightfully varied, within such a narrow domain. also, i guess i was hungry… it just so happens that for some things at work i’ve been thinking about wikidata a bit more recently. for the past year or so i’ve been lurking on the mailing list and in various get togethers put on by the ld -wikidata affinity group–who are doing some great work connecting linked data to the actual work of libraries, museums and archives. i also attended a really inspiring event from rhizome this week about the relaunch of their artbase which uses wikibase, which is the open source software that powers wikidata. they are usually really good about putting their online events up on their vimeo channel so keep an eye out for it there if you are interested. so, naturally, it seemed like a fun little friday evening project to adapt darius’ javascript to pull the sandwiches from wikidata using their query service. you can see the result here. https://edsu.github.io/sandwich/ my initial motivation was to see if the query service’s cors headers were set up properly to allow http traffic from the browser (they are) and to test my ability to craft a good enough sparql query. but it also turned out to be an interesting exercise in how to send people over to wikidata to improve things, since the descriptions of sandwiches in wikidata are not as good as the ones found in wikipedia proper, and you can link directly to a page to edit them in wikidata. crafting the sparql query was quite a bit easier than i thought it would be because they have a useful examples tab, where i typed sandwiches and up came the start of a query i could work with: there are currently of these example queries and you can even add your own by editing this wiki page. after a few minutes of noodling around i arrived at this query: select ?item ?itemlabel ?itemdescription ?countrylabel ?image where { ?item wdt:p wd:q . ?item wdt:p ?country. ?item wdt:p ?image. service wikibase:label {bd:serviceparam wikibase:language &quot;en&quot;.} } limit this wasn’t my first dance with sparql, so i won’t pretend this was easy. but it’s really nice to be able to be able to tweak the query examples and see what happens. it seems obvious that a query by example query language would have, well, examples. but wikidata have done this in a very thoughtful way. it is really nice to be able to query information like this live from the client, so that users of your app can see the latest data that’s available, not some static snapshot of it. but of course that comes with risks too, if the service is offline, if the metadata structure changes, if the entity is defaced or deleted. none of these things really matter for this toy page, but could for something more solid. i’ve got a bit more to say about this, but i’m going to save it for another post. 	 coincidence? b'ror-org- .html' ror ror 	about 	scope 	facts 	supporters 	resources 	blog 	 welcome to the research organization registry community ror is a community-led project to develop an open, sustainable, usable, and unique identifier for every research organization in the world. why ror? the scholarly research community depends on a series of open identifier and metadata infrastructure systems to great success. content identifiers and contributor identifiers are foundational infrastructure for the community. but there is one piece of the infrastructure that is missing – there currently is no open, stakeholder-governed infrastructure for research organization identifiers and their associated metadata. learn more subscribe to ror updates by email have questions or need help? contact us all ror ids and metadata are provided under the creative commons cc . universal public domain dedication. all other content of this site is licensed under the creative commons attribution . international license. read the ror privacy policy and terms of use. b c b is the new b b · maisonbisson menu close	home 	search subscribe ☰menub c b is the new b b jul , #b b #b c #b b c #marketing #product-led #frictionless #self-servicethe most recent stackoverflow developer survey shows % of developers prefer to use a free trial as a way to research a new service. forrester research reported that % of b b buyers prefer self-service buying online. and a harvard business review study found “that [b b] customers are, on average, % of the way through the [purchase] process before they engage with supplier sales reps.” because of this, b b sales require internal advocates—called mobilizers—that can build consensus around purchase decisions. that hbr study also explained how important it is for mobilizers to be confident about the value and efficacy of a solution before they champion its purchase (emphasis added): research shows that potential mobilizers are inhibited by the perceived risks inherent in fighting for change and promoting consensus. up to half fear losing respect or credibility in their organization if they push for an unpopular purchase or are unable to attract support, or if the purchase they backed turns out to be unwise. twelve percent even report that such advocacy could threaten their jobs. (the old saying “nobody ever got fired for buying ibm” speaks to this point; potential advocates don’t want to be the person who went out on a limb for the “wrong” supplier.) ultimately, the decision to publicly advocate for change is driven much more by the personal value provided to the mobilizer than by the business value provided to that individual’s organization. in studying what inspires mobilizers, we found that factors such as whether a solution could advance a person’s career or help him be seen as a better leader were five times as potent as the offering’s “business value”—things like superior product features, likely impact on business outcomes, or return on investment. to these factors, add hubspot’s findings that word-of-mouth was the leading driver of purchase behavior ( % of buyers trust their friends’ experience more than sales materials or market research). a decade ago, marketers were advising companies to embrace impatient b b buyers, and the trend has grown since then. the overwhelming trend over the past decade has been for self-service, product-led growth. growing a b c or b b business without self-service signups will be very challenging and dependent on sales tactics that are increasingly unwelcome by today’s buyers. casey bisson's picturecasey bisson read more posts by this author. san francisco https://maisonbisson.com share this post twitter facebook pinterestsoftware supply chain security, sboms, and biden's cybersecurity executive order maisonbisson stake shift in major cryptocurrencies: an empirical study | springerlink skip to main content this service is more advanced with javascript available advertisement hide search springerlink search 	 home 	 log in financial cryptography and data security international conference on financial cryptography and data security fc : financial cryptography and data security pp - | cite as stake shift in major cryptocurrencies: an empirical study 	authors 	authors and affiliations 	rainer stütz 	peter gaži 	bernhard haslhofer 	jacob illum conference paperfirst online: july 	 downloads part of the lecture notes in computer science book series (lncs, volume ) abstract in the proof-of-stake (pos) paradigm for maintaining decentralized, permissionless cryptocurrencies, sybil attacks are prevented by basing the distribution of roles in the protocol execution on the stake distribution recorded in the ledger itself. however, for various reasons this distribution cannot be completely up-to-date, introducing a gap between the present stake distribution, which determines the parties’ current incentives, and the one used by the protocol. in this paper, we investigate this issue, and empirically quantify its effects. we survey existing provably secure pos proposals to observe that the above time gap between the two stake distributions, which we call stake distribution lag, amounts to several days for each of these protocols. based on this, we investigate the ledgers of four major cryptocurrencies (bitcoin, bitcoin cash, litecoin and zcash) and compute the average stake shift (the statistical distance of the two distributions) for each value of stake distribution lag between and  days, as well as related statistics. we also empirically quantify the sublinear growth of stake shift with the length of the considered lag interval. finally, we turn our attention to unusual stake-shift spikes in these currencies: we observe that hard forks trigger major stake shifts and that single real-world actors, mostly exchanges, account for major stake shifts in established cryptocurrency ecosystems. keywords cryptocurrencies blockchain stake shift proof of stake  this is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. notes acknowledgments we thank patrick mccorry for reviewing and commenting on the final draft, and our ait colleagues hannes koller and melitta dragaschnig for insightful discussions regarding the apache spark implementation. work on this topic is supported inter alia by the european union’s horizon research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. (titanium) and the austrian ffg’s kiras programme under project virtcrime (no. ). supplementary material open image in new window a additional figures in this section, we provide additional plots for visual inspection of our findings reported in sect.  . figure  depicts the evolution of stake shifts for bitcoin (btc), bitcoin (bch), litecoin (ltc), and zcash (zec).open image in new window fig. .stake shift for all analyzed cryptocurrencies (stake distribution lag \(\varlambda \): , , and  days). (color figure online) references 	 . nakamoto, s.: bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system ( )google scholar 	 . digiconomist: bitcoin energy consumption index. https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption. accessed sept 	 . chen, j., micali, s.: algorand. arxiv e-prints. arxiv: . ( ) 	 . kiayias, a., russell, a., david, b., oliynykov, r.: ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. in: katz, j., shacham, h. (eds.) crypto . lncs, vol. , pp. – . springer, cham ( ).  https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . bentov, i., pass, r., shi, e.: snow white: provably secure proofs of stake. cryptology eprint archive, report / ( ). http://eprint.iacr.org/ / 	 . david, b., gaži, p., kiayias, a., russell, a.: ouroboros praos: an adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain. in: nielsen, j.b., rijmen, v. (eds.) eurocrypt . lncs, vol. , pp. – . springer, cham ( ).  https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . badertscher, c., gazi, p., kiayias, a., russell, a., zikas, v.: ouroboros genesis: composable proof-of-stake blockchains with dynamic availability. in: lie, d., mannan, m., backes, m., wang, x. (eds.) acm ccs, pp. – . acm press ( )google scholar 	 . badertscher, c., gaži, p., kiayias, a., russell, a., zikas, v.: ouroboros chronos: permissionless clock synchronization via proof-of-stake. cryptology eprint archieve, report / ( ). https://eprint.iacr.org/ / 	 . gaži, p., kiayias, a., russell, a.: stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains. cryptology eprint archive, report / ( ). https://eprint.iacr.org/ / 	 . gilad, y., hemo, r., micali, s., vlachos, g., zeldovich, n.: algorand: scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. cryptology eprint archive, report / ( ). http://eprint.iacr.org/ / 	 . chen, j., gorbunov, s., micali, s., vlachos, g.: algorand agreement: super fast and partition resilient byzantine agreement. cryptology eprint archive, report / ( ). https://eprint.iacr.org/ / 	 . leung, d., suhl, a., gilad, y., zeldovich, n.: vault: fast bootstrapping for cryptocurrencies. cryptology eprint archive, report / ( ). https://eprint.iacr.org/ / 	 . garay, j.a., kiayias, a., leonardos, n.: the bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications. in: oswald, e., fischlin, m. (eds.) eurocrypt . lncs, vol. , pp. – . springer, heidelberg ( ).  https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . kappos, g., yousaf, h., maller, m., meiklejohn, s.: an empirical analysis of anonymity in zcash. in: th usenix security symposium (usenix security ), baltimore, md, pp. – . usenix association ( )google scholar 	 . meiklejohn, s., pomarole, m., jordan, g., levchenko, k., mccoy, d., voelker, g.m., savage, s.: a fistful of bitcoins: characterizing payments among men with no names. in: proceedings of the conference on internet measurement conference, pp. – . acm ( )google scholar 	 . möser, m., böhme, r.: join me on a market for anonymity. in: proceedings of the workshop on the economics of information security (weis). university of california at berkeley ( )google scholar 	 . gaži, p., kiayias, a., zindros, d.: proof-of-stake sidechains. in: ieee symposium on security and privacy (sp), los alamitos, usa, pp. – . ieee computer society ( )google scholar copyright information © international financial cryptography association  authors and affiliations 	rainer stütz	 email authorview author's orcid profile 	peter gaži	 	bernhard haslhofer	 view author's orcid profile 	jacob illum	 	 .ait austrian institute of technologyviennaaustria 	 .iohkhong kongchina 	 .chainalysisnew yorkusa about this paper crossmark 	 cite this paper as: 	stütz r., gaži p., haslhofer b., illum j. ( ) stake shift in major cryptocurrencies: an empirical study. in: bonneau j., heninger n. (eds) financial cryptography and data security. fc . lecture notes in computer science, vol . springer, cham. https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ 	 first online july 	 doi https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ 	 publisher name springer, cham 	 print isbn - - - - 	 online isbn - - - - 	 ebook packages computer science computer science (r ) 	 buy this book on publisher's site 	 reprints and permissions personalised recommendations cite paper 	 how to cite? 	 .ris papers reference manager refworks zotero 	 .enw endnote 	 .bib bibtex jabref mendeley buy options actions buying options 	 chapter 	 usd   . 	price excludes vat 	doi: . / - - - - _ 	instant pdf download 	readable on all devices 	own it forever 	exclusive offer for individuals only buy chapter 	 ebook 	usd  . 	price excludes vat 	isbn: - - - - 	instant pdf download 	readable on all devices 	own it forever 	exclusive offer for individuals only buy ebook 	 softcover book 	usd  . 	price excludes vat 	isbn: - - - - 	dispatched in to business days 	exclusive offer for individuals only 	free shipping worldwide covid- restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted. buy softcover book learn about institutional subscriptions cite paper 	 how to cite? 	 .ris papers reference manager refworks zotero 	 .enw endnote 	 .bib bibtex jabref mendeley advertisement hide over million scientific documents at your fingertips switch edition 	academic edition 	corporate edition 	 home 	 impressum 	 legal information 	 privacy statement 	 california privacy statement 	 how we use cookies 	 manage cookies/do not sell my data 	 accessibility 	 contact us springer nature © springer nature switzerland ag. part of springer nature. not logged in not affiliated . . . none nick ruest search nick ruest 	 home 	 c.v. 	 posts 	 presentations 	 publications 	 projects 	 visualizations 	 music 	 contact nick ruest associate librarian york university 	 	 	 	 	 	 biography nick ruest is an associate librarian in the digital scholarship infrastructure department at york university, co-principal investigator of the andrew w. mellon foundation funded the archives unleashed project, co-principal investigator of the sshrc grant “a longitudinal analysis of the canadian world wide web as a historical resource, - ”, and co-principal investigator of the compute canada research platforms and portals web archives for longitudinal knowledge. at york university, he oversees the libraries’ preservation initiatives, along with creating and implementing systems that support the capture, description, delivery, and preservation of digital objects having significant content of enduring value. he was previously active in the islandora and fedora communities, serving as project director for the islandora claw project, member of the islandora foundation’s roadmap committee and board of directors, and contributed code to the project. he has also served as the release manager for islandora and fedora, the moderator for the ocul digital curation community, the president of the ontario library and technology association, and president of mcmaster university academic librarians’ association. interests 	web archives 	data analytics 	distributed systems 	information retrieval 	digital preservation education 	 mlis, wayne state university 	 bachelor of arts political science, minor in history, university of michigan-dearborn recent publications more publications fostering community engagement through datathon events: the archives unleashed experience samantha fritz, ian milligan, nick ruest, jimmy lin pdf from archive to analysis: accessing web archives at scale through a cloud-based interface nick ruest, samantha fritz, ryan deschamps, jimmy lin, ian milligan pdf building community at distance: a datathon during covid- samantha fritz, ian milligan, nick ruest, jimmy lin pdf project content-based exploration of archival images using neural networks tobi adewoye, xiao han, nick ruest, ian milligan, samantha fritz, jimmy lin pdf project video the archives unleashed project: technology, process, and community to improve scholarly access to web archives nick ruest, jimmy lin, ian milligan, samantha fritz pdf project video we could, but should we? ethical considerations for providing access to geocities and other historical digital collections jimmy lin, ian milligan, douglas w. oard, nick ruest, katie shilton pdf the archives unleashed project: technology, process, and community to improve scholarly access to web archives nick ruest, jimmy lin, ian milligan, samantha fritz pdf solr integration in the anserini information retrieval toolkit ryan clancy, toke eskildsen, nick ruest, jimmy lin pdf dataset project building community and tools for analyzing web archives through datathons ian milligan, nathalie casemajor, samantha fritz, jimmy lin, nick ruest, matthew s. weber, nicholas worby pdf project slides scalable content-based analysis of images in web archives with tensorflow and the archives unleashed toolkit hsiu-wei yang, linqing liu, ian milligan, nick ruest, jimmy lin pdf dataset project poster recent & upcoming talks more talks lowering the barrier to access: the archives unleashed cloud project jun , the web that was: archives, traces, reflections resaw slides project sustainability and research platforms: the archives unleashed cloud project jun , international internet preservation consortium web archiving conference slides see a little warclight: building an open-source web archive portal with project blacklight jun , international internet preservation consortium web archiving conference slides web archives analysis at scale with the archives unleashed cloud (with ian milligan) apr , cni spring membership meeting slides oh, i get by with a little help from my friends: interdisciplinary web archive collaboration. feb , workshop on quantitative analysis and the digital turn in historical studies slides make it walk! may , archives association of ontario slides hot tips to boost your interdisciplinary web archive collaboration! apr , lewis & ruth sherman centre for digital scholarship speak series slides the world is a beautiful and terrible place mar , national forum on ethics and archiving the web slides video boosting your interdisciplinary web archive collaboration feb , bc research libraries group lecture series slides twitter and web archive analysis at scale feb , data love-in : a day of data management planning and conversations slides recent posts more posts four fucking years of donald trump nearly four years ago i decided to start collecting tweets to donald trump out of morbid curiosity. if i was a real archivist, i would … jan , min read enhancing archives unleashed toolkit usability with spark-submit originally posted here. over the last month, we have put out several toolkit releases. the primary focus of the releases has been … may , min read cloud-hosted web archive data: the winding path to web archive collections as data originally posted here. web archives are hard to use, and while the past activities of archives unleashed has helped to lower these … feb , min read twut. wait, wut? twut? originally posted here. introduction a few of the archives unleashed team members have a pretty in-depth background of working with … dec , min read exploring #elxn twitter data introduction a few years ago library archives canada, ian milligan and i collected tweets from the nd canadian federal election. ian … nov , min read projects archives unleashed project archives unleashed aims to make petabytes of historical internet content accessible to scholars and others interested in researching the recent past. supported by a grant from the andrew w. mellon foundation, we will be developing web archive search and data analysis tools to enable scholars and librarians to access, share, and investigate recent history since the early days of the world wide web. web archives for historical research our research focuses on both web histories - writing about the recent past as reflected in web archives - as well as methodological approaches to understanding these repositories. islandora claw islandora claw is the next generation of islandora. fedora repository fedora is the flexible, modular, open source repository platform with native linked data support. visualizations , #elxn images dear donald; may - january . happy new year to everyone, including the haters and the fake news media! totally clears the president. thank you! , , audio cover images from the internet archive , , #womensmarch images a month of tweets at @realdonaldtrump islandora claw development , , #panamapapers images , #ymmfire images , #thehip, #hipinkingston images , , #elxn images , #makedonalddrumpfagain images #elxn wordclouds by day anon development visualization islandora .x- . development music unfavourable offerings sloppy a-sides, last of the worst strange delights the humans soundtrackpro unlimited the achievements the potions - regular release ep sloppy b-sides, first of the worst surnom de gorille the potions @ the lifton matterwave foci . audio wardrobe's jacuzzi contact 	 ruestn@yorku.ca cc-by · powered by the academic theme for hugo. cite × copy download local contexts – grounding indigenous rights 	register 	sign in 	home 	about 		about local contexts 	collaborating / sharing 	reciprocal curation workflow 	labels 		traditional knowledge 	biocultural 	notices 		notices 	traditional knowledge 	biocultural 	cultural institution 	licenses 		traditional knowledge 	local contexts hub 	contact grounding indigenous rights indigenous communities local contexts supports indigenous communities to manage their intellectual and cultural property, cultural heritage, environmental data and genetic resources within digital environments. local contexts recognizes the inherent sovereignty that indigenous communities have over knowledge and data that comes from lands, territories, and waters. traditional knowledge (tk) labels the tk labels are digital markers that define attribution, access, and use rights for indigenous cultural heritage. eighteen tk labels have been developed through direct community partnership and collaboration. each tk label can be adapted and customized to reflect ongoing relationships and authority including proper use, guidelines for action, or responsible stewardship and re-use. biocultural (bc) labels the bc labels focus on accurate provenance, transparency and integrity in research engagements. the bc labels are digital markers that define community expectations and consent about appropriate use of collections and data. they connect data to people and environments over time. the bc labels provide a practical application of indigenous data governance principles to issues of access and benefit-sharing for genetic resources. local contexts hub the local contexts hub allows indigenous communities to adapt tk & bc labels to their needs and share them safely with institutions, researchers and data repositories. register institutions & researchers local contexts also provides a new set of procedural workflows that emphasize vetting content, collaborative curation, ethical management and sustained outreach practices within institutions. for researchers, local contexts provides specific notices that support the recognition of indigenous interests and function as place-holders on collections, data, or in a sample field until a tk or a bc label is added by the community to replace it. traditional knowledge (tk) notice the tk notice is a visible digital identifier applied to recognize that there could be accompanying cultural rights, protocols and responsibilities that need further attention for future sharing and use of this material. biocultural (bc) notice the bc notice is a visible digital identifier applied to recognize the rights of indigenous peoples define the use of information, collections, data and digital sequence information generated from the biodiversity and genetic resources associated with their traditional lands, waters, and territories. cultural institution (ci) notices the ci notices are for use by collecting institutions, data repositories and organizations who engage in collaborative curation with indigenous and other marginalized communities who have been traditionally excluded from processes of documentation and record keeping. local contexts hub the local contexts hub allows institutions and researchers to generate notices and engage with indigenous communities about the appropriate use of the tk & bc labels. register features passamaquoddy tribe and the library of congress the passamaquoddy tribe in maine has integrated their customized tk labels to the first sound-recordings ever made on indigenous lands in . these recordings currently reside in the library of congress. the passamaquoddy tk labels have transformed the digital online record, connecting past, present and future passamaquoddy peoples, values and protocols. using mukurtu cms, the passamaquoddy have also created their own website to tell their history and culture through passamaquoddy terms. read more sq’éwlets virtual museum sq’éwlets first nation is part of the broader stó:lō-coast salish people of the southern pacific northwest. the sq’éwlets first nation has incorporated the tk labels into their virtual museum of canada exhibit about sq’éwlets culture, past and present. the sq’éwlets customization of their tk labels are also translated into halq’emeylem. read more ravenspace publishing ravenspace is a digital publishing platform for media-rich, interactive books, where indigenous communities and scholars can work together respectfully and where knowledge circulates across networks and generations. the first publication, as i remember it – teachings (ʔəms tɑʔɑw) from the life of a sliammon elder, integrates the tk labels. read more geome geome is a metadata database for biological samples and associated genetic sequences. geome is testing the capacity for researchers to add tk and bc notices as metadata for dna sequence data. read more contact us info@localcontexts.org about us creative commons license this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-noderivatives . international license. all images and marks are subject to copyright and trademark protection. all educational material is being shared collaboratively but does not constitute binding legal advice. 	 				 				 		 				 			 contact us 	name first name last name 	email 	message 	captcha 	phone this field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. 		 				 				 			close 		 	 posts on mark a. matienzo posts on mark a. matienzo recent content in posts on mark a. matienzo 	on sourcery, or the enclosure(?) of remote access in this post, i try to unpack some of my concerns around sourcery as raised in my society of california archivists keynote, and how they relate to the visibility of archival labor, austerity, and enclosure. 	iah forecast - disquiet junto project an experiment with recording a new single using vcv rack and reaper based on a compositional prompt. i ended up recording two tracks. 	perfecting a favorite: oatmeal chocolate chip cookies i have a horrible sweet tooth, and i absolutely love oatmeal chocolate chip cookies. i tend to bake as a means to cope with stress, and of course, more often then that means making these cookies. after making many iterations, i&rsquo;ve settled upon this recipe as the ultimate version to which all compare. 	in memoriam and appreciation of rob casson ( - ) the world lost one of its brightest and most charming lights earlier this week, rob casson. many of us knew rob through the code lib community and conferences and his work at miami university libraries. we miss his generosity, patience, sense of humor, and genuine kindness. those of us who got the chance to socialize with him also remember his passion for music, and some of us were even lucky to see live shows in the evenings between conference sessions and other social activities. on sunday, october at : pm pacific/ : pm eastern, those of us who knew him through code lib and the world of libraries are encouraged to gather to share our memories of him and to appreciate his life and work. please join me and my co-organizers, mike giarlo and declan fleming on zoom (registration required). robert casson (robcasson), jan - sep . photo: declan fleming. 	first sota activation about a month ago, i got my ham radio license, and soon after i got pretty curious about summits on the air (sota), an award scheme focused on safe and low impact portable operation from mountaintops. while i like to hike, i&rsquo;m arguably a pretty casual hiker, and living in california provides a surprising number of options within minutes driving time for sota newbies. 	optimizing friction over and in response to the last few months, i&rsquo;ve been reflecting about intentionality, and how i spend my time creating things. i have tried to improve the indiewebbiness of my site, and understanding what it means to &ldquo;scratch my own itch&rdquo;. this resonates particularly lately because it&rsquo;s leading me to mull over which parts should be hard and easy. unsurprisingly, much of that is personal preference, and figuring out how i want to optimize from the perspective of user experience. friction in ux can be a powerful tool, part of what i&rsquo;m trying to find is where i want to retain friction as it helps me remain intentional. 	a hugo shortcode for embedding mirador i spent a little time over the last day or so trying to bodge together a shortcode for hugo to embed an instance of mirador. while it&rsquo;s not quite as simple (or full-featured) as i&rsquo;d like, it&rsquo;s nonetheless a starting point. the shortcode generates a snippet of html that gets loaded into hugo pages, but (unfortunately) most of the heavy lifting is done by a separate static page that gets included as an &lt;iframe/&gt; within the page. that page parses url parameters to pass some of the parameters when mirador gets instantiated. getting a consistent way to load multiple iiif manifests, either into comparison view or for populating a resource list also needs some work, which also led me to grapple with thinking through the iiif content state api spec, which will require some more attention, too. 	besieged i have spent the last four and a half months feeling like everything is slipping from my grasp – personally, professionally, and in between. the torpor of life under a pandemic and a world wracked with pain has led me to feel like i am stuck in slowly-drying glue. planning too far ahead seems nearly pointless. and yet, every day, we are asked to undertake haruspicy, to speculate about how our organizations and ourselves should respond to the remaining uncertainty, ideally with precision. the world keeps turning and we are asked to keep up, while taking care of family members, grieving our losses, or dealing with other challenges amplified by the present circumstances. at the same time, i feel myself slowing down, or at least to continue trying to slow down. i have not read anything more substantial than an article since february, despite getting a stack of books out of the library in preparation for more time at home. the cognitive load of mailing packages can sometimes be too much. 	comments on revisions to saa statement on diversity and inclusion the saa council has issued a call for comments on the saa statement on diversity and inclusion. as noted in the announcement, the revision includes changes to expand the statement to cover equity as well. comments are open on the revisions until march , , and what follows are the comments that i&rsquo;ve submitted. 	books read, january-february i&rsquo;m trying to do a better job tracking what i&rsquo;ve been reading. here&rsquo;s a start. 	solidarity, logistics, and infrastructure on prime day july and th are &ldquo;prime day,&rdquo; amazon&rsquo;s attempt to drive up sales and artificial demand around things we don&rsquo;t need at prices they&rsquo;ve convinced us that we can afford. thanks to mar hicks, many of us heard that workers at a shakopee, minnesota fulfillment center are holding a six-hour work stoppage on one of the busiest days of the year. alongside, many have called for a boycott on amazon and its subsidiaries (whole foods, goodreads, twitch, etc.), and others have called for a general strike to protest amazon&rsquo;s collaboration with palantir in aiding ice. with all of this in mind, i&rsquo;ve been reflecting on what larger scale industrial actions could look like when we look at amazon&rsquo;s simultaneous leveraging of centralization and unreliability of single resources to provide critical infrastructure for the it sector and its own operations. 	 : a year in gratitude this year was largely complicated and often felt like a massive garbage fire to myself and my crew. i didn&rsquo;t accomplish a number of my goals and was inconsistent about others, so recapping awesome things i did doesn&rsquo;t feel appropriate and also happens to be a soft reminder of either failure or things not going as planned. i also tend to hate &ldquo;best of the year&rdquo; lists but i find them helpful to remember about where i found joy or the ability to connect to something outside of myself. i suppose this is an attempt to reconcile those things, or perhaps more in line with the end of year spirit, a way to articulate gratitude to the people and things around me that impacted me. 	when basil has gone to seed: contemplative pesto we are growing three kinds of basil in our garden: &ldquo;regular&rdquo; basil, purple basil, and magic mountain basil. the regular basil and magic mountain basil have been thriving quite a bit; the purple basil, less so, as it is growing at the base of the regular basil plant. but the other two, my goodness. the regular old basil was going to seed, though, much to the chagrin of my partner. i&rsquo;d promised for weeks on end to do something with all that basil, as the stems grew woodier, and as the flowers turned from brilliant white to the brown of kraft paper. meanwhile, the magic mountain basil also grew tall and bushy, went to flower, but only because that&rsquo;s what it&rsquo;s supposed to do. 	evidence of them: digitization, preservation, and labor this is a lightly edited version of the presentation i gave as part of as a part of session : digitization is/not preservation at the society of american archivists annual meeting. the session was overall pure fire, with thoughtful, funny, provocative, and challenging presentations by julia kim, frances harrell, tre berney, andrew robb, snowden becker, fletcher durant, siobhan hagan, and sarah werner. my heart goes out to all of them. all of the images used in the presentation were adapted from the art of google books. 	what one says and does not say: vulnerability, leadership, and professional trajectories an extended reflection on professional trajectories, leadership, vulnerability, community, and finding my voice, written as part of my participation in the it leadership program. 	beyond hearing (one another): radical empathy in archives-as-workplace i am writing this amidst being crammed into a seat flying back from new york city, after a few days of intensive meetings. between a number of good and less ideal things, my mind has felt really unsettled lately, and i&rsquo;m working through some professional malaise, and feeling a bit rudderless. in an attempt to give myself something be myself optimistic about and to set some direction, i reread michelle caswell and marika cifor&rsquo;s archivaria article &ldquo;from human rights to feminist ethics: radical empathy in archives&rdquo;. part of their analysis outlines four affective shifts in archival relationships based on radical empathy - those between ) archivist and records creator, ) archivist and records subject, ) archivist and user, and ) archivist and larger community. given a long list of topics on my mind (precarity, developing inclusive workplaces and cultures, my own uncertain pathway), it felt like there was plenty of space to identify other shifts. 	sending websub notifications from static sites using netlify functions as part of my iterative intentions for , i started a project to rebuild and simplify my website. i&rsquo;ve used jekyll for quite some time (either by itself or with octopress), and as part of the latest iteration of the site, i&rsquo;ve been working to align the site more with indieweb principles, and to smooth the deployment path for my site by hosting it on netlify. one challenge with jekyll and other static site generators is that &ldquo;dynamic-ish&rdquo; functionality, including sending notifications through protocols like websub. the trouble is knowing where these actions fit into the build process for your site: you don&rsquo;t want to send the notifications before your site gets built, or pushed to the cdn hosting your site. recently, netlify announced a private beta for its new netlify functions service, which provides lambda-style functions deployed as part of your site deployment. one of the neat features that exists as of the beta is the ability to trigger the functions via netlify events, like when your site successfully deploys. 	notes on itlp workshop readings i completed my reading and viewing assignments for my cohort&rsquo;s it leadership program workshop (january -january at uc berkeley.) this is a brief set of notes for my own use about how all of them tie together. 	iterative intentions for while i enjoy seeing what my friends are setting their intentions towards in the new year, i don&rsquo;t really believe in new year&rsquo;s resolutions for myself. they tend to wear on me heavily whenever i&rsquo;ve proclaimed a long list of things i&rsquo;m hoping to get better at. instead, this year, i&rsquo;m starting with a very short list. my hope is that i can commit to a small number of good habits at a time, which i can then build on iteratively. i want to have the windows of reinforcement stay small at first (maybe a week or two), and once i feel satisfied about whichever habits i&rsquo;ve committed to, i can add more. i&rsquo;m starting with three items: rebuilding this website: simplified tooling; new layout/style; using and publishing more structured data, and a partial implementation of a stack following indieweb and solid principles. the last part is intentionally slippery, but i mostly really care about sending and receiving notifications at this point. 	a push-to-talk conference call foot pedal my current position at dpla, especially since we are remote-first organization, requires me to be on lots of conference calls, both video and audio. while i&rsquo;ve learned the value of staying muted while i&rsquo;m not talking, there are a couple of things that make this challenging. first, i usually need the window for the call to have focus to unmute myself by the platform&rsquo;s designated keystroke. forget that working well if you need to bring something up in another window, or switch to another application. secondly, while we have our own preferred platform internally (google hangouts), i have to use countless others, too; each of those platforms has its own separate keystroke to mute. this all leads to a less than ideal situation, and naturally, i figured there must be a better way. 	how we work: the dpla technology team core values one of the most important aspects of the work of the dpla technology team is ensuring that we maintain a common frame of reference for all of our efforts. this is situated in multiple aspects - in terms of our shared technical knowledge, the overall dpla strategic plan, and more. overall, however, the guiding principles for our work are best understood through the core values that inform how we work together within our team, as well as with our colleagues at dpla and across the network of our stakeholders and collaborators. these values are not only designed to be aspirational; instead, they also inform practical aspects of our day to day work, allowing us to work together effectively through their articulation of cultural norms and expectations. in addition, our values encourage us to be intentional about our work, even when faced with challenges from deadlines, staff capacity, and other external pressures. 	open, free, and secure to all: dpla launches full support for https dpla is pleased to announce that the entirety of our website, including our portal, exhibitions, primary source sets, and our api, are now accessible using https by default. dpla takes user privacy seriously, and the infrastructural changes that we have made to support https allows us to extend this dedication further and become signatories of the library digital privacy pledge of - , developed by our colleagues at the library freedom project. 	dpla and the international image interoperability framework dpla, along with representatives of a number of institutions including stanford university, the yale center for british art, the bibliothèque nationale de france, and more, is presenting at access to the world’s images, a series of events related to the international image interoperability framework (iiif) in new york city, hosted by the museum of modern art and the new york academy of medicine. the events will showcase how institutions are leveraging iiif to reduce total cost and time to deploy image delivery solutions, while simultaneously improving end user experience with a new host of rich and dynamic features, and promote collaboration within the iiif community through facilitated conversations and working group meetings. 	ever to excel: towards an apologetics of the spreadsheet this is the written version of my presentation from code lib in philadelphia, on march , . my presentation was part of a panel with my friends christina harlow, ted lawless, and matt zumwalt, after which we had some discussion moderated by matt miller. my slides are available, as are the video of all talks from the panel. 	my jekyll todo list a running list of things i want to do or have done. a lot of this relates to adopting the indieweb ethos 	indiewebcamp nyc i&rsquo;m at indiewebcamp nyc and i just added some microformats data to my site. hurrah! edit: and i&rsquo;ve successfully sent a webmention by hand from the command line. time to add that to the jekyll build process&hellip; 	developing and implementing a technical framework for interoperable rights statements within the technical working group of the interoperability-working-on-rights/">international rights statements working group, we have been focusing our efforts on identifying a set of requirements and a technically sound and sustainable plan to implement the rights statements under development. now that two of the working group’s white papers have been released, we realized it was a good time to build on the introductory blog post by our co-chairs, emily gore and paul keller. accordingly, we hope this post provides a good introduction to our technical white paper, recommendations for the technical infrastructure for standardized international rights statements, and more generally, how our thinking has changed throughout the activities of the working group. 	dplafest attendees: support lgbtq youth in indiana! this is a joint blog post by dplafest attendees benjamin armintor and christina harlow, and dpla staff members mark matienzo and tom johnson. after the passage of sea (the indiana religious freedom restoration act), many scheduled attendees of dplafest were conflicted about its location in indianapolis. emily gore, dpla director for content, captured both this conflict and the opportunity the location provides when she wrote: we should want to support our hosts and the businesses in indianapolis who are standing up against this law… at dplafest, we will also have visible ways to show that we are against this kind of discrimination, including enshrining our values in our code of conduct. we encourage you to use this as an opportunity to let your voice and your dollars speak. as dplafest attendees, patronizing businesses identifying themselves with open for service is an important start, but some of us wanted to do more. during our visit to indianapolis, we are donating money to local charities supporting the communities and values that sea threatens. 	profit & pleasure in goat keeping two weeks ago, we officially announced the initial release of krikri, our new metadata aggregation, mapping, and enrichment toolkit. in light of its importance, we would like to take a moment for a more informal introduction to the newest members of dpla’s herd. krikri and heiðrún (a.k.a. heidrun; pronounced like hey-droon) are key to many of dpla’s plans and serve as a critical piece of infrastructure for dpla. they are also names for, or types, of goats. 	what dpla and dlf can learn from code lib this post has been crossposted to the digital library federation blog. code lib was held last week from february - , in portland, oregon. the code lib conferences have grown in the last ten years, both in terms of size and scope of topics. this growth is particularly impressive when you consider that much of the work of organizing the conference falls upon a circulating group of volunteers, with additional organizational support from organizations like the digital library federation. it has become clear to me that the code lib community is interested in ensuring that it can develop and support compelling and useful conferences for everyone who chooses to participate. 	a helping hand: free software and the dpla as you probably know, dpla is committed to making cultural heritage materials held in america's libraries, archives, and museums freely available to all, and we provide maximally open data to encourage transformative uses of those materials by developers. in addition, dpla is also proud to distribute the software we produce to support our mission to the wider community. 	the greatest adventure with apologies to rankin/bass and glenn yarbrough, the greatest adventure is what lies ahead. after almost four great years working for manuscripts and archives at the yale university library and two and a half rewarding years as the technical architect on archivesspace, i am excited to announce that i&# ;ve accepted a position as the director of technology for the digital public library of america, a small but well-supported non-profit dedicated to free and open access to cultural heritage materials. more information about my new position can be found in the press release. while i am sad to be leaving a great institution and a great project, both with fantastic colleagues, i look forward to contributing my time, energy and expertise to the addressing the huge challenges and encouraging the exciting possibilities of dpla. if you&# ;d like to join me in this adventure, i&# ;m also happy to announce that dpla will be hiring two technology specialists very soon, so if you&# ;re interested or have any questions, please don&# ;t hesitate to contact me! 	computer anonymous new york in my previous post, i wrote about wanting to address issues of privilege in the space between archives and technology. as a first step, i mentioned organizing a new york group of computer anonymous. i&rsquo;m pleased to announce that we&rsquo;ve scheduled our first meeting: tuesday, october , , : pm - ?, at pacific standard, fourth avenue, brooklyn, ny we have about seven people who have indicated that they&rsquo;re planning on attending. if you&rsquo;re interested, please comment here, contact me via twitter or email, or leave a comment on this github issue. i believe that a computer anonymous group in new york is a great chance to start having both tough and positive conversations. i realize that it won&rsquo;t solve everything, and that our initial location may not be ideal, but i&rsquo;m certainly amenable to other ideas and doing better outreach. i want to see both the technology and archives professions become more diverse, more equitable, and healther communities that in which i can encourage others to join. 	cha(lle)nging the dynamics of privilege in archives and technology like others, i found the presidential address of jackie dooley last august&rsquo;s society of american archivists annual meeting to be problematic. at the time, i had little more to add than what was articulated by others, such as sam winn&rsquo;s post on professional privilege. as the dust settles, though i&rsquo;ve gotten a lot more clarity. the society of american archivists is not really an easy place to examine our privilege or our struggle. there are many ways in which we desperately need to examine privilege within the context of our profession as well as the overall organization, but for now, i&rsquo;m going to limit this post to addressing an issue that has been racing through my head since the saa annual meeting, which concern privilege and the intersection of archives and technology, the area in which i work. i am nothing if not enthusiastic about open culture and open source software and their transformative potential. i release my own work (meaning software, presentations, writing, etc. 	collaboration before preservation: recovering born digital records in the stephen gendin papers for some, the phrase &ldquo;born digital resources&rdquo; may be unfamiliar, but ricky erway, senior program officer at oclc research wrote a brief essay entitled defining &ldquo;born digital&rdquo;, which provides a handy, working definition: &ldquo;items created and managed in digital form.&rdquo; manuscripts and archives, the beinecke rare book and manuscript library, and yale university library overall have had a notable history of working with born digital resources over the past ten years. 	emotion, archives, interactive fiction, and linked data [edit (feb , ): thanks to the fantastic work of tara robertson, the video of my lightning talk is now available!] i gave a lightning talk entitled &ldquo;wielding the whip: affect, archives, and ontological fusion&rdquo; at the code lib conference in chicago, illinois. this lightning talk was one of the most difficult presentations i&rsquo;ve ever given for a number of reasons, including the emotional aspect of the content itself, as well as the fact that several of the ideas i was trying to articulate weren&rsquo;t fully baked. i&rsquo;ve been thinking about this for the four to six months in various capacities and with different focuses, especially as i read more interactive fiction and learn more about it (as well as about hypertext in general). this post serves as an expansion of some of the ideas in my lightning talk and as a way to further the discussion around the following question: can we write interactive fiction and (semi-/para-)fictional hypertext that leverages linked data to create an emotional connection to the &ldquo;real world&rdquo;? 	 hours: the day of digital archives thursday, october was the day of digital archives, organized by friend and colleague gretchen gueguen at the university of virginia. i missed the post deadline yesterday, but it's been a busy week, so i might as well walk through some of the highlights of my work related to digital archives that occurred during that hours from am thursday to am friday. am: it's late, but i'm finishing the last bit of work of writing up lecture notes. this fall, i am teaching a class on digital preservation as an adjunct in the ischool at drexel university. the ischool is on the quarter system, so we have only ten weeks to cover a wide variety of material. last week the students got an introduction to the reference model for an open archival information system, and this week's topics (on which i am writing the lecture notes) are selection and appraisal, assessment, provenance, and authenticity. some of the sources of the week's material include a forthcoming case study from the city of vancouver archives, the dcc curation manual's chapter on appraisal and selection, sections of the clir publication authenticity in a digital environment, and the final report of the w c provenance incubator group. 	how to hack saa inspired by my friend declan fleming's "how to hack code lib," i have been motivated to put together a guide to surviving and enjoying the annual meeting. it can be a seemingly scary (and potentially lonely) experience if it's your first conference, and we archivists are not always known for our extrovertedness. so, without further ado, here is my brief list of suggestions - again, some of which have been shamelessly stolen adapted from declan's guide. 	tweeting up at saa thanks to the great work of lance (@newmsi), rachel donahue (@sheepeeh), and angelique richardson (@randomarchivist) last year, the first saa tweetup was pulled off successfully in washington, dc. given that this year's saa annual meeting is just a few weeks away, hillel arnold (@helrond) and i have elected to organize one in chicago, as well. we're holding this year's tweetup on thursday, august , starting at pm, at the clark street ale house, which is about a mile from the conference hotel and easily walkable and accessible by public transportation. feel free to join us after the alumni mixers - and please join us even if you don't use twitter. please rsvp at http://twtvite.com/saa tweetup; while rsvps are not required, they will help us and the bar plan ahead. 	supporting hyatt workers and unite here local at the annual meeting of saa some of us archivists have growing concerns regarding the long-standing labor dispute between unite here local and the management of the hyatt regency chicago, the location of the annual meeting of the society of american archivists. most recently, this labor dispute has led to a one-day strike of housekeepers, dishwashers, bellmen and other hotel workers on june , . saa has not given its membership any guidance to its membership about how to support unite here local and the hyatt's hotel workers. accordingly, my colleague hillel arnold and i have put together an website for archivists to find and share ideas. this website, support hyatt workers at saa : an unofficial resource, is now live, and provides ideas for actions that anyone can perform, plus lists of those specifically for individuals who have either chosen not to attend and for those that are attending. this site allows anyone to contribute and comment either generally on a given page or in response to particular ideas. 	sumer is icumen in i have spent the last several months in a fog. emotions tend to get the better of me whenever faced with a barrier in my work life. it's gotten increasingly difficult for me to see the forest for the trees, no matter how much i tell myself that my work is for the greater good of my unit, my institution, and archivy. self-doubt creeps in, as does stress, frustration, depression. positivity begins to wane, with optimism replaced by apathy and sarcasm. you stop seeing the good in things and other people, and you stop being inspired. you desperately want to get away, pull the plug, clean the slate, or otherwise just put everything to a grinding halt. you stop asking "why can't i do that?" and start asking "why should i care?" instead. i don't think this is the first time i've faced burnout, and while it certainly won't be the last, the extent to which it's affected me this time around is astounding. 	in memoriam: robert frost, - i am sad to announce the passing of robert l. "bob" frost ( - ). bob was an associate professor at the university of michigan school of information, my alma mater, where he had taught since . bob had been battling cancer for over two years. ed vielmetti has written an obituary of bob on his blog, including the announcement from si dean jeffrey mackie-mason. bob was an inspiration to many of us si alums, and his magnetic personality, sharp wit, and joie de vivre ensured he had a bevy of his students and colleagues buzzing around him at any given time. i had the opportunity to take his class material culture and the interpretation of objects in the spring of , my final semester at si. the class was intense in a way that few of my other classes at michigan were, and it provoked my continuing curiosity in identifying theoretical frameworks to analyze the everyday world. bob reinforced my fascination with wilhelm reich and the fugs by introducing me to dušan makavejev's w. 	wikileaks & the archives & records profession: a panel discussion update: the text of my remarks can be now found online at https://matienzo.org/presentations/ /wikileaks/. i am honored to be one of the speakers at "wikileaks & the archives & records profession," a panel discussion organized by the archivists roundtable of metropolitan new york and the metropolitan new york city chapter of arma international. the panel will be on january , at the center for jewish history. from the announcement: do wikileaks and its complex, attendant issues shift our conceptualization of our roles as information professionals? how might wikileaks change the public's views on usage of and access to archives and records? to what extent is the most recent release of diplomatic cables a product of information mismanagement? addressing these and many more questions, our confirmed speakers include trudy peterson, former acting archivist of the united states ( - ) and current representative for the society of american archivists on the department of state's historical advisory committee; fred pulzello, solutions architect in the information governance practice at microlink llc; jim fortmuller, manager of systems security at kelley drye & warren llp in washington, dc; mark matienzo, digital archivist in manuscripts and archives at yale university library; and derek bambauer, associate professor of law at brooklyn law school. 	what's your delicious story? update: i've added a question on quora about this too - feel free to contribute your story there. in my last post, i talked a bit about the notion of delicious being a platform with a myriad of uses, and i've been actively wondering about this since then. upon further reflection, i've realized that the best way to figure this out is actually to engage and ask people directly. accordingly, i'm asking for your help. of course it's upsetting that delicious is being sunsetted, but other than individual users and archive team, people seem to be doing very little about it. delicious is clearly more than the bookmarks. i want to gather information about how people like you and me actually used it beyond it's obvious functionality. did you use it to manage resources for your dissertation? did you use it to communicate with family about a serious event or illness? how did you go beyond the boundaries of it being just " 	delicious and the preservation of "platforms" just as plenty of others have, i recoiled in horror when i heard that delicious (née del.icio.us) was being "sunsetted". regardless of the red flags that have been raised about its potentially imminent demise, i've still been using it on a daily basis. i've been an active user for over . years, which is longer than i can say for just about any other web platform or service. i deleted my friendster and myspace accounts quite a while ago; i've been on flickr almost as long as delicious, but the bookmarking wins out by a good four months or so. i started using delicious in my final semester of library school, and it shows. i used it for procrastinating as well as a way to organize research materials before i had zotero. the bulk of the bookmarks from that first day of use (february , ) were likely imports from my browser, but i quickly showed a facility for adding stuff that i saw as interesting, useful, etc. 	update: aus-archivists not dead? earlier today i'd posted about the australian society of archivists' announcement about the aus-archivists listserv being "lost." tim sherratt, an australian colleague and friend of this blog, announced this post on archiveslive, the ning group created by the asa seemingly to replace the listserv. pat jackson, asa president, has already responded with an update: the asa national office has not lost the aus-archivists list-serv. we have moved from an outsourced service provider to managing our new server at the national office. the aus-archivists list-serv was a bit too ancient for our spanking new server to manage. in terms of the posterity of the contents of the list-serv, the wonderful discussions and debate it fostered and engendered, they are not lost. it is our intention to post them to the asa website where they can be perused. further to that, it is my understanding that the aus-archivists list-serv is also deemed to be permanent under the asa retention schedule. the asa will be investigating other methods of storing the list-serv for permanent retention. 	goodbye, aus-archivists: listservs and the commitment to digital preservation [update: aus-archivists might not be gone for good, as asa intends to share the entire run of postings on its website. see this post for details.] despite my relative distaste for the a&amp;a list, i have previously found it useful and argued for its retention when it was threatened in . i still agree with most of what i wrote . years ago, although i might have toned things down in retrospect. in an effort to find other e-mail discussion lists on archives that engaged my interest, i joined arcan-l (the canadian archivists' listserv) and aus-archivists (the australian archivists' listserv, maintained by the australian society of archivists). surprisingly, aus-archivists had been idle since around the end of october. i noticed this tweet from the australian society of archivists only in passing at the beginning of november: the asa office would just like everyone to know that our list serv is still currently unavailable, we apologize for any inconvenience... i didn't hear anything else between then and earlier today. i should note that i'm not a member of asa, and so i can't speak to any communication they had with their membership. however, today a message was sent out by pat jackson, the asa president, to all aus-archivists subscribers, announcing that the listserv was lost entirely. 	disco-powered pymarc i'd been long interested in starting to develop code using some sort of mapreduce implementation for distributed computing. i have never been able to get my head around hadoop, so i gave up with that pretty quickly. i recently discovered disco, a mapreduce framework with an erlang-based core. disco also allows you to to write your worker code in python, which was a huge plus to me. after stumbling through the tutorial, i took the word count demo and put together some basic code using pymarc that gathered tag count statistics for a bunch of marc files. the code's still in a very early form, and arguably should carve up large files into smaller chunks to pass off to the worker processes; i've gotten around this for the time being by splitting up the files using yaz-marcdump. once i split the files, i pushed them into a tag of ddfs, the disco distributed file system. this was a useful way for me to write some demo code both for using pymarc and disco. 	the future of archivesblogs every project has it's day. i've administered archivesblogs for four years now. originally, i created it to fill a void when blogging was new to the archival profession, and archivists were having to make the case for dedicating staff time to shepherding early social media projects. four years later, things are much different; i'm less interested in web . (professionally speaking), more archivists are blogging, and more repositories are maintaining their own blogs. despite the changes in the archival blogosphere and repository administration, archivists still contact me occasionally and remind me of the value of archivesblogs. it's also lead to some interesting debates in the past. i still think it has its place, but i don't want to be the only person shaping its future. i've also been thinking for a while that i want to get out of the aggregation business, and i believe time to put together a succession plan. the reality is that i don't have the time to rethink what archivesblogs could be, or even give it the care and feeding it needs to keep running. 	why i have given up on the archives and archivists list i am certainly not the first person to chime in on this topic, and i certainly hope not to be the last. inspired by two fantastic posts by ben bromley and maureen callahan, i have chosen to discuss the reasons why i have given up on the archives and archivists list. unlike ben and maureen, who discuss why they choose not to post to the list, i'm also including reasons why i choose not to read or subscribe to the list anymore. for what it's worth, until yesterday, i had been on the a&amp;a list for almost nine long years. i don't think the majority of the traffic is terribly useful. this can be incredibly frustrating, especially there's a question on topic you happen to know something about. telling someone how to perform a google search is not an adequate response.given the signal-to-noise ratio of the list, useful or timely messages can be easily buried. off-topic messages seem to be the rule rather than the exception. 	with little fanfare, dlist goes down i've been meaning to blog about this for a while. dlist, the digital library of information science and technology, maintained by the university of arizona school of information resources and library science, has been down for at least three months. any url formerly part of dlist gets automatically redirected to an announcement page that reads as follows: aging hardware and conversion issues following a system crash have taken their toll on dlist, the university of arizona's digitial library of information science and technology. we are currently exploring choices and alternatives both to short term recovery and long term sustainability. the resources and metadata are fully recovered, and we hope to put them back online in a new repository soon. if you or your institution would like to assist with the dlist project, please contact us at sirls@email.arizona.edu. thanks for your support! while i feel for the difficulties they've had in maintaining it, i have to admit that it's a bit frustrating for me from the standpoint of someone who submitted material to dlist. 	code lib : southern hospitality i recently returned from a trip to asheville, north carolina for this year's code lib conference. despite the unavoidable hiccups that some attendees experienced as they tried to head home from the conference, i believe that this year's conference was the most successful one that i happened to attend. if i'm right, i think this year had a record number of attendees, a record number of new attendees, and much tighter organization to make the new folks feel welcome. the social activities were certainly more planned and organized than last year, which was a welcome change. while i certainly didn't mind hollering out to the crowd that i would be going to see some bands or to a particular restaurant like i had in previous years, it was nice to see other folks take the lead. the newcomer dinners seemed to go pretty well; the brews cruise and barbecue excursions went smoothly; and even the game(s) of werewolf seemed to take a life of their own. 	description peddlers and data.gov: two peas in a pod as you may have heard, the national archives issued a press release today announcing the release of three data sets on data.gov: the first milestone of the open government directive was met on january with the release of new datasets on data.gov. each major government agency has uploaded at least three datasets in this initial action. the national archives released the — code of federal regulations and two datasets from its archival research catalog. this is the first time this material is available as raw data in xml format. the archival research catalog, or arc, is nara's primary access system for archival description, representing % of nara's entire holdings. this breaks down to the following: , , cubic feet record groups , collections , series , , file units , items in addition, there are , , , logical data records and , artifacts described in arc. nara's decision to share this data is a breakthrough for archives and people who love data. 	onward and upward... it's fitting that this the hundredth (gosh, only the hundredth?) post, because i have rather important news. first, my fellow developers/producers/ux designers at the new york public library and i have been dealing with every minute detail on the upcoming, drupal-based replacement to the nypl website. you can see a live preview at http://new.nypl.org/. i can proudly say that this project has helped both me personally and nypl overall play nice in the open source world - we've been actively contributing code, reporting bugs, and sending patches to the drupal project. also, our site search is based on solr, which always bears mention. in addition, after a working tirelessly as a developer at nypl for the last year and a half, i have decided to move onward and upward. i am leaving the cozy environs of the still-recently renovated office space i share with my spectacular coworkers. it was not an easy decision by far, but it feels like the best one overall. 	clifford lynch clarifies position on open source ilses clifford lynch, executive director of the coalition for networked information, has responded to the leaked sirsidynix report that spreads horrific untruths about open source. marshall breeding posted lynch's response on guideposts. in particular, lynch notes the following: i don't think that i ever wrote those words down in an article; i suppose i may have said something to that effect in an interview or q&amp;a in some conference program like ala top tech, though perhaps no quite as strongly as it's expressed here. i have without question spoken out about my concerns regarding investment in open source ils development in the last few years. if i did say this, it feels like it's used a little out of context -- or maybe the better characterization is over-simplistically -- in the report. ... i think there are still major problems -- many of which we really don't know how to solve effectively, and which call for sustained and extensive research and development -- in various areas where ils get involved in information discovery and the support of research and teaching. 	sirsidynix report leaked, spreading fear, uncertainty and doubt about open source thanks to twitter, i discovered that wikileaks has posted a report written by sirsidynix vice president for innovation stephenabram which spreads a fantastic amount of fear, uncertainty and doubt about both open source software in general and, more specifically, the suitability of open source integrated library systems. as the summary provided by wikileaks states, this document was released only to a select number of existing customers of the company sirsidynix, a proprietary library automation software vendor. it has not been released more broadly specifically because of the misinformation about open source software and possible libel per se against certain competitors contained therein ... the source states that the document should be leaked so that everyone can see to what extent sirsidynix will attempt to spread falsehoods and smear open source and the proponents of open source. in addition, as you may have heard, the queens library is suing sirsidynix for breach of contract; for what it's worth, the initial conference is scheduled for next monday, november , . 	pybhl: accessing the biodiversity heritage library's data using openurl and python via twitter, i heard about the biodiversity heritage library's relatively new openurl resolver, announced in their blog about a month ago. more specifically, i head about matt yoder's new ruby library, rubybhl, which exploits the bhl openurl resolver to provide metadata about items in their holdings and does some additional screenscraping to return things like links to the ocred version of the text. in typical fashion, i've ported matt's library to python, and have released my code. pybhl is available from my site, pypi, and github. use should be fairly straightforward, as seen below: import pybhl import pprint b = pybhl.bhlopenurlrequest(genre='book', aulast='smith', aufirst='john', date=' ', spage=' ', volume=' ') r = b.get_response() len(r.data['citations']) pprint.pprint(r.data['citations'][ ]) {u'atitle': u'', u'authors': [u'smith, john donnell,'], u'date': u' ', u'epage': u'', u'edition': u'', u'genre': u'journal', u'isbn': u'', u'issn': u'', u'itemurl': u'http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/ ', u'language': u'latin', u'lccn': u'', u'oclc': u' ', u'pages': u'', u'publicationfrequency': u'', u'publishername': u'h.n. patterson,', u'publisherplace': u'oquawkae [ill.] :', u'spage': u'page ', u'stitle': u'', u'subjects': [u'central america', u'guatemala', u'plants', u''], u'title': u'enumeratio plantarum guatemalensium imprimis a h. 	access and description reconsidered what exactly is archival access, and how does archival description make it possible? i feel like that in some form or another i've been struggling with this question throughout my career. recently, this blog post from the top shelf, the blog of the university of texas at san antonio archives and special collections department, came across my radar, wherein they write (emphasis in original): utsa archives and special collections is among the growing number of archives to create an online presence for every one of its collections. ... we were able to utilize inventories generated by former and current collection assistants to create guides to the collection with folder-level and box-level descriptions. the project resulted in access to more than collections and linear feet of materials. what defines that accessibility? i certainly don't intend to be a negative nancy about this - adding finding aids and other descriptive metadata about collections is obviously useful. but how has it necessarily increased access to the materials themselves? 	aip receives nhprc funding to digitize samuel goudsmit papers i'm happy to pass on the news that my former employer, the niels bohr library & archives of the american institute of physics, has received funding from the national historical publications and records commission to digitize the entirety of the samuel goudsmit papers. from the announcement on the center for history of physics/niels bohr library & archives facebook page: goudsmit ( — ) was a dutch-educated physicist who spent his career in the us and was involved at the cutting edge of physics for over years. he was an important player in the development of quantum mechanics in the s and s; he then served as scientific head of the alsos mission during world war ii, which assessed the progress of the german atomic bomb project. goudsmit became a senior scientist at brookhaven national laboratory and editor-in-chief of the american physical society. the papers consist of an estimated , documents, which include correspondence, research notebooks, lectures, reports, and captured german war documents; the collection is the most used in the library. 	a gentle reminder on the eve of teaching my first class of my course (lis - , or, building digital libraries: infrastructural and social aspects) at liu's palmer school of information and library science, i'd like to remind you of the following. the syllabus is available on online, if you're curious. 	privacy, censorship, and good records management: brooklyn public library in the crosshairs over at librarian.net, jessamyn west has a brief write up about a post on the new york times' city room blog about placing access restrictions on offensive material (in this case, one of hergé's early tintin books at the brooklyn public library). more interestingly, she notes, is that the times was given access and accordingly republished challenges from bpl patrons and other community members. quite astutely, jessamyn recognizes that the patrons' addresses are removed but their names and city/state information are published. if your name is, for example, [name redacted], redacting your address doesn't really protect your anonymity. i'm curious what the balance is between patron privacy and making municipal records available. it's a good question that doesn't have an incredibly straightforward answer. my first concern was about whether bpl had kept the challenge correspondence beyond the mandated dates in the new york state records schedules. after doing some digging, on the new york state archives' website, i came across schedule mi- (" 	everything is bigger in texas, including my talks on the semantic web i'll be at the society of american archivists annual meeting next week in austin, texas. it looks to be a jam-packed week for me, with a full-day standards committee/tsds meeting on tuesday, followed by thatcamp austin in the evening, an (expanded version of my) presentation on linked data and archival description during the ead roundtable on wednesday, and thursday's session (number ): "building, managing, and participating in online communities: avoiding culture shock online" (with jeanne kramer-smyth, deborah wythe, and camille cloutier). and to think i haven't even considered which other sessions i'm going to! anyhow, i hope to see you there, and please make either or both of my presentations if you can. 	must contextual description be bound to records description? i've been struggling with the fact that (american) archival practice seems to bind contextual description (i.e., description of records creators) to records description. much of these thoughts have been stirring in my head as a result of my class at rare book school. if we take a relatively hardline approach, e.g. the kind suggested by chris hurley ("contextual data should be developed independently of the perceived uses to which it will be put", , see also ), it makes total sense to separate them entirely. in fact, it starts making me mad that the &lt;bioghist&gt; tag exists at all in ead. contextual description requires that it be written from a standpoint relative to that of the creator it describes. i guess what i keep getting hung up on is if there could be a relevant case that really merits this direct intellectual binding. i therefore appeal to you, humble readers, to provide me with your counsel. do you think there are any such cases, and if so, why? 	seeking nominations for co-chair, rlg programs roundtable apologies for any duplication - we're just trying to get the word out! as co-chairs of the rlg programs roundtable of the society of american archivists, we're seeking nominees to co-chair of the roundtable for - . if you'd like to nominate yourself or someone else, please email mark matienzo, co-chair, at mark at matienzo.org. please submit all nominations no later than pm eastern time on friday, august . serving in a leadership position for a section or roundtable is a great way to learn about saa and its governance, contribute to new directions for the society, and work with other archivists on interesting projects. it is also a great way to serve the society! your rlg roundtable co-chairs, thomas g. knoles marcus a. mccorison librarian american antiquarian society mark matienzo applications developer, digital experience group the new york public library 	the archival, the irreconcilable, and the unwebbable: three horsemen and/or stooges this week in charlottesville has been a whirlwind exploration of standards and implementation strategies thus far during my class, designing archival description systems, at rare book school. my classmates and i have been under the esteemed tutelage of daniel pitti, who has served as the technical architect for both ead and eac. interestingly, there's been a whole lot of talk about linking data, linked data, and linked data, date normalization, and print versus online presentation, among other things. in addition, a few things have floated past on my radar screen this week that have seemed particularly pertinent to the class. the first of these was a post by stefano mazzocchi of metaweb, "on data reconciliation strategies and their impact on the web of data". in stefano's post, he wrote about the problem of a priori data reconciliation vs. a posteriori; in other words, whether you iron out the kinks, apply properties like owl:sameas, etc., on the way in or on the way out. 	"summer camp for archivists" sounds so much better crossposted to nypl labs. i'm staying with colleagues and good friends during my week-long stint in charlottesville, virginia for rare book school. if you're here - particularly if you're in my class (daniel pitti's designing archival description systems) - let me know. i'm looking forward to a heady week dealing with descriptive standards, knowledge representation, and as always, doing my best to sell the archives world on linked data. notes and thoughts will follow, as always, on here. 	"using the oclc worldcat apis" now available in python magazine as of last thursday, i have been inducted into the pantheon of published python programmers (aye, abuse of alliteration is always acceptable). my article, "using the oclc worldcat apis," appears in the latest issue (june ) of python magazine. i'd like to thank my editor, brandon craig rhodes, for helping me along in the process, not the least of which includes catching bugs that i'd overlooked. the article includes a brief history lesson about oclc, worldcat, and the worldcat affiliate apis, a detailed introduction to worldcat, my python module to interact with oclc's apis, and a brief introduction to simile exhibit, which helps generate the holdings mashup referenced earlier on my blog. subscribers to python magazine have access to a copy of the code containing a functional oclc web services key ("wskey") to explore the application. 	nyart presentation: archives & the semantic web this last tuesday, i spoke at the annual meeting of the archivists' roundtable of metropolitan new york, where i gave a talk on archives and the semantic web. the presentation went over very well, and colleagues from both the archives field and the semantic technology field were in attendance. i did my best to keep the presentation not overtly technical and cover just enough to get archivists to think about how things could be in the future. i also have to give a big hat tip to dan chudnov, whose recent keynote at the texas conference on digital libraries helped me organize my thoughts. enjoy the slides, and as always, i relish any feedback from the rest of you. 	drupal for archivists: documenting the asian/pacific american community with drupal over the course of the last academic year, i have been part of a team working on survey project aimed at identifying and describing archival collections relating to the asian and pacific american community in the new york city metropolitan area. the results of the fifty-plus collections we surveyed have been posted on our drupal-powered website, which has been an excellent fit for the needs of this project and has also enabled us to engage many of the challenges the project has presented. by way of introduction, this survey project seeks to address the underrepresentation of east coast asian/pacific americans in historical scholarship and archival repositories by working with community-based organizations and individuals to survey their records and raise awareness within the community about the importance of documenting and preserving their histories. funded by a documentary heritage project grant from metro: metropolitan new york library council, the project is a collaborative effort between the asian/pacific/american institute and the tamiment library/robert f. 	worldcat in the wild at oclc's worldcat mashathon in amsterdam it's good to see other people using your code. thanks to the oclc devnet blog, i found out that etienne posthumus used worldcat for a demo application he built during the worldcat mashathon in amsterdam last week. even more interesting is that etienne's application was deployed on google app engine. courtesy of oclc's alice sneary, there is a brief video of etienne presenting his application to the other mashathon attendees: 	batch reindexing for drupal + solr crossposted to nypl labs. sorry for any duplication! hey, do you use drupal on a site with several thousand nodes? do you also use the apache solr integration module? if you're like me, you've probably needed to reindex your site but couldn't be bothered to wait for those pesky cron runs to finish — in fact, that's what led me to file a feature request on the module to begin with. well, fret no more, because thanks to me and greg kallenberg, my illustrious fellow applications developer at nypl dgtl, you can finally use drupal's batch api to reindex your site. the module is available as an attachment from that same issue node on drupal.org. nota bene: this is a really rough module, with code swiped pretty shamelessly from the example use of the batch api page on drupal.org. it works, though, and it works well enough as we tear stuff down and build it back up over and over again. 	digitalnz and brooklyn museum api modules for python i've been busy the last few weeks, so i didn't even really announce this to begin with! i've been playing around with some of the cultural heritage apis that are available, some of which i learned about while i was at museums and the web . while i was away i released code for a python module for interacting with the brooklyn museum collections api. after chatting with virginia gow from digitalnz, i also got motivated to write a python module to interact with the digitalnz api. the code for both is fairly unpolished, but i'm always ready for feedback! both modules are available as mercurial repositories linked from my bitbucket account. there's also a small cluster of us working on a museum api wiki to begin sorting out some of these issues. comparably speaking, the library and archives world has it somewhat easy... 	the medium is not the message "electronic records" is a particularly awful phrase and does not even actually capture anything about the underlying records at all. as far as the term goes, it's not too far off from "machine readable records." as a profession, can we start actually thinking critically about the underlying technical issues and push for using terms that more accurately describe what it is we're dealing with? i understand it's a convenient catch-all term, but there is a large range of issues that differ with the kinds of data and systems. 	drupal for archivists: a drupal-built archives reference blog when mark asked me to write about our use of drupal at the dickinson college archives and special collections, the first thing i thought about was when our archives reference blog was initially launched in april . i couldn't believe that it has been two years already. i am pleased to report that my colleagues at dickinson and i are enormously happy with the results of those two years. i hope others may find this brief explanation of how and why we are using drupal as a reference management tool to be helpful and instructive. the concept for our implementation of drupal was a simple one. i was thinking about the fact that we help researchers everyday to locate information that they want, but that what they discover among our collections or learn from them seldom gets shared, except by those who write for publication. so, what if we shared via the web, through a simple blog format, the basic questions posed by our researchers along with a simple summary of the results? 	why you should support linked data if you don't, i'll make your data linkable. 	coming soon: drupal for archivists i've been fairly quiet lately as i've been busy with this and that, but i thought i'd let everyone know that i've been beginning to put together a series of posts entitled "drupal for archivists." drupal, as you may or may not know, is a flexible and extensible open source content management system. there will be a general overview of some of the important concepts, but it'll focus less on the basics of getting people up and running — there are plenty of resources out there, such as the wonderful tutorials and articles available from lullabot. instead, i've drafted a handful of guest bloggers to discuss how and why they're using drupal. keep your eyes peeled! 	brooklyn museum releases api the always groundbreaking brooklyn museum has now released an api to allow the public to interact with their collections data. i can't even tell you how happy i am about this in terms of an open data perspective. also, this is the direction that makes the whole "detailed curation by passionate amateurs" thing possible. there are only three simple methods for accessing the data. ideally, it would be nice to see them put their collections metadata up as linked data, but now i'm daring to dream a little. hey, wait a minute! i think that's the perfect way to start playing around with the api. doing some digging through the documentation, i'm seeing that all the objects and creators seem to have uris. take a crack at it - the registration form is ready for you. 	moving worldcat to mercurial and bitbucket it's official - i've moved the codebase for worldcat, my python module for working with the oclc worldcat apis, to be hosted on bitbucket, which uses the mercurial distributed version control system. you can find the new codebase at http://bitbucket.org/anarchivist/worldcat/. 	make me a structured vocabulary or i'll make one for you the society of american archivists released the thesaurus for use in college and university archives as an electronic publication this week. specifically, it was issued as a series of pdf files. is this data stored in some sort of structured format somewhere? if so, it's not available directly from the saa site. there's no good reason why tucua shouldn't be converted to structured, linkable data, expressed using skos, the simple knowledge organization system. it's not like i need another project, but i'm sure i could write some scraper to harvest the terms out of the pdf, and while i'm at it, i could write one to also harvest the glossary of archival terminology. someone, please stop me. i really don't need another project. 	go foaf yourself i'm really looking forward to next week's code lib conference in providence, despite my utter failure to complete or implement the project on which i am presenting. in particular, i'm really looking forward to the linked data preconference. like some of my other fellow attendees, i've hammered out a foaf file for the preconference already so that ed summers' combo foaf crawler and attendee info web app. this is what the sample output looks using my foaf data. it's good to see we're well on our way to have an easily creatable sample type of rdf data for people to play with. at a bare minimum, you can create your foaf data using foaf-a-matic and then edit it to add the assertions you need to get it to play nice with ed's application. see you in providence, but go foaf yourself first. 	developing metrics for experimental forms of outreach archivesnext recently inquired about how archivists measure success of . initiatives. it's hard to determine some . -ish initiatives will really impact statistics when you don't really define what the results you're trying to see. i'd like to open the question further — how do we begin developing metrics for things that sit on the cusp between forms of outreach? furthermore, i'm curious to see where this information is captured — do archivists wait until the end to gather survey data, or if they working towards something like we at nypl labs are doing with infomaki, our new usability tool developed by michael lascarides, our user analyst. 	dead reckoning # : mixing/matching with namespaces and application profiles so, it's time for another rant about my issues with ead. this one is a pretty straightforward and short one, and comes down to the issue that i should essentially be able to mix and match metadata schemas. this is not a new idea, and i'm tired of the archives community treating it like it is one. application profiles, as they are called, allow us to define a structured way to combine elements from different schemas, prevent addition of new and arbitrary elements, and tighten existing standards for particular use cases. however, to a certain extent, the ead community has accepted the concept of combining xml namespaces but on a very limited level. the creation of the ead schema allows ead data to be embedded into other xml documents, such as mets. however, i can't do it the other way around; for example, i can't work a mods or marcxml record into a finding aid. why not? 	you're all sheep made by twittersheep, a new project made (in part) by my acquaintance ted roden, a creative technologist for new york times research & development. 	a bird's eye view of archival collections mitchell whitelaw is a senior lecturer in the faculty of design and creative practice at the university of canberra and the winner of the national archives of australia's ian maclean award. according to the naa's site, the ian maclean award commemorates archivist ian maclean, and is awarded to individuals interested in conducting research that will benefit the archival and historical profession in australia and promote the important contribution that archives make to society. dr. whitelaw has been keeping the world up to date on his work using his blog, the visible archive. his work fits well with my colleague jeanne kramer-smyth's archival data visualization project, archivesz, as well as the multidimensional visualization projects underway at the humanities advanced technology & information institute at the university of glasgow. however, his project fascinates me for a few specific reasons. first of all, the scale of the datasets he's working with are astronomically larger than those that any other archival visualization project has tried to tackle so far. 	api fun: visualizing holdings locations in my previous post, i included a screenshot of a prototype, but glossed over what it actually does. given an oclc record number and a zip code, it plots the locations of the nearest holdings of that item on a google map. pulled off in python (as all good mashups should be), along with simile exhibit, it uses the following modules: geopy simplejson web.py and, of course, worldcat. if you want to try it out, head on over here. the curent of the code will soon be able as part of the examples directory in the distribution for worldcat, which can be found in my subversion repository. 	this is all i'm going to say on this here blogsite concerning the brouhaha about the policy for use and transfer of worldcat records because i have other, more interesting and more complex problems to solve (and so do you) the moderated discussion hosted and sponsored by nylink went pretty well. also, i don't need the records to have fun with the data "” i just need robust apis. (in fact, as i said today, i'd prefer not to have to deal with the marc records directly.) robust apis would help making prototypes like this one i hacked together in a few hours into a real, usable service. 	lightening the load: drupal and python man, if this isn't a "you got your peanut butter in my chocolate thing" or what! as i wrote over on the nypl labs blog, we've been up to our necks in drupal at mpow, and i've found that one of the great advantages of using it is rapid prototyping without having to write a whole lot of code. again, that's how i feel about python, too, but you knew that already. once you've got a prototype built, how do you start piping stuff into it? in drupal , a lot of the contrib modules to do this need work - most notably, i'm thinking about node_import, which as of yet still has no (official) cck support for drupal and cck . in addition, you could be stuck with having to write php code for the heavy lifting, but where's the joy in that? well, it so happens that the glue becomes the solvent in this slow, slow dance. 	dead reckoning # : a fatheaded failure for faceted terms and headings in ead a while back, i wrote a bad marc rant, and i considered titling this a bad metadata rant. however, as the kids say, i got mad beef with a little metadata standard called encoded archival description. accordingly, i figured i should begin a new series of posts discussing some of these issues that i have with something that is, for better or for worse, a technological fixture of our profession. this is in part prompted by thoughts that i've had as a result of participating in ead@ and attending the something new for something old conference sponsored by the pacscl consortial survey initiative. anyhow, onto my first bone to pick with ead. i'm incredibly unsatisfied with the controlled access heading tag &lt;controlaccess/&gt;. first of all, it can occur within itself, and because of this, i fear that there will be some sort of weird instance where i have to end up parsing a series of these tags levels deep. also, it can contain a &lt;chronlist/&gt;, which also seems pretty strange given that i've never seen any example of events being used as controlled access terms in this way. 	going off the rails: really rapid prototyping with drupal previously posted on http://labs.nypl.org/. the other labs denizens and i are going off the rails on a crazy train deeper down the rabbit hole of reimplementing the nypl site in drupal. as i pile my work on the fire, i've found that building things in drupal is easier than i'd ever thought it to be. it's a scary thought, in part because i'm no fan of php (the language of drupal's codebase). really, though, doing some things can be dead simple. it's a bit of a truism in the drupal world at this point that you can build a heck of a lot just by using the cck and views modules. the important part is that you can build a heck of a lot without really having to know a whole lot of code. this is what threw me off for so long - i didn't realize that i was putting too much thought into building a model like i normally would with another application framework. 	does saa need to support who i am? there's been a whole lot of discussion in the archivoblogosphere about the perceived need for quasi-informal interest groups that are fundamentally driven by identity. while i agree with this in theory, i must register my opposition to having saa promote, support, or provide any sort of infrastructure for such groups. fundamentally, i am against this because i believe it poses a strong threat to the privacy of archivists. 	deliciouscopy: a dumb solution for a dumb problem you'd think there was some sort of tried and true script for delicious users to repost bookmarks from their inboxes into their accounts, especially given that there are often shared accounts where multiple people will tag things as "for:foo" to have them show up on foo's delicious account. well, there wasn't, until now (at least as far as i could tell). enter deliciouscopy. it uses pydelicious, as well as the universal feed parser and simplejson. it reads a user's inbox, checks to see if poster of the for:whomever tag was added to your network, and reposts accordingly, adding a via: tag for attribution. it even does some dead simple logging if you need that sort of thing. the code's all there, and gpl license blah blah blah. i hacked this together in about an hour for something at mpow - namely to repost things to our shared account. it's based on michael noll's deliciousmonitor.py but diverges from it fairly quickly. enjoy, and give any feedback if you must. 	idle hands are the devil's plaything i've had my hands full lately. two weeks ago i was at the mcn conference (wherein, among other things, i have continued my dominion as archduke of archival description by taking over the mcn standards sig chair position from the bancroft library's mary elings), and next week i'm off to philadelphia for the pacscl something new for something old conference. i hammered out the coherent, written version of my paper i gave at ead@ . i prepared a proposal for next february's code lib conference in providence (ahem, vote for mine, if you're so inclined): building on galen charlton's investigations into distributed version control systems for metadata management, i offer a prototype system for managing archival finding aids in ead (encoded archival description). my prototype relies on distributed version control to help archivists maintain transparency in their work and uses post-commit hooks to initiate indexing and publishing processes. in addition, this prototype can be generalized for any xml-based metadata schema. on top of that, i'm working with a fine group of folks on the rlg programs project to analyze ead editing and creation tools, doing hardcore schema mapping at work, and somehow finding enough time to play a little doukutsu monogatari to unwind. 	developing automated repository deposit modules for archivists' toolkit? i'd like to gauge interest for people to help add code to archivists' toolkit to automate the deposit of digital objects into digital repositories. at first glance, the biggest issue is having to deal with differing deposit apis for each repository, but using something like sword would make sense to bridge this gap. any and all feedback is welcome! 	python worldcat module v . . now available in preparation for the upcoming worldcat hackathon starting this friday, i've made a few changes to worldcat, my python module for interacting with oclc's apis. most notably, i've added iterators for sru and opensearch requests, which (like the rest of the module) painfully need documentation. it's available either via download from my site or via pypi; please submit bug reports to the issue tracker as they arise. edit: i've bumped up the version number another micro number to . . as i've just added the improvements mentioned by xiaoming liu on the worldcat devnet blog (lccn query support, support for tab-delimited and csv responses for xissnrequests, and support for php object responses for all xidrequests). edit: thanks to thomas dukleth, i was told that code for the hackathon was to be licensed under the bsd license. accordingly, i've now dual licensed the module under both gpl and bsd. 	v -powered libraries and the happiness engines that run them previously posted on http://labs.nypl.org/. a week ago today, a few of my deg colleagues and i went to see liz lawley from rit's lab for social computing give a talk entitled "libraries as happiness engines." it was a modified version of a talk she gave at this year's cil conference. the gist of the talk was that gaming in libraries means not just using established games to draw the public into the library, but also to begin implementing game mechanics into libraries that allow them to flourish as social spaces. in particular, these game mechanics include things like collecting, points, feedback, exchanges, and customization. i've been ruminating on this for the last week or so in a couple different ways. first of all, i've been trying to figure out how we could implement game mechanics within nypl. 	an open letter to saa council and the program committee i apologize for using my blog to soapbox, but i felt like this was a significant concern that i should share with my readers. if you wish to support my position, please consider sending an e-mail to saa council and the program committee chairs. dear program committee members and saa council members, i understand that we are nearing the deadlines for submission of proposals for sessions at the annual meeting of the society of american archivists. i also understand the reasons behind having an earlier deadline than past years. however, i am deeply concerned with the decision to have the deadline set to be october , , which is yom kippur and the day which the jewish high holidays end. as is often the case, conference proposals often coalesce at the last minute, and this is further complicated by the fact that the beginning of rosh hashana fell on september , . i recognize that the deadline is most likely immutable at this point, but i am asking that saa council and future program committees pay attention to when the high holidays fall in future years. 	the apex of hipster xml geekdom: tei-encoded dylan via language log: the electronic textual cultures lab (etcl) at the university of victoria has, in an effort to draw more attention to tei, chosen to prepare an encoded version of the lyrics to bob dylan's "subterranean homesick blues" and overlaid the resulting xml over the song's video. the resulting video is available, naturally, on youtube. etcl's ray siemens writes about the reasoning behind this on the tei video widgets blog: at the last gathering of the text encoding initiative consortium, in maryland, a few of us were discussing the ways in which tei has eluded some specific types of social-cultural representation that are especially current today . . . things like an avatar, or something that could manifest itself as a youtube posting. a quick search of youtube did reveal a significant and strong presence of sorts, but it was that of tei the korean pop singer (pronounced, we're told, "˜tay'); so, our quest began there, setting out modestly to create a video widget that would balance t-e-i and tei in the youtube world. 	introducing djabberdjaw djabberdjaw is an alpha-quality jabber bot written in python that uses django as an administrative interface to manage bot and user profiles. i've included a couple of plugins out of the box that will allow you to perform queries against z . targets and oclc's xisbn api (assuming you have the requisite modules). djabberdjaw requires django . or later, jabberbot, and xmpppy. it's available either from pypi (including using easy_install) or via subversion. you can browse the subversion repository, too. 	archivesblogs . thanks to jeanne from spellbound blog, i was made aware of the fact that archivesblogs hadn't really been doing its job. so, i ripped out its guts and put it back together. it's running the latest, shiniest versions of wordpress, feedwordpress, and auto delete posts, and now it has added feedburner and wp stats goodness. let me know if you discover any peculiarities in the updated set up. 	slaying the scary monsters previously posted on http://labs.nypl.org/. getting up to speed is hard anywhere, and it's especially difficult in a large, complex institution like nypl. other than just understanding the projects that you're given, you also are thrown headfirst into making sense of the culture, the organization, and all the unspoken and occasionally unseen things that allow you to do your job. there's no clear place to start this, so a good portion of the time you have to keep on top of that while you start thrashing away at your work. the question remains, though, how do you organize this stuff? how do you enable sensemaking in yourself and your peers? 	everything old is new again goodbye, wordpress - i've been drinking more of the koolaid. i rebuilt my personal/professional site (not this blog) in drupal. migrating the content was pretty easy (about static pages, no posts). the functionality is astounding - i only started working on redoing it yesterday and i've already got a great infrastructure. expect a detailed post before too long, or at least a link to a colophon on said site. 	matienzo, the san francisco treat i'm packing up and heading out to sfo this evening for saa . right now i'm frantically backing up my zotero repository, making sure i have a bunch of sources to peruse on the plane as i hack away on my slides for ead@ . you might be surprised that my idea of me jumping out of a cake in the shape of an &lt;archdesc&gt; tag wearing a bathing suit was not even considered, so it looks like i'll actually have to put some coherent thoughts together. i've got to make a grand entrance somehow. i'll be chairing the description section meeting as well, so behave yourselves, kids. 	bad marc rant # : leader positions and i understand why the marc leader position is a good idea in theory. in fact, marbi proposal - suggests: a change in definition to leader/ code "a" for clarification; making code "t" (manuscript language materials) obsolete in leader/ and using code "a" instead; redefinitions of codes "a" and "p" in leader/ ; renaming the for books to "textual (nonserial); and deleting field for mixed material. i can safely say that some pretty funky stuff gets cataloged with the leader position set as "a," and much of it is incorrect, at $mpow and otherwise. what is leader/ actually supposed to be used for? marbi proposal - again states: code a indicates that the material is described according to archival descriptive rules, which focus on the contextual relationships between items and on their provenance rather than on bibliographic detail. the specific set of rules for description may be found in $e. all forms of material can be controlled archivally. 	python worldcat api module now available i'd like to humbly announce that i've written a pre-pre-alpha python module for working with the worldcat search api and the xid apis. the code needs a fair amount of work, namely unit tests and documentation. i've released the code under the gpl. the module, called "worldcat", is available from the python package index. you can also checkout a copy of the code from my subversion repository. 	seriously, follow our lead oclc's lorcan dempsey makes a great point as usual in his post "making tracks": in recent presentations, i have been suggesting that libraries will need to adopt more archival skills as they manage digital collections and think about provenance, evidential integrity, and context, and that they will also need to adopt more museum perspectives as they think about how their digital collections work as educational resources, and consider exhibitions and interpretive environments. i doubt that any archivist would disagree with this. even better, i think this offers a great opportunity to reach out and have those in allied fields really understand how and why we've done things slightly different for so long. i'm glad to see that my new employer has picked up on this holistic approach with platforms like the nypl blogs. 	now, it can be told after a little over two years processing, referencing, and cataloging, and hacking at aip, i'm skipping up to the city that never sleeps to join jay datema, josh greenberg, and company in the nypl labs. i'd be lying if i said i wasn't thrilled about this opportunity, and i'm ready to see where my new job will take me. the next major hurdle will be finding a place to live, so if you're privy to anything in brooklyn, please let me know. 	ica releases international standard for describing functions the ica's committee of best practices and standards released the first edition of the international standard for describing functions (isdf). like much of ica's other work in descriptive standards for archives, isdf is designed to be used in conjunction with established standards such as isad(g) and isaar(cpf), as well as standards in preparation such as isiah. isdf will assist both archivists and users to understand the contextual aspects of the creation of records of corporate bodies. through isdf and related standards, archivists will be able to develop improved descriptive systems that can be potentially implemented using a linked data model. 	google message discovery amidst this week of notorious hoaxes, google has launched google message discovery as an enterprise-focused add on for its google apps platform. google message discovery goes well beyond a simple and reliable e-mail backup system and provides three key features of interest to records managers: content-addressable storage for electronic mail stored immediately upon sending or retrieval creating explicit retention policies based upon time compliance with relevant laws and best practices straightforward discovery for any use, regardless if internal or concerning litigation google message discovery, as well as other related offerings such as e-mail security, clearly has its origins in google's acquisition of postini last year. postini isn't some startup with dubious or perpetually beta offerings (e.g. dodgeball or grandcentral); some of their better known clients include basf and merrill lynch. at $ per user per year, the service seems to be an incredible steal. 	easy peasy: using the flickr api in python since i'm often required to hit the ground running at $mpow on projects, i was a little concerned when i roped myself into assisting our photo archives with a flickr project. the first goal was to get a subset of the photos uploaded, and quickly. googling and poking around the cheeseshop led me to beej's flickrapi for python. little did i know that it would be dead simple to get this project going. to authenticate: def create_session(api_key, api_secret): """creates as session using flickrapi.""" session = flickrapi.flickrapi(api_key, api_secret) (token, frob) = session.get_token_part_one(perms='write') if not token: raw_input("hit return after authorizing this program with flickr") session.get_token_part_two((token, frob)) return session that was less painful than the ppd test for tuberculosis. oh, and uploading? flickr.upload(filename=fn, title=title, description=desc, tags=tags, callback=status) using this little code plus a few other tidbits, i created an uploader that parses csv files of image metadata exported from an access database. and when done, the results look a little something like this. 	movin' and shakin' in the archives world archivesnext recently discussed library journal's annual list of "movers and shakers," pondering what a comparable list in the archival profession would look like. for those who don't know, the list recognizes "library advocates, community builders, . gurus, innovators, marketers, mentors, and problem solvers transforming libraries." after some rumination, archivesnext is now calling for nominations to generate a similar list. do your civic duty and nominate either a project, an individual, or even a situation worthy of this recognition! 	behind the times: where i finally speak of code lib ok, ok. a post about code libcon is long overdue. the minor details: the weather was nice, food was decent, good beer was abundant, and live music was enjoyable. onto the real meat... this time around, i felt like i got a whole lot more out of attending; i'm not sure if this is due to the changing nature of my job, increased attention, or some other factor, like neckferrets and dongles. the great majority of the talks, be they keynotes, traditional presentations, or even just lightning talks, were excellent. furthermore, this time around i felt a whole lot more connected to the miasma - so much so, in fact, that i ended up giving two lightning talks (or three, depending on if you consider the one i gave with gabriel farrell on kobold_chiefain fac-back-opac). the most impressive thing overall, though, were lolcats that came out to play: thanks to the work of noel peden and dan scott, the videos should be up soon enough. 	dataportability.org and the dream of a web . backup system i just discovered dataportability.org through peter van garderen's blog post about it. i was entirely surprised that i'd heard nary a peep about it. some basic examination (running a whois query on the domain) shows that it's still a fairly new project. i have to say, though, that i'm entirely impressed. those involved have given a whole lot of thought to how they're going to be doing things, as evidenced by those who have signed up to be involved and the dataportability charter. to wit, the charter's principles tend to speak for themselves: we want sovereignty over the profiles, relationships, content and media we create and maintain. we want open formats, protocols and policies for identity discovery, data import, export and sync. we want to protect user rights and privacy. and, of course, the thing that made me squeal with delight like a pig in mud: . dataportability will not inventing any new standards. i mean, that's probably the best news that someone like me could get. 	announcing zgw.py, or, how i stopped worrying and learned to love z . after more than a few late nights and long weekends, i'm proud to announce that i've completed my latest pet programming project. zgw.py is a lightweight z . -web gateway, written, naturally, in python. none of this would be possible without the following python modules: aaron lav's pyz , the beast of burden; ed summers' pymarc, the smooth-talking translator; and web.py, quite possibly the best and most straightforward python web framework available. i initially undertook this project as an excuse to play with pyz and to teach myself the workings of web.py; i'd played with django, but it seemed entirely excessive for what i was working on. first, i should mention that zgw.py isn't designed to be a complete implementation of a z . gateway. there are many areas in which there is much to be desired, and it's probably not as elegant as some would like. however, that wasn't the point of the project. my ultimate goal was to create a simple client that could be used as a starting point from which to develop a complete web application. 	no excuses to the power of infinity i have no excuses for not updating this blog. i thought about forcing myself to comply some sort of resolution - you know, given the new year and all - but everyone knows how those turn out. regardless, i have a whole backlog of things to post about, most notably being the countless python programming projects i've been working on lately. expect more posts to arise over the next few days as a result of this. also, i have no excuses for botching up archivesblogs temporarily by mucking about and wiping out some of wordpress's databases that make feedwordpress, the plugin that grabs content for archivesblogs, do its thing. the recovery was simpler than i thought it would be, but this is probably the largest amount of unplanned downtime we've had. keep your eyes open, as a replacement for feedwordpress may itself becoming along sooner or later. 	web . , disaster, and archives many of web . 's detractors argue about it's real value, but given the wildfires in southern california, i was happy to see it really put to good use. kpbs, a san diego radio station, has been using flickr and, even more shocking (at least for some), twitter as ways to disseminate information and news quickly. the use of twitter is particularly interesting as it can send out sms messages. you might recall a few years ago when protesters in the philippines used sms to organize political rallies and warn of police retaliation. the california state library blog also has provided information from the california state archivist about archives affected by the fires. in addition, information about disaster recovery for libraries and archives is available both on a regional level by the san diego/imperial county libraries disaster response network and on the state level by the california preservation program. please hold those affected by the fires in your thoughts, and if you can, contact sildrn or the cpp to help. 	archivesblogs upgrades & related weirdness i've updated archivesblogs to the latest version of wordpress, as well as the latest versions of the plugins that do the heavy lifting (feedwordpress and auto delete posts). in so doing, i found that the database structure of wordpress . is radically different, causing some of my elegant work to break (namely, the use of the auto delete posts plugin, for which i wrote a patch). you may have seen duplicate posts, no new posts on specific feeds (language and blog type), and possibly other unpredicted outcomes. everything seems to be working properly now, so if you see anything strange or that doesn't work, let me know. 	dust in the wind(y city) saa came and went. everyone knows that i'm no good at liveblogging or semi-liveblogging, so don't expect an exhaustive report - potentially better sources include archivesnext and spellbound blog. here are my personal highlights, which is just about the best that this here boy archivist can pull off. the pre-conference saa research forum. while i only got to see the second half of the day, this is where the meat was according to those who were there for the whole thing. the description section steering committee meeting. this was probably the most instructive for me as i'm the incoming chair. hacking away on my remarks most of the week and successfully pulling off our session. jennifer schaffner from oclc/rlg programs substituted for merrilee proffitt and did a swell job. she's a great person to discuss all these crazy ideas with for two reasons - she's established in the profession and new to oclc! i eagerly await her posts at hangingtogether. 	hey chicago i'm in the windy city for saa . i'll be pretty busy the first few days in town, but remember, if you want to find me, just look for the glasses. also, make sure you come to the description section meeting and session on friday! 	happy birthday archivesblogs! it was one year ago today that i made archivesblogs available to the public. time sure seems to fly by fast! since then there have been a lot of changes - layout, platform, and hosting - but still, i remain involved for the long haul. thanks to all who provided suggestions, submitted blogs to be syndicated, and any other guidance along the way. archivesblogs now syndicates nearly blogs in languages! 	when life hands you marc, make pymarc it's a bad pun, but what can you expect from someone who neglects his blogs as much as i do? i've been busy, somewhat, and one of my latest forays has been getting a grip on python, an absolutely wonderful programming language. i actually enjoy writing code again, which is more than a bit scary. i was sick of the mangled scripts and workflows i came up with at mpow to handle converting marc data to html and other such nonsense. writing perl made me feel unclean. after playing around with ed summers' pymarc module, i began hacking about and putting my own hooks into the code here and there. i longed for marc to unicode conversion, which is a necessary evil. digging around, i came across aaron lav's pyz module, which had its own little marc code. after bugging ed via #code lib, and hassling aaron in the process, ed began incorporating the code and i started some testing. just a short while later, the conversion code worked. 	archives camp: talking about archives . archivesnext recently discussed the possibility of having some "archives . "-themed events this summer, and i think it's a great idea. now, we may not be able to throw something together in time for saa, but it seems like the idea of at least meeting up informally is percolating. there's a wealth of opportunities available for archives and archivists to improve access to their holdings through social software and the like. my vision, as i said in a comment on the post, would be to end up with an unconference along the lines of a library camp (or more generally, a barcamp), maybe with lightning talks if enough of us have something to show off or talk about. like library camp, i'd like to see a "bridging the gap" session where we learn and share ways about how to talk to it staff and other stakeholders essential to our ideas taking off. i facilitated a such a session at library camp east, and although trying at times, it was really instructive. 	nara frees their data, somewhat i'm a bit surprised that this hasn't come across anyone's radar, because it seems awfully damn significant to me. according to this post on the a&amp;a listserv by michael ravnitzky, the national archives and records administration released an exhaustive database of box holdings of all the federal records centers. he doesn't really say how he obtained this database, but my guess is he just asked based upon his background and interest in public access to government information - i've come across his name on material relating to foia before. the file he received from nara is a mb microsoft access database, and soon after he posted about it to the listserv, jordan hayes and phil lapsley took the opportunity to host the database, converted it to mysql, and wrote a few simple query forms for the database in php. hayes also provided some basic documentation on how to use the forms since mysql query syntax is probably not familiar to most people on the a&amp;a list. 	sticking my neck out it's been some time since i've had a substantive post, and i don't really intend to write one now. i figured i should mention, however, that i've been featured lately in print and in the blogosphere. jessamyn west of librarian.net interviewed me for an article ("saving digital history") in library journal netconnect. in addition, i was tapped by the wonderful folks at booktruck for the latest installment in their "ask a male librarian" series. i swear someday soon i'll write something much more interesting and less self-promotional. 	upgrading kubuntu to feisty beta breaks privoxy while i fully intend to go over my full experience upgrading to the latest development release of kubuntu, one of the things that i first noticed was that privoxy didn't seem to work or to be speaking with tor, preventing me from that lovely "anonymous" browsing experience. i noticed that in the upgrade the ever important "forward-socks a / localhost: ." line in /etc/privoxy/config wasn't in the upgraded version (actually, it shouldn't be). apparently during the upgrade, i told it to clobber my config file with the one distributed, saving my old version (luckily) to /etc/privoxy/config.dpkg-old. once that i added that line back, i'm now able to surf a bit more safely. 	protection from human pests a few months ago (while i was at naco training) i got a reader's card at the library of congress. for a while i pretty actively went and requested books on saturday afternoons. in particular, i was interested in archival manuals from outside the united states. one of the most interesting books i found was s. m. jaffar's problems of an archivist, a manual written in pakistan in . i was struck by the following passage ("protection from human pests"), taken from pp. - : "human pests" and "white huns" are the common epithets applied to human species acting as enemies of archives. history has recorded many such instances of vandalism as the wholesale destruction of priceless treasures of art and literature, the burning of big and beautiful libraries, the transport of camel-loads of books to distant countries and the sale of valuable manuscripts at ridiculously low prices. the transfer of artistic and literary treasures of subjugated countries by the conquerors to their homelands to adorn their own museums and libraries has depleted those countries of that wealth. 	five non-library blogs i read i won't bother waiting to be tagged to do this, because all the cool kids already are. i read too many blogs already, so here we go. mary eats is, as one would easily assume, a blog about food. mary started the blog while she and her husband were living in korea, and thus there's an overwhelming emphasis on korean food and restaurants. she moved to seattle relatively recently and began culinary school, too. my two favorite parts of this blog are when she makes videos and when she makes comics, like this one about konbu. language log is a blog written by linguistics faculty from around the world, wherein they tackle important and not-so-important issues like linguistic prescriptivism, scammers, the pirahà language, and cheese steak rolls served at chinese restaurants in philadelphia, all with a good sense of humor. information aesthetics covers all sorts of stuff related to information visualization. essentially, it's just one massive blog full of data porn, from treemaps to youtube videos using isotype symbols. 	two work-safe tidbits about archives and erotica first, via my associates at booktruck.org, i came across a review of the comic book demonslayer v. . , by a certain marat mychaels, et al. at comics should be good. while the fact that the reviewers pan the comic book seems only marginally of interest to those of us wading in archivy, i should draw your attention to a specific part of this issue. apparently one of the characters goes to visit the director of archives at the new york museum of natural history, who has chosen to decorate his office in the style of some seemingly life-sized works by (fellow peruvian) boris vallejo. secondly, everyone knows how much of a pain digital preservation is, particularly in terms of born-digital cultural materials. so, who should archivists and curators look to for guidance? kurt bollacker, digital research manager at the long now foundation (and formerly of the internet archive), holds up the pornography industry as a potential leader of the pack. 	possible archivesblogs downtime: software upgrade i finally noticed that feedwordpress, the plugin i use to maintain archivesblogs, has been updated within the last month to work with wordpress . and higher. i hope to get this working pretty soon, but i apologize in advance if it ends up going down for a few days. 	throwing out the baby, the bathwater, and the bathtub: the sad state of the archives and archivists listserv today, nancy beaumont, executive director of the society of american archivists, made an announcement on the archives & archivists listserv that saa would no longer retain the first thirteen years of posts from the listserv. during this time the listserv was hosted by miami university of ohio, and last september, the list was moved to an saa server. this stems from a decision made by saa council that they not retain the archives for three reasons: ) an appraisal decision informed by the saa's archives at the university of wisconsin - milwaukee, ) a consideration of administrative issues, and ) a consideration of cost. while the appraisal decision is well-informed by the claim that the list archives do not have evidential value as saa records, the belief that these records have little informational value does not sit well with me. the list archives document the development of archives becoming a stronger profession in the face of technology and the creation of a tight-knit social network. 	braindump i'm really behind on posting, and i apologize. there are a few action items that i should mention before i clear my brain to allow me to start posting things with actual content. archivesblogs moved, but mail to archivesblogs.com was not working for a while. a few people mentioned this to me, but i didn't get this resolved until just last week. after who knows how many attempts trying to get something posted on boing boing, i finally made it when i had more information about the hottest chili peppers in the world. i now have a food blog, so if you're interested, check it out. it's called feeding the hungry ghost. now that that stuff is out of the way, i can start posting about "important" things again, like my trip to georgia for code lib . 	tomato "foam"? i know, i know - you're probably thinking "foams are so over," regardless which side of the molecular gastronomy fence you sit on. if you're a fan of the strange powders and physical state changes of food, you might be saying "c'mon, everybody knows that espuma is the new foam!" yeah, right - and aire is the new espuma. they're all pretty much the same thing, and you've got to be bullshitting yourself if you think that adrià and his ilk don't know this already. if you're convinced that all this stuff is mumbo jumbo designed to take away from traditional technique, then fine. i don't particularly care either way. i made a foam that wasn't really a foam ... or was it? i was bored tonight when i was about to make supper for myself. yesterday i got a whole bunch of free samples from national starch, but i haven't really been able to do anything with them since i've left them sitting in my office. 	eatin' fresh and (mostly) raw i left work early yesterday for a doctor's appointment, which left little time for lunch. on the way there, i snacked on some almonds and raisins to tide me over. by the time i finally got done with the tests and consultation my stomach was making unholy groans that sounded like ghosts were plaguing my gi tract. since there were a few things i wanted to pick up anyhow, i headed to whole foods and stopped by the deli first to get a sandwich. for what it's worth, i got the "tuna niçoise" sandwich, which wasn't all that niçoise (it tasted alright, though). despite warnings of the possibility of olive pits listed on the wrapper, i couldn't find a single piece of olive anywhere close to it except in another area of the deli case. the sandwich was much larger than the amount of food i've become used to eating in one sitting, so i roamed the aisles stuffed to the gills with tuna, bread, green beans, and hardboiled eggs. 	adventures in fermentation: yogurt for beginners i decided somewhat spontaneously to make my own yogurt after casually reading about the process and realizing how incredibly simple it is. after consulting a wide variety of sources - both print and electronic, like any good information professional would - i set to the task at hand. mise en place a large stainless steel or aluminum saucepan a large stainless steel, aluminum, unglazed ceramic, or heat-resistant glass bowl a large wooden or stainless steel spoon a kitchen thermometer a heating pad towels a ladle containers for storing the finished yogurt ingredients quart of high-quality, organic milk pint of organic heavy cream (if so desired) / to / cup organic yogurt with live cultures (see below) some, but not all, of the directions that i read suggested that you sterilize all equipment before you begin making the yogurt by immersing it in boiling water. if you decide to do so, i would strongly suggest that you avoid using plastic containers to store the yogurt. 	archivesblogs on the move thanks to the wonderful people at ibiblio, archivesblogs will be changing hosts! if you're not familiar with ibiblio, it's one of the largest and oldest public digital library collections on the internet. in addition to the upcoming hosting of archivesblogs, ibiblio also hosts librarian.net and library web. pardon any interruptions in access given the impending move; everything should be settled within a few days. also, a few changes i've made to the backend should fix most of the continuing issues with certain feeds not aggregating. let me know if there are any problems that still occur. 	archivesblogs revamped after many late nights toiling away, i'm done with the latest version of archivesblogs. i've changed things quite a bit - most notably, i've switched platforms from plagger to wordpress using the feedwordpress plugin to do the heavy lifting of syndication. i've decided to do away with the old opml structure as well since the taxonomy wasn't as refined as i would have liked. instead, feedwordpress can categorize posts as they come in, which has allowed me to create a brand new taxonomy for archivesblogs based on language. each language can also have its own feed now. the one thing missing that i'm really itching to put back in place are the social bookmarking links; none of the plugins i've come across so far seem to like my theme, so i may just end up writing my own plugin. anyhow, please give me feedback - i'm itching to do more. 	is open data the point? i've been thinking about the biblioblogosphere's reaction to casey bisson's decision to use the $ , he was awarded by the mellon foundation for his work on wpopac to purchase lc bibliographic data and open it up to anyone who wanted to take a crack at it. yes, this is a "good thing," and valuable to the library community as a whole, but i feel like there are some things we're overlooking. dan chudnov and i seem to agree, but i'm not going to go so far to damn those who herald this as a "new era." it's a little premature to say where it will go, but i have to admit that i'm occasionally confused and often a little bit insulted by some of the talk surrounding this issue. i wonder how interesting all the bibliographic data of lc is to begin with. what's in the dump paid for by the mellon award money? i'd guess monographs and serials, and probably audiovisual materials. 	the state of open source archival management software it's been a while since i've written here, but other responsibilities at both at home and work have kept me busy. to get back into the swing of writing regularly, i thought i'd take a look at one of the biggest hot-button topics in archives this year: the development and release of open source archival management systems. between this year's and last year's saa conferences, there were three sessions that, at least in part, dealt with the development of open source software for archives. in turn, this reflected the three major projects that archivists have been developing: archivists' toolkit, archon, and ica-atom. archivists' toolkit is the oldest of the three projects; the first meeting and project proposal date from . it may very well be the best funded of the three projects, as it received a $ , grant from the mellon foundation. however, it also seems to be the least mature, in my opinion, as i've not seen a live demo that's publicly accessible. 	marac friday afternoon report the mid-atlantic archivists are in a brief recess between now and the final session of the day, and it's been thoroughly interesting to say the least. i missed the caucus meetings this morning, unfortunately, but the plenary session was well worth it because it's got the gears turning about archival access systems even though it wasn't directly about them. paul israel of the edison papers project spoke at length about edison's legacy and collaboration with others. the talk emphasized that thomas edison was much more than a great inventor and owed a great deal of his success to his entrepreneurial nature, which i didn't know much about. while we didn't get to see him give us an interactive presentation of the site, i noticed how exhaustive the digital edition was. while the architecture of the site is a little confusing for me, there's so much content i didn't know where to begin or even what to search for! the series notes are a great way to browse through the collection, though. 	morristown calling: marac fall meeting i'm at the westin governor morris in morristown, new jersey for the marac fall meeting. i just got back from visiting the morris museum with a few folks, and now i'm enjoying the (expensive) wireless connection here. this time around i don't know so many folks here, so shoot me an e-mail or comment if you're in attendance. expect a more detailed post soon; i'm exhausted from being up early to catch amtrak! 	library camp east post-mortem i know this post is well overdue, but the last few weeks have kept me extremely busy. library camp east was amazing; fun, thought-provoking, and inspiring. john blyberg and alan kirk gray (as well as the rest of the darien library staff) did a heck of a job preparing for all of us descending into the auditorium. they even gave me a cool mug that my co-workers envy. i also finally got to meet dan chudnov and casey bisson, whose blogs i've followed for a while now. jessamyn west and john posted nearly exhaustive lists of posts by lce attendees for reference. (for what it's worth, jessamyn also tips her hat to archivesblogs and apologizes for us not meeting at two conferences so far. i share the blame!) fortunately for my readers, i have precious little to add in terms of comments (although i tagged some library camp-related links on unalog). i actually was called into service to lead a session by accident (i happened to be scratching my nose), but i was happy enough to moderate the discussion on how techies and non-techies can learn to talk to each other. 	archivesblogs . after doing some frantic hacking this week i'm happy to announce that i've unveiled the second major revision to archivesblogs. other than a change in color, i have added the subscription list in the sidebar using a slightly modified version of dan mctough's optimal browser for opml.the opml file it renders is also the subscription list used by plagger. anyhow, let me know what you think. i'm sure there are some kinks that need to be ironed out. i'm off to library camp east early tomorrow (a : am train out of dc). i hope to write-up a post-mortem soon after. 	on what "archives blogs" are and what archivesblogs is not i had fully earmarked addressing thomas g. lannon's "archive blogs" post on documenting sources, his blog, for over a week now after discovering it in my requisite vanity search of technorati. other things (even reading) have kept me busy, though, hence the unintentional neglect. i've had plenty of time to reflect upon it at this point, so i might as well respond to some of his points. he first asks the following: what is an archive blog? this should be a crucial question as the growing field of "blogs about archives" offers up posts stretching from the recent saa conference to south carolina gamecocks. perhaps it would it be helpful to make a distinction between official blogs relating to news and services from archival repositories and personal blogs written by people who happen to work in archives? it is an important question indeed. when i came up with the idea for archivesblogs (and when i was still calling it " 	saa session proposal: the changing nature of description and opacs during the description section meeting at this year's saa conference, i made an informal proposal for a session concerning the changing nature of opacs, changes in the library cataloging world, and the impact of those on descriptive practice in archives and manuscript repositories. i'd like to invite any of you, if you're interested, to let me know if you'd be interested in assisting me with putting together a proposal on this topic. a small group of us met briefly after the description section meeting and discussed the possible formats and areas of discussion. we determined that a seminar-style discussion seemed most appropriate, with perhaps a brief presentation on a specific area presented by the panelists on a given aspect of these issues. possible areas for presentation and discussion include: the changing nature of the opac in the library world: open-source, problems with vendors, adding web . -like features (the "next generation of finding aids" session at this year's conference included good examples of this) the impact of changes at lc and the oclc/rlg merger: lc's decision to end creating series authority records, rumors of abandoning lcsh, decreased importance of cataloging in general to lc administrators, the future of nucmc and archivegrid the impact of meissner and greene's " 	coming soon: archivesblogs . ? after two weeks of use, plagger has proven itself to be pretty resilient. i've been asking myself how i can make archivesblogs even better, and i've finally got a few ideas. a site redesign. i'd like different colors. categorizing the feeds, e.g. separating blogs by individuals from repository blogs. this will probably end up with me creating a couple of plagger configurations and dumping them into different subdirectories on archivesblogs. better support for tags. it'd be nice to pull them out and have automagically linked technorati tags. scrubbing html from the feeds to create valid xhtml for the syndication page(s). plagger supports the perl module html::scrubber so it seems. this is a big deal to someone like me. adding a directory - most likely in opml - for as many blogs about archives and archivists as possible since it's just not possible to do that for some blogs using plagger. the most straightforward example are archives with blogs that are part of a library-wide blog and therefore don't have their own feeds. 	archivesblogs news: disappearing blogspot blogs archivesblogs has been going strong for over a week now. if you use blogspot and had a blog previously syndicated by archivesblogs, your content may be temporarily unsyndicated. the specific problem is http error, which seems to indicate a problem with a proxy server at blogspot. in any rate, they should return soon enough -- it would be nice to have the blogs back! 	archivesblogs update: service links i've upgraded plagger (the software behind archivesblogs) to the latest version and it's allowed me to add service links to del.icio.us, unalog, digg, reddit, and technorati. i suppose i could add more (ma.gnolia, furl, etc.), but i'll hold off doing that for the sake of cluttering the interface for the time being. if you have any service links you'd like to see, let me know and i might be able to hack something together. 	announcing archivesblogs since my last post about syndicating blogs about archives, i've played around with the idea and different software packages to do it, including planet and plagger. i'm happy to announce that after a few days work i was able to put something together. archivesblogs is an aggregator for blogs about archives. it runs plagger and updates hourly, outputting html, rss, atom, opml (for import into other aggregator), and a foafroll. the site design is simple, but i'm happy with it. i took whatever archives blogs i knew about and added them, so if you know of any others or you want yours removed, let me know. 	syndicating archives blogs i still haven't had enough time to process everything i took in or ideas i came up with as a result of the saa conference. many were more diligent than i and i'm sorry to say i didn't meet them, but some highlights follow: geof huth took notes on the saa awards ceremony, christie peterson pitted archon against archivist's toolkit, jessamyn west blogged about her session on blogs, peter van garderen discusses his experience at the conference including his session on archives and web . , and merrilee proffitt from rlg mentioned the blog session and rlg roundtable. i'm not even up to speed on the rest of the archival blogs out there. in a stroke of genius and madness i've got an idea that i may put into motion. i'm thinking about setting up an instance of planet, a python-powered web-based news aggregator. it's pretty common in the floss world, and has been picked up by the code lib folks; they're running theirs as planet code lib. 	report from saa: archival solidarity and international cooperation the archival solidarity session was really great and generated a lot of dialog. it was originally organized by nancy marrelli of concordia university (montréal), but she couldn't make it on account of a family emergency. trudy huskamp peterson led the discussion in her place and did a wonderful job. essentially, archival solidarity is a project involving the ica's section of professional associations that concerns "international archival development" through bilateral projects. there are several major issues at play. first, existing methods of international development are not working for archival projects, either because of bureaucracy in general or archives being of lower priority in comparison to needs such as sanitation, adequate health care, and the like. we identified that one of the most critical aspects is the lack of communication or methods to share information. there is no central "hub," formal or informal, that allows archivists to share information about assistance needed or offered. the international fund for archival development (fida), coordinated by the ica, was supposed to serve as such, but apparently operational issues prevent it from working effectively. 	report from saa: give me free wifi i'm at the hilton washington, the site of the saa conference. i've registered and picked up my free totebag. i, and others, have bemoaned the lack of connectivity in the conference area. wireless is only available in the lobby, so it seems, and it's rather pricy ($ . for hours or $ . for hours). i know archivists are often thought of as being technologically behind (whether we are is a pandora's box that i won't open in this post), but i feel that some sort of net access is necessary at every conference. i'm just barely able to get it through my cell phone, which is how i'm posting now. unfortunately, i get no reception on the conference floor so i needed to make my way up to the lobby anyhow. i missed the standards committee meeting since i was a little late and i didn't want to barge in since the doors were closed. it's nearly time for the archival solidarity session, which sounds interesting to me since i'd like to get involved in ica. 	conference time i'm one of several bloggers attending the saa conference the rest of this week. nothing against cosa or nagara, but i'm attending the conference for the organization to which i belong. my schedule is pretty packed, and if you're one of us be sure to attend the description section meeting since i'm running for vice-chair. 	socketscdr audio zine out soon! i'm going to be on the latest installment of the socketscdr audio zine, curated this time around by rebecca mills of the caution curves. sean, the socketscdr label honcho, just posted the cover artwork for it and it looks like a great line-up, including friends like the plums and stamen & pistils. this will be my first release in a while (other than the collab cd with myself, cotton museum, and actual birds on casanova temptations). more details will follow, naturally. 	upgrading kubuntu breezy to dapper upon hearing about yesterday's release of kubuntu . , i decided to upgrade from the previous release, kubuntu . . i'd like to say that it went off without a hitch, but it didn't. it did, however, go mostly well, and i realized that my problem was that i continued to use applications while adept installed the new packages. i couldn't install all the packages, and i ended up with a minorly disfunctional kernel that wouldn't allow ndiswrapper to load properly, preventing me from using my internal wireless card. once i rebooted (and used a spare pcmcia wireless card to gain connectivity), i was able to finish installing the rest of the packages that had not finished properly and rebooted again. everything pretty much worked, but i'm having to tweak some lost settings, most notably in kmail. other than that, it's been working out fine! 	rlg + oclc = clog roc? the technical services world has been in an uproar lately, between lc's decision to stop creating series authority records (particularly since they didn't consult pcc members beforehand) and the fallout after calhoun report. we might as well have another drink, because as librarian.net reports (along with several others), oclc and rlg are about to merge. it's mindblowing to think that rlg employees did not find out any sooner than the rest of us, and that either organization has yet to consult its members. however, rlg plans to do so, but it will be interesting to see how this pans out. in particular, some folks worried about the merging of data and the future of redlightgreen. i know it's not considerably better, but they seem to be overlooking open worldcat. 	change of platform nearly a year ago i switched from wordpress to drupal. i chose to switch back, partially because it was capable of doing way more than i needed it to! i thought i didn't want to be limited by blog software, but apparently that's not a terribly huge concern anymore. the old site had frightfully little content (three posts in dalliance, a few personal posts, and links to papers). i'm redoing my non-blog site with purls since i don't have access to an e-prints server to which i can upload my varied previous academic work. anyhow, the important stuff is soon to come, with dalliance possibly moving to another host (probably wordpress.com). anything linking to one of the papers or my code snippets will be edited as needed. 	an updated version of nick gerakines' mail rss.pl a little over a month ago, nick gerakines posted a perl script to be called from a procmail configuration file. it seemed to work pretty well, but the anal-retentive cataloger/standards geek in me decided to pass the results through a feed validator. it failed in a few key areas: missing version attribute in the rss tag, improper guid and link tags, and a pubdate with a non-rfc date. these all seemed pretty easy to fix, so i went ahead and made some changes. my fixes are a bit inelegant, but they create valid rss . . it was pretty trivial to add an rss version number and to fix the guid error; the latter just required adding the ispermalink="false" attribute to that tag. however, nick's original code required parsing the pubdate tags to determine when to kill data that was over hours old. i didn't want to be bothered parsing an rfc date with this, so i moved that information into a category tag. 	mid-november updates: dalliance off the ground! site changes galore! dc not bad! i've finally gotten around to doing some serious work on the site. i've completed the first post for my defunct blog, and it's about one of my favorite songwriters ever, dr. franklin bruno. i've also figured out some of the odd intricacies of drupal and am finally getting this site to have a look and feel of which i can be proud. i've settled in nicely to washington, dc, and i'm living in a decent area of town within a reasonable interest of a decent watering hole, groceries, and the metro. halloween has come and gone; i dressed up as everyone's favorite st. vitus dancer, ian curtis, complete with requisite noose. my friend corey took similar cues as far as the era and scope of his costume, and chose to dress up as henry rollins. the weather has stayed mostly warm, so i've been spoiled on that front too. more changes are coming soon, so stay alert. 	off on my way: in transition to washington, dc i'm pleased to announce that i will be joining the staff of the national anthropological archives and human studies film archives of the smithsonian institution's department of anthropology as a project archivist. i will have two initial primary responsibilities: cataloging plains indian ledger art for the non-profit artstor project, and original cataloging and bibliographic enhancement of audio, film and video collections in support of the naa's new endangered languages program. this program also collaborates with the university of utah's center for american indian languages and is also part of the documenting endangered languages project, supported by the national science foundation and the national endowment for the humanities. i will be starting work for the naa/hsfa on september , , and will be working on a month term contract. none none none evergreen ils – evergreen – open source library software skip to content 		 	 	 			 evergreen – open source library software 	 	 		 		 		 evergreen – open source library software 	about us 	overview 	annual reports 	f.a.q. 	evergreen event code of conduct 	project governance 	trademark policy 	documentation 	official documentation 	documentation interest group 	evergreen roadmap 	evergreen wiki 	tabular release notes 	get involved! 	get involved! 	committees & interest groups 	communications 	mailing lists 	irc 	calendar 	blog 	jobs 	proposed development projects 	merchandise 	t-shirts and more 	conference 	all conferences 	 evergreen international online conference 	 evergreen international online conference 	event photography policy 	code of conduct 	downloads 	evergreen downloads 	opensrf downloads 			 		 	 	 	 		 		 evergreen downloads find download files, install steps, etc. learn more » documentation official documentation, dokuwiki, and other resources... learn more » get involved! mailing lists, irc, and more. come join our community! learn more » evergreen maintenance releases . . , . . , . . available the evergreen community is pleased to announce the release of evergreen . . , . . and . . . these new releases contain numerous bug fixes for the angular staff catalog, bootstrap opac and evergreen in general. also included are usability and accessibility improvements and many updates to documentation. the evergreen community wishes to […] share this: 	facebook 	twitter 	more 	 	reddit 	linkedin 	 	pocket 	pinterest 	 	tumblr 	print 	 	 community spotlight: chris burton chris burton of niagara falls public library (nfpl) made a splash last year when he wrote an entire bootstrap-based version of evergreen’s opac. most new contributors start small, but the bootstrap opac – nicknamed boopac by the community – was not only chris’s first contribution to evergreen, it was the […] share this: 	facebook 	twitter 	more 	 	reddit 	linkedin 	 	pocket 	pinterest 	 	tumblr 	print 	 	 evergreen international online conference we are just a couple weeks away from the evergreen international online conference! the conference is taking place tuesday, may th through thursday, may th . a separate preconference event will be held monday, may th and a documentation and developer hackfest is planned for friday, may th. we […] share this: 	facebook 	twitter 	more 	 	reddit 	linkedin 	 	pocket 	pinterest 	 	tumblr 	print 	 	 post navigation 	 ← older posts 		 		 		 					 												 							 																 										about evergreen 			this is the project site for evergreen, a highly-scalable software for libraries that helps library patrons find library materials, and helps libraries manage, catalog, and circulate those materials, no matter how large or complex the libraries. © - gpls and others. evergreen is open source software, freely licensed under gnu gplv or later. the evergreen project is a (c) nonprofit organization. 		 																							 						 							 																 										community links 	evergreen bug tracker 	evergreen on open hub 	evergreen wiki 	git repositories 	join irc! 	irc logs 	official documentation 																							 						 							 																															 																	 				 				 				 			 	 			 		 					 · © evergreen ils · powered by · designed with the customizr theme · 	 			 	 		 	 	 	 			 			 	 	 						 	 alfred north whitehead (stanford encyclopedia of philosophy) stanford encyclopedia of philosophy menu 	 browse 	table of contents 	what's new 	random entry 	chronological 	archives 	 about 	editorial information 	about the sep 	editorial board 	how to cite the sep 	special characters 	advanced tools 	contact 	 support sep 	support the sep 	pdfs for sep friends 	make a donation 	sepia for libraries entry navigation 	entry contents 	bibliography 	academic tools 	friends pdf preview 	author and citation info 	back to top photo by richard carver wood alfred north whitehead first published tue may , ; substantive revision tue sep , alfred north whitehead ( – ) was a british mathematician and philosopher best known for his work in mathematical logic and the philosophy of science. in collaboration with bertrand russell, he co-authored the landmark three-volume principia mathematica ( , , ). later, he was instrumental in pioneering the approach to metaphysics now known as process philosophy. although there are important continuities throughout his career, whitehead’s intellectual life is often divided into three main periods. the first corresponds roughly to his time at cambridge from to . it was during these years that he worked primarily on issues in mathematics and logic. it was also during this time that he collaborated with russell. the second main period, from to , corresponds roughly to his time at london. during these years whitehead concentrated mainly on issues in physics, the philosophy of science, and the philosophy of education. the third main period corresponds roughly to his time at harvard from onward. it was during this time that he worked primarily on issues in metaphysics. 	 . life and works 	 . mathematics and logic 	 . physics 	 . philosophy of science 	 . philosophy of education 	 . metaphysics 	 . religion 	 . whitehead’s influence 	bibliography 	primary literature 	secondary literature 	academic tools 	other internet resources 	related entries . life and works the son of an anglican clergyman, whitehead graduated from cambridge in and was elected a fellow of trinity college that same year. his marriage to evelyn wade six years later was largely a happy one and together they had a daughter (jessie) and two sons (north and eric). after moving to london, whitehead served as president of the aristotelian society from to . after moving to harvard, he was elected to the british academy in . his moves to both london and harvard were prompted in part by institutional regulations requiring mandatory retirement, although his resignation from cambridge was also done partly in protest over how the university had chosen to discipline andrew forsyth, a friend and colleague whose affair with a married woman had become something of a local scandal. in addition to russell, whitehead influenced many other students who became equally or more famous than their teacher, examiner or supervisor himself. for example: mathematicians g. h. hardy and j. e. littlewood; mathematical physicists edmund whittaker, arthur eddington, and james jeans; economist j. m. keynes; and philosophers susanne langer, nelson goodman, and willard van orman quine. whitehead did not, however, inspire any school of thought during his lifetime, and most of his students distanced themselves from parts of his teachings that they considered anachronistic. for example: whitehead’s conviction that pure mathematics and applied mathematics should not be separated, but cross-fertilize each other, was not shared by hardy, but seen as a remnant of the fading mixed mathematics tradition; after the birth of the theories of relativity and quantum physics, whitehead’s method of abstracting some of the basic concepts of mathematical physics from common experiences seemed antiquated compared to eddington’s method of world building, which aimed at constructing an experiment matching world from mathematical building blocks; when, due to whitehead’s judgment as one of the examiners, keynes had to rewrite his fellowship dissertation, keynes raged against whitehead, claiming that whitehead had not bothered to try to understand keynes’ novel approach to probability; and whitehead’s main philosophical doctrine—that the world is composed of deeply interdependent processes and events, rather than mostly independent material things or objects—turned out to be largely the opposite of russell’s doctrine of logical atomism, and his metaphysics was dispelled by the logical positivists from their dream land of pure scientific philosophy. a short chronology of the major events in whitehead’s life is below. 	 	 born february in ramsgate, isle of thanet, kent, england. 	 	 enters trinity college, cambridge, with a scholarship in mathematics. 	 	 elected to the apostles, the elite discussion club founded by tennyson in the s; graduates with a b.a. in mathematics; elected a fellow in mathematics at trinity. 	 	 meets russell; marries evelyn wade. 	 	 elected a fellow of the royal society as a result of his work on universal algebra, symbolic logic, and the foundations of mathematics. 	 	 resigns from cambridge and moves to london. 	 	 appointed lecturer at university college london. 	 	 elected president of both the south-eastern mathematical association and the london branch of the mathematical association for the year . 	 	 appointed professor of applied mathematics at the imperial college of science and technology. 	 	 elected president of the mathematical association for the two-year period – . 	 	 meets albert einstein. 	 	 elected president of the aristotelian society for the one-year period – . 	 	 appointed professor of philosophy at harvard university. 	 	 elected a fellow of the british academy. 	 	 retires from harvard. 	 	 awarded order of merit. 	 	 dies december in cambridge, massachusetts, usa. more detailed information about whitehead’s life can be found in the comprehensive two-volume biography a.n. whitehead: the man and his work ( , ) by victor lowe and j.b. schneewind. paul schilpp’s the philosophy of alfred north whitehead ( ) also includes a short autobiographical essay, in addition to providing a comprehensive critical overview of whitehead’s thought and a detailed bibliography of his writings. other helpful introductions to whitehead’s work include victor lowe’s understanding whitehead ( ), stephen franklin’s speaking from the depths ( ), thomas hosinski’s stubborn fact and creative advance ( ), elizabeth kraus’ the metaphysics of experience ( ), robert mesle’s process-relational philosophy ( ), and john cobb’s whitehead word book ( ). recommendable for the more advanced whitehead student are ivor leclerc’s whitehead’s metaphysics ( ), wolfe mays’ the philosophy of whitehead ( ), donald sherburne’s a whiteheadian aesthetics ( ), charles hartshorne’s whitehead’s philosophy ( ), george lucas’ the rehabilitation of whitehead ( ), david griffin’s whitehead’s radically different postmodern philosophy ( ), and steven shaviro’s without criteria ( ). for a chronology of whitehead’s major publications, readers are encouraged to consult the primary literature section of the bibliography below. attempts to sum up whitehead’s life and influence are complicated by the fact that in accordance with his instructions, all his papers were destroyed following his death. as a result, there is no nachlass, except for papers retained by his colleagues and correspondents. even so, it is instructive to recall the words of the late associate justice of the united states supreme court, felix frankfurter: from knowledge gained through the years of the personalities who in our day have affected american university life, i have for some time been convinced that no single figure has had such a pervasive influence as the late professor alfred north whitehead. (new york times, january , ) today whitehead’s ideas continue to be felt and are revalued in varying degrees in all of the main areas in which he worked. a critical edition of his work is currently in the process of being prepared. a first volume, containing student notes of lectures given by whitehead at harvard in the academic year – , has already been published by edinburgh university press in , and more volumes are on their way. . mathematics and logic whitehead began his academic career at trinity college, cambridge where, starting in , he taught for a quarter of a century. in , russell arrived as a student and during the s the two men came into regular contact with one another. according to russell, whitehead was extraordinarily perfect as a teacher. he took a personal interest in those with whom he had to deal and knew both their strong and their weak points. he would elicit from a pupil the best of which a pupil was capable. he was never repressive, or sarcastic, or superior, or any of the things that inferior teachers like to be. i think that in all the abler young men with whom he came in contact he inspired, as he did in me, a very real and lasting affection. ( : ) by the early s, both whitehead and russell had completed books on the foundations of mathematics. whitehead’s a treatise on universal algebra had resulted in his election to the royal society. russell’s the principles of mathematics had expanded on several themes initially developed by whitehead. russell’s book also represented a decisive break from the neo-kantian approach to mathematics russell had developed six years earlier in his essay on the foundations of geometry. since the research for a proposed second volume of russell’s principles overlapped considerably with whitehead’s own research for a planned second volume of his universal algebra, the two men began collaboration on what eventually would become principia mathematica ( , , ). according to whitehead, they initially expected the research to take about a year to complete. in the end, they worked together on the project for a decade. according to whitehead—inspired by hermann grassmann—mathematics is the study of pattern: mathematics is concerned with the investigation of patterns of connectedness, in abstraction from the particular relata and the particular modes of connection. ( [ : ]) in his treatise on universal algebra, whitehead took a generalized algebra—called ‘universal algebra’—to be the most appropriate tool for this study or investigation, but after meeting giuseppe peano during the section devoted to logic at the first international congress of philosophy in , whitehead and russell became aware of the potential of symbolic logic to become the most appropriate tool to rigorously study mathematical patterns. with the help of whitehead, russell extended peano’s symbolic logic in order to be able to deal with all types of relations and, consequently, with all the patterns of relatedness that mathematicians study. in his principles of mathematics, russell gave an account of the resulting new symbolic logic of classes and relations—called ‘mathematical logic’—as well as an outline of how to reconstruct all existing mathematics by means of this logic. after that, instead of only being a driving force behind the scenes, whitehead became the public co-author of russell of the actual and rigorous reconstruction of mathematics from logic. russell often presented this reconstruction—giving rise to the publication of the three principia mathematica volumes—as the reduction of mathematics to logic, both qua definitions and qua proofs. and since the s, following rudolf carnap, whitehead and russell’s project as well as similar reduction-to-logic projects, including the earlier project of gottlob frege, are classified under the header of ‘logicism’. however, sébastian gandon has highlighted in his study russell’s unknown logicism that russell and whitehead’s logicism project differed in at least one important respect from frege’s logicism project. frege adhered to a radical universalism, and wanted the mathematical content to be entirely determined from within the logical system. russell and whitehead, however, took into account the consensus, or took a stance in the ongoing discussions among mathematicians, with respect to the constitutive features of the already existing, ‘pre-logicized’ branches of mathematics, and then evaluated for each branch which of several possible types of relations were best suited to logically reconstruct it, while safeguarding its topic-specific features. contrary to frege, whitehead and russell tempered their urge for universalism to take into account the topic-specificity of the various mathematical branches, and as a working mathematician, whitehead was well positioned to compare the pre-logicized mathematics with its reconstruction in the logical system. for russell, the logicism project originated from the dream of a rock-solid mathematics, no longer governed by kantian intuition, but by logical rigor. hence, the discovery of a devastating paradox—later called ‘russell’s paradox’—at the heart of mathematical logic was a serious blow for russell, and kicked off his search for a theory to prevent paradox. he actually came up with several theories, but retained the ramified theory of types in principia mathematica. moreover, the ‘logicizing’ of arithmetic required extra-logical patchwork: the axioms of reducibility, infinity, and choice. none of this patchwork could ultimately satisfy russell. his original dream evaporated and, looking back later in life, he wrote: “the splendid certainty which i had always hoped to find in mathematics was lost in a bewildering maze” ( : ). whitehead originally conceived of the logicism project as an improvement upon his algebraic project. indeed, whitehead’s transition from the solitary universal algebra project to the joint principia mathematica project was a transition from universal algebra to mathematical logic as the most appropriate symbolic language to embody mathematical patterns. it entailed a generalization from the embodiment of absolutely abstract patterns by means of algebraic forms of variables to their embodiment by means of propositional functions of real variables. hardy was quite right in his review of the first volume of principia mathematica when he wrote: “mathematics, one may say, is the science of propositional functions” (quoted by grattan-guinness : ). whitehead saw mathematical logic as a tool to guide the mathematician’s essential activities of intuiting, articulating, and applying patterns, and he did not aim at replacing mathematical intuition (pattern recognition) with logical rigor. in the latter respect, whitehead, from the start, was more like henri poincaré than russell (cf. desmet a). consequently, the discovery of paradox at the heart of mathematical logic was less of a blow to whitehead than to russell and, later in life, now and again, whitehead simply reversed the russellian order of generality and importance, writing that “symbolic logic” only represents “a minute fragment” of the possibilities of “the algebraic method” ( [ : ]). for a more detailed account of the genesis of principia mathematica and whitehead’s place in the philosophy of mathematics, cf. smith , code , grattan-guinness and , irvine , bostock , desmet , n. griffin et al. , n. griffin & linsky . following the completion of principia, whitehead and russell began to go their separate ways (cf. ramsden eames , desmet & weber , desmet & rusu ). perhaps inevitably, russell’s anti-war activities and whitehead’s loss of his youngest son during world war i led to something of a split between the two men. nevertheless, the two remained on relatively good terms for the rest of their lives. to his credit, russell comments in his autobiography that when it came to their political differences, whitehead was more tolerant than i was, and it was much more my fault than his that these differences caused a diminution in the closeness of our friendship. ( : ) . physics even with the publication of its three volumes, principia mathematica was incomplete. for example, the logical reconstruction of the various branches of geometry still needed to be completed and published. in fact, it was whitehead’s task to do so by producing a fourth principia mathematica volume. however, this volume never saw the light of day. what whitehead did publish were his repeated attempts to logically reconstruct the geometry of space and time, hence extending the logicism project from pure mathematics to applied mathematics or, put differently, from mathematics to physics—an extension which russell greeted with enthusiasm and saw as an important step in the deployment of his new philosophical method of logical analysis. at first, whitehead focused on the geometry of space. when whitehead and russell logicized the concept of number, their starting point was our intuition of equinumerous classes of individuals—for example, our recognition that the class of dwarfs in the fairy tale of snow white (doc, grumpy, happy, sleepy, bashful, sneezy, dopey) and the class of days in a week (from monday to sunday) have ‘something’ in common, namely, the something we call ‘seven.’ then they logically defined (i) classes c and c′ to be equinumerous when there is a one-to-one relation that correlates each of the members of c with one member of c′, and (ii) the number of a class c as the class of all the classes that are equinumerous with c. when whitehead logicized the space of physics, his starting point was our intuition of spatial volumes and of how one volume may contain (or extend over) another, giving rise to the (mereo)logical relation of containment (or extension) in the class of volumes, and to the concept of converging series of volumes—think, for example, of a series of russian dolls, one contained in the other, but idealized to ever smaller dolls. whitehead made all this rigorous and then, crudely put, defined the points from which to further construct the geometry of space. there is a striking resemblance between whitehead’s construction of points and the construction of real numbers by georg cantor, who had been one of whitehead and russell’s main sources of inspiration next to peano. indeed, whitehead defined points as equivalence classes of converging series of volumes, and cantor defined real numbers as equivalence classes of converging series of rational numbers. moreover, because whitehead’s basic geometrical entities of geometry are not (as in euclid) extensionless points but volumes, whitehead can be seen as one of the fathers of point-free geometry; and because whitehead’s basic geometrical relation is the mereological (or part-whole) relation of extension, he can also be seen as one of the founders of mereology (and even, when we take into account his later work on this topic in part iv of process and reality, of mereotopology). “last night”, whitehead wrote to russell on september , the idea suddenly flashed on me that time could be treated in exactly the same way as i have now got space (which is a picture of beauty, by the bye). (unpublished letter kept in the bertrand russell archives at mcmaster university) shortly after, whitehead must have learned about einstein’s special theory of relativity (str) because in a letter to wildon carr on july , russell suggested to the honorary secretary of the aristotelian society that whitehead possibly might deliver a paper on the principle of relativity, and added: “i know he has been going into the subject”. anyhow, in the early years of the second decade of the twentieth century, whitehead’s interest shifted from the logical reconstruction of the euclidean space of classical physics to the logical reconstruction of the minkowskian space-time of the str. a first step to go from space to space-time was the replacement of (our intuition of) spatial volumes with (our intuition of) spatio-temporal regions (or events) as the basis of the construction (so that, for example, a point of space-time could be defined as an equivalence class of converging spatio-temporal regions). however, whereas whitehead had constructed the euclidean distance based on our intuition of cases of spatial congruence (for example, of two parallel straight line segments being equally long), he now struggled to construct the minkowskian metric in terms of a concept of spatio-temporal congruence, based on a kind of merger of our intuition of cases of spatial congruence and our intuition of cases of temporal congruence (for example, of two candles taking equally long to burn out). so, as a second step, whitehead introduced a second relation in the class of spatio-temporal regions next to the relation of extension, namely, the relation of cogredience, based on our intuition of rest or motion. whitehead’s use of this relation gave rise to a constant k, which allowed him to merge spatial and temporal congruence, and which appeared in his formula for the metric of space-time. when whitehead equated k with c (the square of the speed of light) his metric became equal to the minkowskian metric. whitehead’s most detailed account of this reconstruction of the minkowskian space-time of the str was given in his book, an enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge, but he also offered a less technical account in his book, the concept of nature. whitehead first learned about einstein’s general theory of relativity (gtr) in . he admired einstein’s new mathematical theory of gravitation, but rejected einstein’s explanation of gravitation for not being coherent with some of our basic intuitions. einstein explained the gravitational motion of a free mass-particle in the neighborhood of a heavy mass as due to the curvature of space-time caused by this mass. according to whitehead, the theoretical concept of a contingently curved space-time does not cohere with our measurement practices; they are based on the essential uniformity of the texture of our spatial and temporal intuition. in general, whitehead opposed the modern scientist’s attitude of dropping the requirement of coherence with our basic intuitions, and he revolted against the issuing bifurcation of nature into the world of science and that of intuition. in particular, as einstein’s critic, he set out to give an alternative rendering of the gtr—an alternative that passed not only what whitehead called “the narrow gauge”, which tests a theory’s empirical adequacy, but also what he called “the broad gauge”, which tests its coherence with our basic intuitions. in , first in a newspaper article (reprinted in essays in science and philosophy), and then in a lecture (published as chapter viii of concept of nature), whitehead made public an outline of his alternative to einstein’s gtr. in , whitehead had the opportunity to discuss matters with einstein himself. and finally, in , whitehead published a book with a more detailed account of his alternative theory of gravitation (atg)—the principle of relativity. according to whitehead, the maxwell-lorentz theory of electrodynamics (unlike einstein’s gtr) could be conceived as coherent with our basic intuitions—even in its four-dimensional format, namely, by elaborating minkowski’s electromagnetic worldview. hence, whitehead developed his atg in close analogy with the theory of electrodynamics. he replaced einstein’s geometric explanation with an electrodynamics-like explanation. whitehead explained the gravitational motion of a free mass-particle as due to a field action determined by retarded wave-potentials propagating in a uniform space-time from the source masses to the free mass-particle. it is important to stress that whitehead had no intention of improving the predictive content of einstein’s gtr, only the explanatory content. however, whitehead’s replacement of einstein’s explanation with an alternative explanation entailed a replacement of einstein’s formulae with alternative formulae; and these different formulae implied different predictions. so it would be incorrect to say that whitehead’s atg is empirically equivalent to einstein’s gtr. what can be claimed, however, is that for a long time whitehead’s theory was experimentally indistinguishable from einstein’s theory. in fact, like einstein’s gtr, whitehead’s atg leads to newton’s theory of gravitation as a first approximation. also (as shown by eddington in and j. l. synge in ) einstein’s and whitehead’s theories of gravitation lead to an identical solution for the problem of determining the gravitational field of a single, static, and spherically symmetric body—the schwarzschild solution. this implies, for example, that einstein’s gtr and whitehead’s atg lead to the exact same predictions not only with respect to the precession of the perihelion of mercury and the bending of starlight in the gravitational field of the sun (as already shown by whitehead in and william temple in ) but also with respect to the red-shift of the spectral lines of light emitted by atoms in the gravitational field of the sun (contrary to whitehead’s own conclusion in , which was based on a highly schematized and soon outdated model of the molecule). moreover (as shown by r. j. russell and christoph wassermann in and published in ) einstein’s and whitehead’s theories of gravitation also lead to an identical solution for the problem of determining the gravitational field of a single, rotating, and axially symmetric body—the kerr solution. einstein’s and whitehead’s predictions become different, however, when considering more than one body. indeed, einstein’s equation of gravitation is non-linear while whitehead’s is linear; and this divergence qua mathematics implies a divergence qua predictions in the case of two or more bodies. for example (as shown by g. l. clark in ) the two theories lead to different predictions with respect to the motion of double stars. the predictive divergence in the case of two bodies, however, is quite small, and until recently experimental techniques were not sufficiently refined to confirm either einstein’s predictions or whitehead’s, for example, with respect to double stars. in , based on a precise timing of the pulsar b + in the hulse-taylor binary system, einstein’s predictions with respect to the motion of double stars were confirmed, and whitehead’s refuted (by gary gibbons and clifford will). the important fact from the viewpoint of the philosophy of science is not that, since the s, now and again, a physicist rose to claim the experimental refutation of whitehead’s atg, but that for decades it was experimentally indistinguishable from einstein’s gtr, hence refuting two modern dogmas. first, that theory choice is solely based on empirical facts. clearly, next to facts, values—especially aesthetic values—are at play as well. second, that the history of science is a succession of victories over the army of our misleading intuitions, each success of science must be interpreted as a defeat of intuition, and a truth cannot be scientific unless it hurts human intuition. surely, we can be scientific without taming the authority of our intuition and without engaging in the disastrous race to disenchant nature and humankind. for a more detailed account of whitehead’s involvement with einstein’s str and gtr, cf. palter , von ranke , herstein and desmet , b, and c. . philosophy of science whitehead’s reconstruction of the space-time of the str and his atg make clear (i) that his main methodological requirement in the philosophy of science is that physical theories should cohere with our intuitions of the relatedness of nature (of the relations of extension, congruence, cogredience, causality, etc.), and (ii) that his paradigm of what a theory of physics should be like is the maxwell-lorentz theory of electrodynamics. and indeed, in his philosophy of science, whitehead rejects david hume’s “sensationalist empiricism” ( c [ : ]) and isaac newton’s “scientific materialism” ( a [ : ]). instead whitehead promotes (i) a radical empiricist methodology, which relies on our perception, not only of sense data (colors, sounds, smells, etc.) but also of a manifold of natural relations, and (ii) an electrodynamics-like worldview, in which the fundamental concepts are no longer simply located substances or bits of matter, but internally related processes and events. “modern physical science”, whitehead wrote, is the issue of a coordinated effort, sustained for more than three centuries, to understand those activities of nature by reason of which the transitions of sense-perception occur. ( [ : ]) but according to whitehead, hume’s sensationalist empiricism has undermined the idea that our perception can reveal those activities, and newton’s scientific materialism has failed to render his formulae of motion and gravitation intelligible. whitehead was dissatisfied with hume’s reduction of perception to sense perception because, as hume discovered, pure sense perception reveals a succession of spatial patterns of impressions of color, sound, smell, etc. (a procession of forms of sense data), but it does not reveal any causal relatedness to interpret it (any form of process to render it intelligible). in fact, all “relatedness of nature”, and not only its causal relatedness, was “demolished by hume’s youthful skepticism” ( [ : ]) and conceived as the outcome of mere psychological association. whitehead wrote: sense-perception, for all its practical importance, is very superficial in its disclosure of the nature of things. … my quarrel with [hume] concerns [his] exclusive stress upon sense-perception for the provision of data respecting nature. sense-perception does not provide the data in terms of which we interpret it. ( [ : ]) whitehead was also dissatisfied with newton’s scientific materialism, which presupposes the ultimate fact of an irreducible brute matter, or material, spread through space in a flux of configurations. in itself such a material is senseless, valueless, purposeless. it just does what it does do, following a fixed routine imposed by external relations which do not spring from the nature of its being. ( a [ : ]) whitehead rejected newton’s conception of nature as the succession of instants of spatial distribution of bits of matter for two reasons. first: the concept of a “durationless” instant, “without reference to any other instant”, renders unintelligible the concepts of “velocity at an instant” and “momentum at an instant” as well as the equations of motion involving these concepts ( [ : ]). second: the concept of self-sufficient and isolated bits of matter, having “the property of simple location in space and time” ( a [ : ]), cannot “give the slightest warrant for the law of gravitation” that newton postulated ( [ : ]). whitehead wrote: newton’s methodology for physics was an overwhelming success. but the forces which he introduced left nature still without meaning or value. in the essence of a material body—in its mass, motion, and shape—there was no reason for the law of gravitation. ( [ : ]) there is merely a formula for succession. but there is an absence of understandable causation for that formula for that succession. ( [ : – ]) “combining newton and hume”, whitehead summarized, we obtain a barren concept, namely, a field of perception devoid of any data for its own interpretation, and a system of interpretation devoid of any reason for the concurrence of its factors. ( [ : ]) “two conclusions”, whitehead wrote, are now abundantly clear. one is that sense-perception omits any discrimination of the fundamental activities within nature. … the second conclusion is the failure of science to endow its formulae for activity with any meaning. ( [ : ]) the views of newton and hume, whitehead continued, are “gravely defective. they are right as far as they go. but they omit … our intuitive modes of understanding” ( [ : ]). in whitehead’s eyes, however, the development of maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism constituted an antidote to newton’s scientific materialism, for it led him to conceive the whole universe as “a field of force—or, in other words, a field of incessant activity” ( [ : ]). the theory of electromagnetism served whitehead to overcome newton’s “fallacy of simple location” ( a [ : ]), that is, the conception of nature as a universe of self-sufficient isolated bits of matter. indeed, we cannot say of an electromagnetic event that it is here in space, and here in time, or here in space-time, in a perfectly definite sense which does not require for its explanation any reference to other regions of space-time. ( a [ : ]) the theory of electromagnetism “involves the entire abandonment of the notion that simple location is the primary way in which things are involved in space-time” because it reveals that, “in a certain sense, everything is everywhere at all times” ( a [ : ]). “long ago”, whitehead wrote, faraday already remarked “that in a sense an electric charge is everywhere”, and: the modification of the electromagnetic field at every point of space at each instant owing to the past history of each electron is another way of stating the same fact. ( [ : ]) the lesson that whitehead learned from the theory of electromagnetism is unambiguous: the fundamental concepts are activity and process. … the notion of self-sufficient isolation is not exemplified in modern physics. there are no essentially self-contained activities within limited regions. … nature is a theatre for the interrelations of activities. all things change, the activities and their interrelations. … in the place of the procession of [spatial] forms (of externally related bits of matter, modern physics) has substituted the notion of the forms of process. it has thus swept away space and matter, and has substituted the study of the internal relations within a complex state of activity. ( [ : – ]) but overcoming newton was insufficient for whitehead because hume “has even robbed us of reason for believing that the past gives any ground for expectation of the future” ( [ : ]). according to whitehead, science conceived as resting on mere sense-perception, with no other sources of observation, is bankrupt, so far as concerns its claims to self-sufficiency. ( [ : ]) in fact, science conceived as restricting itself to the sensationalist methodology can find neither efficient nor final causality. it “can find no creativity in nature; it finds mere rules of succession” ( [ : ]). “the reason for this blindness”, according to whitehead, “lies in the fact that such science only deals with half of the evidence provided by human experience” ( [ : ]). contrary to hume, whitehead held that it is untrue to state that our perception, in which sense perception is only one factor, discloses no causal relatedness. inspired by the radical empiricism of william james and henri bergson, whitehead gave a new analysis of perception. according to whitehead, our perception is a symbolic interplay of two pure modes of perception, pure sense perception (which whitehead ultimately called “perception in the mode of presentational immediacy”), and a more basic perception of causal relatedness (which he called “perception in the mode of causal efficacy”). according to whitehead, taking into account the whole of our perception instead of only pure sense perception, that is, all perceptual data instead of only hume’s sense data, implies also taking into account the other half of the evidence, namely, our intuitions of the relatedness of nature, of “the togetherness of things”. he added: the togetherness of things involves some doctrine of mutual immanence. in some sense or other … each happening is a factor in the nature of every other happening. ( [ : ]) hume demolished the relatedness of nature; whitehead restored it, founded the “doctrine of causation … on the doctrine of immanence”, and wrote: “each occasion presupposes the antecedent world as active in its own nature. … this is the doctrine of causation” ( [ : – ]). whitehead also noticed that, in a sense, physicists are even more reductionist than hume. in practice they rely on sense data, but in theory they abstract from most of the data of our five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch) to focus on the colorless, soundless, odorless, and tasteless mathematical aspects of nature. consequently, in a worldview inspired not by the actual practices of physicists, but by their theoretical speculations, nature—methodologically stripped from its ‘tertiary’ qualities (esthetical, ethical, and religious values)—is further reduced to the scientific world of ‘primary’ qualities (mathematical quantities and interconnections such as the amplitude, length, and frequency of mathematical waves), and this scientific world is bifurcated from the world of ‘secondary’ qualities (colors, sounds, smells, etc.). moreover, the former world is supposed, ultimately, to fully explain the latter world (so that, for example, colors end up as being nothing more than electromagnetic wave-frequencies). whitehead spoke of the “bifurcation of nature into two systems of reality” ( [ : ]) to denote the strategy—originating with galileo, descartes, boyle and locke—of bifurcating nature into the essential reality of primary qualities and the non-essential reality of “psychic additions” or secondary qualities, ultimately to be explained away in terms of primary qualities. whitehead sided with berkeley in arguing that the primary/secondary distinction is not tenable ( [ : – ]), that all qualities are “in the same boat, to sink or swim together” ( [ : ]), and that, for example, the red glow of the sunset should be as much part of nature as are the molecules and electric waves by which men of science would explain the phenomenon. ( [ : ]) whitehead described the philosophical outcome of the bifurcation of nature as follows: the primary qualities are the essential qualities of substances whose spatio-temporal relationships constitute nature. … the occurrences of nature are in some way apprehended by minds … but the mind in apprehending also experiences sensations which, properly speaking, are qualities of the mind alone. these sensations are projected by the mind so as to clothe appropriate bodies in external nature. thus the bodies are perceived as with qualities which in reality do not belong to them, qualities which in fact are purely the offspring of the mind. thus nature gets credit which should in truth be reserved for ourselves: the rose for its scent: the nightingale for his song: and the sun for his radiance. the poets are entirely mistaken. they should address their lyrics to themselves, and should turn them into odes of self-congratulation on the excellency of the human mind. nature is a dull affair, soundless, scentless, colourless; merely the hurrying of material, endlessly, meaninglessly. ( a [ : ]) “the enormous success of the scientific abstractions”, whitehead wrote, “has foisted onto philosophy the task of accepting them as the most concrete rendering of fact” and, he added: thereby, modern philosophy has been ruined. it has oscillated in a complex manner between three extremes. there are the dualists, who accept matter and mind as on an equal basis, and the two varieties of monists, those who put mind inside matter, and those who put matter inside mind. but this juggling with abstractions can never overcome the inherent confusion introduced by the ascription of misplaced concreteness to the scientific scheme. ( a [ : ]) whitehead’s alternative is fighting “the fallacy of misplaced concreteness”—the “error of mistaking the abstract for the concrete”—because “this fallacy is the occasion of great confusion in philosophy” ( a [ : ]). the fallacy of misplaced concreteness is committed each time abstractions are taken as concrete facts, and “more concrete facts” are expressed “under the guise of very abstract logical constructions” ( a [ : – ]). this fallacy lies at the root of the modern philosophical confusions of scientific materialism and progressive bifurcation of nature. indeed, the notion of simple location in newton’s scientific materialism is an instance of the fallacy of misplaced concreteness—it mistakes the abstraction of in essence unrelated bits of matter as the most concrete reality from which to explain the relatedness of nature. and the bifurcating idea that secondary qualities should be explained in terms of primary qualities is also an instance of this fallacy—it mistakes the mathematical abstractions of physics as the most concrete and so-called primary reality from which to explain the so-called secondary reality of colors, sounds, etc. in light of the rise of electrodynamics, relativity, and quantum mechanics, whitehead challenged scientific materialism and the bifurcation of nature “as being entirely unsuited to the scientific situation at which we have now arrived”, and he clearly outlined the mission of philosophy as he saw it: i hold that philosophy is the critic of abstractions. its function is the double one, first of harmonising them by assigning to them their right relative status as abstractions, and secondly of completing them by direct comparison with more concrete intuitions of the universe, and thereby promoting the formation of more complete schemes of thought. it is in respect to this comparison that the testimony of great poets is of such importance. their survival is evidence that they express deep intuitions of mankind penetrating into what is universal in concrete fact. philosophy is not one among the sciences with its own little scheme of abstractions which it works away at perfecting and improving. it is the survey of the sciences, with the special object of their harmony, and of their completion. it brings to this task, not only the evidence of the separate sciences, but also its own appeal to concrete experience. ( a [ : ]) clearly whitehead’s philosophy was influenced by electrodynamics and relativity, but is it correct to claim that it was influenced by quantum mechanics? charles hartshorne writes: when whitehead came to harvard in he felt obliged to spend his time reading and teaching philosophy, rather than the theoretical physics he had been teaching in london, after teaching mathematics at cambridge. consequently his knowledge of physics began to be out of date. although he had seen heisenberg’s famous article of on the uncertainty principle (i know because … i showed it … to whitehead), there is no evidence that he seriously reacted to the controversy about the “copenhagen interpretation” … ( : ) even though whitehead did not react in his writings to the copenhagen interpretation, he was up to date with respect to the older quantum mechanics (of planck, einstein and bohr), and his philosophy foreshadows some of its present day interpretations. whitehead was as familiar with jeans’ report on radiation and the quantum-theory ( ) as with eddington’s report on the relativity theory of gravitation ( ), and prior to his departure to harvard, on july , whitehead chaired a symposium—“the quantum theory: how far does it modify the mathematical, the physical, and the psychological concepts of continuity?”—which was part of a joint session of the aristotelian society and the mind society. today, for example, carlo rovelli’s relational interpretation of the theory of quantum mechanics is strikingly whiteheadian: in the world described by quantum mechanics there is no reality except in the relations between physical systems. it isn’t things that enter into relations but, rather, relations that ground the notion of “thing”. the world of quantum mechanics is not a world of objects: it is a world of events. things are built by the happenings of elementary events: as the philosopher nelson goodman wrote in the s, in a beautiful phrase, “an object is a monotonous process.” a stone is a vibration of quanta that maintains its structure for a while, just as a marine wave maintains its identity for a while before melting again into the sea. … we, like waves and like all objects, are a flux of events; we are processes, for a brief time monotonous … ( : – ) and rovelli adds that in the speculative world of quantum gravity: there is no longer space which contains the world, and no longer time during the course of which events occur. there are elementary processes … continuously interact[ing] with each other. just as a calm and clear alpine lake is made up of a rapid dance of a myriad of minuscule water molecules, the illusion of being surrounded by continuous space and time is the product of a long-sighted vision of a dense swarming of elementary processes. ( : ) for more details on whitehead’s philosophy of science, cf. hammerschmidt , lawrence , bright , palter , mays , fitzgerald , plamondon , eastman & keeton (eds) , bostock , athern , deroo & leclercq (eds) , henning et al. (eds) , segall , mchenry , desmet d, eastman & epperson & griffin (eds) . . philosophy of education while in london, whitehead became involved in many practical aspects of tertiary education, serving as president of the mathematical association, dean of the faculty of science and chairman of the academic council of the senate at the university of london, chairman of the delegacy for goldsmiths’ college, and several other administrative posts. many of his essays about education date from this time and appear in his book, the aims of education and other essays ( a). at its core, whitehead’s philosophy of education emphasizes the idea that a good life is most profitably thought of as an educated or civilized life, two terms which whitehead often uses interchangeably. as we think, we live. thus it is only as we improve our thoughts that we improve our lives. the result, says whitehead, is that “there is only one subject matter for education, and that is life in all its manifestations” ( a: ). this view in turn has corollaries for both the content of education and its method of delivery. (a) with regard to delivery, whitehead emphasizes the importance of remembering that a “pupil’s mind is a growing organism … it is not a box to be ruthlessly packed with alien ideas” ( a: ). instead, it is the purpose of education to stimulate and guide each student’s self-development. it is not the job of the educator simply to insert into his students’ minds little chunks of knowledge. whitehead conceives of the student’s educational process of self-development as an organic and cyclic process in which each cycle consists of three stages: first the stage of romance, then the stage of precision, and finally, the stage of generalization. the first stage is all about “free exploration, initiated by wonder”, the second about the disciplined “acquirement of technique and detailed knowledge”, and the third about “the free application of what has been learned” (lowe : ). these stages, continually recurring in cycles, determine what whitehead calls “the rhythm of education” (cf. a: – ). in the context of mathematics, whitehead’s three stages can be conceived of as the stage of undisciplined intuition, the stage of logical reasoning, and the stage of logically guided intuition. by skipping stage one, and never arriving at stage three, bad math teachers deny students the major motivation to love mathematics: the joy of pattern recognition. that education does not involve inserting into the student’s mind little chunks of knowledge is clear from the description of culture that whitehead offers as the opening of the first and title essay of the aims of education: culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness of beauty and humane feeling. scraps of information have nothing to do with it. ( a: ) on the contrary, whitehead writes, we must beware of what i call ‘inert ideas’—that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations, ( a: – ) and he holds that “education is the acquisition of the art of the [interconnection and] utilization of knowledge” ( a: ), and that ideas remain disconnected and non-utilized unless they are related to that stream, compounded of sense perceptions, feelings, hopes, desires, and of mental activities adjusting thought to thought, which forms our life. ( a: ) this point—the point where whitehead links the art of education to the stream of experience that forms our life—is the meeting point of whitehead’s philosophy of education with his philosophy of experience, which is also called: ‘process philosophy.’ according to whitehead’s process philosophy, the stream of experience that forms our life consists of occasions of experience, each of which is a synthesis of many feelings having objective content (what is felt) and subjective form (how it is felt); also, the synthesis of feelings is not primarily controlled by their objective content, but by their subjective form. according to whitehead’s philosophy of education, the attempt to educate a person by merely focusing on objective content—on inert ideas, scraps of information, bare knowledge—while disregarding the subjective form or emotional pattern of that person’s experience can never be successful. the art of education has to take into account the subjective receptiveness and appreciation of beauty and human greatness, the subjective emotions of interest, joy and adventure, and “the ultimate motive power” ( a: ), that is, the sense of importance, values and possibilities (cf. a: – ). (b) with regard to content, whitehead holds that any adequate education must include a literary component, a scientific component, and a technical component. according to whitehead: any serious fundamental change in the intellectual outlook of human society must necessarily be followed by an educational revolution. ( a: ) in particular, the scientific revolution and the fundamental changes it entailed in the seventeenth and subsequent centuries have been followed by an educational revolution that was still ongoing in the twentieth century. in , whitehead wrote: we are, in fact, in the midst of an educational revolution caused by the dying away of the classical impulse which has dominated european thought since the time of the renaissance. … what i mean is the loss of that sustained reference to classical literature for the sake of finding in it the expression of our best thoughts on all subjects. … there are three fundamental changes … science now enters into the very texture of our thoughts … again, mechanical inventions, which are the product of science, by altering the material possibilities of life, have transformed our industrial system, and thus have changed the very structure of society. finally, the idea of the world now means to us the whole round world of human affairs, from the revolutions of china to those of peru. … the total result of these changes is that the supreme merit of immediate relevance to the full compass of modern life has been lost to classical literature. ( [ : – ]) whitehead listed the scientific and industrial revolutions as well as globalization as the major causes for the educational reforms of the nineteenth and twentieth century. these fundamental changes indeed implied new standards for what counts as genuine knowledge. however, together with these new standards emerged a romantic anxiety—the anxiety that the new standards of genuine knowledge, education, and living might impoverish human experience and damage both individual and social wellbeing. hence arose the bifurcation of culture into the culture of “natural scientists” and the culture of “literary intellectuals” (cf. snow ), and the many associated debates in the context of various educational reforms—for example, the s debate in victorian england, when whitehead was a cambridge student, between t. h. huxley, an outspoken champion of science, defending the claims of modern scientific education, and matthew arnold, a leading man of letters, defending the claims of classical literary education. as for whitehead, in whom the scientific and the romantic spirit merged, one cannot say that he sided with either huxley or arnold. he took his distance from those who, motivated by the idea that the sciences embody the ultimate modes of thought, sided with huxley, but also from those who, motivated by conservatism, that is, by an anachronistic longing for a highly educated upper class and an elitist horror of educational democratization, sided with arnold (cf. [ : – ]). next to not taking a stance in the debate on which is the ultimate mode of thought, the scientific or the literary, hence rejecting the antithesis between scientific and literary education, whitehead also rejected the antithesis between thought and action (cf. [ : ]) and hence, between a liberal, that is, mainly intellectual and theoretical, education, and a technical, that is, mainly manual and practical, education (cf. a: – ). in other words, according to whitehead, we can identify three instead of two cultures but, moreover, we must refrain from promoting any one of these three at the expense of the other two. he writes: my point is, that no course of study can claim any position of ideal completeness. nor are the omitted factors of subordinate importance. the insistence in the platonic culture on disinterested intellectual appreciation is a psychological error. action and our implication in the transition of events amid the inevitable bond of cause to effect are fundamental. an education which strives to divorce intellectual or aesthetic life from these fundamental facts carries with it the decadence of civilisation. ( a: ) disinterested scientific curiosity is a passion for an ordered intellectual vision of the connection of events. but the … intervention of action even in abstract science is often overlooked. no man of science wants merely to know. he acquires knowledge to appease his passion for discovery. he does not discover in order to know, he knows in order to discover. the pleasure which art and sciences can give to toil is the enjoyment which arises from successfully directed intention. ( a: ) the antithesis between a technical and a liberal education is fallacious. there can be no technical education which is not liberal, and no liberal education which is not technical: that is, no education which does not import both technique and intellectual vision. ( a: ) there are three main methods which are required in a national system of education, namely, the literary curriculum, the scientific curriculum, the technical curriculum. but each of these curricula should include the other two … each of these sides … should be illuminated by the others. ( a: ) for more details and an extensive bibliography on whitehead’s philosophy of education, cf. part vi of volume of the handbook of whiteheadian process thought (weber & desmond : – ). . metaphysics facing mandatory retirement in london, and upon being offered an appointment at harvard, whitehead moved to the united states in . given his prior training in mathematics, it was sometimes joked that the first philosophy lectures he ever attended were those he himself delivered in his new role as professor of philosophy. as russell comments, “in england, whitehead was regarded only as a mathematician, and it was left to america to discover him as a philosopher” ( : ). a year after his arrival, he delivered harvard’s prestigious lowell lectures. the lectures formed the basis for science and the modern world ( ). the / gifford lectures at the university of edinburgh followed shortly afterwards and resulted in the publication of whitehead’s most comprehensive (but difficult to penetrate) metaphysical work, process and reality ( c). and in the preface of the third major work composing his mature metaphysical system, adventures of ideas ( ), whitehead stated: the three books—science and the modern world, process and reality, adventures of ideas—are an endeavor to express a way of understanding the nature of things, and to point out how that way of understanding is illustrated by … human experience. each book can be read separately; but they supplement each other’s omissions or compressions. ( [ : vii]) whitehead’s philosophy of science “has nothing to do with ethics or theology or the theory of aesthetics” ( [ : ]). whitehead in his london writings was “excluding any reference to moral or aesthetic values”, even though he was already aware that “the values of nature are perhaps the key to the metaphysical synthesis of existence” ( [ : ]). whitehead’s metaphysics, on the contrary, not only take into account science, but also art, morals and religion. whitehead in his harvard writings did not exclude anything, but aimed at a “synoptic vision” ( c [ : ]) to which values are indeed the key. in his earlier philosophy of science, whitehead revolted against the bifurcation of nature into the worlds of primary and secondary qualities, and he promoted the harmonization of the abstractions of mathematical physics with those of hume’s sensationalist empiricism, as well as the inclusion of more concrete intuitions offered by our perception—our intuitions of causality, extension, cogredience, congruence, color, sound, smell, etc. closely linked to this completion of the scientific scheme of thought, whitehead developed a new scientific ontology and a new theory of perception. his scientific ontology is one of internally related events (instead of merely externally related bits of matter). his theory of perception (cf. symbolism: its meaning and effect) holds that our perception is always perception in the mixed mode of symbolic reference, which usually involves a symbolic reference of what is given in the pure mode of presentational immediacy to what is given in the pure mode of causal efficacy: symbolic reference, though in complex human experience it works both ways, is chiefly to be thought of as the elucidation of percepta in the mode of causal efficacy by … percepta in the mode of presentational immediacy. ( c [ : ]) according to whitehead, the failure to lay due emphasis on the perceptual mode of causal efficacy implies the danger of reducing the scientific method to hume’s sensationalist empiricism, and ultimately lies at the basis of the humean failure to acknowledge the relatedness of nature, especially the causal relatedness of nature. indeed, “the notion of causation arose because mankind lives amid experiences in the mode of causal efficacy” ( c [ : ]). according to whitehead, “symbolic reference is the interpretative element in human experience” ( c [ : ]), and “the failure to lay due emphasis on symbolic reference … has reduced the notion of ‘meaning’ to a mystery” ( c [ : ]), and ultimately lies at the basis of newton’s failure to give meaning to his formulae of motion and gravitation. in his later metaphysics, whitehead revolted against the bifurcation of the world into the objective world of facts (as studied by science, even a completed science, and one not limited to physics, but stretching from physics to biology to psychology) and the subjective world of values (aesthetic, ethic, and religious), and he promoted the harmonization of the abstractions of science with those of art, morals, and religion, as well as the inclusion of more concrete intuitions offered by our experience—stretching from our mathematical and physical intuitions to our poetic and mystic intuitions. closely linked to this completion of the metaphysical scheme of thought (cf. part i of process and reality), whitehead refined his earlier ontology, and generalized his earlier theory of perception into a theory of feelings. whitehead’s ultimate ontology—the ontology of ‘the philosophy of organism’ or ‘process philosophy’—is one of internally related organism-like elementary processes (called ‘actual occasions’ or ‘actual entities’) in terms of which he could understand both lifeless nature and nature alive, both matter and mind, both science and religion—“philosophy”, whitehead even writes, “attains its chief importance by fusing the two, namely, religion and science, into one rational scheme of thought” ( c [ : ]). his theory of feelings (cf. part iii of process and reality) claims that not only our perception, but our experience in general is a stream of elementary processes of concrescence (growing together) of many feelings into one—“the many become one, and are increased with one” ( c [ : ])—and that the process of concrescence is not primarily driven by the objective content of the feelings involved (their factuality), but by their subjective form (their valuation, cf. c [ : ]). whitehead’s ontology cannot be disjoined from his theory of feelings. the actual occasions ontologically constituting our experience are the elementary processes of concrescence of feelings constituting the stream of our experience, and they throw light on the what and the how of all actual occasions, including those that constitute lifeless material things. this amounts to the panexperientialist claim that the intrinsically related elementary constituents of all things in the universe, from stones to human beings, are experiential. whitehead writes: “each actual entity is a throb of experience” ( c [ : ]) and “apart from the experiences of subjects there is nothing, nothing, nothing, bare nothingness” ( c [ : ])—an outrageous claim according to some, even when it is made clear that panexperientialism is not the same as panpsychism, because “consciousness presupposes experience, and not experience consciousness” ( c [ : ]). the relational event ontology that whitehead developed in his london period might serve to develop a relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, such as rovelli’s (cf. supra) or one of the many proposed by whitehead scholars (cf. stapp and , malin , hättich , epperson , epperson & zafiris ). but then this ontology has to take into account the fact that quantum mechanics suggests that reality is not only relational, but also granular (the results of measuring its changes do not form continuous spectra, but spectra of discrete quanta) and indeterminist (physicists cannot predetermine the result of a measurement; they can only calculate for each of the relevant discrete quanta, that is, for each of the possible results of the measurement, the probability that it becomes the actual result). in whitehead’s london writings, the granular or atomic nature of the events underlying the abstractions of continuous space-time and continuous electromagnetic and gravitational fields is not made explicit. in his harvard writings, however, “the mysterious quanta of energy have made their appearance” ( c [ : ]), “the ultimate metaphysical truth is atomism” ( c [ : ]), and events are seen as networks (or ‘societies’) of elementary and atomic events, called ‘actual occasions’ or ‘actual entities.’ whitehead writes: i shall use the term ‘event’ in the more general sense of a nexus of actual occasions … an actual occasion is the limiting type of an event with only one member. ( c [ : ]) each actual occasion determines a quantum of extension—“the atomized quantum of extension correlative to the actual entity” ( c [ : ])—and it is by means of the relation of extensive connection in the class of the regions constituted by these quanta that whitehead attempted to improve upon his earlier construction of space-time (cf. part iv of process and reality). the atomicity of events in quantum mechanics dovetails with the atomicity of the stream of experience as conceived by william james, hence reinforcing whitehead’s claim that each actual entity is an elementary process of experience. whitehead writes: the authority of william james can be quoted in support of this conclusion. he writes: “either your experience is of no content, of no change, or it is of a perceptible amount of content or change. your acquaintance with reality grows literally by buds or drops of perception. intellectually and on reflection you can divide these into components, but as immediately given, they come totally or not at all”. ( c [ : ]) whitehead’s conclusion reads: “actual entities are drops of experience, complex and interdependent” ( c [ : ]), and he expresses that reality grows by drops, which together form the extensive continuum, by writing: “extensiveness becomes, but ‘becoming is not itself extensive”, and “there is a becoming of continuity, but no continuity of becoming” ( c [ : ]). in whitehead’s london writings, he aims at logically reconstructing einstein’s str and gtr, which are both deterministic theories of physics, and his notion of causality (that each occasion presupposes the antecedent world as active in its own nature) does not seem to leave much room for any creative self-determination. in his harvard writings, however, whitehead considers deterministic interaction as an abstract limit in some circumstances of the creative interaction that governs the becoming of actual entities in all circumstances, and he makes clear that his notion of causality includes both determination by the antecedent world (efficient causation of past actual occasions) and self-determination (final causation by the actual occasion in the process of becoming). whitehead writes: an actual entity is at once the product of the efficient past, and is also, in spinoza’s phrase, causa sui. every philosophy recognizes, in some form or other, this factor of self-causation. ( a: ) again: “self-realization is the ultimate fact of facts. an actuality is self-realizing, and whatever is self-realizing is an actuality” ( a: ). introducing indeterminism also means introducing potentiality next to actuality, and indeed, whitehead introduces pure potentials, also called ‘eternal objects,’ next to actual occasions: the eternal objects are the pure potentials of the universe, and the actual entities differ from each other in their realization of potentials. ( c [ : ]) eternal objects can qualify (characterize) the objective content and the subjective form of the feelings that constitute actual entities. eternal objects of the objective species are pure mathematical patterns: “eternal objects of the objective species are the mathematical platonic forms” ( c [ : ]). an eternal object of the objective species can only qualify the objective content of a feeling, and “never be an element in the definiteness of a subjective form” (idem). eternal objects of the subjective species, on the other hand, include sense data and values. a member of the subjective species is, in its primary character, an element in the definiteness of the subjective form of a feeling. it is a determinate way in which a feeling can feel. (idem) but it can also become an eternal object contributing to the definiteness of the objective content of a feeling, for example, when a smelly feeling gives rise to a feeling of that smell, or when an emotionally red feeling is felt by another feeling, and red, an element of the subjective form of the first feeling, becomes an element of the objective content of the second feeling. whitehead’s concept of self-determination cannot be disjoined from his idea that each actual entity is an elementary process of experience, and hence, according to whitehead, it is relevant both at the lower level of indeterminist physical interactions and at the higher level of free human interactions. indeed, each actual entity is a concrescence of feelings of the antecedent world, which do not only have objective content, but also subjective form, and as this concrescence is not only determined by the objective content (by what is felt), but also by the subjective form (by how it is felt), it is not only determined by the antecedent world that is felt, but also by how it is felt. in other words, each actual entity has to take into account its past, but that past only conditions and does not completely determine how the actual entity will take it into account, and “how an actual entity becomes constitutes what that actual entity is” ( c [ : ]). how does this relate to eternal objects? how an actual entity takes into account its antecedent world involves “the realization of eternal objects [or pure potentials] in the constitution of the actual entity in question” ( c [ : ]), and this is partly decided by the actual entity itself. in fact, “actuality is the decision amid potentiality” ( c [ : ]). another way of stating the same is that “the subjective form … has the character of a valuation” and according as the valuation is a ‘valuation up’ or ‘a valuation down,’ the importance of the eternal object [or pure potentials] is enhanced, or attenuated. ( c [ : – ]) according to whitehead, self-determination gives rise to the probabilistic laws of science as well as human freedom. we cannot decide what the causes are of our present moment of experience, but—to a certain extent—we can decide how we take them into account. in other words, we cannot change what happens to us, but we can choose how we take it. because our inner life is constituted not only by what we feel, but also by how we feel what we feel, not only by objective content, but also by subjective form, whitehead argues that outer compulsion and efficient causation do not have the last word in our becoming; inner self-determination and final causation do. whitehead completes his metaphysics by introducing god (cf. part v of process and reality) as one of the elements to further understand self-determination (and that it does not result in chaos or mere repetition, but promotes order and novelty) and final causation (and that it ultimately aims at “intensity of feeling” ( c [ : ]) or “depth of satisfaction” ( c [ : ])). according to whitehead: “god is the organ of novelty” and order ( c [ : ]); apart from the intervention of god, there could be nothing new in the world, and no order in the world. the course of creation would be a dead level of ineffectiveness, with all balance and intensity progressively excluded by the cross currents of incompatibility; ( c [ : ]) and “god’s purpose in the creative advance is the evocation of intensities” ( c [ : ]). actually, this last quote from process and reality is the equivalent of an earlier quote from religion in the making—“the purpose of god is the attainment of value in the world” ( b [ : ])—and a later quote from adventures of ideas—“the teleology of the universe is directed to the production of beauty” ( [ : ]). each actual occasion does not only feel its antecedent world (its past), but god as well, and it is the feeling of god which constitutes the initial aim for the actual occasion’s becoming—“his [god’s] tenderness is directed towards each actual occasion, as it arises” ( c [ : ]). again, however, the actual occasion is “finally responsible for the decision by which any lure for feeling is admitted to efficiency” ( c [ : ]), even if that lure is divine. in other words, each actual occasion is “conditioned, though not determined, by an initial subjective aim supplied by the ground of all order and originality” ( c [ : ]). for more details on whitehead’s metaphysics, cf. the books listed in section as well as emmet , johnson , eisendrath , lango , connelly , ross , ford , nobo , mchenry , jones , and basile . . religion as whitehead’s process philosophy gave rise to the movement of process theology, most philosophers think that his take on religion was merely positive. this commonplace is wrong. whitehead wrote: religion is by no means necessarily good. it may be very evil. ( b [ : ]) in considering religion, we should not be obsessed by the idea of its necessary goodness. this is a dangerous delusion. ( b [ : ]) indeed history, down to the present day, is a melancholy record of the horrors which can attend religion: human sacrifice, and in particular, the slaughter of children, cannibalism, sensual orgies, abject superstition, hatred as between races, the maintenance of degrading customs, hysteria, bigotry, can all be laid at its charge. religion is the last refuge of human savagery. the uncritical association of religion with goodness is directly negatived by plain facts. ( b [ : ]) this being said, whitehead didn’t hold that religion is merely negative. to him, religion can be “positive or negative, good or bad” ( b [ : ]). so after highlighting that the necessary goodness of religion is a dangerous delusion in religion in the making, whitehead abruptly adds: “the point to notice is its transcendent importance” ( b [ : ]). in science and the modern world, whitehead expresses this transcendent importance of religion as follows: religion is the vision of something which stands beyond, behind, and within, the passing flux of immediate things; something which is real, and yet waiting to be realized; something which is a remote possibility, and yet the greatest of present facts; something that gives meaning to all that passes, and yet eludes all apprehension; something whose possession is the final good, and yet is beyond all reach; something which is the ultimate ideal, and the hopeless quest. ( a [ : – ]) and after pointing out that religion is the last refuge of human savagery in religion in the making, whitehead abruptly adds: “religion can be, and has been, the main instrument for progress” ( b [ : – ]). in science and the modern world this message reads: religion has emerged into human experience mixed with the crudest fantasies of barbaric imagination. gradually, slowly, steadily the vision recurs in history under nobler form and with clearer expression. it is the one element in human experience which persistently shows an upward trend. it fades and then recurs. but when it renews its force, it recurs with an added richness and purity of content. the fact of the religious vision, and its history of persistent expansion, is our one ground for optimism. ( a [ : ]) with respect to the relationship between science and religion, whitehead’s view clearly differs from stephen jay gould’s view that religion and science do not overlap. gould wrote: the lack of conflict between science and religion arises from a lack of overlap between their respective domains of professional expertise—science in the empirical constitution of the universe, and religion in the search for proper ethical values and the spiritual meaning of our lives. ( ) whitehead, on the contrary, wrote: “you cannot shelter theology from science, or science from theology” ( b [ : ]). and: “the conflict between science and religion is what naturally occurs in our minds when we think of this subject” ( a [ : ]). however, whitehead did not agree with those who hold that the ideal solution of the science-religion conflict is the complete annihilation of religion. whitehead, on the contrary, held that we should aim at the integration of science and religion, and turn the impoverishing opposition between the two into an enriching contrast. according to whitehead, both religion and science are important, and he wrote: when we consider what religion is for mankind, and what science is, it is no exaggeration to say that the future course of history depends upon the decision of this generation as to the relation between them. ( a [ : ]) whitehead never sided with those who, in the name of science, oppose religion with a misplaced and dehumanizing rhetoric of disenchantment, nor with those who, in the name of religion, oppose science with a misplaced and dehumanizing exaltation of existent religious dogmas, codes of behavior, institutions, rituals, etc. as whitehead wrote: “there is the hysteria of depreciation, and there is the opposite hysteria which dehumanizes in order to exalt” ( [ : ]). whitehead, on the contrary, urged both scientific and religious leaders to observe “the utmost toleration of variety of opinion” ( a [ : ]) as well as the following advice: every age produces people with clear logical intellects, and with the most praiseworthy grip of the importance of some sphere of human experience, who have elaborated, or inherited, a scheme of thought which exactly fits those experiences which claim their interest. such people are apt resolutely to ignore, or to explain away, all evidence which confuses their scheme with contradictory instances. what they cannot fit in is for them nonsense. an unflinching determination to take the whole evidence into account is the only method of preservation against the fluctuating extremes of fashionable opinion. this advice seems so easy, and is in fact so difficult to follow ( a [ : ]). whitehead’s advice of taking the whole evidence into account implies taking the inner life of religion into account and not only its external life: life is an internal fact for its own sake, before it is an external fact relating itself to others. the conduct of external life is conditioned by environment, but it receives its final quality, on which its worth depends, from the internal life which is the self-realization of existence. religion is the art and the theory of the internal life of man, so far as it depends on the man himself and on what is permanent in the nature of things. this doctrine is the direct negation of the theory that religion is primarily a social fact. social facts are of great importance to religion, because there is no such thing as absolutely independent existence. you cannot abstract society from man; most psychology is herd-psychology. but all collective emotions leave untouched the awful ultimate fact, which is the human being, consciously alone with itself, for its own sake. religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness. ( b [ : – ]) whitehead’s advice also implies the challenge to continually reshape the outer life of religion in accord with the scientific developments, while remaining faithful to its inner life. when taking into account science, religion runs the risk of collapsing. indeed, while reshaping its outer life, religion can only avoid implosion by remaining faithful to its inner life. “religions commit suicide”, according to whitehead, when do they not find “their inspirations … in the primary expressions of the intuitions of the finest types of religious lives” ( b [ : ]). and he writes: religion, therefore, while in the framing of dogmas it must admit modifications from the complete circle of our knowledge, still brings its own contribution of immediate experience. ( b [ : – ]) on the other hand, when religion shelters itself from the complete circle of knowledge, it also faces “decay” and, whitehead adds, “the church will perish unless it opens its window” ( b [ : ]). so there really is no alternative. but that does not render the task at hand any easier. whitehead lists two necessary, but not sufficient, requirements for religious leaders to reshape, again and again, the outer expressions of their inner experiences: first, they should stop exaggerating the importance of the outer life of religion. whitehead writes: collective enthusiasms, revivals, institutions, churches, rituals, bibles, codes of behavior, are the trappings of religion, its passing forms. they may be useful, or harmful; they may be authoritatively ordained, or merely temporary expedients. but the end of religion is beyond all this. ( b [ : ]) secondly, they should learn from scientists how to deal with continual revision. whitehead writes: when darwin or einstein proclaim theories which modify our ideas, it is a triumph for science. we do not go about saying that there is another defeat for science, because its old ideas have been abandoned. we know that another step of scientific insight has been gained. religion will not regain its old power until it can face change in the same spirit as does science. its principles may be eternal, but the expression of those principles requires continual development. this evolution of religion is in the main a disengagement of its own proper ideas in terms of the imaginative picture of the world entertained in previous ages. such a release from the bonds of imperfect science is all to the good. ( a [ : – ]) in this respect, whitehead offers the following example: the clash between religion and science, which has relegated the earth to the position of a second-rate planet attached to a second-rate sun, has been greatly to the benefit of the spirituality of religion by dispersing [a number of] medieval fancies. ( a [ : ]) on the other hand, whitehead is well aware that religion more often fails than succeeds in this respect, and he writes, for example, that both christianity and buddhism … have suffered from the rise of … science, because neither of them had … the requisite flexibility of adaptation. ( b [ : ]) if the condition of mutual tolerance is satisfied, then, according to whitehead: “a clash of doctrines is not a disaster—it is an opportunity” ( a [ : ]). in other words, if this condition is satisfied, then the clash between religion and science is an opportunity on the path toward their integration or, as whitehead puts it: the clash is a sign that there are wider truths and finer perspectives within which a reconciliation of a deeper religion and a more subtle science will be found. ( a [ : ]) according to whitehead, the task of philosophy is “to absorb into one system all sources of experience” ( b [ : ]), including the intuitions at the basis of both science and religion, and in religion in the making, he expresses the basic religious intuition as follows: there is a quality of life which lies always beyond the mere fact of life; and when we include the quality in the fact, there is still omitted the quality of the quality. it is not true that the finer quality is the direct associate of obvious happiness or obvious pleasure. religion is the direct apprehension that, beyond such happiness and such pleasure remains the function of what is actual and passing, that it contributes its quality as an immortal fact to the order which informs the world. ( b [ : ]) the first aspect of this dual intuition that “our existence is more than a succession of bare facts” (idem) is that the quality or value of each of the successive occasions of life derives from a finer quality or value, which lies beyond the mere facts of life, and even beyond obvious happiness and pleasure, namely, the finer quality or value of which life is informed by god. the second aspect is that each of the successive occasions of life contributes its quality or value as an immortal fact to god. in process and reality, whitehead absorbed this dual religious intuition in terms of the bipolar—primordial and consequent—nature of god. god viewed as primordial does not determine the becoming of each actual occasion, but conditions it (cf. supra—the initial subjective aim). he does not force, but tenderly persuades each actual occasion to actualize—from “the absolute wealth of potentiality” ( : )—value-potentials relevant for that particular becoming. “god”, according to whitehead, “is the poet of the world, with tender patience leading it by his vision of truth, beauty, and goodness” ( c [ : ]). “the ultimate evil in the temporal world”, whitehead writes, lies in the fact that the past fades, that time is a “perpetual perishing.” … in the temporal world, it is the empirical fact that process entails loss. ( c [ : ]) in other words, from a merely factual point of view, “human life is a flash of occasional enjoyments lighting up a mass of pain and misery, a bagatelle of transient experience” ( a [ : ]). according to whitehead, however, this is not the whole story. on april , while preparing the gifford lectures that became process and reality, whitehead wrote to rosalind greene: i am working at my giffords. the problem of problems which bothers me, is the real transitoriness of things—and yet!!—i am equally convinced that the great side of things is weaving something ageless and immortal: something in which personalities retain the wonder of their radiance—and the fluff sinks into utter triviality. but i cannot express it at all—no system of words seems up to the job. (unpublished letter archived by the whitehead research project) whitehead’s attempt to express it in process and reality reads: there is another side to the nature of god which cannot be omitted. … god, as well as being primordial, is also consequent … god is dipolar. ( c [ : ]) the consequent nature of god is his judgment on the world. he saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved. ( c [ : ]) the consequent nature of god is the fluent world become ‘everlasting’ … in god. ( c [ : ]) whitehead’s dual description of god as tender persuader and tender savior reveals his affinity with “the galilean origin of christianity” ( c [ : ]). indeed, his theistic philosophy … does not emphasize the ruling caesar, or the ruthless moralist, or the unmoved mover. it dwells upon the tender elements in the world, which slowly and in quietness operate by love. (idem) one of the major reasons why whitehead’s process philosophy is popular among theologians, and gave rise to process theology, is the fact that it helps to overcome the doctrine of an omnipotent god creating everything out of nothing. this creatio ex nihilo doctrine implies god’s responsibility for everything that is evil, and also that god is the only ultimate reality. in other words, it prevents the reconciliation of divine love and human suffering as well as the reconciliation of the various religious traditions, for example, theistic christianity and nontheistic buddhism. in yet other words, the creatio ex nihilo doctrine is a stumbling block for theologians involved in theodicy or interreligious dialogue. contrary to it, whitehead’s process philosophy holds that there are three ultimate (but inseparable) aspects of total reality: god (the divine actual entity), the world (the universe of all finite actual occasions), and the creativity (the twofold power to exert efficient and final causation) that god and all finite actual occasions embody. the distinction between god and creativity (that god is not the only instance of creativity) implies that there is no god with the power completely to determine the becoming of all actual occasions in the world—they are instances of creativity too. in this sense, god is not omnipotent, but can be conceived as “the fellow-sufferer who understands” ( c [ : ]). moreover, the whiteheadian doctrine of three ultimates—the one supreme being or god, the many finite beings or the cosmos, and being itself or creativity—also implies a religious pluralism that holds that the different kinds of religious experience are (not experiences of the same ultimate reality, but) diverse modes of experiencing diverse ultimate aspects of the totality of reality. for example: one of these [three ultimates], corresponding with what whitehead calls “creativity”, has been called “emptiness” (“sunyata”) or “dharmakaya” by buddhists, “nirguna brahman” by advaita vedantists, “the godhead” by meister eckhart, and “being itself” by heidegger and tillich (among others). it is the formless ultimate reality. the other ultimate, corresponding with what whitehead calls “god”, is not being itself but the supreme being. it is in-formed and the source of forms (such as truth, beauty, and justice). it has been called “amida buddha”, “sambhogakaya”, “saguna brahman”, “ishvara”, “yaweh”, “christ”, and “allah”. (d. griffin : ) [some] forms of taoism and many primal religions, including native american religions […] regard the cosmos as sacred. by recognizing the cosmos as a third ultimate, we are able to see that these cosmic religions are also oriented toward something truly ultimate in the nature of things. (d. griffin : ) the religious pluralism implication of whitehead’s doctrine of three ultimates has been drawn most clearly by john cobb. in “john cobb’s whiteheadian complementary pluralism”, david griffin writes: cobb’s view that the totality of reality contains three ultimates, along with the recognition that a particular tradition could concentrate on one, two, or even all three of them, gives us a basis for understanding a wide variety of religious experiences as genuine responses to something that is really there to be experienced. “when we understand global religious experience and thought in this way”, cobb emphasizes, “it is easier to view the contributions of diverse traditions as complementary”. (d. griffin : ) . whitehead’s influence whitehead’s key philosophical concept—the internal relatedness of occasions of experience—distanced him from the idols of logical positivism. indeed, his reliance on our intuition of the extensive relatedness of events (and hence, of the space-time metric) was at variance with both poincaré’s conventionalism and einstein’s interpretation of relativity: his reliance on our intuition of the causal relatedness of events, and of both the efficient and the final aspects of causation, was an insult to the anti-metaphysical dogmas of hume and russell; his method of causal explanation was also an antipode of ernst mach’s method of economic description; his philosophical affinity with james and bergson as well as his endeavor to harmonize science and religion made him liable to the russellian charge of anti-intellectualism; and his genuine modesty and aversion to public controversy made him invisible at the philosophical firmament dominated by the brilliance of ludwig wittgenstein. at first—because of whitehead’s principia mathematica collaboration with russell as well as his application of mathematical logic to abstract the basic concepts of physics—logical positivists and analytic philosophers admired whitehead. but when whitehead published science and the modern world, the difference between whitehead’s thought and theirs became obvious, and they grew progressively more dissatisfied over the direction in which whitehead was moving. susan stebbing of the cambridge school of analysis is only one of many examples that could be evoked here (cf. chapman : – ), and in order to find a more positive reception of whitehead’s philosophical work, one has to turn to opponents of analytic philosophy such as robin george collingwood (for example, collingwood ). the differences with logical positivism and analytic philosophy, however, should not lead philosophers to neglect the affinities of whitehead’s thought with these philosophical currents (cf. shields , desmet & weber , desmet & rusu , riffert ). despite signs of interest in whitehead by a number of famous philosophers—for example, hannah arendt, maurice merleau-ponty and gilles deleuze—it is fair to say that whitehead’s process philosophy would most likely have entered oblivion if the chicago divinity school and the claremont school of theology had not shown a major interest in it. in other words, not philosophers but theologians saved whitehead’s process philosophy from oblivion. for example, charles hartshorne, who taught at the university of chicago from to , where he was a dominant intellectual force in the divinity school, has been instrumental in highlighting the importance of whitehead’s process philosophy, which dovetailed with his own, largely independently developed thought. hartshorne wrote: the century which produced some terrible things produced a scientist scarcely second in genius and character to any that ever lived, einstein, and a philosopher who, i incline to say, is similarly second to none, unless it be plato. to make no use of genius of this order is hardly wise; for it is indeed a rarity. a mathematician sensitive to so many of the values in our culture, so imaginative and inventive in his thinking, so eager to learn from the great minds of the past and the present, so free from any narrow partisanship, religious or irreligious, is one person in hundreds of millions. he can be mistaken, but even his mistakes may be more instructive than most other writers’ truth. ( : ) after mentioning a number of other theologians next to hartshorne as part of “the first wave of … impressive whitehead-inspired scholars”, michel weber—in his introduction to the two-volume handbook of whiteheadian process thought—writes: in the sixties emerged john b. cobb, jr. and shubert m. ogden. cobb’s christian natural theology remains a landmark in the field. the journal process studies was created in by cobb and lewis s. ford; the center for process studies was established in by cobb and david ray griffin in claremont. the result of these developments was that whiteheadian process scholarship has acquired, and kept, a fair visibility … (weber & desmond : ) indeed, inspired mainly by cobb and griffin, many other centers, societies, associations, projects and conferences of whiteheadian process scholarship have seen the light of day all over the world—nowadays most prominently in the people’s republic of china (cf. weber & desmond : – ). in fact, weber himself has created in the whitehead psychology nexus and the chromatiques whiteheadiennes scholarly societies, and he has been the driving force behind several book series, one of which—the process thought series—includes the already mentioned handbook of whiteheadian process thought, in which internationally renowned whitehead scholars give an impressive overview of the status of their research findings in an enormous variety of domains (cf. the centre for philosophical practice [other internet resources, oir] and armour ). missing in the handbook, however, are most whitehead scholars reading whitehead through deleuzian glasses—especially isabelle stengers, whose book, thinking with whitehead, cannot be ignored. the lure of whitehead, edited by nicholas gaskill and a. j. nocek in , can largely remedy that shortcoming. important for whitehead scholarship, next to the many book series initiated by weber, are the older suny series in constructive postmodern thought, the recent contemporary whitehead studies and the critical edition of whitehead (cf. whitehead research project [oir]) as well as the new toward ecological civilization series (cf. process century press [oir]). in the series preface of the latter series, john cobb writes: we live in the ending of an age. but the ending of the modern period differs from the ending of previous periods, such as the classical or the medieval. the amazing achievements of modernity make it possible, even likely, that its end will also be the end of civilization, of many species, or even of the human species. at the same time, we are living in an age of new beginnings that give promise of an ecological civilization. its emergence is marked by a growing sense of urgency and deepening awareness that the changes must go to the roots of what has led to the current threat of catastrophe. in june , the th whitehead international conference was held in claremont, ca. called “seizing an alternative: toward an ecological civilization”, it claimed an organic, relational, integrated, nondual, and processive conceptuality is needed, and that alfred north whitehead provides this in a remarkably comprehensive and rigorous way. we proposed that he could be “the philosopher of ecological civilization”. with the help of those who have come to an ecological vision in other ways, the conference explored this whiteheadian alternative, showing how it can provide the shared vision so urgently needed. cobb refers to the tenth of the bi-annual international whitehead conferences, which are sponsored by the international process network. the international whitehead conference has been held at locations around the globe since . this is an important venture in global whiteheadian thought, as key whiteheadian scholars from a variety of disciplines and countries come together for the continued pursuit of critically engaging a process worldview. bibliography primary literature 	 , a treatise on universal algebra with applications, cambridge: cambridge university press. [whitehead available online] 	 , “on cardinal numbers”, american journal of mathematics, ( ): – . doi: . / 	 a, “on mathematical concepts of the material world”, philosophical transactions of the royal society of london, series a, ( – ): – . doi: . /rsta. . 	 b, the axioms of projective geometry, cambridge: cambridge university press. [whitehead b available online] 	 , the axioms of descriptive geometry, cambridge: cambridge university press. [whitehead available online] 	 a, “the philosophy of mathematics”, science progress in the twentieth century, : – . [whitehead a available online] 	 b, , (with bertrand russell), principia mathematica, volumes, cambridge: cambridge university press. 	 [ ], an introduction to mathematics, oxford: oxford university press, . [whitehead available online] 	 , “la théorie relationniste de l’espace”, revue de métaphysique et morale, ( ): – . 	 [ ], the organisation of thought: educational and scientific, london: williams and norgate. reprinted westport, connecticut: greenwood press, . [whitehead available online] 	 a [ ], an enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge, cambridge: cambridge university press. reprinted new york: dover publications, . [whitehead a available online] 	 b, “a revolution of science”, the nation (london), november , : – . 	 [ ], the concept of nature, cambridge: cambridge university press. [whitehead available online] 	 [ ], the principle of relativity with applications to physical science, cambridge: cambridge university press. reprinted new york: dover publications, . [whitehead available online] 	 a [ ], science and the modern world, (lowell institute lectures ), cambridge: cambridge university press. reprinted new york: the free press, . [whitehead a available online] 	 b [ ], religion in the making, (lowell institute lectures ), new york: the macmillan company. reprinted new york: fordham university press, . 	 [ ], symbolism: its meaning and effect, new york: macmillan. reprinted new york: fordham university press, . 	 a, the aims of education and other essays, new york: the macmillan company. 	 b [ ], the function of reason, princeton: princeton university press. reprinted boston: beacon press, . 	 c [ ], process and reality, (gifford lectures – ), new york: macmillan. corrected edition, david ray griffin & donald w. sherburne (eds.), new york: the free press, . 	 [ ], adventures of ideas, new york: macmillan company. reprinted new york: the free press, . 	 [ ], nature and life, chicago: university of chicago press. reprinted cambridge: cambridge university press, . 	 [ ], modes of thought, new york: macmillan company. reprinted new york: the free press, . 	 [ ], essays in science and philosophy, new york: philosophical library. reprinted westport, connecticut: greenwood press, . 	 [ ], dialogues of alfred north whitehead, lucien price (ed.), boston: little brown. reprinted westport, connecticut: greenwood press. 	 , the interpretation of science, selected essays, a. h. johnson, (ed.), new york: bobbs-merrill. 	 , the harvard lectures of alfred north whitehead – : philosophical presupositions of science, (the edinburgh critical edition of the complete works of alfred north whitehead), paul bogaard & jason bell (eds.), edinburgh: edinburgh university press. secondary literature 	armour lesley, , “looking for whitehead”, british journal for the history of philosophy, ( ): – . doi: . / . . 	athern, daniel, , “physics and whitehead: an alternative approach”, process studies, ( ): – . doi: . /process 	basile, pierfrancesco, , leibniz, whitehead and the metaphysics of causation, london: palgrave macmillan. doi: . / 	bostock, david, , “whitehead and russell on points”, philosophia mathematica, ( ): – . doi: . /philmat/nkp 	bright, laurence, , whitehead’s philosophy of physics, london: sheed and ward. 	chapman, siobhan, , susan stebbing and the language of common sense, london: palgrave macmillan. doi: . / 	clark, g. l., , “the problem of two bodies in whitehead’s theory”, proceedings of the royal society of edinburgh, series a (mathematics & physics) ( ): – . doi: . /s 	cobb, john b., , a christian natural theology: based on the thought of alfred north whitehead, second edition, louisville, ky: westminster john knox press. first edition . 	–––, , whitehead word book: a glossary with alphabetic index to technical terms in process and reality, anoka, mn: process century press. 	code, murray, , order & organicism, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	collingwood, robin george, , the idea of nature, oxford: oxford university press. 	connelly, r. j., , whitehead vs hartshorne: basic metaphysical issues, washington, dc: university press of america. 	deroo, emeline & bruno leclerc (eds.), , special issue on whitehead’s early work, logique et analyse, nouvelle série, ( ). 	desmet, ronny, , “principia mathematica centenary”, process studies, ( ): – . doi: . /process 	–––, , “putting whitehead’s theory of gravitation in its historical context”, logique et analyse, nouvelle série, ( ): – . 	–––, a, “poincaré and whitehead on intuition and logic in mathematics”, process studies supplements, issue : – . 	–––, b, “out of season: evaluating whitehead’s alternative theory of gravitation by means of the aesthetic criteria induced by einstein’s general theory of relativity”, process studies supplements, issue : – . 	–––, c, “aesthetic comparison of einstein’s and whitehead’s theories of gravity”, process studies, ( ): – . doi: . /process 	––– (ed.), d, intuition in mathematics and physics: a whiteheadian approach, anoka, mn: process century press. 	desmet, ronny & bogdan rusu, , “whitehead, russell, and moore: three analytic philosophers”, process studies, ( ): – . doi: . /process 	desmet, ronny & michel weber (eds.), , whitehead: the algebra of metaphysics, louvain-la-neuve, belgium: les editions chromatika. 	eastman, timothy & hank keeton (eds.), , physics and whitehead: quantum, process and experience, albany, ny: state univeristy of new york press. 	eastman, timothy & epperson, michael & griffin, david ray (eds.), , physics and speculative philosophy: potentiality in modern science, berlin: de gruyter. 	eddington, arthur, [ ], report on the relativity theory of gravitation, london: fleetway press. reprinted new york: dover publications, . [eddington available online] 	–––, , “comparison of whitehead’s and einstein’s formulae”, nature, ( ): . doi: . / a 	eisendrath, craig, , the unifying moment: the psychological philosophy of william james and alfred north whitehead, cambridge, ma: harvard university press. 	emmet, dorothy, , whitehead’s philosophy of organism, london: macmillan. 	epperson, michael, , quantum mechanics and the philosophy of alfred north whitehead, new york: fordham university press. 	epperson, michael & elias zafiris, , foundations of relational realism, lanham, md: lexington books. 	fitzgerald, janet, , alfred north whitehead’s early philosophy of space and time, washington. dc: university press of america. 	ford, lewis, , the emergence of whitehead’s metaphysics: – , albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	franklin, stephen t., , speaking from the depths, grand rapids, mi: w.b. eerdmans publishing co. 	gandon, sébastien, , russell’s unknown logicism: a study in the history and philosophy of mathematics, london: palgrave macmillan. doi: . / 	gaskill, nicholas & a.j. nocek (eds.), , the lure of whitehead, minneapolis, mn: university of minnesota press. 	gibbons, gary & clifford m. will, , “on the multiple deaths of whitehead’s theory of gravity”, studies in history and philosophy of modern physics, ( ): – . doi: . /j.shpsb. . . 	gould, stephen jay, , “nonoverlapping magisteria”, natural history, (march): – . [gould available online] 	grattan-guinness, ivor, , “russell and g.h. hardy: a study of their relationship”, journal of the bertrand russell archives, ( ): – . doi: . /russell.v i . 	–––, , the search for mathematical roots, – , princeton, nj: princeton university press. 	–––, , “algebras, projective geometry, mathematical logic, and constructing the world: intersections in the philosophy of mathematics of a. n. whitehead”, historia mathematica, ( ): – . doi: . /hmat. . 	griffin, david ray (ed.), , deep religious pluralism, louisville, ky: westminster john knox press. 	–––, , whitehead’s radically different postmodern philosophy, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	griffin, nicholas & bernard linsky (eds.), , principia mathematica at , hamilton, on: bertrand russell research center. 	griffin, nicholas, bernard linsky & kenneth blackwell (eds.), , the palgrave centenary companion to principia mathematica, london: palgrave macmillan. doi: . / 	hammerschmidt, william, , whitehead’s philosophy of time, new york: king’s crown press. 	hartshorne, charles, , whitehead’s philosophy: selected essays, – , lincoln, ne: university of nebraska press. 	–––, , “whitehead in historical context”, in charles hartshorne & w. creighton peden, whitehead’s view of reality, uk: cambrige scholar publishing, – . 	hättich, frank, , quantum processes: a whiteheadian interpretation of quantum field theory, münster: agenda verlag. 	henning, brian, adam scarfe & dorian sagan (eds.), , beyond mechanism, lanham: lexington books. 	herstein, gary, , whitehead and the measurement problem of cosmology, frankfurt: ontos verlag. 	hosinski, thomas e., , stubborn fact and creative advance: an introduction to the metaphysics of alfred north whitehead, lanham: rowman & littlefield publishers inc. 	irvine, a. d. (ed.), , philosophy of mathematics, amsterdam: elsevier/north holland. 	jeans, james, , report on radiation and the quantum-theory, london: “the electrician” printing & publishing co. 	johnson, a. h., , whitehead’s theory of reality, boston: beacon press. 	jones, judith, , intensity: an essay in whiteheadian ontology, nashville, tn: vanderbilt university press. 	kraus, elizabeth, , the metaphysics of experience: a companion to whitehead’s process and reality, new york: fordham university press. 	lango, j. w., , whitehead’s ontology, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	lawrence, n. m., , whitehead’s philosophical development, berkeley: university of california press. 	leclerc, ivor, , whitehead’s metaphysics: an introductory exposition, london: allen and unvin; new york: macmillan. 	lowe, victor, , understanding whitehead, baltimore: the john hopkins press. 	–––, , alfred north whitehead: the man and his work, volume i: – , baltimore: the john hopkins university press. 	–––, , alfred north whitehead: the man and his work; volume ii: – , j.b. schneewind (ed.), baltimore and london: the john hopkins university press. 	lucas, g. r., , the rehabilitation of whitehead, albany, ny: state university of new york, . 	malin, shimon, , nature loves to hide: quantum physics and the nature of reality, a western perspective, oxford: oxford university press. 	mchenry, leemon, , whitehead and bradley: a comparative analysis, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	–––, , the event universe: the revisionary metaphysics of alfred north whitehead, edinburgh: edinburgh university press. 	mays, wolfe, , the philosophy of whitehead, london: allen and unwin. 	–––, , whitehead’s philosophy of science and metaphysics, the hague: martinus nijhoff. 	mesle, robert, , process-relational philosophy: an introduction to alfred north whitehead, conshohocken, pa: templeton foundation press. 	nobo, jorge luis, , whitehead’s metaphysics of extension and solidarity, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	palter, r. m., , whitehead’s philosophy of science, chicago: the university of chicago press. 	plamondon, ann l., , whitehead’s organic philosophy of science, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	ramsden eames, elizabeth, , bertrand russell’s dialogue with his contemporaries, carbondale, il: south illinois university press. 	riffert, franz, , “analytic philosophy, whitehead, and theory construction”, process studies, ( ): – . doi: . /process 	ross, s. d., , perspective in whitehead’s metaphysics, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	rovelli, carlo, , reality is not what it seems: the journey to quantum gravity, uk: penguin books. 	russell, bertrand, [ ], essay on the foundations of geometry, new york: dover publications. 	–––, , the principles of mathematics, cambridge: cambridge university press. 	–––, , “whitehead and principia mathematica”, mind, ( ): – . doi: . /mind/lvii. . 	–––, , “alfred north whitehead”, in portraits from memory, new york: simon and schuster, – . 	–––, , my philosophical development, london: george allan and unwin. 	–––, , the autobiography of bertrand russell, volume , london: george allan and unwin. 	russell, robert john & christoph wassermann, , “a generalized whiteheadian theory of gravity: the kerr solution”, process studies supplement, issue . 	schilpp, paul (ed.), , the philosophy of alfred north whitehead, la salle: open court. 	segall, matthew, , physics of the world-soul: the relevance of alfred north whitehead’s philosophy of organism to contemporary scientific cosmology, uk: amazon. 	shaviro, steven, , without criteria: kant, whitehead, deleuze, and aesthetics, cambridge, massachusetts: mit press. 	sherburne, donald w., , a whiteheadian aesthetics, new haven: yale university press. 	shields, g. w. (ed.), , process and analysis: whitehead, hartshorne, and the analytic tradition, albany, ny: state university of new york press. 	smith, raymond, , whitehead’s concept of logic, westminster: the newman press. 	snow, c.p., , the two cultures and the scientific revolution, (rede lecture, ), cambridge: cambridge university press. 	stapp, henry, , mind, matter, and quantum mechanics, berlin: springer verlag. 	–––, , mindful universe: quantum mechanics and the participating observer, berlin: springer verlag. 	stengers, isabelle, , thinking with whitehead, cambridge, ma: harvard university press. 	synge, j.l., , “orbits and rays in the gravitational field of a finite sphere according to the theory of a. n. whitehead”, proceedings of the royal society of london, series a ( ): – . doi: . /rspa. . 	temple, george, , “central orbits in relativistic dynamics treated by the hamilton-jacobi method”, philosophical magazine, series , ( ): – . doi: . / 	von ranke, oliver, , whiteheads relativitätstheorie, regensburg: roderer verlag. 	weber, michel & will desmond (eds.), , handbook of whiteheadian process thought, volumes, frankfurt: ontos verlag. academic tools 		how to cite this entry. 		preview the pdf version of this entry at the friends of the sep society. 		look up topics and thinkers related to this entry at the internet philosophy ontology project (inpho). 		enhanced bibliography for this entry at philpapers, with links to its database. other internet resources 	international process network 	alfred north whitehead, mactutor history of mathematics archive. 	alfred north whitehead, mathematics genealogy project. 	alfred north whitehead, project gutenberg. 	process studies, a peer-reviewed journal. 	society for the study of process philosophies. 	whitehead and russell’s principia mathematica. 	whitehead research project. 	the centre for philosophical practice “chromatiques whiteheadiennes” 	process century press 	center for process studies related entries frege, gottlob | logic: classical | logical atomism: russell’s | logicism and neologicism | principia mathematica | process philosophy | russell, bertrand | substance acknowledgments for the version, ronny desmet has joined andrew irvine as co-author and taken the lead in maintaining this entry. copyright © by ronald desmet <ronald.desmet@vub.ac.be> andrew david irvine <andrew.irvine@ubc.ca> open access to the sep is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. the encyclopedia now needs your support please read how you can help keep the encyclopedia free browse 	table of contents 	what's new 	random entry 	chronological 	archives about 	editorial information 	about the sep 	editorial board 	how to cite the sep 	special characters 	advanced tools 	contact support sep 	support the sep 	pdfs for sep friends 	make a donation 	sepia for libraries mirror sites view this site from another server: usa (main site) csli, stanford university 	info about mirror sites the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy is copyright © by the metaphysics research lab, center for the study of language and information (csli), stanford university library of congress catalog data: issn - tk labels – local contexts 	register 	sign in 	home 	about 		about local contexts 	collaborating / sharing 	reciprocal curation workflow 	labels 		traditional knowledge 	biocultural 	notices 		notices 	traditional knowledge 	biocultural 	cultural institution 	licenses 		traditional knowledge 	local contexts hub 	contact tk labels the tk and bc labels are an initiative for indigenous communities and local organizations. developed through sustained partnership and testing within indigenous communities across multiple countries, the labels allow communities to express local and specific conditions for sharing and engaging in future research and relationships in ways that are consistent with already existing community rules, governance and protocols for using, sharing and circulating knowledge and data. communities customize their tk & bc labels. to do this you will need to use the local contexts hub which allows community control over customization and delivery to institutions, data repositories and other organizations. the tk labels support the inclusion of local protocols for access and use to cultural heritage that is digitally circulating outside community contexts. the tk labels identify and clarify community-specific rules and responsibilities regarding access and future use of traditional knowledge. this includes sacred and/or ceremonial material, material that has gender restrictions, seasonal conditions of use and/or materials specifically designed for outreach purposes.  the tk label text is intended to be customized by each community – giving the labels specificity and context. the title of each tk label can be translated into one or more languages and displayed in addition to the default label title. the tk label icons are not to be altered.  this is to ensure national and international recognition and integrity across content and collection management systems, online repositories, websites, and physical exhibits. for more information on implementing and displaying the tk labels, please contact the local contexts team. español / spanish las etiquetas de conocimiento tradicional (ct) son una herramienta para comunidades y pueblos indígenas para agregar protocolos culturales locales respecto al acceso y uso de patrimonio cultural que está circulando digitalmente online fuera de los contextos locales de la comunidad. estas etiquetas ofrecen una estrategia educativa e informacional para ayudar a usuarios externos a la comunidad entender la importancia y valor que estos materiales tienen para las comunidades de origen. el etiquetado de conocimiento tradicional ha sido diseñado para identificar y clarificar qué materiales tienen restricciones comunitarias específicas respecto a su acceso y uso. esto en particular en relación a material sagrado y/o ceremonial, material con restricciones de género, condiciones de uso estacionales y/o materiales diseñados específicamente para actividades de difusión o educativas. las etiquetas de ct también pueden ser usadas para agregar información “faltante,” incluyendo el nombre de la comunidad creadora o custodios culturales del material circulante y cómo ponerse en contacto con los miembros de la comunidad para coordinar y regularizar los permisos de acceso y uso apropiados. français / french les étiquettes de savoir traditionnel (st) sont des outils permettant aux communautés autochtones de lier leurs protocoles internes d’accès et d’utilisation à tout patrimoine culturel documenté qui circule sur une plateforme numérique extérieure aux communautés. les étiquettes st favorisent l’adoption d’une stratégie pédagogique et informative envers les utilisateurs non membres des communautés d’origine de ce patrimoine culturel. elles permettent à ces utilisateurs de mieux comprendre l’importance et la portée de ce patrimoine culturel qui demeure signifiant pour les communautés d’origine. l’étiquetage st a été conçu pour identifier tout matériel soumis à des restrictions spécifiques à une communauté et pour en expliciter l’accès et l’utilisation. ces restrictions s’appliquent plus particulièrement au matériel de nature sacrée ou cérémoniale, au matériel comportant des restrictions de nature genrée, à l’utilisation saisonnière ou au matériel conçu spécifiquement à des fins de sensibilisation. les étiquettes st peuvent également servir à ajouter de l’information « manquante », telle que le nom de la communauté qui est le créateur ou le gardien culturel du matériel ainsi que la façon de communiquer avec la famille, le clan ou la communauté concernée afin d’obtenir les permissions appropriées. cliquez sur une étiquette st ci-dessous pour obtenir plus de renseignements sur son utilisation. māori he taputapu ēnei, arā ko ngā tohu mātauranga taketake hei whakamahi mā ngā hapori tangata whenua ki te tāpiri ake i ā rātou tikanga whakauru, whakamahi hoki ki ā rātou taonga kua puritia kētia e rātou, e wātea kau ana aua taonga nei hei nanao atu mā te marea i runga ipurangi. he rautaki akoako ngā tohu tk nei mā te hunga rāwaho, kia mārama ai ki a rātou te hiranga o ngā taonga e whai take tonu nei ki ana hapori, ki ana kaipupuri. ko tā ngā tohu tk, he whakamōhio i te hunga whakamahi, ko ēhea ngā taonga, he here ā-hapori e mau ana kia whai wāhi atu ki taua rawa. inā rā, ka tau ēnei here ki ērā rawa mō ngā rawa tapu, ngā rawa whai here ā-tāne, ā-wahine rānei, ngā rawa here ā-kaupeka, ngā rawa hoki/rānei i hangaia ai hei whakamahi mō ngā kaupapa toro. ka whakamahia hoki ngā tohu nei hei tāpiri kōrero anō, tēnā i pōhēhētia kua ‘ngaro’ ētehi kōrero, kaupapa rānei mō tētahi taonga. arā, ko te ingoa o te hapori, o ngā kaipupuri rānei, nāna taua taonga; ko ngā pārongo whakapā hoki a te whanau hapū, iwi, hapori rānei kia pai ai te tuku tono whakamahi.  click on a tk label below to learn more about its usage. haz click en las etiquetas de ct a continuación para aprender más acerca de su uso. tk attribution (tk a) tk clan (tk cl) tk family (tk f) tk multiple communities (tk mc) tk outreach (tk o) tk non-verified (tk nv) tk verified (tk v) tk non-commercial (tk nc) tk open to commercialization (tk oc) tk culturally sensitive (tk cs) tk community voice (tk cv) tk community use only (tk co) tk seasonal (tk s) tk women general (tk wg) tk men general (tk mg) tk men restricted (tk mr) tk women restricted (tk wr) tk secret / sacred (tk ss) questions? the tk labels offer an educative and informational strategy to help non-community users of this cultural heritage understand its significance to the communities from where it derives and continues to have meaning. tk labels identify cultural material that has community-specific conditions regarding access and use. the tk labels promote new standards of respect by embedding indigenous rules and protocols within digital systems.  how can the local contexts tools benefit our community ? all the local contexts tools work together to support the proper recognition of indigenous rights and interests in traditional knowledge and biocultural data. each local contexts tool requires collaboration between communities and institutions and/or communities and researchers. the tk labels communicate ongoing indigenous relationships, obligations and responsibilities to information and data as well as expectations for its future circulation. their implementation encourages researchers and institutions to adopt new practices. how long does it take to develop tk labels? the community customization of the tk labels is a collaborative process. how long it takes will depend on the scope of the project and how many tk labels you’d like to develop. the local contexts hub facilitates the process and allows for community vetting and authorizations.   do i need permission to use the tk labels? using the tk labels does not require permission. you will need to register on the local contexts hub to customize the tk labels and deliver them to institutional contexts or data repositories.  reach out to the local contexts team to get the process started. can the tk and bc labels be used together? yes. the tk and bc labels were designed to be used separately and/or together.  a community perspective on using the tk labels – james francis, snr. penobscot nation watch video here. the passamaquoddy experience using the labels at the library of congress – donald soctomah, passamaquoddy tribe. watch video here. are there additional resources i can use? yes. additional resources on copyright,  intellectual property law, agreements, protocols and mous can be found at enrich. here you will also find training modules on collaborative curation, cultural awareness, indigenous intellectual and cultural property, indigenous data sovereignty, care principles, tk & bc labels and notices and agreement making.  would you like to test the labels? get in touch contact us info@localcontexts.org about us creative commons license this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-noderivatives . international license. all images and marks are subject to copyright and trademark protection. all educational material is being shared collaboratively but does not constitute binding legal advice. 	 				 				 		 				 			 contact us 	name first name last name 	email 	message 	captcha 	comments this field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. 		 				 				 			close 		 	 none 	 planet code lib 	 http://planet.code lib.org 	 	 		 			 acrl techconnect 			 				 					 acrl techconnect 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 aaron schmidt 			 				 					 influx library user experience 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 alf eaton, alf 			 				 					 hublog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 andrew pace 			 				 					 hectic pace 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 andromeda yelton 			 				 					 andromeda yelton 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 archival connections 			 				 					 archival connections 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 archives unleashed project 			 				 					 archives unleashed - medium 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 ariadne magazine 			 				 					 table of contents: issue 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 bethany nowviskie 			 				 					 bethany nowviskie 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 bohyun kim 			 				 					 library hat 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 brown university library digital technologies projects 			 				 					 brown university library digital technologies 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 casey bisson 			 				 					 maisonbisson 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 chris beer 			 				 					 blog.cbeer.info 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 code lib 			 				 					 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 code lib journal 			 				 					 the code lib journal 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 conal tuohy 			 				 					 conal tuohy's blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 coral sheldon-hess 			 				 					 coral sheldon-hess 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 crossref 			 				 					 coyle's information 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 cynthia ng 			 				 					 learning (lib)tech 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 d-lib 			 				 					 d-lib magazine 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 dan cohen 			 				 					 dan cohen 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 dan scott 			 				 					 coffee|code: dan scott's blog - coding 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 david fiander 			 				 					 rapid communications 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 david rosenthal 			 				 					 dshr's blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 digital library federation 			 				 					 dlf 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 district dispatch 			 				 					 district dispatch 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 dominic bordelon 			 				 					 dominic bordelon 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 duraspace news 			 				 					 news – duraspace.org 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 ed summers 			 				 					 inkdroid 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 equinox software 			 				 					 the open source experts 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 eric hellman 			 				 					 go to hellman 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 eric lease morgan 			 				 					 planet eric lease morgan 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 erin white 			 				 					 libraries – erin white 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 europeana » technical 			 				 					 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 evergreen ils 			 				 					 evergreen ils 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 foss lib recent releases 			 				 					 releases 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 foss lib updated packages 			 				 					 updated packages | foss lib 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 future archives (bodleian library) 			 				 					 futurearch, or the future of archives... 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 galen charlton 			 				 					 meta interchange 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 hangingtogether 			 				 					 hanging together 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 harvard library innovation lab 			 				 					 the harvard library innovation lab 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 hugh cayless 			 				 					 scriptio continua 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 hugh rundle 			 				 					 information flaneur 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 ian davis 			 				 					 internet alchemy 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 in the library, with the lead pipe 			 				 					 in the library with the lead pipe 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 information technology and libraries 			 				 					 information technology and libraries 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 islandora 			 				 					 islandora 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 jakob voss 			 				 					 en – jakoblog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 jason ronallo 			 				 					 preliminary inventory of digital collections by jason ronallo 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 jeremy frumkin 			 				 					 the digital librarian 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 jez cope 			 				 					 erambler 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 jodi schneider 			 				 					 jodischneider.com/blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 john mark ockerbloom 			 				 					 everybody's libraries 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 jonathan brinley 			 				 					 x + 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 jonathan rochkind 			 				 					 bibliographic wilderness 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 journal of web librarianship 			 				 					 tandf: journal of web librarianship: table of contents 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 karen g. schneider 			 				 					 free range librarian 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 lita 			 				 					 lita blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 libux 			 				 					 library user experience community - medium 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 libx 			 				 					 libx 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 library tech talk (u of michigan) 			 				 					 library tech talk - u-m library 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 librarything (thingology) 			 				 					 the thingology blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 librecat/catmandu blog 			 				 					 catmandu 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 lorcan dempsey 			 				 					 lorcandempsey.net 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 lucidworks 			 				 					 lucidworks 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 lukas koster 			 				 					 commonplace.net 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 m. ryan hess 			 				 					 fail!lab 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 manage metadata (diane hillmann and jon phipps) 			 				 					 metadata matters 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 mark e. phillips 			 				 					 mark e. phillips journal 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 mark matienzo 			 				 					 posts on mark a. matienzo 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 mashcat 			 				 					 mashcat 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 max planck digital library 			 				 					 max planck vlib news 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 meredith farkas 			 				 					 information wants to be free 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 mita williams 			 				 					 librarian of things 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 nypl special collection 			 				 					 nypl blogs: specialcollections.txt 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 nick ruest 			 				 					 nick ruest 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 nicole engard 			 				 					 what i learned today… 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 oclc dev network 			 				 					 oclc developers network news 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 open knowledge foundation 			 				 					 open knowledge foundation blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 open library 			 				 					 the open library blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 peter murray 			 				 					 disruptive library technology jester 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 peter sefton 			 				 					 ptsefton.com 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 raffaele messuti 			 				 					 literary machines 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 ranti junus 			 				 					 ranti. centuries.org 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 raymond yee 			 				 					 data unbound 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 richard wallis 			 				 					 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 roy tennant 			 				 					 roy tennant: digital libraries – the digital shift 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 samvera 			 				 					 samvera 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 shelley gullikson 			 				 					 shelley gullikson 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 state library of denmark 			 				 					 software development at royal danish library 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 stuart yeates 			 				 					 open source exile 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 suzanne chapman 			 				 					 userslib 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 tara robertson 			 				 					 tara robertson consulting 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 ted lawless 			 				 					 ted lawless 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 terry reese 			 				 					 terry's worklog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 thom hickey 			 				 					 outgoing 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 tim ribaric 			 				 					 elibtronic.ca 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 villanova library technology blog 			 				 					 falvey memorial library blog 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 william denton 			 				 					 william denton 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 zbw german national library of economics 			 				 					 zbw labs 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 zotero 			 				 					 zotero 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 flickr 			 				 					 recent uploads tagged code lib 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 pinboard 			 				 					 pinboard (items tagged code lib) 					 						 					 				 			 		 	 samvera - a vibrant and welcoming community developing repository software tools 	 		 							 				 					skip to content 	 		 			 				 			 		 		 			 					about samvera 	samvera is community sourced software for repository solutions 	philosophy 	governance 	samvera code of conduct and anti-harassment policy 	 annual report (pdf download) 	all annual reports 	interest and working groups 	faq 	samvera privacy policy 	licensing 	what is samvera? 	samvera is an open source repository framework 	samvera community overview (pdf download) 	technology white paper (pdf download) 	applications & demos 	technology stack 	why use samvera? 	samvera is flexible and extensible 	the samvera community 	community support 	sustainability 	who uses samvera? 	samvera repository tour 	samvera partners 	partner prospectus (pdf download) 	partner contribution model (pdf download) 	samvera adopters 	community framework 	samvera user profiles 	case study: emory university 	case study: avalon at the university of houston 	getting started 	general documentation 	installation from github 	communication 	service providers 	news & events 	samvera connect 	news & events 	samvera calendar 	samvera twitter page 	search 	 			 			samvera.org 		 	 					 						close 						 							 								 									search for: 									 								 								 							 						 					 						 	 		 						 								 					a vibrant and welcoming community 					 						 samvera vision statement “samvera™ is a vibrant and welcoming community of information and technology professionals who share challenges, build expertise, and create sustainable, best-in-class solutions, making the world’s digital collections accessible now and into the future.” samvera’s suite of repository software tools offers flexible and rich user interfaces tailored to distinct content types on top of a robust back end – giving adopters the best of both worlds. 											 	 				 			 						 				 					 					 						'; 					 					 				 			 		 	 	 			 								 				benefits of samvera 				 					 we believe that no single system can provide the full range of repository-based solutions for a given institution’s needs and that no single institution can resource the development of a full range of solutions on its own. working together, the samvera community creates sustainable solutions using a common infrastructure within which there is the flexibility to tailor solutions to local demands and workflows. samvera software is free and open source, available under an apache license. 									 	 			 		 			 							 				how it works 				 					 samvera maintains a set of ruby on rails components (ruby gems) that, together, can be used to build flexible and extensible digital repository solutions. hyrax combines a number of these components into a toolkit (a rails engine) for building repository applications to meet a wide range of repository requirements, whilst hyku is an out-of-the-box repository application with multi-tenant capability built on hyrax. samvera does not work in isolation and relies on a number of external open source components, including: 	fedora – a durable repository layer for persisting and managing digital objects. 	apache solr – a fast and performant search platform 	blacklight – a discovery platform built on solr 									 	 			 		 	 	 	 			 					 				applications 							 																 							institutional repositories 							 								 samvera is being used as a base for a number of institutional repositories (irs) each of which contains a range of content types. many of the samvera partners have developed ir with hyrax. for instance, george washington university, unc chapel hill, the university of hull, uk cultural heritage organisations, and many others have an ir containing electronic dissertations and theses (etds), past examination papers, learning materials, journal articles, small datasets and more. for more information visit samvera wiki implementations information page. 							 						 						 				 																	 							media collections 							 								 avalon, an access platform for online audio and video was developed by indiana university and northwestern university using the samvera stack. amongst others, wgbh, a public broadcaster in boston, the university of virginia, the university of houston and washington university are utilizing avalon and samvera to manage their digital media content. 							 						 						 				 																	 							solution bundles 							 								 the avalon media system is a collaborative samvera-based project for managing and providing online access to digital video and audio. it is now available as a samvera “solution bundle”. hyku is the result of a collaboration to extend the existing samvera project codebase to build, bundle, and promote a feature-rich, robust, flexible digital repository that is easy to install, configure, and maintain.  hyku is a solution bundle that can be installed locally or run in the cloud.  it is based on hyrax, a community-developed ruby gem that allows users to design and build their own, customized installation of our software. 							 						 						 				 																	 							data and preservation 							 								 the samvera software is being used as the basis for data repositories, for instance “deep blue data” at the university of michigan and “imago” at indiana university.  the digital repository of ireland is “a national repository for ireland’s humanities, social sciences and cultural heritage data.” a number of samvera partners are investigating the use of our software for dealing with the long-term preservation of research data.  in the uk, the universities of york and hull have been integrating the open-source preservation system archivematica into their samvera workflows. 							 						 						 				 																	 							archives and special collections 							 								 samvera is being used in conjunction with archives and special collections.  the university of york in the uk has used it as the basis for their archbishops’ registers site, providing access to more than , pages of early manuscripts.  princeton university has used samvera to create “figgy”, a workflow tool for digitizing a wide range of formats including archival materials, ephemera, maps, audio, and coins. 							 						 						 				 																	 							publishing 							 								 fulcrum is a community-based, open source publishing platform based on samvera that helps publishers present their authors’ research outputs in a durable, discoverable, accessible and flexible form. it is hosted on the university of michigan library infrastructure, specifically designed to curate digital objects. interoperable with other publishing tools and integrated into the information supply chain, fulcrum ensures that content is discovered by readers and impact is tracked. fulcrum aims to implement accessible systems and features and effect change by sharing and maintaining a high standard of accessibility. 							 						 						 				 											 				 				previous slide 				next slide 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 							 				the samvera community 				 					 samvera is not (and has never been) grant funded. it is distributed, robust and open. the samvera community was conceived and executed, under its original name “hydra”, as a collaborative, open source effort from its very beginning in . samvera has grown into a vibrant, highly active community including more than partners who formally support our work and development. samvera is designed so that adopters can each have their own mix of features; variation is part of the plan. for adopters who do not have the resourcing to create their own variant, the samvera community has developed rather more “off-the-shelf” application bundles. 				 	 				 					getting started					samvera news				 			 		 		 							 				news & events 					take a virtual tour of samvera repositories 	calls for proposals – samvera connect online 	announcing our partnership with oasis open 	watch samvera virtual connect 	registration now open for samvera virtual connect, april – 				view all news 			 		 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 					 									 						if you want to go far, go together. 						 							contact us 						 	 					 				 	 			 			 					 									 						samvera partners 						 															 									boston public library 	columbia university 	cornell university 	cosector, university of london 	data curation experts 	digital repository of ireland 	duke university 	emory university 	indiana university 							 							 									lafayette college 	northwestern university 	notch 	oregon state university 	penn state university 	princeton university library 	stanford university 	tufts university 	ubiquity press 	 							 							 									university of california, santa barbara 	university of california, san diego 	university of cincinnati 	university of houston 	university of hull 	university of michigan 	university of notre dame 	university of oregon 	university of utah 	 							 							 									university of virginia 	university of york 	washington university in st louis 	wgbh boston 	yale university 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 					 						 							 								 							 						 						this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 					 					 					 						 							 								© samvera. 								 									 										samvera twitter 										samvera github 										samvera wiki 									 								 							 						 					 					 				 			 		 		 	 ea:bcc (phase ) | stanford libraries skip to main content secondary menu 	my account 	feedback you must have javascript enabled to use this form. subject * in a few words, what is your feedback about? message * your name * your email * leave this field blank menu search form search 	about	our values 	people 	hours 	blogs 	events, exhibits, workshops 	news 	departments & contacts 	support the libraries 	beyond 	libraries	academy hall (srwc) 	archive of recorded sound 	art & architecture (bowes) 	business 	classics 	david rumsey map center 	earth sciences (branner) 	east asia 	education (cubberley) 	engineering (terman) 	green 	hoover library & archives 	lathrop 	law (crown) 	marine biology (miller) 	medical (lane) 	music 	philosophy (tanner) 	sal & 	sal 	sal newark 	science (li and ma) 	slac 	special collections 	using the libraries	access & privileges 	borrow, renew, return 	connect to e-resources 	course reserves (searchworks) 	interlibrary borrowing 	hours 	print, copy, scan (the hub) 	access for persons with limited mobility 	special policies 	collections	collecting areas 	notable collections 	digital collections (searchworks) 	online exhibits (spotlight at stanford) 	research support	orientation 	research services 	search tools 	specialists 	guides 	projects & innovations 	workshops 	copyright reminder 	ask us	email a reference question 	chat with us 	give us feedback 	report a connection problem 	suggest a purchase (requires login) 	covid- you are here home » projects » epadd » ea:bcc (phase ) ea:bcc (phase ) 	epadd 	about	nhprc (phase ) 	imls (phase ) 	andrew w. mellon foundation (phase ) 	ea:bcc (phase ) 	download 	documentation 	community 	presentations & publications 	in the news ea:bcc (phase ) menu about the epadd+ project as critical documentation of life in the digital age, the preservation of email is central to the mission and values of archives and archivists. the project, entitled integrating preservation functionality into epadd (epadd+), will integrate long-term email preservation functionality into stanford university’s open source email archiving software program, epadd. the enhanced product will provide the digital archiving community with a tool comprehensively supporting the email archiving lifecycle more robustly.  because the requirements of preservation infrastructure and workflows vary greatly across institutions, the enhanced epadd will support functions for local customization and extensibility. the three project partners - harvard university, the university of manchester, and stanford university -  will each utilize this capability to configure epadd for their different organizational contexts and preservation repository infrastructures. the software development activity will align with open source best practices in order to support wider community contribution to epadd and better software sustainability. the proposed activities are a direct outcome of recommendations from the future of email archives report, funded by the andrew w. mellon foundation, which emphasizes the importance of better interoperability and integration between the many disparate email archiving tools that have surfaced in the digital archiving community.  funding we are proud to receive funding in the amount of $ , for this -month project email archives: building capacity and community (ea:bcc), administered by the university of illinois. the ea:bcc program is a re-grant program from the andrew w. mellon foundation that seeks to build email archiving capacity in archives, libraries, and museums.    project collaborators this project is a collaboration between harvard university, the university of manchester, and stanford university. project partners stephen abrams, head of digital preservation, harvard university (pi) tricia patterson, senior digital preservation specialist, harvard university (co-project manager) ian gifford, library application development manager, university of manchester jochen farwer, application developer, university of manchester jessica smith, creative arts archivist, university of manchester (co-project manager) glynn edwards, assistant director, department of special collections, stanford university sally debauche, digital archivist, stanford university   project affiliates sartography amuse labs   news & project updates for updates on the epadd+ project, please join the epadd user listserv or follow epadd on twitter @e_padd (#epadd+).  for questions or more information, please contact: project contact information: jessica.smith@manchester.ac.uk 	hours 	my account 	ask us 	opt out of analytics 	system status 	staff login 	stanford home 	maps & directions 	search stanford 	emergency info 	terms of use 	privacy 	copyright 	trademarks 	non-discrimination 	accessibility © stanford university, stanford, california . brown university library digital technologies 	skip to content 	 		find & borrow 		articles, journals, & databases 		subject support 		hours & locations 		ask a question now 		off-campus access 		library a-z 	 	 	 		 		 		 	 	 		 			 										brown university library digital technologies 									menu and widgets 			 		 			 					 					home 	bdr 	blacklight 	digital preservation 	drupal 	josiah 	ocra 	orcid 	researchers@brown 	web 	wordpress 			 		 		 					 				search the dt blog 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 					authors 				ben cail ( ) 	hector correa ( ) 	jean rainwater ( ) 	kerri hicks ( ) 	kevin powell ( ) 	ted lawless ( ) 	adam bradley ( ) 	birkin diana ( ) 									 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 			 	 	 		bundler . . and homeless accounts 	 	 		 this week we upgraded a couple of our applications to ruby . and bundler . . and one of the changes that we noticed was that bundler was complaining about not being able to write to the /opt/local directory. turns out this problem shows up because the account that we use to run our application is a system account that does not have a home folder. this is how the problems shows up: $ su - system_account $ pwd /opt/local $ mkdir test_app $ cd test_app $ pwd /opt/local/test_app $ gem install bundler -v . . $ bundler --version `/opt/local` is not writable. bundler will use `/tmp/bundler - - h lz ' as your home directory temporarily. bundler version . . notice that bundler complains about the /opt/local directory not being writable, that’s because we don’t have home for this user, in fact env $home outputs /opt/local rather than the typical /home/username. although bundler is smart enough to use a temporary folder instead and continue, the net result of this is that if we set a configuration value for bundler in one execution and try to use that configuration value in the next execution bundler won’t be able to find the value that we set in the first execution (my guess is because the value was saved in a temporary folder.) below is an example of this. notice how we set the path value to vendor/bundle in the first command, but then when we inspect the configuration in the second command the configuration does not report the value that we just set: # first - set the path value $ bundle config set path 'vendor/bundle' `/opt/local` is not writable. bundler will use `/tmp/bundler - - okmcg ' as your home directory temporarily. # then - inspect the configuration $ bundle config `/opt/local` is not writable. bundler will use `/tmp/bundler - - r oed ' as your home directory temporarily. settings are listed in order of priority. the top value will be used. ideally the call to bundle config will report the vendor/bundle path that we set, but it does not in this case. in fact if we run bundle install next bundler will install the gems in $gem_path rather than using the custom vendor/bundle directory that we indicated. working around the issue one way to work around this issue is to tell bundler that the home directory is the one from where we are running bundler (i.e. /opt/local/test_app) in our case. # first - set the path value  # (no warning is reported) $ home=/opt/local/test_app/ bundle config set path 'vendor/bundle' # then - inspect the configuration $ bundle config `/opt/local` is not writable. bundler will use `/tmp/bundler - - dmgcb ' as your home directory temporarily. settings are listed in order of priority. the top value will be used. path set for your local app (/opt/local/test_app/.bundle/config): "vendor/bundle" notice that we didn’t get a warning in the first command (since we indicated a home directory) and then, even though we didn’t pass a home directory to the second command, our value was picked up and shows the correct value for the path setting (vendor/bundle). so it seems to me that when home is set to a non-writable directory (/opt/local in our case) bundler picks up the values from ./bundle/config if it is available even as it complains about /opt/local not being writable. if we were to run bundle install now it will install the gems in our local vendor/bundle directory. this is good for us, bundler is using the value that we configured for the path setting (even though it still complains that it cannot write to /opt/local.) we could avoid the warning in the second command if we pass the home value here too: $ home=/opt/local/test-app/ bundle config settings are listed in order of priority. the top value will be used. path set for your local app (/opt/local/test-app/.bundle/config): "vendor/bundle" but the fact the bundler picks up the correct values from ./bundle/config when home is set to a non-writable directory was important for us because it meant that when the app runs under apache/passenger it will also work. this is more or less how the configuration for our apps in http.conf looks like, notice that we are not setting the home value. <location />   passengerbaseuri /test-app   passengeruser system_account   passengerruby /opt/local/rubies/ruby- . . /bin/ruby   passengerapproot /opt/local/test-app   setenv gem_path /opt/local/.gem/ruby/ . . / </location> some final thoughts perhaps a better solution would be to set a home directory for our system_account, but we have not tried that, we didn’t want to make such a wide reaching change to our environment just to please bundler. plus this might be problematic in our development servers where we share the same system_account for multiple applications (this is not a problem in our production servers) we have no idea when this change took effect in bundler. we went from bundler . . (released in october/ ) to bundler . . (released in january/ ) and there were many releases in between. perhaps this was documented somewhere and we missed it. in our particular situation we noticed this issue because one of our gems needed very specific parameters to be built during bundle install. we set those values via a call to bundle config build.mysql --with-mysql-dir=xxx mysql-lib=yyy and those values were lost by the time we ran bundle install and the installation kept failing. luckily we found a work around and were able to install the gem with the specific parameters. 	 	 	 		posted on july , february , author hcorreacategories programming			 	 	 		upgrading from solr to solr 	 	 		 a few weeks ago we upgraded the version of solr that we use in our discovery layer, we went from solr . to solr . . although we have been using solr .x in other areas of the library this was a significant upgrade for us because searching is the raison d’être of our discovery layer and we wanted to make sure that the search results did not change in unexpected ways with the new field and server configurations in solr. all in all the process went smooth for our users. this blog post elaborates on some of the things that we had to do in order to upgrade. managed schema this is the first solr that we setup to use the managed-schema feature in solr. this allows us to define field types and fields via the schema api rather than by editing xml files. all in all this was a good decision and it allows us to recreate our solr instances by running a shell script rather than by copying xml files. this feature was very handy during testing when we needed to recreate our solr core for testing purposes multiple times. you can see the script that we use to recreate our solr core in github. we are still tweaking how we manage updates to our schema. for now we are using a low-tech approach in which we create small scripts to add fields to the schema that is conceptually similar to what rails does with database migrations, but our approach is still very manual. default field definitions the default field definitions in solr are different from the default field definitions in solr , this is not surprising given that we skipped two major versions of solr, but it was one one the hardest things to reconcile. our solr was setup and configured many years ago and the upgrade forced us to look very close into exactly what kind of transformations we were doing to our data and decide what should be modified in solr to support the solr behavior versus what should be updated to use new solr features. our first approach was to manually inspect the “schema.xml” in solr and compare it with the “managed-schema” file in solr which is also an xml file. we soon found that this was too cumbersome and error prone. but we found the output of the lukerequesthandler to be much more concise and easier to compare between the versions of solr, and lucky us, the output of the lukerequesthandler is identical in both versions of solr! using the lukerequesthandler we dumped our solr schema to xml files and compare those files with a traditional file compare tool, we used the built-in file compare option in vs code but any file compare tool would do. these are the commands that we used to dump the schema to xml files: curl http://solr- -url/admin/luke?numterms= > luke .xml curl http://solr- -url/admin/luke?numterms= > luke .xml the output of the lukerequesthandler includes both the type of field (e.g. string) and the schema definition (single value vs multi-value, indexed, tokenized, et cetera.)  <lst name="title_display"> <str name="type">string</str> <str name="schema">--sd------------l</str> </lst> another benefit of using the lukerequesthandler instead of going by the fields defined in schema.xml is that the lukerequesthandler only outputs fields that are indeed used in the solr core, whereas schema.xml lists fields that were used at one point even if we don’t use them anymore. icufoldingfilter in solr a few of the default field types used the icufoldingfilter which handles diacritics so that a word like “méxico” is equivalent to “mexico”. this filter used to be available by default in a solr installation but that is not the case anymore. in solr icufoldingfilter is not enabled by default and you must edit your solrconfig.xml as indicated in the documentation to enable it (see previous link). <lib dir="../../../contrib/analysis-extras/lib" regex="icu j.*\.jar" /> <lib dir="../../../contrib/analysis-extras/lucene-libs" regex="lucene-analyzers-icu.*\.jar" /> and then you can use it in a field type by adding it as a filter: curl -x post -h 'content-type:application/json' --data-binary '{ "add-field-type" : {     "name":"text_search",     "class":"solr.textfield",     "analyzer" : {        "tokenizer":{"class":"solr.standardtokenizerfactory"},        "filters":[          {"class":"solr.icufoldingfilterfactory"},          ...      ]    }  } }' $solr_core_url/schema handle select handleselect is a parameter that is defined in the solrconfig.xml and in previous versions of solr it used to default to true but starting in solr it defaults to false. the version of blacklight that we are using ( . ) expects this value to be true. this parameter is what allows blacklight to use a request handler like “search” (without a leading slash) instead of “/search”. enabling handleselect is easy, just edit the requestdispatcher setting in the solrconfig.xml <requestdispatcher handleselect="true"> localparams and dereferencing our current version of blacklight uses localparams and dereferencing heavily and support for these two features changed drastically in solr . . this is a good enhancement in solr but it caught us by surprise.  the gist of the problem is that if the solrconfig.xml sets the query parser to dismax or edismax then solr will not recognize a query like this:  {!qf=$title_qf} we tried several workarounds and settled on setting the default parser (deftype) in solrconfig.xml to lucene and requesting edismax explicitly from the client application: {!type=dismax qf=$title_qff}coffee&df=id it’s worth nothing that passing deftype as a normal query string parameter to change the parser did not work for us for queries using localparams and dereferencing.  stop words one of the settings that we changed in our new field definitions was the use of stop words. we are now not using stop words when indexing title fields. this was one of the benefits of us doing a full review of each one of our field types and tweak them during the upgrade. the result is that now searches for titles that are only stop words (like “there there”) return the expected results. validating results to validate that our new field definitions and server side configuration in solr were compatible with that we had in solr we did several kinds of tests, some of them manual and others automated. we have small suite of unit tests that jeanette norris and ted lawless created years ago and that we still use to validate some well known scenarios that we want to support. you can see those “relevancy” tests in our github repository. we also captured thousands of live searches from our discovery layer using solr and replayed them with solr to make sure that the results of both systems were compatible. to determine that results were compatible we counted how many of the top results, top , and top were included in the results of both solr instances. the following picture shows an example of how the results looks like. the code that we used to run the searches on both solr and generate the table is on our github repo. cjk searches the main reason for us to upgrade from solr to solr was to add support for chinese, japanese, and korean (cjk) searches. the way our solr index was created we did not support searches in these languages. in our solr core we are using the built-in cjk fields definitions and our results are much better. this will be the subject of future blog post. stay tuned. 	 	 	 		posted on january , february , author hcorreacategories solrtags blacklight, josiah, solr			 	 	 		pypi packages 	 	 		recently, we published two python packages to pypi: bdrxml and bdrcmodels. no one else is using those packages, as far as i know, and it takes some effort to put them up there, but there are benefits from publishing them. putting a package on pypi makes it easier for other code we package up to depend on bdrxml. for our indexing package, we can switch from this: ‘bdrxml @ https://github.com/brown-university-library/bdrxml/archive/v . a .zip#sha = ed ee a cbb fe c f ad c’, to this: ‘bdrxml>= . ’, in setup.py, which is simpler. this also lets us using python’s package version checking to not pin bdrxml to just one version, which is helpful when we embed the indexing package in another project that may use a different version of bdrxml. publishing these first two packages also gave us experience, which will help if we publish more packages to pypi. 	 	 	 		posted on june , author ben cailcategories uncategorized			 	 	 		new riamco website 	 	 		a few days ago we released a new version of the rhode island archival and manuscript collections online (riamco) website. the new version is a brand new codebase. this post describes a few of the new features that we implemented as part of the rewrite and how we designed the system to support them. the riamco website hosts information about archival and manuscript collections in rhode island. these collections (also known as finding aids) are stored as xml files using the encoded archival description (ead) standard and indexed into solr to allow for full text searching and filtering. look and feel the overall look and feel of the riamco site is heavily influenced by the work that the folks at the nyu libraries did on their site. like nyu’s site and brown’s discovery tool the riamco site uses the typical facets on the left, content on the right style that is common in many library and archive websites. below a screenshot on how the main search page looks like: architecture our previous site was put together over many years and it involved many separate applications written in different languages: the frontend was written in php, the indexer in java, and the admin tool in (python/django). during this rewrite we bundled the code for the frontend and the indexer into a single application written in ruby on rails. [as of september th, the rails application also provides the admin interface.] you can view a diagram of this architecture and few more notes about it on this document. indexing like the previous version of the site, we are using solr to power the search feature of the site. however, in the previous version each collection was indexed as a single solr document whereas in the new version we are splitting each collection into many solr documents: one document to store the main collection information (scope, biographical info, call number, et cetera), plus one document for each item in the inventory of the collection. this new indexing strategy significantly increased the number of solr documents that we store. we went from from + solr documents (one for each collection) to , + solr documents (one for each item in the inventory of those collections). the advantage of this approach is that now we can search and find items at a much granular level than we did before. for example, we can tell a user that we found a match on “box he- folder ” of the harris ephemera collection for their search on blue moon rather than just telling them that there is a match somewhere in the boxes ( , folders) in the “harris ephemera” collection. in order to keep the relationship between all the solr documents for a given collection we are using an extra ead_id_s field to store the id of the collection that each document belongs to. if we have a collection “a” with three items in the inventory they will have the following information in solr: {id: "a", ead_id_s: "a"} // the main collection record {id: "a- ", ead_id_s: "a"} // item in the inventory {id: "a- ", ead_id_s: "a"} // item in the inventory {id: "a- ", ead_id_s: "a"} // item in the inventory this structure allows us to use the result grouping feature in solr to group results from a search into the appropriate collection. with this structure in place we can then show the results grouped by collection as you can see in the previous screenshot. the code to index our ead files into solr is on the ead class. we had do add some extra logic to handle cases when a match is found only on a solr document for an inventory item (but not on the main collection) so that we can also display the main collection information along the inventory information in the search results. the code for this is on the search_grouped() function of the search class. hit highlighting another feature that we implemented on the new site is hit highlighting. although this is a feature that solr supports out of the box there is some extra coding that we had to do to structure the information in a way that makes sense to our users. in particular things get tricky when the hit was found in a multi value field or when solr only returns a snippet of the original value in the highlights results. the logic that we wrote to handle this is on the searchitem class. advanced search we also did an overhaul to the advanced search feature. the layout of the page is very typical (it follows the style used in most blacklight applications) but the code behind it allows us to implement several new features. for example, we allow the user to select any value from the facets (not only one of the first values for that facet) and to select more than one value from those facets. we also added a “check” button to show the user what kind of boolean expression would be generated for the query that they have entered. below is a screenshot of the results of the check syntax for a sample query. there are several tweaks and optimizations that we would like to do on this page, for example, opening the facet by format is quite slow and it could be optimized. also, the code to parse the expression could be written to use a more standard tokenizer/parser structure. we’ll get to that later on… hopefully : ) individual finding aids like on the previous version of the site, the rendering of individual finding aids is done by applying xslt transformations to the xml with the finding aid data. we made a few tweaks to the xslt to integrate them on the new site but the vast majority of the transformations came as-is from the previous site. you can see the xslt files in our github repo. it’s interesting that github reports that half of the code for the new site is xslt: % xslt, % html, and % ruby. keep in mind that these numbers do not take into account the ruby on rails code (which is massive.) source code the source code for the new application is available in github. acknowledgements although i wrote the code for the new site, there were plenty of people that helped me along the way in this implementation, in particular karen eberhart and joe mancino. karen provided the specs for the new site, answered my many questions about the structure of ead files, and suggested many improvements and tweaks to make the site better. joe helped me find the code for the original site and indexer, and setup the environment for the new one. 	 	 	 		posted on june , february , author hcorreacategories programming, riamco, solrtags solr			 	 	 		deploying with shiv 	 	 		i recently watched a talk called “containerless django – deploying without docker”, by peter baumgartner. peter lists some benefits of docker: that it gives you a pipeline for getting code tested and deployed, the container adds some security to the app, state can be isolated in the container, and it lets you run the exact same code in development and production. peter also lists some drawbacks to docker: it’s a lot of code that could slow things down or have bugs, docker artifacts can be relatively large, and it adds extra abstractions to the system (eg. filesystem, network). he argues that an ideal deployment would include downloading a binary, creating a configuration file, and running it (like one can do with compiled c or go programs). peter describes a process of deploying django apps by creating a zipapp using shiv and goodconf, and deploying it with systemd constraints that add to the security. he argues that this process achieves most of the benefits of  docker, but more simply, and that there’s a sweet spot for application size where this type of deploy is a good solution. i decided to try using shiv with our image server loris. i ran the shiv command “shiv -o loris.pyz .”, and i got the following error: user “loris” and or group “loris” do(es) not exist. please create this user, e.g.: `useradd -d /var/www/loris -s /sbin/false loris` the issue is that in the loris setup.py file, the install process not only checks for the loris user as shown in the error, but it also sets up directories on the filesystem (including setting the owner and permission, which requires root permissions). i submitted a pr to remove the filesystem setup from the python package installation (and put it in a script the user can run), and hopefully in the future it will be easier to package up loris and deploy it different ways. 	 	 	 		posted on may , author ben cailcategories bdr, programming			 	 	 		checksums 	 	 		in the bdr, we calculate checksums automatically on ingest (fedora provides that functionality for us), so all new content binaries going into the bdr get a checksum, which we can go back and check later as needed. we can also pass checksums into the bdr api, and then we verify that fedora calculates the same checksum for the ingested file, which shows that the content wasn’t modified since the first checksum was calculated. we have only been able to use md checksums, but we want to be able to use more checksum types. this isn’t a problem for fedora, which can calculate multiple checksum types, such as md , sha , sha , and sha . however, there is a complicating factor – if fedora gets a checksum mismatch, by default it returns a response code with no message, so we can’t tell whether it was a checksum mismatch or some other server error. thanks to ben armintor, though, we found that we can update our fedora configuration so it returns the checksum mismatch information. another issue in this process is that we use eulfedora (which doesn’t seem to be maintained anymore). if a checksum mismatch happens, it raises a digitalobjectsavefailure, but we want to know that there was a checksum mismatch. we forked eulfedora and exposed the checksum mismatch information. now we can remove some extra code that we had in our apis, since more functionality is handled in fedora/eulfedora, and we can use multiple checksum types. 	 	 	 		posted on march , author ben cailcategories bdr			 	 	 		exporting django data 	 	 		we recently had a couple cases where we wanted to dump the data out of a django database. in the first case (“tracker”), we were shutting down a legacy application, but needed to preserve the data in a different form for users. in the second case (“deposits”), we were backing up some obsolete data before removing it from the database. we handled the processes in two different ways. tracker for the tracker, we used an export script to extract the data. here’s a modified version of the script: def export_data(): now = datetime.datetime.now() dir_name = 'data_%s_%s_%s' % (now.year, now.month, now.day) d = os.mkdir(dir_name) file_name = os.path.join(dir_name, 'tracker_items.dat') with open(file_name, 'wb') as f: f.write(u'\u f'.join([ 'project name', 'container identifier', 'container name', 'identifier', 'name', 'dimensions', 'note', 'create digital surrogate', 'qc digital surrogate', 'create metadata record', 'qc metadata record', 'create submission package']).encode('utf ')) f.write('\u e'.encode('utf ')) for project in models.project.objects.all(): for container in project.container_set.all(): print(container) for item in container.item_set.all(): data = u'\u f'.join([ project.name.strip(), container.identifier.strip(), container.name.strip(), item.identifier.strip(), item.name.strip(), item.dimensions.strip(), item.note.strip() ]) item_actions = u'\u f'.join([str(item_action) for item_action in item.itemaction_set.all().order_by('id')]) line_data = u'%s\u f%s\u e' % (data, item_actions) f.write(line_data.encode('utf ')) as you can see, we looped through different django models and pulled out fields, writing everything to a file. we used the unicode record and unit separators as delimiters. one advantage of using those is that your data can have commas, tabs, newlines, … and it won’t matter. you still don’t have to quote or escape anything. then we converted the data to a spreadsheet that users can view and search: import openpyxl workbook = openpyxl.workbook() worksheet = workbook.active with open('tracker_items.dat', 'rb') as f: data = f.read() lines = data.decode('utf ').split('\u e') print(len(lines)) print(lines[ ]) print(lines[- ]) for line in lines: fields = line.split('\u f') worksheet.append(fields) workbook.save('tracker_items.xlsx') deposits for the deposits project, we just used the built-in django dumpdata command: python manage.py dumpdata -o data_ .dat that output file could be used to load data back into a database if needed. 	 	 	 		posted on march , author ben cailcategories uncategorized			 	 	 		searching for hierarchical data in solr 	 	 		recently i had to index a dataset into solr in which the original items had a hierarchical relationship among them. in processing this data i took some time to look into the ancestor_path and descendent_path features that solr provides out of the box and see if and how they could help to issue searches based on the hierarchy of the data. this post elaborates on what i learned in the process. let’s start with some sample hierarchical data to illustrate the kind of relationship that i am describing in this post. below is a short list of databases and programming languages organized by type. databases ├─ relational │ ├─ mysql │ └─ postgresql └─ document ├─ solr └─ mongodb programming languages └─ object oriented ├─ ruby └─ python for the purposes of this post i am going to index each individual item shown in the hierarchy, not just the children items. in other words i am going to create solr documents: one for “databases”, another for “relational”, another for “mysql”, and so on. each document is saved with an id, a title, and a path. for example, the document for “databases” is saved as: { "id": " ", "title_s": "databases", "x_ancestor_path": "db", "x_descendent_path": "db" } and the one for “mysql” is saved as: { "id": " ", "title_s": "mysql", "x_ancestor_path": "db/rel/mysql", "x_descendent_path": "db/rel/mysql" } the x_ancestor_path and x_descendent_path fields in the json data represent the path for each of these documents in the hierarcy. for example, the top level “databases” document uses the path “db” where the lowest level document “mysql” uses “db/rel/mysql”. i am storing the exact same value on both fields so that later on we can see how each of them provides different features and addresses different use cases. ancestor_path and descendent_path the ancestor_path and descendent_path field types come predefined in solr. below is the definition of the descendent_path in a standard solr core: $ curl http://localhost: /solr/your-core/schema/fieldtypes/descendent_path { ... "indexanalyzer":{ "tokenizer":{ "class":"solr.pathhierarchytokenizerfactory", "delimiter":"/"}}, "queryanalyzer":{ "tokenizer":{ "class":"solr.keywordtokenizerfactory"}}}} notice how it uses the pathhierarchytokenizerfactory tokenizer when indexing values of this type and that it sets the delimiter property to /. this means that when values are indexed they will be split into individual tokens by this delimiter. for example the value “db/rel/mysql” will be split into “db”, “db/rel”, and “db/rel/mysql”. you can validate this in the analysis screen in the solr admin tool. the ancestor_path field is the exact opposite, it uses the pathhierarchytokenizerfactory at query time and the keywordtokenizerfactory at index time. there are also two dynamic field definitions *_descendent_path and *_ancestor_path that automatically create fields with these types. hence the wonky x_descendent_path and x_ancestor_path field names that i am using in this demo. finding descendants the descendent_path field definition in solr can be used to find all the descendant documents in the hierarchy for a given path. for example, if i query for all documents where the descendant path is “db” (q=x_descendent_path:db) i should get all document in the “databases” hierarchy, but not the ones under “programming languages”. for example: $ curl "http://localhost: /solr/your-core/select?q=x_descendent_path:db&fl=id,title_s,x_descendent_path" { ... "response":{"numfound": ,"start": ,"docs":[ { "id":" ", "title_s":"databases", "x_descendent_path":"db"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"relational", "x_descendent_path":"db/rel"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"mysql", "x_descendent_path":"db/rel/mysql"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"postgresql", "x_descendent_path":"db/rel/pg"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"document", "x_descendent_path":"db/doc"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"mongodb", "x_descendent_path":"db/doc/mongo"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"solr", "x_descendent_path":"db/doc/solr"}] }} finding ancestors the ancestor_path not surprisingly can be used to achieve the reverse. given the path of a given document we can query solr to find all its ancestors in the hierarchy. for example if i query solr for the documents where x_ancestor_path is “db/doc/solr” (q=x_ancestor_path:db/doc/solr) i should get “databases”, “document”, and “solr” as shown below: $ curl "http://localhost: /solr/your-core/select?q=x_ancestor_path:db/doc/solr&fl=id,title_s,x_ancestor_path" { ... "response":{"numfound": ,"start": ,"docs":[ { "id":" ", "title_s":"databases", "x_ancestor_path":"db"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"document", "x_ancestor_path":"db/doc"}, { "id":" ", "title_s":"solr", "x_ancestor_path":"db/doc/solr"}] }} if you are curious how this works internally, you could issue a query with debugquery=true and look at how the query value “db/doc/solr” was parsed. notice how solr splits the query value by the / delimiter and uses something called synonymquery() to handle the individual values as synonyms: $ curl "http://localhost: /solr/your-core/select?q=x_ancestor_path:db/doc/solr&debugquery=true" { ... "debug":{ "rawquerystring":"x_ancestor_path:db/doc/solr", "parsedquery":"synonymquery(synonym(x_ancestor_path:db x_ancestor_path:db/doc x_ancestor_path:db/doc/solr))", ... } one little gotcha given that solr is splitting the path values by the / delimiter and that we can see those values in the analysis screen (or when passing debugquery=true) we might expect to be able to fetch those values from the document somehow. but that is not the case. the individual tokens are not stored in a way that you can fetch them, i.e. there is no way for us to fetch the individual “db”, “db/doc”, and “db/doc/solr” values when fetching document id “ ”. in hindsight this is standard solr behavior but something that threw me off initially. 	 	 	 		posted on january , february , author hcorreacategories programming, solr			 	 	 		monitoring passenger’s requests in queue over time 	 	 		as i mentioned in a previous post we use phusion passenger as the application server to host our ruby applications. a while ago upon the recommendation of my coworker ben cail i created a cron job that calls passenger-status every minutes to log the status of passenger in our servers.  below is a sample of the passenger-status output: version : . . date : mon jul : : - instance: x dq ux (apache/ . . (unix) dav/ phusion_passenger/ . . ) ----------- general information ----------- max pool size : app groups : processes : requests in top-level queue : ----------- application groups ----------- /path/to/our/app: app root: /path/to/our/app requests in queue: * pid: sessions: processed: uptime: d h m s cpu: % memory : m last used: s ag * pid: sessions: processed: uptime: h m s cpu: % memory : m last used: s ago * pid: sessions: processed: uptime: h m s cpu: % memory : m last used: s ago * pid: sessions: processed: uptime: h m s cpu: % memory : m last used: s ago * pid: sessions: processed: uptime: m s cpu: % memory : m last used: s ago * pid: sessions: processed: uptime: m s cpu: % memory : m last used: s ago our cron job to log this information over time is something like this: /path/to/.gem/gems/passenger- . . /bin/passenger-status >> ./logs/passenger_status.log last week we had some issues in which our production server was experiencing short outages. upon review we noticed that we were having a unusual amount of traffic coming to our server (most of it from crawlers submitting bad requests.) one of the tools that we used to validate the status of our server was the passenger_status.log file created via the aforementioned cron job. the key piece of information that we use is the “requests in queue” value highlighted above. we parsed this value of out the passenger_status.log file to see how it changed in the last days. the result showed that although we have had a couple of outages recently the number of “requests in queue” dramatically increased about two weeks ago and it had stayed high ever since. the graph below shows what we found. notice how after august th the value of “requests in queue” has been constantly high, whereas before august th it was almost always zero or below . we looked closely to our apache and rails logs and determined the traffic that was causing the problem. we took a few steps to handle it and now our servers are behaving as normal again. notice how we are back to zero requests in queue on august st in the graph above. the ruby code that we use to parse our passenger_status.log file is pretty simple, it just grabs the line with the date and the line with the number of requests in queue, parses their values, and outputs the result to a tab delimited file that then we can use to create a graph in excel or rawgraphs. below is the ruby code: require "date" log_file = "passenger_status.log" excel_date = true def date_from_line(line, excel_date) index = line.index(":") return nil if index == nil date_as_text = line[index+ ..- ].strip # thu aug : : - datetime = datetime.parse(date_as_text).to_s # - - t : : - : if excel_date return datetime[ .. ] + " " + datetime[ .. ] # - - : end datetime end def count_from_line(line) return line.gsub("requests in queue:", "").to_i end puts "timestamp\trequest_in_queue" date = "n/a" file.readlines(log_file).each do |line| if line.start_with?("date ") date = date_from_line(line, excel_date) elsif line.include?("requests in queue:") request_count = count_from_line(line) puts "\"#{date}\"\t#{request_count}" end end in this particular case the number of requests in queue was caused by bad/unwanted traffic. if the increase in traffic had been legitimate we would have taken a different route, like adding more processes to our passenger instance to handle the traffic. 	 	 	 		posted on september , february , author hcorreacategories blacklight, josiah, programming, web			 	 	 		looking at the oxford common filesystem layout (ocfl) 	 	 		 currently, the bdr contains about tb of content. the storage layer is fedora , and the data is stored internally by fedora (instead of being stored externally). however, fedora is end-of-life. this means that we either maintain it ourselves, or migrate to something else. however, we don’t want to migrate tb, and then have to migrate it again if we change software again. we’d like to be able to change our software, without migrating all our data. this is where the oxford common filesystem layout (ocfl) work is interesting. ocfl is an effort to define how repository objects should be laid out on the filesystem. ocfl is still very much a work-in-progress, but the “need” section of the specification speaks directly to what i described above. if we set up our data using ocfl, hopefully we can upgrade and change our software as necessary without having to move all the data around. another benefit of the ocfl effort is that it’s work being done by people from multiple institutions, building on other work and experience in this area, to define a good, well-thought-out layout for repository objects. finally, using a common specification for the filesystem layout of our repository means that there’s a better chance that other software will understand how to interact with our files on disk. the more people using the same filesystem layout, the more potential collaborators and applications for implementing the ocfl specification – safely creating, updating, and serving out content for the repository. 	 	 	 		posted on july , author ben cailcategories bdr			 	 		posts navigation 		page page … page next page 	 		 	 	 	 		 									 				proudly powered by wordpress			 		 	 none maisonbisson menu close	home 	search subscribe ☰menu     maisonbisson a bunch of stuff i would have emailed you about scroll downpage of older posts → b c b is the new b b the most recent stackoverflow developer survey shows % of developers prefer to use a free trial as a way to research a new service. forrester research reported that % of b b buyers prefer self-service buying online. and a harvard business review study found “that [b b] customers are, on average, % of the way through the [purchase] process before they engage with supplier sales reps.” because of this, b b sales require internal advocates—called mobilizers—that can build consensus around purchase decisions. » about words casey bisson on #b b, #b c, #b b c, #marketing, #product-led, #frictionless, #self-service, jul software supply chain security, sboms, and biden's cybersecurity executive order the biden administration’s may executive order on cybersecurity outlined the most comprehensive government policy yet to protect public and private resources from cyber attack, and laid out a number of requirements for federal information systems going forward. a number of sections of the order require the federal government to modernize security practices, including establishing a review board, developing playbooks, and improved sharing of threat information between agencies (and from private service providers to the agencies they serve). » about words casey bisson on #security, #cybersecurity, #sbom, #software bill of materials, #supply chain, #software supply chain, jul every journalist ryu spaeth on the dirty job of journalism: [e]very journalist […] at some point will have to face the morally indefensible way we go about our business: namely, using other people to tell a story about the world. not everyone dupes their subjects into trusting them, but absolutely everyone robs other people of their stories to tell their own. every journalist knows this flushed feeling, a mix of triumph and guilt, of securing the story that will redound glory unto them, not the subject. some subjects who have no outlet, who are voiceless, approve of this arrangement, since they have no other way of getting their story heard. but even they will not wholly recognize their own depiction in the newspaper, by virtue of the fact that it was told by someone else with their own agenda. this is what jonathan franzen has called the “inescapable shame of being a storyteller”—that it involves stealing from another person, much in the way some people believe a photograph steals a bit of the sitter’s soul. casey bisson on #journalism, #reporting, #storytelling, dec the three tribes of the internet authors primavera de filippi, juan ortiz freuler, and joshua tan outline three competing narratives that have shaped the internet: libertarian, corporate, and nationalist. “[these narratives] emerged from a community of shared interests; each calls for a set of institutional arrangements; each endures in today’s politics.” » about words casey bisson on #internet, #hyperspace, #law, #governance, #libertarian, #corporate, #nationalist, #berkman klein center, #harvard berkman center, nov happy d.b. cooper day d.b. cooper day is celebrated on this day, the saturday following thanksgiving, every year. casey bisson on #agent smith, #aircraft hijacking, #aviation accidents and incidents, #d.b. cooper, #fbi, #federal bureau of investigation, #festival, #hijackers, #hijacking, #mysteries, #skyjacking, nov vitaminwater's #nophoneforayear contest back in the before times, vitaminwater invited applicants to a contest to go a full year without a smartphone or tablet. it was partly in response to rising concerns over the effect of all those alerts on our brains. over , people clamored for the chance, but author elana a. mugdan’s entry stood out with an amusing video, and in february the company took away her iphone s and handed her a kyocera flip phone. » about words casey bisson on #vitaminwater, #nophoneforayear, #scrollfreeforayear, #smartphones, #ethical technology, #humane technology, nov membership-driven news media from the membership guide’s handbook/manifesto: journalism is facing both a trust crisis and a sustainability crisis. membership answers to both. it is a social contract between a news organization and its members in which members give their time, money, energy, expertise, and connections to support a cause that they believe in. in exchange, the news organization offers transparency and opportunities to meaningfully contribute to both the sustainability and impact of the organization. elsewhere it continues: membership is not subscription by another name, nor a brand campaign that can be toggled on and off. …and: memberful routines are workflows that connect audience members to journalism and the people producing it. routines are the basis for a strong membership strategy. notice that audience members are specified here, which is likely a wider group than your members. casey bisson on #membership, #journalism, #monetization, #publishers, #news organizations, #media, oct political bias in social media algorithms and media monetization models new reports reveal yet more structural political biases in consumption and monetization models. » about wordscasey bisson on #politics, #media, #algorithms, #monetization, #bias, #journalism, #social media, #news organizations, oct media monetization vs. internet advertising media face structural, regulatory, and technical hurdles to effectively monetizing with ads on the internet, but there are some solutions that are working. » about words casey bisson on #advertising, #ads, #media monetization, #monetization models, #media, #journalism, #news organizations, aug the argument against likes: aim for deeper, more genuine interactions sweet pea on the state of social media and dating apps: “we are not creating a healthy society when we’re telling millions of young people that the key to happy relationships is photo worthy of an impulsive right swipe.” » about words casey bisson on #likes, #social media, #dating apps, #social software, #signal, aug paid reactions: virtual awards and tipping reddit and twitch both allow members to pay for the privilege of reacting to other member's content with special awards or stickers. » about words casey bisson on #social media, #reactions, #paid reactions, #virtual awards, #tipping, #revenue, #reddit, #twitch, aug reactions facebook introduced reactions with an emphasis on both the nuance they enabled and the mobile convenience: “[i]f you are sharing something that is sad [...] it might not feel comfortable to like that post.” later: “commenting might afford nuanced responses, but composing those responses on a [mobile] keypad takes too much time.” » about words casey bisson on #reactions, #likes, #social media, #facebook, #instagram, aug “likes” vs. “faves” twitter switched from faves to likes in . “you might like a lot of things, but not everything can be your *favorite*,” they explained. weeks after the change, liking activity for existing users was up % and % for new users. » about words casey bisson on #likes, #faves, #social media, #twitter, #facebook, #microcopy, aug honey cocktails: eau de lavender liquor.com’s recipe for eau de lavender, from a larger collection of cocktails with honey. they all look and sound delightful, but i can vouch for the eau de lavender. ingredients 	 / oz tequila 	 / oz fresh lemon juice 	 / oz honey syrup 	 egg white 	 dash scrappy’s lavender bitters 	garnish: lavender sprig steps 	add all ingredients into a shaker and dry-shake (without ice). 	add ice and shake again to emulsify thoroughly. 	strain into a chilled coupe glass. 	garnish with a lavender sprig. 	honey syrup: add / cup honey and / cup water to a small saucepan over medium heat. (you can experiment and decide how much of a honey flavor you want in your syrup. the more honey you use, the thicker the syrup and stronger in flavor it will be.) stir until blended. strain into a jar and seal tightly with a lid. will keep for month in the refrigerator. ↩︎ casey bisson on #cocktails, #mixology, #honey, may satellite tracking if you’re not reading skyriddles blog, then you’re not tracking the sky above. and you might have missed the re-discovery of a satellite launched in and lost for nearly years. as it turns out, there’s a lot of stuff that’s been forgotten up there, and quite a bit that some are trying to hide. the blog is an entertaining view into the world satellites, including communication, spy, weather, research, and the occasional probe going further afield. casey bisson on #satellite tracking, #space, apr i'm missing restaurants now @nakedlunchsf was notable for having both a strong contender for the best burger in the city, _and_... casey bisson on #photo, #photoblog, #stayhome, #supportlocalbusiness, mar when unzip fails on macos with utf unzip can fail on macos when utf- chars are in the archive. the solution is to use ditto. via a github issue: ditto -v -x -k --sequesterrsrc --rsrc filename.zip destinationdirectory casey bisson on #zip, #unzip, #macos, #utf , feb tiktok vs. instagram zuckerberg describes tiktok as “almost like the explore tab that we have on instagram,” but connie chan suggests he's missing the deeper value of ai, and techcrunch's josh constantine suggests zuck is missing the bigger difference in intent on tiktok. » about words casey bisson on #tiktok, #instagram, #social media, #social software, #social networks, #social signals, #artificial intelligence, #ai, jan swipegram template benjamin lee’s instructions and downloadable template to make panoramic carousel instagrams (aka #swipegram), as illustrated via his animation above. » about words casey bisson on #instagram, #template, #swipegram, dec “it is clear that the books owned the shop... “it is clear that the books owned the shop rather than the other way about. everywhere they... casey bisson on #photo, #photoblog, #lovemaine, #portlandmaine, #mustbevancouver, #penderstreet, #downtownvancouver, dec “life is like riding a bicycle... “life is like riding a bicycle. to keep your balance, you must keep moving.” —wisdom by albert... casey bisson on #photo, #photoblog, #forahappymoment, #voreskbh, #visitcopenhagen, #buyfilmnotmegapixels, #ig_denmark, #fujipro h, #ishootfilm, #travelog, #filmisnotdead, #visitdenmark, #mytinyatlas, #pro h, #fuji, #believeinfilm, #københavn, #analoguepeople, #instapassport, #staybrokeshootfilm, #hasselblad, #igerscopenhagen, #flashesofdelight, #exploringtheglobe, nov notes about spotify creator features spotify often gets bashed by top creators. the service pays just $ . per stream, but with million users listening to an average of hours per month, those streams can add up for creators who can get the listener’s attention. spotify verifies artists who then get additional benefits on the platform. some artists find success the traditional route, some optimize their work for the system, others work the system…and some really work it. relevance to other network/aggregation platforms: tiny payments add up, and given a platform, creators will find a way to get and maximize value from it. the critical component is customers. casey bisson on #spotify, #creators, #social networks, #revenue, #aggregation, nov exiftool examples i use for encoding analog camera details i’m a stickler for detail and love to add exif metadata for my film cameras to my scanned images. these are my notes to self about the data i use most often. i only wish exif had fields to record the film details too. » about wordscasey bisson on #exiftool, #photography, #exif, #metadata, nov random notes on instagram delete your old photos, rebrand your page, and delete it entirely are all common advice. plus some tools and traps to be aware of. » about words casey bisson on #instagram, #social media, #photography, oct page of older posts →maisonbisson information wants to be free information wants to be free a librarian, writer and educator reflecting on the profession and the tools we use to serve our patrons 	saying goodbye to american libraries magazine i’ve been pretty good about not making big life changes during the pandemic. we didn’t get a pandemic dog, even after finally getting our yard completely fenced-in last august. i’ve tamed many, many impulses i had during the pandemic because it seemed like the wrong time to make or unmake big commitments. i didn’t want ... 	drop the ball when i visited my parents in december of , they asked me to go through a box of old stuff they wanted to get rid of. my mother had kept basically all the art we did, the bajillion songs and poems i wrote, everything we did for school, etc. it was surprising how much she&# ;d ... 	in all the bad&# ; some good things wow, this has been a hard year. no one&# ;s life has been untouched by between the pandemic and unrelenting proof that the social safety net has been dismantled by late-stage capitalism, the state-sanctioned murders of black and brown people and ensuing protests, the horrendous wildfires that felt like horsemen of the coming climate apocalypse, and a stressful election. it&# ;s horrifying. ... 	making customizable interactive tutorials with google forms in september, i gave a talk at oregon state university&# ;s instruction librarian get-together about the interactive tutorials i built at pcc last year that have been integral to our remote instructional strategy. i thought i&# ;d share my slides and notes here in case others are inspired by what i did and to share the amazing ... 	the crushing expectations on working women and where&# ;s my fucking village? on friday and saturday, my twitter feed was full of anger and frustration over a blog post on the alsc (association for library services to children) blog. entitled &# ;how motherhood has influenced me as a children’s librarian,&# ; the post was problematic because it suggested (probably unintentionally) that childless children&# ;s librarians could not connect with patrons as much or have ... 	recognition doesn&# ;t have to be a zero sum game as usual, the week the library journal movers and shakers were announced, i saw plenty of complaints about the award and, in some cases, awardees. i’ve been reading this sort of hurtful negativity since when i was named a mover and shaker (and a friend of mine wrote a blog comment calling us “the ... 	thoughts on work, well-being, solidarity, and advocacy in our current&# ; situation i have been wanting to blog for weeks. i have several blog posts i started that i just couldn&# ;t get through. my attention span reminds me of my son&# ;s at age when his teacher delicately suggested we should have him assessed for adhd. it rapidly jumps between various tasks at hand, my family, my ... 	#lismentalhealth: that time my brain and job tried to kill me happy lis mental health week friends! i want to start this post by recognizing someone who has done a great deal to support library workers&# ; mental health in the face of toxic workplaces, kaetrena davis kendrick. kaetrena has done some incredibly valuable research on low morale and toxic workplaces in librarianship and has created an awesome ... 	my year in books (and podcasts) this was a pretty good year for me. nothing particularly amazing or wonderful or eventful happened to me, though my son has been such a source of pride and light for me that i sometimes can&# ;t believe i&# ;m his mom. i still live in the same messed up world we all do. my migraines have actually ... 	when libraries and librarians pretend to be neutral, they often cause harm two recent events made me think (again) about the toxic nature of &# ;library neutrality&# ; and the fact that, more often than not, neutrality is whiteness/patriarchy/cis-heteronormativity/ableism/etc. parading around as neutrality and causing harm to folks from historically marginalized groups. the insidious thing about whiteness and these other dominant paradigms is that they are largely invisible to ... eugene o'neill - modern literature collection authors - research guides at washington university in st. louis skip to main content it looks like you're using internet explorer or older. this website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of chrome, firefox, safari, and edge. if you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. washu libraries menu back to library.wustl.edu 				 						wu libraries 						 					 	 						research guides 						 					 	 						modern literature collection authors 						 					 	eugene o'neill 					 search this guide search modern literature collection authors a guide to the modern literature collection's most prominent authors and collections, with related resources. 	 selected authors and their collections 	 manuscripts / modern literature collection libguide 	 mary jo bang 	 samuel beckett 	 robert creeley 	 james dickey 	 stanley elkin 	 t. s. eliot 	 raymond federman 	 donald finkel 	 william gaddis 	 isabella gardner 	 william h. gass 	 a. e. hotchner 	 fannie hurst 	 charles johnson 	 james merrill 	 howard nemerov 	 eugene o'neill 	biography 	finding aids 	cataloged items 	digital content 	blog posts 	additional resources (external links) 	 william jay smith 	 may swenson 	 alexander trocchi 	 constance urdang 	 mona van duyn 	 david wagoner 	 joy williams 	 tennessee williams 					 						 							biography 							 								 									 			 				  eugene gladstone o’neill (october , – november , ) was an american playwright and nobel laureate in literature. o’neill was born in a broadway hotel room in longacre square (now times square), in the barrett hotel, to an irish immigrant father and a mother of irish descent. his father was an actor and his mother accompanied him on frequent tours with a theater company, so eugene was sent to a catholic boarding school, where he discovered a love of reading. he decided to devote himself full-time to writing plays after his experience in – at a sanatorium where he was recovering from tuberculosis. o’neill had previously written poetry and been employed by the new london telegraph, as a reporter. in the ’s, o’neill became a part of the greenwich village literary scene, including the provincetown players, which staged his early plays. his work was influenced by “radical” thinkers like communist labor party founder john reed. o’neill brought to american drama techniques of realism earlier associated with russian playwright anton chekhov, norwegian playwright henrik ibsen, and swedish playwright august strindberg. his plays were among the first to include speeches in american vernacular and involve characters on the fringes of society, where they struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair. o’neill’s first published play, beyond the horizon, opened on broadway in to great acclaim, and was awarded the pulitzer prize for drama. his first major hit was the emperor jones, which also ran on broadway in , and obliquely commented on the u.s. occupation of haiti that was a topic of debate in that year’s presidential election.  his best-known plays include anna christie (pulitzer prize ), desire under the elms ( ), strange interlude (pulitzer prize ), mourning becomes electra ( ), and his only well-known comedy, ah, wilderness!, a wistful re-imagining of his youth. in , he received the nobel prize for literature. after a ten-year hiatus, o’neill’s now-renowned play the iceman cometh was produced in . the following year, a moon for the misbegotten failed to make an impression, but decades later gained recognition as being among his best works. o’neill suffered from many illnesses in his life, including alcoholism and depression, and parkinsons-like tremors took away his ability to write the last years of his life, leaving many scripts unfinished. he died (also in a hotel room) in boston, mass., in . both iceman and moon were heavily autobiographical in nature, as was long day’s journey into night, widely considered to be his finest, but published and produced posthumously. although his written instructions had stipulated that it not be made public until years after his death, it was published in and produced on stage to tremendous critical acclaim and won the pulitzer prize in . other posthumously-published works include a touch of the poet ( ) and more stately mansions ( ). 		 								 								 							 						 					 					 						 							finding aids 							 								 									 	 			harley hammerman collection on eugene o’neill 				the harley hammerman collection of eugene o’neill consist of manuscripts, correspondence, photographs, and other materials related to the life and work of playwright eugene o’neill. along with first editions of the playwright’s works located in rare books, the collection features autograph and typed letters written by o’neill to significant cultural figures, handwritten manuscripts and typescripts, photographs of o’neill and his immediate family and friends, and rare handbills, posters, scripts, recordings, films, and promotional books related to productions of his plays. 			 	 			eugene o'neill collection 				the eugene o'neill collection consists of theater programs and photographs related to the life and work of o'neill, and his father. 			 								 								 							 						 					 					 						 							cataloged items 							 								 									 	 			cataloged items from the harley hammerman collection on eugene o'neill 				books, periodicals and other items that harley hammerman collected on or by eugene o'neill 			 	 			o'neill as author, signer, blurb writer, former owner 				books, periodicals and other items associated with o'neill 			 	 			o'neill as subject 				cataloged items with content about o'neill 			 								 								 							 						 					 					 						 							digital content 							 								 									 	 			eoneill.com: an electronic eugene o’neill archive 				archived version of harley hammerman's website on eugene o'neill, which includes contextual information, audio and video performances, links to other resources, and more 			 								 								 							 						 					 					 						 							blog posts 							 								 									 	 			washington university libraries acquire harley hammerman collection on eugene o’neill 				announcement of the acquisition and overview of the collection. 			 								 								 							 						 					 					 						 							additional resources (external links) 							 								 									 	 			eugene o’neill national historic site 				website for the national historic site where o'neill wrote his final and most memorable plays the iceman cometh, long day's journey into night, and a moon for the misbegotten. 			 	 			eugene o'neill international society 				founded in , the eugene o’neill society is a non-profit scholarly organization devoted to the promotion and study of the life and works of eugene o’neill and the drama and theatre for which his work was in large part the instigator and model for american theatre in the th century and beyond. 			 								 								 							 						 					 	<< previous: howard nemerov 	next: william jay smith >> 	 last updated: jul , : am 	 url: https://libguides.wustl.edu/modlitauthors 	 print page login to libapps subjects: american literature, english literature, modern literature collection & manuscripts, special collections 	 			 				for students 			 	 				for faculty 			 	 				for staff 			 	 				visitors & alumni 			 			 				ask us 			 	 				research support 			 	 				staff directory 			 	 				make a gift 			 		 	 	 		university libraries 		msc - -b washington university in st. louis 		 brookings dr. 		st. louis, mo 	 	 			 				instagram 			 	 				facebook 			 	 				twitter 			 		 	 	 	 		 home - ilda 	 	 	 	 	 	strategic areas 	community 	gender and inclusion 	developing technologies 	transparency and governance 	projects 	blog 	contact 	 	 español 	 english 	 português do brasil 	we work towards an open, equal and data-driven region 		 featured projects 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 								proyectos 							 										 													status: active 								 			 			ilda: the next generation 		 	 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 								proyectos 							 										 													status: active 								 			 			empatía 		 	 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 								proyectos 							 										 													status: active 								 			 			femicide data standardization 		 	 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 								proyectos 							 										 													status: active 								 			 			global data barometer 		 	 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 								proyectos 							 										 													status: active 								 			 			regional open data barometer 		 	 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 								proyectos 							 										 													status: active 								 			 			data+art 		 	 	 	news 	 		 				 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 								posts 							 					 / / 					 								 			 			open data standards design behind closed doors? 		 	 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 				 					report 							 					 / / 					 								 			 			data for development – a road ahead 		 	 		 				 			 				 							 		 			 			 							 				 					herramientas 							 					 / / 					 								 			 			flow to identify femicides 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 			espacio sinergia divina comedia montevideo - uruguay 	bao co-work space av. corrientes , piso buenos aires - argentina 	impact hub av. , entre calle y , san pedro san josé - costa rica 		 					 		 		 	 	 	 			 				 	suscribite a nuestro newsletter: 		 	 leave this field empty if you're human: 			 			 					 						contactanos 					 	seguinos 			 		 	 	 	 		 			seguinos en: 			 				 					 				 			 			 				 					 				 			 			 				 					 				 			 		 		 		apoyan: 		 			 				 			 		 		 			 				 			 		 		 			 				 			 		 		 	 none none librarian of things librarian of things 	weeknote ( ) § zotero pdf reader a new look and functionality for zotero&# ;s pdf reader is still in beta. i can&# ;t wait for this version to be unleashed! § mit d o earlier this week, mit press announced a new open access monograph program. it appears that the transition of scholarly ebooks to another form of subscription product &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote (late) last week i had a week that was more taxing than normal and i had nothing in the tank by friday. so i&# ;m putting together last week&# ;s weeknotes today. also, going forward each section heading has been anchor tagged for your link sharing needs. e.g. § § § § § and § . i say this &# ; continue reading "weeknote (late) " 	weeknote ( ) today the library is closed as is my place of work&# ;s tradition on the last day of reading week. but as i have three events (helping in a workshop, giving a presentation, participating in a focus group) in my calendar, i&# ;m just going to work the day and bank the time for later. § barbara &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote ( ) another week in which i was doing a lot of behind the scenes work. § duly noted: here&# ;s the article in full. § years ago, i gave a keynote called libraries are for use. and by use, i mean copying that featured the short and sad story of a person who was unable to donate &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote ( ) § last friday i was interviewed for the podcast the grasscast — a game-themed podcast named after the book, the grasshopper: games, life, and utopia. i ramble a little bit in the episode as i tried to be more open and conversational than concise and correct. but i also spoke that way because for some &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote ( ) i don&# ;t have much that i can report in this week&# ;s note. you are just going to have to take my word that this week, a large amount of my time was spent at meetings pertaining to my library department, my union, and anti-black racism work. § last year, around this same time, some colleagues &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote ( ) hey. i missed last week&# ;s weeknote. but we are here now. § this week i gave a class on searching scientific literature to a group of biology masters students. while i was making my slides comparing the advanced search capabilities of web of science and scopus, i discovered this weird behaviour of google scholar: a &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote ( ) this week&# ;s post is not going to capture my ability to be productive while white supremacists appeared to be ushered in and out of the us capitol building by complicit police and covid- continued to ravage my community because our provincial government doesn&# ;t want to spend money on the most vulnerable. instead, i&# ;m just going &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote ( ) § it looks like andromeda yelton is sharing weeknotes (&# ;this week in ai&# ;). i can&# ;t wait to see what she shares with us all in . § earlier this fall, clarivate analytics&# ;announced that it was moving toward a future that calculated the journal impact factor (jif) based on the date of electronic publication and not &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" 	weeknote ( ) § i don&# ;t have much to report in regards to the work i&# ;ve been doing this week. i tried to get our orcid-ojs plugin to work but there is some small strange bug that needs to be squished. luckily, next week i will have the benefit of assistance from the good people of crkn and &# ; continue reading "weeknote ( )" f. scott fitzgerald (fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - ) | the online books page the online books page online books by f. scott fitzgerald (fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - ) a wikipedia article about this author is available. 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - , contrib.: aces: a collection of short stories (new york and london: g. p. putnam's sons, ), ed. by new york guild for the jewish blind, also contrib. by dorothy canfield fisher, octavus roy cohen, edna ferber, zona gale, bruno lessing, kathleen thompson norris, mary roberts rinehart, benjamin sher, g. b. stern, thyra samter winslow, and israel zangwill (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the beautiful and damned (gutenberg text) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the beautiful and damned (new york: c. scribner's sons, )	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 page images at hathitrust 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the curious case of benjamin button (originally published ) (html and audio at usf.edu) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : flappers and philosophers (new york: c. scribner's sons, ) (gutenberg text) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : flappers and philosophers (new york: c. scribner's sons, )	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 page images at hathitrust 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby ( ) (text at gutenberg australia) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby (first edition; new york: c. scribner's sons, )	 page images at hathitrust 	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : tales of the jazz age ( ) (gutenberg text) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : tales of the jazz age (new york: c. scribner's sons, )	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 page images at hathitrust 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : tender is the night ( ) (text in australia; no us access) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise (new york: c. scribner's sons, )	 html at bartleby 	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 page images at hathitrust 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the vegetable: or, from president to postman (new york: c. scribner's sons, )	 gutenberg text 	 page images at hathitrust help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing additional books from the extended shelves: 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the beautiful and damned / (london : collins, [ ], © ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the beautiful and damned / (new york : collier books, , c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : flappers and philosophers / (london : collins, c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby (gutenberg ebook) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby / (new york : charles scribner's sons, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the great gatsby [electronic resource] / (new york : new directions books, [ ]), also by lionel trilling (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the last tycoon, an unfinished novel, together with the great gatsby. (new york, scribner, [c , ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : the nassau literary magazine. ([princeton, n.j. : senior class of the college of new jersey,) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : o. henry memorial award prize stories of / (garden city, n.y. : doubleday, page & company, ), also by society of arts and sciences (u.s.), ed. by blanche colton williams (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : short stories for class reading / (new york : henry holt and company, c ), also by katherine mansfield, edwina stanton babcock, rudyard kipling, dorothy canfield fisher, fannie hurst, josephine dodge daskam bacon, anzia yezierska, booth tarkington, katherine holland brown, mary valentine stanley, margaret pollock sherwood, o. henry, richard harding davis, gouverneur morris, temple bailey, ben ames williams, ralph philip boas, barbara m. hahn, and henry holt and company. pbl (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise. (new york, charles scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise. (new york, scribner, [ , c ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise / (new york : c. scribner's sons, c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise / (new york, c. scribner's, [ ?], c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise / (new york : a.l. burt co., ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise / (new york : scribner, c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise / (new york : scribner, , c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 fitzgerald, f. scott (francis scott), - : this side of paradise / (new york, n.y. : grosset & dunlap, c ) (page images at hathitrust) see also what's at your library, or elsewhere. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing home -- search -- new listings -- authors -- titles -- subjects -- serials books -- news -- features -- archives -- the inside story edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) obp copyrights and licenses. leadership group dlf 	 about 	overview 	 	calendar 	faq 	foundational principles 	leadership 	strategic plan 	 membership 	join the ndsa 	member orientation 	members 	 groups 	overview 	working group schedule 	 	interest groups 	content 	infrastructure 	standards and practices 	 	active working groups 	communications and publications 	conference program 	excellence awards 	fixity survey 	levels of preservation 	membership task force 	staffing survey 	 publications 	overview 	 	levels of preservation 	ndsa agenda 	 	osf repository 	 conference 	digipres conference 	past digipres conferences 	 news leadership group leadership team the ndsa leadership consists of the elected coordinating committee, the chairs/co-chairs of the interest and working groups, and a representative from the host organization. together, the coordinating committee and the interest and working group chairs work to articulate a long-term, strategic vision for ndsa. the leadership group meets once a month online and in person once during the digital preservation annual conference. select activities of the leadership group include: 	approving new ndsa member applications. 	creating and reviewing ndsa publications (e.g. the ndsa agenda). 	evaluating the effectiveness of the interest and working groups and providing guidance and assistance to the group chairs as appropriate. this can include recommending the creation, consolidation, or disbanding of interest or working groups and working to eliminate unnecessary duplication of effort. 	coordinating with dlf on administrative management of the ndsa. 	working with international partners to extend digital preservation advocacy and awareness. 	working with parent organization to plan the digipres conference. 	creating and reviewing the annual roadmap for the ndsa. for items that need to be voted on, the interest and working group chairs are considered to be ex officio members; they do not vote and their presence is not counted as part of a quorum. only the elected cc members may vote. coordinating committee members may also pursue becoming a member of the coordinating committee (cc). members of the coordinating committee serve a three-year elected position that works with the chairs of the interest and working groups on the strategic goals of the ndsa. details about the purpose, charge, and expectations of the committee are recorded in the coordinating committee information document. the primary responsibilities and expectations of individual cc members include: 	approving and/or participating in interest groups and working groups as needed or required. 	actively promoting and representing the work of the ndsa in their own professional communities. 	actively engaging in the ongoing work of the cc, with an expected % attendance record for monthly cc meetings. 	communicating clearly, respectfully, and in a timely fashion to support active participation by all members of the project team, especially when leading or participating in cc projects. the ndsa leadership group comprises the coordinating committee, the interest group and working group co-chairs, and the host organization representatives, which in collaboration provide strategic leadership for the organization. committee members serve staggered terms of three years. host organization ndsa derives its administrative and financial support through a host organization. the host organization: 	provides a membership mechanism, coordination, and support for the ndsa organization. 	provides outreach and communication frameworks to ndsa leadership, which may be used to inform the broader digital preservation community about ndsa activities, events, and products. 	represents the ndsa organization with a distinct and branded web presence. 	supports the work of the ndsa coordinating committee and provides one voting member of the leadership in conjunction with elected members of the cc. 	supports and coordinates the execution of an annual ndsa conference. 	commits to a -year (renewable) term as ndsa host organization. coordinating committee members daniel noonan, chair dan ( st term, - ) is an associate professor and the digital preservation librarian for the ohio state university libraries (osul). reporting to the associate director for distinctive collections and digital programs, dan plays a key role in developing a trusted digital preservation ethos and infrastructure at osul. this position contributes strategy and expertise, and provides leadership through close collaboration with faculty, staff, and other leaders in osul’s digital programs, preservation and digitization, distinctive collections, content and access, archival description and access, and publishing and repository services groups. previously, he was osul’s electronic records/digital resources archivist and electronic records manager/archivist. simultaneously, dan was an adjunct faculty member for kent state university, teaching an archives foundations course. prior to joining osul, he was the supervisor for electronic records management for the state of new jersey, and the digital documents librarian for the new jersey institute of technology. dan has an extensive service record including co-chairing ndsa's levels of preservation revision work group, teaching for the society of american archivists' digital archives specialist program, and serving both as a faculty member ( - teaching digital strategies) and on the steering committee ( - ) of the archives leadership institute. stephen abrams stephen abrams ( st term, - ) is also co-chair of the excellence awards working group in his nd term, - . mr. abrams is head of digital preservation at the harvard library, with responsibility for policy, strategy, and innovation regarding long-term stewardship of harvard’s rich digital collections. he was project leader and editor for the iso pdf/a standard, project manager for the jhove and jhove format characterization systems, and principal investigator for the california state government web archive, cobweb collaborative collection development, and make data count data metric projects. his research interests are in cost and business models for sustainable digital library services, new modes of post-custodial curation, and metrics for evaluating digital preservation efficacy. mr. abrams was previously associate director of the uc curation center at the california digital library. he holds a ba in mathematics from boston university, an alm in the history of art and architecture from harvard university, and is pursuing a phd in information science from queensland university of technology. elizabeth england elizabeth england ( st term, - ; staffing survey working group co-chair) is a digital preservation specialist at the u.s. national archives and records administration, where she participates in strategic and operational initiatives and services for the preservation of born-digital and digitized records of the federal government. in addition, she teaches an introduction to digital preservation continuing education course for the university of wisconsin ischool. prior to joining nara, elizabeth was the digital archivist and a national digital stewardship resident (ndsr) at johns hopkins university. elizabeth currently serves on the ndsa communications and publications working group and has previously served on the ivy plus libraries consortium web collecting advisory group and ndsr advisory group. salwa ismail salwa ismail ( st term, - ) is the associate university librarian for digital initiatives and information technology and the associate cio for uc berkeley library. prior to coming to uc berkeley library, ms. ismail was the head of library technologies at georgetown university library for eight years and prior to that the head of the digital library at florida atlantic university libraries for five years. her current portfolio includes library-wide support and leadership for digital services including digital scholarship, data services, and programs, computing, innovative technology spaces, interface and web design, and infrastructure services following a user-centric, service-oriented philosophy. in , she was listed by e-campus news as “ leaders shaping the future of higher education.” in , she was named a library mover and shaker by library journal for being a digital driver. she has chaired and been elected to several international and national committees on digital infrastructure, design, and services in libraries. in , she was responsible for bringing to her institution the coveted national digital stewardship residency (ndsr) program residency. she is very passionate about how libraries, through the innovation of library technology and digital services, can play a role as agents of research and scholarship in institutions of higher education. her research interests include applying computational social science methodologies and agent-based modeling to the study of leadership, educational learning, and pedagogy in complex adaptive systems. she earned her b.s. in computer engineering and an mba from florida atlantic university and her mslis degree from florida state university. she is currently a ph.d. candidate in the computational social science program at george mason university. courtney mumma courtney c. mumma ( st term, - ), is a an archivist and a librarian. she is the deputy director of the texas digital library consortium, a collective of university libraries working towards open, sustainable, and secure digital heritage and scholarly communications. she has over a decade of experience in open source software development and maintenance, infrastructure support and digital preservation good practice and education. jessica neal jessica c. neal ( st term, - ; digipres vice chair) is an archivist, records manager, and memory worker. she is currently the sterling a. brown archivist at williams college and records management program assistant at the massachusetts institute of technology. jes’s work centers archives, preservation, data management, and developing ethical frameworks to better steward digital collections and projects that specifically focus on black-led and -created social movements, oral histories, and literary history and culture. jes received her b.a. in african world studies from dillard university and her m.l.i.s in archival studies from the university of wisconsin-milwaukee. linda tadic linda tadic ( nd term, - ) is founder and ceo of digital bedrock, a managed digital preservation service provider that serves any type of organization, and even individuals. she has years’ experience in leading preservation, metadata, and digital production operations at organizations such as artstor, hbo, the media archives and peabody awards collection at the university of georgia, and the getty research institute. currently an adjunct professor in ucla’s graduate school of education and information studies teaching digital asset management, she was previously an adjunct professor in nyu’s moving image archiving and preservation program (courses in collection management and cataloging and metadata). she consults and lectures on digital asset management, audiovisual and digital preservation, metadata, and copyright, with clients as diverse as wnet/thirteen, the academy of motion picture arts and sciences, sbs (australia), dunhuang research academy (china), espn, and the missouri history museum. she is a founding member and former president of the association of moving image archivists (amia). nathan tallman, vice chair nathan tallman ( st term, - ) is digital preservation librarian at penn state university libraries where he coordinates policies, workflows and best practices to ensure the long-term preservation and accessibility of psu libraries’ born-digital and digitized collections. he also advises on equipment, infrastructure, and vendors for penn state digital content. nathan serves on the aptrust governing board and metaarchive cooperative steering committee. prior to his arrival at penn state, nathan was the digital content strategist at the university of cincinnati and associate archivist at the american jewish archives. interest and working group chairs brenda burk brenda burk (content interest group co-chair; st term, - ) joined clemson university libraries in as the head of special collections. as part of the clemson university libraries, the special collections and archives houses the university archives, records management, manuscript collections, and rare books. previously she was the philanthropic studies archivist at iupui university library and public records archivist at the wisconsin historical society. in her current position, she continues to build a premier research collection that supports the university and creates an environment encouraging scholarly inquiry, creative thinking, and lifelong learning. her research interests include information-seeking behaviors of users, course-integrated instruction, public awareness and perceptions of archives. brenda graduated from the university of wisconsin-madison with a ba in history and a ma in library and information studies with an emphasis in archival administration. bradley daigle bradley daigle (levels of digital preservation co-chair; nd term, - ) is executive director of academic preservation trust (aptrust) and has been active in the digital preservation field since . having been in the library profession for over twenty years, he has published and presented on a wide range of topics including mass digitization, digital curation and stewardship, sustaining digital scholarship, intellectual property issues, mentoring in libraries, and digital preservation. in addition to his professional field, his research interests also include the history of the book, natural history, and early modern british literature. he received his ma in literature from the university of montreal and an mls from catholic university. felicity dykas felicity dykas (standards and practices interest group co-chair; st term, - ) is head of digital services at the university of missouri (mu). in this role she oversees the work of mospace, the university of missouri institutional repository, the mu digital library, and digitization work. prior roles include cataloger and head of the catalog department. her current work interests include providing online access to information resources (now and into the future) by focusing on the development and use of international, national, and local standards for digital objects and metadata that enhances discoverability. collaborating with others on digital projects also is a priority. as a mantra, felicity frequently quotes the ifla library reference model user tasks: our goal is to help our users find, identify, select, obtain, and explore information resources. felicity is active in ala, with current membership on the association of library collections and technical services continuing education committee. carol kussmann carol kussmann (communications and publications working group chair; st term, - and fixity survey working group co-chair) is the digital preservation analyst at the university of minnesota libraries. in this role, she works across many departments within the libraries, as well as outside the libraries including through the statewide minnesota digital library program. she addresses current and future requirements for the long-term preservation of electronic records in the areas of archives and special collections, information and data repositories, and journal publishing. as co-chair of the libraries electronic records management group her efforts focus on developing and implementing workflows for ingesting, processing, and providing access to incoming electronic materials that are part of the archives and special collections units. as an inaugural digital preservation outreach and education (dpoe) trainer, she works with minitex to provide digital preservation training in the region on a regular basis. after completing the initial implementation work for the council of state archivists’ (cosa) electronic records resource center she remains a member of cosa’s tools and resources subcommittee. other current activities include teaching digital archives specialist courses for the society of american archivists. eric lopatin eric lopatin (infrastructure interest group co-chair; st term, - ) is product manager for the california digital library's digital preservation initiatives, including the merritt repository that preserves library special collection content from libraries across all ten university of california campuses, as well as escholarship publications, etds, and datasets submitted to dryad from organizations worldwide. in this role, he leads the product development of merritt and its integration with cdl systems, while also directly supporting campus-specific preservation efforts. through ongoing uc-systemwide initiatives, he helps promote the adoption of digital preservation best practices and associated technologies. prior to joining cdl, eric worked at the public library of science where he was product owner for a development team focused on bolstering editorial process efficiency across journal operations. his recent work in open access publishing, as well as a string of years spent at adobe systems enabling cross-application workflows and shared technology, have all contributed to his interests in the realms of preservation, publishing and software development. krista oldham krista oldham (excellence awards working group co-chair; nd term, - ) is the university archivist at clemson university, where her responsibilities include overseeing the acquisition, description, and preservation of university records, as well as supporting and promoting their use. additionally, krista is responsible for assisting in developing and managing a comprehensive, institution-wide records management program. she earned a m.i.s. from the university of tennessee, knoxville and earned both a m.a. in history and a b.a. in history from the university of arkansas, fayetteville. prior to starting her position at clemson, krista worked at haverford college as the college archivist/records manager for quaker and special collections and at the university of arkansas, fayetteville special collections as the senior archivist and the senior archives manager. in addition to her archival work, krista served as co-director of the arkansas delta oral history project, an initiative led by the endowed brown chair in english literacy. she is a co-author of the arkansas delta oral history project: culture, place, and authenticity, which was published in by syracuse university press. tricia patterson tricia patterson ( digipres chair) is a digital preservation analyst at harvard library, where she champions communication with the future by ensuring long-term stewardship and usability of harvard’s digital historical assets. centrally positioned, she supports programmatic activities for the digital repository, web and email archiving, digital forensics, and other related enterprises across the library. prior to joining harvard university, she was a national digital stewardship resident (ndsr) at mit libraries, where she researched and documented digital preservation workflows. tricia has served as a coordinator for the saa research forum, an inaugural ndsr advisory group member, and she co-developed and instructs an saa das course on email archiving. leah prescott leah prescott (infrastructure interest group co-chair; st term, - ) is the associate director for digital initiatives and special collections at georgetown university law library, where she is responsible for the digital curation lifecycle, from the development of a production digitization program for all types of library media, to providing access to digital materials in multiple repositories, to the implementation of a preservation strategy that is in-line with best practices. she is also responsible for conservation staff at the library, and for the special collections department with collections that include manuscripts, archives, rare books and the specialized national equal justice library. previously leah was the digital projects coordinator at the getty research institute in los angeles, where she participated in research and development of digital solutions, including digital repositories for access and preservation, mass digitization projects, and initiatives to create new avenues for scholarly collaboration in art history. she has a b.a. degree in history from the university of connecticut, an m.l.s. degree from syracuse university, and has been certified as an archivist since . linda reynolds linda reynolds (standards and practices interest group co-chair; st term, - ) is the director of the east texas research center at stephen f. austin state university (sfa) in nacogdoches, texas. she is responsible for overseeing all aspects of archival work from paper processing to digital preservation. since there is no digital archivist at sfa, she has taken on that responsibility. she is a one woman digital show and has thrown herself into the deep end of the digital pool to bring sfa’s chaotic digital assets into a manageable system. she advises and works with many cultural heritage institutions and community members in the east texas area on processing, preservation of, and providing access to digital and non-digital material. sibyl schaefer sibyl schaefer (fixity survey working group co-chair) is the chronopolis program manager and digital preservation analyst for research data curation at the university of california, san diego. in addition to working with national digital preservation efforts like the national digital stewardship alliance (ndsa), she helps define long-term digital preservation solutions for the ucsd campus. she previously served as the head of digital programs for the rockefeller archive center where she worked to fully integrate digital and traditional archival practices, including policy development, forensic and accessioning workflows, and training initiatives to support the long-term stewardship of digitized and born digital materials. she has been recognized as an emerging leader by the american library association and has participated in the archival leadership institute. schaefer holds an mlis with a specialization in archival studies from the university of california, los angeles. deb verhoff deb verhoff (content interest group co-chair; nd term, - ) is the digital collections manager for nyu libraries with responsibility for planning repository services. in her role within the digital library technology services team, she guides digital preservation activities for born digital and digitized content. prior to joining nyu, deb worked as an arts librarian and led a digital library project for robert wilson's watermill center. she holds a masters in fine arts from the school of the museum of fine arts, boston and a masters in library and information science from simmons college. lauren work lauren work (staffing survey working group co-chair) is the digital preservation librarian at the university of virginia, where she is responsible for the implementation and maintenance of preservation strategy and systems for university digital resources. she also helps to lead digital stewardship collaboration within communities such as the academic preservation trust, the national digital stewardship alliance, the software preservation network, and the bitcurator consortium. she earned her master of library and information science degree from the university of washington. host organization louisa kwasigroch louisa kwasigroch (clir representative) is the director of outreach and engagement for the council on library and information resources (clir) and interim senior program officer for the digital library federation (dlf). her mission at clir centers around working with members, funders, affiliates, and the overlapping library/information communities to find places to collaborate and further the field. louisa’s experience spans organizational design, marketing, business development, nonprofit management, fundraising, and communications. she is a kodak portfolio award-winning photographer and part of the beta phi mu international library & information studies honor society. her work in higher education and library and information science is dedicated to breaking down barriers via cross-industry collaboration. louisa holds a master of business administration and a master of science in library and information science from the university of illinois at urbana-champaign, and a bachelor of arts in photography from columbia college chicago. ndsa 	 about 	 members 	 groups 	 calendar social 	 twitter 	 itunes 	 youtube 	 news 	 linkedin contact ndsa c/o clir union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: ndsa@diglib.org ndsa the ndsa is proudly hosted by the digital library federation at clir. all content on this site is available for re-use under a cc by-sa . international license. dlf view this page on github catmandu 	 		 			catmandu 	about 	download 	tutorial 		 		 	 		 		 		 			 							may , 			 							 					 						catmandu . 					 				 					 		 			on may th , nicolas steenlant (our main developer and guru of catmandu) released version . of our catmandu toolkit with some very interesting new features. the main addition is a brand new way how catmandu fix-es can be implemented using the new catmandu::path implementation. this coding by nicolas will make it much easier and straightforward to implement any kind of fixes in perl. in the previous versions of catmandu there were only two options to create new fixes: 	create a perl package in the catmandu::fix namespace which implements a fix method. this was very easy: update the $data hash you got as first argument, return the updated $data and you were done. then disadvantage was that accessing fields in a deeply nested record was tricky and slow to code. 	create a perl package in the catmandu::fix namespace which implemented emit functions. these were functions that generate perl code on the fly. using emit functions it was easier to get fast access to deeply nested data. but, to create fix packages was pretty complex. in catmandu . there is now support for a third and easy way to create new fixes using the catmandu::fix::builder and catmandu::fix::path class. let me give an simple example of a skeleton fix that does nothing: package catmandu::fix::rot ; use catmandu::sane; use moo; use catmandu::util::path qw(as_path); use catmandu::fix::has; with 'catmandu::fix::builder'; has path => (fix_arg => ); sub _build_fixer { my ($self) = @_; sub { my $data = $_[ ]; # ..do some magic here ... $data; } } ; in the code above we start implementing a rot (path) fix that should read a string on a json path and encrypt it using the rot  algorithm. this fix is only the skeleton which doesn’t do anything. what we have is: 	 	we import the as_path method be able to easily access data on json paths/ 	we import catmandu::fix::has to be able to use has path constructs to read in arguments for our fix. 	we import catmandu::fix::builder to use the new catmandu . builder class provides a _build_fixermethod. 	the builder is nothing more than a closure that reads the data, does some action on the data and return the data. we can use this skeleton builder to implement our rot algorithm. add these lines instead of the # do some magic part: # on the path update the string value... as_path($self->path)->updater( if_string => sub { my $value = shift; $value =~ tr{n-za-mn-za-m}{a-za-z}; $value; }, )->($data); the as_path method receives a json path string an creates an object which you can use to manipulate data on that path. one can update the values found with the updater method, or read data at that path with the getter method or create a new path with the creator method. in our example, we update the string found at the json path using if_string condition. the updaterhas many conditions: 	if_string needs a closure what should happen when a string is found on the json path. 	if_array_ref needs a closure what should happen when an array is found on the json path. 	if_hash_refneeds a closure what should happen when a hash is found on the json path. in our case we are only interested in transforming strings using our rot (path) fix. the rot algorithm is very easy and only switched the order of some characters. when we execute this fix on some sample data we get this result: $ catmandu -i lib convert null to yaml --fix 'add_field(demo,hello);rot v (demo)' --- demo: uryyb ... in this case the fix can be written much shorter when we know that every catmandu::path method return a closure (hint: look at the ->($data) in the code. the complete fix can look like: package catmandu::fix::rot ; use catmandu::sane; use moo; use catmandu::util::path qw(as_path); use catmandu::fix::has; with 'catmandu::fix::builder'; has path => (fix_arg => ); sub _build_fixer { my ($self) = @_; # on the path update the string value... as_path($self->path)->updater( if_string => sub { my $value = shift; $value =~ tr{n-za-mn-za-m}{a-za-z}; $value; }, ); } ; this is as easy as it can get to manipulate deeply nested data with your own perl tools. all the code is in perl, there is no limit on the number of external cpan packages one can include in these builder fixes. we can’t wait what catmandu extensions you will create. 			 			 						 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in advanced, updates				 						tagged with catmandu, fix language, perl 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							april , 			 							 					 						lpw : “contrarian perl” – tom hukins					 				 					 		 			at : , tom hukins shares his enthusiasm for catmandu! 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in uncategorized				 						 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							june , 			 							 					 						introducing filestores					 				 					 		 			catmandu is always our tool of choice when working with structured data. using the elasticsearch or mongodb catmandu::store-s it is quite trivial to store and retrieve metadata records. storing and retrieving a yaml, json (and by extension xml, marc, csv,…) files can be as easy as the commands below: $ catmandu import yaml to database < input.yml $ catmandu import json to database < input.json $ catmandu import marc to database < marc.data $ catmandu export database to yaml > output.yml a catmandu.yml  configuration file is required with the connection parameters to the database: $ cat catmandu.yml --- store: database: package: elasticsearch options: client: ' _ ::direct' index_name: catmandu ... given these tools to import and export and even transform structured data, can this be extended to unstructured data? in institutional repositories like librecat we would like to manage metadata records and binary content (for example pdf files related to the metadata).  catmandu . introduces the catmandu::filestore as an extension to the already existing catmandu::store to manage binary content. a catmandu::filestore is a catmandu::store where each catmandu::bag acts as a “container” or a “folder” that can contain zero or more records describing file content. the files records themselves contain pointers to a backend storage implementation capable of serialising and streaming binary files. out of the box, one catmandu::filestore implementation is available catmandu::store::file::simple, or short file::simple, which stores files in a directory. some examples. to add a file to a filestore, the stream command needs to be executed: $ catmandu stream /tmp/myfile.pdf to file::simple --root /data --bag --id myfile.pdf in the command above: /tmp/myfile.pdf is the file up be uploaded to the file::store. file::simple is the name of the file::store implementation which requires one mandatory parameter, --root /data which is the root directory where all files are stored.  the--bag  is the “container” or “folder” which contains the uploaded files (with a numeric identifier ). and the --id myfile.pdf is the identifier for the new created file record. to download the file from the file::store, the stream command needs to be executed in opposite order: $ catmandu stream file::simple --root /data --bag --id myfile.pdf to /tmp/file.pdf or $ catmandu stream file::simple --root /data --bag --id myfile.pdf > /tmp/file.pdf on the file system the files are stored in some deep nested structure to be able to spread out the file::store over many disks: /data `--/ `--/ `--/ `--/myfile.pdf a listing of all “containers” can be retreived by requesting an export of the default (index) bag of the file::store: $ catmandu export file::simple --root /data to yaml _id: ... a listing of all files in the container “ ” can be done by adding the bag name to the export command: $ catmandu export file::simple --root /data --bag to yaml _id: myfile.pdf _stream: !!perl/code '{ "dummy" }' content_type: application/pdf created: md : '' modified: size: ... each file::store implementation supports at least the fields presented above: 	_id: the name of the file 	_stream: a callback function to retrieve the content of the file (requires an io::handle as input) 	content_type: the mime-type of the file 	created: a timestamp when the file was created 	modified: a timestamp when the file was last modified 	size: the byte length of the file 	md : optional a md checksum we envision in catmandu that many implementations of filestores can be created to be able to store files in github, bagits, fedora commons and more backends. using the catmandu::plugin::sidecar  catmandu::filestore-s and catmandu::store-s can be combined as one endpoint. using catmandu::store::multi and catmandu::store::file::multi many different implementations of stores and filestores can be combined. this is a short introduction, but i hope you will experiment a bit with the new functionality and provide feedback to our project. 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in uncategorized				 						 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							march , 			 							 					 						catmandu . 					 				 					 		 			catmandu . has been released to with some nice new features. there are some new fix routines that were asked by our community: error the “error” fix stops immediately the execution of the fix script and throws an error. use this to abort the processing of a data stream: $ cat myfix.fix unless exists(id)     error("no id found?!") end $ catmandu convert json --fix myfix.fix < data.json valid the “valid” fix condition can be used to validate a record (or part of a record) against a jsonschema. for instance we can select only the valid records from a stream: $ catmandu convert json --fix 'select valid('', jsonschema, schema:myschema.json)' < data.json or, create some logging: $ cat myfix.fix unless valid(author, jsonschema, schema:authors.json) log("errors in the author field") end $ catmandu convert json --fix myfix.fix < data.json rename the “rename” fix can be used to recursively change the names of fields in your documents. for example, when you have this json input: { "foo.bar": " ", "my.name": "patrick" } you can transform all periods (.) in the key names to underscores with this fix: rename('','\.','_') the first parameter is the fields “rename” should work on (in our case it is an empty string, meaning the complete record). the second and third parameters are the regex search and replace parameters. the result of this fix is: { "foo_bar": " ", "my_name": "patrick" } the “rename” fix will only work on the keys of json paths. for example, given the following path: my.deep.path.x.y.z the keys are: 	my 	deep 	path 	x 	y 	z the second and third argument search and replaces these seperate keys. when you want to change the paths as a whole take a look at the “collapse()” and “expand()” fixes in combination with the “rename” fix: collapse() rename('',"my\.deep","my.very.very.deep") expand() now the generated path will be: my.very.very.deep.path.x.y.z of course the example above could be written more simple as “move_field(my.deep,my.very.very.deep)”, but it serves as an example  that powerful renaming is possible. import_from_string this fix is a generalisation of the “from_json” fix. it can transform a serialised string field in your data into an array of data. for instance, take the following yaml record: --- foo: '{"name":"patrick"}' ... the field ‘foo’ contains a json fragment. you can transform this json into real data using the following fix: import_from_string(foo,json) which creates a ‘foo’ array containing the deserialised json: --- foo: - name: patrick the “import_from_string” look very much like the “from_json” string, but you can use any catmandu::importer. it always created an array of hashes. for instance, given the following yaml record: --- foo: "name;hobby\nnicolas;drawing\npatrick;music" you can transform the csv fragment in the ‘foo’ field into data by using this fix: import_from_string(foo,csv,sep_char:";") which gives as result: --- foo: - hobby: drawing name: nicolas - hobby: music name: patrick ... i the same way it can process marc, xml, rdf, yaml or any other format supported by catmandu. export_to_string the fix “export_to_string” is the opposite of “import_from_string” and is the generalisation of the “to_json” fix. given the yaml from the previous example: --- foo: - hobby: drawing name: nicolas - hobby: music name: patrick ... you can create a csv fragment in the ‘foo’ field with the following fix: export_to_string(foo,csv,sep_char:";") which gives as result: --- foo: "name;hobby\nnicolas;drawing\npatrick;music" search_in_store the fix “search_in_store” is a generalisation of the “lookup_in_store” fix. the latter is used to query the “_id” field in a catmandu::store and return the first hit. the former, “search_in_store” can query any field in a store and return all (or a subset) of the results. for instance, given the yaml record: --- foo: "(title:abc or author:dave) and not year: " ... then the following fix will replace the ‘foo’ field with the result of the query in a solr index: search_in_store('foo', store:solr, url: 'http://localhost: /solr/catalog') as a result, the document will be updated like: --- foo: start: , limit: , hits: [...], total: ... where 	start: the starting index of the search result 	limit: the number of result per page 	hits: an array containing the data from the result page 	total: the total number of search results every catmandu::solr can have another layout of the result page. look at the documentation of the catmandu::solr implementations for the specific details. thanks for all your support for catmandu and keep on data converting 🙂 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in uncategorized				 						 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							june , 			 							 					 						metadata analysis at the command-line					 				 					 		 			i was last week at the elag  conference in copenhagen and attended the excellent workshop by christina harlow  of cornell university on migrating digital collections metadata to rdf and fedora . one of the important steps required to migrate and model data to rdf is understanding what your data is about. probably old systems need to be converted for which little or no documentation is available. instead of manually processing large xml or marc dumps, tools like metadata breakers can be used to find out which fields are available in the legacy system and how they are used. mark phillips of the university of north texas wrote recently in code lib a very inspiring article how this could be done in python. in this blog post i’ll demonstrate how this can be done using a new catmandu tool: catmandu::breaker. to follow the examples below, you need to have a system with catmandu installed. the catmandu::breaker tools can then be installed with the command: $ sudo cpan catmandu::breaker a breaker is a command that transforms data into a line format that can be easily processed with unix command line tools such as grep, sort, uniq, cut and many more. if you need an introduction into unix tools for data processing please follow the examples johan rolschewski of berlin state library and i presented as an elag bootcamp. as a simple example lets create a yaml file and demonstrate how this file can be analysed using catmandu::breaker: $ cat test.yaml --- name: john colors: - black - yellow - red institution: name: acme years: - - - - this example has a combination of simple name/value pairs a list of colors and a deeply nested field. to transform this data into the breaker format execute the command: $ catmandu convert yaml to breaker < test.yaml colors[] black colors[] yellow colors[] red institution.name acme institution.years[] institution.years[] institution.years[] institution.years[] name john the breaker format is a tab-delimited output with three columns: 	an record identifier: read from the _id field in the input data, or a counter when no such field is present. 	a field name. nested fields are seperated by dots (.) and list are indicated by the square brackets ([]) 	a field value when you have a very large json or yaml field and need to find all the values of a deeply nested field you could do something like: $ catmandu convert yaml to breaker < data.yaml | grep "institution.years" using catmandu you can do this analysis on input formats such as json, yaml, xml, csv, xls (excell). just replace the yaml by any of these formats and run the breaker command. catmandu can also connect to oai-pmh, z . or databases such as mongodb, elasticsearch, solr or even relational databases such as mysql, postgres and oracle. for instance to get a breaker format for an oai-pmh repository issue a command like: $ catmandu convert oai --url http://lib.ugent.be/oai to breaker if your data is in a database you could issue an sql query like: $ catmandu convert dbi --dsn 'dbi:oracle' --query 'select * from table where ...' --user 'user/password' to breaker some formats, such as marc, doesn’t provide a great breaker format. in catmandu, marc files are parsed into a list of list. running a breaker on a marc input you get this: $ catmandu convert marc to breaker < t/camel.usmarc | head fol record[][] ldr fol record[][] _ fol record[][] cam a fol record[][] fol record[][] _ fol record[][] fol fol record[][] fol record[][] fol record[][] fol record[][] a the marc fields are part of the data, not part of the field name. this can be fixed by adding a special ‘marc’ handler to the breaker command: $ catmandu convert marc to breaker --handler marc < t/camel.usmarc | head fol ldr cam a fol fol fol imchf fol . fol s nyua eng fol a fol a (paper/cd-rom : alk. paper) fol a dlc fol c dlc fol d dlc now all the marc subfields are visible in the output. you can use this format to find, for instance, all unique values in a marc file. lets try to find all unique values: $ catmandu convert marc to breaker --handler marc < camel.usmarc | grep "\t " | cut -f | sort -u s nyua eng s mau eng s njua eng s cau b eng s caua eng s mau eng s mau eng s mau eng s mau eng s cau eng nam a catmandu::breaker doesn’t only break input data in a easy format for command line processing, it can also do a statistical analysis on the breaker output. first process some data into the breaker format and save the result in a file: $ catmandu convert marc to breaker --handler marc < t/camel.usmarc > result.breaker now, use this file as input for the ‘catmandu breaker’ command: $ catmandu breaker result.breaker | name | count | zeros | zeros% | min | max | mean | median | mode | variance | stdev | uniq | entropy | |------|-------|-------|--------|-----|-----|------|--------|--------|----------|-------|------|---------| | | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | c | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | d | | | . | | | . | . | [ , ] | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | b | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | d | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | q | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | c | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | d | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | b | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | c | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | b | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | c | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . | | b | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | c | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | e | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | v | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | a | | | . | | | . | | | . | . | | . / . | | ldr | | | . | | | | | | | | | . / . as a result you get a table listing the usage of subfields in all the input records. from this output we can learn: 	the ‘ ’ field is available in records (see: count) 	one record doesn’t contain a ‘ a’ subfield (see: zeros) 	the ‘ a’ is available in all records at least once at most times (see: min, max) 	only out of ‘ a’ subfields have unique values (see: uniq) 	the last column ‘entropy’ provides a number how interesting the field is for search engines. the higher the entropy, the more uniq content can be found. i hope this tools are of some use in your projects! 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															 comments 														 					posted in uncategorized				 						 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							may , 			 							 					 						catmandu . 					 				 					 		 			catmandu . has been released today. there has been some speed improvements processing fixes due to switching from the data::util to the ref::util package which has better a support on many perl platforms. for the command line there is now support for preprocessing  fix scripts. this means, one can read in variables from the command line into a fix script. for instance, when processing data you might want to keep some provenance data about your data sources in the output. this can be done with the following commands: $ catmandu convert marc --fix myfixes.fix --var source=publisher --var date= - < data.mrc with a myfixes.fix like: add_field(my_source,{{source}}) add_field(my_data,{{date}}) marc_field( ,title) marc_field( ,issn) . . . etc . . your json output will now contain the clean ‘title’ and ‘issn’ fields but also for each record a ‘my_source’ with value ‘publisher ’ and a ‘my_date’ with value ‘ - ’. by using the text::hogan compiler full support of the mustache language is available. in this new catmandu version there have been also some new fix functions you might want to try out, see our fixes cheat sheet for a full overview.   			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in updates				 						 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							april , 			 							 					 						parallel processing with catmandu					 				 					 		 			in this blog post i’ll show a technique to scale out your data processing with catmandu. all catmandu scripts use a single process, in a single thread. this means that if you need to process times as much data , you need times at much time. running a catmandu convert command with the -v option will show you the speed of a typical conversion: $ catmandu convert -v marc to json --fix heavy_load.fix < input.marc > output.json added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) added ( /sec) in the example above we process an ‘input.marc’ marc file into a ‘output.json’ json file with some difficult data cleaning in the ‘heave_load.fix’ fix script. using a single process we can reach about records per second. it would take . hours to process one million records and hours to process ten million records. can we make this any faster? when you buy a computer they are all equipped with multiple processors. using a single process, only one of these processors are used for calculations. one would get much ‘bang for the buck’  if all the processors could be used. one technique to do that is called ‘parallel processing’. to check the amount of processors available on your machine use the file ‘/proc/cpuinfo’: on your linux system: $ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep processor processor : processor : the example above  shows two lines: i have two cores available to do processing on my laptop. in my library we have servers which contain   , , or more processors. this means that if we could do our calculations in a smart way then our processing could be , , or times as fast (in principle). to check if your computer  is using all that calculating power, use the ‘uptime’ command: $ uptime : : up days, : , users, load average: . , . , . in the example above i ran did ‘uptime’ on one of our servers with processors. it shows a load average of about . to . . this means that in the last minutes between and processors where being used and the other two did nothing. if the load average is less than the number of cores ( in our case) it means: the server is waiting for input. if the load average is equal to the number of cores  it means: the server  is using all the cpu power available. if the load is bigger than the number of cores, then there is more work available than can be executed by the machine, some processes need to wait. now you know some unix commands we can start using the processing power available on your machine. in my examples i’m going to use a unix tool called ‘gnu parallel’ to run catmandu  scripts on all the processors in my machine in the most efficient way possible. to do this you need to install gnu parallel: sudo yum install parallel the second ingredient we need is a way to cut our input data into many parts. for instance if we have a processor machine we would like to create equal chunks of data to process in parallel. there are very many ways to cut your data in to many parts. i’ll show you a trick we use in at ghent university library with help of a mongodb installation. first install, mongodb and the mongodb catmandu plugins (these examples are taken from our centos documentation): $ sudo cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/mongodb.repo <<eof [mongodb] baseurl=http://downloads-distro.mongodb.org/repo/redhat/os/x _ gpgcheck= enabled= name=mongodb.org repository eof $ sudo yum install -y mongodb-org mongodb-org-server mongodb-org-shell mongodb-org-mongos mongodb-org-tools $ sudo cpanm catmandu::store::mongodb next, we are going to store our input data in a mongodb database with help of a catmandu fix script that adds some random numbers the data: $ catmandu import marc to mongodb --database_name data --fix random.fix < input.marc with the ‘random.fix’ like: random("part.rand "," ") random("part.rand "," ") random("part.rand "," ") random("part.rand "," ") random("part.rand "," ") the ‘random()’ fix function will be available in catmandu . but can also be downloaded here (install it in a directory ‘lib/catmandu/fix’). this will will make sure that every record in your input file contains four random numbers ‘part.rand ’, ‘part.rand ′ ,’part.rand ′,’part.rand ′,’part.rand ’. this will makes it possible to chop your data into two, four, eight, sixteen or thirty-two parts depending on the number of processors you have in your machine. to access one chunk of your data the ‘catmandu export’ command can be used with a query. for instance, to export two equal chunks  do: $ catmandu export mongodb --database_name -q '{"part.rand ": }' > part $ catmandu export mongodb --database_name -q '{"part.rand ": }' > part we are going to use these catmandu commands in a bash script which makes use of gnu parallel run many conversions simultaneously. #!/bin/bash # file: parallel.sh cpu=$ if [ "${cpu}" == "" ]; then /usr/bin/parallel -u $ {} <<eof eof elif [ "${cpu}" != "" ]; then catmandu export mongodb --database_name data -q "{\"part.rand \":${cpu}}" to json --line_delimited --fix heavy_load.fix > result.${cpu}.json fi this example script above shows how a conversion process could run on a -processor machine. the lines with ‘/usr/bin/parallel’ show how gnu parallel is used to call this script with two arguments ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ (for the -processor example). in the lines with ‘catmandu export’ shows how chunks of data are read from the database and processed with the ‘heavy_load.fix’ fix script. if you have a -processor machine, you would need to provide parallel an input which contains the numbers , , to and change the query to ‘part.rand ’. gnu parallel is a very powerfull command. it gives the opportunity to run many processes in parallel and even to spread out the load over many machines if you have a cluster. when all these machines have access to your mongodb database then all can receive chunks of data to be processed. the only task left is to combine all results which can be as easy as a simple ‘cat’ command: $ cat result.*.json > final_result.json 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															 comments 														 					posted in advanced				 						tagged with catmandu, json path, library, linux, marc, parallel procesing, perl 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							february , 			 							 					 						catmandu . 					 				 					 		 			after years of programming, minor releases we are finally there: the release of catmandu . ! we have pushed the test coverage of the code to . % and added and cleaned a lot of our documentation. for the new features read our changes file. a few important changes should be noted.     by default catmandu will read and write valid json files. in previous versions the default input format was (new)line delimited json records as in: {"record":" "} {"record":" "} {"record":" "} instead of the valid json array format: [{"record":" "},{"record":" "},{"record":" "}] the old format can still be used as input but will be read much faster when using the –line_delimited  option on the command line. thus, write: # fast $ catmandu convert json --line_delimited < lines.json.txt instead of: # slow $ catmandu convert json < lines.json.txt by default catmandu will export in the valid json-array format. if you still need to use the old format, then provide the –line_delimited option on the command line: $ catmandu convert yaml to json --line_delimited < data.yaml we thank all contributors for these wonderful four years of open source coding and we wish you all four new hacking years. our thanks goes to: 	nicolas steenlant 	christian pietsch 	dave sherohman 	dries moreels 	friedrich summann 	jakob voss 	johann rolschewski 	jonas smedegaard 	jörgen eriksson 	magnus enger 	maria hedberg 	mathias lösch 	najko jahn 	nicolas franck 	patrick hochstenbach 	petra kohorst 	robin sheat 	snorri briem 	upasana shukla 	vitali peil 	deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft for providing us the travel funds 	lund university library , ghent university library and bielefeld university library to provide us a very welcome environment for open source collaboration. 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in uncategorized				 						 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							june , 			 							 					 						catmandu chat					 				 					 		 			on friday june : cest, we’ll  provide a one hour introduction/demo into processing data with catmandu. if you are interested, join us on the event page: https://plus.google.com/hangouts/_/event/c jcknos egjlthk m btha o more instructions on the exact google hangout coordinates for this chat will follow on this web page at friday june : . to enter the chat session, a working version of the catmandu virtualbox needs to be running on your system: https://librecatproject.wordpress.com/get-catmandu/ 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in events				 						 					 	 	 	 	 		 		 			 							june , 			 							 					 						matching authors against viaf identities					 				 					 		 			at ghent university library we enrich catalog records with viaf identities to enhance the search experience in the catalog. when searching for all the books about ‘chekov’ we want to match all name variants of this author. consult viaf http://viaf.org/viaf/ /#chekhov,_anton_pavlovich,_ -  and you will see many of them. 	chekhov 	Čehov 	tsjechof 	txékhov 	etc any of the these names variants can be available in the catalog data if authority control is not in place (or not maintained). searching any of these names should result in results for all the variants. in the past it was a labor intensive, manual job for catalogers to maintain an authority file. using results from linked data fragments research by ruben verborgh (iminds) and the catmandu-rdf tools created by jakob voss (gbv) and rdf-ldf by patrick hochstenbach, ghent university started an experiment to automatically enrich authors with viaf identities. in this blog post we will report on the setup and results of this experiment which will also be reported at elag . context three ingredients are needed to create a web of data: 	a scalable way to produce data. 	the infrastructure to publish data. 	clients accessing the data and reusing them in new contexts. on the production site there doesn’t seem to be any problem creating huge datasets by libraries. any transformation of library data to linked data will quickly generate an enormous number of rdf triples. we see this in the size of public available datasets: 	ugent academic bibliography: . . triples 	libris catalog: . . triples 	gallica: . . triples 	dbpedia: . . triples 	viaf: . . triples 	europeana: . . triples 	the european library: . . . triples 	pubchem: . . . triples also for accessing data, from a consumers perspective the “easy” part seems to be covered. instead of thousands of apis available and many documents formats for any dataset, sparql and rdf provide the programmer a single protocol and document model. the claim of the linked data fragments researchers is that on the publication side, reliable queryable access to public linked data datasets largely remains problematic due to the low availability percentages of public sparql endpoints [ref]. this is confirmed by the study by researchers from pontificia universidad católica in chili and national university of ireland where more than half of the public sparql endpoints seem to be offline . days per month. this gives an availability rate of less than % [ref]. the source of this high rate of inavailability can be traced back to the service model of linked data where two extremes exists to publish data (see image below). from: http://www.slideshare.net/rubenverborgh/dbpedias-triple-pattern-fragments at one side, data dumps (or dereferencing of urls) can be made available which requires a simple http server and lots of processing power on the client side. at the other side, an open sparql endpoint can be provided which requires a lot of processing power (hence, hardware investment) on the serverside. with sparql endpoints, clients can demand the execution of arbitrarily complicated queries. furthermore, since each client requests unique, highly specific queries, regular caching mechanisms are ineffective, since they can only optimized for repeated identical requests. this situation can be compared with providing a database sql dump to endusers or open database connection on which any possible sql statement can be executed. to a lesser extent libraries are well aware of the different modes of operation between running oai-pmh services and z . /sru services. linked data fragment researchers provide a third way, triple pattern fragments, to publish data which tries to provide the best of both worlds: access to a full dump of datasets while providing a queryable and cachable interface. for more information on the scalability of this solution i refer to the report  presented at the th international usewod workshop. the experiment viaf doesn’t provide a public sparql endpoint, but a complete dump of the data is available at http://viaf.org/viaf/data/. in our experiments we used the viaf (virtual international authority file), which is made available under the odc attribution license.  from this dump we created a hdt database. hdt provides a very efficient format to compress rdf data while maintaining browser and search functionality. using command line tools rdf/xml, turtle and ntriples can be compressed into a hdt file with an index. this standalone file can be used to without the need of a database to query huge datasets. a viaf conversion to hdt results in a gb file and a gb index. using the linked data fragments server by ruben verborgh, available at https://github.com/linkeddatafragments/server.js, this hdt file can be published as a nodejs application. for a demonstration of this server visit the iminds experimental setup at: http://data.linkeddatafragments.org/viaf using triple pattern fragments a simple rest protocol is available to query this dataset. for instance it is possible to download the complete dataset using this query: $ curl -h "accept: text/turtle" http://data.linkeddatafragments.org/viaf if we only want the triples concerning chekhov (http://viaf.org/viaf/ ) we can provide a query parameter: $ curl -h "accept: text/turtle" http://data.linkeddatafragments.org/viaf?subject=http://viaf.org/viaf/ likewise, using the predicate and object query any combination of triples can be requested from the server. $ curl -h "accept: text/turtle" http://data.linkeddatafragments.org/viaf?object="chekhov" the memory requirements of this server are small enough to run a copy of the viaf database on a macbook air laptop with gb ram. using specialised triple pattern fragments clients, sparql queries can be executed against this server. for the catmandu project we created a perl client rdf::ldf which is integrated into catmandu-rdf. to request all triples from the endpoint use: $ catmandu convert rdf --url http://data.linkeddatafragments.org/viaf --sparql 'select * {?s ?p ?o}' or, only those triples that are about “chekhov”: $ catmandu convert rdf --url http://data.linkeddatafragments.org/viaf --sparql 'select * {?s ?p "chekhov"}' in the ghent university experiment a more direct approach was taken to match authors to viaf. first, as input a marc dump from the catalog is being streamed into a perl program using a catmandu iterator. then, we extract the and fields which contain $a (name) and $d (date) subfields. these two fields are combined in a search query, as if we would search: chekhov, anton pavlovich, - if there is exactly one hit in our local viaf copy, then the result is reported. a complete script to process marc files this way is available at a github gist. to run the program against a marc dump execute the import_viaf.pl command: $ ./import_viaf.pl --type usmarc file.mrc - l $$aedwards, everett eugene,$$d - http://viaf.org/viaf/ - l $$aclelland, marjorie bolton,$$d - http://viaf.org/viaf/ - l $$aschein, edgar h. - l $$akilbridge, maurice d.,$$d - http://viaf.org/viaf/ - l $$awiseman, frederick. - l $$amiller, wilhelm,$$d - http://viaf.org/viaf/ - l $$ahazlett, thomas c.,$$d - http://viaf.org/viaf/ [edit: - - an updated version of the code is available as a git project https://github.com/librecat/marc rdf ] all the authors in the marc dump will be exported. if there is exactly one single match against viaf it will be added to the author field. we ran this command for one night in a single thread against . authors containing a date and found . exact matches in viaf (= %). in a quite recent follow up of our experiments, we investigated how ldf clients can be used in a federated setup. when combining in the ldf algorithm the triples result from many ldf servers, one sparql query can be run over many machines. these results are demonstrated at the iminds demo site where a single sparql query can be executed over the combined viaf and dbpedia datasets. a perl implementation of this federated search is available in the latest version of rdf-ldf at github. we strongly believe in the success of this setup and the scalability of this solution as demonstrated by ruben verborgh at the usewod workshop. using linked data fragments a range of solutions are available to publish data on the web. from simple data dumps to a full sparql endpoint any service level can be provided given the resources available. for more than a half year dbpedia has been running an ldf server with . % availability on a cpu , gb ram amazon server with . million requests. scaling out, services such has the lod laundromat cleans . datasets and provides access to them using a single fat ldf server ( gb ram). for more information on the federated searches with  linked data fragments  visit the blog post of ruben verborgh at: http://ruben.verborgh.org/blog/ / / /federated-sparql-queries-in-your-browser/ 			 					 		 		 							written by hochstenbach 															leave a comment 														 					posted in advanced				 						tagged with ldf, linked data, marc, perl, rdf, sparql, triple pattern fragments, viaf 					 	 	 	 	 	 		older posts 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 		 		recent posts 			 					catmandu . 									 	 					lpw : “contrarian perl” – tom hukins 									 	 					introducing filestores 									 	 					catmandu . 									 	 					metadata analysis at the command-line 									 	 					catmandu . 									 	 					parallel processing with catmandu 									 	 					catmandu . 									 	 					catmandu chat 									 	 					matching authors against viaf identities 									 	 					preprocessing catmandu fixes 									 	 					earthquake in kathmandu 									 	 					importing files from a hotfolder directory 									 	 					librecat/memento hackathon 									 	 					day : merry christmas! 									 	 					day : exporting rdf data with catmandu 									 	 					day : importing rdf data with catmandu 									 	 					day : marc to dublin core 									 	 					day : set up your own oai data service 									 	 					day : harvest data with oai-pmh 									 	 					day : index your data with elasticsearch 									 	 					day : store your data in mongodb 									 	 					day : working with csv and excel files 									 	 					day : processing marc with catmandu 									 	 					day : processing json data from webservices 									 	 					day : catmandu json paths 									 	 					day : introduction into catmandu 									 	 					day : editing text with nano 									 	 					day : grep, less and wc 									 	 					day : bash basics 									 			 		 						 							 			 				blog at wordpress.com.			 		 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 	 		 			 				 					 						catmandu					 				 				 					create a free website or blog at wordpress.com. 				 			 		 				 		 		 					 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 				 		 lita blog lita blog empowering libraries through technology 	blog archive the lita blog will now function as an archive of posts by the library and information technology association (lita), formerly a division of the american library association (ala). lita is now a part of core, but was previously the leading organization reaching out across types of libraries to provide education and services for a broad membership of systems librarians, library technologists, library administrators, library schools, vendors, and others interested in leading edge technology and applications for librarians and information providers. are you interested in becoming involved with core or the core news blog? core news has more information! 	jobs in information technology: august , new this week coordinator of digital scholarship and programs, marquette university libraries, milwaukee wi digital scholarship coordinator, unc charlotte, charlotte, nc visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	jobs in information technology: august , new this week information systems manager (pdf), the community library association, ketchum, id children&# ;s librarian, buhl public library, buhl, id technology integration librarian, drexel university libraries, philadelphia, pa visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	your core community update much has been happening behind-the-scenes to prepare for core’s upcoming launch on september st, so we want to update you on the progress we’ve made. at the ala virtual conference council meetings, the ala council approved the creation of core, so we’re official! it’s been a difficult summer for everyone given the global situation, but this was a milestone we’re excited to reach. what we’ve been doing in may, the core transition committee (the division presidents plus senior staff) formed working groups of members from all divisions to make recommendations about how to proceed with our awards/scholarships, budget/finance, committees, communications, conference programming, continuing education, fundraising/sponsorships, interest groups, member engagement, nominations for president-elect, publications, and standards. these groups have done an amazing amount of work in a very short time period, and we’re grateful to these members for their commitment and effort. we’re happy to report... 	free lita webinar ~ library tech response to covid- ~ august th sign up for this free lita webinar: library tech response to covid- libraries are taking the necessary precautions to create a safe environment during the pandemic. social distancing isn’t the only solution, but providing access to loanable technologies, including handling and quarantine of equipment, cleaning, and other safety and health concerns are just some of the measures put in place. with the ongoing disruption to library services caused by covid- , what reopening planning policies should be considered for usage? in this free -minute presentation, our presenters will share tips that might be helpful to other librarians before they reopen. the presenters will also talk about the&# ;evolution of the phased plan from the establishment of a temporary computer lab in the library as covid- began to spread in march , to the current phased approach for gradual reopening. justin will also offer insight into managed access, technology and services, workflows, messaging,... 	jobs in information technology: july , new this week library director, walpole town library, walpole, nh visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	core call for ala annual program proposals submit an ala annual conference program proposal for ala’s newest division, core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, which will begin on september , . proposals are due september , , and you don’t need to be a core member to submit a proposal. submit your idea using this proposal form. core welcomes topics of interest to a wide range of library professionals in many different areas, including… . access and equity advocacy in areas such as copyright, equity of access, open access, net neutrality, and privacy preservation week equity, diversity, and inclusion, both within the division and the profession, as related to core’s subject areas . assessment emphasizing the role of assessment in demonstrating the impacts of libraries or library services assessment tools, methods, guidelines, standards, and policies and procedures . leadership and management developing leaders at every level best practices for inclusion by using an equity lens to examine leadership... 	core call for webinar proposals submit a webinar proposal for ala’s newest division, core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, which will begin on september , . proposals are due september , , and you don’t need to be a core member to submit a proposal. early submissions are encouraged and will be considered for september and october presentations. submit your idea using this proposal form. core webinars reach a wide range of library professionals in many different areas, including… .&# ;access and equity advocacy in areas such as copyright, equity of access, open access, net neutrality, and privacy preservation week equity, diversity, and inclusion, both within the division and the profession, as related to core’s subject areas .&# ;assessment emphasizing the role of assessment in demonstrating the impacts of libraries or library services assessment tools, methods, guidelines, standards, and policies and procedures .&# ;leadership developing leaders at every level best practices for inclusion by using an equity lens to examine... 	core virtual forum is excited to announce our keynote speakers! core virtual forum welcomes our keynote speakers, dr. meredith d. clark and sofia leung! both speakers embody our theme in leading through their ideas and are catalysts for change to empower our community and move the library profession forward. dr. clark is a journalist and assistant professor in media studies at the university of virginia. she is academic lead for documenting the now ii, funded by the andrew w. mellon foundation. dr. clark develops new scholarship on teaching students about digital archiving and community-based archives from a media studies perspective. she will be a - fellow with data &# ; society. she is a faculty affiliate at the center on digital culture and society at the university of pennsylvania. and, she sits on the advisory boards for project information literacy, and for the center for critical race and digital studies at new york university. clark is an in-demand media consultant... 	catch up on the june issue of information technology and libraries the june issue of information technology and libraries (ital) was published on june . editor ken varnum and lita president emily morton-owens reflect on the past three months in their letter from the editor, a blank page, and lita president’s message, a framework for member success, respectively. kevin ford is the author of this issue’s “editorial board thoughts” column, seeing through vocabularies. rounding out our editorial section, the june “public libraries leading the way” section offers two items. chuck mcandrew of the lebanon (new hampshire) public libraries describes his leadership in the imls-funded libraryvpn project. melody friedenthal, of the worcester (massachusetts) public library talks about how she approached and teaches an intro to coding using python course. peer-reviewed content virtual reality as a tool for student orientation in distance education programs: a study of new library and information science students dr. sandra valenti, brady lund, ting wang virtual reality... 	jobs in information technology: july , new this week dean of libraries, san jose state university, san jose, ca deputy library director, city of carlsbad, carlsbad, ca visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	jobs in information technology: july , new this week web services librarian, chester fritz library, university of north dakota, grand forks, nd visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	jobs in information technology: june , new this week metadata librarian, librarian i or ii, university of northern british columbia, prince george, british columbia, canada visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	jobs in information technology: june , new this week information technology librarian,&# ;university of maryland, baltimore county, baltimore, md associate university librarian for research and learning,&# ;columbia university libraries, new york, ny library technology/programmer analyst iii,&# ;virginia beach public library,&# ;virginia beach, va visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	core virtual happy hour social ~ june our joint happy hour social at midwinter was such a success that next week we’re bringing happy hour to you online—and registration is free! we invite members of alcts, lita, and llama to join us on friday, june , : - : pm central time for virtual happy hour networking and/or play with your peers in a game of scattergories.&# ;wear your favorite pop culture t-shirt, bring your best zoom background, grab a beverage, and meet us online for a great time! attendees will automatically be entered to win free registration to attend the core virtual forum.&# ;winner must be present to redeem prize.&# ;registration is required. register now at: bit.ly/ nenprh 	michael carroll awarded lita/christian larew memorial scholarship michael carroll has been selected to receive the &# ;lita/christian larew memorial scholarship ($ , ) sponsored by the library and information technology association (lita) and baker &# ; taylor. this scholarship is for master’s level study, with an emphasis on library technology and/or automation, at a library school program accredited by the american library association. criteria for the scholarship includes previous academic excellence, evidence of leadership potential, and a commitment to a career in library automation and information technology. the larew scholarship committee was impressed by&# ;what michael has already accomplished and look forward to seeing what he will accomplish after graduation in .&# ;michael&# ;has already shown&# ;a strong interest in digitization projects.&# ;he currently manages&# ;a&# ;team of students working with digitization.&# ;previously, he has scanned and cataloged many collections.&# ;he has also assisted the presbyterian historical society&# ;in creating&# ;sustainable processes for digitization.&# ;michael has also shown his willingness and ability to work&# ;with a wide variety of&# ;projects and technologies that span&# ;both&# ;technical&# ;and non-technical&# ;including... 	we are back on twitter friday for #litachat the fourth in this series of #litachats will start on friday, june from - central standard time on twitter. we will be asking you to chat with us about self-care. what are you doing to take care of yourselves during this time? how do you unplug without feeling guilty?&# ; we hope you’ll join us for #litachat and chat about self-care techniques and figuring out how to better take care of ourselves during these tough times. we&# ;re looking forward to hearing from you! join lita on twitter catch up on the last #litachat 	join us for alcts/lita/llama e-forum! please join us for a joint alcts/lita/llama e-forum discussion. it’s free and open to everyone! registration information is at the end of the message, along with subscription management options for existing listserv members. continuing to manage the impact of covid- on libraries june - , moderated by alyse jordan, steven pryor, nicole lewis and rebecca uhl please join us for an e-forum discussion. it’s free and open to everyone! registration information is at the end of the message. each day, discussion begins and ends at: pacific: a.m. – p.m. mountain: a.m. – p.m. central: a.m. – p.m. eastern: a.m. – p.m. over the past several months, covid- has significantly impacted libraries and library technical service units and departments, including requiring staff to work remotely and determining what services they can provide. as states begin to reopen, libraries face challenges as they determine... 	together against racism ala and core are committed to dismantling racism and white supremacy. along with the ala executive board, we endorse the&# ;black caucus of the american library association (bcala)’s may statement&# ;condemning the brutal murder of george floyd at the hands of minneapolis police department officers. in their statement, bcala cites floyd’s death as “the latest in a long line of recent and historical violence against black people in the united states.” not only does core support the sentiments of bcala, we vow to align our values regarding equity, diversity, and inclusion with those of bcala and other organizations that represent marginalized communities within ala. we also stand strong with the asian/pacific american community, which has been the target of xenophobia and racism in the wake of the outbreak of covid- , and support the&# ;asian/pacific american librarians association (apala) and their statement&# ;that, “there is no excuse for discriminatory sentiments and actions towards asians... 	we are back on twitter tomorrow for #litachat are you ready for the next twitter #litachat? join the discussion on friday, may , from - pm central time. we will be asking you to tell us about challenges with working from home. are there things you can’t do and wish you could? are there issues with your home setup in general?&# ;anne pepitone will lead the discussion. we invite you to join us tomorrow to share your experiences and chat with your colleagues. follow lita on twitter catch up on the last #litachat we&# ;re looking forward to hearing from you! -the lita membership development committee 	lita job board analysis report – laura costello (chair, assessment & research) lita assessment & research and diversity & inclusion committees background &# ; data this report comes from a joint analysis conducted by lita&# ;s assessment &# ; research and diversity &# ; inclusion committees in fall . the analysis focused on the new and emerging trends in skills in library technology jobs and the types of positions that are currently in demand. it also touches on trends in diversity and inclusion in job postings and best practices for writing job ads that attract a diverse and talented candidate pool.&# ; the committees were provided with a list of job postings from the lita job board between - . data included the employer information, the position title, the location (city/state) the posting date. some postings also included a short description. the assessment &# ; research committee augmented the dataset with job description, responsibilities, qualifications, and salary information for a % sample of the postings from each year using archival job posting information. committee members also assigned... 	congratulations to dr. jian qin, winner of the lita/oclc kilgour research award dr. jian qin has been selected as the recipient of the &# ;frederick g. kilgour award for research in library and information technology, sponsored by oclc and the library and information technology association (lita). she&# ;is the professor and director at the ischool, syracuse university.&# ;&# ;the kilgour award honors research relevant to the development of information technologies, especially work which shows promise of having a positive and substantive impact on any aspect(s) of the publication, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information, or the processes by which information and data are manipulated and managed. it recognizes a body of work probably spanning years, if not the majority of a career. the winner receives $ , , and a citation. dr. qin’s recent research projects include metadata modeling for gravitational wave research data management and big metadata analytics using genbank metadata records for dna sequences, both with funding from nsf. she also collaborated with a colleague to develop a capability maturity model... 	lita/ala survey of library response to covid- the library and information technology association (lita) and its ala partners are seeking a new round of feedback about the work of libraries as they respond to the covid- crisis, releasing a survey and requesting feedback by : p.m. cdt, monday, may , . please complete the survey by clicking on the following link: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/libraries-respond-to-covid- -may- .&# ; lita and its ala partners know that libraries across the united states are taking unprecedented steps to answer the needs of their communities, and this survey will help build a better understanding of those efforts. lita and its ala partners will use the results to advocate on behalf of libraries at the national level, communicate aggregated results with the public and media, create content and professional development opportunities to address library staff needs, and share some raw, anonymized data elements with state-level staff and library support organizations for their own advocacy needs.&# ; additional information about... 	#coreforum is now a virtual event! join your ala colleagues from across divisions for the forum, which is now a virtual event!&# ; where: in light of the covid- public health crisis, leadership within lita, alcts, and llama made the decision to move the conference online to create a safe, interactive environment accessible for all. what: call for proposals have been extended to friday june , .&# ; when: forum is scheduled november and , how: share your ideas and experiences with library projects by submitting a talk for the inaugural event for core:&# ; https://forum.lita.org/call-for-proposals for more information about the lita, alcts, llama (core) forum, please visit https://forum.lita.org&# ; 	jobs in information technology: may , new this week web services librarian, fairfield university, fairfield, ct visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	wfh? boost your skill set with lita ce! reserve your spot and learn new skills to enhance your career with lita online continuing education offerings. buying strategies for information technologywednesday, may&# ; , , : - : pm central timepresenter:&# ;michael rodriguez, collections strategist at the university of connecticut in this -minute webinar, you’ll learn&# ;best practices, terminology, and concepts for effectively negotiating contracts for the purchase of information technology (it) products and services. view details&# ;and&# ;register here. using images from the internet in a webpage: how to find and citewednesday, june&# ; , , : - : pm central timepresenter:&# ;lauren bryant, priority associate librarian of ray w. howard library in this -minute&# ;webinar, you’ll learn&# ;practical ways&# ;to quickly find and filter creative commons licensed images online, learn how to hyperlink a citation for a website, and&# ;how to use creative&# ;commons images for thumbnails in videos and&# ;how to cite the image in unconventional situations like this. view details&# ;and&# ;register here. troublesome technology trends: bridging the learning dividewednesday, june , , : - : pm... 	may / twitter #litachat last week, anne pepitone kicked off the discussion with zoom virtual backgrounds, shared her favorites, and provided tips on how to use them. the next twitter #litachat will be on friday, may , from - pm central time when we&# ;ll talk about apps that help you work from home. what do you use to help with project management, time management, deadlines, or to just stay focused? we invite you to join us tomorrow to share, learn, and chat about it with your colleagues. follow lita on twitter. we&# ;re looking forward to hearing from you! -the lita membership development committee 	jobs in information technology: april , new this week two associate dean positions, james madison university libraries, harrisonburg, va visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	data privacy while working from home today&# ;s guest post is brought to you by our recent presenter, becky yoose. special thanks to becky for being willing to answer the questions we didn&# ;t have time for during our webinar! hello everyone from your friendly neighborhood library data privacy consultant! we covered a lot of material earlier this month in &# ;a crash course in protecting library data while working from home,&# ; co-sponsored by lita and oif. we had a number of questions during the webinar, some of which were left unanswered at the end. below are three questions in particular that we didn’t get to in the webinar. enjoy! working from home without a web-based ils we don&# ;t have a web-based version of our ils and our county-based it department says they can&# ;t set up remote desktop (something to do with their firewall)… do you have any recommendations on how to advocate for remote desktop? if i have... 	strategies for surviving a staffing crisis library staff are no strangers to budget and staffing reductions. most of us have way too much experience doing more with less, covering unfilled positions, and rigging solutions out of the digital equivalent of chewing gum and bailing wire, because we can’t afford to buy all the tools we need. in the last two years, my department at northern arizona university’s cline library operated with roughly half the usual amount of staff. in this post, i’ll share a few strategies that helped us get through this challenging time. first, a quick introduction. my department, content, discovery &# ; delivery services, includes the digital services unit (formerly library technology services) as well as collection management (including electronic resources management), acquisitions, cataloging, physical processing, interlibrary loan and document delivery, and course reserves. we are a technology-intensive department, both as users and implementers/supporters of technology. here are some of the strategies we used to... 	april / twitter #litachat a lot has changed since we had our last twitter #litachat, core passed and then covid happened. we are all navigating new territory in our jobs and life overall. so we wanted to bring you a weekly set of litachats discussing our shared experiences during these strange times.&# ; the first in this series of litachats will start on friday, april from - pm central standard time. we will be asking you to show us your zoom virtual backgrounds! we know that zoom conferencing has been popular among many workplaces so we thought what would be better than showcasing some of the creative backgrounds everyone has been using. if you don’t have a background no worries, you can share about the best backgrounds you have seen from colleagues. don’t know how to turn on zoom virtual backgrounds? we will cover that too! we hope you’ll join us on twitter for... 	congratulations to samantha grabus, winner of the lita/ex libris student writing award samantha grabus has been selected as the winner of the  student writing award sponsored by ex libris group and the library and information technology association (lita) for her paper titled “evaluating the impact of the long s upon th-century encyclopedia britannica automatic subject metadata generation results.” grabus is a research assistant and phd student at drexel university metadata research center. &# ;this valuable work of original research helps to quantify the scope of a problem that is of interest not only in the field of library and information science, but that also, as grabus notes in her conclusion, could affect research in fields from the digital humanities to the sciences,&# ; said julia bauder, the chair of this year&# ;s selection committee. when notified she had won, grabus remarked, “i am thrilled and honored to receive the lita/ex libris student writing award. i would like to extend my gratitude to the award committee... 	jobs in information technology: april , new this week web and digital scholarship technologies librarian, marquette university libraries, milwaukee, wi ceo / library director, orange county library system, orlando, fl visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	ala lita emerging leaders: inventing a sustainable division in january , the latest cohort of emerging leaders met at ala midwinter to begin their projects. lita sponsored two emerging leaders this year: kelsey flynn, adult services specialist at white oak library, and paige walker, digital collections &# ; preservation librarian at boston college. kelsey and paige are part of emerging leaders group g, &# ;inventing a sustainable division,&# ; in which they’ve been charged with identifying measures that lita can take to improve its fiscal and environmental sustainability. as a first step in their assessment, the group distributed a survey to lita members that will quantify interest in sustainable measures such as virtual conferences and webinars. want to help? complete the survey to give feedback that may shape the direction of our chapter. group g is fortunate to have several other talented library workers on its team:&# ; kristen cooper, plant sciences librarian at university of minnesota tonya ferrell, oer coordinator at... 	latest in lita elearning so much has changed since covid- . online learning is in greater demand and we are working hard to provide you with resources and more professional development opportunities that strengthens the library community. we hope you are well and staying safe. there&# ;s a seat waiting for you. register today! digital inception: building a digital scholarship/humanities curriculum as a subject librarian wednesday, april , : &# ; : p.m. central time presenter: marcela isuster, education and humanities librarian, mcgill university this presentation will guide attendees in building a digital scholarship curriculum from a subject librarian position. it will explore how to identify opportunities, reach out to faculty, and advertise your services. it will also showcase activities, lesson plans, and free tools for digital publication, data mining, text analysis, mapping, a section on finding training opportunities and strategies to support colleagues and create capacity in your institutions. in this -minute webinar, you&# ;ll learn:... 	join us this fall for #coreforum – proposal deadline extended! call for proposals have now been extended to friday, may , . share your&# ;ideas and experiences about library technology, leadership, collections, preservation, assessment, and metadata at the inaugural meeting of core, a joining of lita/alcts/llama. we welcome your session proposal. for more information about the call for proposals and our theme of exploring ideas and making them reality, visit the forum website: https://forum.lita.org&# ; event details november - , baltimore, md renaissance baltimore harborplace hotel covid- planning the lita/alcts/llama forum planning committee is currently evaluating a contingency plan, should the covid- public health crisis impact forum in november. 	core is approved! we’re thrilled to announce that core: leadership, infrastructure, futures is moving forward, thanks to our members. the three existing divisions’ members all voted to approve the bylaws change that will unite alcts, lita, and llama to form core: alcts: % yes lita: % yes llama: % yes the presidents of the three divisions, jennifer bowen, alcts, emily morton-owens, lita, and anne cooper moore, llama, shared the following statement: “we first want to thank our members for supporting core. their belief in this vision, that we can accomplish more together than we can separately, has inspired us, and we look forward to working with all members to build this new and sustainable ala division. we also want to thank the core steering committee, and all the members who were part of project teams, town halls and focus groups. we would not have reached this moment without their incredible work.” ala executive... 	free lita webinar: protect library data while working from home a crash course in protecting library data while working from home presenter: becky yoose, founder / library data privacy consultant, ldh consulting services thursday, april , : &# ; : pm central time there’s a seat waiting for you…&# ;register for this free lita webinar today! libraries across the u.s. rapidly closed their doors to both public and staff in the last two weeks, leaving many staff to work from home. several library workers might be working from home for the first time in their current positions, while many others were not fully prepared to switch over to remote work in a matter of days, or even hours, before the library closed. in the rush to migrate library workers to remote work and to migrate physical library programs and services to online, data privacy and security sometimes gets lost in the mix. unfamiliar settings, new routines, and increased reliance on vendor... 	jobs in information technology: march , new this week head of library technology services, east carolina university, greenville, nc visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	march ital issue now available the march issue of information technology and libraries (ital) is available now. in this issue, ital editor ken varnum shares his support of lita, alcts, and llama merging to form a new ala division, core. our content includes a message from lita president, emily morton-owens. “a framework for member success,“ morton-owens discusses the current challenges of lita as a membership organization and reinvention being the key to survival. also in this edition, laurie willis discusses the pros and cons of handling major projects in-house versus hiring a vendor in &# ;tackling big projects.&# ; sheryl cormicle knox and trenton smiley discuss using digital tactics as a cost-effective way to increase marketing reach in &# ;google us!&# ; featured articles: “user experience methods and maturity in academic libraries,” scott w. h. young, zoe chao, and adam chandler this article presents a mixed-methods study of the methods and maturity of user experience (ux) practice in... 	learn how to build your own digital scholarship/humanities curriculum with this lita webinar are you a subject librarian interested in building digital scholarships? join us for the upcoming webinar &# ;digital inception: building a digital scholarship/humanities curriculum as a subject librarian,&# ; on wednesday, april , from : &# ; : pm cst.  digital scholarship is gaining momentum in academia. what started as a humanities movement is now present in most disciplines. introducing digital scholarship to students can benefit them in multiple ways: it helps them interact with new trends in scholarship, appeals to different kinds of learners, helps them develop new and emerging literacies, and gives them the opportunity to be creative. this -minute&# ;presentation will guide attendees in building a digital scholarship curriculum from a subject librarian position. it will explore how to identify opportunities, reach out to faculty, and advertise your services. it will also showcase activities, lesson plans, and free tools for digital publication, data mining, text analysis, mapping, etc. finally, the presentation will... 	jobs in information technology: march , new this week project manager for resource sharing initiatives,&# ;harvard university,&# ;cambridge, ma research data services librarian,&# ;university of kentucky libraries,&# ;lexington, ky digital archivist,&# ;rice university, fondren library,&# ;houston, tx associate director, technical services,&# ;yale university,&# ;new haven, ct visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	congratulations to alison macrina, winner of the lita/library hi tech award the lita/library hi tech awards committee is pleased to select alison macrina as the recipient of the lita/library hi-tech award. macrina led the tor relay initiative in new hampshire, is the founder and executive director of the library freedom project, and has written and taught extensively in the areas of digital privacy, surveillance, and user anonymity in the context of libraries and librarianship. in this role, macrina was instrumental in creating the library freedom institute, which trained its first cohort in and will train its third cohort in . macrina has also spoken on digital privacy and the work of the library freedom project across the united states and published&# ;anonymity, the first book in ala&# ;s library futures series, in . the committee was fortunate to receive several outstanding nominations for the award. macrina stood out in this strong pool of candidates for the broad reach and impact... 	nominate yourself or someone you know for the next lita top tech trends panel of speakers lita is looking for dynamic speakers with knowledge about the top trends in technology and how they intersect with information security and privacy. library technology is quickly evolving with trends such as vr, cloud computing and ai. as library technology continues to impact our profession and those that we serve, security and privacy are quickly becoming top concerns. we hope this panel will provide insight and information about these technology trends for you to discuss within your own organization. if you or someone you know would be a great fit for this exciting panel, please submit your nomination today.&# ;&# ; submit your nominations – the deadline is april , . the session is planned for sunday, june , , : – : pm, at the ala annual conference in chicago, il. a moderator and several panelists will each discuss trends impacting libraries, ideas for use cases, and practical approaches for... 	jobs in information technology: march , new this week wilson distinguished professorship, university of north carolina at chapel hill, chapel hill, nc coordinator of library technical services, berea college, berea, ky ui/ux designer, university of rochester libraries, rochester, ny technical support and hardware specialist &# ; openings, st. lawrence university, canton, ny ​​​​​​​software engineer, library systems, stanford health care, palo alto, ca visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	hebah emara is our - lita/oclc spectrum scholar lita and oclc are funding hebah emara&# ;s participation in the ala spectrum scholars program as part of their commitment to help diversify the library technology field. emara&# ;is a second year distance student at the university of missouri – columbia school of information science and learning technologies mlis program. she is interested in the ways libraries and technology intersect. her background in it and love of learning about technology, computers, and programming drew her to working in library technology. libraries’ ability to bridge the digital divide and their use of technology to provide opportunities to their communities and solve problems are also of particular interest to emara. her decision to apply to the spectrum scholarship was fueled by a desire to learn from a community of peers and mentors.&# ; emara&# ;is currently the co-chair of a tech unconference to be held in april and organized by mentornj in collaboration with the... 	share your ideas and library projects by submitting a session proposal for the forum! forum call for proposals submission deadline: march , november - , baltimore, maryland renaissance baltimore harborplace hotel do you have an idea or project that you would like to share? does your library have a creative or inventive solution to a common problem? submit a proposal for the lita/alcts/llama forum! submission deadline is march th. our library community is rich in ideas and shared experiences. the forum theme embodies our purpose to share knowledge and gain new insights by exploring ideas through an interactive, hands-on experience. we hope that this forum can be an inspiration to share, finish, and be a catalyst to implement ideas… together. we invite those who choose to lead through their ideas to submit proposals for&# ;sessions or preconference workshops, as well as&# ;nominate keynote speakers. this is an opportunity to share your ideas or unfinished work, inciting collaboration and advancing the library profession... 	early-bird registration for the exchange ends in three days! the march early-bird registration deadline for the exchange is approaching. register today and save! there&# ;s still time to register for the exchange at a discount, with early-bird registration rates at $ for alcts, lita, and llama members; $ for ala individual members; $ for non-members; $ for student/retired members; $ for groups; and $ for institutions. early-bird registration ends march . taking place may , , and , the exchange will engage a wide range of presenters and participants, facilitating enriching conversations and learning opportunities in a three-day, fully online, virtual forum. programming includes keynote presentations from emily drabinski and rebekkah smith aldrich, and sessions focusing on leadership and change management, continuity and sustainability, and collaborations and cooperative endeavors. in addition to these sessions, the exchange will offer lightning rounds and virtual poster sessions. for up-to-date details on sessions, be sure to check the exchange website as new information... 	jobs in information technology: february , new this week back end drupal web developer,&# ;multnomah county library, portland, or distance education &# ; outreach librarian,&# ;winona state university,&# ;winona, mn senior systems specialist,&# ;prairiecat, library consortium,&# ;coal valley, il training and outreach coordinator,&# ;prairiecat, library consortium,&# ;coal valley, il visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	deadline extended to march – submit a proposal to teach for lita the deadline to submit lita education proposals has been extended to march th. we&# ;re seeking instructors passionate about library technology topics to share their expertise and teach a webinar, webinar series, or online course for lita this year. instructors receive a $ honorarium for an online course or $ for a webinar, split among instructors. check out our list of current and past course offerings to see what topics have been covered recently. be part of another slate of compelling and useful online education programs this year! submit your lita education proposal today! for questions or comments related to teaching for lita, contact us at lita@ala.org or ( ) - . 	the census starts in two weeks — are your computers ready? post courtesy of gavin baker, ala office of public policy and advocacy, deputy director, public policy and government relations on march , millions of american households will begin receiving mailings inviting them to respond to the census. to get an accurate count, everyone has to respond – if they don’t, our libraries and communities will lose needed funding. as the mailings arrive, patrons may come to your library with questions – and, with a new option to respond online, to complete the questionnaire using the library’s computers or internet. to help you prepare, ala has a new, two-page tip sheet, &# ;libraries and the census: responding to the census,&# ; that provides key dates, options for responding, and advice for libraries preparing for the census. for instance, the tip sheet explains these important facts: ways to respond: households can respond to the census online, by phone, or by mail... 	news regarding the future of lita after the core vote dear lita members, we&# ;re writing about the implications of lita’s budget for the upcoming - fiscal year, which starts september , . we have reviewed the budget and affirmed that lita will need to disband if the core vote does not succeed. since the great recession, membership in professional organizations has been declining consistently. lita has followed the same pattern and as a result, has been running at a deficit for a number of years. each year, lita spends more on staff, events, equipment, software, and supplies than it takes in through memberships and event registrations. we were previously able to close our budgets through the use of our net asset balance which is, in effect, like a nest egg for the division. of course, that could not continue indefinitely. our path towards sustainability has culminated in the proposal to form core: leadership, infrastructure, futures. the new division would come with... 	boards of alcts, lita and llama put core on march ballot the boards of the association for library collections &# ; technical services (alcts), library information technology association (lita) and the library leadership &# ; management association (llama) have all voted unanimously to send to members their recommendation that the divisions form a new division, core: leadership, infrastructure, futures.&# ; alcts, lita and llama will vote on the recommendation during the upcoming american library association (ala) election. if approved by all three memberships, and the ala council, the three long-time divisions will end operations on august , , and merge into core on september . members of the three boards emphasized that core will continue to support the groups in which members currently find their professional homes while also creating new opportunities to work across traditional division lines. it is also envisioned that core would strengthen member engagement efforts and provide new career-support services. if one or more of the division memberships do not... 	jobs in information technology: february , new this week librarian (emphasis in user experience and technology), chabot college, hayward, ca librarian ii (ils admin &# ; tech services), duluth public library, duluth, mn distance education &# ; outreach librarian, winona state university, winona, mn head, digital initiatives &# ; tisch library, tufts university, medford, ma online learning and user experience librarian, ast or asc professor, siu edwardsville, edwardsville, il discovery and systems librarian, hamilton college, clinton, ny visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	early-bird registration ends march st for the exchange with stimulating programming, including discussion forums and virtual poster sessions, the exchange will engage a wide range of presenters and participants, facilitating enriching conversations and learning opportunities in a three-day, fully online, virtual forum. programming includes keynote presentations from emily drabinski and rebekkah smith aldrich, and sessions focusing on leadership and change management, continuity and sustainability, and collaborations and cooperative endeavors. the exchange will take place may , , and . in addition to these sessions, the exchange will offer lightning rounds and virtual poster sessions. for up-to-date details on sessions, be sure to check the exchange website as new information is being added regularly. early-bird registration rates are $ for alcts, lita, and llama members, $ for ala individual members, $ for non-members, $ for student members, $ for groups, and $ for institutions. early-bird registration ends march . want to register your group or institution? groups watching the... 	jobs in information technology: february , new this week upper school librarian (pdf), st. christopher&# ;s school, richmond, va diversity and engagement librarian, ast or asc professor, siu edwardsville, edwardsville, il repository services manager, washington university, saint louis, mo information technology librarian, albin o. kuhn library &# ; gallery (umbc), baltimore, md visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	lita blog call for contributors we&# ;re looking for new contributors for the lita blog! do you have just a single idea for a post or a series of posts? no problem! we&# ;re always looking for guest contributors with new ideas. do you have thoughts and ideas about technology in libraries that you&# ;d like to share with lita members? apply to be a regular contributor! if you&# ;re a member of lita, consider either becoming a regular contributor for the next year or submitting a post or two as a guest. apply today! 	learn the latest in library ux with this lita webinar there’s a seat waiting for you… register for this lita webinar today! how to talk about library ux &# ; redux presenter: michael schofield librarian / director of engineering, whereby.us wednesday, march , : – : pm central time the last time we did this webinar was in &# ; and a lot&# ;s changed. the goal then was to help establish some practical benchmarks for how to think about the user experience and ux design in libraries, which suffered from a lack of useful vocabulary and concepts: while we might be able to evangelize the importance of ux, libuxers struggled with translating their championship into the kinds of bureaucratic goals that unlocked real budget for our initiatives. it&# ;s one thing to say, &# ;the patron experience is critical!&# ; it&# ;s another thing to say, &# ;the experience is critical &# ; so pay for optimalworkshop, or hire a ux librarian, or give me a... 	joint working group on ebooks and digital content in libraries john klima, the lita representative to the working group on ebooks and digital content, recently agreed to an interview about the latest update from ala midwinter . watch the blog for more updates from john about the working group in the coming months! what is the mission and purpose of the working group on ebooks and digital content? quoting from the minutes of the ala executive board fall meeting in october of : [the purpose of this working group is] to address library concerns with publishers and content providers specifically to develop a variety of digital content license models that will allow libraries to provide content more effectively, allowing options to choose between one-at-a-time, metered, and other options to be made at point of sale; to make all content available in print and for which digital variants have been created to make the digital content equally available to libraries without... 	 forum call for proposals lita, alcts and llama are now accepting proposals for the forum, november - at the renaissance baltimore harborplace hotel in baltimore, md. intention and serendipity: exploration of ideas through purposeful and chance connections submission deadline: march , our library community is rich in ideas and shared experiences. the forum theme embodies our purpose to share knowledge and gain new insights by exploring ideas through an interactive, hands-on experience. we hope that this forum can be an inspiration to share, finish, and be a catalyst to implement ideas…together. we invite those who choose to lead through their ideas to submit proposals for&# ;sessions or preconference workshops, as well as&# ;nominate keynote speakers. this is an opportunity to share your ideas or unfinished work, inciting collaboration and advancing the library profession forward through meaningful dialogue. we encourage diversity in presenters from a wide range of background, libraries, and experiences. we deliberately... 	lita announces the excellence in children’s and young adult science fiction notable lists the lita committee recognizing excellence in children’s and young adult science fiction presents the excellence in children’s and young adult science fiction notable lists. the lists are composed of notable children’s and young adult science fiction published between november and october and organized into three age-appropriate categories. the annotated lists will be posted on the website at&# ;www.sfnotables.org. the golden duck notable picture books list is selected from books intended for pre-school children and very early readers, up to years old. recognition is given to the author and the illustrator: field trip to the moon by john hare. margaret ferguson books hello by aiko ikegami. creston books how to be on the moon by viviane schwarz. candlewick press out there by tom sullivan. balzer + bray the babysitter from another planet by stephen savage. neal porter books the space walk by brian biggs. dial books for young... 	jobs in information technology: february , new this week (tenure-track) senior assistant librarian, sonoma state universityrohnert park, ca data services librarian for the sciences, harvard universitycambridge, ma visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	teach for lita: submit proposals by february reminder: the deadline to submit lita education proposals is february th. please share our cfp with your colleagues. we are seeking instructors passionate about library technology topics to share their expertise and teach a webinar, webinar series, or online course for lita this year. all topics related to the intersection of technology and libraries are welcomed, including: machine learning it project management data visualization javascript, including: jquery, json, d .js library-related apis change management in technology big data, high performance computing python, r, github, openrefine, and other programming/coding topics in a library context supporting digital scholarship/humanities virtual and augmented reality linked data implementation or participation in open source technologies or communities open educational resources, creating and providing access to open ebooks and other educational materials managing technology training diversity/inclusion and technology accessibility issues and library technology technology in special libraries ethics of library technology (e.g., privacy concerns, social justice implications) library/learning management... 	jobs in information technology: january , new this week stem, instruction, and assessment librarian,&# ;mcdaniel college, westminster, md data science/analysis research librarian,&# ;hamilton college, clinton, ny electronic resources librarian, brown university, providence, ri systems librarian, brown university, providence, ri head, technical services, brown university, providence, ri network and systems administrator,&# ;st. lawrence university, canton, ny visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	emily drabinski, rebekkah smith aldrich to deliver keynotes at the exchange virtual forum the association for library collections and technical services (alcts), the library information technology association (lita) and the library leadership and management association (llama) have announced that emily drabinski and rebekkah smith aldrich will deliver keynote addresses at the exchange virtual forum. the theme for the exchange is &# ;building the future together,&# ; and it will take place on the afternoons of may , and . each day has a different focus, with day exploring leadership and change management; day examining continuity and sustainability; and day focusing on collaborations and cooperative endeavors. drabinski&# ;s keynote will be on may , and smith aldrich&# ;s will be on may .  emily drabinski is the critical pedagogy librarian at mina rees library, graduate center, city university of new york (cuny). she is also the liaison to the school of labor and urban studies and other cuny masters and doctoral programs. drabinski&# ;s research includes... 	jobs in information technology: january , new this week information technology and web services (itws) department head, auraria library, denver, co visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	advice for the new systems librarian – building relationships . advice for the new systems librarian &# ; building relationships, part previous articles in this series: building relationships, helpful resources, a day in the life i am at the two-year mark of being in my role as systems librarian at jacksonville university, and i continue to love what i do. i am working on larger-scale projects and continuing to learn new things every week. there has not been a challenge or new skill to learn yet that i have been afraid of. my first post in this series highlighted groups and departments that may be helpful in learning your new role. now that i’m a little more seasoned, i have had the opportunity to work with even more departments and individuals at my institution on various projects. some of these departments may be unique to me, but i would imagine you would find counterparts where you work. the academic technology... 	jobs in information technology: january , new this week performing and visual arts librarian, butler university, indianapolis, in librarian, the college of lake county, grayslake, il user experience (ux) librarian, unc charlotte, j. murrey atkins library, charlotte, nc southeast asia digital librarian, cornell university, ithaca, ny head of digital infrastructure services at uconn library, university of connecticut, storrs, ct visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	lita education call for proposals for what library technology topics are you passionate about? have something you can help others learn? lita invites you to share your expertise with an international audience! our courses and webinars are based on topics of interest to library technology workers and technology managers at all levels in all types of libraries. taught by experts, they reach beyond physical conferences to bring high quality continuing education to the library world. we deliberately seek and strongly encourage submissions from underrepresented groups, such as women, people of color, the lgbtqa+ community, and people with disabilities. submit a proposal by february th to teach a webinar, webinar series, or online course for winter/spring/summer/fall . all topics related to the intersection of technology and libraries are welcomed, including: machine learning it project management data visualization javascript, including: jquery, json, d .js library-related apis change management in technology big data, high performance computing python, r, github, openrefine,... 	jobs in information technology: january , new this week web services &# ; discovery manager, american university library, washington, dcsenior research librarian, finnegan, washington, dc electronic resources and discovery librarian, auburn university, al ​​​​​​​discovery &# ; systems librarian, california state university, dominguez hills, carson, ca visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	ux “don’ts” we still need from erika hall the second edition of erika hall’s just enough research dropped october ; although this excellent volume was previously unknown to me i am taking the opportunity now to consume, embody, and evangelize hall’s approach to user research. or, as hall might put it, i’m a willing convert to the gospel of “enoughening”. hall is a seasoned design consultant and co-founder of mule design studio but her commercial approach is tempered by a no-nonsense attitude that makes her solutions and suggestions palatable to a small ux team such as my own at indiana university bloomington libraries. rather than conduct a formulaic book review of just enough research, i want to highlight some specific things hall tells the reader not to do in their ux research. this list of five “don’ts” summarize hall’s tone, style, and approach. it will also highlight the thesis of the second edition’s brand new chapter on surveys.... 	jobs in information technology: december , new this week vice provost and university librarian, university of oregon,&# ;eugene, or data migration specialist (telecommuting position), bywater solutions,&# ;remote position research librarian, oak ridge national laboratory, oak ridge, tn visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	announcing the new lita elearning coordinator we are proud to announce that kira litvin will be the new lita elearning coordinator. litvin has been the continuing education coordinator at the colorado school for public health for the past six months. she provides distance/online learning library services and instruction and works regularly with other librarians, instructional designers, faculty, and educators to collaborate on instructional delivery projects. &# ;i am passionate about being a librarian and working with people in an online environment! &# ;for the past nine years i have worked with libraries that are exclusively online. my roles include administering and managing electronic library systems, including springshare products, and providing virtual reference and instruction to students, faculty and staff. more recently i have transitioned to working as an elearning instructional designer which means i design and develop instructional content available for asynchronous learning and professional development. as online learning continues to grow, i believe that libraries need to... 	submit a nomination for awards and scholarships hugh c. atkinson memorial award the award honors the life and accomplishments of hugh c. atkinson by soliciting nominations and recognizing the outstanding accomplishments of an academic librarian who has worked in the areas of library automation or library management and has made contributions (including risk taking) toward the improvement of library services or to library development or research. nomination deadline: january , winner receives a cash award and a plaque. learn more about the requirements for the atkinson memorial award. ex libris student writing award the lita/ex libris student writing award is given for the best unpublished manuscript on a topic in the area of libraries and information technology written by a student or students enrolled in an ala-accredited library and information studies graduate program. application deadline: february , winner receives a $ , cash and a plaque. learn more about the requirements for the ex libris student... 	submit a nomination for the hugh c. atkinson memorial award lita, acrl, alcts, and llama invite nominations for the hugh c. atkinson memorial award. please submit your nominations by january , . the award honors the life and accomplishments of hugh c. atkinson by recognizing the outstanding accomplishments of an academic librarian who has worked in the areas of library automation or library management and has made contributions (including risk taking) toward the improvement of library services or to library development or research. winners receive a cash award and a plaque. this award is funded by an endowment created by divisional, individual, and vendor contributions given in memory of hugh c. atkinson. the nominee must be a librarian employed in one of the following during the year prior to application for this award: university, college, or community college library non-profit consortium, or a consortium comprised of non-profits that provides resources/services/support to&# ; academic libraries the nominee must have a minimum... 	core update – / / greetings again from the steering committee of core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, a proposed division of ala. coming up this friday, december is the last of four town halls we are holding this fall to share information and elicit your input. please join us! register for town hall today. alcts, lita, and llama division staff will lead this town hall with a focus on core’s mission, vision, and values; benefits organizationally; benefits to members; and opportunities in the future. our speakers will be jenny levine (lita executive director), julie reese (alcts deputy executive director), and kerry ward (llama executive director and interim alcts executive director). we’re excited to share an updated core proposal document for ala member feedback and review, strengthened by your input. we invite further comments on this updated proposal through sunday, december . meanwhile, division staff will incorporate your comments and finalize this proposal document for... 	jobs in information technology: december , new this week senior specialist &# ; makerspace,&# ;middle tennessee state university, walker library,&# ;murfreesboro, tn user experience librarian,&# ;auburn university,&# ;auburn university, al visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	announcing the new lita blog editor we are proud to announce that jessica gilbert redman will be the new editor of the&# ;lita&# ;blog.&# ; gilbert redman has been the web services librarian at the university of north dakota for the past three years. she coordinates and writes for the library blog and maintains the library website. she has completed a post-graduate certificate in user experience and always seeks to ensure that end users are able to easily find the information they need to complete their research. additionally, she realizes communication is the key component in any relationship, be it between libraries and their users or between colleagues, and she always strives to make communication easier for all involved. &# ;i am excited to become more involved in lita, and i think the position of lita blog editor is an excellent way to meet more people within lita and ala, and to maintain a finger on the pulse of new... 	jobs in information technology: december , new this week digital discovery librarian/assistant librarian, miami university, oxford, oh visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	jobs in information technology: november , new this week web and digital scholarship technologies librarian,&# ;marquette university libraries, milwaukee, wi digital access and metadata librarian,&# ;marquette university libraries, milwaukee, wi librarian (san ramon campus),&# ;contra costa community college district,&# ;san ramon, ca visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	support lita scholarships this #givingtuesday it’s almost #givingtuesday, so we’re highlighting the difference that lita scholarships can make, and inviting you to join us in increasing access to lita events by donating to our scholarship fund today. you can help us to provide more scholarships to events like avramcamp and lita forum, as well as sponsor emerging leaders, with your donation today! your donation of $ could open up untold opportunities for other library technology professionals. “the lita scholarship afforded me the opportunity to present at the avramcamp and ala conference. it was an incredible opportunity to network with dozens of information professionals, build connections with people in the field, ask them all of my questions and exchange our technical acumen and job experiences. as a result, i have been offered two interviewing opportunities that were an incredibly valuable experience for my career development. i am very grateful to lita for the opportunity to... 	jobs in information technology: november , new this week metadata specialist iii, metadata services, the new york public library, new york, ny eresources librarian,&# ;university of maryland, baltimore county, baltimore, md multiple librarian positions,&# ;george washington university, washington dc information technology analyst,&# ;san mateo county libraries, san mateo county, ca visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	call for blog coordinator for the exchange: an alcts/lita/llama collaboration the exchange: an alcts/lita/llama collaboration brings together experiences, ideas, expertise, and individuals from the three ala divisions. broadly organized around the theme of “building the future together,” the exchange will examine the topic in relation to collections, leadership, technology, innovation, sustainability, and collaborations. participants from diverse areas of librarianship will find the three days of presentations, panels, and lightning rounds both thought-provoking and highly relevant to their current and future career paths. the exchange will engage a wide range of presenters and participants, facilitating enriching conversations and learning opportunities. divisional members and non-members alike are encouraged to register and bring their questions, experiences, and perspectives to the events. as part of the conference experience, the exchange plans to host regular blog posts in advance of the conference. blog posts will serve multiple purposes: generate excitement and interest in content, encourage participation outside of simply watching presentations, and provide an avenue... 	the exchange call for proposals and informational webinar alcts, lita, and llama are now accepting proposals for the exchange: building the future together, a virtual forum scheduled for may , , and , . the twelve hour virtual event will take place over three afternoons, featuring the following themes and topics: day &# ; leadership and change management day &# ; continuity and sustainability day &# ; collaborations and cooperative endeavors session formats the exchange will feature the following session formats: full-session proposals presenters prepare content for a -minute session, with an additional -minute q&# ;a period for all presenters. full-session proposals may include multiple presentations with content that is topically related. lightning round each participant is given five minutes to give a presentation. at the end of the lightning round, there will be a - -minute q&# ;a period for all presenters in the session. topics for lightning rounds related to innovative projects or research are encouraged. proposals will be... 	registration is now open for the exchange in may , join alcts, lita, and llama for an exciting and engaging virtual forum. registration is now open! &# ; the exchange: an alcts/lita/llama collaboration brings together experiences, ideas, expertise, and individuals from the three ala divisions. broadly organized around the theme of “building the future together,” the exchange will examine the topic in relation to collections, leadership, technology, innovation, sustainability, and collaborations. participants from diverse areas of librarianship will find the three days of presentations, panels, and lightning rounds both thought-provoking and highly relevant to their current and future career paths. the exchange will engage a wide range of presenters and participants, facilitating enriching conversations and learning opportunities. divisional members and non-members alike are encouraged to register and bring their questions, experiences, and perspectives to the events. “building on the rich educational traditions of the three divisions, the exchange provides the opportunity to break down silos and explore synergies... 	core call for comment greetings again from the steering committee of&# ;core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, a proposed division of ala. the steering committee welcomes comments on the&# ;draft division proposal documentation&# ;through november th. please join the conversation! your perspectives and input are shaping the identity and priorities of the proposed division. we’re asking for you to respond to the documents with key questions in mind, including: does this make sense to someone new to alcts/ lita/ llama? does this piece of the plan reflect how members want the new division to function? are there any points that are cause for concern? if you’re interested in helping us in the review process or other work ahead, please&# ;consider volunteering&# ;for&# ;core.&# ;we’re eager to collaborate with you! we’re working hard to ensure everyone can participate in the&# ;core&# ;conversation, so please&# ;let us know&# ;what could make&# ;core&# ;a compelling and worthy division home for you.&# ;keep the feedback and input coming! full details for all our&# ;upcoming events&# ;are... 	lis students: apply for the larew scholarship for tuition help the library and information technology association (lita) and baker &# ; taylor are accepting applications for the lita/christian (chris) larew memorial scholarship for those who plan to follow a career in library and information technology, demonstrate potential leadership, and hold a strong commitment to library automation. the winner will receive a $ , check and a citation.&# ;the application form is open through march , . criteria for the scholarship includes previous academic excellence, evidence of leadership potential, and a commitment to a career in library automation and information technology. candidates should illustrate their qualifications for the scholarships with a statement indicating the nature of their library experience, letters of reference and a personal statement of the applicant’s view of what they can bring to the profession.&# ;winners must have been accepted to&# ;a master of library science (mls) program recognized by the american library association. references, transcripts, and other documents must be postmarked no... 	jobs in information technology: november , new this week full time faculty &# ; non tenure track,&# ;sjsu school of information, san jose, ca digital collections librarian, union college,&# ;schenectady, ny web services librarian,&# ;university of oregon libraries, eugene, or galileo programmer/analyst,&# ;university of georgia libraries, athens, ga visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	lita opens call for innovative lis student writing award for the library and information technology association (lita), a division of the american library association (ala), is pleased to offer an award for the best unpublished manuscript submitted by a student or students enrolled in&# ;an ala-accredited graduate program. sponsored by&# ;lita&# ;and&# ;ex&# ;libris, the award consists of $ , , publication in&# ;lita’s&# ;referred journal,&# ;information technology and libraries (ital), and a certificate. the deadline for submission of the manuscript is february , . the award recognizes superior student writing and is intended to enhance the professional development of students. the manuscript can be written on any aspect of libraries and information technology. examples include, but are not limited to, digital libraries, metadata, authorization and authentication, electronic journals and electronic publishing, open source software, distributed systems and networks, computer security, intellectual property rights, technical standards, desktop applications, online catalogs and bibliographic systems, universal access to technology, and library consortia. to be eligible, applicants must follow&# ;these&# ;guidelines&# ;and fill out&# ;the application form&# ;(pdf).... 	jobs in information technology: november , new this week open educational resources production manager, oregon state university &# ; ecampus, corvallis, or user experience librarian, northwestern university, evanston, il institute for clinical and translational research (ictr) librarian, university of maryland, baltimore, baltimore, md director of collections &# ; access, wheaton college, norton, ma visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	nominate a colleague doing cutting edge work in tech education for the lita library hi tech award nominations are open&# ;for the &# ;lita/library hi tech award, which is given each year to an individual or institution for outstanding achievement in educating the profession about cutting edge technology within the field of library and information technology. sponsored by the&# ;library and information technology association&# ;(lita) and library hi tech, the award includes a citation of merit and a $ , stipend provided by&# ;emerald publishing, publishers of library hi tech. the deadline for nominations is december , . the award, given to either a living individual or an institution, may recognize a single seminal work or a body of work created during or continuing into the five years immediately preceding the award year. the body of work need not be limited to published texts but can include course plans or actual courses and/or non-print publications such as visual media. awards are intended to recognize living persons rather than to honor the deceased; therefore,... 	propose a topic for the ital “public libraries leading the way” column information technology and libraries (ital), the quarterly open-access journal published by ala’s library information technology association, is looking for contributors for its regular “public libraries leading the way” column. this column highlights a technology-based innovation or approach to problem solving from a public library perspective. topics we are interested in include the following, but proposals on any other technology topic are welcome. -d printing and makerspaces civic technology drones diversity, equity, and inclusion and technology privacy and cyber-security virtual and augmented reality artificial intelligence big data internet of things robotics geographic information systems and mapping library analytics and data-driven services anything else related to public libraries and innovations in technology to propose a topic, use this brief form, which will ask you for three pieces of information: your name your email address a brief ( - word) summary of your proposed column that describes your library, the technology you wish to... 	alcts, lita and llama collaborate for virtual forum the association for library collections &# ; technical services (alcts), the library and information technology association (lita) and the library leadership &# ; management association (llama) have collaborated to create the exchange, an interactive, virtual forum designed to bring together experiences, ideas, expertise and individuals from these american library association (ala) divisions. modeled after the alcts exchange, the exchange will be held may , may and may in with the theme “building the future together.” as a fully online interactive forum, the exchange will give participants the opportunity to share the latest research, trends and developments in collections, leadership, technology, innovation, sustainability and collaborations. participants from diverse areas of librarianship will find the three days of presentations, panels and activities both thought-provoking and highly relevant to their current and future career paths. the exchange will engage an array of presenters and participants, facilitating enriching conversations and learning opportunities.... 	submit your annual meeting request by feb the lita meeting request form is now open for the ala annual conference in chicago, il. all lita committee and interest group chairs should use it to let us know if you plan to meet at annual. we&# ;re looking forward to seeing what you have planned. the deadline to submit your meeting request is friday, february , . we&# ;re going to change how we&# ;ve listed meetings in the past. if you do not submit this form, your group will not be included in the list of lita session on our website, the online scheduler, or the print program. while we&# ;ll still hold the joint chairs meeting on saturday from : - : am and use that same room for committee and ig meetings from : - : am, your group will only be listed if you submit this form. you should also use it if you want to request a meeting on a different day... 	submit a nomination for the prestigious kilgour technology research award lita and oclc invite nominations for the frederick g. kilgour award for research in library and information technology. submit your nomination no later than december , . the kilgour research award recognizes research relevant to the development of information technologies, in particular research showing promise of having a positive and substantive impact on any aspect of the publication, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information or how information and data are manipulated and managed. the winner receives $ , cash, an award citation, and an expense-paid trip (airfare and two nights lodging) to the ala annual conference in chicago, il. nominations will be accepted from any member of the american library association. nominating letters must address how the research is relevant to libraries; is creative in its design or methodology; builds on existing research or enhances potential for future exploration; and/or solves an important current problem in the delivery of... 	core update – october , greetings again from the steering committee of core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, a proposed division of ala. thank you for all of your questions and feedback about the proposed new division!&# ;the steering committee has been revising core documents based on what we’ve heard from you so far in order to share draft bylaws and other information with you soon. we want you to know that we are continuing to listen and incorporate the feedback you’re providing via town halls, twitter chats, the core feedback form, and more.&# ; in our next steering committee meeting, we will be discussing how we can support the operational involvement of interested volunteers. if you have ideas on how members should be involved, please share them with us through&# ;the feedback form.&# ; we’re working hard to ensure everyone can participate in the core conversation, so please&# ;let us know&# ;what could make core a compelling and worthy division home for... 	jobs in information technology: october , new this week metadata &# ; research support specialist, open society research services, open society foundations, new york, ny head of public services in the daniel library, the citadel, the military college of south carolina, charleston, sc engineering and science liaison, mit, cambridge, ma head of technical services &# ; library, the citadel, the military college of south carolina, charleston, sc analyst programmer , oregon state university libraries and press, corvallis, or collection information specialist, isabella stewart gardner museum, boston, ma visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	jobs in information technology: october , new this week metadata librarian for distinctive collections, mit, cambridge, ma electronic access librarian, university of rochester, rochester, ny dean, university libraries, university of northern colorado, greeley, co administrative/metadata specialist, asr international corp., monterey, ca core systems librarian, university of oregon libraries, eugene, or visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. 	september ital issue now available the september issue of information technology and libraries (ital) is available now. in this issue, ital editor ken varnum announces six new members of the ital editorial board. our content includes a recap of emily morton-owens&# ; president&# ;s inaugural message, &# ;sustaining lita&# ;, discussing the many ways lita strives to provide a sustainable member organization. in this edition of our &# ;public libraries leading the way&# ; series, thomas lamanna discusses ways libraries can utilize their current resources and provide ideas on how to maximize effectiveness and roll new technologies into operations in &# ;on educating patrons on privacy and maximizing library resources.&# ; featured articles: &# ;library-authored web content and the need for content strategy,&# ; courtney mcdonald and heidi burkhardt increasingly sophisticated content management systems (cms) allow librarians to publish content via the web and within the private domain of institutional learning management systems. “libraries as publishers”may bring to mind roles in scholarly communication and... 	jobs in information technology: october , new this week information research specialist, harvard business school, boston, ma - library residency program (provost’s postdoctoral fellowship), new york university, division of libraries, new york, ny executive director, library connection, inc, windsor, ct associate university librarian, cornell university, ithaca, ny visit the lita jobs site for additional job listings and information on submitting your own job posting. new vacancy listings are posted on wednesday afternoons. the code lib journal – thresholds for discovery: ead tag analysis in archivegrid, and implications for discovery systems 		 			 				 					 				 				 						mission 	editorial committee 	process and structure 	code lib 				 				 					 						 							 							 						 					 				 			 			 								 					issue , - - 					thresholds for discovery: ead tag analysis in archivegrid, and implications for discovery systems 					 						the archivegrid discovery system is made up in part of an aggregation of ead (encoded archival description) encoded finding aids from hundreds of contributing institutions. in creating the archivegrid discovery interface, the oclc research project team has long wrestled with what we can reasonably do with the large ( , +) corpus of ead documents. this paper presents an analysis of the ead documents (the largest analysis of ead documents to date). the analysis is paired with an evaluation of how well the documents support various aspects of online discovery. the paper also establishes a framework for thresholds of completeness and consistency to evaluate the results. we find that, while the ead standard and encoding practices have not offered support for all aspects of online discovery, especially in a large and heterogeneous aggregation of ead documents, current trends suggest that the evolution of the ead standard and the shift from retrospective conversion to new shared tools for improved encoding hold real promise for the future. 					 					 						 by m. bron, m. proffitt and b. washburn introduction archivegrid is an aggregation of nearly two million archival material descriptions, including marc records from worldcat and finding aids harvested from the web. it is supported by oclc research as a corpus for experimentation and testing in text mining, data analysis, and discovery system applications and interfaces. archival collections held by thousands of libraries, museums, historical societies, and archives are represented in archivegrid. although roughly % of what is in archivegrid are marc records, as of april oclc research had harvested , ead encoded finding aids for inclusion in archivegrid[ ]. this small segment of archivegrid is important because ead has been embraced by the archival community since it’s inception in the s, and is supported by a range of tools designed specifically for archives, such as archivesspace, archivists’ toolkit, archon, calm, and others. in creating the archivegrid discovery interface, the project team has wrestled with what we can reasonably do with this corpus. for example, it would be useful to be able to sort by size of collection, however, this would require some level of confidence that the <extent> tag is both widely used and that the content of the tag would lends itself to sorting. other examples of desired functionality include providing a means in the interface to limit a search to include only items that are in a certain genre (for example, photographs) or to limit a search by date. again, we would need to have confidence that the metadata we have will actually support these features, and not leave out potentially important collections simply because of the absence of certain tags. specifically, we will consider how the variability of use of elements in finding aids affects discovery considering five different possible dimensions of a discovery system: search, browse, sort, limit, and display. as a warning to the reader: this paper delves deeply into ead elements and attributes and assumes at least a passing knowledge of the encoding standard. for those wishing to learn more about the definitions and structure, we recommend the official ead website or the less official but highly readable and helpful eadiva site[ ]. related work the work that is the most closely related to our research was done by katherine m. wisser and jackie dean[ ]. in wisser and dean solicited ead files repositories from institutions in order to ”identify encoding behavior.”[ ] in total, repositories submitted up to finding aids for the analysis; , finding aids comprise the entire sample. the formal results of their analysis will be published in the fall edition of american archivist. we are grateful to the authors for sharing their early work with us, and note with interest that in many cases, their analysis of ead usage is quite similar. however, in some notable cases, the findings from the two samples diverge dramatically (see for example elements in <archdesc> above the <dsc> in table ). as noted by wisser and dean some of this variation can be attributed to the many different ways in which ead files can be obtained. wisser and dean invited a limited contribution ( - finding aids) from a wide variety of repositories, including significant contributions from institutions outside of the us; even though wisser and dean carefully articulated that results would be anonymized, there is some chance that the results were somewhat skewed by the process of selecting files for inclusion. by contrast, our data set was assembled by harvesting ead documents from institutions directly, see below. contributing institutions have been motivated to contribute to archivegrid primarily to share information about their collections, not their ead practices. additionally, archivegrid is primarily constituted by repositories from the united states, with few institutions from europe or elsewhere represented in the data set. either or both of these key differences may account for divergence in findings between our work and that of wisser and dean. the report, “implications of marc tag usage on library metadata practices” focused on an analysis of the marc standard as reflected in world-cat [ ]. although the emphasis of the the report was, similar to dean and wisser, meant to “inform community practice,” a secondary purpose was to draw conclusions about the suitability of marc data for machine matching and processing, which is similar to our desire to identify functionality (and gaps in functionality) that exist in our current ead corpus. oclc research regularly harvests ead documents from contributing institutions to update their representation in the archivegrid index.  the update cycle is roughly every six weeks.  institutions are contacted to obtain their permission to harvest and use the data in archivegrid, and to identify the target urls and rules for selection.  for some contributors, the harvesting rules are simple: a directory listing or an html page is made available to our crawler, with every link leading to an ead xml file on the contributor’s server.  for other contributors we may make use of a website designed for human visitors, applying custom include and exclude rules to the urls we find to select only links to ead documents.  though oai-pmh repositories and other more specialized harvesting protocols may be available at some contributor sites, we have seen little interest among contributors in their use, and currently we are using only standard http get requests for all the many hundreds of ead document providers.  maintaining the ead harvesting operation continues to be a significant component of the archivegrid support costs covered by oclc research. methods defining thresholds it is difficult to predefine thresholds for the level of usage of an element at which it becomes more or less useful for discovery. is an element that is used % of the time still useful but one that is used % not? in this paper we consider the thresholds resulting from working with our sample of documents. we will use the terminology documents and finding aids interchangeably throughout the paper. as an indicator for usage of an element we use the percentage of documents that contain the element at least once (% uniq). the nested nature of finding aids, however, influences the usage of elements as the absence of a parent element reduces the possibility of the occurrence of child elements. as an alternative indicator for usage we use the percentage of documents that contain an element in the sample of documents that contain the element’s parent element (% uniq in c). figure shows how often the percentage of usage of an element falls into certain intervals. note that we use relative usage (% uniq in c) here. the distribution of element usage could be roughly divided into groups: (i) usage between %- % or low use; (ii) usage between %- % or medium use; (iii) usage between %- % or high use; (iv) usage between %- % or complete use. although we will use these levels as a reference point in this document, we do so with a recognition that correlating usage with discovery is an artificial construct. in the absence of a more effective approach, we are using these levels as an initial framework for discussion. the absence of an element does not directly lead to a breakdown in a discovery system. it is more like a gradual decay of the effectiveness of a discovery system. but not all elements are created equally – in current archival discovery systems, we see a range of functionality that is offered, both in terms of search and advanced search options, as well as sorting features, and results display. within smaller aggregations, we might very well expect tag usage to be considerably more internally consistent than is the case in the archivegrid aggregation. but in the case of archivegrid and similar large aggregations of finding aids, what functionality can be reasonably supported, given the present state of the data? what functionality can we offer with assurance, if we look only at elements that are in the high or complete categories? figure : the distribution of percentage of element usage (% uniq in c). elements are nested and the absence of a parent element influences the occurrence percentage of a child element. for this reason we use the number of element occurrences relative to the occurrences of the parent element (% uniq in c). counting element occurrences finding aids follow the encoded archival description standard, which is a complex xml structure. as an example of the complexity of ead in implementation, we found more than , paths in our , document set. to provide a starting point for obtaining element counts we recreated the many (but not all) tables of element, attribute, and value counts as presented in the report by wisser et al. [ ]. each table was recreated by performing one or more xpath queries over the corpus of finding aids. in the discussion of our analysis we do not follow the same structure as in wisser et al. [ ] as our focus is on implications of element usage on discovery and presentation. where appropriate similarities and differences between element usage in our sample of finding aids and those used in wisser et al. [ ] are reported. in the rest of the paper we use the following notation in our tables: (i) n is the total number of occurrences of an element; (ii) n uniq is the number of documents in which the element occurs at least once; (iii)   is the percentage of documents in our sample of ead documents (s= ) that contain the element at least once; and (iv)  is the percentage of documents that contain the element in the sample of documents (n=…) that contain a certain element. we will provide the size of each particular sample explicitly. for example, when considering the <eadheader> element that occurs in every document we get , which is the same as . we use  to indicate the percentage of documents that contain the element in the sample of documents that contain a certain element as collected by wisser. in most cases the sample size will be all documents in wisser’s sample, i.e., . finally, we use diff to indicate the percentage point difference between the percentage nuniq and nuniqk, i.e., between wisser’s and our sample. dimensions for analysis our analysis considered the following dimensions: 	search: all discovery systems have a keyword search function; many also include the ability to search by a particular field or element: examples include name, date, subject. 	browse: many discovery systems include the ability to browse finding aids: examples include browse by repository, browse by material type. 	results display: once a user has done a search, the results display will return portions of the finding aid to help with further evaluation: examples include title, dates, collection size. 	sort: once a user has done a search, they may have the option to reorder the results. examples include: order by date, order by title, order by size. 	limit by: once a user has done a search, they may have the option to narrow the results to only include results that meet certain criteria. this may be done through presentation of facets: examples include limit by collections with digital material, limit by repository. current discovery interfaces we reviewed a number of different discovery interfaces for finding aids in order to provide an overview of the type of search, browse, sort, limit, and display options that are generally available. interfaces included are: 	the online archive of california (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/), 	the northwest digital archive (http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/), 	texas archival resources online (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/index.html), 	arizona archives online (http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/search), 	the five colleges archives and manuscripts collection (http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/index.html), 	the rocky mountain online archive (http://rmoa.unm.edu/), 	the harvard library’s online archival search information system (http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/home?_collection=oasis). the interfaces we surveyed are very traditional in the capabilities they support — this is no doubt in part an outcome of the type of functionality that is supported in ead . in addition to assessing the suitability of the archivegrid corpus for some general archival-specific discovery interfaces, we wanted to cast our net a little wider and speculate on how well ead may meet the needs of emerging nextgen (or nowgen!) approaches to discovery that may not be represented in our interfaces surveyed, or supported by era ead. emerging discovery apparatus include: support for geo-locating archival locations, subjects of collected materials, and other elements, to server map-based search interfaces.  examples of map-based discovery interfaces include: 	historypin (http://www.historypin.com/), 	whatwasthere (http://www.whatwasthere.com/), 	historvius (http://www.historvius.com/) similarly, we see support for event-based retrieval, using timelines or similar devices, as an area in which discovery systems are evolving.  some examples include: 	simile, example project timeline for jewish history http://simile.mit.edu/timeline/examples/religions/jewish-history.html, 	timeline view, philippine archives collection, nara http://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww /philippine/timeline.html 	zagora archaeological project http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/zagora/timeline/ analysis details we now take a closer look at which elements might drive each function, how the aggregated data fits this purpose both in terms of meeting our  thresholds, and how well the content of key elements are fit for purpose. with each element, we’ve included a note about how they are used in archivegrid and in other discovery systems. date our analysis shows use of <unitdate> within the high-level <did> as medium ( . % — see table ); this makes <unitdate> values less than reliable for functions such as sort and limit by. consider, for example, a scenario where a researcher is interested in material from the second world war. filtering by a date range between - will result in only those documents being presented that have a <unitdate> assigned in that period and may lead to the researcher missing potentially relevant documents. alternatively, only those documents could be excluded that have a date outside of the indicated range. however, with a large amount of eads missing a <unitdate> field this approach defeats the purpose of filtering. investing effort to bring this element closer to high or complete may be warranted; however, to support dimensions beyond just display, the content of the field or contents of the “normal” attribute must be easily parseable. when we look at the content of <unitdate>, we find a wide range of descriptive practices, some of which could pose problems for machine parsing to support use in indexing and retrieval. another issue involved in using the <unitdate> field is that it can be used in several places, e.g., on its own in the top level <did> or as a subelement of <unittitle>. comparing the usage of <unitdate> in our collection of ead documents and that of wisser, we find that it is one of the elements where we see the greatest divergence, i.e., wisser’s sample shows a usage of <unitdate> in the <did> of . %. in archivegrid, dates are used in: 	search: they are keyword searchable 	display: with the collection title (when available) in brief displays in other archival discovery systems: 	search 	browse 	sort 	display extent our analysis shows use of <extent> within the high-level <did> as medium ( . % — see table ); as with <unitdate>, the content of <extent> is quite varied and does not easily facilitate sorting, with values ranging from “miscellaneous artifacts” to “ ceramic heads.” the syntax of the <extent> element (with attributes for @encodinganalog, @type, and @unit) does not currently lend itself to structuring data in a way that can be used for sorting without clear guidelines, tools to enforce appropriate encoding, and rigor on the part of institutions; retrospectively refitting to be utilized in sorting could be a daunting challenge for many institutions. many documents in the archivegrid corpus have multiple <extent> statements, further complicating matters, as the system would need to decide which one to sort, for example. for display, including  <extent> statements in order to help aid researchers in evaluating results seems fit to purpose. in archivegrid, extent is used in: 	search: extent values are keyword searchable 	display: presented in brief displays and separately in the display of individual collection descriptions in other archival discovery systems: 	sort 	display collection title our analysis shows use of <unittitle> in the high-level <did> as complete ( . % — see table ); this would suggest that it is suitable for all uses. however, for sorting and browsing, again, utility depends on the content of the element. if the content of the <unittitle> element is something generic like “records” or “papers” (in cases where perhaps the creator has been recorded separately in the origination element), then all functions may be less than ideal, but particularly sorting by title or creating browse lists. many interfaces either construct browse lists of collections titles, or allow users to sort results by title, or search within titles. not surprisingly, we found that the required <filedesc> element in the <eadheader> to be complete. although our analysis did not include elements below <filedesc>, we can assume that the required <titlestmt> and its required child, <titleproper> will be similarly complete. the fact that <titlestmt> is fully populated is good news for searching and display; however for sorting and constructing browse lists, we would need to have some assurance that the contents of <titleproper> are fit to purpose. this would be an opportunity for further evaluation, although a quick scan of the contents of <titleproper> encouragingly revealed that % of archivegrid finding aids have a @type attribute with the value “filing”, which is rather remarkable as there is no specified list of values for type. in archivegrid, collection titles are used in: 	search: they are keyword searchable 	display: collection titles appear in brief search results in other archival discovery systems: 	sort 	browse 	display subject our analysis shows use of <controlaccess> as medium ( . % — see table ); <controlaccess> is the parent element of both subject as well as other access points (such as <corpname>, <genreform>, <geogname>, and <persname>). our analysis did not include drilling down to use of <controlaccess> subelements. (given differences in library and archival practices, we would expect control of form and genre terms to be relatively high, and control of names and subjects to be relatively low.) in archivegrid, subjects are used in: 	limit by: we show <controlaccess> values for people, groups, places and topics as result overview facets for limiting a search result in other archival discovery systems: 	search 	browse material type researchers may wish to limit to or seek out material in a specific format, and our survey of discovery systems reveal that some systems support this functionality. our analysis did not include the children of <controlaccess>, which includes <genreform>. in archivegrid, material type is used for: 	search: material types in <genreform> are keyword searchable in other archival discovery systems: 	search 	browse 	limit by names (personal or corporate) names can be found in multiple places — for the the creator of a collection, is most logically found in <origination>, where both <persname> and <corpname> are child elements.  the use of the origination tag is medium ( . % – see table ); our analysis did not include evaluation of the use of <persname> and <corpname> in origination. otherwise, personal and corporate names as access points may be found in <controlaccess> (see above). name elements occur ubiquitously in ead version , and our analysis did not include a detailed inventory of <persname> and <corpname> in the many places they can occur. a weakness of the distributed nature of names throughout ead documents is that without detailed annotations and co-references, discovery systems only have a shallow understanding of names and their relationship to the collection and to one another. discovery systems are not always able to differentiate between names when used in a creator context versus those covered in the description, which may show up as access points. in archivegrid, names are used for: 	search: names are keyword searchable 	limit by: names for people, groups and places appear in the result overview in other archival discovery systems: 	used in search 	used for limiting repository the name of the repository is found in the high-level did in <repository>. use of this element falls into the promising complete category ( . %: see table ). however, a variety of practice is in play, with the name of the repository being embellished with <subarea> and <address> tags nested within <repository>. to avoid the difficulties in handling these variations across a range of contributing institutions, archivegrid maintains a separate system to manage the form of the institution name for use in the system. in archivegrid, <repository> is not used as an access point, though archivegrid’s separately administered and controlled form of the repository name is used for search, browse, sort, limit and display. in other archival discovery systems, used in: 	browse 	limit by scope note, biographical note, abstract our analysis shows use of <scopecontent> as high ( . % — see table ), while <bioghist> ( . % — see table ) and <abstract> ( . % — see table ) are medium; all three are suitable for search and for display in a results view, although they can be quite lengthy. for search, its worth noting that the semantics of these elements are different, and may result in unexpected and false “relevance” for matches against descriptions in <bioghist> (about the person) and <scopecontent> and <abstract> (which may be more about the collection). in archivegrid, these notes are used in: 	search: notes are keyword-searchable 	display: <scopecontent> notes appear (in truncated form if lengthy) in brief search results in other archival discovery systems, used in: 	search 	display (in snippets or in their entirety) collections with digital content our analysis did not explore the use of <dao> or <daogrp> elements, which can be used in a variety of places in ead . wisser and dean found that <dao> is used in . % and . % of the documents in their sample, putting both into the low category (see wisser, table , <dao> elements). however, with growing interest in digitized materials from archival collections, identifying those materials is of increasing importance. in archivegrid, we provide no mechanism for searching or identifying collections with digital content. in other archival discovery systems: 	limiting results to those with digital content 	flagging collections with digital content future work in order to make ead-encoded finding aids more well suited for use in discovery systems, the population of key elements will need to be moved closer to high or (ideally) complete. however, it is not only a matter of populating the elements, but ensuring that the data will reliably power key aspects of discovery systems. this will take concerted effort and tools, both on the part of individual institutions and groups. in the analysis of “nextgen” discovery services, we noted the use of geolocation-based discovery. although we would need to do further analysis in <controlaccess> to assess the usage for <geogname> in our document set, the current structure of the <geogname> element does not support geolocation functionality. however, as part of the redesign for ead , ead is becoming more supportive of linked data and linked data structures. this may offer some hope for retrofitting ead data to be more suited for the task of meeting map-based discovery requirements. likewise, the data we have on hand does not suggest good support for event-based discovery, which would draw on well-structured dates, geographic subject terms, and topical subject terms (such as “battle of alma” or “great depression”). again, ead does not support the sort of encoding that would be necessary to serve event-based discovery, but ead may provide more appropriate structures. an optimum threshold for discovery? the picture for archival discovery and ead is decidedly mixed. on the one hand, we have elements that are in high or even complete use. on the other hand, we have many elements that are necessary for discovery interfaces that are in medium use; and even with elements that are in high or complete use, the contents of those tags are not always fit to purpose. this can be at least partly explained by ead’s history.  in the early days of ead the focus was largely on moving finding aids from typescript to sgml and xml. even with much attention given over to the development of institutional and consortial best practice guidelines and requirements, much work was done by brute force and often with little attention given to (or funds allocated for) making the data fit to the purpose of discovery. tag analyses such as the work described in this paper can help inform the development and implementation of the ead schema (indeed the work done by wisser and dean was considered in the development of ead ).  but our analysis suggests that the standard has most of the elements and attributes needed to effectively support discovery; what’s missing is agreement on and widespread application of best practices tied to supporting discovery. so, is the container list half empty? if the archival community continues on its current path then the potential of the ead format to support researchers or the public in discovery of material will remain underutilized. minimally, collection descriptions that are below the thresholds for discovery will hinder their discovery efforts and maximally will remain hidden from view. our paper provides suggestions for the elements where additional effort and investment are warranted to improve their utility for discovery systems. (we recognize that for some institutions, that additional effort may not be feasible or warranted; for their purposes they may find that html or pdf collection descriptions suffice.) or is the container list half full? perhaps with emerging evidence about the corpus of ead, continued discussion of practice, recognition of a need for greater functionality, and shared tools both to create new ead documents and improve existing encoding, we can look forward to further increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of ead encoding, and develop a practice of ead encoding that pushes collection descriptions across the threshold of discovery. tables table : (wisser table ): general statistics for ead finding aids, using queries: /ead/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= ] 	 diff 	 eadheader 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 archdesc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 frontmatter 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 eadgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 archdescgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 dscgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . table : (wisser table ): elements used within eadheader, using query /ead/eadheader/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= ] 	 diff 	 eadid 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 filedesc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 profiledesc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 revisiondesc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . table : (wisser table ) attributes used with eadheader, using query //eadheader. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= ] 	 diff 	 countryencoding 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 dateencoding 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 findaidstatus 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 langencoding 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 repositoryencoding 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 scriptencoding 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): attributes used with eadid, using query //eadid. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= ] 	 diff 	 countrycode 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 mainagencycode 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 publicid 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 url 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 urn 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 identifier 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): elements within frontmatter, using query /ead/frontmatter/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= ] 	 diff 	 titlepage 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 div 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): values for @level within archdesc, using query //archdesc/@level. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 collection 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 fonds 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 class 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 recordgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 series 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 subfonds 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 subgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 subseries 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 file 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 item 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 otherlevel 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): elements within archdesc/did, using query /ead/archdesc/did/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 abstract 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 container 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 langmaterial 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 materialspec 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 origination 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 physdesc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 physloc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 repository 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 unitdate 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 unitid 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 unittitle 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): elements within archdesc/did/physdesc, using query /ead/archdesc/did/physdesc/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 dimensions 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 extent 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 physfacet 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): elements within archdesc:above the dsc, using query /ead/archdesc/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 accessrestrict 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 accruals 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 acqinfo 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 altformavail 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 appraisal 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 arrangement 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 bibliography 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 bioghist 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 controlaccess 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 custodhist 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 descgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 fileplan 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 index 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 odd 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 originalsloc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 otherfindaid 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 phystech 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 prefercite 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 processinfo 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 relatedmaterial 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 runner 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 scopecontent 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 separatedmaterial 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 userestrict 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : table : the inclusion of dsc in finding aids, using query //dsc. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 < dsc > 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 multiple < dsc > s 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): dsc type attributes, using query //dsc/@type. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 analyticover 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 combined 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 in-depth 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 othertype 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): c-c tags, using query //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c | //c . 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 c 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . table : (wisser table ): values for level attribute on c, c/@level, using query //c/@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level | //c /@level. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 collection 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 fonds 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 class 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 recordgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 series 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 subfonds 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 subgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 subseries 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 file 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 item 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 otherlevel 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): c-c /did elements, using query //c/did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/* | //c /did/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 abstract 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 container 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 langmaterial 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 materialspec 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 origination 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 physdesc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 physloc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 repository 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 unitdate 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 unitid 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 unittitle 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): c-c /did/physcdesc elements, using query //c/did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/* | //c /did/physdesc/*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 dimensions 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 extent 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 physfacet 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): other elements found in c-c , using query //c/* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /* | //c /*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 accessrestrict 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 accruals 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 acqinfo 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 altformavail 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 appraisal 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 arrangement 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 bibliography 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 bioghist 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 controlaccess 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 custodhist 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 descgrp 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 index 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 note 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 odd 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 originalsloc 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 otherfindaid 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 phystech 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 prefercite 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 processinfo 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 relatedmaterial 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 runner 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 scopecontent 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 separatedmaterial 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 userestrict 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . table : (wisser table ): content tags in dsc, using query //dsc//*. 	 element 	 n 	 n_uniq 	 % [n_uniq/s] 	 % [n_uniq/n= ] 	 % [(n_uniqk)/n= , ] 	 diff 	 corpname 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 famname 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 function 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 genreform 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 geogname 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 name 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 occupation 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 persname 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . 	 subject 	 	 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 - . references [ ]  in april , the archivegrid index contained , , marc records, , ead records, , html records, and , pdf records.  the ead count in the index is lower than the set of documents analyzed, to avoid duplicating their display for certain contributors who supply corresponding marc records. [ ] library of congress ead website: http://www.loc.gov/ead/index.html; eadiva: http://eadiva.com/. [ ] e-mail to archives and archivists listserv, november , . [ ] wisser, katherine m, and jackie dean, ead tag usage: community analysis of the use of encoded archival description elements, article submitted for publication in the american archivist [ ] smith-yoshimura, karen, catherine argus, timothy j. dickey, chew chiat naun, lisa rowlinson de ortiz, and hugh taylor. . implications of marc tag usage on library metadata practices. about the authors marc bron is a researcher at the intelligent systems lab amsterdam, where he is about to complete his phd in information retrieval. his dissertation focused on improving accessibility to information stored in cultural heritage institutions by developing algorithms and interactive retrieval systems that support exploration and contextualization. during his phd marc has published over papers at top tier conferences, journals, and workshops. his current research direction aims to develop new collaborative search methods for users of archival collections. bruce washburn is a consulting software engineer in oclc research.  he provides software development support for oclc research initiatives and participates as a contributing team member on selected research projects.  in addition, he provides software development support for selected oclc products and services. at oclc washburn has been a part of the product teams that developed and maintain camio,  archivegrid, the worldcat search api, and oaister. merrilee proffitt is a senior program officer in oclc research. she provides project management skills and expert support to institutions represented within the oclc research library partnership. merrilee has authored or co-authored articles, guidelines, and reports for a variety organizations and professional journals. she is frequently an invited speaker at international professional conferences and workshops on topics relating to digital libraries and special collections. her current projects and interests include: archival description, increasing access to special collections, looking at developing better relationships between wikipedia and cultural heritage institutions, and how massively open online courseware (moocs) may impact libraries. she is a member of the small but mighty archivegrid team. 					 														 				 	subscribe to comments: for this article | for all articles 			 	 leave a reply name (required) mail (will not be published) (required) website 							 			 				 					issn - 				 				 				 					 						 						 					 				 				 				 					current issue 							issue , - - 					previous issues 							issue , - - 	issue , - - 	issue , - - 	issue , - - 	older issues 				 				 					for authors 						call for submissions 	article guidelines 				 			 						 				log in 				this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . united states license. 			 			 		 		 		 	 none inkdroid toggle navigation inkdroid 	about 	bookmarks 	photos 	music 	software 	social 	talks 	 	 - - ~ opinionated - - ~ altair - - ~ untitled - - ~ don't think - - ~ notes from the apicalypse - - ~ python for somebody - - ~ jan - - ~ twarc demo on twitterdev - - ~ sandwich 🥪 - - ~ - - ~ twarc - - ~ $ j - - ~ strengths and weaknesses - - ~ data speculation - - ~ recovering foucault - - ~ teaching oop in the time of covid - - ~ gpt- jam - - ~ mimetypes - - ~ northwest branch cairn - - ~ blow back derelict wind - - ~ outgoing - - ~ trump's tweets - - ~ noarchive - - ~ what's the diff? - - ~ for - - ~ diss music - - ~ years of robots.txt - - ~ curation communities - - ~ mystery file! - - ~ kettle - - ~ static-dynamic - - ~ dark reading - - ~ seeing software - - ~ curating corpora - - ~ fuzzy - - ~ penny - - ~ fuzzy file formats - - ~ pandoc - - ~ fuzzy matching - - ~ less is (sometimes) more - - ~ teaching digital curation - - ~ rss - - ~ organizations on twitter - - ~ bibdesk, zotero and jabref - - ~ disinformation metadata - - ~ equipment - - ~ twitter - - ~ music for hard times - - ~ digital curation - - ~ dependency hell 	 « prev 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	next » unless otherwise noted all the content here is licensed cc-by untitled toggle navigation inkdroid 	about 	bookmarks 	photos 	music 	software 	social 	talks 	 	 untitled july , music foundsound several years ago someone in our neighborhood was moving out of the area and was giving away their old piano. we figured out a way to get it to our house, and it has sat (still untuned) in a corner of our living room ever since. the kids have sporadically taken piano lessons, and the various teachers who have heard it have all been polite not to comment on its current state. mostly it just sits there, part table, part decoration, until someone stops by to play a little tune. it’s interesting to hear the kids develop little signature riffs that they play while walking by the piano in the morning, or sometimes before going to bed. here’s a short untitled little tune that maeve regularly plays, almost like a little prayer, or memory: unless otherwise noted all the content here is licensed cc-by blog archive – lita blog 	 													lita blog 												 							empowering libraries through technology						 					 toggle navigation 	about 	get involved! 						 	 		 			 	 		 		 			 	 		core update 		blog archive 		 			july , july , | jessica d. gilbert redman		 	 		 		 the lita blog will now function as an archive of posts by the library and information technology association (lita), formerly a division of the american library association (ala). lita is now a part of core, but was previously the leading organization reaching out across types of libraries to provide education and services for a broad membership of systems librarians, library technologists, library administrators, library schools, vendors, and others interested in leading edge technology and applications for librarians and information providers. are you interested in becoming involved with core or the core news blog? core news has more information! 			 	 			 			 	 		post navigation 		jobs in information technology: august , 	 			 		 		 	 	 		 			 	 	 archives 		archives 		select month july august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january november october september august july june 			categories categoriesselect category a new division discussions ala annual conferences                                                                 ala midwinter meetings                                                     awards and scholarships begin transmission bigwig blogging help committees and interest groups core update education emerging technologies general information imagineering institutional repositories instruction and online learning legislation & regulation library experiences lita board of directors lita bylaws lita elections lita forums                                                        core virtual forum lita jobs lita officers news & noteworthy original content podcast president’s post program planning publications    ital roundup sf notables spotlight series standards watch sunday routines technical services top technology trends topic + reaction twitter chats uncategorized website management and user experience 					 	 	 	 				 			 				 									 				 									 				 								the blog of the library and information technology association privacy policy 						 			 		 				 			powered by wordpress			 | 				wordpress theme by tidyhive		 	 access denied. you seem to use a large amount of bandwidth of this website. if you think you see this message in error, please email 'access_denied at marx-brothers.org' excellence awards dlf 	 about 	overview 	 	calendar 	faq 	foundational principles 	leadership 	strategic plan 	 membership 	join the ndsa 	member orientation 	members 	 groups 	overview 	working group schedule 	 	interest groups 	content 	infrastructure 	standards and practices 	 	active working groups 	communications and publications 	conference program 	excellence awards 	fixity survey 	levels of preservation 	membership task force 	staffing survey 	 publications 	overview 	 	levels of preservation 	ndsa agenda 	 	osf repository 	 conference 	digipres conference 	past digipres conferences 	 news excellence awards the annual ndsa innovation awards were established in to recognize and encourage exemplary achievement in the field of digital preservation stewardship. beginning in , the awards were renamed as the excellence awards to highlight and commend all forms of creative and meaningful contributions by individuals, projects, sustainability activities, organizations, future stewards, and educators to the field of digital preservation. about the excellence awards as a diverse international membership organization with a shared commitment to digital preservation, the ndsa understands the importance of innovation and risk-taking in developing and supporting a broad range of successful digital preservation activities. acknowledging that excellent digital stewardship can take many forms, eligibility for these awards has been left purposely broad. anyone or any project or institution acting in the context of the above categories can be nominated for an award. nominees do not have to be ndsa member institutions or individuals or project staff affiliated with member institutions, but must evidence innovative engagement with the theory and practice of long-term digital preservation stewardship at a level of national or international importance. nominators similarly do not need to be affiliated with ndsa member institutions. self-nomination is accepted and encouraged, as are submissions reflecting the needs and accomplishments of historically marginalized and underrepresented communities. more information on the awards, including previous awardees, is available on this page. this is your chance to help us highlight and reward novel, risk-taking and inventive approaches to the challenges of digital preservation. these awards focus on recognizing excellence in the following areas: 	individual award: recognizing those individuals making a significant contribution to the digital preservation community through advances in theory or practice. 	project award: recognizing those activities whose goals or outcomes make a significant contribution to strategic or conceptual understanding necessary for successful digital preservation stewardship. 	sustainability award: recognizing those activities whose goals or outcomes make a significant contribution to operational trustworthiness, monitoring, maintenance, or intervention necessary for sustainable digital preservation stewardship. 	organization award: recognizing those organizations providing significant support, guidance, advocacy, or leadership for the digital preservation community. 	future steward award: recognizing students and early-career professionals making an impact on advancing knowledge and practice of digital preservation stewardship. 	educator award: recognizing academics, trainers, and curricular endeavors promoting effective and inventive approaches to digital preservation education through academic programs, partnerships, professional development opportunities, and curriculum development. working group members 	stephen abrams, co-chair (harvard university) 	krista oldham, co-chair (clemson university) 	samantha abrams (center for research libraries) 	lauren goodley (texas state university) 	grete graf (yale university) 	kari may (university of pittsburgh) ndsa excellence awards call for nominations nominations for the ndsa excellence awards are now open and will remain open through friday, july , . ndsa innovation award winners the innovation awards were announced at digital preservation . the ndsa innovation awards working group was led by co-chairs stephen abrams (harvard university) and krista oldham (clemson university), with members samantha abrams (ivy plus libraries confederation), lauren goodley (texas state university), grete graf (yale university), and kari may (university of pittsburgh). aliya reich at clir provided administrative support for the entire awards process. educators are recognized for innovative approaches and access to digital preservation through academic programs, partnerships, professional development opportunities, and curriculum development. this year’s awardees in the educators category are: library juice academy certificate in digital curationthis program, launched in , encompasses a six-course sequence for library, archives and museum practitioners wanting to learn more about and expand their skill sets for curating and maintaining unique digital assets. the curriculum offers comprehensive coverage of collection development and appraisal, description, rights and access, digital preservation, and professional ethics and responsible stewardship. the program’s affordability, flexible scheduling, and online pedagogy encouraging engaged collaborative learning provides a unique opportunity for professional development and continuing education. in particular, the emphasis placed on ethics and sustainability provides an appropriate counterpoint to other more technically-focused topics, drawing needed attention to critical issues of policy, finance, equity, and diversity. international council on archive** (ica) **africa programme digital records curation programme. the programme supports the professional development of new generations of digital archivists and records managers in africa, a geographic and cultural region historically marginalized and underrepresented in international digital stewardship discourse, practice, and education. the programme’s volunteer-taught study school uses open access readings and open source tools to minimize technical resource and financial impediments to participation, and to encourage creative repurposing of pedagogic materials in the participants’ local contexts. the programme also provides financial support for early-career practitioners and educators across the african continent to attend and learn, share their own teaching techniques and insights, and to build a professional research and teaching network. parallel instructional opportunities are offered for anglophone and francophone participants. with a focus on “training the trainers”, the digital records curation programme promotes the development of maturing cohorts of stewardship practitioners and the growing professionalism of digital preservation activities focused on long-term stewardship of africa’s vital digital heritage. drcp participants at the botswana study school. from left to right: forget chaterera-zambuko (zimbabwe), vusi tsabedze (eswatini), alina karlos (namibia), abel m’kulama (zambia), tshepho mosweu (botswana), umaru bangura (sierra leone), said hassan (tanzania), ayodele john alonge (nigeria), juliet erima (kenya). seated: thatayaone segaetsho (botswana), makulta mojapelo (south africa) future stewards are recognized as students and early-career professionals or academics taking a creative approach to advancing knowledge of digital preservation issues and practices. these year’s awardees in the future stewards category are: sawood alam sawood alam. a phd candidate at old dominion university, sawood has been an active participant in the digital preservation community via the international internet preservation consortium, the acm/ieee joint conference on digital libraries, and other communities for years, presenting and reporting on the complex topics, like holdings of web archives, decentralized systems, archival fixity, web packaging, and more. as a developer and systems architect, sawood is a strong advocate for open-source and open-access tools, and has offered courses and lectures on various programming languages like linux, python, ruby on rails, and more. a mentor to new graduate students and researchers, sawood will join the internet archive after graduation, leveraging his engineering experience and his academic experience to perform outreach to research groups interested in making use of the wayback machine’s holdings. carolina quezada meneses carolina quezada meneses. as an intern, carolina worked on a variety of projects that ranged from exploring new tools and software that help preserve, manage, and provide access to born-digital material, and helped develop a remote processing workflow that enabled university of california, irvine (uci) staff to work on the organization’s digital backlog while working from home during the coronavirus pandemic. however, it is meneses’s work with the christine tamblyn papers — which included numerous macintosh-formatted floppy disks and cd-roms — that deserves additional praise: faced with ample technical challenges to providing access, quezada created disk images of the floppy disks and cd-roms with specialized hardware, found a compatible emulator, and created screencast videos of the artwork, making the content accessible to a broader audience than traditional on-site access would typically allow. thanks to meneses’s innovative thinking, a collection that had no prior level of access for years is now accessible to researchers, and remains an example of her lasting dedication to providing access to born-digital formats. organizations are recognized for innovative approaches to providing support and guidance to the digital preservation community. this year’s awardee in the organizations category is:< national archives and records administration** (nara)** nara has a notable history of providing records management guidance focusing on digital preservation and addressing key factors to the successful permanent preservation of digital content. this year, the panel is pleased to distinguish nara’s digital preservation framework. created after an extensive environmental scan of community digital preservation risk assessment and planning resources, this project recognizes that successful digital preservation requires both understanding the risks posed by file formats and identifying or developing processes for mitigating these risks. in response to this, the framework provides extensive risk and planning analysis for over formats in type categories. the framework can be applied across the lifecycle of digital content and is designed to enable a low-barrier to use, regardless of an organization’s current digital preservation practices or infrastructure. this information – officially released on github in june of – is a vital tool of great, if not critical, utility to international stewardship programs and practitioners. nara preservation framework project team: (top, left to right) leslie johnston, elizabeth england, brett abrams; (middle) jana leighton, criss austin, dara baker; (bottom) meg guthorn, andrea riley, michael horsley. projects are recognized for activities whose goals or outcomes represent an inventive, meaningful addition to the understanding or processes required for successful, sustainable digital preservation stewardship. this year’s awardees in the projects category are: 	dlf levels of born-digital access** (ldba)**. preservation and access are often viewed as two disparate concerns and activities, when in fact they are necessary complements. despite the central role that access plays in digital preservation, little agreement exists about what access to digital material should look like or how it might be implemented from institution to institution. levels of born-digital access created by the dlf born-digital archives working group (bdawg) sought to address and fill the gap. this instrument was developed through an iterative and inter-institutional collaborative effort. it delineates a tiered set of format-agnostic recommendations applicable f or internal or external assessment and planning of enhancements to capabilities and capacities. this document is responsive to both practitioners’ and researchers’ needs, while also serving as a potential model for future standards development. the work of the ldba is important in highlighting the critical role access plays in any effective long-term stewardship program. levels of born digital access grid screenshot 	project electron. a multi-year initiative at the rockefeller archive center to implement sustainable, user-centered, and standards-compliant infrastructure to support the ongoing acquisition, management, and preservation of archival digital records. the project includes a digital records transfer pipeline called aurora, as well as a transfer specification and integrations with existing archival systems for accessioning, digital preservation, and description. the awards panel was particularly impressed by the project’s comprehensive adaptation and extension of traditional archival principles and workflows to digital materials. the panel also recognizes the positioning of this initiative as an open-source and standards-based effort, maximizing opportunities for its transferability to other programmatic contexts. many archival institutions face significant challenges in supporting digitized and born-digital records and special collections. the work of project electron provides an important exemplar for effective and sustainable digital archival handling. project electron logo 	tribesourcing southwest film project. the tribesourcing project aims to preserve — in a culturally appropriate way — a digitized collection of non-fiction films that document native cultures across north and south america. many of these films contain beautiful and valuable images; however, the original narrations are often insensitive and racist. the project invites native community members to record new, culturally-competent narrations in indigenous or european languages as alternate audio tracks for the films. this process, which project lead jennifer jenkins has termed “tribesourcing,” has the double benefit of repatriating historic images and decolonizing these archival films. by including native language narrations, the project also creates a digital repository for language preservation tied to films about culture and lifeways. these narrations are recorded and presented online using accessible and open source tools. the tribesourcing project models an innovative solution to the question of integrating ethics and cultural competencies in digital preservation work. tribesourceing website screenshot past award recipients 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners 	 innovation award winners ndsa 	 about 	 members 	 groups 	 calendar social 	 twitter 	 itunes 	 youtube 	 news 	 linkedin contact ndsa c/o clir union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: ndsa@diglib.org ndsa the ndsa is proudly hosted by the digital library federation at clir. all content on this site is available for re-use under a cc by-sa . international license. dlf view this page on github t. s. eliot (eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - ) | the online books page the online books page online books by t. s. eliot (eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - ) online books about this author are available, as is a wikipedia article. 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - , contrib.: american poets: an anthology of contemporary verse (munich: k. wolff verlag, c ), ed. by leonora speyer, also contrib. by conrad aiken, maxwell bodenheim, anna hempstead branch, witter bynner, adelaide crapsey, emily dickinson, h. d. (hilda doolittle), john gould fletcher, robert frost, orrick johns, alfred kreymborg, vachel lindsay, amy lowell, edwin markham, edgar lee masters, edna st. vincent millay, william vaughn moody, marianne moore, rose cecil o'neill, ezra pound, lola ridge, edwin arlington robinson, carl sandburg, wallace stevens, sara teasdale, ridgely torrence, louis untermeyer, william carlos williams, and elinor wylie (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - , contrib.: the borzoi : being a sort of record of five years' publishing (new york: a. a. knopf, ), ed. by alfred a. knopf, also contrib. by maksim gorky, claude fayette bragdon, witter bynner, willa cather, clarence day, floyd dell, wilson follett, a. p. herbert, joseph hergesheimer, h. l. mencken, philip moeller, george jean nathan, sidney l. nyburg, eunice tietjens, h. m. tomlinson, carl van vechten, arthur waley, conrad aiken, pío baroja, mary borden, robert bridges, louis couperus, w. h. davies, e. m. forster, john galsworthy, kahlil gibran, robert graves, e. w. howe, w. h. hudson, ezra pound, john collings squire, and elliot l. grant watson	 gutenberg text and illustrated html 	 page images at hathitrust 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - , contrib.: britain at war ( ), by museum of modern art (new york, n.y.), ed. by monroe wheeler, also contrib. by herbert read, e. j. carter, and carlos dyer (pdf with commentary at moma.org) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - , ed.: the criterion (partial serial archives) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : eeldrop and appleplex	 html with commentary at std.com 	 gutenberg text 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : ezra pound: his metric and poetry (gutenberg text) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - , contrib.: literary lectures presented at the library of congress (washington: library of congress, ), also contrib. by thomas mann, r. p. blackmur, archibald henderson, irving stone, john o'hara, mackinlay kantor, john crowe ransom, delmore schwartz, john hall wheelock, robert hillyer, pierre emmanuel, cleanth brooks, richard wilbur, leon edel, alain bosquet, hans egon holthusen, erich heller, marc slonim, lin yutang, giose rimanelli, arturo torres-rioseco, stephen spender, saul bellow, louis untermeyer, ralph ellison, karl shapiro, and reed whittemore (page images at hathitrust) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : poems (new york: a. a. knopf, )	 gutenberg text 	 html at bartleby 	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 page images at hathitrust 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : poems, - (multiple formats at archive.org) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : prufrock and other observations	 html at bartleby 	 gutenberg text 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the sacred wood: essays on poetry and criticism ( edition) (html at bartleby) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the waste land ( edition, with notes and line numbers)	 html with commentary at std.com 	 gutenberg text 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the waste land (new york: boni and liveright, )	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 page images at hathitrust; us access only 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the waste land (third printing; new york: horace liveright, )	 multiple formats at archive.org 	 page images at hathitrust help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing additional books from the extended shelves: 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the adventures of huckleberry finn / (new york : chanticleer press, ), also by mark twain (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : ara vus [i.e. vos] prec, ([london] : ovid press, [ ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : ara vus prec / ([london] : the ovid press, [ ?]), also by ovid press. book producer (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : a brief treatise on the criticism of poetry. ([london, the poetry bookshop, ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : a cooking egg / (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the criterion : a quarterly review. (london : faber & gwyer, - ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : homage to john dryden: three essays on poetry of the seventeenth century (gutenberg ebook) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : john dryden, the poet, the dramatist, the critic : three essays / (new york : t. & elsa holliday, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - , contrib.: pascal's pensées, by blaise pascal (gutenberg ebook) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : poems (new york, a.a. knopf, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : poems / (new york, alfred a. knopf, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : poems, by t.s. eliot. (new york, a.a. knopf, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : prufrock and other observations. (london, the egoist ltd., ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the sacred wood; essays on poetry and criticism, (london, methuen & co. ltd., ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the sacred wood; essays on poetry and criticism, (new york, alfred a. knopf, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the sacred wood: essays on poetry and criticism (gutenberg ebook) 	 eliot, t. s. (thomas stearns), - : the waste land / (new york : horace liveright, c ) (page images at hathitrust) see also what's at your library, or elsewhere. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing home -- search -- new listings -- authors -- titles -- subjects -- serials books -- news -- features -- archives -- the inside story edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) obp copyrights and licenses. no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists | [ ] review of journalism : the school of journalism 	 	 		 			 			 									 											 					 				 					 				 			 			 		 		 			 					climate 	doug ford 	doing good work 	diversity 	indigenous 	business 	pull quotes podcast 	the threat to local 	workplace 					about 	subscribe & support 	our supporters 	awards & citations 	advertise with us 	corrections 	report an error 	contact us 			 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 			 	 	 		 			 						 			 		 					 							 				articles 	covering politics 	covering climate change 	indigenous issues 	workplace blues 	eye on diversity 	doing good work 	special features 	why are we still talking about diversity? 	covering disasters 	left behind 	podcast 	about 	statement from the spring masthead 	masthead – spring 	past mastheads 	the magazine 			 				follow 				 						 		 								 						 							 							 															 k 							 							 													 					 										 						 							 							 															 							 							 													 					 										 						 							 							 															 							 							 													 					 							 	 					 									 					 					 						 							sign up for our newsletters 															get notified of the best deals on our wordpress themes. 							 							 								 								 									 									 									subscribe 								 															 															 									by checking this box, you confirm that you have read and are agreeing to our terms of use regarding the storage of the data submitted through this form. 								 													 					 				 								 							 			 					 			 		 		 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 	search for: 	 		 		search 	 			 		 	 			 		 		 		 		 			 	 	 	 		 		 					 					articles 	featured 	spring 	the magazine 	top story 			 		 		no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists 			illustration by franziska barczyk it was : a.m. on tuesday, october ,… 			 						 						 minute read 		 							 												total 							 							shares 										 				 			 										 							 																	 								 								 																	share 								 																	 															 							 							 													 											 							 																	 								 								 																	tweet 								 																	 															 							 							 													 											 							 																	 								 								 																	pin it 								 																	 															 							 							 													 								 		 					 			 		 	 	 			 				 				 					 	 		 		 			 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 											 									 			 						 									 								 			 				up next			 			 									 						 							 															 							 															 							 						 					 								 					game changer 									 				 		 							 							 	published on may , 	 		author	 			 			 				 					 						 							 								jacob dube							 						 					 									 			 		 		 tags 	feature, 	female journalists, 	jacob dubé, 	magazine, 	online harassment, 	spring 						 					 							 	 		 		 			 illustration by franziska barczyk it was : a.m. on tuesday, october , . jane lytvynenko was at her desk monitoring the news and flipping through her online feeds when a notification popped up on her screen alerting her to a personalized tweet. when she clicked on it, a photograph jumped up at her. lytvynenko flinched. the image on her screen was children, all of them dead and laid out on hard asphalt, their clothes soaked in blood from open wounds. below the photo was a message for lytvynenko: “ukrainians kill children,” it read. “you are stupid hooker, whore. your hands in blood!” lytvynenko flinched again, feeling the blood drain from her face, her heartbeat accelerating. she knew why she had been targeted. lytvynenko, a toronto-based news reporter at buzzfeed news, had penned a piece taking apart and questioning the veracity of a twitter thread going viral online. the thread, posted by user laurasession , speculated the reason behind the killing of four american soldiers in niger and called attention to the unpreparedness of the entire operation. but lytvynenko’s journalistic instincts kicked in and she focused on the problematic source who published the viral twitter thread that was shared across the internet by thousands of people, including celebrities, even though the twitter user had no credentials to be claiming the story as truth. lytvynenko’s piece was published on friday, debunking the story by going through the thread piece by piece and pointing out inaccuracies. laurasession then spent the entire weekend harassing her on twitter, shifting the attention off lytvynenko’s story and onto the journalist herself. with much of the global media focus on the murky russian influence on the u.s. election process, laurasession began a focused effort to discredit lytvynenko, claiming she was russian and could not be trusted. in fact, lytvynenko is of ukrainian descent. but as the political tension and coverage of russian influence grew, lytvynenko became a target. the tuesday morning message—in particular, the image of the murdered children from a different twitter user—threw lytvynenko so off balance that she left her desk and took a walk around the block to refocus. afterwards, she reported it to twitter, which took it down quickly, but the damage had been done. she couldn’t get it out of her mind. “it wasn’t a good feeling,” she says. stories of online harassment—like lytvynenko’s—are more commonly the norm than the exception today. journalists—especially those who are women and members of marginalized communities—increasingly find themselves targets of online rage. the international federation of journalists (ifj) surveyed female journalists across the globe, including canada, and its report published in november found that percent of respondents had experienced online abuse. michelle shephard, the toronto star’s national security reporter, has been working on the omar khadr story, writing about the young canadian who spent years  detained at guantanamo bay. in the summer of , when khadr received a $ . -million settlement from the canadian federal government, shephard received an anonymous envelope in the mail that was addressed directly to her. when she opened the envelope she discovered a print copy of her article, “ottawa to offer khadr an apology.” the article was slightly crumpled with a streak of what appeared to be feces on it. shephard responded to the personalized note with humour. she tweeted out a photo of the letter with the following caption: “ . subscriber! . environmental. . glad they spelled my name correctly.” online harassment isn’t exclusive to women in the media industry. gender-based online harassment is common in the public sphere, from threats of violence to demeaning comments. last year, employees from far-right website the rebel took to calling canada’s environment minister, catherine mckenna, “climate barbie,” and conservative politicians and social media users followed suit. the internet has become an increasingly threatening place to be—even more so for female reporters and people of colour who could be deterred from pursuing important stories because of personal attacks or physical threats. a pew research center study on online harassment found that percent of women aged to reported being sexually harassed online, as opposed to only nine percent of men. paired with the recent trend of false information going viral and the lack of real change from the companies hosting social media platforms, online harassment poses a threat to how journalism is conducted, and to the lives and mental health of the journalists coming into work each day. veteran female journalists have a long lens on modern-day harassment, having lived through several eras of technological change before the advent of social media platforms, even the internet. kim bolan, a crime reporter for the vancouver sun, recalls receiving her first death threat in , around the time when sun reporters were given personal email addresses. bolan’s death threat arrived in the form of an anonymous letter. in the pre-internet era when readers had a bone to pick with a reporter, they had to ink a letter, buy a stamp, locate a physical address, and mail it in a post box. the series of steps acted as a deterrent, says elizabeth renzetti of the globe and mail, who has seen a spike in hate mail over the years, especially as social media platforms have replaced many other modes of traditional communication. by all accounts, online hate is different. it takes minutes—sometimes seconds—to find someone’s contact information and fire something off. the stages in the process of mailing a letter that would provide a cooling-off period no longer exist. in the internet era, differences of opinion on individual stories moved to online comment sections. but with the large-scale adoption of platforms like twitter and facebook, journalists like bolan and renzetti feel a shift in both the nature and volume of responses. today, bolan marshals a staff blog called real scoop, sorting through threats to separate the serious from the toothless and reporting the former to police on occasion. “i leave the threats on the blog. it’s there for the whole world to see, and that person is going to have to live with that being up there,” bolan says. in canada, comment sections have been changing with increased moderation or are sometimes completely shuttered, leaving journalists at the mercy of one-on-one communication with their haters through social media platforms like twitter and facebook. the toronto star shut down its online comments sections, and others like the huffington post and cbc have added regulations to control content, like moderating or removing comment sections on stories about controversial issues. the toronto sun published a statement when it shut down comment sections in that read: “the increasing use of sun comment boards for anonymous, negative, even malicious personal attacks, albeit by a minority, has led us to conclude our current commenting system is not serving the interests of the majority of our readers.” the sun has since reopened its comment sections, which now use a posting forum through facebook where commenters are identified by their personal profiles. even though there is no option for a poster to be anonymous, there is still a loophole to get around being linked to an aggressive comment if a user is committed enough to create a false account. opinion writers are often at the receiving end of these personalized hate messages, and renzetti, whose column often focuses on women’s issues, says she no longer reads comments. but as some comment sections have shuttered or tried to add moderation, she says the culture of the comment space has morphed into something ugly and more personal. she likens comment sections to live online theatre, where commenters perform for each other, while she says social media messaging is more uninhibited, public, and personal. if there is a singular event that has heightened the intensity of online hate toward journalists, renzetti says it’s the arrival of donald trump in the white house. when renzetti writes about him, she gets personally attacked; she’s either too old or ugly to be harassed by trump, she’s told. while renzetti regularly receives insults of that kind, the star’s shree paradkar often receives messages like, “go back to your shitty country,” or “hope your husband rapes you tonight.” she likens social media responses to columns to a chronic, unrelenting pain. and because she writes about gender, race, and identity, and is a person of colour, the barbs and attacks are particularly vicious. when a journalist is parachuted into a war-torn region for a couple weeks, or publishes a controversial story, the personal toll from the reporting and the public backlash might be severe, she says, but it’s still temporary. but opinion writers—especially those like paradkar—are at the receiving end of hate all the time. just as renzetti sees trump’s election as a defining moment for targeting journalists online, lytvynenko believes it was gamergate that released the flood of online hate toward women. more than a century after women began to establish themselves in newsrooms around the world and venture beyond the women’s sections, they remain unwelcome in niche spaces, including the gaming world. in , zoë quinn, an independent game developer, created a text-based game on mental health called depression quest. the game received a host of positive reviews and quickly gained popularity amongst new gamers. but just as things began to take off, quinn’s ex-boyfriend published a series of blogs posts accusing her of cheating on him with five other men who worked in the video game industry or covered it as journalists. he accused her of gaining biased media and industry support. what ensued was a veritable witch hunt. quinn was presumed guilty, and a deep and enduring anti-woman movement raged across the online gaming space, with support from then-breitbart writer milo yiannopoulos, who took up the cause after online haters started the hashtag #gamergate. all of that was accompanied by a months-long orchestrated online campaign against quinn, wherein she ended up being “doxxed”—her personal phone number and her family’s address were released, resulting in an onslaught of phone calls and messages threatening her and her family. exposed to an angry and misogynist public, quinn was forced to leave her home and live with friends, often sleeping on couches until the fervour died down. the gamergaters, also known simply as “trolls,” backed off when quinn published messages from a private chat on twitter between members of the group—“i think she tried killing herself before,” one poster wrote, and another responded, “she should try that again.” the gamergaters retreated when quinn published their chats exposing that they were not a movement for games journalism like they had posed themselves, but just sexist and misogynistic. the perpetrators attacked and sent online death threats to other women such as anita sarkeesian, a media critic, and brianna wu, a software engineer and video game developer. the gamergaters convinced other users not to trust the information coming from news outlets, and created posts with false information that went viral. writing in the guardian, matt lees identified striking similarities between gamergate and the modern alt-right hate groups—especially in the ways they attack their critics and create false facts. “this hashtag was the canary in the coalmine, and we ignored it,” he wrote.   she just wanted to know if her children would be safe. she contacted the police, and an officer told her, “just stay off the internet, love.”   gamergaters also targeted other media personalities. in a talk, sarkeesian revealed she received death threats from fake social media accounts because she used feminist perspectives and criticisms to talk about video games, and that her name and identity were hijacked to create content to intentionally stir angry internet trolls. images of her wearing horns and looking like the devil were shared virally amongst the community online. back then, she called it an “information cascade.” new information was coming in at such a pace, she says, and was shared so quickly, it was difficult to verify if it was real. “in terms of coordinated campaigns, i think that gamergate is what started all of this in a way,” lytvynenko says. “it’s shown people that you can do these coordinated harassment campaigns and sometimes they work.” in , when ginger gorman was a reporter for the australian broadcasting corporation (abc), she worked on a series of stories about lgbtq+ issues around queensland. one story profiled mark newton and peter truong, a gay couple struggling through paperwork to get their son from russia. gorman reported on the couple’s story: newton was the boy’s biological father, but his son was born through a surrogate. after the interview was over and she clicked a “happy snap” of the couple with their son, gorman and the child chased chickens around the couple’s property. the photograph and the story were published shortly after. but two years later, a joint investigation by the united states postal inspection service and queensland police revealed newton and truong weren’t really the boy’s adoptive parents but pedophiles who purchased him for $ , (u.s.) while in russia. the child had been abused by the two men since he was weeks old and newton and truong would bring the boy with them to be sexually exploited as they travelled. newton, an american, was sentenced to years in a u.s. prison, and truong, an australian, was sentenced to . “i spent a lot of time with that little boy,” gorman says. “they duped me like they had duped everyone else.” the photo she took was used in just about every story about the men’s arrests, with the child’s face blurred out. but the photo’s credit was rightly assigned to gorman. what followed was a troll bombardment. gorman’s piece was shared online, depicting her as part of the problem. on personal blogs and on twitter, people started calling her a “pedophile lover.” things got more personal when the now-defunct nazi website iron march published a photograph of her family, a brutal blow for gorman, whose maternal grandparents had survived the holocaust. gorman and quinn’s experiences illustrate the shift in audience engagement with women online. as the “orchestrated online hate campaign” against gorman grew she realized just how vulnerable she was. “it came at me like a tsunami,” she says. location services were activated on her phone, making it possible to track her movements, including when she was at her queensland home. one day she received this tweet, “your life is over.” she then began to fear for the safety of her children, especially since a family photograph had been widely shared online. “is someone really coming for us?” she remembers thinking. “is someone really going to harm my children? it was terrifying.” gorman’s specific challenge was that the threat followed her everywhere. it hadn’t happened in a supermarket or another public space she could have exit and leave behind. wherever she went, wherever her kids went, fear from the digital threats followed. “the threat is omnipresent.” at one point she reached out to abc, but her employer wasn’t sure what to do and offered her psychological counselling. gorman declined, saying she just wanted to know if her children would be safe. she contacted the police, and an officer told her, “just stay off the internet, love.” for young journalists entering the field receiving abusive emails and online messages can be rattling. toronto star reporter fatima syed says she receives weekly abuse. when she entered the media industry through the star, syed heard other journalists of colour talk about harassment as a regular feature of their work experiences. even though she knew it could happen, syed was not prepared for the personalized hate mail she receives. a recent message from a reader came via email, calling her a “burmese slut” after she wrote about human rights crimes committed against the rohingya muslim minority in burma.   one day she received this tweet, “your life is over.” she then began to fear for the safety of her children, especially since a family photograph had been widely shared online. “is someone really coming for us?”   “theoretically, you know you’re going to get it, and you know how bad it’s going to be,” syed says. “but you’re not prepared with the emotional whammy that comes with receiving it.” there’s also the added pressure that comes from her own community. the coverage of minority groups from mainstream media organizations can be spotty, and reporters can make a lot of mistakes that could paint a community in the wrong light. as a muslim, syed knows her reporting of issues pertaining to muslims will be held to a higher standard by the community. but community responses aren’t always constructive. after covering a court case involving a muslim defendant, a man—syed says she can’t recall an attack coming from a woman—called her and told her she was worthless, and that he hated that she was a muslim journalist “because [she was] giving muslims a bad name.” considering the work she puts in making sure her stories are fair and accurate, this type of feedback rattles her. experienced journalists provide support, though. “sometimes all you need is someone else saying, ‘man, what an idiot.’” journalists have responded to the troll problem in different ways. when she was hit with a wave of hate, gorman tried to understand the mindset. she interviewed as many online trolls as she could. “i don’t know if that was brave or stupid. i’m not quite sure,” gorman says. “it just seemed like an online emergency.” all of them were men. she also found they had developed orchestrated strategies, often working together in groups to perform coordinated attacks. they were overwhelmingly white and middle class, and some had girlfriends. the men told gorman they felt discriminated against, their identities threatened by women and minority groups. lashing out was a response. in , researchers from the university of manitoba, the university of winnipeg, and the university of british columbia published a joint study titled, “trolls just want to have fun,” defining “trolling” as “the practice of behaving in a deceptive, destructive, or disruptive manner in a social setting on the internet with no apparent instrumental purpose.” researchers interviewed over , americans online and found trolling was strongly related to personality traits that correlated with sadism, psychopathy and narcissism. the study found these people spent between one and two hours a day commenting on posts online. “our research suggests that, for those with sadistic personalities, that ideal self may be a villain of chaos and mayhem,” the authors stated in the report. one man told gorman that women, those women in positions of power, are easy to attack—trolls threaten these women with sexual violence or violence against their children and families. “that’s why they choose female journalists as targets,” gorman says. “it’s a great threat to them. it’s so incredibly sad. [trolls] are not able to accept a more inclusive society.” a pressing concern is the impact online attacks have on female journalists’ ability to do their jobs. duncan pike, co-director of canadian journalists for free expression, a group that monitors issues of free expression and access to information, says social media platforms—especially twitter—are an integral part of a journalist’s career. they can connect with potential sources, share their stories and even start their own publications. for readers, it’s a way to make their voices heard in an unprecedented way. but harassment and doxxing are an always-present concern for reporters looking to tell important stories. it doesn’t matter how tough you are, he says, it will always have an impact on you. that strain on their lives can cause journalists to think twice about reporting on unpopular topics, and it has a ripple effect on their coworkers and sources as well. “their colleagues will look at that and think, ‘oh god, they had to leave social media for a month or a year and just never came back. do i want to speak out on this issue and get the same thing?’” pike asks. “it does have a real silencing effect.” when gorman reached out to her media company for help, they offered emotional support but couldn’t offer physical protection. she set out to do something about it by understanding troll culture. in march , renzetti and some coworkers heard globe reporter janet mcfarland, star columnist heather mallick and vice canada senior writer manisha krishnan discuss the hazards of being a female journalist online at a canadian journalism foundation j-talk panel. after the talk, renzetti realized how little of her experience with harassment she had shared with her colleagues, and vice versa. “you just end up internalizing this stuff,” renzetti says. “but it’s not your fault that someone is calling you a bitch on twitter.” the event was a catalyst for a new support group at the globe. the meetings started small, but in time, grew to include up to women at a time, including members of management. the group conducted research on other newsrooms’ policies but has yet to come up with a conclusive plan of action. beyond the policies they hope to produce, renzetti says discussing and speaking about the attacks they face in a public space helps take the power back from anonymous trolls. paradkar, who has been at the star for a over decade, says the key—for her—is to motor on. even though the threats and abuse is ever present, being at the receiving end has only emboldened her’s resolve. “i feel like it’s allowing them to win if i take a day off and lick my wounds, so to speak. the best revenge is if i keep going.”  (visited times, visits today) 		 			 				 			 				 					 					 					 						 							sign up for our newsletter 															keep up to date with the latest stories from our newsroom. 							 							 								 								 									 									 									subscribe 								 															 															 									by checking this box, you confirm that you have read and are agreeing to our terms of use regarding the storage of the data submitted through this form. 								 													 					 				 				 	 		 			 			 				you may also like			 			 				 	 		 		 					 				 					 											 					 							eye on diversity 	news 	online exclusives 	top story 											 				 			 		 		 			 				 					drawing the line: here’s what’s happening at the ryerson school of journalism 				 				 					ryerson’s school of journalism found itself in a twitter storm in february…				 					jemma dooreleyers 	march , 			 		 	 	 		 		 					 				 					 											 					 							featured 	spring 	the magazine 	top story 											 				 			 		 		 			 				 					a truer north 				 				 					local journalists from northern canada are trying to build a better, more…				 					julia duchesne 	may , 			 		 	 			 		 	 	 			 			 		 		 	 	 		 									 		 			 		 connect with us 			 pull quotes podcast new podcast episodes available weekly on itunes and google play. 		 		 			follow us 	 		 								 						 							 															facebook 							 															 k 							 							 															likes 													 					 										 						 							 															twitter 							 															 							 							 															followers 													 					 										 						 							 															instagram 							 															 							 							 															followers 													 					 							 	 			 		 subscribe to the [ ]rj  			 subscribe to the [ ]rj and support the future of journalism. 		 					 		 	 					 				 				 			 			 		 		 		 		 		 			 									 										 					 					 						 							 															get the recent news delivered right to your mailbox. 							 							 								 								 									 									 									subscribe 								 															 															 									by checking this box, you confirm that you have read and are agreeing to our terms of use regarding the storage of the data submitted through this form. 								 													 					 				 									 				 				 						 		 								 						 							 							 															 k 							 							 													 					 										 						 							 							 															 							 							 													 					 										 						 							 							 															 							 							 													 					 							 	 	 					 											 							 [ 	] review of journalism © | canada's watchdog on the watchdogs 						 										 			 		 		 	 	 				 						 				 			 					 							 			 	 		 			 			 			 		 		 			 				 			 			 			 		 		 			 : 			 			 : 		 		 	 	 		 		 	 	about▼ 	our team 	the magazine – past issues 	our supporters 	past mastheads 	contact us▼ 	report an error 	advertise with us 	subscribe & support▼ 	our supporters 	worth looking into: a message from the publisher 	site map 	 		 	 		 		 		 		 samvera samvera 	take a virtual tour of samvera repositories the samvera repository online tour provides an overview of a range of samvera-based digital repositories and their collections at institutions across the us and uk. click through to explore how samvera technologies allow institutions and organizations to organize and provide access to diverse materials &# ; from oral histories and historic photographs, to student projects and... read more &# ; the post take a virtual tour of samvera repositories appeared first on samvera. 	calls for proposals – samvera connect online the program committee is pleased to announce its call for proposals (cfp) of workshops, presentations/panels, lightning talks, and posters for samvera connect online. the online conference workshops will be held october th - th with plenary presentations october th &# ; nd. connect online programming is intended to serve the needs of attendees from throughout our... read more &# ; the post calls for proposals &# ; samvera connect online appeared first on samvera. 	announcing our partnership with oasis open the samvera community is excited to announce that we have partnered with oasis open as part of their foundation-as-a-service program. read our joint announcement for the full details. the post announcing our partnership with oasis open appeared first on samvera. 	watch samvera virtual connect recordings are now available for all sessions from samvera virtual connect !  videos from each day are available on youtube with bookmarks to take you directly to each session. you can also find links to individual presentations and accompanying slides on the program page. the sessions and materials will be added to the samvera community repository... read more &# ; the post watch samvera virtual connect appeared first on samvera. 	registration now open for samvera virtual connect, april – registration is now open for samvera virtual connect ! samvera virtual connect will take place april th - st from am &# ; pm edt. registration is free and open to anyone with an interest in samvera. this year&# ;s program is packed with presentations and lightning talks of interest to developers, managers, librarians, and other current or... read more &# ; the post registration now open for samvera virtual connect, april &# ; appeared first on samvera. 	hyku . release includes new customization features hyku . is now available, with new features and improvements. these features add customization options at the institution level, and the improvements provide for easier maintenance of hyku implementations across all adopters. theming improvements now even more theming capability is in the hands of non-technical administrators, offering the ability to create a unique branded repository... read more &# ; the post hyku . release includes new customization features appeared first on samvera. 	season’s greetings from the samvera community as draws to a close, we want to share our gratitude for each and every person who has helped the samvera community thrive in this difficult year of profound loss and challenge. we could not be the vibrant, welcoming, and valuable open source solution community we are without each and every person who contributed... read more &# ; the post season&# ;s greetings from the samvera community appeared first on samvera. 	save the date for samvera virtual connect mark your calendar for samvera virtual connect !tuesday, april &# ; wednesday, april ,   : am &# ; : pm edt / : am – : am pdt / : - : bst / : - : utc watch for more information coming in early including a call for program committee participation and a call for proposals. the post save the date for samvera virtual connect appeared first on samvera. 	developer resources: bug hunting in hyrax; adding blacklight advanced search to hyku bess sadler from notch has created two excellent guides that may be helpful to developers working in hyrax or hyku applications: bug hunting in hyrax: a well-documented process for finding a bug in a hyrax application adding blacklight_advanced_search to hyku: a how-to guide for adding blacklight advanced search to a hyku application have you or... read more &# ; the post developer resources: bug hunting in hyrax; adding blacklight advanced search to hyku appeared first on samvera. 	fedora alpha release available for download and testing fedora . alpha- is now available for download and testing. the primary goals for fedora are robust migration support, enhanced digital preservations features, and improved performance and scale. the fedora team will ask the samvera community for testing assistance when the full version is available in early . in the meantime, you can learn... read more &# ; the post fedora alpha release available for download and testing appeared first on samvera. opinionated toggle navigation inkdroid 	about 	bookmarks 	photos 	music 	software 	social 	talks 	 	 opinionated august , design software i’ve never really been a huge fan of the basecamp philosophy of software development–especially since the no-politics fiasco. calling it a philosophy is probably giving it a lot more credit than it deserves, since it largely seems to be thinly veiled marketing. but i’ll admit to having liked one idea that they promulgated since the early days of ruby on rails: that software should be opinionated. the hero narrative of the individual software developer or software user having an opinion and voicing it through the design or use of some software seems wrongheaded. software is made and used by people in groups, whether that group is realized and cultivated or not. however the basic idea here that software expresses opinions, and for designers and users to consciously express those opinions is a useful way to to think about design. but the thing your app should take sides really gets wrong is the suggestion that it’s possible for an app not to express opinions–as if one could do otherwise, and that some kind of neutrality is possible. software always takes sides, and expresses opinions–and often embodies multiple opinions in several arguments or controversies, rather than just one. the question is, do you understand the opinions it is expressing, and the decisions that are being made to express them? how can these decisions be negotiated as a group that includes the designers and users of the software? hint: it works best when there is significant overlap between the two. unless otherwise noted all the content here is licensed cc-by matrix.org this app works best with javascript enabled. discoverdevelopfoundationblogfaqsmatrix liveshoptry nowtry now an open network for secure, decentralized communication learn more an open network for secure, decentralized communication get started 	imagine a world... 	...where it is as simple to message or call anyone as it is to send them an email. 	...where you can communicate without being forced to install the same app. 	...where you can choose who hosts your communication. 	...where your conversations are secured by e e encryption. 	...where there’s a simple standard http api for sharing real-time data on the web. this is matrix. matrix is an open source project that publishes the matrix open standard for secure, decentralised, real-time communication, and its apache licensed reference implementations. maintained by the non-profit matrix.org foundation, we aim to create an open platform which is as independent, vibrant and evolving as the web itself... but for communication. as of june , matrix is out of beta, and the protocol is fully suitable for production usage. messaging matrix gives you simple http apis and sdks (ios, android, web) to create chatrooms, direct chats and chat bots, complete with end-to-end encryption, file transfer, synchronised conversation history, formatted messages, read receipts and more. conversations are replicated over all the servers participating in them, meaning there are no single point of control or failure. you can reach any other user in the global matrix ecosystem of over m users, even including those on other networks via bridges. learn more end-to-end encryption matrix provides state-of-the-art end-to-end-encryption via the olm and megolm cryptographic ratchets. this ensures that only the intended recipients can ever decrypt your messages, while warning if any unexpected devices are added to the conversation. matrix’s encryption is based on the double ratchet algorithm popularised by signal, but extended to support encryption to rooms containing thousands of devices. olm and megolm are specified as an open standard and implementations are released under the apache license, independently audited by ncc group. learn more voip with the advent of webrtc, developers gained the ability to exchange high quality voice and video calls – but no standard way to actually route the calls. matrix is the missing signalling layer for webrtc. if you are building voip into your app, or want to expose your existing voip app to a wider audience, building on matrix’s sdks and bridges should be a no-brainer. learn more bridging matrix owes its name to its ability to bridge existing platforms into a global open matrix of communication. bridges are core to matrix and designed to be as easy to write as possible, with matrix providing the highest common denominator language to link the networks together. the core matrix team maintains bridges to slack, irc, xmpp and gitter, and meanwhile the wider matrix community provides bridges for telegram, discord, whatsapp, facebook, hangouts, signal and many more. learn more iot, vr and more... matrix can handle any type of real-time data, not only messaging and voip. by building bridges to as many iot silos as possible, data can be securely published on the matrix network. iot solutions built on matrix are unified, rather than locked to specific vendors, and can even publish or consume matrix data directly from devices via ultra-low bandwidth transports ( bps or less) meanwhile ar and vr vendors are recreating the silos we’ve seen in instant messaging rather than working together towards an open ecosystem. matrix can be the unifying layer for both communication and world data in ar and vr. how does it work? matrix is really a decentralised conversation store rather than a messaging protocol. when you send a message in matrix, it is replicated over all the servers whose users are participating in a given conversation - similarly to how commits are replicated between git repositories. there is no single point of control or failure in a matrix conversation which spans multiple servers: the act of communication with someone elsewhere in matrix shares ownership of the conversation equally with them. even if your server goes offline, the conversation can continue uninterrupted elsewhere until it returns. this means that every server has total self-sovereignty over its users data - and anyone can choose or run their own server and participate in the wider matrix network. this is how matrix democratises control over communication. by default, matrix uses simple https+json apis as its baseline transport, but also embraces more sophisticated transports such as websockets or ultra-low-bandwidth matrix via coap+noise. next here are three matrix homeservers, each with one client connected. the clients are all participating in the same matrix room, which is synchronised across the three participating servers. alice sends a json message to a room on her homeserver.curl -xpost -d '{"msgtype":"m.text", "body":"hello"}' "https://matrix.alice.com/_matrix/client /v /rooms/room_id/send/m.room.message ?access_token=access_token" { "event_id": "$yuwridlecu:alice.com" } alice's homeserver adds the json to its graph of history, linking it to the most recent unlinked object(s) in the graph. the server then signs the json including the signatures of the parent objects to calculate a tamper-resistent signature for the history. the server then sends the signed json over https to any other servers which are participating in the room.curl –xpost –h 'authorization: x-matrix origin=alice.com,...' –d '{ "ts": , "origin": "alice.com", "destination": "bob.com", "pdus": [{ "event_id": "$yuwridlecu:alice.com", "content": { "body": "hello world", "msgtype": "m.text" }, ... "pdu_type": "m.room.message", "signatures": { "matrix.org": { "ed :auto": "jzxtwah/ ez..." } }, "sender": "@alice:alice.com" }] }' https://matrix.bob.com: /_matrix/federation/v /send/ d... the destination servers perform a series of checks on the message:	validate the message signature to protect against tampering with history 	validate the http request's auth signature to protect against identity spoofing 	validate whether alice's historical permissions allow her to send this particular message if these checks pass, the json is added to the destination servers' graphs. destination clients receive alice's message with a long-lived get request. (clients are free to implement more efficient transports than polling as desired).curl "https://matrix.bob.com/_matrix/client /v /sync?access_token=access_token" { "next_batch": "s _ _ ", "rooms": [{ "room_id": "!krlwmldnzaytapqlww:alice.com", "events": { "batch": [{ "event_id": "$yuwridlecu:alice.com", "type": "m.room.message", "content": { "body": "i am a fish", "msgtype": "m.text", }, "origin_server_ts": , "sender": "@alice:alice.com" }], }, }] } bob sends a response to alice's message, and his server adds his message into his copy of the room's history, linking it to the most recent unlinked object in the graph - alice's last message. meanwhile, charlie also responds to alice's message - racing with bob's message. alice, bob and charlie's homeservers all have different views of the message history at this point - but matrix is designed to handle this inconsistency. bob's homeserver relays his message through to alice and charlie's servers, who accept it. at this point alice and bob are in sync, but charlie's room history has split - both messages and follow on from message . this is not a problem; charlie's client will be told about bob's message and can handle it however it chooses. charlie's homeserver relays his message through as well, at which point all servers have a consistent view of history again (including the race between bob and charlie). all three clients have seen all three messages, and the room history is now back in sync across the participating servers. later on, alice sends another message - her homeserver adds it to her history, and links it to the most recent unlinked objects in the graph: bob and charlie's messages. this effectively merges the split in history and asserts the integrity of the room (or at least her view of it). alice's message is then relayed to the other participating servers, which accept it and update their own history with the same rules, ensuring eventual consistency and integrity of the distributed room history. an open standard simple pragmatic restful http/json apis by default open specification of the matrix standard fully decentralised conversations with no single points of control or failure end-to-end encryption via olm and megolm webrtc voip/video calling using matrix signalling real-time synchronised history and state across all clients integrates with existing rd party ids to authenticate and discover users maintained by the non-profit matrix.org foundation group conversations, read receipts, typing notifications, presence... latest news this week in matrix - - - - by ben parsons matrix live 🎙 dept of spec 📜 spec anoa offered: here's your weekly spec update! the heart of matrix is the specification - and this is… read more synapse . . released - - by dan callahan synapse . . is out now! support for room version this release of synapse includes stable support for room version ! version… read more this week in matrix - - - - by brendan abolivier hello twim! i'm taking over hosting this week in matrix again to give ben a well-deserved break. your favourite twim host will of course be… read more this week in matrix - - - - by ben parsons matrix live 🎙 let's learn about pyquotient with vlad and alexey. dept of status of matrix 🌡️ element raises $ m as matrix explodes! at… read more view all posts explore matrix try matrix clients bots sdks hosting sdks native sdks for multiple platforms, including: python javascript android ios view all sdks open source join thousands of other developers in our open source repositories, including: synapse javascript sdk android sdk ios sdk view all on github the matrix foundation matrix is managed through an open governance process, looked after by the matrix.org foundation - a non-profit uk community interest company. it acts as a neutral guardian of the matrix spec, nurturing and growing matrix for the benefit of the whole ecosystem. the guardians are the legal directors of the foundation, responsible for ensuring that it keeps on mission and neutrally protects the development of matrix. what people are saying i have seen the future of distributed collaboration and it is matrix. the .net binding looks old, incomplete and i maintained. if we get gsoc students this year, i’ll be happy to mentor, in the meantime i should probably contribute to it: https://t.co/njy inhalq — miguel de icaza (@migueldeicaza) february , i finally started a spreadsheet to compare relative security, privacy, compatibility, and features of various messenger systems. tl;dr @riotchat / @matrixdotorg is winning on all fronts. https://t.co/ zxczdjwwj — lance r. vick (@lrvick) october , i certainly wouldn't trust a proprietary software driven by some russian crypto millionaires any more (or any less) than whatsapp. or threema, wire, keybase, and not even signal. friends tell their friends to choose open, federated protocols. like @matrixdotorg and @riotchat. https://t.co/gouwfwccra — martin ➬ (@martinkrafft) may , we are spending more and more time in @matrixdotorg. @riotchat works like a charm, better than @slackhq for many things and of course way better than irc. it's awesome to have so many open communities forming and being able to jump from one channel to the other. give it a try! 📢 pic.twitter.com/ ul d ryqo — poliastro (@poliastro_py) march , support matrix if you share our vision, or are building on top of matrix, please consider donating... support us on patreon for great rewards including access to the supporters-only podcast, and even a voice at our weekly meetings. find out more at our patreon page. patreon liberapay cryptocurrency you can also send us cryptocurrency: btc lxowegsquz upz whf v mdzw dvmae eth xa f a f e f d f afda e a if you share our vision, or are building on top of matrix, please consider donating. see our current elliptic supporters! thank you to our incredible sponsors status a mobile os, built for ethereum. learn more upcloud matrix.org is generously hosted by upcloud! host your homeserver via upcloud and get a $ credit. learn more private internet access private internet access™ vpn service encrypts your connection and provides you with an anonymous ip to protect your privacy. learn more inblockchain inblockchain is a full-service firm focusing on consulting, incubating and facilitating crowdsales for promising blockchain startups. learn more omisego omisego is a public ethereum-based financial technology for use in mainstream digital wallets. learn more tendermint byzantine fault-tolerant replicated state machines in any programming language. learn more discovertry matrixclientsbotssdkshosting guidesgetting startedclient-server apiinstall synapsebridgesall guides develop docsspecapi playgroundcode blogall poststhis week in matrixsecurityrss morefaqsmatrix livesecurity disclosure policycode of conduct for matrix.orglegalcontactsite source © the matrix.org foundation c.i.c. edith wharton (wharton, edith, - ) | the online books page the online books page online books by edith wharton (wharton, edith, - ) online books about this author are available, as is a wikipedia article. 	 wharton, edith, - : afterward (original magazine version) (illustrated html at virginia) 	 wharton, edith, - : the age of innocence (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : the age of innocence (new york and london: d. appleton and co., c )	 page images at hathitrust 	 html at bartleby 	 wharton, edith, - : artemis to actaeon and other verse	 html at virginia 	 gutenberg text 	 wharton, edith, - : a backward glance ( ) (text in australia; no us access) 	 wharton, edith, - : the buccaneers (new york and london: d. appleton-century co., ) (page images at michigan) 	 wharton, edith, - : certain people ( ) (text in australia; no us access) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : the custom of the country (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses (london: b.t. batsford, ), also by ogden codman (page images at wisconsin) 	 wharton, edith, - : the descent of man, and other stories ( -story macmillan edition) (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : edith wharton's verse, - , from various journals, ed. by judy boss (html at virginia) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : false dawn (the 'forties) ( ) (text at gutenberg australia) 	 wharton, edith, - : fighting france	 illustrated html at celebration of women writers 	 gutenberg text 	 wharton, edith, - : the fruit of the tree, illust. by alonzo kimball (gutenberg text and illustrated html) 	 wharton, edith, - : the glimpses of the moon (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : the hermit and the wild woman, and other stories	 illustrated html at virginia 	 gutenberg text 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : in morocco (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian villas and their gardens (new york: the century co., ), illust. by maxfield parrish (multiple formats at archive.org) 	 wharton, edith, - : madame de treymes	 illustrated html at virginia 	 gutenberg text 	 wharton, edith, - : new year's day (the 'seventies) ( ) (text at gutenberg australia) 	 wharton, edith, - : the old maid (the 'fifties) ( ) (text at gutenberg australia) 	 wharton, edith, - : the reef (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : sanctuary (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : a son at the front (new york: c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the spark (the 'sixties) ( ) (text at gutenberg australia) 	 wharton, edith, - : summer (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : tales of men and ghosts	 illustrated html at virginia 	 gutenberg text 	 wharton, edith, - : the touchstone (gutenberg text) 	 wharton, edith, - : the valley of decision (gutenberg text) help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing additional books from the extended shelves: 	 wharton, edith, - : the age of innocence. (new york, modern library, [c ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the age of innocence, (new york [etc.] d. appleton and company, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the age of innocence [electronic resource] / (toronto : gj. mcleod, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : anthology of magazine verse for : and year book of american poetry / (boston : small, maynard & company, publishers, [ ]), also by carl sandburg, edwin arlington robinson, edna st. vincent millay, edgar lee masters, amy lowell, robert frost, djuna barnes, and conrad aiken, ed. by william stanley braithwaite (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : artemis to actaeon and other verse / (london : macmillan & co., ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : artemis to actæon : and other verse / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : au temps de l'innocence (in french), trans. by madeleine marie louise chevrillon saint-rené taillandier (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - , ed.: the book of the homeless (le livre des sans-foyer) (london, macmillan & co., ltd., ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - , ed.: the book of the homeless (le livre des sans-foyer) (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - , contrib.: the book of the homeless (le livre des sans-foyer) (in english and french), also contrib. by herbert trench, charles dana gibson, edward sandford martin, eleonora duse, maurice barrès, sarah bernhardt, jean cocteau, josephine preston peabody, rupert brooke, robert grant, humphry ward, jean léon gérôme, léon bakst, john singer sargent, igor stravinsky, barrett wendell, john galsworthy, edmond rostand, emile verhaeren, edmund gosse, henri de régnier, jacques-Émile blanche, thomas hardy, pascal-adolphe-jean dagnan-bouveret, auguste renoir, paul elmer more, edwin howland blashfield, théo van rysselberghe, léon joseph florentin bonnat, georges-louis‏ humbert‏ , vincent d' indy, maurice maeterlinck, claude monet, william dean howells, henry james, e. rené ménard, edith matilda thomas, lilla cabot perry, w. b. yeats, laurence binyon, paul hervieu, george santayana, francis jammes, andré suarès, auguste rodin, paul claudel, theodore roosevelt, walter gay, alice meynell, max beerbohm, anna de noailles, joseph jacques césaire joffre, paul bourget, agnes repplier, joseph conrad, and margaret l. woods (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : the buccaneers / (new york ; london : d. appleton-century company, ), also by gaillard thomas lapsley, contrib. by d. appleton-century company (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : certain people / (new york : d. appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : chez les heureux du monde / (paris : librarie plon, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances. (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances. (london j. murray, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances : sanctuary. (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : crucial instances; sanctuary / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the custom of the country, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the custom of the country / (new york : scribner, [ ?] c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the custom of the country / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the custom of the country [electronic resource] / (toronto : mcleod & allen, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses, (london, b.t. batsford, ), also by ogden codman (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ), also by ogden codman (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses, also by ogden codman (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses / (london : b. t. batsford, ), also by ogden codman (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses / (new york : charles scribner's sons, , c ), also by ogden codman (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses / (new york : charles scribner's sons, , c ), also by ogden codman (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the decoration of houses / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ), also by ogden codman (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the descent of man, (new york, c. seribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the descent of man : and other stories / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the descent of man : and other stories / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the descent of man, and other stories [and] madame de treymes. (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome, ([new york] printed for the members of the limited editions club, ), also by clifton fadiman, henry varnum poor, and limited editions club (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ), also by bruce rogers (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome, (new york, chicago [etc.] c. seribner's sons, [ -?]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome, (new york, c. scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome / (london : macmillan & co., limited, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome / (new york : c. scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : ethan frome / (new york : scribner, [ ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : false dawn (the 'forties). (new york : appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : false dawn (the 'forties), illust. by edward c. caswell (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : false dawn (the 'forties) decorations by e.c. caswell. (new york d. appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : fighting france [electronic resource] : from dunkerque to belfort / (toronto : mcleod & allen, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : fighting france, from dunkerque to belfort, (toronto, mcleod & allan, [ ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : fighting france, from dunkerque to belfort, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : fighting france : from dunkerque to belfort / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : fighting france, from dunkerque to belfort, by edith wharton. (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : fighting france : from dunkerque to belport / (new york : c. scribner's sons, [c ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : french ways and their meaning, (new york, london, d. appleton and company, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : french ways and their meaning, (new york, london, d. appleton and company, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : french ways and their meaning (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : french ways and their meaning [microform] / (new york ; london : d. appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the fruit of the tree, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the fruit of the tree, (leipzig, b. tauchnitz, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the fruit of the tree / (new york : scribner, , c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the fruit of the tree [electronic resource] / (toronto : mcleod & allen, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the fruit of the tree. with illus. by alonzo kimball. (new york scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : a gift from the grave. (london, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : a gift from the grave. (london, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : a gift from the grave / (london : j. murray, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : glädjens hys (house of mirth) (stockholm : skoglunds, [ ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the glimpses of the moon / (new york : collier books/macmillan pub. co. toronto : maxwell macmillan canada ; new york : maxwell macmillan international, , c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the glimpses of the moon / (new york : grosset & dunlap, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the glimpses of the moon / (new york : london : appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination, (new york, charles scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination (new york : scribner's, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination. (new york: scribner's, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination. (st. clair shores, mich., scholarly press, [ ? c ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination / (new york : charles scribner's sons, [c ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ), also by daniel berkeley updike and merrymount press (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the greater inclination; the touchstone / (new york: c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the hermit and the wild woman, and other stories. (toronto, mcleod & allen, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the hermit and the wild woman, and other stories. (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the hermit and the wild woman : and other stories / (new york : scribner's, , c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the hermit and the wild woman and other stories [electronic resource] / (toronto : mcleod & allen, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the hermit and the wild woman : and other stories ; ethan frome / (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth. (new york scribner, [c ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth. (new york, scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth, (new york, c. schribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth / (new york : macmillan, , c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth / (new york : c. schribner's sons, ,c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ), also by printer scribner press, contrib. by charles scribner's sons, illust. by a. b. wenzell (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth / (new york : c. scribner, ), also by a. b. wenzell (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the house of mirth [electronic resource] / (toronto : mcleod & allen, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : in morocco, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : in morocco (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : in morocco / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian backgrounds, (london, macmillan and co., limited, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian backgrounds, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian backgrounds, illust. by ernest c. peixotto (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian backgrounds / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ), also by ernest peixotto (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian backgrounds / (new york : charles scrinber's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian villas and their gardens, (london, john lane, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian villas and their gardens; (new york : century, [c ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian villas and their gardens, illust. by maxfield parrish (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian villas and their gardens / (new york : century, , c ), also by maxfield parrish (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian villas and their gardens / (new york : the century co., ), also by maxfield parrish (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : italian villas and their gardens / (new york : the century co., ), illust. by maxfield parrish (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : joy of living. (n.y., scribner, ), also by hermann sudermann (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the joy of living (es lebe das leben) a play in five acts, (new york : c. scribner's sons, ), also by hermann sudermann (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - , trans.: the joy of living (es lebe das leben): a play in five acts, by hermann sudermann (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : the joy of living (es lebe das leben) : a play in five acts / (new york : scribner's, , c ), also by hermann sudermann (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the joy of living = (es lebe das leben) : a play in five acts / (new york : c. scribner's sons, , c ), also by hermann sudermann (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the joy of living : a play in five acts / (london : duckworth, , c ), also by hermann sudermann (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : les metteurs en scène. (paris, plon-nourrit, [ ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : les metteurs en scène (in french) (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : madame de treymes, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : madame de treymes / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the marne, (new york, d. appleton and company, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the marne / (new york : d. appleton and company, , c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the marne: a tale of the war (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : the marne : a tale of the war / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the mother's recompense / (new york ; london : d. appleton and company, ), contrib. by virginia offutt pates and d. appleton and company (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : a motor-flight through france, (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : a motor-flight through france (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : a motor-flight through france / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : a motor-flight through france / (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : new year's day (the 'seventies), illust. by edward c. caswell (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : new year's day : the 'seventies / (new york : d. appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the old maid (the 'fifties). (new york : appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the old maid (the 'fifties), illust. by edward c. caswell (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : old new york / (new york : scribner, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the reef [electronic resource] : a novel / (toronto : mcleod & allen, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the reef; a novel, (new york : d. appleton and company, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the reef : a novel / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the reef : a novel / (new york ; london : syndicate pub. co., [c ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the reef : a novel / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the reef : a novel / (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the roof: a novel, (new york [&] london, syndicate pub. co., [ ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : säätynsä uhri (in finnish), trans. by armas hämäläinen (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : sanctuary, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : sanctuary / (london : macmillan, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : sanctuary / (new york : charles scribner's sons, ), also by walter appleton clark (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : sanctuary / (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : sanctuary / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : short stories for high schools / (new york ; chicago ; boston : charles scribner's sons, c ), also by rosa mary redding mikels, scribner press. prt, and charles scribner's sons. pbl (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : a son at the front (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : sous la neige (in french) (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : the spark (the 'sixties). (new york : appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the spark (the 'sixties), illust. by edward c. caswell (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : the spark (the 'sixties) decorations by e.c. caswell. (new york d. appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : stories of new york. (new york, c. scribner's sons, ), also by john seymour wood, george a. hibbard, bliss perry, and annie eliot trumbull (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : summer. (d. appleton, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : summer (new york: d. appleton and company, n.d.) (page images at florida) 	 wharton, edith, - : summer / (new york : collier books, , c ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : summer [electronic resource] : a novel / (toronto : g.j. mcleod, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : summer : a novel. (appleton, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : summer; a novel. (st. clair shores, mich., scholarly press, [c ]) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : tales of men and ghosts, (new york, c. seribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : tales of men and ghosts, (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : tales of men and ghosts / (london : macmillan and co., ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : tales of men and ghosts [electronic resource] / (toronto : mcleod & allen, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the three best short stories of a year [ ] (new york, c. scribner's sons, c ), also by mary synon and john galsworthy (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the touchstone (new york, charles scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the touchstone. (garden city, n. y., garden city pu. co., ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the touchstone. (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the touchstone / (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the touchstone / (garden city, n.y. : garden city pub. co., [c ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the touchstone, [a story]. (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the valley of decision : a novel. (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the valley of decision; a novel, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the valley of decision; a novel, (new york, c. scribner's sons, [c ]) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : the valley of decision; a novel / (london : john murray, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the valley of decision : a novel / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : verses (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : voyages au front, de dunkerque à belfort (in french) (gutenberg ebook) 	 wharton, edith, - : voyages au front : de dunkerque à belfort / (paris : plon-nourrit, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : the writing of fiction / (new york ; london : c. scribner's, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : xingu, and other stories, (new york, c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : xingu, and other stories. (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) 	 wharton, edith, - : xingu : and other stories / (new york : c. scribner's sons, ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 wharton, edith, - : xingu : and other stories / (new york : scribner, ) (page images at hathitrust) see also what's at your library, or elsewhere. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing home -- search -- new listings -- authors -- titles -- subjects -- serials books -- news -- features -- archives -- the inside story edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) obp copyrights and licenses. home - eurasian academic libraries conference - - nazarbayev university libguides at nazarbayev university skip to main content it looks like you're using internet explorer or older. this website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of chrome, firefox, safari, and edge. if you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. 				 						nazarbayev university library 						 					 	 						nazarbayev university libguides 						 					 	 						website content 						 					 	 						eurasian academic libraries conference - 						 					 	home 					 enter search words search eurasian academic libraries conference - : home 	 home toggle dropdown 	 about conference 	 registration 	 sponsorship 	 program toggle dropdown 	 speakers 	 online ethics 	 publications 				 				 				 							 					 						 							 							 								 									 			 				  contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment the nazarbayev university library and the association of university libraries in the republic of kazakhstan invite you to the th eurasian academic libraries conference with the theme “contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment” which will be held in the framework of the eurasian higher education leaders forum on - june   at nazarbayev university (nur-sultan, kazakhstan). this year’s conference aims to be a platform to share best practices and experiences from various academic libraries around the world on how they implement principles and standards in organizing information as well as describing some recent developments in the field. moreover, the conference will serve as a venue to share knowledge on how libraries and librarians deal with data with the utilization of technology as a tool. we also extend our invitation to potential sponsors as exhibitors. as an exhibitor, you will enjoy exposure and direct marketing opportunities with practitioners and decision-makers in the field. you may choose from different sponsorship packages: gold, silver, bronze. the conference will also provide a live streaming link for those who can’t attend.  the languages of the conference are english, kazakh, and russian. invited speaker talks information organization has been one of the main functions of libraries, whatever the kind is. the emergence and development of technology have seen to be a driving force and a great tool in improving this function. with so many roles that libraries and librarians undertake to make them more relevant with the changing times, this part of library work should not be underestimated, especially in the new normal. such introduction to technology has brought various ways and processes on how libraries and librarians deal with information. the program committee invites notable speakers in the field highlighting these practices in a changing world. the topics include: 	bibliography 	cataloging and classification policies and practices (including rda (resource description and access); frbr/frad (functional requirements for bibliographic records/ functional requirements for authority data) 	metadata librarianship (including linked data, semantic web, vocabulary systems) 	digital collections and curation 	digital humanities analytics 	covid- impact on information organization 	innovative resources (includes personnel, funding, and software)   for further inquiries, please contact us at ealc@nu.edu.kz​ 		 								 								 							 						 					 							 							 					 						 							 							 								 									 			 				kz   ru           conference this annual international conference discusses current issues and trends in library and information services. it is part of the eurasian higher education leaders forum of the nazarbayev university.  		 	 			conference - 				 			 	 			conference - 				 			 	 			conference - 				 			 			 				 		 			 				 		 			 				 important dates opening of registration - may invitation to speakers -  april  deadline of registration - june  conference - - june 		 			 				  		 								 								 							 						 					 							 							 					 						 							 							 								 									 			 		 								 								 							 						 					 							 				 				 				 	 	next: about conference >> 	 updated: jun , : pm 	 url: https://nu.kz.libguides.com/ealc- 	 print page login to libapps report a problem. 	library homepage	facebook	youtube	instagram	twitter	telegram	e-mail 		 osf | levels of digital preservation osf home 	osfhome 	osfpreprints 	osfregistries 	osfmeetings 	osfinstitutions toggle navigation 	search 	 support 	donate 	 sign up sign in toggle navigation component navigation 	 	 levels of digital preservation 	 files 	 wiki 	analytics 	registrations links to this project 	title	authors	 	 close × select:  make all public  |  make all private loading projects and components... 	 	 back cancel confirm continue confirm continue confirm national digital stewardship alliance (ndsa)  / levels of digital preservation . kb public   	 fork this project 	 duplicate template 	 view forks ( ) 	 bookmark remove from bookmarks 	 share contributors: 	 national digital stewardship alliance (ndsa) date created: | last updated: : doi | ark creating doi. please wait... create doi category: project description: the ndsa launched the levels of preservation guidelines in . in , the ndsa created a group to review and update the levels. groups consisted of interested community members and the work done was reviewed by an even larger community. the levels serve to be a tiered set of recommendations on what organizations could do to build or enhance their digital preservation activities. license: cc-by attribution . international link other osf projects search all projects search my projects 	projects 	registrations results: all projects results: my projects results: all registrations results: my registrations 	 		 	 done files loading files... citation loading citations... apa mla chicago get more citations cite as: cancel remove save components 	 lop matrix alliance this is the levels of preservation matrix with two viewing options as well as translations in french, portuguese, spanish, and turkish. recent activity loading logs... 	 lop implementation guide and working definitions kussmann, alliance, graham & more this document provides information on the levels matrix. includes information about the history, changes, and possible uses. recent activity loading logs... 	 lop assessment tool kussmann, alliance, graham & more in addition to updating the lop matrix, the lop working group developed additional supporting resources to go hand-in-hand with the matrix. those res... recent activity loading logs... 	 curatorial guidance with decision guide and decision tree alliance recent activity loading logs... 	 teaching and outreach materials alliance these materials were created for anyone to use to assist with teaching others about the levels of digital preservation. recent activity loading logs... × select:  all components *contains supplemental materials for a preprint loading projects and components... 	 type the following to continue: type the following to continue: back cancel delete continue recent activity loading logs... osf does not support the use of internet explorer. for optimal performance, please switch to another browser. accept this website relies on cookies to help provide a better user experience. by clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree. for more information, see our privacy policy and information on cookie use. accept × start managing your projects on the osf today. free and easy to use, the open science framework supports the entire research lifecycle: planning, execution, reporting, archiving, and discovery. create an account learn more hide this message copyright © - center for open science | terms of use | privacy policy | status | api top guidelines | reproducibility project: psychology | reproducibility project: cancer biology osf | breakout-sessions-notes- - - .pdf osf home 	osfhome 	osfpreprints 	osfregistries 	osfmeetings 	osfinstitutions toggle navigation 	search 	 support 	donate 	 sign up sign in toggle navigation component navigation 	 	 community-notes- 	 files 	 wiki 	analytics 	registrations links to this project 	title	authors	 	 close breakout-sessions-notes- - - .pdf (version: ) loading files... × connected to collaborative file editing this page is currently connected to collaborative file editing. all edits made will be visible to contributors with write permission in real time. changes will be stored but not published until you click the "save" button. close × connecting to collaborative file editing this page is currently attempting to connect to collaborative file editing. you may continue to make edits. changes will not be saved until you press the "save" button. close × collaborative file editing is unavailable collaborative file editing is currently unavailable. you may continue to make edits. changes will not be saved until you press the "save" button. close × browser unsupported your browser does not support collaborative editing. you may continue to make edits. changes will not be saved until you press the "save" button. close osf does not support the use of internet explorer. for optimal performance, please switch to another browser. accept this website relies on cookies to help provide a better user experience. by clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree. for more information, see our privacy policy and information on cookie use. accept × start managing your projects on the osf today. free and easy to use, the open science framework supports the entire research lifecycle: planning, execution, reporting, archiving, and discovery. create an account learn more hide this message copyright © - center for open science | terms of use | privacy policy | status | api top guidelines | reproducibility project: psychology | reproducibility project: cancer biology archives unleashed get started open in app sign in get started archives unleashed news from the archives unleashed project follow followers about get startedopen in app samantha fritz ·jun so long, farewell to the archives unleashed cloud the archives unleashed cloudthis spring, we mark a few special anniversaries for the archives unleashed project! it’s been four years since the start of the project and our third year of running the archives unleashed cloud. with the support of the andrew w. mellon foundation, our focus has been on developing open-source analysis tools to help make web archives more accessible. one of our primary goals has been “to make petabytes of historical internet content accessible.” thanks to our community of cloud users and collaborators, we’ve been able to make that goal a reality. as we sunset the cloud at the end of… read more · min read samantha fritz ·jun introducing archives unleashed cohorts photo by 🇸🇮 janko ferlič on unsplashearlier this year, the archives unleashed project announced the cohort program, which aims to support web archives research by providing resource support and mentorship. starting in july, cohorts will engage in collaborative activities and conduct focused research that explores a variety of web archive collections. we are pleased to introduce the five teams that will make up our inaugural cohort program. awac — analysing web archives of the covid crisis through the iipc novel coronavirus dataset valérie schafer, university of luxembourg (lu) karin de wild, leiden university (nl) frédéric clavert, university of luxembourg (lu) niels brügger, aarhus university (dk) susan… read more · min read samantha fritz ·jun “building community at a distance” makes the dols short list photo by susan q yin on unsplashas north america heads into the th month of the covid pandemic, we are all too aware of the depth and breadth of impacts the pandemic has had on every sector. in march , our project planned to host our final datathon event at columbia university, new york, ny. having monitored ever-growing outbreaks and witnessing the domino effect of cancelled scholarly events, the team proactively shifted our event online. in reflecting on this experience, our open-access article, building community at a distance: a datathon during covid- , discusses the implications around transitioning events online, provides practice recommendations to event organizers, and… read more · min read samantha fritz ·may archives unleashed and archive-it to support web archival research at scale by: archives unleashed and project collaborators web archives play a critical role for scholars studying the s onwards. however, gaps in available analytics tools, community infrastructure, and accessible web archival interfaces present high barriers for conducting research with web archives at scale. established in with support from the andrew w. mellon foundation, the archives unleashed project developed open-source analytical tools, community resources, and hosted collaborative learning events to address researcher challenges of accessing, using, and exploring web archives. the marquee product of this first phase was the archives unleashed cloud. this work continues apace in a second phase ( – )… read more · min read samantha fritz ·apr a retrospective with the archives unleashed project written by samantha fritz (project manager, archives unleashed project) on behalf of the archives unleashed team. this piece has been cross-posted with the international internet preservation consortium blog. the web archiving world blends the work and contributions of many institutions, groups, projects, and individuals. the field is witnessing work and progress in many areas, from policies, to professional development and learning resources, to the development of tools that address replay, acquisition, and analysis. for over two decades memory institutions and organizations around the world have engaged in web archiving to ensure the preservation of born-digital content that is vital to… read more · min read samantha fritz ·mar fostering community engagement through datathon events: the archives unleashed experience archives unleashed washington, dc. datathon | gelman library, george washington university, . photo by samantha fritzour recent-open access article “fostering community engagement through datathon events: the archives unleashed experience,” published in digital humanities quarterly, takes a reflective look at the impact of archives unleashed datathons on the professional practices of attendees and community engagement within the web archiving field. datathons have been a center-piece of the archives unleashed project’s community engagement efforts. our four events held as part of our mellon-funded project engaged with over participants from over fifty different institutions, offering hands-on training with analytical tools to explore web archives. our article introduces… read more · min read samantha fritz ·feb engaging with the canadian web archiving coalition earlier this year, archives unleashed had an opportunity to engage with a canadian-based group focusing on web archiving support for practitioners and researchers. the canadian web archiving coalition (cwac) is a community that brings together libraries, archives, and other memory institutions across canada that engage with web archiving. cwac is part of the canadian association of research libraries (carl), which focuses on “identifying gaps and opportunities that could be addressed by nationally coordinated strategies, actions, and services, including collaborative collection development, training, infrastructure development.” ( ) the launch of the world wide web created… read more · min read samantha fritz ·jan engaging with early web collections web archive datasets via the internet archiveintroduction we have lots of web archival data — but what to do with it? the web archiving ecosystem has many organizations, institutions, projects, and individuals who have captured terabytes of data. these important preservation efforts allow us to explore the recent past. web archive collections are a critical source for documenting, and in turn studying, our ever-growing online world. we don’t have to look too far back to see how born-digital collections illustrate important social and cultural movements, global health events, and various national elections, such as #metoo, covid, or #blacklivesmatter. we can see that web archives inform fields… read more · min read samantha fritz ·jan from archive to analysis: access web archives at scale through a cloud-based interface photo by diego ph on unsplashin a recently published article, “from archive to analysis: access web archives at scale through a cloud-based interface,” co-authors nick ruest, samantha fritz, ryan deschamps, jimmy lin, and ian milligan propose that by moving towards a cloud-based architecture for web archiving analysis, many of the challenges of web archive research can be partially addressed — leaving opportunities for scholars, as well as the broader web archiving community. we examine how scholars use web archives, emphasizing these usage models do not line up with the existing command-line and… read more · min read show more samantha fritz ·nov , #webarchivewednesday: a community conversation #webarchivewednesday network via netlyticthanks to the folks at the international internet preservation consortium (iipc), the community has an opportunity to contribute to regular wednesday discussions using the #webarchivewednesday twitter hashtag. engaging with this hashtag has given individuals, groups, and organizations a chance to share information, news, and projects with other professionals as well as the public. the focused hashtag also provides an opportunity to support colleagues in the field — their stories, successes, and, more broadly, web archiving discussions. looking at how the #webarchivewednesday community and conversation has evolved over the past year, the archives unleashed project would like to offer congratulations to… read more · min read archives unleashed news from the archives unleashed project follow about write help legal get the medium app archives unleashed - medium archives unleashed - medium news from the archives unleashed project - medium 	so long, farewell to the archives unleashed cloud 	introducing archives unleashed cohorts 	“building community at a distance” makes the dols short list 	archives unleashed and archive-it to support web archival research at scale 	a retrospective with the archives unleashed project 	fostering community engagement through datathon events: the archives unleashed experience 	engaging with the canadian web archiving coalition 	engaging with early web collections 	from archive to analysis: access web archives at scale through a cloud-based interface 	#webarchivewednesday: a community conversation osf | research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) partnership osf home 	osfhome 	osfpreprints 	osfregistries 	osfmeetings 	osfinstitutions toggle navigation 	search 	 support 	donate 	 sign up sign in toggle navigation project navigation 	 research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) partnership 	 files 	 wiki 	analytics 	registrations links to this project 	title	authors	 	 close × select:  make all public  |  make all private loading projects and components... 	 	 back cancel confirm continue confirm continue confirm research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) partnership . b public   	 fork this project 	 duplicate template 	 view forks ( ) 	 bookmark remove from bookmarks 	 share 	 log in to request access contributors: 	 jason a. clark 	 sara mannheimer 	 gayle schechter 	 matthew greenhall 	 beth clark date created: | last updated: : doi | ark creating doi. please wait... create doi category: project description: research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group to explore the possibilities and benefits of creating a transatlantic digital scholarship and data management skills exchange and partnership. license: cc-by attribution . international link other osf projects search all projects search my projects 	projects 	registrations results: all projects results: my projects results: all registrations results: my registrations 	 		 	 done wiki a working partnership between research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group to create an international community of practice for digital scholarship and data management. files loading files... citation loading citations... apa mla chicago get more citations cite as: cancel remove save components 	 presentations- clark, schechter, mannheimer & more recent activity loading logs... 	 community-notes- clark, schechter, mannheimer & more recent activity loading logs... × select:  all components *contains supplemental materials for a preprint loading projects and components... 	 type the following to continue: type the following to continue: back cancel delete continue recent activity loading logs... osf does not support the use of internet explorer. for optimal performance, please switch to another browser. accept this website relies on cookies to help provide a better user experience. by clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree. for more information, see our privacy policy and information on cookie use. accept × start managing your projects on the osf today. free and easy to use, the open science framework supports the entire research lifecycle: planning, execution, reporting, archiving, and discovery. create an account learn more hide this message copyright © - center for open science | terms of use | privacy policy | status | api top guidelines | reproducibility project: psychology | reproducibility project: cancer biology sec boss gary gensler has few regulatory bullets on crypto: lawyer 	 	 	 	 		 			 				 					 	primary menu 	 		 		 		 	 	sections 					 													news 	metro 	page six 	sports 	business 	opinion 	entertainment 	fashion 	shopping 	living 	media 	tech 	real estate 	video 	photos 	sub menu 	covers 	columnists 	horoscopes 	sports odds 	podcasts 	email newsletters 	official store 	home delivery 											 						 							search 						 					 						 						email 					 				 			 			 				 					new york post 					 				 			 			 				 									 							 		 		 		august , 		 					 	 	 	 		 			 				search			 			 			 		 		 			search 			 		 	 			recommended 		 	skip recommended stories carousel and go to main content. 	 		 								 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 										 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 										 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 										 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 										 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 										 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 										 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 										 						 						 							 							 							 						 					 							 		 			 			previous 		 		 			 			next 		 	 	 	 					 				 					 	 		 			 	 				 			 		 			 		 			 				 			 			 		 	 				 			 		 			 	 				 			 		 			 		 			 	 				 			 		 			 			 			 	 		 			 				 					 						 							 					 						charles gasparino 		 		 	 	 		opinion 	 	 	 				facebook 	twitter 	 			 				 					flipboard 				 			 	whatsapp 	email 	copy 	 		 	 		sec boss gary gensler has few regulatory bullets on crypto: lawyer	 	 		 	by 				 									charles gasparino				 									 						 							 																social links for charles gasparino							 								 		 			view author archive 		 	 	 		 			get author rss feed 		 	 						 					 							 		 	 		 			 								 					 				 			 			 						 		 	 	 		 			 								 					 				 			 			 			 	 		 	 	 		thanks for contacting us. we've received your submission.	 		 		back to reading	 			 		 	 		 	 		august , 		 : pm 					 				updated 				 					august , 					 : pm 				 			 		 	 	 						 						 	 	 		 	 		 							 					securities and exchange commission chair gary gensler already has his feet stuck in his goose chase against the rising cryptocurrency trade market. 						 							mark wilson/getty images						 									 					 	 	 						 							 			 				 			 					 			 		 			more from: 			 				charles gasparino			 		 		 				 					 						 							‘little guy’ may feel sharp pain from robinhood's ipo arrow						 					 				 	 					 						 							indoor mask mandates would choke big banks coming back to nyc						 					 				 	 					 						 							amid mega-mergers and acquisitions, viacomcbs may be in play						 					 				 	 					 						 							pandemic’s tech ‘saviors’ face lefty-reg heat						 					 				 	 					 						 							incompetent de blasio team whiffs on $ billion bronx boost						 					 				 		 	 			 			 gary gensler’s ambition to regulate the “wild west” of cryptocurrencies is on a collision course with something he can’t regulate: more than seven decades of case law.  that was the consensus among securities lawyers with whom i spoke following gensler’s pronouncement last week that high on his ambitious agenda as chair of the securities and exchange commission is to make the booming cryptocurrency market safe for even your grandmother.  of course, we all want to make the world a better place, and with something as new as crypto, there has to be a lot of funny stuff going on. however, even the most well-intended utopian goals of the left, whether it’s our beleaguered gov. cuomo imposing strict covid lockdowns on religious activities, or gensler’s idealized version of capitalism, always answer to a higher authority. in cuomo’s case, he butted up against the us constitution, which remained sacrosanct during a pandemic as the supreme court ruled. for genlser, it’s decades of securities law, including the landmark securities act of that prescribes what he can or cannot do as sec chair. the upshot, according to experts, is that a sweeping crackdown on all things crypto is something he ­really can’t do. you would think gensler would know this upfront. president biden plucked him out of the highest echelons of academia, mit no less, where he lectured on financial issues including the nascent and burgeoning market for digital coins that could become an alternative to the us banking system. gensler was a longtime wall street executive and partner at goldman sachs, and worked in government including as the chair of the commodity futures trading commission (cftc). in other words, gensler has real-world knowledge of the markets.  he’s also not a lawyer. and while it has become fashionable to denigrate lawyers, gensler holds a job that demands knowledge of court precedent and law to prevent unfair prosecutions and wild goose chases. even worse, gensler is also blinded by a deeply progressive ideology that seeks to control every inch of business, which he perceives as evil and unsafe territory for the average investor. 	 		 		 			see also		 		 		 		 				 	 	 		soho crypto startup lets you bet on britney, biden — and anything else	 		 	 	 how much evil is in the $ trillion crypto market is a matter of debate. its proponents will tell you the real evil resides in the unholy alliance between the banking system and the federal reserve, which uses wall street to create money out of thin air, thus debasing our currency. cryptocurrencies are a way to preserve value by allowing people to transact business seamlessly through a “blockchain” network that circumvents the fraud, abuse and costly middlemen of the traditional banking system. who gets to regulate what goes on inside the blockchain and the broader crypto world is still a matter of debate, securities lawyers tell me. certainly, the cftc has some say because cryptos are more closely aligned with commodities than they are with, say, stocks or bonds. maybe the treasury department, since the blockchain is an alternative to the banking system and cryptos compete with dollar-based transactions. but securities lawyers told me that the uber-regulator for crypto certainly isn’t the sec, which can only regulate so-called securities — a stock or a bond or some type of financial instrument that resembles either.  it doesn’t matter that cryptos can be traded like a stock. baseball cards can be traded like a stock. stocks and bonds represent an underlying investment i.e., a company’s profits or losses. in most cases, cryptos, like baseball cards, don’t, which is why you never see the sec bringing cases when kids (or anyone else) rip people off when they trade them. i placed a call to gensler’s people to help me better understand how he plans to broadly crack down on something so new and, at least according to the experts, something that appears largely outside his jurisdiction. as this column goes to press, he still has not responded. the securities and exchange commission has no legal authority to regulate baseball card trading — never cryptocurrencies. the fresno bee via ap so i asked a top securities lawyer, who spoke to me on background — presumably because he still hopes to talk gensler out of a wild goose chase. his response: “he will try and bring a lot of cases but he has limited authority.” as sec chair, can’t gensler just deem digital currencies a security, and let the games begin? the sec under jay clayton did just that when it brought a case against a company called ripple labs for issuing digital currency that the commission claimed were unregistered securities. “no,” the securities lawyer said. “there are years of case law to prevent that.” good point. the ripple case is hardly a slam-dunk, with the courts still weighing whether the sec overstepped its jurisdiction in filing the lawsuit in an area of commerce possibly better regulated by gensler’s old shop, the cftc. smart and sleazy financial types have and will cobble together fraudulent crypto derivatives to create an investment product that could fall within the sec’s purview, so i’m sure gensler will find some way to bring cases. nevertheless, his big, broad crackdown on the wild west of crypto trading will probably have to wait for an act of congress to give him powers that exceed current law, which he said he is seeking as well.  nothing like putting the cart before the horse. 						 						 	 		 			share this article: 					facebook 	twitter 	 			 				 					flipboard 				 			 	whatsapp 	email 	copy 	 			 	 						 							 				 							filed under 			 				 								 									baseball cards								 							 	 								 									cryptocurrency								 							 	 								 									federal regulation								 							 	 								 									federal trade commission								 							 	 								 									fraud								 							 	 								 									lawyers								 							 	 								 									securities and exchange commission								 							 	 						 / / 					 		 	 		 		 			 				read next 			 			 				gov. cuomo, at least nixon had the decency to quit: goodwi...			 		 	 						 								 			 			 		 		 						 								 		 		 													 							 											 				 				 					 						 							 	 		 			columnists 		 	 		 			 				 					maureen callahan				 				 					 											 				 			 			 				 					 						must women always wait for male bosses to screw up in order to get ahead?					 				 			 		 	 			 				 					steve cuozzo				 				 					 											 				 			 			 				 					 						 / museum’s decision to scrap a th anniversary memorial is a disgrace					 				 			 		 	 			 				 					jonah goldberg				 				 					 											 				 			 			 				 					 						joe biden has already broken his oath of office — like most of his recent predecessors					 				 			 		 	 		 			 				see all columnists			 		 	 	 		 			 	 				 			 		 			 		 			 	 				 			 		 			 	 		 			 				 					covers 				 			 		 								 				today's cover			 			 				 					 						front cover					 					 						back cover					 				 				flip for back cover 				 					 											 					 											 				 			 		 					 				 					 						browse covers 						 					 				 			 			 	 	 		 			 	 				 			 		 			 		 			 			trending now			 				on nypost.com			 			 	 				 											 															 														 					 					 						 							this story has been shared , times. 							 , 						 					 				 				 					 						 							blake lively gets cheeky in thong bikini to promote ryan reynolds' movie						 					 				 			 	 				 											 													 					 					 						 							this story has been shared , times. 							 , 						 					 				 				 					 						 							mets fan flashes laser pointer in player's eyes with game on line						 					 				 			 	 				 											 													 					 					 						 							this story has been shared , times. 							 , 						 					 				 				 					 						 							'american idol' star syesha mercado's newborn baby seized by authorities						 					 				 			 			what to shop now 		 		 					 						 																				 						 							shop wayfair's outdoor furniture sale for end-of-year patio must-haves						 					 				 	 					 						 							upgrade your zoom meetings with this webcam ring light						 					 				 	 					 						 							shop the free people fp movement gear loved by addison rae and other celebs						 					 				 	 					 						 							the best lululemon leggings & bottoms for every activity — besides the popular aligns						 					 				 	 					 						 							where to buy vaccine card holders and why you need one						 					 				 	 	 		 			 	 				 			 		 			 		 			 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 								 					 				 			 			 						 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 			 				share this article 			 		 	 	 		share selection 		 				 					 						share selection to facebook 					 				 	 					 						share selection to twitter 					 				 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 			 				more stories			 		 		 			 									 						 															 									page six								 								 																		 								 								 									 										paulina porizkova shares crying selfie, says she was 'blindsided' by 'betrayal'										 								 													 					 									 						 								 				 			 			 		 			 							 					 									 						 															 									nypost								 								 																		 								 								 									 										blake lively gets cheeky in thong bikini to promote ryan reynolds' movie										 								 													 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 			 			 			 				 		 							 								facebook 							 						 	 							 								twitter 							 						 	 							 								instagram 							 						 	 							 								linkedin 							 						 	 							 								email 							 						 	 							 								youtube 							 						 			 					 					 				 					sections & features 	news 	metro 	sports 	business 	opinion 	entertainment 	fashion 	shopping 	living 	media 	tech 	real estate 	video 	photos 	alexa 	covers 	horoscopes 	sports odds 	podcasts 	columnists 	classifieds 	newsletters & feeds 	email newsletters 	rss feeds 	ny post official store 	home delivery 		subscribe 	manage subscription 	delivery help 	help/support 	about new york post 	customer service 	app faq & help 	community guidelines 	contact us 		tips 	newsroom 	letters to the editor 	reprints 	careers 	apps 	iphone app 	ipad app 	android phone 	android tablet 	advertise 		media kit 	contact 				 			 		 		 						© nyp holdings, inc. all rights reserved 			terms of use privacy notice your ad choices sitemap your california privacy rights 			 			do not sell my personal information 			 		 		 			 		 				 		 				 				 		 		 		 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 	 		 			 				share link 				 			 			 				click to copy 				 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 			 		 			 planet code lib search the bloggers of planet code lib using google custom search. utf- code lib library peter@ohiolink.edu data:image/png;base ,ivborw kggoaaaansuheugaaabaaaaaqcamaaaaolq taaaaaxnsr iars c qaaaarnqu baacxjwv yquaaaagy hstqaaeiyaaiceaad aaaagogaahuwaadqyaaaopgaabdwnlprpaaaawbqtfrf////s ozndq skpkioqkbgxsoaghe t kskp enpwfhyhr dzmzml exymjivr + /pzpj + traaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaavwdikqaaaalwsflzaaalewaacxmbajqcgaaaai jrefukfnvtlscwyaie smldsv+x wlup svmisnlgqlgttcui/gtmgli osdkmuzfbagq/cxdqo zejwmmo aihimjmqweuydolwehplpc a kx jlv fc za lvfu helmotva+tyfvk/ro zz zkplb q b pyi lpafc bw atdy l + /rhquihczntwaaaabjru erkjggg== false http://planet.code lib.org literary machines - digital libraries, books, archives literary machines digital libraries, books, archives. about me jul archiviiify a short guide to download digitized books from internet archive and rehost on your own infrastructure using iiif with full-text search. jan pywb . - docker quickstart four years have passed since i first wrote of pywb: it was a young tool at the time, but already usable and extremely simple to deploy. since then a lot of works has been done by ilya kreymer (and others), resulting in all the new features available with the . release. also, some very big webarchiving initiatives have moved and used pywb in these years: webrecorder itself, rhizome, perma, arquivo pt in portugal, the italian national library in florence (italy), (others i’m missing). oct anonymous webarchiving webarchiving activities, as any other activity where an http client is involved, leave marks of their steps: the web server you are visiting or crawling will save your ip address in its logs (or even worse it can decide to ban your ip). this is usually not a problem, there are plenty of good reasons for a webserver to keep logs of its visitors. but sometimes you may need to protect your own identity when you are visiting or saving something from a website, and there a lot of sensitive careers that need this protection: activists, journalist, political dissidents. tor has been invented for this, and today offer a good protection to browse anonymously the web. can we also archive the web through tor? sep open bni il maggio viene annunciato il rilascio libero della bibliografia nazionale italiana (bni). viene apprezzata l’apertura di questo catalogo (anche se con i limiti dei soli pdf), e da profano di biblioteconomia faccio anche una domanda sull’effettivo caso d’uso della bni. il agosto viene annunciato il rilascio delle annate e anche in formato unimarc e marcxml. incuriosito dal catalogo inizio ad esplorarlo, per pensare a possibili trasformazioni (triple rdf) o arricchimenti con/verso altri dati (wikidata). mar epub linkrot linkrot also affects epub files (who would have thought! :)). how to check the health of external links in epub books (required tools: a shell, atool, pup, gnu parallel). feb skos nuovo soggettario, api e autocomplete come creare una api per un form con autocompletamento usando i termini del nuovo soggettario, con i sorted sets di redis e nginx+lua. nov serve deepzoom images from a zip archive with openseadragon vips is a fast image processing system. version higher than . can generate static tiles of big images in deepzoom format, saving them directly into a zip archive. oct a wayback machine (pywb) on a cheap, shared host for a long time the only free (i’m unaware of commercial ones) implementation of a web archival replay software has been the wayback machine (now openwayback). it’s a stable and mature software, with a strong community behind. to use it you need to be confident with the deploy of a java web application; not so difficult, and documentation is exaustive. but there is a new player in the game, pywb, developed by ilya kramer, a former internet archive developer. built in python, relatively simpler than wayback, and now used in a pro archiving project at rhizome. sep opendata dell'anagrafe biblioteche come usare gli opendata dell’anagrafe delle biblioteche italiane e disegnare su una mappa web gli indirizzi delle biblioteche. sep api json dell'opac sbn alcuni mesi fa è stata rilasciata da iccu una app mobile per consultare l’opac sbn. anche se graficamente poco accattivante l’app funziona bene, e trovo molto utili le funzioni di ricerca di un libro scansionando il codice a barre con la camera del telefonino, e la possibilità di bookmarkare dei preferiti. incuriosito dal funzionamento ho pensato di analizzarne il traffico http. page of subscribe! all content is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license made with jekyll + kasper theme maisonbisson maisonbisson recent content on maisonbisson 	b c b is the new b b the most recent stackoverflow developer survey shows % of developers prefer to use a free trial as a way to research a new service. forrester research reported that % of b b buyers prefer self-service buying online. and a harvard business review study found &ldquo;that [b b] customers are, on average, % of the way through the [purchase] process before they engage with supplier sales reps.&rdquo; because of this, b b sales require internal advocates—called mobilizers—that can build consensus around purchase decisions. 	software supply chain security, sboms, and biden's cybersecurity executive order the biden administration&rsquo;s may executive order on cybersecurity outlined the most comprehensive government policy yet to protect public and private resources from cyber attack, and laid out a number of requirements for federal information systems going forward. a number of sections of the order require the federal government to modernize security practices, including establishing a review board, developing playbooks, and improved sharing of threat information between agencies (and from private service providers to the agencies they serve). 	every journalist ryu spaeth on the dirty job of journalism: [e]very journalist [&hellip;] at some point will have to face the morally indefensible way we go about our business: namely, using other people to tell a story about the world. not everyone dupes their subjects into trusting them, but absolutely everyone robs other people of their stories to tell their own. every journalist knows this flushed feeling, a mix of triumph and guilt, of securing the story that will redound glory unto them, not the subject. 	the three tribes of the internet authors primavera de filippi, juan ortiz freuler, and joshua tan outline three competing narratives that have shaped the internet: libertarian, corporate, and nationalist. this matters because our physical lives are now deeply intertwined with and codependent on our internet activities. the latest information about covid regulations in many communities is first released on twitter, for example. a declaration is a political act, which describes what should be done. a narrative is a political tool, which elaborates on why it should be done. 	happy d.b. cooper day d.b. cooper day is celebrated on this day, the saturday following thanksgiving, every year. 	vitaminwater's #nophoneforayear contest back in the before times, vitaminwater invited applicants to a contest to go a full year without a smartphone or tablet. it was partly in response to rising concerns over the effect of all those alerts on our brains. over , people clamored for the chance, but author elana a. mugdan&rsquo;s entry stood out with an amusing video, and in february the company took away her iphone s and handed her a kyocera flip phone. 	membership-driven news media from the membership guide&rsquo;s handbook/manifesto: journalism is facing both a trust crisis and a sustainability crisis. membership answers to both. it is a social contract between a news organization and its members in which members give their time, money, energy, expertise, and connections to support a cause that they believe in. in exchange, the news organization offers transparency and opportunities to meaningfully contribute to both the sustainability and impact of the organization. 	political bias in social media algorithms and media monetization models new reports reveal yet more structural political biases in consumption and monetization models. 	media monetization vs. internet advertising structural problems the internet is structured in favor of ad networks. ad spend grows approximately at the rate of inflation, but the inventory of pages on which those ads can appear grows with each new instagram post (about mm per day). internet advertising is far more automated than print, but the benefit goes to intermediaries and buyers. on average, publishers receive only about half of what advertisers pay for the advertising that appears in their publications. 	the argument against likes: aim for deeper, more genuine interactions it’s worth revisiting the infamous definition of social software as software that facilitates social encounters: &ldquo;social software&rdquo; is about making it easy for people to do other things that make them happy: meeting, communicating, and hooking up. [&hellip;] the trick you want to accomplish is that when one person is using your software, it suddenly provides value to that person and their entire circle of friends, without the friends having had to do anything at all. 	paid reactions: virtual awards and tipping likes and reactions can stimulate more signal, leading to more user-activity on a site, but reactions that members pay to give to creators and other members on the site can be a revenue source. reddit introduced reddit gold in in an announcement that was surprisingly candid about their need to raise money. the original reddit gold was a combination of both premium, ad-free subscription and a type of reaction that allowed premium members to &ldquo;gild&rdquo; a post. 	reactions reactions in twitter dms. likes are a most perfect binary, but the meaning of a like can vary. consider the following interpretations of likes on instagram: this photo is incredibly inspiring to me and i want it hanging on my wall i like it when you like my photos and comments, so i will like your work as part of the social contract we have settled into i appreciate your comment on my photo and i want to recognize your participation it’s difficult, however, to &ldquo;like&rdquo; something with painful or negative emotions. 	“likes” vs. “faves” wikipedia credits vimeo for introducing the first like button as a more casual alternative to favorites. facebook introduced the feature in early , but twitter’s story is an interesting investigation into the differences a word or an icon can make. twitter switched from faves to likes on november . &ldquo;you might like a lot of things, but not everything can be your favorite&rdquo; explained twitter’s announcement. they continued: [w]e know that at times the [fave] star could be confusing, especially to newcomers. 	all my flickr photos, for indexing and archiving links to all my photos in flickr. photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size photo page, original size, large size 	honey cocktails: eau de lavender liquor.com&rsquo;s recipe for eau de lavender, from a larger collection of cocktails with honey. they all look and sound delightful, but i can vouch for the eau de lavender. ingredients / oz tequila / oz fresh lemon juice / oz honey syrup egg white dash scrappy&rsquo;s lavender bitters garnish: lavender sprig steps add all ingredients into a shaker and dry-shake (without ice). add ice and shake again to emulsify thoroughly. 	satellite tracking if you&rsquo;re not reading skyriddles blog, then you&rsquo;re not tracking the sky above. and you might have missed the re-discovery of a satellite launched in and lost for nearly years. as it turns out, there&rsquo;s a lot of stuff that&rsquo;s been forgotten up there, and quite a bit that some are trying to hide. the blog is an entertaining view into the world satellites, including communication, spy, weather, research, and the occasional probe going further afield. 	i'm missing restaurants now @nakedlunchsf was notable for having both a strong contender for the best burger in the city, and the best veggie sando. they kept the menu short and focused, and changed it up every few days based on what was in season and interesting. it was great food, but not fancy. the food, warm atmosphere, and a welcoming front of house team made the place a favorite for me and many others. 	when unzip fails on macos with utf unzip can fail on macos when utf- chars are in the archive. the solution is to use ditto. via a github issue: ditto -v -x -k --sequesterrsrc --rsrc filename.zip destinationdirectory 	tiktok vs. instagram connie chan: rather than asking users to tap into a video thumbnail or click into a channel, the app’s ai algorithms decide which videos to show users. the full-screen design of tiktok allows every video to unveil both positive and negative signals from users (positive = a like, follow, or watching until the end; negative = swipe away, press down). even the speed at which users swipe a video away is a relevant signal. 	swipegram template benjamin lee&rsquo;s instructions and downloadable template to make panoramic carousel instagrams (aka #swipegram), as illustrated via his animation above. 	“it is clear that the books owned the shop... “it is clear that the books owned the shop rather than the other way about. everywhere they had run wild and taken possession of their habitat, breeding and multiplying, and clearly lacking any strong hand to keep them down.” words by agatha christie in photo: ️⃣ macleod’s books, vancouver, british columbia #penderstreet #downtownvancouver #mustbevancouver ️⃣ carlson &amp; turner antiquarian books, portland, maine #portlandmaine #lovemaine at instagram. 	“life is like riding a bicycle... “life is like riding a bicycle. to keep your balance, you must keep moving.” —wisdom by albert einstein the bosch autoparts shop behind these commuters is now converted to an organic restaurant that anchors the northeast corner of copenhagen’s fashionable meatpacking district. at instagram. 	notes about spotify creator features spotify often gets bashed by top creators. the service pays just $ . per stream, but with million users listening to an average of hours per month, those streams can add up for creators who can get the listener&rsquo;s attention. spotify verifies artists who then get additional benefits on the platform. some artists find success the traditional route, some optimize their work for the system, others work the system&hellip;and some really work it. 	exiftool examples i use for encoding analog camera details i&rsquo;m a stickler for detail and love to add exif metadata for my film cameras to my scanned images. these are my notes to self about the data i use most often. i only wish exif had fields to record the film details too. 	random notes on instagram delete your photos deleting your old photos is recurring advice to photograpehers. jp danko suggests deleting photos just for simplicity of management. similarly, eric kim recommends it for decluttering as well. from another side, mike dixon deletes photos as part of his reflection and self-improvement efforts. and caleb kerr argues emotional attachment to old photos is bad for your portfolio and can be a barrier to creating better work. rebrand a number recommend starting from scratch. 	every media has its tastemakers and influencers every media, network, or platform has would-be influencers or promoters who can help connect consumers with creators. don&rsquo;t mistake the value of these tastemakers, and be sure to find a place for them to create new value for your platform. 	storehouse: the most wonderful story sharing flop ever storehouse shuttered in summer , just a couple years after they launched, but the app and website introduced or made beautiful a few features that remain interesting now. 	“he had ridden his horse into the saloon on a dare... “he had ridden his horse into the saloon on a dare—his practice was always to accept dares; it spiced life up a little.” words: larry mcmurtry  at instagram. 	editorial efforts at scale anywhere you can find content—even user-generated content—you&rsquo;ll find a content strategy and editors ensuring that content aligns to strategy (and to community standards). 	somewhere, something incredible is waiting... “somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known” words commonly misattributed to carl sagan, but most likely written by reporter sharon begley the eight-dish submillimeter array on mauna kea in hawaii was one of a global federation of radio telescopes used to produce the world’s first images of a black hole earlier this year. from wikipedia: “the radio frequencies accessible to this telescope range from – gigahertz ( . 	don’t make it dull... don’t make it dull if thou can’t make it colorful words by arrow at instagram. 	about that table of “hidden rules among classes” the following table has been circulating recently. i sourced it to framework for understanding poverty: a cognitive approach by ruby payne, phd, who sells educational materials and consulting services through her company, aha! process. poor middle class wealthy possessions people. things. one-of-a-kind objects, legacies, pedigrees. money to be used, spent. to be managed. to be conserved invested. personality is for entertainment. 	the couple in the booth next door... the couple in the booth next door, just been up all night smoking cigarettes and talking about life as the waitress hovers with nothing else to do but daydream about the cop she wants to screw words by david e oprava  silver crest donut shop, san francisco #americansquares at instagram. 	maybe life is all about twirling under one of those midnight skies... maybe life is all about twirling under one of those midnight skies, cutting a swathe through the breeze and gently closing your eyes. words by sanober khan at instagram. 	design exercises for product leadership in a way, my career in tech started with graphic design. and as a not very good graphic designer, i eagerly looked for ways to improve my work. nothing beats inspiration and skillful effort, but sometimes finding inspiration is a matter of changing how you look at the subject. there are some exercises that can help with that and sometimes offer a shortcut to inspiration when all else fails. consider an illustration project in which you need to represent a subject. 	sai morgan you say rolls i say royce you say god give me a choice you say lord i say christ i don’t believe in peter pan frankenstein or superman sai rode by on his bike and i invited him over for a photo. i’ve tried to send him the photos to the email address he gave me (s morgan@[redacted]), but i haven’t heard back. 	before i built a wall i’d... before i built a wall i’d ask to know what i was walling in or walling out, and to whom i was like to give offense. words by bob frost at instagram. 	normcore, mysticore, streetwear, and other words for “fashion” normcore normcore, at its most basic level, is fashionable people choosing to dress unfashionably, which is hardly a new idea. a case could be made that normcore has existed since the popularization of ready-to-wear clothing in the early s. any clothing that is not made by hand or commissioned specifically for a person is ready-to-wear. almost immediately after the creation of ready-to-wear fashion, it became a trend to wear what everyone else was wearing, especially if you were a wealthy person not used to sharing clothes with the commoners. 	how big is s ? tl;dr: somewhere between - exabytes. 	up in the air i go flying again/up in the air and down! how do you like to go up in a swing, up in the air so blue? up in the air i go flying again, up in the air and down! words by robert louis stevenson music cc-by-nc-sa: “cocek” by the underscore orkestra the swing is an installation at the #bombaybeachbiennale titled “the water ain’t that bad, it’s just salty” by @damonjamesduke and @ssippi with the bombay bunny club 	glitter, glitter, everywhere near the entrance, metal shelves taller than a man were laden with over one thousand jumbo jars of glitter samples arranged by formulation, color, and size: emerald hearts, pewter diamonds, and what appeared to be samples of the night sky collected from over the atlantic ocean. there were neon sparkles so pink you have only seen them in dreams, and rainbow hues that were simultaneously lilac and mint and all the colors of a fire. 	it's , and we need to fight for the future of the internet there are obviously conflicting opinions about how to piece together new and complex regulation, legislation, or tech innovation. but this has been true throughout history whenever a new idea begins to be broadly adapted. before the internet, we had to figure out how to manage cars and electricity and steam power and even the use of the written word (which many, including socrates, actually argued against). the internet is no different. 	the myth of the rv the myth of an rv is that you can go anywhere and bed down wherever you end up. the reality is that you can’t go just anywhere, and bedding down is not much more comfortable or convenient than tenting. 	astrophotography in san francisco from the space tourism guide: can you see the milky way in the bay area? unfortunately, it is very difficult to see the milky way in san francisco. between the foggy weather and the light pollution from million people, you can imagine that the faint light of our galaxy is lost to view. but c. roy yokingco argues: some people say the milky way cannot be photographed within miles of a major metropolitan area. well, this photo of the milky way was captured linear miles south of downtown san francisco, california. 	vijay selvaraj @iamvijayselvaraj looking like he’s modeling the new eos r for @canonusa while we were playing with strobes. at instagram. 	on building the plane while flying it &ldquo;building a plane while flying it&rdquo; or some variation has been used to describe situations in education ( ), education ( ). education ( ), health care, medicine, ride-hailing startups, business strategy, even fluffier business stories, and&hellip;this. and long before earning broad criticism for its use in tech, the phrase was vividly illustrated in an ad for electronic data systems (eds) that has since been appropriated for all the circumstances named above, as well as building churches: 	ed zak, photographer i found that hanging at red&rsquo;s java house and wanted to learn more about ed zak. i mean, with ad copy like this, how can you not want to know more? find out why you should fly our to san francisco to shoot with a photographer who will make you eat at red&rsquo;s java house and drive you around in this car. a photo shoot with ed zak is a photo shoot like no other. 	competing approaches to deadlines and excellence some people see deadlines as guidelines to aim for, not absolute dates by which a deliverable is expected by this view of deadlines as flexible guidelines can be seen throughout western culture, as exemplified by the ongoing, oft delayed brexit negotiations. however, deadlines also compete against other factors in any project. consider the three constraints in the project management triangle: 	a mathematical theory and evidence for hipster conformity in four parts academic publishes mathematical theory for conformance among hipsters: https://arxiv.org/pdf/ . .pdf mit tech review covers it, with a fancy photo illustration using a stock photo of a hipster-looking male: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/ /the-hipster-effect-why-anti-conformists-always-end-up-looking-the-same/ a hipster-looking male contacts mit tech review to loudly complain about their using a picture of him without asking: https://twitter.com/glichfield/status/ it turns out the hipster-looking male in the photo isn’t the same as the one who complained: https://twitter.com/glichfield/status/ 	the problem with content management systems in three tweet storms exhibit a: a series of tweets by gideon lichfield, editor of mit technology review and formerly of quarz, who asked: 	the legal case for emoji emoji are showing up as evidence in court more frequently with each passing year. between and , there was an exponential rise in emoji and emoticon references in us court opinions, with over percent of all cases appearing in , according to santa clara university law professor eric goldman, who has been tracking all of the references to “emoji” and “emoticon” that show up in us court opinions. 	inter-az cloud network performance archana kesavan of thousandeyes speaking at nanog reports that network traffic between azs within a single region is generally &ldquo;reliable and consistent,&rdquo; and that tested cloud providers offer a &ldquo;robust regional backbone for [suitable for] redundant, multi-az architectures.&rdquo; thousandeyes ran tests at ten minute intervals over days, testing bidirectional loss, latency, and jitter. kesavan reported the average inter-az latency for each tested cloud: aws azure gcp . 	default fonts that could have been i learned about serif and sans serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. it was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, and i found it fascinating. from steve jobs in stanford graduation address, explaining how he fell in love with typography during his time at reed college. he studied calligraphy like a monk, but&hellip;. 	spectre is here to stay as a result of our work on spectre, we now know that information leaks may affect all processors that perform speculation&hellip;. since the initial disclosure of three classes of speculative vulnerabilities, all major [cpu] vendors have reported affected products&hellip;. this class of flaws are deeper and more widely distributed than perhaps any security flaw in history, affecting billions of cpus in production across all device classes. from ross mcilroy, jaroslav sevcik, tobias tebbi, ben l. titzer, and toon verwaest (all of google) in spectre is here to stay; an analysis of side-channels and speculative execution. they continue: 	bare metal clouds are hard the problem, explains eclypsium, is that a miscreant could rent a bare-metal server instance from a provider, then exploit a firmware-level vulnerability, such as one in uefi or bmc code, to gain persistence on the machine, and the ability to covertly monitor every subsequent use of that server. in other words, injecting spyware into the server&rsquo;s motherboard software, which runs below and out of sight of the host operating system and antivirus, so that future renters of the box will be secretly snooped on. indeed, the researchers found they could acquire, in the softlayer cloud, a bare-metal server, modify the underlying bmc firmware, release the box for someone else to use, and then, by tracking the hardware serial number, wait to re-provision server to see if their firmware change was still intact. and it was. bmc is the baseband management controller, the remote-controllable janitor of a server that has full access to the system. 	taking net promoter scores too far pick somebody in your life and send them a message asking them how their day is going on a scale of one to . that&rsquo;s from author and game designer jane mcgonigal, quoted in reader&rsquo;s digest. 	helvetica vs. univers univers was intrinsically superior to helvetica. it had a much larger family at the outset, with members compared to four in . more importantly, its family was logically designed with consistent weights and widths, something that helvetica never achieved until its redesign as neue helvetica in . univers’ characters, stripped of “unnecessary” elements such as the beard on ‘g’ or the curve on the tail of ‘y,’ were also more rationally designed. 	spielberg on the theater experience there’s nothing like going to a big dark theater with people you’ve never met before, and having the experience wash over you. steven spielberg, quoted in chaim gartenberg&rsquo;s coverage of his speech at the cinema audio society’s cas awards. amusingly, according to gartenberg, spielberg has nothing against the streaming industry, he just really loves the theater experience and worries about what might happen to it. still, it&rsquo;s hard not to imagine the filmmaker being a little bit swayed by the talk of hollywood irrelevance in the face of netflix. 	how pixar dominated the last three decades of special effects pixar&rsquo;s renderman is the visual effects software hollywood didn&rsquo;t think they needed (seriously, george lucas sold off the lucasfilm computer division in ). years later, after producing landmark visual effects for films such as terminator and jurassic park and many more, the academy of motion picture arts and sciences honored pixar and the creators of renderman with an award of merit in &ldquo;for their significant advancements to the field of motion picture rendering as exemplified in pixar&rsquo;s &lsquo;renderman. 	there are no architects at facebook we get there through iteration. we don&rsquo;t try to build an architecture that is failproof. building an architecture and worrying about it for months and months at a time before you actually go deploy it tends to not get us the result we want because by the time we&rsquo;ve actually deployed something the problem has moved or there are more technologies available to solve different problems. we take it seriously enough to say &ldquo;there are no architects on the team. 	the problem with economies of scale economies of scale quickly become economies of hassle from jessamyn, amplifying the exasperation people feel when daily activities are made more complex by poor application of technology. in the example given, the phone app reduces costs for the provider, but doesn&rsquo;t improve the experience for the customer. people may not expect parking to be delightful, but that&rsquo;s not an excuse for making it frustrating. 	wither hardware startups? [i]t’s getting harder to find independent hardware startups that can scale up to something big without getting bought. from dieter bohn on the collective disappointment so many people feel about the eero acquisition. the rise of product ecosystems is increasing the costs and risks for independent hardware startups in every category. (perhaps that&rsquo;s why remarkable positions itself as the intentionally unconnected alternative to our phones.) 	turning off exposure preview on my fuji x-e nanda kusumadi has quite a number of tips for configuring a fuji x-e . those tips include using raw photo recording and turning on k video capture (they&rsquo;re off by default), and one i hadn&rsquo;t considered: enabling adobe rgb color space with its wider than srgb gamut. i prefer not to use some of other the suggestions, such as enabling electronic shutter (it reduces dynamic range). one setting not mentioned in nanda&rsquo;s tips is turning off exposure preview. 	something from nothing: a dog park, a parade, and... on a lark, jaime kornick created patrick&rsquo;s park. then she created a dog parade, then&hellip;. iheart mentioned the dog parade on the radio, local publications wrote about it, and the rsvps started rolling in. in total, more than people said they were coming. that’s when i realized i needed to get a permit. then she got a call: i told them the panel would consist of thought leaders within the canine community, bull shitting. 	market risks and opportunities for linux distro vendors ibm&rsquo;s acquisition of red hat got me thinking about how the market for commercially supported linux distros is changing. ibm is trying to find a foothold in a maturing market dominated by aws while the market for enterprise data centers is shrinking. so, where is linux being used (or will be used), and what&rsquo;s changing in those spaces? to be clear: this is about commercial linux distros, not upstack offerings like openstack, openshift, kubernetes, etc. 	kubesprawl this leads to the emerging pattern of “many clusters” rather than “one big shared” cluster. its not uncommon to see customers of google’s gke service have dozens of kubernetes clusters deployed for multiple teams. often each developer gets their own cluster. this kind of behavior leads to a shocking amount of kubesprawl. from paul czarkowski discussing the reasons and potential solutions for the growing number of kubernetes clusters. 	hard solutions to container security the vulnerability allows a malicious container to (with minimal user interaction) overwrite the host runc binary and thus gain root-level code execution on the host. from aleksa sarai explaining the latest linux container vulnerability. to me, the underlying message here is: containers are linux. from scott mccarty washing his hands of it. kata containers is an open source project and community working to build a standard implementation of lightweight virtual machines (vms) that feel and perform like containers, but provide the workload isolation and security advantages of vms. 	on asking the right questions long before digital cameras killed film, kodak and fuji were locked in a desperate battle for market share. film camera and mm film sales climbed steadily through most of the th century, and in , kodak dominated with % share of the film market, but then things started changing: kodak was said to have done a survey to determine whether its color films were what pro and amateur photographers really wanted. 	explore for inspiration, then test and focus cultivate exploration: as a leader, you want to encourage people to entertain “unreasonable ideas” and give them time to formulate their hypotheses. demanding data to confirm or kill a hypothesis too quickly can squash the intellectual play that is necessary for creativity. then ruthlessly prioritize for focus: [force] teams to focus narrowly on the most critical technical uncertainties and [rapidly experiment for] faster feedback. the philosophy is to learn what you have gotten wrong early and then move quickly in more-promising directions. 	government drinking game the department of agriculture [had] an annual budget of $ bn and was charged with so many missions critical to the society that the people who worked there played a drinking game called does the department of agriculture do it? someone would name a function of government, say, making sure that geese don’t gather at us airports, and fly into jet engines. someone else would have to guess whether the agriculture department did it. 	it just looks better that way in old english the past tense of &ldquo;can&rdquo; did not have an &ldquo;l&rdquo; in it, but &ldquo;should&rdquo; and &ldquo;would&rdquo; (as past tenses of &ldquo;shall&rdquo; and &ldquo;will&quot;) did. the &ldquo;l&rdquo; was stuck into &ldquo;could&rdquo; in the th century on analogy with the other two. from arika okrent, in a mentalfloss piece about the weird history of some spellings. the piece has other examples of spelling changes to conform words to some aesthetic or another, even when those changes were inconsistent with the history and etymology of the word. 	on building a culture of candid debate a good blueprint for [building a culture of candid debate] can be found in general dwight d. eisenhower’s battle-plan briefing to top officers of the allied forces three weeks before the invasion of normandy. as recounted in eisenhower, a biography by geoffrey perret, the general started the meeting by saying, “i consider it the duty of anyone who sees a flaw in this plan not to hesitate to say so. 	subtitling videos there are plenty of people and companies offering human or automated speech-to-text services for video captioning, but embedding those captions in a video was a curiosity to me. bitfield ab&rsquo;s isubtitle is a straightforward choice that does exactly what you expect and adds no complications. however, google drive doesn&rsquo;t import captions embedded in videos, and instead you have to upload them separately. 	shuffle sharding in dropbox's storage infrastructure first, some terms and context: [we aggregate blocks] into gb logical storage containers called buckets. [buckets] are aggregated together and erasure coded for storage efficiency. we use the term volume to refer to one or more buckets replicated onto a set of physical storage nodes. osds [are] storage boxes full of disks that can store over a petabyte of data in a single machine, or over pb per rack. 	parts of a network you should know about if you’re running infrastructure and applications on aws then you will encounter all of these things. they’re not the only parts of a network setup but they are, in my experience, the most important ones. the start of graham lyons&rsquo; introduction to networking on aws, which (though the terms may change) is a pretty good primer for networking in any cloud environment. though cloud infrastructure providers have to deal with things at a different later, graham&rsquo;s post covers the basics—vpcs, subnets, availability zones, routing tables, gateways, and security groups—that customers need to manage when assembling their applications. 	we're gonna need a bigger prng cycle length... the general lesson here is that, even for a high quality prng, you can’t assume a random distribution unless the generator’s cycle length is much larger than the number of random values you’re generating. a good general heuristic is — if you need to use n random values you need a prng with a cycle length of at least n². from a post by mike malone on prngs vs. 	on uber eats nobody knows your restaurant is a popup for independent or family-owned restaurants with less traffic, douglass points to the pop-up restaurant. not to be confused with popup restaurants, which are dining concepts open for a limited time. popups are cooking stations within the main kitchen of a restaurant dedicated to fulfilling delivery-only orders. eater recently profiled a dallas, tx-based chain called sushiyaa, which owns five physical locations but houses a couple dozen brands within them. the virtual brands are only available through uber eats. 	interconnected, machine readable data, at scale the nga provides a free database with no regulations on its use. maxmind takes some coordinates from that database and slaps ip addresses on them. then ip mapping sites, as well as phone carriers offering “find my phone” services, display those coordinates on maps as distinct and exact locations, ignoring the “accuracy radius” that is supposed to accompany them. “we assume the correctness of data, and often these people who are supposed to be competent make mistakes and those mistakes then are very detrimental to people’s daily lives,” said olivier. 	interfaces, surface area, durability a dos program can be made to run unmodified on pretty much any computer made since the s. a javascript app might break with tomorrow’s chrome update &mdash; joe groff (@jckarter) july , a dos program can be made to run unmodified on pretty much any computer made since the s. a javascript app might break with tomorrow’s chrome update from joe groff, who wonders if developers will choose old platforms running in emulators over more complex and volatile modern platforms. 	in praise of refactoring under the right conditions refactoring provides a sort of express lane to becoming a master developer. [&hellip;] through refactoring, a developer can develop insights, skills, and techniques more quickly by addressing a well understood problem from a more experienced perspective. practice make perfect. if not the code, maybe the coder. from patrick goddi, who argues refactoring is about more than code quality. 	the day-to-day drudgery of state sponsored hacking after a review of bids and testing the capabilities of some of the exploits offered, the team decided to build its own malware. &ldquo;this is the only inexpensive way to get to the iphone, except for the [israeli] solution for million and that’s only for whatsapp,&rdquo; explained one team member in a message. &ldquo;we still need viber, skype, gmail, and so on.” the same was true of the android and windows malware and the back-end tools used to manage the campaign. 	who controls the menu? when people are given a menu of choices, they rarely ask: “what’s not on the menu?” “why am i being given these options and not others?” “do i know the menu provider’s goals?” “is this menu empowering for my original need, or are the choices actually a distraction?” (e.g. an overwhelmingly array of toothpastes) from tristan harris, co-founder of the center for humane technology. it’s the first of ten magic tricks he pointed to that technology companies use to hijack users’ minds and emotions. 	apple cloudkit uses foundationdb record layer together, the record layer and foundationdb form the backbone of apple&rsquo;s cloudkit. we wrote a paper describing how we built the record layer to run at massive scale and how cloudkit uses it. today, you can read the preprint to learn more. from an anonymous foundationdb blog post introducing relational database capabilities built atop foundationdb&rsquo;s key-value store. the paper about cloudkit (pdf) is also worth a read. cloudkit is apple&rsquo;s free at any legitimate scale back-end as a service for all ios and macos apps. 	you can identify a dog on the internet, but will you bother to? you can construct any [effing] narrative by scouring the internet for people claiming something. it doesn&rsquo;t make it relevant. it doesn&rsquo;t make it true. from agri ismaïl&rsquo;s media criticism (start here). this isn&rsquo;t an issue of not knowing the dogs on the internet, it&rsquo;s a matter of not caring who&rsquo;s a dog in the interest of either clicks or political interest. 	technology choices, belonging, and contempt i was taught to be contemptuous of the non-blessed narratives, and i was taught to pay for my continued access to the technical communities through perpetuating that contempt. i was taught to have an elevated sense of self-worth, driven by the elitism baked into the hacker ethos as i learned to program. by adopting the same patterns that other, more knowledgable people expressed i could feel more credible, more like a real part of the community, more like i belonged. 	rollback buttons and time machines adding a rollback button is not a neutral design choice. it affects the code that gets pushed. if developers incorrectly believe that their mistakes can be quickly reversed, they will tend to take more foolish risks. [&hellip;] mounting a rollback button within easy reach [&hellip;] means that it’s more likely to be pressed carelessly in an emergency. panic buttons are for when you’re panicking. from dan mckinley, speaking about the complications and near impossibility of rolling back a deployment. 	don't let requests linger in practice, we have fixed whole classes of reliability problems by forcing engineers to define deadlines in their service definitions. from ruslan nigmatullin and alexey ivanov on dropbox&rsquo;s migration to grpc. also consider request replication. 	polarization vs. judgement in a polarized climate, opponents would jeer even eloquence from an unwelcome source; partisans would chant lovingly for public incontinence if delivered on behalf of the home team. from politico editor-in-chief john f. harris, talking about trump, but the point seems to apply far more broadly. 	shooting down star wars as a vehicle for exploring human relationships with future technologies into the ongoing fight between those who dismiss star wars as a shallow space opera vs. those who who would elevate the movies to a position of broader significance (so-called hard science fiction) strolls jeremy hsu, who points out: regardless of writer-director rian johnson’s intentions for “the last jedi,” his story transformed the adorable robotic sidekick into a murder droid with a will of its own. that would normally have huge implications in a science fiction story that wants to seriously explore a coherent and logical futuristic world setting. 	incident postmortems: customer communication incidents happen. the question is whether or not we&rsquo;re learning from them. there are a bunch of postmortem resources collected here to help teams maximize the learning and service reliability improvements they can gain from an incident. however, there&rsquo;s a separate question about how to communicate about incidents with customers. this definitely involves communications during the incident, but i&rsquo;m especially interested in customer-facing communications after an incident. these seem to be the key questions customers need answers to: 	pid controllers are way cooler than the wikipedia article lets on the wikipedia entry on pid controllers is perfectly accurate, but it seems to bury the elegance of the technology and theory. meanwhile, the article on gyroscopic autopilot (both maritime and aeronautical) makes no mention of pid controllers, despite that being the field in which the theory of pid controllers was developed. pid controllers are all around us. they make elevators accelerate and decelerate without knocking passengers to the floor or pinning them to the ceiling, they stabilize video for pros and consumers alike, they make anti-lock brakes work, and nearly every other automated task in the software and physical world where the control needs to be adjusted based on observed conditions. 	wikipedia quotes: mathematical models of vagueness and ignorance [f]uzzy logic uses degrees of truth as a mathematical model of vagueness, while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. from wikipedia on fuzzy logic. 	ipads as primary computers: never say never this twitter thread has some points worth considering for those interested in how our expectations and relationship with &ldquo;business tools&rdquo; changes over time: and, in case that tweet disappears, here&rsquo;s the key text and the referenced gui review: i’m fascinated by the technical “class” obsession w/ ipads replacing laptops. this review of gui and mouse is what i think some of the review of the ipad will look like in years. 	common root causes of intra data center network incidents at facebook from to from a large scale study of data center network reliability by justin meza, tianyin xu, kaushik veeraraghavan, and onur mutlu, the categorized root causes of intra data center incidents at fabook from to : category fraction description maintenance % routine maintenance (for example, upgrading the software and firmware of network devices). hardware % failing devices (for example, faulty memory modules, processors, and ports). 	the entirely rational, yet surprising relationship between timecode broadcasts and sputnik many us folks just changed their clocks for daylight saving time, and here in california we&rsquo;re voting on a proposition that might lead to changes in california&rsquo;s time standards, so quite a number of people have time on their minds. meanwhile, on a national level, trump intends to defund one of the mechanisms we use to to synchronize time across the country. the national institute for standards and technology operates timecode radio stations. 	republics, power, and populism: their rise and fall mike duncan, writing in the washington post on the fall of the roman republic: some in the roman leadership could see clearly by the s and s b.c. that this socioeconomic dislocation was becoming an acute problem. they could see that, out in the countryside, families were losing their land, and in the cities, grain shortages were leading to panic and starvation. these poor families were certainly not sharing the benefits of rome’s imperial wealth and power. 	pour one out for the sears catalog, the original market disrupter whet moser pointed out this enlightening twitter thread that explains an aspect of sears i hadn&rsquo;t considered before: by disrupting retail stores with mail-order, it was empowering a demographic that was often underserved in their communities: the sears catalog succeeded because it got the goods to people who couldn’t get to stores. one of those demographics? african-americans. in a lengthy twitter thread, cornell historian louis hyman writes that it freed up black southerners from going to general stores, which was often (at best) a humiliating experience. 	donut tours everywhere i&rsquo;m a big enough fan of donuts that i&rsquo;ve planned tours to explore and celebrate them: : the lowell donut tour : donut tour : this time it&rsquo;s personal those tours focused on massachusetts, but it turns out that isn&rsquo;t the only state with a strong donut heritage. the butler county visitors bureau promotes a donut trail, including map, passport, and faq. those who complete the passport can receive an exclusive donut trail t-shirt. 	how to date your foodstuffs whet moser, suddenly making sell-by dates on food products relevant to me: about a quarter of us methane emissions comes from food rotting in landfills. the dates on our packaged food products look so authoritative, but the way moser tells it, they were invented by marketing folks to increase sales at the cost of disposing of otherwise good products that have an expired sell-by date. 	fuji instax back for hasselblad isaac blankensmith writing in petapixel about building an instax instant film back for a hasselblad : instant photos are magical. they develop before your eyes. you can share them, gift them, spill water on them, draw on them. the only problem is that most instant cameras are pretty cheap — that’s why i’ve always wanted to hack my medium format camera to take instant photos with shallow depth of field and sharpness. 	can we train ourselves out of color blindness? which one of the boxes has an irregular color? a screenshot of the igame color vision test. i&rsquo;m very color blind by traditional tests, but my score in this one has improved over time. am i learning the test, or&hellip;? 	psa reminder about takt time from wikipedia a common misconception is that takt time is related to the time it takes to actually make the product. in fact, takt time simply reflects the rate of production needed to match the demand. said again: it’s the required rate, not the actual rate. 	notes on observing the milky way notes from kevin palmer at dark site finder and matt quinn at petapixel. what is it? cc-by-nc-nd by bryce bradford kevin palmer: every star you can see with the unaided eye is located within the milky way. [&hellip;] but when most people talk about “seeing the milky way”, they are talking about the core of the galaxy. located in the constellation sagittarius, this is the brightest part of the milky way. 	restaurants, hotels, mustaches, wages matthew taub, writing in atlas obscura around the same time, the first modern restaurants were rising around paris. these establishments, primarily for the wealthy, sought to recreate the experience of dining in an upscale home. the experience was about more than food. waiters had to retain the appearance of domestic valets, who were forbidden to wear mustaches as a sign of their rank. diners were “paying to humiliate people in an almost institutional way,” says historian gil mihaely, who has published extensively on the subject of french masculinity. 	a cold day in coaldale a cold day in the desert. coaldale, nevada music cc-by-nc-sa: dan warren, “the debate” at instagram. 	bad maps are ruining american broadband karl bode in the verge: in policy conversations, isp lobbyists lean heavily on the fcc’s flawed data to falsely suggest that american broadband is dirt cheap and ultra competitive, despite real-world evidence to the contrary. isps also use this false reality to imply meaningful consumer protections aren’t necessary because the market is healthy (as we saw during the fight over net neutrality). 	s and cloudfront configuration frustration it turns out that the interaction between s , cloudfront, and route can be bumpy when setting up buckets as cdn origins. it’s apparently expected that a cloudfront url will read data from the wrong bucket url and redirect browsers there for the first hour or more. the message from aws is “just wait,” which makes for a crappy experience. 	time synchronization is rough cloudflare on the frustrations of clock skew: it may surprise you to learn that, in practice, clients’ clocks are heavily skewed. a recent study of chrome users showed that a significant fraction of reported tls-certificate errors are caused by client-clock skew. during the period in which error reports were collected, . % of client-reported times were behind by more than hours. ( . % were ahead by more than hours.) this skew was a causal factor for at least . 	parents in vs. this thread from breanne boland, which starts with a screenshot of another tweet: your parents in : don’t trust anyone on the internet. your parents in : freedom eagle dot facebook says hillary invented aids. 	twin beech, beatty, nv just outside beatty nevada you’ll find a weathered sign promising the services of a long-closed brothel, and next to it, an aircraft covered in generations of tags. the plane, a twin beach, made an abrupt and final landing in the s as the unexpected end to a marketing stunt—or perhaps a dare—gone wrong. sit at the bar in town for a while and you’ll get a number of stories. 	windows was mb. today we have web pages heavier than that! the title is a quote from nikita prokopov, who is wallowing in disenchantment. 	claim chowder from : computational photography way back in i wrote: i’m sure somebody will eventually develop software to automatically blur the backgrounds of our smartphone photos, but until then, this is basic physics. the new camera system in the iphone xs seems to have moved computational photography from the world of parlor tricks to the mainstream. update this blog post from the developer of halide, a premium camera app for ios, goes into a lot more detail about all the computation going on in the new cameras. 	the color of copenhagen the color of #copenhagen is it yellow, brown, mustard? i love all the shades. at instagram. 	the real goldfinger: the london banker who broke the world goldfinger, the bond film, is based on a premise that is incredibly foreign to today&rsquo;s audiences: moving gold between countries was illegal. oliver bullough in the guardian asks us all to think about that a bit more: the us government tried to defend the dollar/gold price, but every restriction it put on dollar movements just made it more profitable to keep your dollars in london, leading more money to leak offshore, and thus more pressure to build on the dollar/gold price. 	git foo a few git commands i find myself having to look up: resolve git merge conflicts in favor of their changes during a pull: git pull -xtheirs git checkout --theirs the/conflicted.file source viewing unpushed git commits git log origin/master..head you can also view the diff using the same syntax: git diff origin/master..head or, &ldquo;for a little extra awesomeness&rdquo; git log --stat origin/master..head updated since it was first posted: starting with git . 	things that make us dumber: air pollution, full bladders air pollution is making us dumber, study shows: the team found that both verbal and math scores &ldquo;decreased with increasing cumulative air pollution exposure,&rdquo; with the decline in verbal scores being particularly pronounced among older, less educated men. study links urge to pee with impairment: snyder and his team ran the study on eight individuals, who each drank milliliters of water every minutes until they reached their “breaking point,” where they could no longer hold their urine. 	maintenance and renewal abby sewell, with photographs by jeff heimsath, in the national geographic: every spring, communities gather to take part in a ceremony of renewal. working together from each side of the river, the villagers run a massive cord of rope, more than a hundred feet long and thick as a person’s thigh, across the old bridge. soon, the worn structure will be cut loose and tumble into the gorge below. over three days of work, prayer, and celebration, a new bridge will be woven in its place. 	hash rings, sharding, request replication balancing data and activity between shards your consistent hash ring leads to inconsistent performance: the basic consistent hashing algorithm presents some challenges. first, the random position assignment of each node on the ring leads to non-uniform data and load distribution. second, the basic algorithm is oblivious to the heterogeneity in the performance of nodes. from https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/ladis /papers/lakshman-ladis .pdf, which explains that cassandra addresses that common problem by “analyz[ing] load information on the ring and have lightly loaded nodes move on the ring to alleviate heavily loaded nodes. 	steven dean mcclellan, bombay beach steven dean mcclellan, bombay beach at instagram. 	improving automated fault injection automated failure analysis is hard, manual failure analysis requires great expertise. 	why this painting of dogs playing poker has endured for over years jackson arn in artsy: the “dogs playing poker” paintings, by cassius marcellus coolidge, belong to that pantheon of artworks—michelangelo’s david, da vinci’s mona lisa, botticelli’s the birth of venus, van gogh’s starry night, hopper’s nighthawks— that are immediately recognizable to people of all ages and backgrounds, including those who don’t readily admit to enjoying art. so how, pray tell, did a pack of dogs playing poker outlast so many other “serious” paintings? 	willie in christiana willie has lived in christiana since it was founded in at instagram. 	product managers, project managers, delivery managers, and engineering managers, according to quora i&rsquo;m trying to write some job descriptions, so of course i found myself in quora. what is the difference between program manager and delivery manager? as delivery manager, we ensure the projects are delivered on time and on budget. we are a slightly higher level work that project managers in the sense that we try not to escalate issues as much as resolving them and letting upper management know of relevant issues. 	twin beech, beatty this beautiful old twin beech lies wrecked and abandoned near beatty, nv. locals tell stories of how the plane was used to shuttle guests from las vegas to the town’s brothel in the s, but things went wrong with a publicity stunt, or perhaps a dare, and the plane made its final landing here. at instagram. 	love locks, copenhagen love locks in copenhagen toldbodgade bridge over nyhavn inlet. at instagram. 	campanology, noun the cambridge dictionary tells us that &ldquo;campanology&rdquo; means &ldquo;​the art or skill of ringing church bells.&rdquo; it doesn&rsquo;t give us a collective noun, however, but i&rsquo;m sure this is it: a group of bell ringers? that’s a &ldquo;pubfull&rdquo; with more at pinterest. 	bar velo, brooklyn bar velo, brooklyn #mediumformat #fujigw iii at instagram. 	transamerica pyramid, from columbus avenue #ispytransamericapyramid from the center of columbus avenue at broadway at instagram. 	tantallon castle, scotland tantallon castle, scotland at instagram. 	vxlan routing recommendations from cumulous networks vxlan routing recommendations from cumulous networks, which offers switch software (but not client software). https://cumulusnetworks.com/blog/vxlan-designs-part- / vxlan routing is the process in which a vtep receives a vxlan packet destined to itself, removes the vxlan header and then performs a layer route lookup on the inner decapsulated packet. since the vtep has to perform two sets of lookups, first on the encapsulated vxlan traffic then on the decapsulated inner packet, it requires special hardware asic to perform both lookups in a single pass all in hardware. 	flight of the bumblebee flight of the bumblebee music: jazzy ashes, cc by-nc-sa the underscore orkestra at instagram. 	steven dean mcclellan, bombay beach steven dean mcclellan, bombay beach at instagram. 	birdsong birdsong, mural by joshua coffy at instagram. 	flickr get photo page from image name let’s say you have an old-style flickr photo url like the following: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ _ c f .jpg now let’s say you want to find the page on flickr for that photo? put the photo id in a url like this: https://www.flickr.com/photo.gne?id= 	poulsen welding shop, susanville, ca poulsen welding shop, susanville, ca growing up, i remember welding and fabrication shops being common. not so much anymore. there are just over , self-employed welders in the us today, according to the bureau of labor statistics, but getting historical data from them is approximately impossible. looking for more, i found assembling magazine’s retrospective on how welding has changed in the past half century or so: new processes, such as electron beam welding, friction welding, plasma arc welding, friction stir welding, explosion welding and laser beam welding, have increased the range of materials and components that can be welded. 	object storage prior art and lit review this list is not exhaustive. instead, it is a selection of object storage implementations and details that appear interesting. some themes that it many or all of these comparators struggled with include: new systems to meet scaling needs facebook, google, and yahoo are all very open about having reinvented their object storage solutions to address evolving needs (typically cost and availability) as they scaled. those players dramatically reinvented their systems without strong regard for backwards compatibility, but evidence suggests s has gone through similarly dramatic changes as well, but without breaking api compatibility. 	naming things is hard. naming people is harder. michael sherrod and matthew rayback scoured american census records searching for atrocious baby names. the results are compiled in an amusing little book called bad baby names: the worst true names parents saddled their kids with—and you can too!. among the names they discovered were “toilet queen,” “leper,” “cholera,” “typhus,” “stud duck,” “loser,” “fat meat,” “meat bloodsaw,” “cash whoredom,”“headless,” “dracula,” “lust,” “sloth,” “freak skull,” “sexy chambers,” “tiny hooker,” “giant pervis,” “acne fountain,” “legend belch,” and “ghoul nipple. 	yongma land just a creepy fiberglass clown head at an abandoned amusement park outside seoul at instagram. 	stereotypical photo of the brooklyn bridge gray skies at the #brooklynbridge at instagram. 	yarn bombed, san francisco city hall yarn-bombed trees outside san francisco city hall at instagram. 	observing an abandoned building and open landscape, coaldale, nevada open floor plan, coaldale junction, nevada music: cc-by-nc-sa dan warren at instagram. 	feature flags gone wrong btw – if there is an sec filing about your deployment, something may have gone terribly wrong. from doug seven explaining how, in , that&rsquo;s exactly what happened. 	rain, san francisco much-needed rain soaks the tables at san francisco’s ferry building. at instagram. 	spencer wynn: hello project spencer wynn&rsquo;s hello project is everything i need right now. 	johnathan little i first met johnathan little on us route , about miles due north of pahrump, nv. he’d been walking since he left oklahoma one day a while back. #vanlife gets a lot of love on instagram, but johnathan joined the #walkinglife to regain his self-respect and lose some weight, and he seems on a path to do both. this photo was from the second time i met him, on my way back from beatty, nv. 	the kpa soldier guarding the door to north korea the door behind this kpa soldier exits to north korea. in addition to needing a stolid face, kpa soldiers must be expert martial artists, according to wikipedia. at instagram. 	no groceries, mina, nevada &ldquo;grocery, sundries, ice cream&rdquo; in mina, nevada at instagram. 	the paradox of tolerance less well known is the paradox of tolerance: unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance. if we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them. — in this formulation, i do not imply, for instance, that we should always suppress the utterance of intolerant philosophies; as long as we can counter them by rational argument and keep them in check by public opinion, suppression would certainly be unwise. 	aws regions, azs, and vpcs, nics, ips, and performance jump to section: availability zones and regions vpcs elastic ips and elastic network interfaces network performance resources by scope connectivity by scope availability zones and regions aws’ primary cloud is available in regions, each with two to six availability zones, not including separately operated regions (with independent identity) for govcloud and china. most aws services operate independently in each region (though identity is shared across regions in the primary cloud), and each service has its own (often region-specific) endpoint (many libraries and the aws cli simply insert the region name in the endpoint url). 	claim chowder: cloud storage ten years ago apple was still doing macworld expo keynotes, and that year they introduced time capsule. my response was this: forget time capsule, i want a space ship: so here’s my real question: why hasn’t apple figured out how to offer me a storage solution that puts frequently used items on local disk, and less-frequently used items on a network disk? seamlessly. ten years later: cloud storage is definitely the norm. 	dalhousie castle sunrise to sunset at @dalhousiecastle music: “the moments of our mornings” cc-by-nc kai engel at instagram. 	the make us proud and yld offices just another awesome day at the make us proud and yld offices (find them on twitter). @tomholloway is the star of this one, but you’ll see some others on the team working on a project for @joyent. shot with an @alpinelabs radian music is cc-by-nc-sa dexter britain at instagram. 	good enough, satisficing, and meeting market demand nanda kusumadi: companies tend to over-serve customers in their products to the point that the surplus of performance metrics cannot be consumed. this leads to waste in r&amp;d, build and operational resources, basically a waste of human capital. over-serving products have been optimised well beyond what a user can consume. 	atomic cafe neon the famous neon sign at @atomicliquors, #lasvegas’ oldest bar, where s patrons used to enjoy views of nuclear tests from the roof. i had the joy of meeting the former owner, joe sobchik, on a visit in . i stopped by around am (yes, i make a habit of visiting bars early in the morning) and found the owner, joe sobchik, sipping a coffee at the bar. he was a man full of stories, i could tell, but i was foolishly unprepared. 	aws' andy troutman on component reusability what we do first is we build very simple foundational building block services … we will build the simplest possible service that you could think of. the next thing we do is we encourage an open marketplace within amazon so individual teams can use, optimize, and extend these basic services. we use our individual [teams] as a test lab to experiment on better ways to do things, and when we find something that seems to be working, we look for ways to [grow it and use it more] broadly. 	drivers and “standards” for both network and block storage, aws is doing significant work to develop and maintain drivers in a variety of guest oss. some of this work improves performance for guest oss running in any modern hardware virtualized environment, but not everything is directly portable. this discussion about adding ena support for netmap is one example. otoh, amazon seems to be sponsoring driver development (see freebsd) when they’re not doing it themselves (see linux). 	hardware virtualization has moved to hardware one of my takeaways from aws&rsquo; bare metal announcements at re:invent this week is that the compute, storage, and network aspects of hardware virtualization are now optimized and accelerated in hardware. aws has moved beyond the limitations that constrained vm performance, and the work they&rsquo;ve done applies both to their bare metal hardware and their latest vm instance types. 	notes from "life of a code change to a tier service (dev )" at aws re:invent andy troutman&rsquo;s talk is useful in explaining complex deployment workflows to management types. 	camera advice: a film camera for a novice a friend of mine sent me a question about a good film camera to get started with: my partner has been thinking for some time about her first camera and she likes the idea of film photography. her birthday is coming up and i’m thinking of buying a camera as a surprise gift to bring on an upcoming backpacking trip. it’s just a thought. we don’t buy each other a lot of stuff because we’re big on experiences, and we save our money so we can travel to see each other. 	dave wascha's years of product management advice in minutes dave wascha (li) speaking at mind the product in san francisco on advice he wished he had as a younger product manager: link to video. you should watch the video, but here&rsquo;s the short version: listen to your customers: focus on deeply understanding your customers’ problems. don’t listen to your customers: it’s up to product managers to figure out solutions to those problems, not customers. my addition: they&rsquo;d ask for faster horses. 	vcrs that rewind faster a story, possibly apocryphal (i.e. i can no longer find the source), tells of electronics manufacturers asking customers what features they wanted in their home video equipment. “vcrs that rewind faster,” they cried. instead they got dvds that didn’t need rewinding. i was remembering that story and went looking to source it and all i could find was my blog post from a decade ago. of course once we got dvds, we then needed to solve the frustrations of the video rental store. 	continuous disruption trains were once seen as icons of freedom. they freed riders from the dust and bumps of horse or stagecoach travel, and dramatically shortened travel times. but that view of trains as agents of freedom changed with the development of the automobile—and the way it shifted control of routes and schedules from the railroad to the driver. this isn&rsquo;t about transportation policy , it&rsquo;s about how previously novel solutions become subject to disruption once they become the baseline against which alternatives are compared. 	mortmar, california carniceria, liquor, grocery this was once north shore, california, but many maps now label it mortmar. at instagram. 	gender stereotypes, toys, and the sears catalog elizabeth sweet, writing in the new york times, way back in on her research into the role of gender stereotypes in the marketing of toys: during my research into the role of gender in sears catalog toy advertisements over the th century, i found that in , very few toys were explicitly marketed according to gender, and nearly percent showed no markings of gender whatsoever. in the s, toy ads often defied gender stereotypes by showing girls building and playing airplane captain, and boys cooking in the kitchen. 	lawrence lessig: republic, lost lawrence lessig in a talk at google in speaking on the topic of his book, republic, lost. his talk concludes: this nation faces critical problems requiring serious attention, but we don&rsquo;t have institutions capable of giving them this attention. they are distracted, unable to focus. and who is to blame for that? who is responsible? i think it&rsquo;s too easy to point to the blagojeviches and hold them responsible, to point to the 	looking up at muir woods end of summer at #muirwoods with a @lomography #spinner at instagram. 	extraterrestrial highway, nevada the extraterrestrial highway, just north of area at instagram. 	ranch hand at auction a ranch hand stands ready to call a bidder in the cowboy auction at the @californiamidstatefair. though they’re traditionally agricultural events, fairs were typically founded by local businesses leaders seeking to grow commerce. basically, they were the tech events of their time. at instagram. 	street jazz new orleans-style jazz on the embarcadero near fisherman’s wharf, shot on #kodak #ektar with a #hasselblad #hasselblad elm at instagram. 	mendocino sunset sunset on the mendocino coast outside at @heritagehouseresort at instagram. 	no more border walls, please america’s greatest legacy is found in the freedoms we uphold for all, not the prohibitions we levy on others. fences, walls, and travel bans are contrary to that legacy. #usmexicoborder #borderfence, #calexico at instagram. 	hearst castle tour hearst castle in mm music: cc-by-nc charmed life by adam selzer at instagram. 	contrails above sutro tower #parallel #contrails above #sutrotower, from #twinpeaks, #sanfrancisco at instagram. 	user stories are documentation while writing up the draft docs for joyent&rsquo;s container name service i leaned heavily on the user stories and use-cases for the feature. it has me realizing that we should consider user stories to be the first draft of the user documentation. indeed, consider that well-written docs and user stories have similar qualities: a user, goal, and benefit, in clear language that’s accessible in small, focused chunks. the cns docs are now in our core documentation library, and i&rsquo;m happy that we&rsquo;ve updated the content management system to support deep linking to individual headings, like this one about adding cns service tags when creating an instance with the triton cli. 	everybody smiles while rolling down the hill... everybody smiles while rolling down the hill at the bring your own big wheel event! at instagram. 	ancient aztec chemistry a - blend of morning glory juice and latex created rubber with maximum bounciness, while a - mix of latex and morning glory made the most durable material. it seems they were making bouncy balls for fun and sport. but, to be clear about the ingredients: morning glory plants tend to grow near rubber trees, and both plants were considered sacred in several mesoamerican cultures. morning glory, for example, was also used in religious ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties. 	no gas at mina, nevada mina, nevada at instagram. 	echoes of product management advice in declarative vs. imperative programming the following line in a post about the difference between declarative vs. imperative programming caught my attention for the way it echoes product management best practices: [i]t’s often good not to think of how you want to accomplish a result, but instead what the component should look like in it’s new state. of course it does matter how you get to where you&rsquo;re going, but it&rsquo;s a whole lot easier if you first focus on aligning everybody on goals and where you&rsquo;re going. 	the hotel huntington and sf skyline the hotel huntington (now @thescarlet_sf) atop #californiastreet, #sanfrancisco music: “faster does it” by kevin macleod (cc-by) at instagram. 	mcway falls #mcwayfalls in #bigsur music: “tomie’s bubbles” by candlegravity (cc-by-nc-sa) at instagram. 	sutro tower #sutrotower, #sanfrancisco music: “feeling dark (behind the mask)” by oop d (cc-by-nc) at instagram. 	tree, paso robles #lonely #tree in a #field in #pasorobles #california music: “silence await” by idk (cc-by) at instagram. 	at the little a’le’inn, rachel... at the little a’le’inn, rachel nevada. film, light leaks, bikers, and aliens. at instagram. 	following a winding road #summer on a #windingroad in #cambria #california music: shady grove by shake that little foot (cc-by-nc-sa) at instagram. 	the top of the mark #sunset at #topofthemark, #sf video: https://www.instagram.com/p/bgrsnl hejs/ at instagram. 	hotel huntington sign at sunset the hotel huntington (now @thescarlet_sf) atop #californiastreet, #sanfrancisco at instagram. 	winding road, cambria #summer on a #windingroad in #cambriacalifornia at instagram. 	will luo will luo at @tempestbarsf at instagram. 	get list of functions in bash script…look for those in argv # get function list as array funcs=($(declare -f -p | cut -d &quot; &quot; -f )) # parse out functions and non-functions i= declare -a cmdargs declare -a otherargs for var in &quot;$@&quot;; do if [[ &quot; ${funcs[@]} &quot; =~ &quot; ${var} &quot; ]]; then cmdargs[i]=${var} else otherargs[i]=${var} fi ((i++)) done echo ${cmdarg[*]} echo ${otherargs[*]} 	on disfluencies your speech is packed with misunderstood, unconscious messages, by julie sedivy: since disfluencies show that a speaker is thinking carefully about what she is about to say, they provide useful information to listeners, cueing them to focus attention on upcoming content that’s likely to be meaty. […]  experiments with ums or uhs spliced in or out of speech show that when words are preceded by disfluencies, listeners recognize them faster and remember them more accurately. 	san francisco’s mark hopkins hotel san francisco’s #markhopkins #hotel at the top of #californiastreet, on # mm #kodakfilm. #sanfrancisco #sanfranciscoca #sfca #sf #olympusstylus #kodakgold #kodakultra #kodakultragold #analog #film at instagram. 	compact camera recommendations a friend asked the internet: can anyone recommend a mirrorless camera? i have some travel coming up and i’m hesitant to lug my dslr around. of course i had an opinion: i go back and forth on this question myself. my current travel camera is a sony rx mark (the mark was recently released). some of my photos with that camera are on flickr. if i decide to get a replacement for my for my bigger cameras, i’ll probably go with a full frame sony a of some sort. 	bring your own big wheel brings smiles only a fool would try covering the #bringyourownbigwheel action on #film. i’m that fool. #sf #sanfrancisco #bigwheel #byobw #hasselblad #ektar #kodakfilm #film at instagram. 	zach houston’s poem store #zachhouston used to be a #mission regular, peddling his #poetry from a #poemstore made up of an old #mechanical #typewriter and carefully selected scrap papers. #sf #sanfrancisco #themission #valenciastreet at instagram. 	rewrite git repo urls a question in a mail list i’m on introduced me to a git feature that was very new to me: it’s possible to have git rewrite the repository urls to always use https or git+ssh, etc. this one-liner seems to force https: git config --global url.https://github.com/.insteadof git://github.com/ or you can add these to your .gitconfig: # use https instead of git and git+ssh [url &quot;https://github.com/&quot;] insteadof = git://github.com/ [url &quot;https://github.com/&quot;] insteadof = git@github. 	the tools on the jeremiah o’brien... the tools on the jeremiah o’brien are built to work on steam cylinders larger than oil drums. they’re mounted to the wall like trophies. on flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/maisonbisson/ / #bw #tools #jeremiahobrien #libertyship #sf #sanfrancisco at instagram. 	docker stories from new relic from new relic’s august blog post: [w]e didn’t try to create a full paas framework all at once. though this may be our eventual goal, it wouldn’t have solved the immediate deployment problem. we did not begin dockerizing our applications by starting with those that have the highest data volume. rather, we started with our simplest internal web apps, particularly stateless things that could scale horizontally. our early testing showed that high throughput apps are not a good choice for your first docker deployment, due to the docker network stack. 	sinistrality vs. dextrality in design photo cc-by-sa gerry dincher this post on why people focus on the right-hand side of a design is an old one, but still valuable today: these days there is a lot of talk about emotional design and how to properly create a connection between users and our products. focusing on the right-hand side of our designs can create these connections. we have the ability to influence and change a user’s belief in what is right and honest with our designs. 	hasselblad dating hasselblad historical and blue moon camera both offer this table to translate hasselblad serial numbers to year of manufacture: v = h = p = i = c = t = u = r = e = s = that should work for both the body and film magazines, though there are some exceptions noted in the comments at blue moon camera: 	how jackie chan wins tony zhou’ video is genius, as are the nine principles of action comedy he’s identified: start with a disadvantage use the environment be clear in your shots action &amp; reaction in the same frame do as many takes as necessary let the audience feel the rhythm in editing, two good hits = one great hit pain is humanizing earn your finish read the full video description for more, and consider donating to support his work. 	photo hipster: playing with cameras after playing with fuji instax and polaroid (with the impossible project film) cameras, i realized i had to do something with kodak. my grandfather worked for kodak for years, and i have many memories of the stories he shared of that work. he retired in the late s, just as the final seeds of kodak’s coming downfall were being sown, but well before anybody could see them for what they were. 	backbone.js and wordpress the three are from , so details may have changed, but they seemed useful enough that i’ve had them open in my browser for a while: http://kadamwhite.github.io/talks/ /backbone-wordpress http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/using-backbone-within-the-wordpress-admin-the-back-end–wp- http://code.tutsplus.com/articles/using-backbone-within-the-wordpress-admin-the-front-end–wp- 	parable of the polygons is the future of journalism okay, so i’m probably both taking that too far and ignoring the fact that interactive media have been a reality for a long time. so let me say what i really mean: media organizations that aren’t planning out how to tell stories with games and simulators will miss out. here’s my example: vi hart and nicky case’s parable of the polygons shows us how bias, even small bias, can affect diversity. 	unit test wordpress plugins like a ninja (in progress) cc-by zach dischner unit testing a plugin can be easy, but if the plugin needs dashboard configuration or has dependencies on other plugins, it can quickly go off the tracks. and if you haven’t setup travis integration, you’re missing out. activate travis ci to start with, go sign in to travis now and activate your repos for testing. if you’re not already using github to host the plugin, please start there. 	unit testing wordpress plugins we’ve been unit testing some of our plugins using the old wordpress-tests framework and tips from this blog post. the good news is that the framework has since been incorporated into core wp, the bad news is that it was changed along the way, and it wasn’t exactly easy to get the test environment setup correctly for the old wordpress-tests. i’ve had a feeling there must be a better way, and today i discovered there is. 	deliverables, iteration, and constraints when asked to give a timeline for project delivery, my first questions, of course, are about the details of the project. then, i take a guess about the timeline and double it, and fight like hell to eliminate blockers and distractions for the team, work with them on implementation theories, ask leading questions that help balance the “optimum” solution against the timeline, and put up whatever obstacles i can to any changes to the plan. 	ruins of roebling’s works from flux machine: a tumbler of kevin weir’s creepy gifs. the original is from the library of congress. if the name “roebling” sounds familiar, it’s because this is the company, founded by john a. roebling, that built the brooklyn bridge and setup a good business making cables, or wire rope. the roebling brothers suspected the fire was german sabotage. given the activities of the german ambassador at the time, the claim has a whiff of plausibility. 	google’s link policies raise hell for simple bloggers i get a bunch of emails like this: we have recently received a notification from google stating that our website has unnatural links pointing towards it. this has affected our rankings on google and as a result, we’re trying to clear things up. our website url is www.builddirect.com. we noticed the following links are pointing to our website from your site: http://becomingdonnareed.com/ http://becomingdonnareed.com/blog/ /season- -episode- -style-note/ http://becomingdonnareed.com/blog/author/sandee/ http://becomingdonnareed.com/blog/category/style/ http://becomingdonnareed.com/blog/tag/crate-and-barrel/ http://becomingdonnareed.com/blog/tag/ikea/ http://becomingdonnareed.com/blog/tag/lumens/ http://becomingdonnareed. 	a/b split testing calculators mixpanel’s a/b testing calculator is a competent performer and valuable tool: thumbtack’s split testing calculator, however, is a surprise standout: that their code is in github is especially delightful. 	algolia search the multi-category autocomplete and autocomplete on filtering operators demos are interesting: 	mastery sarah lewis on mastery: mastery is in the reaching, not the arriving. it’s in constantly wanting to close that gap between where you are and where you want to be 	rebuild iphoto library yeah, iphoto is just about dead, and i’m probably a little crazy to still be using it at all, but i do and now i need to rebuild the library. the knowledgebase article can be summed to this: hold down the command and option keys while opening iphoto. you can’t just click the icon in the dock, you’ve got to double-click the icon in a real finder window (or some other context that doesn’t trap the keys like the dock does). 	x-ray scanners vs. film i’ve been enjoying my fuji instax , but i’m preparing for an upcoming trip and just remembered the challenge of flying with real film. cc-by-nc-sa vegard hagen. the flickr fuji instax room has a couple discussions on the topic, but the answers are inconclusive and unsupported by references. some people shared personal experiences suggesting there was nothing to worry about: studioesper: “never had any problems. i use to work by airports and go thru carry on xray just about everyday with a instax wide. 	porn consumption by geography and type this is shamefully old news, but pornhub released stats that correlate viewing preferences by geography and pulled out a quote too juicy to ignore: dixie loves dicks so much that the percentage of gay viewers for every single state in the south is higher than the average of the legal gay marriage states. i’m concerned that some of the numbers are contradicted in three different places in the same article, but it suits my worldview, so why bother questioning it? 	followup: triggertrap latency and fuji instax tips short answer: triggertrap app audio triggering latency is too long to capture a fast moving event. the app, the dongle, my trusty eos rebel xti, lensbaby (manual focus, soft edge details), and neewer flash worked, but too slowly. the phone was just inches from where i was throwing the dice, but the flash and camera were triggered after most of the action happened. most of the time the die flew off the table before the picture was captured. 	air-gap flashes for fun, and more fun this blog post by maurice ribble explains the problem with xenon flash tubes such as those typically used in photography: [x]enon flash tubes have a minimum duration of / , th of a second. that’s fast enough for most things, but not for a shooting bullet [that] travels around feet/second. in / , th of a second that bullet can travel about / rd of an inch leading to blurry photographs of bullets. 	what’s the minimum latency when using triggertrap audio triggering? cc-by-nc-nd by airguy the core point of triggertrap is to release the camera shutter faster and more reliably than can be done by hand, so this is a bit concerning: the explosion was so fast, that the triggertrap and camera just weren’t fast enough to capture it. so…what is the minimum latency between trigger noise and shutter signal when using the various triggertrap devices? it turns out they’ve gotten a lot of questions, and perhaps no small number of complaints about this issue with their mobile app. 	fuji instax tips and tricks cc-by-nc-sa by mychkine. on focusing and using the closeup attachment lens: if you want to take portraits, use [the included closeup adapter]. with the camera focus set to infinity, the point of sharp focus becomes meter. with the same [closeup] attachment the . - m focus setting gives pin sharp results at cm. (selfie range) the depth of field is quite shallow so it is easy to end up with blurred pictures if you mis judge the distance. 	yeah, he’s probably right apparently nate silver’s book on people being wrong is filled with errors: the text and chart are contradictory, and other errors in the comments. ncar’s computers are water cooled, not fanned with oxygen. 	meet the new media on the future of media, at the awl: of course a website’s fortunes can change overnight. that these fortunes are tied to the whims of a very small group of very large companies, whose interests are only somewhat aligned with those of publishers, however, is sort of new. the publishing opportunity may be bigger today than it’s ever been but the publisher’s role is less glamorous: when did the best sites on the internet, giant and small alike, become anonymous subcontractors to tech companies that operate on entirely different scales? 	the cameras i’ve enjoyed big huge labs reminded me that my flickr birthday is in just a few days. my first photo upload was on may , . flickr itself turned in february, but it was the big huge labs stat and the photo walks today that really got me thinking about how long it’s been. for whatever reason, that has me thinking about the cameras i’ve used over those years. ten years is long enough that i had to go looking to remember some, and long enough that i found some i’d forgotten. 	disclaimer in spam message you are receiving this e-mail because we just received a mass e-mail and the sender forgot to blind cc your addresses. we will only be sending this one e-mail so as to not pester you, so please contact us if you would like more information. 	people pay for photos like this first there was the bad engagement photos tumblr, but now it’s been one-upped by this crazy russian wedding photos livejournal. 	strobist david hobby on hdr i’ve been re-reading david hobby‘s lighting tutorial while at the same time exploring hdr (wikipedia’s hdr article is a good read for those unfamiliar with it). the question that eventually came to mind was how the guy that wrote the following feels about hdr? how often have you heard this, usually with a tone of superiority: “i am a purist, i only shoot available light.” (translation: i am scared shitless of flash. 	what makes us special? in daily kos this weekend: a common thread among young-earth creationists, gun enthusiasts, marriage exclusivists, and the %. the key point is that groups identify by what makes them “feel special.” distilled, here are the four groups: creationists: being created by god makes humans special gun enthusiasts: their role in protecting liberty makes them special marriage exclusivists: making marriage exclusive to straight people makes them special one percenters: their accumulated wealth makes them special i was interested in seeing the author’s evaluation of what may be a motivation for (some) members of the identified groups. 	on “do what you love” a friend forwarded miya tokumitsu’s essay “in the name of love” pointing out the steve jobs quote and summarizing that it “challenges the notion of work at what you love.” i read it with some frustration, then decided i had to ask my friend what he saw in it. i was already into my reply when i tried to look up other works by the author and discovered the piece has been positively covered by a lot of sites i respect. 	magic lantern for eos m the eos m is named as a “beta” supported camera, but you won’t find a download for it in the normal place. instead, you’ll have to use a “tragic lantern” build at tl.bot-fly.com. this forum thread is about the development, while this forum thread includes more how-to and documentation. canon eos m running magic lantern. from magiclantern.fm 	rumors subcomandante marcos, by jose villa, from wikipedia it started at the coffee shop. somebody pointed and made the claim, then everybody was laughing. “he looks just like him!” one said. “how would you know, he wore a mask!” exclaimed another. i looked him up. i could be accused of being a less interesting figure. 	how to identify context inside the wordpress dashboard on wp-hackers, haluk karamete asked: on admin pages, how can i detect that the current admin is dealing with a cpt? andrew nacin answered: get_current_screen()-&gt;post_type. [but] this will also specify a post type when it’s a taxonomy being edited. to filter that out, ensure that get_current_screen()-&gt;base == 'post', which is [true] for edit.php, post-new.php, and post.php (for all post types). haluk didn’t elaborate on the cause of the question, but the answer is very good advice for those seeking to conditionally enqueue js and styles only for specific post types. 	mysql performance tips from around the web gospel: use innodb, never myisam it seems everybody on stackexchange is singing from the same gospel: “[how can i] prevent queries from waiting for table level lock?” answer: use innodb. the major advantages of innodb over myisam. “even in a read-intesive system, just one delete or update statement will quickly nullify whatever benefits myisam has.” the main differences between innodb and myisam, including cache sizing recommendations. “how do you tune mysql for a heavy innodb workload? 	transcend wifi sd card hacking links http://www.fernjager.net/post- /sdcard: as a mhz linux system with mb of ram, using only ~ ma @ . v, the possibilities are endless! http://haxit.blogspot.com/ / /hacking-transcend-wifi-sd-cards.html: this post is written with the intention of exposing not only the exploits which will allow you to root (or jailbreak) the device, but also the process of discovering and exploiting bugs, some of which are a dead end, while others lead to the holy root b-) 	ads-b: the internet of things in the sky ads-b is a civil aircraft tracking and telemetry standard that the faa has ruled will replace transponders by . like a transponder, it’s used to identify air traffic, but with far more more information, such as altitude, heading, speed, and gps location. the protocol also supports delivery of weather, terrain, and notices to aircraft. the ads-b signals from aircraft in the sky are intended for receipt by both air traffic controllers on the ground and by other aircraft in the vicinity. 	need two-way encryption without mcrypt? in a typical lamp environment, but don’t have or can’t trust that mcrypt is available in php? try mysql’s aes_encrypt and aes_decrypt. go read the docs. 	where to buy a submarine no need to explain why, i understand: you need a submarine. and you don’t need a bathtub toy (really?), you need something that will truly wow them at the yacht club. there are a few soviet diesel subs built in the s through s that might be just the thing. photo: public domain, from wikipedia. source. the soviets built over whiskey-class subs, and quite a few of them are on the market now. 	manhattan project tours the manhattan project was among the us government’s’ first big secrets. it’s easy to forget that plutonium, the incredibly radioactive element at the core of the first atomic detonation, was only identified in . two years later army corps of engineers started construction of reactor b to produce it in industrial quantities. today, reactor b is a national historic landmark, and one of only a few locations of the sprawling manhattan project that the public can tour. 	where on earth can i get an weotype list? it’s not like these aren’t documented, but i keep forgetting where. woeid place types: $woetype = array( ' ' =&gt; 'town', ' ' =&gt; 'state-province', ' ' =&gt; 'county-parish', ' ' =&gt; 'district-ward', ' ' =&gt; 'postcode', ' ' =&gt; 'country', ' ' =&gt; 'region', ' ' =&gt; 'neighborhood-suburb', ' ' =&gt; 'colloquial', ' ' =&gt; 'continent', ' ' =&gt; 'timezone', ); they can be queried via yql: &lt;?xml version=&quot; . &quot; encoding=&quot;utf- &quot;?&gt; &amp;lt;placetypes xmlns=&quot;http://where.yahooapis.com/v /schema.rng&quot; xmlns:yahoo=&quot;http://www.yahooapis.com/v /base.rng&quot; yahoo:start=&quot; &quot; yahoo:count=&quot; &quot; yahoo:total=&quot; &quot;&gt; &amp;lt;placetype yahoo:uri=&quot;http://where.yahooapis.com/v /placetype/ &quot; xml:lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;placetypename code=&quot; &quot;&gt;historical town&amp;lt;/placetypename&gt; &amp;lt;placetypedescription&gt;a historical populated settlement that is no longer known by its original name&amp;lt;/placetypedescription&gt; &amp;lt;/placetype&gt; &amp;lt;/placetypes&gt; 	when not to use esc_js() from the codex for esc_js: if you’re not working with inline js in html event handler attributes, a more suitable function to use is json_encode, which is built-in to php. 	dynamic range vs. price and brand dynamic range is what keeps skies blue while also capturing detail in the foreground. without enough dynamic range, we’re forced to choose between a blue sky and dark foreground, or properly exposed foreground and white sky. i’ve been using multiple exposure hdr techniques to increase the dynamic range i can capture, but multiple exposures don’t work well with moving subjects. a camera that can capture good dynamic range in one shot would be better than one that requires multiple shots to do the same. 	happy d. b. cooper day! the fbi&rsquo;s wanted poster for d.b. cooper. d. b. cooper, the guy who hijacked a plane in and then — mid-flight — jumped into the darkness with a bundle of cash and disappeared, is celebrated on this day, the saturday following thanksgiving. granted, this is mostly just a thing in ariel washington, where it’s said to have started in , but the participants are pretty passionate about it. 	a smaller microcontroller for smaller jobs i’ve been thinking a bit about how overkill a full arduino is for shutterfingers, and feeling a bit sheepish about how lazy i am about learning to use some other microcontroller. then i found this guide talking about the attiny : if you’re just blinking a few leds, and reading a single sensor, you can get the job done smaller and cheaper using a simple ic, like the attiny . using it requires a programmer socket and actually mounting the ic to a pcb, but it seems to have enough going on to be useful: 	if i did it over again, i’d make shutterfingers smaller shutterfingers is my simple servo controller that presses the shutter on cameras that don’t support remote control. my first attempt was in a sweet looking, but big aluminum case and incorporates a mah battery to power the arduino, servo, and external power for the camera. well, it all works, but i’m not sure why i approached it that way. having extra power for the camera is essential for some applications, but i’m not sure why i was so anxious to marry the two projects into one. 	just catching on: mysql supports tables in plain csv the storage engine docs are quite clear — “the csv storage engine stores data in text files using comma-separated values format” — and yet i never realized mysql supported it. sure, the tables don’t support indexes and repairing them seems riskier than with other tables, but it still seems to offer a lot of convenience for some things. a comment in the docs suggests how easy csv exports can be: 	on gamification stowe boyd, remarking on the pew internet project report on gamification in which he was quoted: the need for a renewed push in the enterprise to reengage every person with their personal work, to find meaning and purpose, has never been greater. but adding badges to users’ profiles on whatever work management tool the company is on, showing that bette is a super expert customer support staffer, or whatever, is the shallowest sort of employee recognition, like giving out coffee mugs to the folks with the lowest number of sick days. 	shutterfingers works! i mentioned my plans to make a servo controller to mechanically press the shutter button on a camera when signaled from a motion control timelapse robot. the parts have arrived and it’s running on a breadboard. i’ve had to make a few changes to the code, including fixing a variable reference, but the biggest change was to implement the internal pull up resisters on the arduino and reverse the logic. that simplifies the wiring. 	i guess i missed the hand car regatta i followed the raygun gothic rocketship from its former site near the ferry building in sf to its new location in calgary, to the website of the artist collective that made it, to another of their projects: the lumbering contraption, to the internet archive cache of the website for the event at which the contraption appeared, the abandoned facebook page for the event and the april notice that, after four years, the event was well and truly over. 	pcb prototyping services expresspcb promises for a fixed price of $ , you will receive identical layer, . ″ x . ″ pcbs with solder mask and silkscreen layers. that seems like a good plan, but i’m also very new to this market. are there other, better options? and, as long as i’m asking, what software is available for macs to sketch out the schematics and layout pcbs? this spammy article names some free choices and led me to a mac port of kicad. 	simple cameras john gruber links to mike johnston’s post asking: i mean, with hundreds of cameras on the market, wouldn’t you think they could make one that was super-simple, just for that segment of the population that wants it? to this i offer the panasonic lumix lx . i’ve been pretty in love with it lately, and i think it’s the perfect answer to that question. that’s the camera that defied the megapixel race of the late s. 	installing and using mencoder for timelapsing i have a new computer, which has me looking up my old documentation on how i encode still photos from a timelapse series into a video file. as i often do, i’m blogging about it now to make it easier to find next time i need to remember what to install and what settings i’ve found work well. i’ve seen a number of different solutions, but i mostly use mencoder, a command-line tool. 	of course i want an enfojer enfojer is an enlarger that uses your smartphone as both light source and negative. it’s on indigogo now. from the faq: what lens are we using in the enfojer? it is a wide angle polycarbonate toy camera style meniscus lens. it blurs the image just right so you don’t see the pixels on your print. yeah, we tried sharper and better ones, but the results were too sterile. 	fujifilm x and sony nex lenses if i get a new camera system i’ll need new lenses. i’m looking carefully at the sony nex e-mount and fujifilm x-mount because they offer fairly compact cameras with large, aps-c sized sensors. on top of that, however, i usually like to shoot a very wide-angle lens. on a sony nex, my best choice might be sony’s - mm sel- . that’s mm after the . x crop factor, and that’s just fine. on the downside, it’s an $ lens, and only has an f maximum aperture. 	what camera systems are worth it? given that my feelings for canon’s lackluster approach to mirrorless cameras, i’m now obligated to look for a new camera system, and that has me looking at cameras i’d previously ignored. fujifilm’s x system is a recent entrant into the interchangeable lens mirrorless camera fray (note that not all the cameras in the x line sport interchangeable lenses, or similar sensor sizes or body types). the x-e received a gold rating from dpreview, and the new x-m is looking like another good camera as well. 	the eos m system might as well be dead amazon is now selling eos m cameras for $ with free shipping. at that price you have to think about buying it as a joke, but that’s exactly what it is. the camera is hobbled by canon to avoid cannibalizing sales of their other products. consider this: fujifilm’s x series, sony’s mirrorless nex and cameras, panasonic and olympus‘ micro four thirds mirrorless cameras, and others offer good manual controls despite their small size. 	shutterfingers i started work on my first arduino project today, though i have yet to get the hardware. the plan is to build a servo controller that can trigger the shutter on my panasonic lx camera that lacks any sort of remote shutter release. i started looking into this before and found cris benton struggled with the problem as well. i’m planning to go down a path he blazed some years ago: put a servo on it. 	building geos on centos it should be simple, but i ran into a number of errors. first i got stuck on libtool: line : g++: command not found. it turns out i needed to install g++ using: yum install gcc-c++ then i got stuck on this one: platform.h: : : error: #error &quot;can not compile without isnan function or macro [...] &quot;coordinate.inl: : error: ‘isnan’ was not declared in this scope the author of this page faced the problem, but the real insight came from this bug report on an unrelated project: 	about those battery life ratings i added battery life as a factor in my recent review of cameras, but what does the reported battery life of a camera mean? assuming the translated pdf is correct, cipa standards for camera battery life amount to something like this: take pictures continuously until the camera shuts down due to power loss. fire the flash at full power for every other photo, if the camera has a flash. 	lumix lx sample photos a friend was asking about the lumix lx i named in my camera roundup the other day and earlier this year. i keep the lx in the list because of my experience with it’s predecessor a couple generations earlier: the lumix lx . he asked how it performs, but i struggled at first to find photos demonstrating it. i began to wonder if my memory of the lx was a little more glowing than the reality. 	why in-camera gps matters i concluded my review of current camera options with the claim that i’d switch lens systems for a compact interchangeable lens camera that had built-in gps. why do i want gps? because the competition for all the cameras i listed there is my iphone, and one of the reasons i prefer my phone is because every photo i take with it is a little breadcrumb helping me track my travels with very accurate date, time, and location information. 	summer camera options i reviewed a lineup of cameras i’d consider to replace my aging canon rebel xti and panasonic lumix lx  back in february, but i’m on a roll after collecting some film camera party packs so i decided to update this list as well. since i gathered my original list i’ve started using motion control robots and my photo habits have changed. given that, the priority of some of the options has changed a bit as well. 	back to the vault: old vacation pics shot on film my love letter to film cameras as a solution to smartphone addiction at parties had me looking for some old film photos. do we enjoy the idea of film more than the reality? i found a set of photos from a vacation to las vegas in april . it’s clear that whatever photographic technique i’d developed years before had gone fallow. at the time i was shooting with an olympus stylus epic, probably on kodak or speed print film. 	film camera party-packs in the old days, or the s at least, party hosts distributed disposable cameras. then digital cameras and smartphones after that became common. the number of photos has been growing, and in some cases so has the quality. but as the number of cameras has exploded so has the presence of cameras themselves in the photos, and as groups of people line up to be photographed, they’re often now outnumbered by photographers on the other side. 	detect mysql’s “too many connections” error wordpress appears to continue with execution even when mysql refuses connections/queries after init. here’s a comment in the mysql docs suggesting how to detect the condition in raw php: $link = mysql_connect(&quot;localhost&quot;, &quot;mysql_user&quot;, &quot;mysql_password&quot;); if (mysql_errno() == ) { // == er_too_many_user_connections (mysqld_error.h) header(&quot;location: http://your.site.com/alternate_page.php&quot;); exit; } just a note to myself, but i wonder if there’s opportunity here. 	sf gentrification debate i wade into this topic wearily, but i do love my new city, even in the moments where it drifts from critically self-aware to navel gazing. ian s. port’s july review of the media coverage of the gentrification debate included this nugget discussing ilan greenberg’s angle on the topic: [w]hat’s happening here isn’t gentrification at all, but merely middle-class residents using the word to conceal discomfort over richer people coming in and ruining their good time. 	data sources for geographic boundaries world.geo.json to mock something fast and loose with geo-json data for the world, this is your fix. legal status of this dataset: dubious? for a good time, drag them to http://bl.ocks.org/ and paint the globe! world-atlas [a] convenient mechanism for generating topojson files from natural earth. natural earth natural earth is a public domain map dataset available at : m, : m, and : million scales. featuring tightly integrated vector and raster data, with natural earth you can make a variety of visually pleasing, well-crafted maps with cartography or gis software. 	built for a purpose: geographical affordances and crime in cabinet spring , geoff manaugh investigates the relationship between geography and the crimes that geography affords. in the s, los angeles held the dubious title of “bank robbery capital of the world.” at its height, the city’s bank crime rate hit the incredible frequency of one bank robbed every forty-five minutes of every working day. [an fbi special agent once joked] the agency even developed its own typology of banks in the region, most notably the “stop and rob”: a bank, located at the bottom of both an exit ramp and an on-ramp of one of southern california’s many freeways, that could be robbed as quickly and as casually as you might pull off the highway for gas. 	peeking into other people’s photo rigs this all started because i went looking for a way to remote trigger a panasonic lumix lx . the internet is pretty certain that the only way to do it is mount a servo to mechanically press the shutter button. sad. but that led me into cris benton‘s world of photography from poles. yes, he mounts his camera at the end of a carp fishing pole (a noun so unknown to me i almost put it in quotes) to loft it up to ′ in the air. 	speeding up mysql joins on tables with text columns, maybe the thing about wordpress’ db schema is that text and varchar content is mixed in the posts table (to say nothing of the frustrations of datetime columns). that’s not such a problem for a blog with a few hundred posts, but it’s a different matter when you have a few hundred thousand posts. and it wouldn’t even be a problem then, except for this quirk in mysql: instances of blob or text columns in the result of a query that is processed using a temporary table causes the server to use a table on disk rather than in memory because the memory storage engine does not support those data types (see section  . 	what is the difference utf _unicode_ci and utf _general_ci? from the mysql manual: for any unicode character set, operations performed using the xxx_general_ci collation are faster than those for the xxx_unicode_ci collation. for example, comparisons for the utf _general_ci collation are faster, but slightly less correct, than comparisons for utf _unicode_ci. they have a amusing “examples of the effect of collation” set on “sorting german umlauts,” but it unhelpfully uses latin _* collations. and another table that helpfully explains: a difference between the collations is that this is true for utf _general_ci: 	canon + ios tethering solutions there’s magic that happens inside the camera. yes, magic. most cameras expose the controls to that magic via some knobs and buttons and a small lcd screen. the knobs and other physical controls we like, but the screen pales in comparison to those on our iphones. and that’s the thing, the hundreds of apps on our iphones leaves us wondering why our dslrs aren’t an open platform, ready to be reshaped by one app after another. 	testing apply_filters() times testing how long it takes to assign a variable versus assigning through wordpress’ &lt;a href=&quot;http://codex.wordpress.org/function_reference/apply_filters&quot;&gt;apply_filters()&lt;/a&gt;. filters are core to wordpress, but i haven’t yet looked at the total number of apply_filters() calls used throughout the code. the answer to this question is that calling a non-existing filter before assignment is about times more costly than simply assigning it. that’s nothing compared to the cost of actually doing some filtering, however. 	clarity from a distance the sky looks big from earth, but it’s rather different the other way around. i’m not saying it’s not quite an experience, but inspecting the metadata on this photo of new york and surroundings taken on christmas day, , during the first international space station mission surprised me. to wit: it’s only a mm lens. granted, that’s on an old kodak dcs digital camera (a nikon body with kodak imaging unit attached) with a . 	 rd party js libraries cause downtime facebook connect went down hard tonight. huffpo reports that their site was redirecting to a facebook error page, even when people weren’t attempting to log in. yep. busted third-party javascript brings portions of the internet to its knees: huffingtonpost.com/ / / /fac… — kent brewster (@kentbrew) february , it makes me more comfortable with our decision to strip so many rd party javascripts from gigaom during our last redesign. 	camera frustrations and other first world problems i’m not a camera pro. i have some photos on flickr, but it’s just for fun, so i don’t really need a new camera. but i do want one. thing is, there a lot of cameras out there, but none of them has the goldilocks factor. none has the right mix of features, size, and price that makes me happy. i now have an old canon rebel xti, panasonic lumix lx , and gopro hd hero in my camera bag, but i began to feel an itch when i realized my mm f . 	testing file include times for a file that may or may not exist question: should you check for a file before attempting to include it, or just suppress errors? calling file_exists requires stating it twice if the file does exist, so that could take longer. answer: the file_exists pattern is more than five times faster than the @include pattern for a file that doesn’t exist, and not substantially slower when the file does exist. the test: &amp;lt;?php $start_time = $end_time = $i = ; $start_time = microtime( true ); for( $i = ; $i &amp;lt;= ; $i++) { include __dir__ . 	an american iphone in europe by way of update on my earlier post after researching options for at&amp;t iphone users in europe (with an unlocked phone), i ended up not bothering with local sim cards in either the netherlands or france. a savvy user should be able to find a local pay as you go sim plan that’s less expensive than at&amp;t’s data roaming packages, but i’m that user and know very little about the local operators (not even all their names). 	svn or git? @film_firl poked @wordpressvip to ask @wordpressvip @mjangda @viper bond moooove to git!!! she half-kids. no really, please? — christina warren (@film_girl) january , @nacin piled on with @viper bond @film_girl @mjangda vip aside, it’s fairly crazy that wordpress.com hasn’t migrated. svn != tenable dev environment. — andrew nacin (@nacin) january , @viper bond tried to defend the team, and added @film_girl @wordpressvip @mjangda that said transitioning is not always worth it. 	where did all the votes go? what happens to voting data after the election is over? what happens to all those certified results by polling place? how is it that there’s so much coverage leading up to and on the night of the election, but this guy seems to be one of the few sources of historical voting data? amusingly, i found it linked on the library of congress’ website! there’s some very old sources from e. 	on wp_enqueue_scripts and admin_enqueue_scripts an argument has erupted over the wordpress actions wp_enqueue_scripts and admin_enqueue_scripts vs. init. one of the points was about specificity, and how wp_enqueue_scripts and admin_enqueue_scripts can reduce ambiguity. i didn’t realize i had strong opinions on it until the issue was pressed, but it turns out i think wp_enqueue_scripts and admin_enqueue_scripts are unnecessary and unfortunate additions to the actions api. here’s what i wrote in that discussion thread: is spatula city the store that’s most specifically targeted to the sale of fine spatulas? 	confirming that object references in arrays are preserved while cloning the arrays a short test to confirm references are preserved in cloned arrays. // create a stdclass object (using my lazy way of coercing arrays to objects) $object = (object) array( 'thing' =&gt; 'original' ); // add that object to an array element $array = array( 'object_one' =&gt; $object ); // clone the array by assignment to a new variable $array_two = $array; // add a new copy of the original object to a new element in the new array $array_two['object_two'] = $object; // show what we have so far var_dump( $object , $array , $array_two ); the result is: 	ignoring noise in svn diffs svn diff -x &quot;-bw --ignore-eol-style&quot; is your friend when somebody decides to change the end of line style and strip all trailing whitespace from the files in your repo. 	is perl the best solution to write code that needs setuid? a bunch of searching the web for things related to setuid and shell scripts lead me to this answer in stack exchange: perl explicitly supports setuid scripts in a secure way. in fact, your script can run setuid even if your os ignored the setuid bit on scripts. this is because perl ships with a setuid root helper that performs the necessary checks and reinvokes the interpreter on the desired scripts with the desired privileges. 	there’s no ‘git cp filename’? here’s a sequence of unbelievable things: yes, despite a lifetime in subversion, i’m really this new to git! i’m going to link to livejournal in this post! git really doesn’t have an equivalent to svn cp filename! i spent a surprisingly long time reviewing the man pages and surfing the internet to confirm this, but git really assumes you’ll never want to copy a file with history. here’s that livejournal link i promised, where markpasc has similar complaints — from , no less. 	aww, i got thanked! i recently backed the syrp genie, one of a handful of recent motion control timelapse projects on kickstarter. it’s well past its expected ship date, but they done a good job of keeping backers updated on progress and just today they shared photos of the box that will soon be on it’s way to me. they’ve thanked backers with a card in every one of them. if you look closely, you’ll see my name straddling the “thanks” in the center. 	greetings library scientist the california library association is pretty much like every other regional library association i’ve seen, not least because their most visible presence is their annual conference. it may be the season, but the cla is more politically active than others i’ve known. at their core, most such associations exist to promote efficient transfer of operational knowledge from one library to another, from one generation to another. libraries today unfortunately, in less than a generation’s time, the very foundations of libraries has been rocked by technological, legal, and economic changes unlike any these organizations have seen before. 	our arbitrary alphabet we have been gaslighted by the alphabet and now believe the arbitrary string of letters is actually organized according to some plan. hegemonic language and arbitrary order the signs used in writing originate in arbitrary decisions, but the connection with arbitrariness is lost when convention takes over. the convention of long usage kills even the memory of the initial arbitrariness of the signs and gives them an objective and seemingly inevitable presence. 	strange things running on my mac my imac screen is dark and isn’t lighting up like i expect it to when i tap the keyboard. i can, however, ssh into it and see what it’s doing when not responding to me. i found googlesoftwareupdateagent running, this faq item vaguely tells me it’s part of chrome, and that if i try to uninstall it without also uninstalling chrome it will simply “be reinstalled after a few hours.” 	action camera market not yet saturated, according to sony i wondered if the gopro-style action camera market had already become saturated back in january, now i’ve learned that sony apparently doesn’t think so. at least one imagines that’s the conclusion they came to before deciding to join the competition with a camera of their own. they call it the action cam, and it clearly takes its design cues from contour. what does sony offer to stand apart from the established players? 	usb camera control problem the canon eos m doesn’t include a remote shutter release cable port, and the on-camera controls don’t expose features such as bulb-mode exposures. further, simple remote shutter release doesn’t support the sophisticated camera control necessary to do timelapses with complex exposures. what kind of complex exposures? imagine a timelapse going from day to night. during daylight the exposure might be f ,  / second at iso , but the night exposure might require f / second at iso . 	geography vs. stereotypes alphadesigner is trying to put a finger on it with his mapping stereotypes series. others, including how americans see europe and the world according to america, are not nearly as well designed. we’d be fools, however, to think we invented the idea of mapping our prejudices. this flickr set of maps from through is good evidence of that. 	chance vs. lasers via tweet: claw arcade games are not skill games, rather, the claw strength is randomized and is often only strong enough to successfully grab the prize in one attempt out of , or . operator manuals linked in the quora answer explain the different modes and odds. string cutting games, however, can be defeated with lasers! 	apigrove: api management software apigrove is an api management tool by alcatel-lucent. it proxies apis (presumably those you built and host, though the example is for twitter) , supports authenticated access, throttles to help manage demand, usage logging and reporting. more info @apigrove, hat tip. 	be careful what you measure seth godin on what to obsess over: what are you tracking? if you track concepts, your concepts are going to get better. if you track open rates or clickthrough, then your subject lines are going to get better. up to you. it’s long something i’ve believed: if you measure it, you will attempt to maximize it, even if the metric is something you’d rather minimize, like co emissions. 	preparing my iphone for europe there’s uncertain talk of a european trip coming up, so i’m making nonspecific preparations for it. one of the questions i have is how to avoid hefty roaming charges from at&amp;t. in previous trips abroad i’d purchased overseas voice and data add-ons so i could use my iphone. that works, up to a point. on my return home from a trip to taiwan a few years ago i got a call from at&amp;t informing me that i’d gone over my data limit and was facing a $ charge for the usage. 	higgs-bugson a higgs-bugson is a hypothetical error whose existence is suggested by log events and vague reports from the users that cannot be reproduced in development conditions. qa and user support teams point to the higgs-bugson as an explanation for the results they see in the field. software engineers, however, often deny the existence of the higgs-bugson and offer alternative theories that often blame the user. engineers, after all, don’t write bugs. 	gopro hd hero lens correction gopro’s hd hero action camera is everywhere, so perhaps we’ll all be used to the fisheye’d images it produces soon. on the other hand, there are software solutions to rectify the image to rectilinear. vimeo user peter inova has a few videos demonstrating his photoshop action sets to straighten out an hd hero’s output. a person could probably significantly improve performance by giving up on photoshop and building a video filter based on the panotools image manipulation library. 	making sense of at&t’s shared data plans kevin’s coverage at gigaom helped, but what i really needed was a chart that compared the different options. i couldn’t find one, so i made my own: &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;strong&gt; iphones&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;strong&gt; iphones&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;strong&gt; iphones&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/td&gt; shared data, unlimited minutes gb &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; gb &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; gb &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; gb &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; gb &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; gb &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; $ &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt; individual data, shared minutes  mb &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; . 	motion control timelapse projects on kickstarter some time ago i backed the syrp genie (estimated delivery july ), but today i learned of the radian and astro. unlike the radian and astro, the genie supports linear motion, but it’s also much more expensive, bigger, and appears to have more complex controls. here are the videos for all three projects: [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/syrp/genie-motion-control-time-lapse-device/widget/video.html] [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ /radian-a-motion-time-lapse-device-for-everyone/widget/video.html] [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ /astro-time-lapse-motion-control/widget/video.html] 	eduard khil, mr. trololo, dead at eduard khil is dead. the man, whose work and career had earned high praise, including the order of the red banner of labour ( ), lenin komsomol prize ( ), order of friendship of peoples ( ), meritorious artist of the rsfsr ( ), people’s artist of the rsfsr ( ), order of merit for the fatherland ( ), and international fame with his performance of trololo. the performance that made him famous: a stage performance: 	composited timelapse and real-time skateboarding video http://www.vimeo.com/ russel houghten‘s open horizon is part skate film, part time lapse, and mostly awesome. then somebody pointed to this jimmy plmer/z-flex video that shares a number of features with houghten’s work, but is less ambitious in scope. at least they did a behind the scenes video that shows the sweet red camera and rails. 	find neighbors on the same ip what other sites share the same infrastructure with your site, or any other? bing‘s ip search can answer. do a search by ip number: ip: . . . ip: . . . ip: . . . 	site load performance benchmarks the loop’s jim dalrymple compiled the following numbers for the time it takes various tech sites to load in a browser in late : the loop: requests; . kb; . secs daring fireball: requests; . kb; milliseconds macworld: requests; . kb; . secs ars technica: requests; . kb; . secs apple: requests; kb; . secs cnn: requests; . kb; secs bgr: requests; . mb; . secs appleinsider: requests; . 	is this the best imdb api? imdbapi.com 	css speech bubbles twitter front-end guy nicolas gallagher likes both css and speech bubbles enough to want them unadulterated by images and non-semantic markup. the lesson from his many examples is that it all comes down to an :after pseudo element that puts the little triangle in there: .speechbubble:after { content:&quot;&quot;; position:absolute; bottom:- px; /* value = - border-top-width - border-bottom-width */ left: px; /* controls horizontal position */ border-width: px px ; /* vary these values to change the angle of the vertex */ border-style:solid; border-color:#f c transparent; /* reduce the damage in ff . 	semantic news markup and seo schema.org newsarticle hnews rnews (and the war between rnews and hnews) google news technical requirements 	on the likelihood of unicorns research by robert e. hall and susan e. woodward shows that % of venture-backed firms exit for less than $ million ( % exit for less than $ million). in a world where instagram can exit for $ billion with no revenue or monetization plan, anything less than $ million is an implosion. 	marathon spoiler guides marathon and marathon : durandal are available as ios apps. the classic marathon spoiler guides might be good companions. 	airparrot turns appletv into a secondary display from the faq on the airparrot site: what does airparrot do? airparrot lets you airplay your mac’s screen to a second or third generation appletv. what you see on your mac’s screen will appear on the appletv, wirelessly! how do i use airparrot? once you’ve opened airparrot, click on the icon in your menu bar. select the airplay device (such as your appletv) and then select which screen you want to mirror. 	sf police, fire, ems, and airport radio monitoring listen in with radioreference.com’s index of live police, fire, ems, and airport radio feeds in san francisco. 	is this the best way to copy voicemails from an iphone? instructables tells us to get the files from the iphone backup in ~/library/application support/mobilesync/backup/, but “itunes renames all your files xxxxxxx.mddata. so all you need to do is figure out the original file name extension and you will be able to view the file.” ugh, isn’t there a better way? 	html form elements mark pilgrim’s overview of html form elements includes the following: placeholder text autofocus fields email addresses web addresses numbers as spinboxes numbers as sliders date pickers search boxes color pickers form validation required fields further reading 	configuring amazon linux for web services (spring ) i’ve tested this cookbook against amazon linux, but it will probably work just as well with the current version of centos. basic installation first, get root and update the os: sudo -s yum update with that done, let’s get the basic packages and services installed: yum install mysql mysql-server mysql-devel httpd httpd-devel mod_ssl php php-devel php-mysql php-gd php-dom php-pear php-json memcached svn gcc pcre-devel make that gets us apache httpd with ssl, php with a number of modules, memcached, and a few system tools. 	php vs. frameworks six years ago this month the zend framework preview was released and rasmus lerdorf published a blog post titled “the no-framework php mvc framework” (italics added). r. rajesh jeba anbiah noted irony. 	scanwiches scanwiches: scans of sandwiches for education and delight. above is parisi bakery’s ham, swiss, tomato, lettuce, mustard, mayo, on a hero. prints were said to have been available — i’d like the dagwood, thank you — but the store seems in a sad state. 	pew internet project: “ % of adults own a tablet computer” we’ve heard stories about how significant the growth of apple’s ipad is, but pew internet and american life project director lee rainie speaking at the national federation of advanced information services (nfais) conference on mobile devices and the delivery of information shared a stat that made me pause: % of adults own a tablet computer – ipad to clarify, that % does not include ebook readers (they’re tracked separately). 	rob reid’s copyright math rob reid’s copyright math at ted : the claimed effect of entertainment piracy to us economy is larger than value of most of our agricultural output. 	pantone yummies by emilie griottes: 	open access and open data finally getting public attention complaints over the cost of academic journals have long been a trope that repeats at library conferences with no denouement, but there are new signs that might be changing. the issue is that a large portion of the research done in the us is performed by faculty paid by academic institutions and supported by public money, often grants from the nih. a significant condition of promotion in academic careers is publication of original research in trusted journals, which is entirely reasonable to most everybody involved, except for the librarians who have to pay for the journals. 	the microsoft store experience there’s a microsoft store right across from the apple store in the valley fair mall. cliff and i realized this after exiting the apple store there with a new keyboard and headphones. we’d never been in an ms store before, so we ambled over with our clean white apple-branded accessories in hand. the windows phone display was in the back corner, attended by a nice woman who offered to fetch a nokia lumia phone from the back for us to inspect. 	marta becket’s final performance tonight legend has it that marta becket rolled in to death valley junction in and has been performing at the amargosa opera house since, but tonight is her last performance. i visited in and took in the show then. it’s a certain kind of show and performer that can run years non-stop (it was in its th year when i saw it). 	action cameras you know about countour and gopro, but you may not have seen drift and swann. is this a market that is getting saturated, or is it about to explode? contour marketing video: gopro marketing video: drift marketing video: http://www.vimeo.com/ swann marketing video: three of the cameras compared: 	happy new scriblio! the most recently released, stable version of scriblio is marked  . -r  and was last updated in june . you can be forgiven for thinking development had ceased in the interim. today, however, i’m proud to introduce a completely new scriblio, re-written from the ground up to take advantage of the latest features of wordpress and eliminate the mistakes made in previous versions. this update allows users to search and explore wordpress sites using facets that represent the tags, categories and other aspects of the collection. 	how wordpress taxonomy query urls could be more awesomer (updated, see below) wordpress . introduced some awesome new taxonomy query features, and the url parsing allows some rudimentary syntax to query multiple terms and choose if the query is or’d or and’d. the url syntax is as follows: a comma (,) between terms will return posts containing either term (logical or), like this http://maisonbisson.com/post/tag/wordpress,mysql/ . a plus sign (+) between terms will return posts containing all terms (logical and), like this http://maisonbisson. 	ge public relations gets smart to the cool video thing the video from general electric is cool, and shot at least in part with cameras mounted on rc helicopters, but strangely missing is any mention their manufacture of nuclear generation equipment such as the fukushima plants that melted down earlier this year. 	“hot sweet wings” and other wonders composed with the help of songify cliff introduced me to the wonder of the songify app. here are some tips to making the best of it: longer text makes for better songs. repetition makes for better songs, don’t be ashamed of repeating yourself. speak in a monotone voice, let the app handle the tune. speak nonsense. no sense in trying to make sense, it doesn’t make for a better song. if you insist on trying to make sense, then just pick a single sentence and repeat it several times with slight variations. 	wikileaks embassy cables first wikileaks published the collateral murder video, then a massive-but-redacted dump of diplomatic cables, then people figured out how to get the unredacted content. though this information was already public, the aclu pursued a foia request on these very cables, the result was a heavily redacted record of the cables, and a clear picture of the government’s ongoing touchiness about torture, rendition, guantánamo, and targeted killings by drones. an on the media segment (mp download) explains further. 	parallel-flickr backs up your flickr library parallel-flickr: a tool for backing up your flickr photos and generating a database backed website that honours the viewing permissions you’ve chosen on flickr. more details from the website: it downloads and stores your original photos and their “ x” versions. currently photos are stored locally but there’s a plan to add support for s . for each photo it downloads and stores the contents of the flickr.photos.getinfo api method as a json file. 	predator drones used in domestic police action the la times on december reported that predator drones such as those now being used by the air force and cia were used to support police in their investigation of cattle rustling. theft of livestock has long been a serious matter, but regulations and procedures typically make it difficult to sell stolen cattle. according to fred frederikson of the north dakota stockmen’s association, “all horses, mules and cattle leaving [north dakota] must be brand inspected. 	the war on cameras wnyc’s on the media did a nice piece on it back in september (mp download): judging from the arrests and harassment, photographers are part of a terrorist plot. or something. the copblock (tagline: “badges don’t grant extra rights”) map of actions taken against photographers is littered with activity. 	alterego: democratizing two-factor security alterego promises two-factor authentication security without the silly key-fob. neat. 	electric chariot sure, this electric chariot combines all the inconvenience of a scooter with some of the frustrations of an actual car, but it looks cool. sort of. though it’s made by a medical equipment manufacturer, at least it conforms to the rule of auto shows and objectifies the women demoing it as much as the vehicle itself. 	correction: steadicam smoothee for gopro hd hero in my earlier post on steadicams for gopro hd hero cameras i incorrectly stated that the steadicam smoothee is exclusively for iphones and ipod touches. they seem to have mounts for gopro hero and flip mino cameras as well, it’s just impossible to find that info on their website and most retailers don’t carry the other mounts. if you don’t mind the color, you can pick up a third-party mount for under $ from shapeways. 	web strategy discussion starter what follows is the text of a document i prepared to start and shape discussion about the future of the university website at my former place of work. the pdf version is what i actually presented, though in both instances i’ve redacted three types of information: the name of the institution (many already know, but that’s no reason to allow it to appear in search results), pay rates for proposed employees, and identification of proposed service providers. 	which steady cam is best for a gopro hd hero ? i have a new gopro hd hero , one of the best new video cameras available (if what you like in a video camera is a compact, wide-angle, and waterproof), and i’m looking for a way to steady it for handheld shots. the steadicam smoothee is built for iphones. their demo video and this comparison of the iphone s with and without the smoothee suggest it can work wonders, but it appears to be iphone-only [correction: it’s officially compatible with the gopro]. 	aoc ″ usb-connected flat panel aoc’s new ″ usb-connected monitor looks like an interesting toy. it draws its power and signal from the usb. mixed information suggests that four or eight can be connected to a single computer. at about $ , this could be a cheap way to build a large display wall. 	what content should a university website include? i no longer have a dog in this race, but in cleaning up my hard drive of old files i’ve run across a few items of note. for example, the above illustration i once used to describe the different content, audiences, and uses of a university website. current students, prospective students, their family, faculty, employees, and their family all use and expect to get answers from the website. websites for large organizations fail their users when they only share the details that they once exposed in view books and catalogs. 	what went wrong if i’m lucky, the only reason i get a phone call before am is because somebody on the east coast forgot about the timezones between them and me. the alternative is almost always bad news. today i wasn’t lucky, and neither were a huge number of readers and users at gigaom who received multiple copies of our daily newsletter. for a news and research organization that values — loves — its users as much as we do at gigaom, this was all hell breaking loose. 	comcast’s folly [harry shearer] , the bassist for spinal tap, voice talent for many characters in the simpsons, and host of le show has no difficulty criticizing the unnecessary complexities of modern media technology, but not until his august episode (subscribe to the podcast) has he admitted to the frustrations of modern cable. “it’s now easier to watch tv on your computer than on your tv,” says shearer. perhaps that’s why comcast, the leading cable operator in the us, lost , tv subscribers last quarter, and the company has been seeing its subscriber base shrink for a while (though they’re showing growth in internet subscribers). 	the end of paper domtar, “the largest integrated manufacturer and marketer of uncoated freesheet paper in north america and the second largest in the world,” launched a campaign to promote paper consumption. this much is old news, as the campaign is about a year old already. among the messaging goals, according to the agency that designed it: it’s easier to learn on paper, because reading on paper is up to percent faster than reading online. 	search the sears and roebuck catalog you’d think the sears archives would offer an online search of their historical catalogs, but the best you’ll find is a list of libraries holding the microfilms. ancestry.com offers an online search, but only to paying members. i’m looking into this because i was looking for historical trends in consumer products and thought the catalog would be a good source. it might be, if only i was ambitious enough to go to my downtown library. 	ed rondthaler’s spelling reform flip chart http://www.vimeo.com/ ed makes a good argument for spelling reform, but he demonstrates an outstanding flair for presentation, even at the age of . 	sara cannon on responsive web design at wcsf sara cannon‘s talk on responsive web design (resizing the page to suit different client devices) was spot on. her slides are below, but she also recommends this a list apart article on the matter, as well as less framework and  css grid (especially as alternatives to .gs). responsive web design – wordcamp san francisco view more presentations from sara cannon 	estelle weyl on css at wcsf i’ve long been a fan of css , but estelle weyl‘s wordcamp sf talk on it charged me up again. her slides are not to be missed. 	an interesting insight into mobile safari on ios a post in a y combinator discussion thread: mobile safari parses websites as a big canvas and then pretends the screen is a window through which you’re looking at the canvas. what you think of as scrolling, the browser thinks of as moving the canvas around (or the window depending on point of view). because of that, no scroll events ever get fired. even :fixed doesn’t behave as expected. 	applescript: get every movie in itunes applescript can be frustrating, but it’s an easy way to get info out of itunes. the following is a fragment of a script i’m working on, this part simply gets a record list of every video in the current itunes window that is a “movie” (the alternatives include music videos and tv shows, among others). credit goes to some examples i found in doug’s applescripts for itunes. boo, however, to a few scripts that are saved as “run only” and can’t be inspected, even for security. 	civic comparators it’s from early , but cameron marlow’s comparison of sf to nyc neighborhoods and jason kottke’s comparison of the physical geography are amusing to me as a new san franciscan. on the other hand, is it a sign of civic insecurity to make such comparisons? 	doublehappy game creator doublehappy, by instinct, the same folks who make the getshopped ecommerce plugin for wordpress, is an interesting game creation tool. all the game elements are stored in wordpress using custom post types and other advanced features, but it was their demo of the html editor that most amazed me. the games still play in adobe flash, but surely they’re working on rendering that to html as well. 	using keynote as a motion graphics tool bill keaggy just posted on the xplane blog about using apple’s keynote presentation software to make motion graphics and movies. we’ve found that in some cases, a keynote-authored video is what you might call the “good enough” solution. […] keynote lets you create and edit presentations, make things move, is ridiculously easy to learn and exports to quicktime. he offers his tips on how to make the best of it, as well as these videos made using keynote: 	notes to self: twitter’s website rocks on mobile devices twitter’s mobile site rocks on my iphone. especially worth noting: they’ve figured out how to pin their header to the top while scrolling the content in the middle. they’re also using pushstate() and other cool tricks to make the experience feel very native, but the scroll behavior is rare among web apps on ios. kent brewster makes a point about how difficult it is in his mistakes i made building netflix for the iphone talk from sxsw. 	wordpress nocache_headers() vs. nginx typically, you can call wordpress’ nocache_headers() function when you don’t want content to be cached. typically, but when you’re serving from behind nginx as a reverse proxy, consideration must be paid. it’s a year old now, so i shouldn’t have been surprised by it, but this thread on the nginx forums explains that cache-control: private headers are meaningless when nginx is being used as a reverse proxy: nginx completely ignores the ‘private’ keyword and will cache your document regardless. 	phpquery i have matthew batchelder to thank for introducing me to phpquery. i haven’t used it yet, but someday i’ll have need to select text elements from html using the php pear module. from the description “server-side, chainable, css selector driven document object model (dom) api based on jquery javascript library.” 	i get email: food tech society’s food ingredient and food additive forum the july food ingredient and functional additive forum looks to have a great lineup of talks, including nano food, interesting ingredients in milk and dairy products, ingredients in functional food and drink, sea food &amp; frozen industry, and minutes (the longest of any of the talks) set aside just for soy sauce. 	incoming support request you haven’t fixed the bing search page on cafe world. it comes up when i click on an oven, when i click on a mission and then everything is ruined. fronterville: i haven’t been able to play fronterville for four days. i can send gifts, but don’t know if anyone receives them but they must because i get gifts. but i have a spouse and it is stuck. it won’t custom or random or play or anything and it freezes the whole page so i can’t do a thing and there is a white avatar that says spouse? 	smiley’s bar, bolinas, ca captain, ship, crew, twelve points, and a shot of whisky at smiley's i heard a story that the “bolinas border patrol” removes all the signs pointing to town, so cliffy and i had to go check it out. border patrol or not, there are no signs, but smiley’s bar is my kind of place. given the story about the signs, i worried they’d be leery of outsiders, but it turned out to be the sort of place that welcomed you in and offered you a glass. 	social compass it looks gorgeous, but the points and bearings brian solis lays out in his social compass seem so obvious to me that i almost dismissed it as meaningless. then i remembered there really are people who don’t know the message they’re trying to send will be filtered through people and technologies they can’t control and depend on adoption and repetition by agents working in their own interests. anyway, there are more posters in his store. 	radiation is all around us the environmental protection agency on radiation and cigarette smoke: studies show filters on ordinary commercial cigarette remove only a modest amount of radioactivity from the smoke inhaled into the lungs of smokers. link. photo by lanier . 	the story of nukey poo the video of nuclear boy and his stinky poo that’s supposed to explain japan’s nuclear crisis isn’t the first time anybody has mixed poo and nuclear reactors. a reactor at antarctica’s mcmurdo station that operated through the s was nicknamed “nukey poo” because of its poor performance and reliability (though some reports simply point to “frequent radioactive leaks”). first, here’s the japanese video: the original nukey poo was oficially named pm-a . 	nostalgic joy: apple emulators you can emulate an apple ][ or apple iigs in your browser with a plugin and , disk images, including oregon trail. don’t want to run an apple //e in your browser? download [virtual ] for the job (you’ll need disk images and a rom file). sweet can answer your apple ][gs emulation fix, and there’s a surprisingly large collection of sort-of-recent software available, including castle wolfenstein d, an html editor, and aim client. 	what time is it? the claim that changing the clocks saves energy is unsupportable by facts. some say it’s more likely to spur consumption and benefit commercial interests, but i’m curious why the teabaggersparty people haven’t risen up against this alarming government intrusion into our private lives. 	wijax widget lazy loader idea: a simple way to improve load-time performance by lazy loading some of the content on the page. answer: wijax. the more content in the initial download of the page, the longer readers have to wait to see it. some content is critical to each page load, but why make people wait for every last piece of the page before they can start reading the post they came to see? wijax allows you to defer loading widgets on the page so that they arrive after the main content. 	net render your ie compatibility tests maisonbisson in ie geotek‘s netrenderer makes it possible for me to see how badly old versions of ie are mangling my web pages without actually having to run the malware on a box of my own. unfortunately, the ie rendered returns errors and hasn’t worked in a while. maisonbisson in ie 	ebook user’s bill of rights it’s easy to see the ebook user’s bill of rights as a sign of the growing rift between libraries and content producers. easy if you’re me, anyway. it connects very conveniently with richard stallman’s open letter to the boston public library decrying what he summarizes as their complicity with drm and abdication of their responsibilities as public institutions. all those things are easy, what’s hard is recognizing that the depth of change the publishing industry is facing. 	van ness station escalator ambient video flickr video more mesmerizing than a fireplace video? 	saving backup space with time machine and iphoto three things that, when mixed, can consume a surprising amount of disk space: backup automatically with time machine use iphoto and take a lot of photos sync photos to one or more ios devices like iphones and ipads i do all three, and on top of that i have three current computers backing up to a gb time capsule. all of this combined was forcing time machine to expire old backups faster than i wanted as it churned through the disk space. 	wordpress comments_template() and wp_list_comments() performance this thread on memory usage while executing wordpress’s comments_template() raised my awareness of performance issues related to displaying comments on posts in wordpress. the first thing to know is that all the comments on a given post are loaded into memory, even if the comments are paged and only a subset will be displayed. then comments_template() calls update_comment_cache(), which has the effect of doubling that memory usage. finally, wp_list_comments() and the walker_comment class can take a surprisingly long time to iterate through a long list of comments. 	gigaom mobile site launched this week we launched a new mobile theme at gigaom.com. it was out for just a day or two before dennis bournique surprised us with a review on wapreview.com. i have no way of knowing if i would have linked to the review if it wasn’t positive, but i would likely have found a way to link to this advice to other developers regarding url consistency: a url should lead to essentially the same content (reformatted in necessary) regardless of which browser is used. 	helvetic neue on the web css tricks tips “better helvetica.” guillermo esteves explains that specifying font names in css is really about specifying font families: if you want to use a specific font face, you have to use font-family along with the font-weight property, calling both the postscript and screen names of that face for backwards compatibility which, for a person trying to use helvetica neue light means the following: font-family: &quot;helveticaneue-light&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue light&quot;, &quot;helvetica neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-weight: ; steve cochrane, meanwhile, explores the use of helvetica neue light and ultra light. 	call it rolling shutter or focal plane shutter, it looks weird…cool i’ve been both frustrated by and in love with focal plane shutter distortion (wikipedia calls it rolling shutter) for a while, now i’ve discovered there’s a group for it. one of the photos i pointed to in my earlier post was of a low-flying helicopter (bottom), a couple other photographers have captured the effect the distortion has on propellers: 	about those unencumbered video formats the free software foundation tells us the h. avchd video encoding standard violates the very tenets of freedom, they claim competitors such as vp /webm and ogg theora are both unencumbered and technically equal to h. . what they really mean is that software patents are evil. now the mpeg la, the body that administers the h. patents and a number of others has announced it’s forming a patent pool that covers vp , proving that saying something is free doesn’t make it so. 	iphone camera details i have to look this stuff up every time i play with hugin, the open source panorama stitcher. thankfully i can find it at falk lumo.com: pixel pitch: . µm sensor size: . x . mm^ , . mm diagonal aspect ratio: . : focal length and aperture: . mm f/ . lens mm equivalent crop factor: . equivalent mm focal length and aperture: mm f/ the comments there are top notch, but what’s not mentioned is how the video mode substantially narrows the field of view. 	wordpress mu/ms empty header and broken image bug fixed i just switched to a new server and found myself struggling with empty http headers and broken or partial images. the problem is the memcache extension for php and wordpress mu/wordpress multisite’s need to reinstantiate the wp-cache after determining the correct blog for a given request. versions of the memcache extension prior to . go wrong somehow and it shows up when you try to do an http head request on a page (the result is empty) or enable x-sendfile support for wp mu/ms’ file handling (all the files and images in the media library will break). 	configuring amazon linux for web services updated: an updated installation cookbook is available. amazon has introduced their own distribution of linux with tweaks to optimize it for their elastic compute cloud platform. like centos, it appears to be based on red hat enterprise linux, though unlike the current versions of rhel and centos, the packaged applications are up to date with current expectations. that’s refreshing news for those comfortable with rhel, but uncomfortable its ancient packages. mysql . 	world’s largest canned food structure some records in the guinness book reflect outstanding accomplishments in hotly contested fields. others reflect the imagination it now takes to create a new class of records. food industry thailand‘s , food cans fall into the second category. don’t get me wrong, though, i’m not suggesting anybody’s imagining new fields, just that they’re imagining themselves pursuing crazy records. examples of things i think we should have records for, but i’m too lazy to look up: 	happy holidays from maisonbisson! another cheesy holiday card from maisonbisson and, for those who like cheese as much as us, from left to right: cotswold double gloucester with onion &amp; chive mannoni pecorino barbagio point reyes toma we picked them mostly for color and texture, but they all tasted plenty good. i especially liked the cotswold. a holiday gift, thanks to some genius and hardworking djs, is in the nest. 	facebook iphone app is happy to suck in your contacts i discovered a sync button in the facebook app for iphone today: then i read the privacy notice: 	clearing the browser cache on ipad apple’s knowledge base article on it could be as simple as the following screenshot: instead, the docs say something like: go to settings, click the safari tab, click the big clear cache button, duh. 	so now you know: world’s heaviest snow plow this probably looks like a snow blower, but the railroads call it a snow plow. a rotary snow plow, yes, but still a snow plow. a ton, foot long snow plow. caveman explains: the union pacific railroad designed and built this monster in the omaha shop. this rotary snowplow is the heaviest snowplow ever built. this baby boasts a gm/emd -cylinder, , horsepower, turbocharged diesel engine that drives an electric generator which provides the power to turn those massive -foot rotary blades at rpm. 	where are san francisco’s love padlocks? i discovered it in the flickr blog and followed it up with considerable googling, but i can’t find any love padlocks in sf, much less a popular location for them. the wikipedia article lists two dozen notable locations in europe and asia, but not one in the americas. i searched flickr’s san francisco map and found two almost promising photos: an unrelated collection in the mission that was removed by municipal workers in , and this one in my backyard that i plan to confirm shortly. 	failed hard drive noises there’s nothing amusing about this list of failed hard drive noises if you’re looking through it for a sound matching what drive on your desk is making (which i am), but i’m sure there’s some good material for the click-hop crowd. photos by jon ross and james harvey, used under cc license. 	better xml/json display in safari i’m one of the few people who loves safari, but i was happy to admit that it didn’t display xml or json very well. marc liyanage’s xml view plugin fixes that. 	improving will norris’ open graph plugin will norris put together a nice wordpress plugin to place open graph metadata on the page. today i patched it to address a few bugs i and others have found. the patch switches functions that depended on globalizing $post to use $wp_query-&gt;queried_object and similar. opengraph_default_url() is changed to try get_permalink() only when is_singlular() is true. otherwise it uses the blog’s base url. this isn’t perfect, but it’s better than having the front page and all tag/category/archive pages report their og:url as being the permalink for the first post on the page. 	things learned about the gap inc. corporate archives if a customer saw it, or if it was shared with employees, i want some version of it in our archive. –rochelle mccune, gap corporate archivist rochelle took a few of us on a tour of the gap inc archives, a rather different archive than i’m familiar with. 	things learned about natural language processing at thatcamp bay area the first session i joined at thatcamp was aditi muralidharan‘s text mining boot camp, and the topic seemed to set my agenda for the rest of the event (though i wish aditi had also hosted her proposed data visualization session). aditi’s blog: mininghumanities.com. if i understood correctly, much of aditi’s presentation and experience is based on the stanford parser. unfortunately, the project seems wrapped in some licensing difficulty: it’s gpl, but they claim a license is required for commercial use. 	becoming donna reed sandee has just launched her new site, becoming donna reed: armed with a notepad and pen, my trusty macbook, and the desire to be the best domestic goddess i can be, i will watch the show from the beginning and find the lesson in each episode. consider this your cliff’s notes on household harmony. she’ll still be updating the feathered nest with food recipes and insights on home decor while she divines the lessons of donna reed. 	what the critics are missing about the apple tv it’s not just the critics, nobody seems to get the story on apple’s new tv-connected device right. darrell etherington at the apple blog says it’s a non starter for him, and ars technica’s john siracusa describes it as just the most recent entry in a product line that has been “a persistent loser” for the company. even john gruber is damning it with faint praise. they’re all wrong. of course the problem didn’t start there. 	dancing dog i’ve got a dozen top priorities this morning, but this dancing merengue dog just delayed them all. 	twitter is like a conversation in a bar mathew ingram on twitter, esquire magazine, and bars: it’s called social media because it’s social. in other words, it’s a conversation; and yes, sometimes it’s like a conversation in a bar. 	speed wordpress multisite with x-sendfile for apache like wordpress mu before, multisite implementations of wordpress . use a script to handle image and other attachment downloads. that script checks permissions and maps the request path to the files path on disk, then reads the file out to the web server, which sends it to the browser. that approach has some inefficiencies, and for me it introduces some problems. the process would often give up before completing the file transfer, resulting in broken images and truncated mp s among other problems. 	post loop by category alex bluesummers asked on a wordpress list: how do i order posts in the loop by whether or not it is in a category, then by date? suppose i have posts, of which are in the category “sports” and are in the category “blog news”. both “sports” and “blog news” posts are mixed together chronologically. “sports” and “blog news” posts share other categories and tags. i want both types of posts to be present in the loop regardless of whether it’s the front page or category archive view, but ordered by “sports” and “blog news” and then by date. 	migrating from wordpress mu to wordpress . multi site i’ve been running a few instances of wordpress mu for a while now, so i was more than a little anxious about the merge of the mu functionality into the core of wordpress. it’s a good thing, but sometimes such dramatic changes pose rocky challenges. not so in this case. pete mall blogged about it in may, and i’m happy to say that i followed those instructions (summary: upgrade, it will work) to upgrade both this site and scriblio. 	donut tour : the video please enable javascript and flash to view this viddler video. we planned the donut tour. we did the donut tour. we ate donuts. we made five stops on the tour, but this video only covers four of them. we were too stuffed to say anything about japonais, even though the donuts there were delicious. here’s the full lineup: donna’s donuts (yelp!) ziggy’s donuts (yelp!) kane’s donuts (yelp!) sun guang bakery (yelp! 	how to: plan a donut tour since , the first friday of june has been hailed throughout the us as national donut day. it was founded in recognition of the great comfort donuts provide to those who eat them, and to honor those who serve them. 	museum of family camping closed memorial day weekend is universally recognized as the start of summer. tradition allows that we can start wearing white, gather family and friends for barbecue, and, for those so inclined, go camping. for the past many years it’s also been the start of the museum of family camping’s season. the interior displays at the museum of family camping celebrated many generations of camping history. my docent made much of the dingle stick (the vertical stick that holds the cooking tin); good manners demanded they be left at the camp site for the next camper. 	sandee’s homemade wrapping paper sandee’s been getting into disposable art. first it was her holiday dames on the chalkboard in our kitchen, and more recently she’s been crafting one of a kind wrapping paper. it gets torn up and discarded in just a fraction of the time it takes her to sketch and shade it, but act of creation is what she enjoys. i guess that’s why her favorite artistic endeavor is baking. 	step by step: turn on the iphone/ipad’s web debugging console you can’t view a web page’s source, and you can’t command+f to search for text on the page, but you sure can get a debugging console to see the errors on the page. here’s how: find and open the settings app select safari scroll down to find the developer option at the bottom turn on the debug console in safari, look for the debug console’s summary info at the top of the page, just below the url bar touch the summary info to view a detailed report for the errors on the page 	ipad + velcro = < http://www.vimeo.com/ 	huffington post introduces badges and social rewards how do you make news fun? or, how do you make moderating often fractious comments on news stories fun? you follow foursquare’s example and introduce badges: the moderator badge allows you to more actively participate in this process. if you are a level moderator (earned by flagging at least comments that we deleted, with a high ratio of good flags to mistaken ones), your flags now carry five times the weight of a standard flag. 	mick jagger on the music business mick jagger to bbc: [p]eople only made money out of records for a very, very small time […] if you look at the history of recorded music from to now, there was a year period where artists did very well, but the rest of the time they didn’t. via. 	remixed: my photo in truthout.org i was happy to see one of my photos used as source material for this illustration in truthout.org’s seven year reality check on the iraq war. 	will mobile flash be relevant when it finally works? john gruber linked to the sizzle in jeff croft’s post: in the [flashcamp seattle] opening keynote, ryan stewart, a flash platform evangelist at adobe, demoed flash player . running on his nexus one phone. […] here’s what happened: on his mac, ryan pulled up a site called eco zoo. it is, seemingly, a pretty intense example of flash development — full of d rendering, rich interactions, and cute little characters. 	listening is just the start jeff howe writes: idea jams “allow people to discover the fringe question (or idea, or solution), then tweak it, discuss it and bring the community’s attention to it.” “idea management is really a three-part process,” says bob pearson, who as dell’s former chief of communities and conversation rode heard on ideastorm. “the first is listening. that’s obvious.” the second part, pearson says, was integration, “actually disseminating the best ideas throughout our organization. 	pearls of wisdom in mail list threads david cloutman on code lib: don’t forget to look at trends outside of “libraryland”. a lot of professional library discussion takes place in an echo chamber, and bad ideas often get repeated and gain credibility as a result. librarians usually overstate the uniqueness of their organizations and professions. when the question, “what are other libraries doing?” arises in addressing a technical problem, don’t be afraid to generalize the question to other types of organizations. 	respond to your next subpoena like a pro thanks to kathleen seidel, a fellow new hampshire resident and blogger at &lt;neurodiversity.com&gt;, i now have what appears to be a good example of a motion to quash a subpoena (even cooler, she filed it pro se). i’ve also learned that nh is among the states that allows lawyers to issue subpoena in civil cases without prior approval of a judge. take a look and prepare yourself for some law talking. 	steve jobs on apple vs. adobe and iphone vs. flash steve jobs’ thoughts on flash minces no words in its conclusion: besides the fact that flash is closed and proprietary, has major technical drawbacks, and doesn’t support touch based devices, there is an even more important reason we do not allow flash on iphones, ipods and ipads. we have discussed the downsides of using flash to play video and interactive content from websites, but adobe also wants developers to adopt flash to create apps that run on our mobile devices. 	blogging in academia a comment in the university of lincoln’s audio production course blog demonstrates the value of public blogging in academia: i am looking forward to beginning this course in september and have been finding these blogs very useful in providing a guide as to what sort of things to expect during my first year. keep up the good work! thanks to joss winn for the tip. 	ssd mysql performance the above graph and this mysql performance blog story are from last year, but i believe are still relevant and instructive now. sure, the fusionio is faster, but how the hell can you beat a single ssd in terms of price/performance? raid : . transactions per minute per dollar ssd: transactions per minute per dollar fusionio: . transactions per minute per dollar 	improving p — order posts by last comment date i’m a big fan of the p theme for wordpress. it makes it dead easy anybody familiar with wordpress to host a discussion site and improve collaboration across time and distance. that said, one feature i’d like to see is the ability to order the posts by the last comment date, rather than post date. when we started using p to power a workgroup discussion last year, i wrote a bit of code to sort the posts that way, here’s how: 	irony: nh liquor commissioner suspected of dui in it was the deputy chief of liquor enforcement. last summer it was the wolfboro police commissioner who was arrested importing pounds of marijuana from canada. this week it’s a liquor commissioner who was stopped on suspicion of dui. 	i’m a carnie huckster, you know it and i know it, but that’s ok the title is a quote from seth stevenson slate.com piece on pitchman vince offer, where he explains that vince’s “smooth-talking condescension” is the most appropriate sales tactic in today’s cynical world. “jaded consumers expect to get snowed and almost distrust the very pretense of trustworthiness.” the rap chop remix of vince’s slap chop actually ran on tv. 	three sweet globe images [][ ] hey, it’s [earth day][ ]! [ ]: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kumasawa/ / &ldquo;&ldquo;wind andamento&rdquo; by karen ami (cool globes) by kumasawa, on flickr&rdquo; [ ]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/earth_day 	auctions and negotiations: starting price matters via mind hacks: auctions with a low starting price may result in higher final sale prices than those with a high starting price. but negotiations with a high starting price often result in higher final sale prices. 	cleaning up category relationships in a wordpress scriblio site a few lines of sql i used to clean up a scriblio site. it’s probably useless to anybody but me. i’m not suggesting anybody else use this code, as it will result in changed or deleted data. update the post author for catalog records (identified because they have a specific post meta entry): update wp_ _postmeta join wp_ _posts on wp_ _posts.id = wp_ _postmeta.post_id set post_author = where meta_key = 'scrib_meditor_content' get the categories attached to every catalog record (except the “catalog” category): 	loading: global warming sure i’m a fan of marilyn monroe, but stéphane massa-bidal’s activist illustration is even hotter. he’s online at rétrofuturs.com. 	la times on ipad vs kindle the kindle feels like an e-reading device, whereas an ipad feels like reading. from latimes.com via joseph monninger. 	a few lines of sql: cloning blogs in mu the following sql is what i used to clone the content from one blog in mu to another for testing. it’s probably useless to anybody but me. anybody who can’t figure out from the code that wp_ _posts is the source table and wp_ _posts is the destination probably shouldn’t try to use the code, as data will be lost. clone the content from one mu blog into another: truncate table wp_ _posts; insert into wp_ _posts select * from wp_ _posts; truncate table wp_ _postmeta; insert into wp_ _postmeta select * from wp_ _postmeta; truncate table wp_ _terms; insert into wp_ _terms select * from wp_ _terms; truncate table wp_ _term_taxonomy; insert into wp_ _term_taxonomy select * from wp_ _term_taxonomy; truncate table wp_ _term_relationships; insert into wp_ _term_relationships select * from wp_ _term_relationships; truncate table wp_ _bsuite _search; insert into wp_ _bsuite _search select * from wp_ _bsuite _search; truncate table wp_ _scrib_harvest; clone a few options: 	solving problems in secret matt blaze computer and information science at university of pennsylvania and blogs about security at exhaustive search. his recent post on mistakes in spying techniques, protocols, and hardware caught my interest: indeed, the recent history of electronic surveillance is a veritable catalog of cautionary tales of technological errors, risks and unintended consequences. sometime mishaps lead to well-publicized violations of the privacy of innocent people. there was, for example, the nsa’s disclosure earlier this year that it had been accidently “over-collecting” the communications of innocent americans. 	the reward for re-discovering archive collections documentarians spend most of their time digging up materials that few people know exist. they frequent basements and dark storage rooms, endure conversations with crazy collectors, and typically develop vitamin-d deficiency and light sensitivity in search of what they need. their reward for finding the material? a bill from the original creators (the ones who lost and forgot about the work in the first place) for the privilege of using it. 	iphone use heavy at am, bumps at lunch, peaks at pm via localytics: iphone users generate % more traffic on the weekend than the average weekday. saturday traffic ramps quickly from a morning low at : am to over % of peak usage by : am—and stays near the peak for the rest of the afternoon and evening. by comparison, weekday app usage is more concentrated in the evening with a slow ramp during the working day and a peak at : pm est, when east coast users are at home and west coast users are commuting home. 	is the filesystem finally dead? from rob foster/nimble design: by releasing the iphone os, apple is putting a bullet in the head of a long standing convention that most folks could do without. he’s talking about the filesystem. user-accessible filesystems, anyway. this isn’t news, i don’t think the newton even had a hidden filesystem, but it hasn’t gotten old yet. my question: when will i finally get a system that cleverly mixes cloud and local storage to give me seamless access to all my photos, videos, music, and email…ever? 	why php’s regex is slow, and what you can do about it (if you happen to be a committer on the php project) regular expression matching can be simple and fast, by russ cox: perl [and php and others] could not now remove backreference support, of course, but they could employ much faster algorithms when presented with regular expressions that don’t have backreferences. how much faster? about a million times (no, i do not exaggerate). i use a lot of regular expressions, and relatively few of them use backreferences. it’d be worth optimizing. 	edison phonograph eula think end user license agreements (eulas) are recent inventions? thomas edison used them on his phonograph cylinder at the start of the s. the eula didn’t protect edison from innovations elsewhere; discs quickly beat out cylinders once the patents expired. photo from fouro. 	college students use, love, are aware of the limitations of wikipedia how often do college students use wikipedia? how today’s college students use wikipedia for course-related research: overall, college students use wikipedia. but, they do so knowing its limitation. they use wikipedia just as most of us do — because it is a quick way to get started and it has some, but not deep, credibility. % of respondents use wikipedia frequently or always, typically at near the beginning at the start of research ( %). 	drm evils: now comic fodder brad colbow does some good looking design and an occasional comic. he isn’t the first to address drm woes in comic form, but his comic is one more public cry for rationality. and continuing that cry is this from an unnamed source, originally published at geekologie.com. 	scott smitelli on hacking youtube’s content id drm system scott smitelli uploaded a total of test videos and received content id emails in the name of science: testing youtube’s content id system. he reversed the audio, shifted the pitch, altered the time (without changing pitch), resampled (pitch and time), added noise, messed with the volume, chunked it up into pieces, and fiddled with the stereo fields. in the end, he found both amusing and frustrating results. he did his tests about a year ago. 	connect-a-desk looks ridiculous (though i may secretly want one) i was about to tell sandee how foolish these people look with their laptops stuck to their torsos, but she hit me with “that looks like something you’d use.” ouch. worse, i’m not sure she’s wrong. double ouch. maybe the company could send me one. then i could have these conflicted feelings for real. 	social media usage stats retrevo claims to help electronics shoppers decide what to buy, when to buy, and where to buy it,” so their recent survey on social media addition is probably more significant as link bait than as serious research. despite my concerns about confirmation bias, i’m as amused as anybody by the numbers. % of adult respondents say they check or update twitter or facebook before getting out of bed in the morning, a number that rises to % for iphone users of all ages. 	addressing hateful and libelous internet speech in the post juicy campus era juicy campus is gone, but other sites have taken its place as a hub for anonymous slander around college campuses. intentional or not, the conversation at these sites tends toward abusive, with successive commenters attempting to one-up each other with each insult. students targeted by the abuse and defamation have little easy recourse. some sites allow users to mark comments as offensive, but require membership to do so, and the anonymous nature of the posts limits the real world social group’s opportunity to moderate itself and its members. 	html media – project hosting on google code i was wondering when somebody was going to do what html media does: html video tags make embedding videos into documents as easy as embedding an image. all it takes is a single tag. unfortunately, not all browsers natively support html video tags. html media is a javascript library that enables tags for clunky browsers. 	url path bug in wordpress.com video server you’ve got to both respect automattic for releasing their internal code as open source while also giving them a break for not assuring that it works for anybody else. one of their projects, the wordpress.com video server is a sophisticated wordpress plugin that handles video transcoding and offers a bit of a youtube in a box solution for wordpress. the bug i found is that the code assumes wpmu is running in subdomain mode, rather than subdirectory mode. 	rock out with a cardboard record player http://www.vimeo.com/ the physical, analog nature of vinyl has long appealed to the diy crowd. this cardboard record player capitalizes on that to create a direct mail marketing campaign that people appear to actually enjoy receiving. from the description at agency news: grey vancouver created a portable record player from corrugated cardboard that folds into an envelope. the record can be spun with a pencil and the vibrations go through the needle and produce a recording of a children’s story called “a town that found its sound. 	the cost of ie’s non-compliance google this month dropped internet explorer support in google apps and youtube, and others are lining up at idroppedie .com. still, even newer versions of ie suffer from poor standards support, and there are doubts about the just announced ie . to put this in perspective, billforbill.com is adding up the costs of all the workarounds that web developers have to go through to make it buggy browser work. after just a few days and only submissions the total is over $ million. 	wp memcache object cache breaks http head requests i just posted about the following confounding problem to the wp-hackers list: when running wordpress mu (tested in . x and . x) with the memcached object cache active, it refuses to respond to http head requests. the result of this is that head requests to check the mimetype of a linked file (as for setting the enclosure) or size (as the video framework plugin does) fail. curl -i http://url.path returns either an empty result, or (if fronted with varnish) a error. 	wordpress bug in setup_postdata() wordpress is built around the loop, and all the cool kids are using multiple loops on the same page to show the main post and feature other posts. the problem is: wordpress doesn’t properly reset the $pages global for each post. if the post in main loop (or default query) is paged, then all the other posts will show the same paged content as in the main post. i started a ticket and submitted a patch, but in the meantime you might have to unset( $globals['pages'] ) in your custom loops just before calling the_post(). 	web vs. native apps one lesson here is that a simple but well-done web app […] can be vastly superior to a full-fledged but terrible iphone application. usability nightmare: the my.sxsw iphone app. 	consumer society and citizen networks logo consumer society and citizen networks “aims at promoting access of citizens to information on product safety, consumer rights protection, and to results of independent testing, as well as promoting wide public discussion of challenges facing the consumer society in ukraine.” their logo, however, is pure genius: some sketches from logolog showing how it came together: 	christian madrasas from the march newsletter of the north texas skeptics: in the madrasa, the religious school, i watched and listened as the instructor related his view of the world to the students and the others present. politics, personal relationships, nations, and the physical world were interpreted in the light of the speaker’s religious teachings. hinduism and buddhism were lumped together with that quaintly american religion called new age. pagan symbols invoke demons to do dirty work for cultists, and evolution is the root of much of this evil, the students were told. 	auto-tune put to better use: news auto-tune has been prettying up vocal tracks for more than a decade now, but applying it to news is simply brilliant. the gregory brothers‘ autotunethenews.com is worth a look. 	nh’s proud political system a nh house judiciary committee hearing recently made new hampshire famous in boingboing and the huffington post. watch the hearing where the speaker describes sex acts, and take special note of the amazing poker face of the others during the talk. 	i’ll stop the world and melt with you flickr video 	watching valentine’s rose fade the georgia o’keefe view, above, or the still life view, below: this isn’t so much about valentine’s day as it is about finally getting setup to do time lapse video like this. more to come at maisonbisson.com/timelapse. 	valentine’s rose (o’keefe view) flickr video 	valentine’s rose flickr video 	what the critics are missing about apple’s ipad it’s doubtful that anybody reading this blog missed the news that apple finally took the wraps off their much rumored tablet: the ipad. trouble is, a bunch of folks seem to be upset about the features and specs, or something that made the buzz machine go meh. it’s just a bigger iphone, complain the privileged tech pundits. they apparently missed the recent pew internet project report on internet usage by demographic. 	blogging by email wordpress has some simple built-in support for posting by email, but that didn’t stop a couple people from developing plugins that might do better. postie and postmaster both claim to support attached photos (though neither appears to use wp’s built-in media management). but if your goal is to post photos, you might consider posting through flickr. 	organizational vanity, google alerts, and social engineering as more and more organizations become aware of the need to track their online reputation, more people in those organizations are following google alerts for their organization’s name. that creates a perfect opportunity for scammers to play on that organizational vanity to infect computers used by officers of the organization with malware that can reveal the inner workings of that organization. i’m not exactly sure what clicking the button above does. 	apple’s netbook a post on thomas fitzgerald.net serves to remind us that apple released their first netbook in : the apple emate : …next time you see people ranting about an apple netbook, remember that apple had something similar long before anyone even uttered the phrase “netbook.” the device ran netwon os with a - hour battery life (yes, - hours). i’ve written more than a few posts eulogizing the emate’s tablet-shaped sibling: newton message pad . 	coda feature wishlist i’d long been a user of barebones’ bbedit, a product that’s served me well for a number of years. but upgrading from version . to is a paid deal, and after spending days with the demo of bbedit , i decided i wanted to look around a little bit. my friend matt switched from bbedit to panic’s coda some time ago, and i liked the demo of that well enough that i bought a license. 	put an ssd in your expresscard slot? i spied the wintec filemate gb ultra expresscard and began to wonder how it works as a boot drive for mac os x in a late macbook pro (the model just before apple replaced the expresscard slot with an sd slot). but i didn’t have to wonder too much, as a post to this macobserver forum thread offers enough details to make a geek salivate: the computer now boots primarily from the ssd card and will start up the computer in less than / the time of the internal hd […] i have all the applications and system files on the ssd card, the user files/record on the internal hd. 	do e-books have a future? david weinberger kicked off the latest installment in the ongoing debate about the future of electronic books versus paper books in his will books survive? a scorecard… post. he’s got some good points, but like many of the smart folks i admire, he approaches this question assuming that books, in any form, are important. ursula k. le guin’s excellent essay on “the alleged decline of reading” is especially informative on this point: books don’t matter to most americans, and they haven’t for some time. 	even if they don’t click ethan zuckerman’s recent post, what if they stop clicking? points out the difficulty of building a business on ad revenue. he points to statistics that show fewer readers are clicking banner and arguments from the web advertising industry about how un-clicked ads still build brand awareness. it’s not really central to zuckerman’s point, but i didn’t sense that he was aware that google has picked up the same argument. i commented on the post that google has started reporting the numbers of people who are presented (but don’t click) ads, then later visit the advertisers that are paying for, um, clicks. 	my wordcamp nyc talks authentication hacks my first talk was on user authentication with mu in existing ecosystems, all about integrating wp with ldap/ad/cas and other directory authentication schemes, as well as the hacks i did to make that integration bi-directional and deliver new user features. my slides are online (.mov / .pdf), and you can read earlier blog post summing up the project. plugins mentioned wpcas (long description) alternate contact info wordpress ticket framework wpsms (long description) scriblio i was most excited, however, to talk about scriblio, a plugin that turns wordpress into a library catalog with faceted searching and browsing. 	spell checking matt demanded accent-aware spell checking for the wordpress spell checking plugin his company acquired earlier this year. and just a little more than a month later, after the deadline delivered. now beyoncé, café, coöperate, and even my resumé look prettier. separately, wordnik offers a new take on online dictionaries, and they just launched an api. 	backblaze storage pod backblaze is a cloud backup service that needs cheap storage. lots of it. they say a petabyte worth of raw drives runs under $ , , but buying that much storage in products from major vendors easily costs over $ , , . so they built their own. the result is a u rack-mounted linux-based server that contains terabytes at a material cost of $ , , the bulk of which goes to purchase the drives themselves. 	drobo: sweet storage, one big flaw i’ve been a fan of drobo since i got mine over a year ago. the little(-ish, and sweet looking, for stack of disks) device packs as many as four drives and automatically manages them to ensure the reliability of your data and easy expandability of the storage. however, thomas tomchak just pointed out one major flaw: if you overflow your drobo with data, the entire device may give up and you’ll lose everything. 	the bugs that haunt me a few years ago i found an article pointing out how spammers had figured out how to abuse some code i wrote back in or so. i’d put it on the list to fix and even started a blog post so that i could take my lumps publicly. now i’ve rediscovered that draft post…and that i never fixed the bad code it had fingered. worse, i’m no longer in a position to change the code. 	ssh tunneling examples most of my work is available publicly, but some development is hosted on a private svn that’s hidden behind a firewall. unfortunately, my primary development server is on the wrong side of that particular firewall, so i use the following command to bridge the gap: ssh -r :svn_host: username@dev_server.com that creates a reverse tunnel through my laptop to the svn server and allows me to checkout code using the following: 	yelp: a poster child for semantic markup search engine land.com: yelp…is…essentially a poster-child for semantic markup. this spring, google’s introduction of rich snippets has allowed yelp’s listings in the serps to stand out more, attracting consumers to click more due to the “bling” decorating the listings in the form of the star ratings. there are now some very good reasons why sites with ratings and reviews should be adopting microformats, and it’s not that hard to do! 	iphone’s anti-customer config file in march of this year apple applied for a patent on technology that enables or disables features of a phone via a config file. the tech is already in use: it’s the carrier profiles we’ve been downloading recently. on the one hand this is just an extension of the parental controls that apple has included in mac os x since the early days, but it also implies some rather anti-consumer thinking at the company. 	evil evil klaomta.com a quick google search of klaomta.com reveals more than a few people wondering why it’s iframed on their websites. the answer is that the site has been compromised. unfortunately for the fellow who asked me the question at wordcamp, solving the problem can be a bit of a chore. keeping your wordpress installation up to date is important, as there are some known security flaws in older versions, but most of the attacks that crackers use are targeted elsewhere. 	the wordpress way plugin development will norris‘ talk at wordcamp pdx introduces wordpress coding standards, common functions, and constants to would be plugin developers (and smacks those who’ve already done it wrong). also notable: functions, classes, variables, and constants in the wordpress trunk. custom installations just as wordpress has a number of hooks and filters that plugins can use to modify and extend behavior, it also has a cool way to customize the installation process. 	hacking wordpress login and password reset processes for my university environment any university worth the title is likely to have a very mixed identity environment. at plymouth state university we’ve been pursuing a strategy of unifying identity and offering single sign-on to web services, but an inventory last year still revealed a great number of systems not integrated with either our single sign-on (authn) or authorization systems (authz, see difference). and in addition to the many application/system specific stores of identity information (even for those systems integrated into our single sign-on environment), we also use both ldap and ad (which we try to synchronize at the application level). worst of all, the entire environment is provisioned solely from our mis database, which is good if you want to make sure that students and faculty get user accounts, but bad if you want to provision an account for somebody who doesn’t fit into one of those roles. the one way relationship between our user accounts and the mis database also makes it difficult to engage with new users online. if you can’t get an account until you become a student, how do you allow potential students to apply online if all your systems are integrated with single sign-on? and if you can’t authenticate the online identity of your users, how do you set initial passwords into your system? or allow them to reset a forgotten password online? internet companies never struggled with this issue, as their customers could only approach them online, but most universities built systems around paper applications and have fond (and relatively recent) memories of offering their students their first internet experience. it’s still not unusual for universities to offer their students their campus computing account with a default password based on supposedly secret data shared between the user and the school. but your ssn, birth date, and mother’s name are no longer secret. a proposed change in ferpa policy (see the the top of page in the nprm) would have barred the use of “a common form user name (e.g., last name and first name initial) with date of birth or ssn, or a portion of the ssn, as an initial password to be changed upon first use of the system” in systems that store academic data. the final rule excluded that provision, much to the relief of those schools with more lobbying clout than brains. 	pigeon beats adsl: slow networks or massive storage capacity? it was a tech story so apparently humorous that the popular media felt compelled to cover it: carrier pigeons delivered gbs of data faster than an adsl line. the bbc story’s subtitle read “broadband promised to unite the world with super-fast data delivery – but in south africa it seems the web is still no faster than a humble pigeon,” and that’s how most stories played it. unfortunately, they all got it wrong. moving data by homing pigeon requires some planning, and pigeons. source. the race was run by the unlimited group, but the clearest telling of it comes from wikipedia: inspired by rfc {.external.mw-magiclink-rfc}, on september the marketing team of the unlimited, a regional company in south africa, decided to host a tongue-in-cheek “pigeon race” between their pet pigeon “winston” and local telecom company telkom sa. the race is to send gigabytes of data from howick to hillcrest, approximately  km apart. the pigeon carrying a microsd{.mw-redirect} card (an avian variant of a sneakernet), versus a telkom adsl{.mw-redirect} line. winston beat the data transfer over telkom’s adsl line, with a total time of two hours, six minutes and seconds from uploading data on the microsd card to completion of download from card. at the time of winston’s victory, the gb adsl transfer was just under % complete. 	jsnes: javascript nintendo emulator ben fisherman’s jsnes runs entirely in the browser using nothing more intrusive than javascript. it apparently manages real-time performance within chrome, but it works (if not playably) on an iphone. i wish the screen was resizable and that it supported iphone compatible controls, but both of those assume that browser performance will improve enough to make it playable. interestingly, though not surprisingly, the safari js engine is limited to consuming a single cpu (which it quickly does while playing jsnes). 	itunes : closer to an api? will norris has discovered that itunes ’s interactions with the store are more web-happy. i’ve been asking where the itunes store api was for some time, now i think i’ve got what i need to build one. 	wordpress hacks: nested paths for wpmu blogs situation: you’ve got wordpress multi-user setup to host one or more domains in sub-directory mode (as in site.org/blogname), but you want a deeper directory structure than wpmu allows…something like the following examples, perhaps: site.org/blogname site.org/departments/blogname site.org/departments/blogname site.org/services/blogname the association between blog ids and sub-directory paths is determined in wpmu-settings.php, but the code there knows nothing about nested paths. so a person planning to use wordpress mu as a cms must either flatten his/her information architecture, or do some hacking. 	am i supposed to feel bad for at&t now? with at&amp;t facing lawsuits for not delivering mms features at the iphone gs launch, they kind of had to do something. i’m not sure if i’d be satisfied by this video if i were among the plaintiffs, but i think it does a good enough job. the stat about % annual increases in mobile data use is pretty powerful. i’d heard it a dozen times before*, but because i wasn’t in austin for sxsw iphone meltdown, i don’t have quite the same appreciation as some do. at&amp;t added capacity then, and they seem to have been scrambling elsewhere too. iphone users are said to be six times as likely as anybody else to watch video on their phones, and if wifi aggregator jiwire’s report says anything about cell data, the iphone has certainly changed the game. jiwire’s mobile audience insights report shows that over % of the devices on their network are either iphones (about % of the total) or ipod touches! and all the way back in in britain, iphone users were times as likely as other phone users to send or receive more than mb a month. it will be interesting to see what happens to other carriers as they get devices that encourage use as the iphone has. *actually, i hadn’t heard the % stat specifically, just inspecific reports of increased usage. 	now i want to watch (or re-watch) all these okay, i don’t want to watch all the movies depicted in this year overview of film special effects, but i did just add a few to my netflix queue. 	wordpress hacks: serving multiple domains situation: using wordpress mu (possibly including buddypress) on multiple domains or sub-domains of a large organization with lots of users. wordpress mu is a solid cms to support a large organization. each individual blog has its own place in the organization’s url scheme (www.site.org/blogname), and each blog can have its own administrators and other users. groups of blogs in wpmu make up a “site” and one or more sites can be hosted with a single implementation. (i’m capitalizing site for the same reason wordpress docs capitalize page) each site has a defined set of administrators and options controlling various features. you might, for instance, lock down the plugins on your blogs.site.org, while keeping it open on your www.site.org. or maybe you’d like to let your helpdesk staff create new blogs at blogs.site.org, but not at www.site.org. that’s what wpmu’s notion of site can help you control. 	online advertising metrics i don’t know if it’s just the mother’s day effect, but the top online retailers for may were dominated by flower shops. the top shop is converting almost % of their visitors to buyers, though the average is just over %. tim, meanwhile, claims he’s lowered his bounce rate to just %. 	not my chair, not my problem liam lynch explains the origin of the video, but what was dan deacon thinking as he [recorded the audio][ ]? of all the [free mp downloads][ ] he offers, [two friends][ ] from the acorn master album may be the most, um, listenable. thanks to [daily songsmith corey b (corey blanchette)][ ] for the tip. [ ]: www-dandeacon-com- drinking out of cups.mp [ ]: http://www.dandeacon.com/mp / [ ]: www-dandeacon-com- _two_friends.mp [ ]: http://coreyb .com/ 	who gets to control the future of libraries? the following was my email response to a thread on the web lib mail list: okay, it must be said: you’re all wrong . i can understand that news of a librarian being fired/furloughed will raise our defenses, but that’s no excuse for giving up the considered and critical thinking that this occasion demands. consider this: the principle’s blog reveals a reasonable person actively trying to improve academic performance despite crushing economic conditions. 	martin belam’s advice to hackers at the guardian’s july hack day an amusing hacks-conference lightning talk-turned-blog post on web development: “graceful hacks” – ux, ia and interaction design tips for hack days. martin belam‘s talk at the guardian’s july hack day must have been both funny and useful: funny: “however, i am given to understand that this is now deprecated and has gone out of fashion.” useful: “the yahoo! design pattern library is your friend.” 	hnews might not be so bad the ap’s diagram of their protect, point, pay “news drm” scheme looked like a joke, then i saw the parody. despite all the smoke and hype, ed felton explains that it’s underwhelming, at most. still, hnews might be an interesting format for some blogs to adopt. most of what the ap is rattling their saber about is in the rights (containing ccrel declarations). felton thinks the dependence on ccrel may extend derivative usage rights, rather than limit them. 	get your beer pong skills on 	do facebook ads work? all facebook is happy to share the ten laws of facebook advertising, but will those rules lead to better results than the . % ctr bob gilbreath got a year ago? 	newspaper business: news was a loss leader howard weaver wants newspapers to play offense against google and others, but chris tolles, ceo of news aggregator topix.com says he’s been trying weaver’s plan for a while, and there’s no bucket of gold to be found in it. the problem, it would appear, is that newspapers don’t sell news. they sell advertising space and pair it with news as a loss leader to keep the eyeballs. and while that worked in print, it doesn’t work on the web. 	google recommends microformats and rdfa google’s own webmasters help site recommends microformats and rdfa structured data to improve indexing and usefulness of the data. review metadata appears to have full support, while people, product, and business data are in beta. 	do air taxis actually work? i just thought to follow up on this story about dayjet, a high-flying air taxi service that planned to operate tiny, three-passenger eclipse jets. the story doesn’t deviate from economic trends: dayjet ceased operations in september , and the aircraft manufacturer entered chapter in february . the air taxi association says their operators save big money over scheduled airline service, but finding the price of that service can be hard. 	mozilla labs’ ubiquity http://www.vimeo.com/ mozilla labs’ ubiquity has a lot of promise: ubiquity is an experiment into connecting the web with language in an attempt to find new user interfaces that make it possible for everyone to do common web tasks more quickly and easily. it’s a firefox extension, so it works on macs, windows, and linux. with only a couple keystrokes, it lets you use language to instruct your browser. you can translate to and from most languages, add maps to your email, edit any page, twitter, check your calendar, search, email your friends, and much more. 	tomas mankovsky’s sorry i’m late http://www.vimeo.com/ i’m simply in love with this video. watch through the credits to see a bit of how it’s made. 	go blog, small orgs (or large) philip greenspun suggests small organizations use a blog for their website (ironically, not blogged): the small business web circa in , a small organization that wanted a web site would hire a “web designer” skilled in the exotic art of “html programming” to produce a static web site, i.e., a cluster of linked pages with a distinctive design and color scheme, giving information about the company or non-profit org. 	get the zimbra isync connector it can be difficult to get the zimbra isync connector, as the company doesn’t offer a simple download from their site. fortunately, the license allows us to freely redistribute their software. download the zimbra isync connector here. 	what is david mcnicol’s url cache plugin? the description to david mcnicol’s url cache plugin raises more questions than it answers: given a url, the url_cache() function will attempt to download the file it represents and return a url pointing to this locally cached version. where did he plan to use it? does he envision the cache as an archive, or for performance? why hasn’t it been updated since ? it caught my interest because i’ve long been interested in a solution to link rot in my blog. 	book search results vs. users bret victor offers the above design suggestions (from ) to amazon in the book search results display (he’s comparing to this). i didn’t discover them at the time, but many of them are still relevant now. bret notes that amazon’s display doesn’t do a good job of answering the questions a person has when searching for books: “what is the book about?” and “is it any good?” unfortunately, these questions are completely unaddressed by the information provided. 	too bad the hanzo archives wordpress plugin is caput the hanzo archives wordpress plugin is something i’d be very excited to use. ironically, it’s disappeared from the web (though the blog post hasn’t): we’ve released a wordpress plugin which automatically archives anything you link to in your blog posts; it also adds a ‘perma-permalink’ for the archived version adjacent to each original link. an amazon web services case study put me on to hanzo a while ago, and in may i actually spoke with mark middleton (the markm who posted the entry above). 	customizable post listings lorelle is a big fan of scott reilly’s customizable post listings: display recent posts, recently commented posts, recently modified posts, random posts, and other post, page, or draft listings using the post information of your choosing in an easily customizable manner. you can narrow post searches by specifying categories and/or authors, among other things. 	using vlc as a live video stream transcoder for axis camera and flv [i]n theory, i should be able to issue one command to vlc and have it receive the mpeg -es stream from the camera, transcode it to h. , and stream it to the wowza, which would handle the rest. via john beales. 	leaked video of bumblebee’s breakdance moves http://www.vimeo.com/ well, not ‘leaked,’ but just in time for the new transformers movie, patrick boivin has posted this video of bumblebee breakdancing. 	video or audio comments in wordpress with riffly in line with yesterday’s discovery of the viddler wp plugin, riffly webcam video comments also supports video or audio comments within wordpress: riffly is a free service that easily plugs into your site allowing visitors to create video and audio comments. the service is advertising supported. we cover all the costs for bandwidth, servers, and maintenance. optionally, we also offer premium riffly accounts that provide you with additional benefits, such as advertising removal, control panel access, analytics, and much more. 	video comments with viddler wordpress plugin the viddler wordpress plugin promises to “enrich your site’s commenting experience by enabling video comments….” users can record direcly from a web cam or choose a video they’ve previously uploaded to viddler.com. viddler evangelist colin devroe has it on his site, where i can see it requires would-be commenters have a viddler account. that last bit is too bad. i like viddler, but i can’t force my readers to like it and get accounts as a prerequisite to commenting. 	wolfram|alpha’s missing feature: libraries john timmer brings up my two biggest complaints about wolfram|alpha. the first is that it’s even harder to identify the source of information than it is in wikipedia, the other is what happens when searches fail: a bad web search typically brings up results that help you refine your search terms; a bad alpha search returns nothing, and it’s not clear that there’s an easy way to fix that. 	systems wrangling session at wordcamp developer day what is the current status of web servers…is apache .x “fast enough?” automattic uses lightspeed (for php), nginx (for static content), and apache (for media uploads). for wordpress-generated content, all server options are approximately the same speed. what about apc? automattic uses beta versions of apc, and provides a - x performance increase. it’s tied closely to the php version, so automattic recently switched from php to php . databases? 	andy peatling on buddypress why buddypress? “build passionate users around a specific niche.” do you have to become a social network? “no, look at gigaom pro,” a recently launched subscription research site based on buddypress. but, yo do get “byotos: bring your own terms of service.” that is, you get to control content and interactions. and your service won’t be subject to the whims of a larger network like facebook (or vagaries of their service — think ma. 	wordpress . script handling jquery . . is in wordpress . , but the most exciting changes are in the automatic concatenation and compression of scripts via the script loader. andrew ozz says “this feature can easily be extended to include scripts added by plugins and to use server side caching, however that would require some changes to the server settings (.htaccess on apache).” i have yet to figure out how to extend that feature to scripts in my plugins, but i’m working on it. 	google’s matt cutts on building better sites with wordpress % of wordpress blogs he sees are spam. but for those who aren’t spammers and want to do better in google…. “wordpress automatically solves a ton of seo issues…wordpress takes care of - % of seo.” still, he recommends a few extra plugins: akismet — reduce spam comments cookies for comments — reduce spam comments feedburner feedsmith wp super cache — improve performance “we crawl roughly in order of pagerank…higher ranked sites get crawled faster and deeper. 	understanding, leveraging google image search above is [peter linsley][ ] speaking about google image search at [smx west][ ] in february, . meanwhile, [stefan juhl suggests some javascript][ ] to break your site out of the image search result pages: many google image search users are quickly clicking on to the direct image url and thereby not seeing the page with the image. also, it seems that many of the users don’t hesitate to click back to the image serps when they don’t see the image “above the fold” – probably because of google image search framing the page with the picture and thus making it almost too easy to do so. 	on the one hand he wants to catapult chicken droppings, on the other hand he did catapult his wife; repeatedly the homeland security press is just getting wind of joe weston-webb’s attempts to deter vandals with nonlethal weapons, but the story became all the rage in britain when it broke last year. the stories hit all the timely bits: joe got burgled, so he announced plans to install a catapult. a what? a catapult. why? to launch chicken droppings at miscreants. unfortunately, the local constabulary warned him off, and the catapult wasn’t ready when burglars returned. 	zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance is available all over the web robert m. pirsig‘s zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance at amazon, a used book store, or your parent’s book shelf. still, it’s available on the web as pdf, at least two text files — one, two — and even as a podcast (subscribe via itunes). lots of people have re-traced the journey described in the book, at least one person has posted a travelogue about it to the web. henry gurr has posted pirsig’s own photos, and christoph bartneck pointed out many locations in google maps: 	is mysql . ready? mysql . hasn’t gotten a lot of love, but it does introduce support for pluggable storage engines. and that’s required to use sphinxse. sphinx is a fast full text search engine. it doesn’t need to run as a mysql storage engine to work, but doing that allows joining against other mysql tables. so while i’m watching the future of mysql alternatives, i’m also watching . bug fixes and playing with the coolstack-packaged . 	extreme sheep herding 	iphone g camera hacks and deets those unwilling to open of their iphone to adjust the camera focus might take a look at griffin’s clarifi, a case with a built-in close-up lens that can slide in our out of place as needed. flickr user meine ideenecke, meanwhile, has figured out the iphone camera specifications. he says it’s about mm ( mm equivalent), though this source says it’s mm. 	will tuneup fix my collection of podcast music downloads? now that i’ve discovered it, i’m tempted to try tuneup on my collection of mp s downloaded as podcasts (and without good id tags) from places like the kcrw’s today’s top tune. the story is that the itunes plugin automatically identifies your tracks, can fix the tags, and add album art. 	google street view camera sightings what happens when one of google’s street view camera vehicles encounters a low bridge or a muddy australian road? 	comparing panorama stitching tools the above are the result of panolab, hugin, calico, and a single shot with a very wide angle lens (canon’s - mm, effectively mm on my rebel xti). the first three originated on my iphone and the panolab shot was stitched and originally uploaded to flickr on my iphone (though i have since done some color enhancement and reuploaded the photo from my macbook pro). hugin is gpl, the other solutions are less free (in both senses). 	the difference between mysql’s utf _unicode_ci and. utf _general_ci collations mysql answer: utf _unicode_ci vs. utf _general_ci. collation controls sorting behavior. unicode rationalizes the character set, but doesn’t, on it’s own, rationalize sorting behavior for all the various languages it supports. utf _general_ci (ci = case insensitive) is apparently a bit faster, but sloppier, and only appropriate for english language data sets. 	the many uses of a pockettorch doesn’t everybody need a pockettorch? it’s a “safe, practical tool,” they say. more amusingly, the list of suggested uses includes: melting your cache of gold, scaring grandma, lighting illegal fireworks, dental/lab work, and making friends jealous. 	fun threads for librarians who doesn’t want to be an anarchist librarian? or a bibliophian? 	photoshop retouching magic vs. disasters compare the retouching portfolio here against the regular posts at photoshop disasters. 	lessons learned: why it’s better not to use parentheses when they’re optional there it is in the php manual for return(): note: since return() is a language construct and not a function, the parentheses surrounding its arguments are not required. it is common to leave them out, and you actually should do so as php has less work to do in this case. i knew the parentheses were optional, but i’ve been merrily using them all along. and i probably would have continued doing so until i saw the second note attached to the docs: 	mysql correlated subqueries correlated subqueries are said to be “inefficient and likely to be slow,” but that doesn’t mean i’m not glad to have learned of them. 	what is an archive in the digital age? jessamyn pointed out the dust up over the dissapearing of paperofrecord.com, a historical newspaper archive. 	most annoying song ever? is this the most annoying song ever? independent + catchy and pop gone wrong. 	how much do you want that job? one of the many odd questions this prank job application asks is: what are you willing to wear at work? (check all that apply) paper hat tie hairnet spandex singing omelet costume 	sweet vw bus scooter sidecar i spied this drool-worthy scooter and sidecar combo on scooter sidecars. 	wordpress action ticketing api this plugin is the next step after my proposal for a common invite api. here’s how i described it when requesting hosting at the plugin directory: a common framework for registering tickets that will be acted upon later. use it to manage challenge/response interactions to confirm email addresses, phone numbers, im screen names, twitter accounts, etc. build an invite system around it, or use it as the foundation of a short url system. 	you think you’re paying too much for mobile data? a caller to clark howard’s cnn show complains of being billed $ , by his cell phone provider for data usage. and oklahoman billie parks has filed suit over a $ , bill. 	saving objects in wordpress’ user meta there’s a hole in the wall at about head level next to my desk. i’ve spent most of the day trying to track down a bug with some code i’ve been working on to add fields to a user’s profile in wordpress. the problem is that upon trying to save the profile i’d get an error like the following: catchable fatal error: object of class stdclass could not be converted to string in /wp-includes/wp-db. 	expandrive ftp/sftp/amazon s client expandrive makes ftp, sftp, and amazon s connectivity dead easy. expandrive acts just like a usb drive plugged into your mac. open, edit, and save files to remote computers from within your favorite programs—even when they are on a server half a world away. expandrive enhances every single application on your computer by transparently connecting it to remote data. 	php magic constants: __line__, __file__, __dir__, __function__, __class__, __method__, and __namespace__ i’ve been using __file__ for years, but i never thought to look for its siblings. echo ' line:'. __line__ .' file:'. __file__ .' directory:'. __dir__ .' function:'. __function__ .' class:'. __class__ .' method:'. __method__ .' namespace:'. __namespace__; i feel as though i should have noticed these earlier; they’re clearly referenced in the docs for debug_backtrace(), after all. 	down the drain: flowers in the in-sink-erator flickr video i can’t explain my fascination with putting flowers into the in-sink-erator, but the sink does smell like flowers afterwards. music is evil by beads. 	trash fiction book covers a while ago i discovered a great collection of scanned book covers from s-ish pulp fiction in flickr. i had gone looking for things to post on our clipboard wall, but these are too fun to walk away from — especially now that sandee’s put cats up. 	marc acito on strunk and white’s elements of style when it comes to “shall” and “will,” strunk and white gives the following example: “a swimmer in distress cries, ‘i shall drown; no one will save me!’ ” but a suicide says, “i will drown; no one shall save me!” and i say, “you two (pedantic) know-it-alls deserve to drown.” i mean, what about “help!” via who needs a manual to write real good?. 	yahoo! bids adieu to yahoo! has divested itself of blo.gs and is shuttering geocities. would this have happened in a good economy? no. did it need to happen anyway? yes. yes. yes. and for the love of god, yes. 	tips to publishers from google news it turns out that there are a lot of differences between google’s regular web crawler and the google news crawler. and though very few of us will find our content included in google news, it still seems like a good idea to make our content conform to their technical requirements. here are a few of them: in order for our crawler to correctly gather your content, each article needs to link to a page dedicated solely to that article. 	correction: i do still need the wufoo forms wordpress embed shortcode a few weeks ago i said i no longer needed the wufoo embedding code that i’d put into bsuite. i was wrong. so i’ve taken another look, fixed the code from my old post, and coded it up into a stand-alone plugin. i’ve added installation and usage instructions to the bottom of the original post. 	what’s the best panorama stitching app for iphone? i spent some time looking for panorama-related apps for the iphone and came up with the following: panorama by airshed panoramas by helix interactive tripstitch by byteslice software pano by debacle software panoramascope by phil endicott panolab and panolab pro by originate lab i’ve actually played with panolab a bit (landscape, portrait) after seeing p ps harlow using it. 	fixing batcache to send the correct content-type header i’m a fan of batcache, the memcached-based wordpress full-page cache solution, but i’ve discovered that it ignores the content-type header set when the page is initially generated and re-sends all content with content-type: text/html. i posted a note about this at the wordpress support forums, but then i realized what the problem was: apache_response_headers() doesn’t return the content type, but headers_list() does. the solution is to replace apache_response_headers() with headers_list() in the code, though headers_list() is php + only, so it might be a while before we see a change like this committed. 	facebook’s favorite metadata [facebook’s guide to sharing][ ] details some meta tags to make that sharing work better: in order to make sure that the preview is always correctly populated, you should add the tags shown below to your html. an example news story could have the following: &gt; &gt; as shown, title contains the preview title, description contains the preview summary and image_src contains the preview image. please make sure that none of the content fields contain any html markup because it will be stripped out. 	google labs: similar images and news timeline new releases from google labs: similar images and news timeline. i count it as a failure for google that the news timeline doesn’t show future events. 	three or more ways to record or intercept voip calls voip now offers a few tips, hackszine discusses voipong, and mac voip mentions cain &amp; abel and describes arp poisoning to make a man-in-the-middle intercept. 	jeeves is back! does your organization need its own avatar/personality? if you remember ask.com, you probably remember jeeves. now he’s back on the uk site. it turns out that people liked the old chap, and in this age of social media, it’s probably prudent to have a corporate avatar (it looks a lot better on facebook, anyway). there’s more about the resurrection at search engine land. 	flight level , pvd kent wien‘s photo of providence, rhode island is better than average for the camera out the window genre. 	william shatner’s rocketman still makes me laugh elton john and bernie taupin wrote it, but william shatner did it best. watch the video now and download the mp for future enjoyment. thanks to vasken for pointing out the video. 	do we need a wordpress common invite or challenge-response api? the buddypress forums have a number of threads about handling invitations (two worth looking at: one, two), but no real solution has emerged. at the same time, there’s also a need for some means of confirming other actions such as password resets, email changes (both of those are already handled by wpmu, i know), cell phone numbers to receive sms messages, and other actions that need to be confirmed later. 	fixing user meta to accept repeating fields — just in time for the wordpress has-patch marathon there’s a wordpress has-patch marathon going on now and i’m hoping one of my recent patches gets some attention. i’m hoping to fix the user meta functions to allow them to accept multiple values per key, per user. it’s listed there among the other has-patch tickets in trac, and there’s been some discussion in wp-hackers. why not take a look? 	wifi is critical to academia, the wifi alliance says a study sponsored by the wifi alliance reveals the following: wifi and college choice % of college students say wi-fi access is as essential to education as classrooms and computers % say they wouldn’t go to a college that doesn’t have free wi-fi % say that without wi-fi access, college would be a lot harder % agree that widely available wi-fi on campus is an indication that a school cares about its students wifi and where they use it % have connected from coffee shops and restaurants % from parks % from in their cars wifi in the classroom % have checked facebook™ or myspace™ and sent or received e-mail while using their laptop in class % have sent instant messages to a friend during class % used wi-fi to get a head start on an assignment before a class was finished wifi and linkbaiting statistics if forced to choose, % would give up beer before giving up wi-fi survey methodology: “in conjunction with the wi-fi alliance, wakefield research surveyed u. 	globesurfer x- wireless broadband router option globesurfer x• router: “a new product that transforms any usb wireless modem into an instant internet-connected wifi network capable of supporting multiple users.” too bad i can’t figure out where to buy it. also too bad that i can’t simply do this with a jail-broked iphone. i mean, doesn’t an iphone have everything it needs built-in: a cell-phone modem, wifi hardware, and enough unixy goodness to support nat and routing? 	bumptop: taking the desktop metaphor deeper bumptop: a fun, intuitive d desktop that keeps you organized and makes you more productive. like a real desk, but better. your desktop doesn’t have to be a boring graveyard for lost and forgotten files anymore! transform it with bumptop. create the desktop that suits your needs and style. recently reviewed in arstechnica. 	extracting/decompressing .rar files on mac os x mac os x doesn’t ship with unrar, the common linux utility, but you can easily get it bundled in unrarx, a convenient mac os x utility. dig around and you’ll find it in unrarx.app/contents/resources. 	not sure that rev=“canonical” is really the solution anything that can help stop this kind of madness is worth a good long look (yes, i don’t like the diggbar any more than john gruber, despite digg’s assurances it’s safe), so i’ve had rev=“canonical” on my mind (yes, that’s rev, not rel). chris shiflett thinks it will save the internet, but matt cutts suggests what i’ve always thought: why not resolve short urls to their long form and store/display them that way? 	cas is a standard protocol, not a standard application i’m not really part of the jasig cas community (learn more), but i do maintain the wpcas wordpress cas client and i’ve started development of a cas server component for wordpress. that project is on hold because one of the products that i’d expected to integrate with it doesn’t use standard cas and the vendor of that app has chosen to modify the jasig cas server to support their apps. 	weird screw drive russian truck 	can we stop complaining about taxes already? andrew tobias asks if we can finally put the tax argument to bed: is the reason you’re not investing in stocks these days (a) the prospect of having to pay % capital gains tax? or (b) the fear of further losses? (well, or – c – that you don’t have any money?) is the reason you don’t start a new business that (a) if it made you a lot of money you’d have to pay a lot of taxes? 	sniff sniff — network sniffing in mac os x adam had to remind me of this: sudo tcpdump -i en -s port of course tcpdump can only tell us what other machines the computer is talking to, not what the conversation is. that requires a sniffer like wireshark. 	iphone earbud + business card hacks: speakers and cord winder two interesting submissions to the core business card hacks challenge: earbud speakers and a cord winder. 	you’re nobody unless you’re fake — on twitter here’s a simple way to tell whether the star you’re following is the real thing. are the alleged celebrity’s tweets funny and entertaining, with a palpable sense of self-awareness and wit? full on fake then, and by default, well worth following. oh, and twitter, if you’re still confused, the fake celebs are the ones who cannot afford a publicist to announce that the @fakeaccount everyone’s following isn’t really them. 	damn firewalls…but which firewall? for some reason two cdns, bitgravity and castfire, are being blocked on campus. you might think firewall, but the problem even seems to appear outside the firewall. 	international pillow fight day world pillow fight day in boston last saturday was not only a lot of spring fever fun, it also resulted in a marriage proposal. banditos misteriosos estimates there were over , pillow fighters, apparently making it one of the largest fights that day. view the above panorama large to see the crowd. detroit police shut down the fight there, confiscating pillows and demanding permits, though the calgary fight went without incident, despite concerns about permits. 	adventure cameras: olympus vs. panasonic i’ve been keeping my eye on the olympus stylus tough- . it’s reportedly durable and waterproof to feet. but i’ve just discovered the panasonic lumix dmc-ts , also supposedly tough and waterproof (though only to feet). the panasonic, however, can shoot hd video and has a higher maximum iso. the panasonic also does some funky facial recognition (which favors recognized faces when focusing), but the olympus can stitch multiple-shot panoramas in the camera and has “tap control” that allows, well, it appears to allow you to control the camera’s settings by tapping the sides rather than fiddling with buttons. 	things learned from the durex sexual wellbeing survey yes, they did a survey, and the results show the french have plenty of sex, but are among the least satisfied for all that activity. russians ( %), brazilians ( %), and greeks ( %) appear to be the most likely to get it at least once a week, while in japan it appears both infrequent and unsatisfying. new zealand distinguished itself for being the only country where women averaged more partners than men. 	we were warned about this… years ago fortune magazine, march , : like alligators in a swamp, financial derivatives lurk in the global economy. deriving their value from the worth of some underlying asset, like currencies or equities, these potentially lucrative contracts are measured in trillions of dollars. but they also lie in convoluted layers in a tightly wound market of global interconnections. and that gives them the capacity to bring on a worldwide financial quake. 	new plymouth state university mascot matt worked this up for our university portal today. plymouth has long been the panthers, but a little change does the university good. panthers may have paws, but platypi have venom. 	crime vs. highways. or, internet security is a social (not technical) problem stefan savage, speaking in a segment on march ’s on the media, asked: the question i like to ask people is, what are you going to do to the highway system to reduce crime. and when you put it that way, it sounds absolutely ridiculous, because while criminals do use the highway, no rational person is suggesting that if only we could change the transportation architecture that crime would go away. 	 mm f/ . the canon mm f . is the stuff of legend. sure it wasn’t particularly sharp, and depth of field was so short that you’re unlikely to get an entire face in focus, but the notion of a lens that bright is more than a little attractive (even if you’re unlikely to have enough light to focus at all if you’re in a situation where you need the f . maximum aperture). 	php icalendar php icalendar can parse and render ical formatted files. apple’s developer docs, amusingly enough, offer a few more hints along those lines. 	wufoo forms wordpress embed shortcode i tossed this together a while ago, and it even made it in to bsuite for a time, but i don’t have a need for it anymore, and i’m cleaning house. function shortcode_wufoo( $arg ){ // [wufoo id=z x m domain=place.wufoo.com] $arg = shortcode_atts( array( 'id' =&gt; false, 'domain' =&gt; false, 'height' =&gt; , ), $arg ); if( !$arg['id'] || !$arg['domain'] ) return( false ); return( str_replace( array( '%%id%%','%%domain%%','%%height%%' ), array( $arg['id'], $arg['domain'], $arg['height'] ), '&lt;iframe height=&quot;%%height%%&quot; allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; frameborder=&quot; &quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; style=&quot;width: %; border:none&quot; src=&quot;https://%%domain%%/embed/%%id%%/&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://%%domain%%/forms/%%id%%/&quot;&gt;fill out my wufoo form! 	jellyfish at the monterey bay aquarium flickr video 	the year war a commentary by doug bandow of the future of freedom foundation points out how much we love war, well at least politicians love war: war has become a centerpiece of american politics. the war on terrorism is the focus of u.s. foreign policy. a real war is being fought in iraq. jimmy carter proclaimed the “moral equivalent of war” over energy. some analysts are advocating a war on obesity. 	the economist on open source from the economist in : open-source business: open, but not as usual. 	happy st. patrick’s day the entire kitchen is sandee’s playground, and that includes the chalkboard. i’m not sure what holiday she’ll decide to honor next. she’s been busy elsewhere at home too. 	mysql slow query log analysis peter at mysql performance blog pointed out this sweet perl script to analyze mysql’s slow query logs. (this is supposedly a php port.) the script does a good job of aggregating similar queries (those that only differ in their query values) and displaying overall stats for them. the following two queries are showing up a lot in my wpmu installation because i also have it set to log queries that don’t use indexes. 	slideshare wordpress embed shortcode i’m cleaning house in [bsuite][ ], and i’ve decided that this shortcode function for embedding slideshare items in wordpress needs to go. rather than totally toss it away, however, i’m posting it here in case somebody else finds it useful. ``` function shortcode_slideshare( $arg ){ // [slideshare id= &doc=misty-holland- - &w= ] $arg = shortcode_atts( array( 'id' =&gt; false, ), $arg ); if( ! $arg['id'] ) return( false ); return( str_replace( '%%id%%', $arg['id'], ' ' )); } add_shortcode('slideshare', array(&amp;amp;$this, 'shortcode_slideshare')); 	i missed the nightclub and bar show the international nightclub and bar show ran in las vegas last week, bringing a bunch of nightclub, bar, tavern, pub, restaurant, and hotel professionals to the city, including my friends at biba. dave must be faking his shock at the free shots, music, and dancing girls filling the hall “all at noon on a tuesday!” i’m not at all involved in the business, but i think i need to go next year. 	volkswagen ad claimed too violent for british tv first it was , then over complaints about the matrix-style (that means fake looking) kung foo action in volkswagen’s new ad. 	dual-wan or multi-wan load balancing routers bonding and . ad/ . ax link aggregation it’s not, but dual- or mutil-wan load balancing seems like a good way to improve overall bandwidth and reliability. the cisco/linksys rv (just under $ ) can group up to seven different wan connections, but the customer reviews are only so-so. for a little more i can get a peplink balance that can handle three wan connections and seems built for speed. there are other products, i know, but not a lot of information about any of them. 	yeah, i’m that guy i’m flying virgin america from bos to sfo, and apparently all their planes on that route offer in-flight internet via gogo. $ . buys mbps down and kbps up (at least early on when nobody else seemed to be using it). i can get my iphone online for only bucks, but as far as i can tell, i’d have to buy two plans if i wanted to use both on this flight. 	fly safe, fly without id this is an old one, but because i’m in the air again today it’s worth digging up this up. defense tech long ago pointed out the identity project‘s position on showing id for air travel: if a year-old college student can get a fake id to drink, why couldn’t a bad person get one, too? and no matter how sophisticated the security embedded into the id, wouldn’t a well-financed terrorist be able to falsify that, too? 	mmm… bacon who doesn’t like bacon, or little piglets? or kittens? 	juice your opac richard wallace’s juice project (javascript user interface componentised extensions) is a “simple componentised framework constructed in javascript to enable the sharing of ajax stye extensions to a web interface.” wordpress or scriblio users might do well to think about it as a way to put widgets on systems that don’t support widgets, though as richard points out, “the framework is applicable to any environment which, via identifiers contained within a html page, needs to link to or embed external resources. 	way cooler than a catalog i got a little excited when shirley lincicum wrote to the ngc lib mail list: [o]ne of the most frustrating things for me about next generation catalog systems as they currently exist is that they seem wholly focused on the user interface and can, in fact, actually hold libraries back from designing or implementing improved “back end” systems because of the dependencies introduced by the new “discovery layer” applications. i was excited because almost two years ago i wrote something like this: 	usability vs. open source this article comparing the usability of joomla vs. wordpress has already been linked by everybody’s uncle, but it’s still worth a look. i find it amusing, however, that none of the comments so far on that blog post mention the commitment that the core wordpress team appears to have on making blogging fun. if you start with the goal of making something fun, then add sophistication to make it flexible without being complex, you’ll get a very different result than you would if you started with different goals. 	tattoo: pantone seanbonner‘s photo of esther’s new tattoo makes me want one. tgfkae&rsquo;s new tattoo by seanbonner on flickr 	scriblio theater flickr video flickr video i should have done screencasts like the above long ago. it’s not that they’re great, but they are a wonderful excuse to use the canned lounge music i’ve got. those videos are now on the front page of the official scriblio site, and i did five more to demo the installation and configuration. big thanks go to collingswood nj public library director brett bonfield who let me use his library like this. 	pedal powered hovercraft i love the engineering of the lift fan on this pedal powered hovercraft. it needs a little more lift to make really work, but wow. 	scriblio . released my slides for my presentation yesterday at code lib are available both as a . mb quicktime and a . mb pdf, while the gist of talk went something like this: scriblio is an open source wordpress plugin that adds the ability to search, browse, and create structured data to the the popular blog/content management platform. and wordpress adds great ease of use, permalinks, comments/trackbacks/pingbacks, and other social and web-centric features to that structured data. 	is internet linking legal? you’d think the top search results on the matter would be newer than , but that’s where you’ll find this nyt article and publaw item story, both from precambrian times. worse, both of those articles suggest that my links to them may not be entirely kosher. the problem is probably that us courts have not spoken clearly on such a case. a danish court in did, but i think that no case in the us has gone far enough to actually set a precedent. 	don’t be stupid, magenta is a color anybody who claims magenta isn’t a color is stupid, lying, or link-baiting. take it from a color-blind person: all colors are a matter of perception, and claiming magenta isn’t a color because it doesn’t fit neatly in the linear spectrum of visible electromagnetic radiation is like saying this isn’t music because the vibrations that tickle our ear aren’t the result of a monotone sinusoidal wave. we have no equivalent of polyphony for light, but just as it took a whole orchestra to make jaws scary, the colors we perceive are most commonly a mixture of different frequencies of light. 	make yours a modbook i really don’t know what i’d do with a tablet, but it’s still plenty interesting to see this modbook come together. on the other hand, if there’s anything to the earlier rumors of an apple tablet, i hope it leads to some sort of large-screen iphone-like device. 	pedal powered big wheel fun this big wheel was purported to be the work of cyclecide, a sf-based bike art collective. the big wheel is cool no matter who built it, and cyclecide’s pedal powered contraptions look awesome: the pedal powered roller coaster looks tame by comparison. 	turning a podcast track into a music track in itunes i subscribe to a few song of the day podcasts, which makes it easy to get the tracks, but difficult to enjoy them as music in itunes. but podcast tracks can’t be simply moved over to the music section of your library, it takes a little finagling. there’s a lot of advice out there suggesting you use one of the menu commands to convert the track to mp or aac, but i prefer not to re-encode my music, and that’s a big hammer for a small problem. 	 , (max), (avg) mysql queries per second the above graph is far from typical, but i love that the box (the top one in this picture) can do the job when it needs to. this activity is a result of bulk record imports, web activity results in relatively little database traffic due to my use of memcached and batcache. 	the world’s greenest roller coaster this pedal-powered roller coaster is washuzan highland park‘s skycycle in okayama prefecture, japan it appears that the only co emissions are the huffing and puffing of riders peddling to the top. the park does have three traditionally powered steel coasters (the ultra, star jet, and chupy). 	how to ruin valentine’s day, and a basketball game valentine’s day will never be the same for this dude. aparently, however, marriage proposal rejections at basketball games are common, though this lol cats proposal worked out well. 	matching multi-line regex in bbedit i love bbedit on my mac, but i was left scratching my head again today when i was trying to remember how to make its regex engine match a pattern across multiple lines. my hope was to extract a list of initial articles from a page that had html like this: 	wordcamp higher ed, northeast it’s not wordcamp paris (running on february), but wordcamp edu northeast is today. i’m there to meet up with fellow wordpressies and talk about extending wordpress with holladay penick and dave lester. squeezing the three of us into a single time slot requires quite a bit of cutting, especially if we hope to have time to answer questions, so i’ll be focusing on scriblio. that means i won’t be talking about how we’re going to use buddypress or replace significant portions of our university portal with it. 	why are these people so happy? the soothing ambient sounds and smiling faces might be enough to have you keep this site open all winter long, but then you’d have to explain it. 	the world record headspin master is times cooler than me darien’s new materials handling is cool, but not world record headspin cool. actually, that’s probably a false comparison, enjoy them both. 	woot! wordpress mu . out sure, matt says it’s thank a plugin developer day, but let’s hear it for the developers who just tagged wordpress mu . ! not long ago there were still files to merge, now it’s done and ready for the next version. 	new hampshire: live free or die by firing squad nh state representative delmar burridge recently introduced hb proscribing death by firing squad: when the penalty of death is imposed, the punishment for a defendant convicted under rsa : , i(g) shall be execution by firing squad. burridge would likely describe himself as “principled,” like when he reported one of his constituents to the cops because of his advocacy for marijuana decriminalization. the photo above is a still from a ridley report interview with him. 	not happy it’s called gigapan, a robotic panorama-maker. david bergman used one to take the picture above (though his view was much larger) (you can buy your own for about $ if you get in on the beta). the point, however, is that if you zoom in real close, you can see w’s pursed lipped scowl. 	sitting in sin thomas von staffeldt’s remix of arne jacobsen‘s “chair no. ”. above are gluttony, pride, and lust. they’re all on auction, but does that suggest avarice? 	through the viewfinder original_ann‘s hacked-together rig for shooting though the viewfinder of her kodak starflex has me wanting one. she has a beautiful set and points to the through the viewfinder group for more. 	the real intronetz argument “what happens when a group that commands respect meets an audience that doesn’t give it readily?” pete cashmore on the vatican launching youtube channel. 	oh noes! my table is gone! # mysqlcheck -p -a --auto-repair --optimize wp_ _options info : found block with too small length at ; skipped info : wrong block with wrong total length starting at info : found block with too small length at ; skipped warning : number of rows changed from to status : ok cleaning up the mess after a hardware failure can suck. this mysqlcheck output is from the wp_options table for this blog. 	a cocktail i can believe in sandee’s toasting tomorrow’s inauguration with a special “fresh start cocktail.” i’m not usually one for overwrought imagery, but the delicate fruit flavor is quite refreshing change from the dark and stormy winter we’ve been suffering. and no, i really don’t know if i’m talking about the feet of snow that’s fallen these past couple months of those eight years we’ve suffered. 	everybody’s underwear i was using the dirty laundry metaphor in a previous post and wanted to extend it a bit by saying something like: for the generation of children who’s parents have already posted their silliest and most embarrassing baby pictures to facebook and elsewhere, being caught in your underwear is both expected and forgivable. being evil, on the other hand… except i couldn’t find a link to support my claim. 	gaming help: bond : quantum of solace walkthrough shadowzack knows his games a lot better than i do. even though he says it’s “crap”, i’m enjoying playing bond : quantum of solace on my wii. i only play about one game a year, so i’m not ashamed to go looking for a bit of help in shadowzack’s walkthroughs: chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter chapter 	hardmuth’s diy ring flash is quite a hack this light-piped ring flash should do the trick. it’s gotta be cheaper than canon’s offering (though cheap ring lights can be had for under $ ), and it seems to work more than well enough. 	no such thing as bad publicity finding a blog post about a condom and a cheeseburger made a friend ask if student blogs should be moved off-domain. my flippant answer was “there’s no such thing as bad publicity.” his retort was simple and quick: “tell that to the catholic church.” it stung. he had me, i was sure. it’s hard for many americans not to think of sex abuse when catholic church comes to mind, but there are probably two lessons from that: 	gaming: pac-txt richard moore’s pac-txt is even more brilliant than his paper pong (which, ironically, you can play online). here’s a transcript of my best pac-txt game to date: pac-txt! -------- you awaken in a large complex, slightly disoriented. glowing dots hover mouth level near you in every direction. off in the distance you hear the faint howling of what you can only imagine must be some sort of ghost or several ghosts. 	patrick mcgoohan dead at patrick mcgoohan, creator of the prisoner, has died. 	looking back at mac hardware performance i recently replaced the mac mini i use to host my web development with a powermac g . (story: the mini was mine, a personal purchase i made to support my work on scriblio and other wordpress-related projects, but recent changes in our network and firewall policy made the machine inaccessible from off-campus without using the vpn. having a personal machine sit at my desk at work isn’t as useful if i can’t use it conveniently and for para-work activities, so i wanted to take the mini home. 	firefox improved rdf browsing lbjay uses both the tabulator and semantic radar firefox plugins to do magic with rdf in his browser. 	play flv in quicktime player using perian perian: “the swiss-army knife of quicktime components” file formats: avi, divx, flv, mkv, gvi, vp , and vfw video types: ms-mpeg v &amp; v , divx, ivx, h. , sorenson h. , flv/sorenson spark, fsv , vp , h i, vp , huffyuv, ffvhuff, mpeg &amp; mpeg video, fraps, snow, nuppelvideo, techsmith screen capture, dosbox capture the lgpl–licensed quicktime plugin installs easily on mac os x . and does what it promises. flv videos (such as those you’d sneakily download from youtube) open just like any other quicktime vid, and you can easily export them to other types. 	corey blanchette’s song project the photos meme was quite popular last year (despite the day leap year). i might have joined, but it’s unlikely i would have finished. instead, i’ve been pushing my my brother-in-law corey blanchette, nicknamed coreyb or coreyb , to do songs in . he launched on january first and since then has done songs about elves, the serotonin in saratoga, albert ayler, and a bunch of others. 	if i ever find myself in prague… ilya schurov thinks this is the time capsule from from isaak asimov‘s the end of eternity. it’s really the elevator and stair (or ramp)-way in prague‘s old town hall. a clock and great views of the square are at the top. thinking of interesting elevators to be found in europe: the paternoster. 	diy fisheye lens for aiptek go-hd camera the aiptek go-hd isn’t such a bad camera for the money. it does p video and megapixel photos, but the lens doesn’t go very wide. but a post in the flickr blog pointed to a solution: use a door peephole as a fisheye lens. it works, but holding the peephole in front of the camera can get tiresome. here’s how i solved it: a rubber stopper easily holds the peephole, while a . 	some predictions come true way back in dave winer made a bet: in a google search of five keywords or phrases representing the top five news stories of , weblogs will rank higher than the new york times’ web site. it’s important to remember that in people still wrote “weblogs” in quotes, as though they weren’t sure how to use the word. winer won his bet in . anybody want to make a bet about ? 	safe livestock transportation recommendations you might not have cared to know the recommended trucking practices for pigs or other livestock, but colorado state university professor temple grandin is happy to explain all of that and more. she’s got videos too. perhaps you know somebody who made a new year’s resolution to improve the way they truck their livestock? 	you didn’t know they were fighting: the karen national liberation army in myanmar this news story from alerted me to a war i didn’t know anybody was fighting: the liberation of karen state from myanmar. the knla (karen national liberation army) and knu (karen national union) have been fighting for independence since the british left burma (myanmar) in . what do you get a -year old rebel movement for its birthday? here are their demands: for us, surrender is out of the question. 	super cheap aiptek go-hd video camera a while ago now i bought a aiptek go-hd p from amazon for cheap. the fotoramp review was helpful; links to actual raw video convinced me; but this video review was absolutely no help at all. you can’t track the brand on flickr; but a search reveals a few photos (one, two), a video, and even some photo panoramas (one, two) assembled from the video. you can see my own test videos here (note the link to the raw video in the description of each). 	new year’s hangover remedies i find a few sausage, egg, and cheese breakfast sandwiches and chocolate milk do the trick, but i’d eat those every day if i could. i’m always dubious of claims to national consensus, but this is especially ridiculous. is our national hangover cure really tomato juice and eggs? i thought it was hair of the dog, or beer and eggs. friends of mine have been so concerned by the challenge that they’ve developed biba, an electrolyte rich mixer that’s supposed to reduce the risk of hangover from the start (join their facebook group to learn more). 	will time warner cable customers be able to watch nickelodeon in the morning (or visit nick.com)? this dispute is going on now, tonight. there are obviously at least two sides to this story (viacom &amp;time warner cable). you’d think a media giant like viacom would know how to handle this one, but it seems that all they’ve got is that splash screen in front of a bunch of their websites and this uninspiring ad. time warner cable, which you might think is just a bunch of network plumbers, seems a little more connected. 	wired but disconnected duckett‘s wired but disconnected on ccmixter is actually ironic: the whole song is the result of an online collaboration. listen 	lensbaby baby i have an old lensbaby . (looks like this) that does a great job of making casual snapshots look like real portraits. but i also find it really difficult to get focus on my subject. blame my bad eyes, my insistence on using it wide open with it’s shallowest depth of field, and simply sloppiness, but i can’t do it. this new lensbaby composer with a sort of normal focus ring (rather than flexible bellows), might work a little better. 	tankmen tankmen is funny, no doubt, but i wonder what it means when we’re deeply embroiled in two of the longest running armed conflicts of us history that we find it so easy to make comedy about war. 	happy holidays! jappy jaladays begets a number of other punny greetings: merry mojitos! merry margaritas! tijuana celebrate? hope you do. party tortilla tired! don’t let the season tequila. salsa nice having you in our lives. let’s go singing christmas cuervos! 	youtomb tracks takedowns on youtube youtomb continually monitors the most popular videos on youtube for copyright-related takedowns. any information available in the metadata is retained, including who issued the complaint and how long the video was up before takedown. the goal of the project is to identify how youtube recognizes potential copyright violations as well as to aggregate mistakes made by the algorithm. 	hacking cellphones for public health using only an led, plastic light filter and some wires, scientists at ucla have modded a cellphone into a portable blood tester capable of detecting hiv, malaria and other illnesses. via wired. 	lcsh linked data lcsh.info is gone, but there’s a lot to learn from this paper. i wish i’d seen that earlier. 	everybody’s spoon is too big 	best of craigslist: manly bike for sale from the best-of-craigslist: manly bike for sale: what kind of bike? i don’t know, i’m not a bike scientist. what i am though is a manly guy looking to sell his bike. this bike is made out of metal and kick ass spokes. the back reflector was taken off, but if you think that deters me from riding at night, you’re way wrong. i practiced ninja training in japan’s mount fuji for years and the first rule they teach about ninja biking is that back reflectors let the enemy know where you are. 	plugin options pages in wordpress . wordpress . requires that plugins explicitly white list their options using a couple new functions. wordpress mu has required this security measure for a while, and it’s nice to see an evolved form of it brought to the core code. [migrating plugins and themes to . ][ ] article in the codex offers some guidance, but here’s how it works: first, register each option for your plugin during the admin_init action: ``` function myplugin_admin_init(){ register_setting( 'my-options-group', 'my-option-name- ', 'absint' ); register_setting( 'my-options-group', 'my-option-name- ', 'wp_filter_nohtml_kses' ); } add_action( 'admin_init', 'myplugin_admin_init' ); ``` in the example above, the value for my-option-name- will be filtered by absint before being saved to the options table. 	quizzes are good link bait via information nation: how long could you survive chained to a bunk bed with a velociraptor? and how many five year olds could you take in a fight?. 	the social beaver: s campus life at mit really, it’s titled “the social beaver,” though i can’t imagine campus life ever looking like that. aside: mit’s techtv is powered by viddler’s white-label solutions. 	woodman institute, dover, nh the woodman institute museum in dover nh is famous for having a four-legged chicken, but that’s only a small example of the weirdness you’ll find inside. a big collection of snakes and bugs and bears in top hats along with other examples of taxidermy fills the first two floors. the top floor is dedicated to war and includes the obligatory rusty cannon ball that killed and maimed. 	what could have been: lee mercer’s presidential campaign former presidential candidate lee mercer shares your concern for circumstances and issues. he wants to crack down on treason and recognizes democratic concerns about expansion of executive power. 	mysql . released, community takes stock mysql . is out as a ga release, but with crashing bugs that should give likely users pause. perhaps worse, the problems are blamed on essential breakdowns in the project management: “we have changed the release model so that instead of focusing on quality and features our release is now defined by timeliness and features. quality is not regarded to be that important.” still, people are finding inspiration in ourdelta and drizzle. 	simile timeline for, um, timelines timeline is a simile project that uses exhibit json (which you can create with babel). 	longwell rdf browser longwell mixes the flexibility of the rdf data model with the effectiveness of the faceted browsing ui paradigm and enables you to visualize and browse any arbitrarely complex rdf dataset, allowing you to build a user-friendly web site out of your data within minutes and without requiring any code at all. demos 	another approach to web forms just saw a cool demo of xforms and orbeon forms. 	wordpress for zach’s web programming class zach is apparently too lazy to prep his own lectures for the last few days of his intro to web programming class. after bringing his students from zero to database-backed web-apps, he asked matt do javascript and me to introduce wordpress as an application platform. the wordpress api makes it easy to write plugins that modify wordpress’ behavior with filters and action hooks. additionally, shortcodes allow you to put small bbcode-like tokens in your wordpress posts and pages that are replaced with by functionality defined in your plugins. 	real data architecture: stockholm data cave need a retro-looking bomb shelter for your server, or are you a big fan of the cheyenne mountain scenes in wargames? the bahnhof pionen white mountains hosting facility is a cave below stockholm. you’d expect the sysadmin blogs to call it fit for a james bond villain, but even the architecture blogs are a gaga. trendhunter compares it to the rfm fm radio headquarters (poland) and john lautner‘s chemosphere house (los angeles). 	lens lust digital photography review’s look of sigma’s mm f/ . has me drooling. i have an el cheapo mm f/ . and am looking to upgrade. at $ , canon’s mm f/ . is just way too expensive, but their mm f/ . just didn’t seem to be enough of a upgrade to be worth the price. sigma’s new lens, seems to do it. i stumbled into that lens, however, as i was looking up canon’s ef mm f/ . 	derailed eu-jin ooi‘s picture of rail trucks piled up after a derailment isn’t nearly as scary as this derailment found at dee’s inbox: can anybody name that incident? (the top one is bnsf, barstow ca, april . what’s the bottom one?) 	piano man light-paint piano player from ryan cashman on vimeo. 	mobile safari advanced features if you’re already building web apps, you might wonder why you should bother to build an iphone native app. the short answer is that you might not need to, but you should still optimize the app for iphones. native-looking chrome set these in the head: ``` // set a custom icon for when a user bookmarks the app to the home screen // hide the browser chrome //set the phone status bar style; can be grey, black, or black translucent &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt; caveats: * only works for web pages that have been saved to the home screen and opened from there. 	iphone dev camp nyc i’m at apple’s iphone tech talk in new york today. info is flowing like water through a firehose, so i’m not going to attempt live blogging, but here are their suggested ingredients for a successful iphone app: delightful innovative designed integrated optimized connected localized the picture is of the main theater for the event. it’s by far the most beautiful space i’ve ever been in for a tech conference. 	peephole diy fisheye lens flickr blog i discovered the peephole fish eye group. the idea is simple: us a $ door peephole to give your camera a fisheye lens. here are the instructions: hold peephole against rim of camera lens. set camera to “macro”. (the image is actually displayed on the inside face of the convex lens of the peephole. the camera must focus on the foreground image rather than the background image.) zoom in to the point that the viewable “circle” is framed almost evenly. 	i am talking to you after stuffing yourself with too much thanksgiving dinner and the tryptothan kicks in, there’s some time when all conversations seem to work like this one from martin wilson. 	a dc story one sunny day in january, an old man approached the white house from across pennsylvania avenue, where he’d been sitting on a park bench. he spoke to the u.s. marine standing guard and said, “i would like to go in and meet with president bush.” the marine looked at the man and said, “sir, mr. bush is no longer president and no longer resides here.” the old man said “okay”, and walked away. 	after the thanksgiving feast: answer who owns the fish you can only eat so much, and though we’ll likely stretch those limits tomorrow, at some point we all have to take a break. the good folks at coudal partners have the perfect solution: a simple test (available as a convenient pdf) that einstein says only a handful of people can actually figure out. the premise is simple: somebody in the neighborhood keeps a fish, but who? read the clues, work it out, and send your answer to the coudal folks. if you’re right they might have a prize for you. you can leave your answer in the comments here too, but all i’ll have for you is left over turkey. 	amazon’s content delivery network launches in beta amazon calls it cloudfront, and it costs $ . – $ . per gb at the lowest usage tiers. it seems that you simply put your files in an s container, make an api call to share them, then let your users enjoy the lower-latency, higher performance service. their domestic locations include sites in virginia, texas, california, florida, new jersey, washington, and missouri. internationally, they’ve got amsterdam, dublin, frankfurt, london, hong kong, and tokyo covered. 	web search re-imagined: searchme iphone app re-imagined a bit, anyway. why browse a vertical list of results when you can flip through them like pages in a book (or album covers in itunes). searchme on the iphone and ipod touch does just that. as you type your search term, icons representing rough categories appear, allowing you to target your search and helping people who’re searching for information about pythons the snake avoid results about the programming language. 	video drm hammering legal consumers nobody but the studios seem happy about apple’s implementation of hdcp on its recent laptops. the situation leaves people who legally purchased movies unable to play them on external displays (yeah, that means you can’t watch movies on the video projector you borrowed from the office). a related story may reveal the extent of the problem. the mpaa is petitioning the fcc to allow it to use “selective output control” to block playback of video content in a manner similar to hdcp. 	sco vs. novell lawsuit over, linux safe according to groklaw, the long running battle between sco and novell may finally be over. the judge ruled that sco, the company that claimed linux infringed on it’s ip and sued everybody in sight, never did own any rights to unix in the first place, and has ordered the company to pay millions. novell and others are unlikely to ever see much of that, though, as sco is in bankruptcy. 	toshiba takes bullet time up a notch supposedly this is more real than it looks. see how it was made. 	the uss albacore, portsmouth nh the albacore is a post world war ii experimental submarine now on display in portsmouth nh. seeing the sub on land, some height above sea level, is a bit surprising, and it’s clear that moving it there was no small task. five dollars will get you inside the sub’s tight and awkward quarters, where you’ll see the frankensteinian bathroom (and that’s for officers) and details such as lithium hydroxide canisters and signal ejector instructions that stand as reminders of the dangers of submarining. 	nest: the softer side of maisonbisson sandee’s not such a fan of the new theme here at maisonbisson. without really telling me that i should have discussed the new decor with her before making any big decisions, she does say she feels it doesn’t suit her style. there are lots of ways to resolve the, um, difference of opinion, but we decided that just as sandee gets most of the authority regarding the kitchen and i get the office, we can find a way to share the website. 	lincoln obama paste up mashup enrguerrero‘s photo of a lincoln/obama paste up mashup on the corner of larkin and myrtle streets in san francisco. 	fiddling with open source software for libraries theme i generally liked commentpress, but when the institute for the future of the book website went down recently, it started throwing errors in the dashboard. so i decided to re-do the open source software for libraries website using derek powazek’s depo masthead. i think it’s a beautifully readable theme, and i only had to make a few modifications. i’ve ostensibly lost commentpress’ paragraph-level commenting features, but i discovered those may have been broken all along (that was what started me thinking about replacing the theme). 	obama’s use of complete sentences stirs controversy from the borowitz report: in the first two weeks since the election, president-elect barack obama has broken with a tradition established over the past eight years through his controversial use of complete sentences, political observers say. “every time obama opens his mouth, his subjects and verbs are in agreement,” says mr. logsdon. “if he keeps it up, he is running the risk of sounding like an elitist.” more… 	mcgill university powered by wordpress well, not the entire university, i guess, but a number of online publications use it. the newspaper is featured above, their cio has a blog, and they’ve started a pilot with wpmu to offer blogging to everybody in the university. 	abandoned cars, yes, but abandoned jumbo jets? residents of mumbai (bombay) were wondering who was responsible for removing an abandoned in their chembur neighborhood. then, as quickly and mysteriously as it appeared, it vanished. the times of india says the plane arrived by truck, but the driver took a wrong turn and couldn’t maneuver the foot long hulk out. wingless planes and beached whales aren’t so dissimilar. the oregon highway department knows how to take care of the latter (though, it turns out that whales are known to spontaneously self destruct). 	tricky uses of bsuite after writing the project page for wpsms i didn’t have much more to say in a blog post announcing it. the cool thing about writing pages in wordpress is that i can create a taxonomy like /projects/wpsms/ to place them in. the downside is that new pages never appear in the rss feed. so i need both the page and a blog post to announce it. i could have simply copied the content from the wpsms page into a blog post, but that creates confusion and splits the audience between the two pages. 	wordpress uses: oobject oobject‘s galleries of abandoned pools, subway architecture, and revolting gold gadgets, among others, are all built in wordpress. 	using wordpress with external smtp server i really don’t like having sendmail running on a webserver, but some features of wordpress just don’t work if it can’t send email (user registration, for example). still, wordpress offers support to send email through external smtp servers instead if a local mailer. in &lt;a href=&quot;http://trac.wordpress.org/browser/tags/ . . /wp-includes/pluggable.php&quot;&gt;/wp-includes/pluggable.php&lt;/a&gt; around line , change ``` $phpmailer-ismail(); ``` to ``` $phpmailer-issmtp(); ``` then, in &lt;a title=&quot;/tags/ . 	a day in the life… dgenerate nation – skate with me from dgenetics on vimeo. 	whisky and gin dispenser gaellery‘s hotel room whisky and gin dispenser. push in the drawer, pull out, and find a tiny bottle of booze. just like those movies you claim you didn’t watch, it’s automatically charged to your bill. 	uploading .docx files in wordpress it may be a sign that none of the core wordpress developers much likes or uses microsoft office, but the core code hasn’t been updated to recognize the office file extensions like .docx, .pptx, or .xlsx. it’s no criticism, wouldn’t have discovered it if a user hadn’t complained, and i stewed a bit before deciding it was a bug. it’s now ticket # in the wordpress.org trac. it only affects my mu users now, though, and the same patch works there. 	world usability day today the usability professionals’ association says “a cell phone should be as easy to access as a doorknob.” and since they’ve been organizing world usability day to help make that happen. locally the upa boston chapter is holding events at the boston museum of science (in cambridge, actually) that explore the clues we use to understand how to operate doors and the frustrations of setting an alarm clock. this year’s theme is transportation, and they have an online transportation survey that helps us see our “transportation footprint and learn how small travel changes can make a big impact on all our lives. 	google brings video to gtalk, but why no ichat/skype interoperability? google yesterday introduced video chat to the web-based version of it’s google talk app (think gmail), but doesn’t appear to interoperate with any of the many existing video chat apps, ichat and skype tops among them. 	getting a teflon fix teflon might be just what i need to get my walking desk treadmill back in working order. but where to get it? turns out that dupont sells in both teflon spray and squeeze bottle. found via. 	the animated llama you didn’t know you needed click for more. i dare you. 	wordpress education mail list wp-edu, the wordpress for education mail list has launched. join up, catch up on the archives, and set it up at your school. 	new plugin: wpsms supports sending sms messages [include post_id=” ″ field=”post_content”] 	poke a muffin click for more. i dare you. 	a bullet dodged we all knew the sordid details of palin’s candidacy would emerge, but who figured they pour out so soon or on fox news? via borkweb.com 	declaration of metadata independance declaration of metadata independance: we hold these truths to be self-evident, that metadata is essential to all users, and that the creation of metadata endows certain inalienable rights, that among these are the right to collect, the right to share and the pursuit of happiness through the reuse of the metadata… (read more) via. 	svn repository hooks rock i stumbled on them by accident, but once i discovered subversion supports action hooks that can fire before or after a transaction, i knew exactly what to do with them. 	presidents change…presidential limousines change presidential limos are armored, yes, but gregg merksamer reveals that george w. bush’s limos sport five-inch thick glass, more than twice as thick as in clinton’s limo. merksamer should know, he wrote the book on so-called “professional cars”. he says half an inch is enough to stop a . magnum at point blank range, and bmw’s x “security” model features only a little more than that. so what’s it mean when a person needs ten times that amount? 	mccain staffers: more whisky. stat! john mccain’s election team apparently told staff at the phoenix biltmore to have extra whisky on hand for their election party tonight. they’re not just planning to drown their sorrows: republicans and republican-leaning independents drink more whisky than the national average. sweet photo by bearfaced, though i almost used this picture of barrels (or this one). 	techno viking rocks more than other vikings (and vikings generally rock) the technoviking will have you scratching your head for the first seconds, then rofling for a while. not enough yet? watch him dance to “it’s a piece of cake to bake a pretty cake.” this one claims to be the original, and though the sound is bad the video quality is much better than the others. thing is, now that you’ve watched it a couple times, did he stop a pickpocket or admonish a groper at the beginning? 	wikipedia api? i’ve wanted a wikipedia api for a while. now i might’ve stumbled into one: commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php. it doesn’t do exactly what i want, but it might yet be useful. 	engrave your tech the image on this moleskine notebook was custom laser engraved by engraveyourbook.com, a part of engraveyourtech.com, where they recently announced they were suspending moleskine engraving due to atmospheric health concerns. you can’t get a notebook, but you can ogle the fancy, laser engraved macbooks 	creative commons licenses not compatible with gpl? gpl and cc are incompatible? fsf says so, and the debian free software guidelines agree. i’m as opposed to ruinous compromises as the next guy, and i feel the gpl fever, but i just want to use mark james‘ excellent silk icons in my gpl’d wordpress plugin. 	csshttprequest: cross domain javascript solution who’d a thunk it: csshttprequest is a way of doing cross-domain ajax by using css’ @import method to fetch the data. 	super mario quilt keith lewis bakes, paints, makes robots with machine guns, and has stitched not one but two mario quilts (closeup, from back). they apparently make good gifts, who wouldn’t want one? 	diagramed: things said during sex view it large, for all the details. via anonymous. 	asian robot olympics news of brickcon the web and the flickr earlier this month, but mse ’s photos of robot competition have my attention now. but what am i looking at? what was the competition? 	steve souders website performance o’reilly webcast i’ve linked to steve sauders‘ webcasts on website performance optimization before. here’s another. turns out that he’s co-chairing the o’reilly velocity conference in june. 	apache virtual hosting black magic i’ve configured apache for virtual hosting on more sites than i can count, but i’ve always just kind of stumbled through until now. what’s changed? the apache . documentation is worlds better than the old . docs (even though the old docs rank highest in google). so here they are: name-based virtual hosts, plus virtual host configuration examples (including an example mixed name and ip virtual hosting, which is what i needed), and some tips on dynamically configured mass virtual hosting. 	sarah palin is a vampire i think this election has designers more involved than most. (via dottiebobottie.) 	determining paths and urls in wordpress . + wp . allows sites to move the wp-content directory around, so plugin developers like me can’t depend on them being in a predictable location. we can look to the wp_content_dir and wp_plugin_dir constants for answers, but a better solution is likely to use the x_url() functions. the most useful of those is likely to be plugins_url(). even better, you can give these functions a relative path and they’ll return a fully qualified url to the item. 	xfruits: “compose your information system” is xfruits a worthy replacement for yahoo! pipes? 	wordpress bug: duplicate post_meta entries i just submitted a trac ticket about this: the update_post_meta() and delete_post_meta() functions don’t know how to deal with post revision ids. add_post_meta() does, it uses the following block of code to make sure the passed $post_id is a real post, not a revision: ``` if ( $the_post = wp_is_post_revision($post_id) ) $post_id = $the_post; ``` this is important because the global $post_id when a post is being saved is for the revision, not the real post. 	are you ready for the digital tv conversion? this psa should help you understand the upcoming switch to digital television. (via) 	comfort, thy name is sumo i sink into a strange, giant blue marshmallow and sigh contentedly. i balked at this new furniture. i balk at anything that i don’t actually pick out. i didn’t pick this out, casey acquired it on his own. our home is small and i am very picky about what goes into it. this was a beanbag. a beanbag? i can’t think of a more immature piece of furniture. 	libraries vs. it departments the chronicle‘s tech therapy podcast last week featured libraries vs. it departments. (via.) 	xkcd against drm i think richard m. stallman would agree with xkcd: drm is evil. it’s bad for both customers and content creators — even hilary rosen and steve jobs have their doubts about it. 	got wood? you can get a carved wood replica macintosh or faux-wood vinyl wrap for your mac mini, but asus is demoing a series of bamboo-covered computers and fujitsu is showing their cedar concept. and then miniot has a series of wooden cases for your iphone and ipod touch. 	olde skool ipod cases contexture design‘s ipod classic and nano cases made of reclaimed rpm vinyl or audio cassettes are just fine. too bad they’re all sold out. 	edward tufte on the iphone’s ui design edward “to clarify add detail” tufte, who criticizes the powerpointing of america, earlier this year posted a video on the iphone’s ui design. he loves the photo viewer (except the grid-lines between images are too big), he loves the web browser (except the navigation bar takes up too much space), he calls the weather app an elegant way to demo your iphone to friends (but says it’s devoid of information), and calls the stock market app cartoonish. 	how wikipedia works when phoebe ayers isn’t hanging out at roflcon she’s probably doing something related to wikipedia, so i’m looking forward to reading how wikipedia works: and how you can be a part of it. extra points: phoebe and her co-authors somehow convinced their publisher to release the entire work under the gfdl, the same license wikipedia uses. you could read the entire thing online for free, but that’s the easy part. 	beat it: instant rimshot scott carver has his hand in a number of projects — the penny jam is especially outstanding — but his instant rimshot is one of those silly infectious sites that’s you can’t help but share. 	another reason i’m glad i left verizon i received the following message from clickatell, the sms gateway provider i use to programmatically send text messages to cell phones: please be advised that us carrier verizon wireless has announced that they will be charging an additional c per sms for all application originated mobile terminated messaging beginning november , . this increase will apply to standard rate and premium programs only through the verizon wireless network. transaction fees will not apply to free- -end-user, mobile giving or non-profit organizational programs, according to verizon. 	wordpress event calendaring plugins i actually use event calendar, which has been abandoned for some time. looking at the alternatives listed in the plugin directory, calendar, events calendar, and gigs calendar add full calendar management features to wordpress. while ics calendar, ical events, and upcoming events, simply offer the ability to display calendar data from elsewhere. what i liked about the old event calendar plugin is how events were posts. creating an event started with creating a new post. 	converting mysql character sets this gentoo wiki page suggests dumping the table and using iconv to convert the characters, then insert the dump into a new table with the new charset. alex king solved a different problem: his apps were talking utf , but his tables were latin . his solution was to dump the tables, change the charset info in the dump file, then re-insert the contents. 	tracking aircraft movements from justin: real-time flight tracking. you can even overlay it on google earth. none of them as pretty as aaron koblin’s flightplan, though. 	acronym overload: iis + isapi + cas i’m working to integrate an application on a remote-hosted iis server into our cas environment. casisapi (svn trunk or svn tags/production) may do the trick, though phil sladen struggled with it (in ). there’s reason to doubt it. not only is the sparse information all old, i first learned about it from a page full of broken links and the apparent author recommends against it. there’s a little more information here for those who can read danish. 	sarah palin’s debate strategy flowchart via jon link: sarah palin’s debate strategy flowchart. eh. at least she had a strategy. what’s mccain’s plan going to be for tonight? 	autoerotica, detailed photos of the silver suv apparently backed out into the street so fast that it struck and flipped the blue car, then mounted it. nobody appears to have been seriously hurt, so we all have a guilt-free pass to mock the, um, compromising situation. found in paula wirth‘s photo stream. 	demetri martin flips his chart you’ll find more than a few of demetri martin‘s (his site) videos on the web (one, two, quotes). though i think he’s particularly good at powerpoint comedy and this flipchart thing, you’d think he doesn’t like to do interviews. 	solaris’ cachefs could be the space ship i’ve been looking for joerg moellenkamp‘s post explaining cachefs has me excited: long ago, admins didn’t want to manage dozens of operating system installations. instead of this they wanted to store all this data on a central fileserver (you know, the network is the computer). thus netbooting solaris and sunos was invented. but there was a problem: all the users started to work at o’clock. they switched on their workstations and the load on the fileserver and the network got higher and higher. 	this stone laid by l.g. bogus physically located in katoomba; found in seb chan‘s photo stream. 	do wordpress pages better with bsuite wordpress‘ pages feature makes the popular blogging platform a sophisticated cms. bsuite adds a few features to make it even better. write excerpts, tag, and categorize your pages wordpress excerpts are an underused but powerful feature that allow you to explain to your readers why they should read the page you wrote. tagging and categorization of pages help improve the findability of those pages, especially in search engines. 	what is social media? social media in plain english and rss in plain english, among others from common craft among the best explanations you’ll find. 	knowledge, distilled and sketched on index cards maslow without the pyramid, found at jessica hagy’s “indexed”. she posts new explanations of the world daily. more available in her book. 	website performance vs. crawl rate simple fact of the google economy: people can’t find stuff if it’s not indexed in major search engines. a slow site might not seem as bad as blocking the crawlers that search engines use to index your content, but it does seriously affect the depth and frequency of crawling they do. the above is google’s report of their crawling activity on a site i’ve been trying to optimize server performance on. 	beginner’s guide to dataportability, the video dataportability – connect, control, share, remix from smashcut on vimeo. from dataportability.org: the dataportability project is a group created to promote the idea that individuals have control over their data by determing how they can use it and who can use it. this includes access to data that is under the control of another entity. you should be able to decide what you do with that data and how it gets used by others open source solutions are preferred to closed source proprietary solutions bottom-up distributed solutions are preferred to top down centralized solutions 	my devcamp lightning talk hi, i’m casey. i developed scriblio, which is really just a faceted search and browse plugin for wordpress that allows you to use it as a library catalog or digital library system (or both). i’m not the only one to misuse wordpress that way. viddler is a cool youtube competitor built atop wordpress that allows you to tag and comment inside the timeline. staypress is a property management and booking system also built atop wordpress. 	scaling php this two year old post about rasmus lerdorf’s php scaling tips (slides) is interesting in the context of what we’ve learned since then. apc now seems common, and it’s supposedly built-in to php . still, i’d be interested in seeing an update. are mysql prepared statements still slow? and that’s where rasmus’ latest presentation comes in. we don’t learn anything about mysql prepared statements, but we do learn how to find choke points in our applications using callgrind and other tools. 	scared of the dark? who knew an ad that targeted our fear of the dark could work so well or playfully? then again, what would this ad feature if it played here in the us? 	do you still use your walking desk? michael pratt asked me recently: do you still use your treadmill desk? do you continue to find it beneficial? i love the idea of these things, but worry a little that i might tire of it in practice, or that it might be difficult to work at it for long periods. it may seem a perfect opportunity to revisit my old walking desk blog post, but that just raises the guilt level i feel every time i see the thing unused. 	sweet business cards this handful of business cards is good for a little design inspiration. and here’s more if you need an extra shot. thanks to frank for the tip. 	amazon to offer content delivery services via an email from the amazon web services group today: …we are excited to share some early details with you about a new offering we have under development here at aws — a content delivery service. this new service will provide you a high performance method of distributing content to end users, giving your customers low latency and high data transfer rates when they access your objects. the initial release will help developers and businesses who need to deliver popular, publicly readable content over http connections. 	the url is the citation from jessamyn: “don’t toss up a bunch of bibliographic citations when a decent url will do. you’re online, act like you’re online.” 	yet another encryption crack those kwazy kids will quack anything now. stream ciphers may never have been expected to be that secure, but adi shamir’s cube attack breaks them like so many, um, bits of data. 	michael pick screencast master professional screencast producer michael pick has joined automattic and shuttered smashcut, his production company. it’s not all bad, though. he’s been busy making instructional videos for wordpress.com (many of which are useful for wordpress.org users), explaining things like how to manage tags or use the press this! feature, and answering the question “what should i do first?” what does this suggest about the pro screencasting marketplace? pick says “this is a huge underdeveloped niche, [with fewer] screencasters with chops than there are jobs. 	google minus google from the register: inspired by a recent new york times piece that questioned whether the mountain view search monopoly is morphing into a media company — which it is — finnish blogger timo paloheimo promptly unveiled google minus google. key in the word “youtube,” and the first result is wikipedia. 	open source citation extractors for non-structured data hmm-citation-extractor, parscit and freecite (not to be confused with freecite, the f/oss endnote-like app). freecite is available as a service and a download. still, wouldn’t a simple url be easier than all these unstructured citation formats? 	installing php apc on rhel/centos yum up some packages: ``` yum install php-pear php-devel httpd-devel &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt; . install apc using pear (the pear installer is smarter than the pecl installer): when the installer asks about apxs, say ‘no’. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;wp_syntax&quot;&gt; &lt;table&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class=&quot;code&quot;&gt; ``` pear install pecl/apc &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt; tell php to load apc: ``` echo extension=apc. 	some might suggest banning sticky notes from the office eepybird’s sticky note experiment from eepybird on vimeo. i have some experience with post-it notes in the office, and though that achieved international recognition, it doesn’t quite compare to what we see in this video. our , post-it notes just don’t compare the , we see slinking across the screen now. 	web form validation with jquery josh bush’s masked input plugin and paulo p. marinas’ alphanumeric are both jquery plugins to prevent input of invalid data in web forms. 	greensql | open source database security greensql promises to protect sql databases against sql injections. greensql works as a reverse proxy and has built in support for mysql. the logic is based on evaluation of sql commands using a risk scoring matrix as well as blocking known db administrative commands (drop, create, etc). 	css transformations in safari/webkit (and chrome too?) the cool browsers support radius corners, but safari supports css transformations that allow developers to scale, skew, and rotate objects on the page like we’re used to doing in postscript. and better than that, we can animate those transformations over time — all without any javascript. fire up safari or chrome and mouse over the examples here. the screencast at the top is from the menu on that page. there are, obviously, better uses for these transforms, but it’s easy to see it at work there. 	browser-based json editors jsonlint, a json validator, was the tool i needed a while ago to be able to play with json as format for exchanging data in some apis i was working on a while ago. and now i like json well enough that i’m thinking of using it as an internal data format in one of my applications, especially because it’s relatively easy to work with in javascript. or, at least that’s the promise. 	nfl powered by wordpress wordpress.com vip hosts some high-traffic sites, including gizmodo’s live coverage of the iphone g introduction. now that the nfl has selected the service for their blogging we’ll get a chance to see how they handle the superbowl rush. 	michael stephens teaching on wordpress mu michael stephens is now using wordpress mu to host his classes online, and that opening page is really sweet. it’s hardly the first time somebody’s used a blog to host course content, but i like where he’s going with it. we’re significantly expanding our use of wordpress at plymouth, and using it to replace webct/blackboard is definitely an option. the biggest difference may be that course content in blogs is public, by default, but content in blackboard is shared only with the members of the course. 	google’s own satellite it’s not truly “google’s own,” but the internet giant will get exclusive use of the images for mapping purposes, according to reuters: geoeye inc said it successfully launched into space on saturday its new geoeye- satellite, which will provide the u.s. government, google earth users and others the highest-resolution commercial color satellite imagery on the market. of course, google doesn’t need a satellite to watch us all very closely. 	thesis and f — two sweet commercial wordpress themes good work deserves compensation, but commercial themes are still unusual in the world of wordpress. the new themes directory has well over free themes listed, and the old directory had thousands of them. still, i like thesis and f . actually, i like a bunch of themes from graph paper press (get them all for $ !). and, as we see wordpress adding so many options that require theme support, the promise of free lifetime upgrades for thesis is also appealing. 	installing memcached on centos/rhel using info from centos forums, sunny walia and ryan boren, here’s how i got memcached running on my dotster vps: install libevent: ``` wget http://www.monkey.org/~provos/libevent- . e.tar.gz tar zxvf libevent- . e.tar.gz cd libevent- . e ./configure make make install ``` install memcached ``` wget http://danga.com: /memcached/dist/memcached- . . .tar.gz tar zxvf memcached- . . .tar.gz cd memcached- . . ./configure make make install ``` we will start the server to use megs of ram (-m ), listen on ip . 	want: canon’s eos d news of canon’s new eos d with iso sensitivity as high as , has my mouth watering. i used to push my black and white film so much that development times were as long as minutes (i bought super cheap asa and pushed it to ) just so i could get decent natural light. i leave my canon digital rebel set for and usually only remember to knock it back when i go outside and find i can’t shoot wide open. 	axiotron modbook: cool, but bad timing? the axiotron modbook is cool, i gotta admit, but with so many rumors of a macbook touch due this fall, i suspect that potential buyers might be holding their breath. but, on the other hand, those people have been waiting for a mac tablet since jobs killed the newton, and rumors of a tablet are hardly unusual — see , , , , , , . still, the whispers of an over-grown iphone device are getting a lot of echos lately. 	jon stewart vs. gop/sarah palin media machine 	dragonflyer x uav remote control helicopter is sneaky, awesome i so want one of these sweet draganflyer x helicopters. the two pound powerhouse can carry up to one pound of camera equipment, carrying it smooth enough to get decent video and stills. more videos are at the dragonfly website, including one which supposedly demonstrates that it’s quiet enough for wildlife photo work (scroll down and look for “hawk”). who knows how much it costs, but i requested a quote. 	automated website screen captures on os x i’m not sure exactly what i’ll do with it, but thanks to this tip about webkit png, i now know how to get screen captures of websites. maybe useful for archiving. who knows. 	wordpress cas integration plugin cas — central authentication service — has no logo, but it’s still cool. heterogeneous environments like mine offer hundreds of different online services or applications that each need to authenticate the user. instead of throwing our passwords around like confetti, cas allows those applications to identify their users based on session information managed by the cas service. it also obviates the need for users to offer their credentials to potentially untrusted systems — think externally hosted systems. 	bush trying to figure out how to invite volleyball team to white house sure, volleyball is the new gymnastics, so much so that the white house posted a picture of bush with olympians misty may-treanor and kerri walsh in their “news &amp; policy” section. chalk it up to august being a slow news month. still, i can just imagine the old man telling laura “i think you should invite those volleyball girls to the house sometime.” and laura, i hope, responds: “you can watch them shake it on tv if you need another look. 	joshua longo’s longoland is full of fuzzy, but not cuddly animals brooklynite joshua longo‘s crazy animals are showing at the shelburne museum in vermont through october th. sweet for me: i’ll be in town this weekend. i’m hoping to check it out. 	are rock operas too weird for remixing? i love remixes, mashups, and covers. i love it when bad songs get good covers, i love it more when it’s a bad cover. i’m a fan of coverville and i get excited every time i find yet another version of smells like teen spirit (hey, this is just a sampling: lullaby version, patti smith, the bad plus, another jazz version, and another jazz version, a string version, no, two string versions, a tango, a damn chant version, some lounge thing, and one for the opium lounge). but i think i have yet to hear a decent cover or remix of a track from a rock opera. take one night in bangkok: sexing it up doesn’t help. you just can’t out rock a rock opera. (really, look for yourself.) it might help that chess featured a character loosely based on eccentric chess master bobby fischer, but rock operas just might be too weird for remixing. though…i’d like to be surprised. perhaps a folk version? 	can design save democracy? from the new york times: how design can save democracy …recently, the brennan center for justice at new york university school of law issued a report outlining the importance of well-designed, easy to understand ballots. duh. and, i guess we’re giving up on electronic voting. 	 . million self-hosted wordpress sites and counting the huge problem with open source software is that there are no sales numbers to show how many people are using it. we know that wordpress.com hosts over three million blogs. we know edublogs powers nearly , . but how many sites are hosted using the original, downloadable, self-installed and managed version of wordpress? now, the automatic update notification system in wordpress gives answers to that question and others. most hugely: over . 	sweet drobo home raid i’m not sure who robin harris is, but he’s mighty sure home raid won’t fly. he’s just so certain that consumers are stupider than him and that vendors’ imaginations are as limited as his. and if harris was right, we’d probably still be using microprocessors and getting by on less than a megabyte of ram, because “nobody needs more than k.” too bad then that data robotics‘s drobo seems to do everything harris says home raid can’t. 	olpc origins: us and taiwan’s hardware lovechild olpc origins: us and taiwan’s hardware lovechild a deeper than expected history of the olpc’s development. part two of a three part series. 	ssd for my bacbook pro? sure, we can get a macbook air with gb solid state disk (ssd), but what about upgrading a macbook pro? ryan block put one in his mbp and got a second startup. ridata released a gb . “ sata ssd in january that looks compatible with my macbook pro. newegg has it for under $ . for comparison, however, a gb . ” spinning platter sata drive can be had for under $ . 	more web performance tips from steve souders hearing steve souders at wordcamp last week got me thinking about website performance, so i went looking for more. the slides from his wordcamp talk are online, but he gave a similar talk at google i/o which got videotaped and posted richer detail than his slides alone will ever reveal. also on his blog: use the google ajax libraries api when you don’t have a cdn, and a post that asks why make users wait to download all your javascript before they see the page if you’re only going to use % of it at first? 	commentpress comments the rights to my library technology report on open-source software for libraries have reverted back to me, so i’m posting the text online under a cc-by-sa license. more importantly, i’m using it as an opportunity to play with how longer-than-blog texts can be represented online. the institute for the future of the book has spent some time thinking about that very question, and their answer is commentpress, a theme for wordpress that enables commenting on each paragraph of a text and organizes posts into a book-like table of contents with the first (and oldest) posts on top. 	mysql performance monitoring tips from the mysql newsletter google turned this up, but i have no idea how old it is: how to monitor mysql’s performance. 	the war on photography amanda mooney posted a note about being told she needed corporate permission to take a picture in a store. mooney’s interest was in telling others how much she likes the products and the brand — exactly the sort of word of mouth advertising most brands are anxious for, but imagine some more pedestrian uses: what about the customer who wants a friend’s opinion about a new skirt? can that customer snap a cell phone pic to send? 	global voices on wordpress i hadn’t heard of global voices online, a community generated global group news blog, until jeremy clarke spoke of it at wordcamp. and i didn’t think the site, with it’s do-good premise, worked until i actually explored it for a while. but, well, it’s a bit fascinating. global voices grew out of a one-day conference in december at harvard law school which brought together bloggers from around the world to discuss ways in which the new medium could foment global dialogue at the grassroots level. 	quercus php to java compiler vs. wordpress emil ong is the chief evangelist and a lead developer for caucho technology, the developers of the quercus php to java compiler. the idea, i guess, is to write in php, deploy in java, which some people say is better supported by the “enterprise.” ong claims % performance improvement over apache + mod_php + apc. that sounds great, i suppose, but it’s less than what chris lea suggests is possible if you simply replace apache with nginx. 	chris lea on nginx and wordpress “apache is like microsoft word, it has a million options but you only need six. nginx does those six things, and it does five of them times faster than apache.” —chris lea. why? no forking. no loading of unnecessary components. fast cgi. and to prove it’s not as complex as you might think, he’s installing it live. the session has eight minutes left, can he do it? yes, he did. 	mark jaquith on wordpress security for plugin developers i’ve been pretty aware of the risks of sql injection and am militant about keeping my database interactions clean. mark jaquith today reminded me about the need to make sure my browser output is filtered through clean_url(), sanitize_url(), and attribute_escape(). furthermore, we all need to remember current_user_can(), check_admin_referer(), and nonces. 	steve souders on website performance steve souders: % of the problem is server performance, % of problem is browser activity after the main html is downloaded. he wrote the book and developed yslow, so he should know. javascripts are downloaded serially and block other activity. most javascript functions aren’t used at onload. we could split the js and only load essential functions up front, and load all the rest later. how much might that help? he says % to %. 	will norris on oauth and diso will norris talking about things oauth, openid, and diso at wordcamp. demonstrates/fakes an oauth authentication and authorization process with wordpress for iphone app. does this matter? oauth support is slated for wp . , and people are finally getting smart about linking all this stuff without throwing passwords around “like confetti.” 	aaron brazell on blog search and findability aaron brazell at wordcamp is talking about search and finability “not seo.” riffing on ambient findability, he asks: can people find your blog? can people find their way around your blog? can people find your content and services despite your blog? remember: your blog serves as a nexus for information about you. you serve as the nexus for trust and relevance. going further? make your social content outside your blog searchable, findable via your blog. 	johnny cash’ hurt not every song johnny cash has covered turned to gold (see personal jesus), but hurt is magic. 	copying mysql usernames and database priveleges now that i’m the nominal mysql dba for psu, it became my job to jimmy up the mysql user privileges so that the new web server could connect. i’m not sure if this is the fastest, most efficient way to do it, but it worked quickly enough: ``` create table mysql.user_copy select * from mysql.user; delete from mysql.user_copy where host not like 'old_host_name'; update mysql.user_copy set host = 'new_host_name'; insert into mysql. 	wordpress performance tips elliott c. back points to his use of object caching, wp-cache, and mysql query caching among the reasons why his site “is so much faster that yours.” 	the iphone apps i’ve kept catherine asked me what iphone apps i recommend, so i went looking. exposure, wordpress, and google mobile app are on the first page of my home screen. mocha vnc and band are buried a little deeper, but deserve mention. i’m surprised to say that loopt and whrrl disappointed me. ipint was good for one laugh, but it appears to be gone from the store already. morocco, a decent copy of othello/reversi is the only the game that’s still on my phone. 	lyceum vs. wordpress mu the news about buddypress has fully shifted my attention from single-blog wordpress installs to multi-user, multi-blog installs. wordpress mu is my platform of choice, but i was quite fond of lyceum when i first learned of it a while ago. the big perceived advantage of lyceum is that it uses a unified table structure for all blogs, rather than creating a new set of tables for each blog as wpmu does. 	most expensive iphone app yet? armin heinrich‘s $ i am rich iphone app is no longer available on apple’s app store. perhaps they felt too ridiculed by the register to keep it listed? heinrich says seven people bought it, two by mistake. so, now what’s the most expensive app? 	oauth and wordpress i just realized oauth support is slated for inclusion in wordpress . . it’s not in trunk yet, but that’s no reason not to get up to speed. scott gilbertson says oauth and openid are foundations to the open social web, giving apps like wordpress a “secure, centralized means of identifying yourself and a way to control who knows what about you.” chris messina, who says we currently treat user credentials “like confetti,” is more than a little excited and is building a series of wordpress plugins to take advantage of these formats. 	is my php script running out of memory? i’ve got a php script that sometimes just dies with no errors to the browser and no messages in the error log. i’ve seen this in the past with scripts that consumed too much memory (yeah, it should have issued an error, but it didn’t, and increasing the memory limit fixed it), but now the memory limit is set pretty high and i’m not sure i want to increase it further. 	macintosh antivirus software setting aside questions about the usefulness of antivirus software for macs, it appears virusbarrier (commercial) and clamxav (open source) are the best options. there are others, of course. added: avast offers a free version for macos x as well. 	drill and burn republicans john mccain thinks fuel efficiency is for sissies. i guess he figures our oil supply is infinite, or that fossile fuel consumption has no effect on climate change. he probably also thinks the holocaust was a hoax — somebody should ask him. for now let’s call him a “drill and burn republican.” 	low-tech hdr: black card mask i’ve been following Ásmundur’s use of multi-exposure hdr for a while, but today i discovered max chu’s use of an older, more crafty technique: black card mask. the photo below show’s Ásmundur’s multiple photo technique, but that above is chu’s. how he do it? apparently it’s about the same as dodging a photo in the dark room: simply block the light with a card or your hand. extra: paul butzi’s thoughts on dodging and burning in the digital age. 	diy fig rig mike figgis‘ fig rig works equally well for guys in sneakers and guys in suits, but they’re not free, which is why you have to love keith lewis’ diy version. pvc is sexy! 	displays: go long, go wide if you want more monitors than you’ve got dvi or vga ports, your options include adding a video card, using a usb-based display, or this matrox hack: a small box plugs into your computer’s monitor port, and two or three monitors plug into the box, no software drivers or additional hardware required. if you want to send a video signal further than your monitor’s cable, your options include getting a longer cable (works up to about ′) or get a different cable. 	everybody’s smarter in glasses eyeglasses certainly add something. at least that’s the suggestion of these ads. and, thinking of comparisons: hitler vs. chaplin. found via mirage.studio. , where they think le corbusier‘s glasses are where it’s at. 	i’m voting republican no, i’m not likely to vote for any republican candidates, but this is funny. from the producers: i’m voting republican is a satirical look at the likely outcome of another four years of republican government. the not-so-subtle message behind the film is the importance of a united bloc of citizens willing to take the time and effort to vote democrat in order to improve america’s domestic and foreign policy. 	podcamp boston is this weekend hey, podcamp boston is this weekend. i can’t go, but sean m. brown will be and he’s looking for librarians to join him. 	web application design book recommendation i’ve learned to ignore contests on the web. banner ads that promise prizes if i click the right pixel are the least offensive, but the contests that have me creating content (and then force me to give up my copyright to it) for another person’s gain infuriate me. so when i saw author and experience architect robert hoekman jr‘s post offering a deal, i quickly skipped to the next entry in my reader. 	wordpress . notes wordpress . is out. it’s cool. take a look: i’m most excited about automatic tracking of changes to posts and pages, but i’ll also probably come to like the “press this” feature: if you click “press this” from a youtube page it’ll magically extract the video embed code, and if you do it from a flickr page it’ll make it easy for you to put the image in your post. 	web development languages david cloutman pointed to craiglist’s job ads as an indicator of programming language popularity. here’s the hit counts for “web design jobs” and “internet engineering jobs” in the bay area: &lt;td&gt; php &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; java &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; ruby &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; python &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; perl &lt;/td&gt; internet engineering jobs &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; web design jobs &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; cloutman has a few ideas for what the numbers mean, but i’m just entertained by the data. 	wordpress . plugin and wp-config.php path changes ozh’s tutorial explains the details, but the short story is that we’ll soon get wp_content_url and wp_content_dir constants. and this is more than just convenience, . allows site admins to put those directories anywhere they want, so the constants will be the only reliable way of finding that info. 	truth have you ever argued with a member of the flat earth society? it’s futile, because fundamentally they don’t car if something is true or false. to them, the measure of truth is how important it makes them feel. if telling the truth makes them feel important, then it’s true. if telling the truth makes them feel ashamed and small, then it’s false. –from louis theroux‘s the call of the weird 	site back online, further downtime expected this site and a number of other projects are hosted on a mac mini that normally sits on my desk. thing is…my desk moved. and, unfortunately, i didn’t confirm the firewall rules for the network in my new office before bringing the machine over. thankfully chris was happy to put the mini on a different vlan, and that solved everything (my other machines remain on the new “secure” network…ugh). in the no too distant future, however, i’ll be moving the site again. 	video game controller family tree sock master did some outstanding work tracing the lineage of video game controllers from to now without missing any of the weirdness in between. 	search trends vs community standards via motherjones: pensacola residents clinton raymond mccowen and kevin patrick stevens, producers of a very nsfw website last week faced a judge in an obscenity and racketeering trial for their work. the interesting thing? the defense planned to use google search trends to demonstrate community standards. “time and time again you’ll have jurors sitting on a jury panel who will condemn material that they routinely consume in private,” said the defense. 	censorship, unpublishing, and new media the actual reasons may never be discovered, but boing boing, the perennially top ten ranked blog, has “unpublished (nsfw)” stories by, about, or mentioning author and sex columnist violet blue (nsfw). much has already been said about the orwellianism of “unpublishing” and how it conflicts with the ethics of the web, as well as the incongruence between these actions and boing boing’s position on web censorship, media manipulation, and revisionism. 	new theme for the past year or so i’ve been wanting to design a non-bloggy theme for this site — a beautiful theme with a magazine-like front page showing the most recent post in a handful of categories. but i’m further from it now than last year, so it’s time to move on. which isn’t to say that i settled for my new theme. it’s based on neo-sapien by small potato. i made it a bit wider, the header a bit shorter, and the image is random-ish (random, but cached). 	wordpress survey tools lorelle and samir both point to a number of plugins to do surveys within wordpress, but neither of them say any of them are that good. and samir is pretty disapointed: “at the end of it all, i never did find my ideal online survey tool.” survey fly is the best recommendation from both of lorelle and samir, but it isn’t wp . compatible and was las updated in summer . it’s also limited to tracking only one survey at a time. 	optimizing inserts/updates on mysql tables when doing a bulk insert/update/change to a mysql table you can temporarily disable index updates like this: ``` alter table $tbl_name disable keys ``` …do stuff… ``` alter table $tbl_name enable keys ``` from the docs: alter table ... disable keys tells mysql to stop updating non-unique indexes. alter table ... enable keys then should be used to re-create missing indexes. 	truemors powered by wordpress in the “they did this with wordpress” category (though from about a year ago, sorry) comes truemors, a digg, del.icio.us, reddit clone from guy kawasaki. calling it a clone might be a backhanded non-compliment, but the truth is that it does a credible job in this increasingly crowded space*. and it’s built on wordpress. the relevant plugins are wp-postratings and share this. electric pulp did the design, and the whole thing apparently went live quickly on a tiny budget. 	kitty porn newton isn’t really a kitten, but he is cute. anyway, i got a new video camera and all i’ve done with it so far is shoot closeups of a cat. is that why i got it? at least it’s not as bad as this. music is jungle struttin’, by the lions. 	 programming vs. today’s computer architecture poul-henning kamp, the guy behind the varnish reverse proxy, talks about programming: it used to be that you had the primary store, and it was anything from acoustic delaylines filled with mercury via small magnetic dougnuts via transistor flip-flops to dynamic ram. and then there were the secondary store, paper tape, magnetic tape, disk drives the size of houses, then the size of washing machines and these days so small that girls get disappointed if think they got hold of something else than the mp player you had in your pocket. 	mysql bug? after an upgrade to mysql . . b on rhel i started seeing curious results in a fairly common query. here’s a simplified version: ``` select id, post_date_gmt from wp_posts group by id order by post_date_gmt desc limit ``` what i expected was to get a handful of post id numbers sorted in descending order by the post_date_gmt. instead, i got a list of post ids sorted in ascending order by the id number. 	huh. i wonder what he thinks about the iphone g? david lynch doesn’t like the iphone. at all. at least not for watching movies. maybe the guy doesn’t take the subway much. 	abandoned malls what is it about abandonment that’s so compelling? from chernobyl and pripyat to mental hospitals to lost theme parks from korea to california, we can’t help but stare at darkly vacant buildings. now add malls to the list. and put south china mall, in dongguan at the top of it. unlike most every other expanse of empty hallways we can name, this one’ been empty since it opened in . 	.shp to mysql gis data seems to come in .shp (shape?) files, but it’s not like mysql knows what to do with those. this mysql forum post points to a php tool and windows executable that promise to convert the .shp data into something more useful to mysql. superfluo explains a little more, and there’s lots of .shp data to be had here. 	dear steve i’m really glad to see the news about the iphone g. i’m interested in how the new mobile me service takes a small step toward cloud-based storage services that i’ve wanted for a while. and the news that max os x . “snow leopard” will focus on speed and stability, rather than features is good, especially considering the following. you see, i’m a fan of apple products. not because i like the brand, but because the products work for me. 	could buddypress go the distance? facebook and myspace are trying to turn themselves into application platforms (how else will they monetize their audience?). google is pushing opensocial to compete with it. but no matter what features they offer their users, they user still orbits the site. scot hacker talks of buddypress changing the game, turning “social networks” from destination websites, to features you’ll find on every website. and the “social network” is the internet, with all those sites sharing information meaningfully. 	detecting broken images in javascript we’ve become accustomed to link rot and broken images in nearly all corners of the web, but is there a way to keep things a bit cleaner? k.t. lam of hong kong university of science and technology came up with this sweet trick using jquery and readystate to find and replace broken images: ``` jquery('span#gbs_'+info.bib_key).parents('ul').find('img.bookjacket[@readystate*="uninitialized"]').replacewith('&lt;img src="'+info.thumbnail_url+'" alt="'+strtitle+'" height=" " width=" " /'); ``` and it works really well, but only in ie. 	find stuff by minimum bounding rectangle mysql offers envelope() to find the minimum bounding rectangle of a geometric object. the result is a polygon with four segments, defined by five points. it took me a while to make sense of it, partially because the only documentation that i’ve run across so far for polygon() syntax is in the envelope() function mentioned above. i also had to draw a picture to think it through. they write this: polygon(( minx miny, maxx miny, maxx maxy, minx maxy, minx miny )), i think this (in pseudocode-ish form): polygon(( $point_a, $point_b, $point_c, $point_d, $point_a )), with the $point_s corresponding to the diagram. 	working with spatial data in mysql it’s mysql spatial data week here, though i am spreading out the posts to, um, ease the pain (or boredom). anyway, here are some commands/functions i don’t want to forget about later: start with an existing table called geometry, add a spatial column and index it: ``` alter table geometry add coord point not null; create spatial index coord on geometry (coord); ``` insert some data; think in terms of point(x y) or point(lat lon): 	bsuite beta i announced the bsuite public beta not long ago, now i’ve just posted a new version to svn that addresses some of the bugs and fleshes out some of the features. i have yet to update the bsuite page, but here’s a preview of what’s new or changed: additional stats reports wp . -style tag input tools on the page edit screen* wp . -style category selector on the page edit screen* wp . 	calculating distance between points in mysql mysql has some powerful, and perhaps underused spatial extensions, but the most interesting functions are still unimplemented: “note: currently, mysql does not implement these functions…” among those as-yet unimplemented functions is distance(). alternatives can be found here and here, though neither is clean or simple. i wonder if a simple mbrcontains() is good enough, though… 	anticipating steve jobs’ wwdc keynote will it be a thinner or fatter iphone? will it record live video? will it have a metal cutting laser? to heck with the iphone rumors. we know the story, all we’re waiting on are the details. i’m more interested in what we don’t know. what aren’t we expecting? will there be “one more thing”? (thanks to roblef for the sweet photo.) 	mysql documentation found in the mysql . reference manual: related(g ,g ,pattern_matrix) returns or to indicate whether the spatial relationship specified by pattern_matrix exists between g and g . returns – if the arguments are null. the pattern matrix is a string. its specification will be noted here if this function is implemented. (emphasis mine.) 	converting a wp.org site to wpmu i have a lot of wordpress sites i manage and i’ve been thinking about converting them to wordpress mu sites to consolidate management. today i attempted the first one, about.scriblio.net. there’s no proper way of doing it that i found, but here’s what i did: create a new site in mu create the users in the correct order (user id numbers must match) replace the posts, postmeta, comments, terms, term_taxonomy, and term_relationship tables with those from the original blog copy the contents of wp-content/uploads to wp-content/files update the posts table with the new path (both for regular content and attachments, see below) hope it all worked somebody is likely to say “just export the content in wordpress xml format and import it in the new blog,” but that person doesn’t use permalinks based on post_id. 	bsuite public beta i’ve had a lot of features on the table for bsuite for a while, but this recently discovered comment from john pratt (whose smorgasboard.net is a lot of fun), kicked me into gear to actually get working on it again. the result is bsuite , which is probably what bsuite should have been all along. the big news is that i’ve finally revamped stats tracking to work with caching mechanisms like wp cache, wp super cache, varnish, or whatever else. 	json on rhel & php . . stuck with php . . on rhel or even centos (and a sysadmin who insists on using packages)? need json? i did. the solution is easy: yum install php-devel&lt;br /&gt; pecl install json the pecl install failed when it hit an mb memory limit, and i was clueless about how to fix it until i learned that the pecl installer ignores the php.ini. turns out the best solution is to use the pear installer (which does follow php. 	happy birthday wordpress wordpress was released to the world five years ago today. celebrate in sfo, sydney, or with me at whatever bar i find myself at in new hampshire tonight. dm me with any ideas. 	another gun control analogy “gun control is like trying to reduce drunk driving by making it tougher for sober people to own cars.” via 	many eyes, bugs being shallow, all that wordpress . . added a really powerful feature to register_taxonomy(): automatic registration of permalinks and query vars to match the taxonomy. well, theoretically it added that feature. it wasn’t working in practice. after some searching yesterday and today, i finally found the bug and worked up a fix. i made a diff and set off to open a ticket in trac. on the one hand i’m glad i searched first, because it turns out that a ticket on the very same issue was opened on may th and it already has a fix. 	where do they find the time? clay shirky recently posted (wayback) a transcript of his web . expo keynote. …if you take wikipedia as a kind of unit, all of wikipedia, the whole project — every page, every edit, every talk page, every line of code, in every language that wikipedia exists in — that represents something like the cumulation of million hours of human thought. then shirky asks us to compare that to television. 	roflcon turns me on to ustream.tv i was amused to learn nathan was officially at roflcon on behalf of his library. i wasn’t representing my work and wasn’t on the lookout for work-related tools, but i found some anyway. universities have been anxious to get into live video casting for a while. our first effort eventually became pbs (net, ets and pbs histories). later, we invested huge amounts of money in interactive television (itv), but enormous costs and complexities limit the use of such facilities. 	anglia ruskin university faces criticism . anglia ruskin university is in cambridge, but it’s not cambridge university. it’s likely that none of us would even know of anglia ruskin‘s existence if it wasn’t for naomi sugai, but she’s not interested in promoting the school. she’s got complaints, she’s fed up, and she’s taking her case to youtube. well, she took her case to youtube, and then she got suspended. the video that’s up now doesn’t seem suspension-worthy, but the telegraph story suggests there’s a different version that may slander an aru administrator, and that’s the reason aru gives for suspending her. 	 honda civic ipod/iphone install last weekend, while i was putting an ipod interface into my scion i did the same thing for my honda civic. using ben johnson’s story as a guide, i bought a pie hon -aux interface and dove in. aside from tools (screwdrivers and and mm sockets), you’ll need: the interface adapter audio wiring — i used a ′ rca to / th inch cable from radio shack power — i used a belkin car charger plugged into this v extension cord i picked up from radio shack i also recommend a sufficient quantity of good beer or other beverage. 	snakes on a plane it was only after i’d taken my seat and david weinberger began his roflcon keynote that i realized there was a box of t-shirts at the side of the room with a sign over them that said something along the lines of “free: t-shirts from worn out memes.” thinking that the internet might be old enough now that the old memes might be resurrected in some ironic way, i almost jumped over jessamyn to rifle through the box and claim a prize. 	retro atari video game cover art sure you played asteroids and defender, but did you play these? 	 scion xb ipod/iphone install based on this story about an ipod interface install i purchased a pie toy -aux aux input adapter so i could finally listen to my iphone without using the lousy fm transmitter. sure, i coulda bought a new car, as the manufacturers seem to have finally come to their senses and started including such inputs, but i refuse to buy another car until i can have one that gets well over mpg. 	barbed wire, the deeper history of it turns out that, like most everything else, barbed wire shows up at auctions. not just shiny new stuff, you’ll find used stuff too. expect it to be at least a little rusty, and look out for clumps of hair or other things stuck to it. whether that adds value or not is unclear. where could we look to find out? the antique barbed wire society‘s barbed wire collector magazine might be your best source. 	my flickr complaint some whine about movies on flickr, others about the switch to yahoo ids, i simply want better rendering of transparent pngs as jpgs. 	cats want to eat your brains nyt: parasites in your brain are driving you to raise cats in hopes that they eat you. hat tip to cliff. 	flickr adds video i asked for it in , before youtube, vimeo, viddler, or revver appeared on the scene, and before myspace and facebook added video sharing as a feature. four years later they finally added it. neil rickards should get credit for creating the theme of “long photos” (neil called them “moving photos”). and anybody who was around then isn’t the least surprised at how angry some are now about the new feature (see sarcastic response to that). 	the internet, according to mememolly 	identity management going commodity? atlassian’s crowd sso and idm solution has the kind of online pricing you’d expect for word processing software. i don’t know if it’s any good, but it’s a sign that identity management getting boring. 	why can’t i re-check spam with akismet & wordpress . ? (workaround) i recently installed wordpress . and among the changes i noticed was a loss of akismet‘s “recheck spam” button (or something like that. it didn’t seem like such a problem at the time, but then i got swamped with so much trackback and comment spam that the flood dos‘d my server. i had to disable comments and trackbacks for a time, which brought my server back, but my moderation queue still had over comments waiting for me. 	christian nymphos not that you’d mistake our sites, but christian nymphos uses the same theme i use here at maisonbisson. well, i modified the theme quite a bit for my use, but…. well, regarding the title of the site: pastor bob snowdon probably approves of any and all efforts to reclaim “nympho” from its pejorative purgatory. 	cargo aircraft safety who knew fedex and ups planes crashed so often? (blame the intronetz for making this too easy to discover.) ups plane catches on fire, lands in philadelphia ( ). apparently the source of the fire remains a mystery, as with a few other ups fires. fedex planes have crashed and burned in tallahassee ( ) and memphis ( ). in a fired fedex pilot attempted to murder flight crew with hammer and hijack the plane. 	swift: another ham handed attempt at social networking all yesterday and this morning i’ve been seeing tweets about swift, so i finally googled it to see what it was about. the service promises to help organize conferences in some new . way, but it looks to be about as preposterous a social network as walmart’s aborted attempt at copying myspace. there are some real lessons here, however, about how to court the early adopters that are essential to making an application that depends on user activity successful: 	wordpress . out, maisonbisson upgraded wordpress . is out (and the wordpress site got a facelift), and i’ve already upgraded maisonbisson using svn. the changes are exciting, and seem to reflect a tradition that’s developing in wordpress of delivering some really revolutionary features in the x. release. the loss of file-based object caching was a bit of a problem, as my vps‘s load average jumped to over pretty quickly after the upgrade. i tried mark jaquith‘s apc-object-cache enabler and saw load average drop back to or so, but i also saw tag and category names disappear and discovered other weirdness. 	make your own sign i had fun with the signs in taiwan (jet powered baby stroller and men’s bathroom signs, for example), but why travel around the world for these things when you can make them at home? create warning signs, protest signs, church signs, library catalog cards, or whatever. 	tibet open letter and other innovative uses of wordpress all things digital is interesting. parents would say my baby our baby.com is a little more important. but tibet open letter is as real as the violence. two things to note: all of them are based on wordpress, and those who discuss tibet probably risk being listed by the chinese government as a trouble maker. 	evil google aaron swartz‘s bubble city, chapter : he sent the report to his superior and wandered off for a bit to dwell on the power he had as a faceless person deep inside an office park in mountain view to know every detail of another person’s life. he wondered what it would be like if he came across that person on the street, he would know every detail of his life, his household budget, the secrets he confided over im, even what he looked like naked. 	interesting wordpress plugins wp contact manager turns wordpress into a contact manager. it’s a combination of theme and plugins (including custom write panel) that allows you to enter and manage contacts as blog posts (familiar, eh?). use members only to secure access. tdo mini forms “allows you to add highly customisable forms to your website that allows non-registered users and/or subscribers (also configurable) to submit posts. the posts are kept in ”draft“ until an admin can publish them (also configurable). 	best restaurant in taipei i ate here. it’s every bit as good as the review suggests. seb’s description and photos tell more, i’ll post my own photos soon. update: posted. short story: there’s a restaurant in australia with a three month waiting list, but a sydney morning herald reporter says the restaurant i ate at is its equal or better, but without the waiting list and at us$ per meal. 	google pagerank is/is not/is all machine generated google’s always been in the awkward position of claiming that pagerank is algorithmic, not editorial, while also explaining that they’re constantly adjusting their algorithms to ensure that pagerank reflects editorial judgments of quality. here’s a peek inside the machine. 	zach houston’s poem store walking north on valencia i heard the characteristic snap snap snap of an old manual typewriter’s hammers striking paper on the platen. i was more than a bit curious about who might still use such a classic machine even before its operator called out to ask if i wanted to buy a poem. still, it’d been a full day exploring the mission with a fabulous host and the time for my flight home was nearing. 	no mo w stolen from jessamyn‘s photostream. 	where the previews are i announced yesterday scriblio‘s integration of google’s new book viewability api that links to full text, previews, or additional book information (depending on copyright status and publisher foresight). now that it’s live with plymouth’s full catalog, i spent a moment browsing the collection and taking note of what books had what. i get no preview for a baby sister for frances, but another of russell hoban‘s books, a bargain for frances. 	scriblio integrates google book search links (crossposted at scriblio.net) using the newly released book viewability api in google book search, plymouth state university’s lamson library and learning commons is one of the first libraries to move beyond simply listing their books online and open them up to reading and searching via the web. take a look at how this works with books by plymouth authors bruce heald and joseph monninger. the “browse on google” link in the new features section leads to extended previews of their works where you can browse excerpts of the books and search the full text. 	great name, but is it any good? “spork” is a great name for a restaurant, but is it any good? yelp says it is, but most of the reviews mention the burger, putting me in the position of having to review the reviewers and wonder if a hamburger person can recommend a restaurant to a vegetarian. not that i am a vegetarian or not a hamburger person, but please tell me there’s more to the retrofabulous-looking place than a cool name and a hamburger. 	geographic tweeting twittervision and twittermap show new tweets wherever they appear on the map, twitterwhere let’s you follow tweets at a specific location, and ask people has nothing to do with twitter but does show you global opinion. live. while you watch (so they say, anyway). 	warming if this doesn’t warm your heart, check to see that it’s not made of stone. 	netflix for audio books netflix for audio books: simply audiobooks. though it makes me wonder why we don’t say “like a library for audiobooks where they send you the stuff you want.” 	wordpress . offers built-in gravatar support nobody doubted that full gravatar support would make it into wordpress eventually. weblog tools collection shows what they look like, how they’re managed, and how theme designers can implement them. 	quaint vs. libraries this slashdot post asks the same question a lot of people do: “can libraries be saved from the internet?” slate has an interesting photo essay exploring the question of how to build a public library in the age of google, wikipedia, and kindle. the grand old reading rooms and stacks of past civic monuments are giving way to a new library-as-urban-hangout concept, as evidenced by seattle’s starbucks-meets-mega-bookstore central library and salt lake city’s shop-lined education mall. 	buddypress: the wordpress of social networks? andy peatling, who developed a wordpress mu-based social network and then released the code as buddypress has just joined automattic, where they seem to have big plans for it. i’d been predicting something like this since automattic acquired gravatar: it’s clear that the future is social. connections are key. wordpress mu is a platform which has shown itself to be able to operate at internet-scale and with buddypress we can make it friendlier. 	parse html and traverse dom in php? i spoke of this the other day, but now i’ve learned of php’s dom functions, including loadhtml(). use it in combination with simplexml_import_dom like this: ``` $dom = new domdocument; $dom->loadhtml(' one two three sublist item ' ); if($dom){ $xml = simplexml_import_dom($dom); print_r($xml); } 	parse html and traverse dom in php? i love how easily i can traverse an html document with jquery, and i’d love to be able to do it in php. there are a few classes, but the php binding for tidy seems to be where it’s at. the zend dev pages make it look that way, anyway. 	movable type to wordpress scot hacker (yes, that’s really his name) posted a story about migrating china digital times (published by berkeley school of journalism) from movable type to wordpress: we’ve launched with a lovely new design, reduced story publishing times from by orders of magnitude, been able to re-enable a bunch of features we’d previously had to disable for load reasons, and added new features that were never possible before. the team of authors and editors is in heaven, and i’m considering bringing the site back onto the main j-school server. 	scriblio feature: text this to me take note of the “new feature: text this to your cellphone” line above. adam brin of tricollege libraries explained that the “text this to me” feature he built to send location information about items in the library catalog as text messages to a user’s cell phone is being used as many as times a day. that was the news i needed to decide to offer the feature in psu’s scriblio implementation. 	web design frameworks? i’m a fan of the sandbox wordpress theme because it does so much to separate application logic from design, and a few small changes to the css can make huge changes to the look of the site. i think that’s the idea behind yahoo! developer network’s grids css library. that is, well structured html allows very sophisticated styling. all you have to do is plug in your content. to wit: 	give up your civil rights (and your laptop and hard drives) at the border can the feds take your laptop? yep. be prepared to give up your civil rights and your laptop at the border, says a recent article in the washington post. this came to the attention of music fans earlier, when mtv news reported that a hard drive seized at the border contained studio recordings for chris walla’s (guitarist for death cab for cutie) latest album. there was some suggestion that it was all a publicity stunt, but the post story suggests that it’s a real and not uncommon problem. 	apache reverse proxy apache mod_proxy does most of the work, nick kew’s howto on running a reverse proxy with apache explains it. now, can i tack on some authentication and make it replace iii’s wam or ezproxy? 	moscow subway’s underground palaces photographer farflungphotos describes: all the stations in moscow’s metro are completely different from one another. some of them are so opulent, with grand marble halls and chandeliers, all hidden away underground. people seemed to be using them as places just to hang out and meet up with friends. the trains were really frequent too, practically on each others tails. you never have to wait more than a few minutes for one to come along. 	western north carolina library network’s classification outline western north carolina library network‘s lc outline is full of detail. lc outline, classification, western north carolina library network, libraries 	changes to wordpress object caching in . jacob santos‘ funcdoc notes: the wordpress object cache changed in wordpress . and removed a lot of file support from the code. this means that the object cache in wordpress . is completely dependent on memory and will not be saved to disk for retrieval later. the constant wp_cache also changed its meaning. i’ve just started using the object cache and i’m happy with how it works now, so these changes are somewhat concerning. 	iphone strobe light strobe light is clearly the perfect app for your new gb iphone. 	mysql on multi-core machines the devshed technical tour explains that mysql can spawn new threads, each of which can execute on a different processor/core. what it doesn’t say is that a single thread can only execute on a single core, and if that thread locks a table, then no other threads that need that table can execute until the locking thread/query is complete. short answer: mysql works well on multi-core machines until you lock a table. 	looking ahead from : top tech trends i’m excited and honored to be joining meredith farkas and david j. fiander in a roundtable discussion of top tech trends, an olita program at superconference. we’ve made a pact not to share our trends with each other in advance (no peeking), so it’ll be interesting to see how much overlap we have and how differently we approach the issues where we do have overlap. sophistication the search box with its flashing cursor is a powerful tool, but it’s positively pre-cambrian when compared to our hyper a/v culture. 	ola superconference presentation: scriblio i’m honored to be invited to the ontario library association superconference to present my work on scriblio today (session # ). a pdf of my slides is online. scriblio has had about a year of use in production at each of three sites, and the lessons suggest that web . technologies really do work for libraries. and the best news: we can do it without breaking the budget: i’ll be demonstrating how to install scriblio and reinvent a library in about ten minutes. 	microsoft threatens to buy yahoo! i like yahoo!. i really hope the shareholders decline microsoft’s offer. blech, ms has wanted a piece of yahoo! for a while. 	never forget, - - paranoia if it’s not an american flag, it’s probably a bomb. 	what do coots eat? turns out that coots are omnivorous, but prefer plant matter. why. 	forget time capsule, i want a space ship apple’s time capsule is great. seriously. when has backup been easier? but i need more. the macbook air&rsquo;s small storage highlights a problem i’ve been suffering for some time: there’s never enough storage. the slower processor and limited ram expansion are sufferable, but storage isn’t. the gb drive in my macbook pro now is stuffed with gb of music (and that’s after spending hours paring it down a few weeks ago), and almost gb of pictures. 	camera found in cab starts digital goose chase what would you do if you found a camera in a cab? 	lcsh news: “mountain biking” replaces “all terrain cycling” even though mountain bike sales and participation are down (as a percentage of market share, biking has been declining for ten years), the library of congress has just issued a directive to change the subject heading from “all terrain cycling” to “mountain biking.” the term was apparently first coined by charlie kelly and gary fisher in . 	stephen king doesn’t hate kindle stephen king writes at entertainment weekly.com that he doesn’t hate the kindle: will kindles replace books? no. and not just because books furnish a room, either. there’s a permanence to books that underlines the importance of the ideas and the stories we find inside them; books solidify an otherwise fragile medium. but can a kindle enrich any reader’s life? my own experience — so far limited to . books, i’ll admit — suggests that it can. 	mcqualifications bruce pechman earned his credentials, but you could get yours at mcdonald’s. yes, the fast food chain is apparently offering diplomas in britain now. 	dangerous grains call for drastic measures “the office of emergency management, the new york city fire department, department of buildings, nypd, health department, and department of agriculture” all apparently showed up to evict tenants from a building called the “kibbutz” in the williamsburg section of brooklyn. why? “dangerous grains,” and a matzoh bakery. it’s been labeled matzo-gate, and speculation is rampant that the eviction was spurred by developers eyeing the now fashionable neighborhood. gothamist has a picture. 	apache, mysql, and php on macos x p ps harlow tweeted something about trying to get an amp environment running on his mac. conversation followed, and eventually i sent along an email that look sorta like this: if you’re running . (i doubt it, but it’s worth mentioning because i’m most familiar with it), here’s how i’ve setup dozens of machines for web development and wordpress: install mysql http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/ . .html#macosx-dmg install marc liyanage’s php package 	usability experts are from mars, graphic designers are from venus this an old one, but it just caught my atention. in a list apart tells us usability experts are from mars, graphic designers are from venus. is this still true? haven’t the last several years been about the triumph of good design in both the usability and graphic senses? or are rounded corners not actually useful? 	dancing with the nerds richard stallman‘s soulja boy dance, mit style (via). 	wordpress to_ping query optimization the wordpress team has taken up the issue of performance optimization pretty seriously, and i look forward to the fruits of their efforts, but i’m also casting a critical eye on my own code. thanks to caching and a hugely optimized query architecture, scriblio is now performing better than ever, and i’m now looking at the next tier of problems. first among them is a wordpress query that runs to find which posts have pingbacks or trackbacks waiting to be processed. 	this would _so_ cramp my style the new hampshire house is considering a ban on texting while driving. please, no. 	even cheetah moms have to argue with kids about dinner mother cheetah wants kids to learn to hunt gazelle, but cubs want to nuzzle it. 	signs of user-centric shift at ces? doc searls in linux journal compares previous ces expos to and finds a shift from talk of “broadcasters and rights-holders extending their franchise” to a web . enlightened user-centricity. at every ces up to this one, i always felt that both open source and user-in-charge were swimming upstream against a tide of proprietary “solutions” and user lock-in strategies. this year i can feel the tide shift. lots of small things point toward increased user autonomy, originality, invention and engagement. 	introducing phonepedia, a voice-activated wikipedia mashup the phonepedia concept is simple: take wikipedia’s rich content and add voice recognition. it’s as easy as calling a number and asking your question, the answer will be returned via sms and email. go ahead and try it for yourself. phonepedia. the voice recognition is powered by jott, and thanks are due to heidi for writing so glowingly about it (cluetrain moment: i’d heard about jott before, but hadn’t been stirred to look at it until i saw heidi’s post speaking in the voice of a real person). 	like mr. ranganathong said… like mr. ranganathong said: “the intellect cannot be tied down with a decimal thong.” (via) 	i can haz ice cream and booze? this thread says you can get booze and ice cream in the same joint! places to know in nyc: otto, the chocolate room (beer &amp; wine only?), chikalicious, clinton street baking company, blt burger, homer’s, and liquor &amp; ice cream. 	staring contest shirow masamune himself couldn’t draw manga eyes like hers. 	google pumps openid too following news that yahoo! is joining the openid fray, it appears google is dipping a toe in too. while those two giants work out their implementations, others are raising the temperature of the debate on idm solutions. stefan brands is among the openid naysayers (&lt;a href=&quot;http://daveman .livejournal.com/ .html&rdquo; title=&quot;david recordon&rsquo;s blog - stefan chooses to take the &ldquo;fox news&rdquo; approach to openid blogging&quot;&gt;david recordon’s response), while scott gillbertson sees a bright future. let’s watch the openid directory to see how fast it grows now (count on january : ). 	harvard film archive’s wild movies of s pre-code films were apparently something of a spectacle. harvard film archive this weekend is exploring their depths in a series titled vice vs. virtue. 	just in case anybody else wond… just in case anybody else wonders why a wordpress initiates extra mysql activity http://tinyurl.com/ nkplo 	balloon organ, yes, a balloon organ in a piece that will have some people eagerly looking for some afro celt sound system, others singing where do they make balloons, and some people just shaking their heads, this fellow, apparently standing in his bathroom, introduces us to another guy and his balloon organ. really. check this for more homemade organ fun. 	eccentric chess champ bobby fischer dead eccentric, perhaps persecuted, bobby fischer is dead. news story. 	wordpress + invalid urls = extra database queries after reporting weirdness last week i finally sat down with a completely clean and virgin install of wordpress . . and traced what happens when you make a permalink request for a non-existent url. here are two sets of urls to use as examples and context: these are valid urls: http://site.org/archives/ http://site.org/page-name these are _not_ valid urls: http://site.org/archivezorz/ http://site.org/favicon.ico valid urls get parsed, the expected mysql queries get executed, and the results are processed and returned to the browser. 	yahoo! pumps openid ars notes that yahoo! supports openid. yeah, that openid. 	southwest’s in-flight magazine doesn’t suck, they say derek powazek likes it, but is it worth flying southwest for? 	@jblyberg: i had to look it up… @jblyberg: i had to look it up a while ago too http://tinyurl.com/z sg 	sifting results of error_log( … sifting results of ``` error_log( $_server['request_uri'] ."\n". $_server['remote_addr'] ."\n". print_r( debug_backtrace(), true ) ); ``` 	trying to figure out why wp hi… trying to figure out why wp hits db for all posts query _after_ it determines the url is a 	is facebook really the point? a post to web lib alerted me to this u mich survey about libraries in social networks (blog post) that finds % of students don’t care for or want libraries in facebook or myspace. the biggest reason being that they feel the current methods (in-person, email, im) are more than sufficient. % said no because they felt it was inappropriate or that facebook/myspace is a social tool, not a research tool. 	@tinfoilraccoon: take the pled… @tinfoilraccoon: take the pledge: http://tinyurl.com/ x qye 	@tinfoilraccoon: is it really … @tinfoilraccoon: is it really so complex that it requires training? pls tell them amazon and itunes don’t require training, ask why od does. 	fancy up your website with web clip icons aaron schmidt alerted me to this how to sweetening up your site with fancy iphone web clip icons. 	impeach cheney now you’ll feel better after signing the petition. 	bits of mysql query syntax i’ve learned this week watching the wordpress hacker list this week, a couple messages related to selecting information about users schooled me on mysql syntax. i obviously knew the following would work, but i’d previously used the union syntax in similar situations and somehow hadn’t thought of writing it this way: ``` select (select meta_value from wp_usermeta where meta_key = 'first_name' and user_id = ) as first, (select meta_value from wp_usermeta where meta_key = 'last_name' and user_id = ) as last, wp_users. 	user posts antisemitic content… user posts antisemitic content to wikipedia, then crosses out my comment in the requests for deletion page!?!? http://tinyurl.com/ytt zh 	@edventures: their hardware an… @edventures: their hardware and operating system operations are getting squeezed. they’ve gotta look elsewhere. 	i like mysql. i like sun. this… i like mysql. i like sun. this could work well: http://tinyurl.com/yr rl 	tried sleep, failed. surfing w… tried sleep, failed. surfing web oniohone in bed while sandee sleeps soundly. 	just a tiny example of a commu… just a tiny example of a community trying to figure out its boundaries http://tinyurl.com/ytt zh 	drove home clicking iphone map… drove home clicking iphone maps locate button like walt mossberg on meth. works great in cities, crap in woods 	new iphone maps locate circle … new iphone maps locate circle has yet to locate me 	macbook air is sealed like ipo… macbook air is sealed like ipod. can’t replace battery, no ram upgrades. 	iphone update finally download… iphone update finally downloading. not leaving office until i get a locator button on my maps. 	iphone update server overloade… iphone update server overloaded 	nh primary fraud? two very important things: i have every confidence that the nh primary results were correct and accurate, and, most importantly, unmolested. and, i’m also quite happy with them. but that doesn’t mean i’m not anxiously awaiting the results of the hand recount that congressman kucinich has requested. conspiracy theories abound, and diebold is a despicable company worthy of general derision, but at least our accuvote os machines have paper ballots. 	@awd: wasn’t sure if there was… @awd: wasn’t sure if there was a specific meeting your sarcasm was directed toward, though i’ve been following the drama all along 	@mstephens : bring cigars and … @mstephens : bring cigars and ask if prez has has scotch in the office? 	getting ready for the stevenote i can’t go to the parties laughing squid names, and world of apple’s live video coverage seems about as likely as a kucinich becoming president, but the unofficial apple weblog‘s keynote predictions are out, ars’ keynote bingo is set, and half the blogaverse will likely offer some updates about the action, some of them live. the stevenote is coming, and at the end of the day, or at least later that day, it’s likely that apple will broadcast the recorded event in quicktime (judging from this url, you might find it here). 	dead men don’t cash checks virgilio cintron was the happiest corpse in the city… 	chris “long tail” anderson on open source open source and the long tail: an interview with chris anderson the shift of software from the desktop to the web will really be the making of open-source software. the long tail side of software will almost certainly be web-based because the web lowers the barriers to adoption of software. there will always be some software best delivered as packaged bits. but the big problem with packaged software–or one big problem–is the risk associated with installation. 	how do i create a semantic web site? a member of the web lib mail list asked: how do i create a semantic web site? i know i have to use either rdf or owl but do i use either of these to create a mark up language which i then use to create the web site or, with the semantic web do we move away from mark up languages altogether? am i right in thinking that owl and rdf do not contain any information on how the document is to be displayed or presented? 	live in mehran karimi nasseri, sanjay shah and alex ervasti all made their names living in airports. now, comedian mark malkoff is hoping his one week stay at the paramus, nj ikea store will do the same. 	the state of democracy what does it mean about the state of democracy when viral video darling obama girl amber lee ettinger shows up in nh? and chuck norris too? (chuck norris political facts.) it probably surprises no one that kucinich’s press secretary’s year old daughter is more articulate than amber and chuck combined. ugh. 	wordpress admin redesign progress happy cog‘s liz danzico introduced it at wordcamp (her slides are online), but it’s been only recently that the fruits of the admin control panel re-thinking have started to appear in code. though there’s much work yet to be done and it’s not uncontroversial, i think i like it. 	maisonbisson chocolate martini the holidays are past, but we still have a sweet tooth here. chocolate shavings for rimming part crème de cacao parts vodka dark chocolate garnish warm a martini glass over a small flame, then roll the rim in chocolate shavings. put a square of dark chocolate in the glass, then prepare the liquor. shake vodka and crème de cacao with ice and strain into glass. for additional flavor, sprinkle the top with cocoa powder or chocolate shavings. 	wiimote (wii remote) + projector + computer = homebrew multitouch display you’ve got the hardware, you’ve got the skills, go build a multi-touch electronic whiteboard with your wiimote and a data projector. 	building in a (big) bubble dcdead‘s photo of the central station of strasbourg, france reminds me of something i’d long wanted to do in (or around) my old house: put it in a dome. apparently, this dome doesn’t fully cover the building, just enlarges it without obscuring the facade. still, square meters of glass looks pretty good, eh? back to my old house, however. here’s the plan: forget the lack of insulation and the drafty windows (and the dying roof, before i replaced it), solve all of that by putting a greenhouse up around it. 	wordpress . performance, timeline the good news is that performance is a big goal for wp . , the bad news is that it’s been delayed to the end of january at the earliest. 	gmail imap vs. previous pop users google mail now supports imap, but what if you’ve been using pop all along and have a gajillion messages on the server, all marked unread and waiting in your inbox? how can i tell apple mail not to download the [gmail]/all mail imap folder without an ugly hack? [update, the hack just causes mail to crash a lot.] 	free report on accessible web design from jakob nielsen free from nielsen norman group: beyond alt text, making the web easy to use for users with disabilities, a report on web design for users with disabilities. “seventy-five best practices for design of websites and intranets, based on usability studies with people who use assistive technology” according to the blog post, usability is three times better for non-disabled users. 	bsuite machine tags there can be no arguments about it, machine tags are cool and they solve problems. and now they work in wordpress with bsuite too (svn only, for the moment). it’s not just because flickr popularized them that i like them, though it helps and you should definitely look at that stuff: the announcement excitement from o’reilly radar, programmableweb, and dan catt (who championed the concept at flickr, i think). 	inside your head video found via a photo in soffia gisladóttir‘s photostream. the suggestion that things go rotten inside a person’s head is very sad, but i’ve also suggested it to zach for moldy snack.com 	css transparency settings for all browsers ``` .transparent_class { opacity: . ; /* the standards compliant attribute that all browsers should recognize, but... */ filter:alpha(opacity= ); /* for ie */ -khtml-opacity: . ; /* for old safari ( .x) */ -moz-opacity: . ; /* for old skool netscape navigator */ } ``` (via) 	a boy and his cabbage of significant size from the la crosse tribune, a boy and his cabbage of significant size: wisconsin ten-year-old douglas mezera grew a -pound cabbage for a competition sponsored by bonnie plant. the alabama plant company’s program aims to promote gardening as fun and rewarding. what do you do with so much cabbage? “we made it into homemade sauerkraut,” douglas’ mom said. “it’s good.” (via) 	language translation icon we all need a recognized icon to represent “translate this.” we’ve got one for feeds and social bookmarking, but where’s our translate icon? a lot of folks simply use flags, but that’s a bad idea because they’re “nationalistic, and represent ideals, boundaries, and political beliefs, but do not represent a language.” joe lee has developed a few icons for use in the olpc project, and they look good. the only problem i have with them is in trying to make them work at × pixels. 	in flight wifi back in the air? i thought the matter was dead after boeing shut down their much hyped in-flight wifi plans (yep), but engadget got a seat on jetblue’s private introductory flight for their wifi service. the good news is that it’s free, the not surprising news is that yahoo! is partnering in it (and it requires a yahoo! account), the bad news is that all you get is yahoo! im and email. no web browsing, or anything else useful. 	scriblio . v released scriblio . v is out. see it. download it. install it. join the mail list. what’s new? lots of small bug fixes. implemented wp_cache support. revamped sql query logic for better memory efficiency. new widget options. search suggest/autocomplete support (implemented in the new theme). new theme. new theme! by jon link. 	home libraries, amateur libraries the library problem: in march of my wife mary and i owned about , books. we both have eclectic interests, voracious appetites for knowledge, and a great love of used bookstores. the problem was that we had no idea what books we had or where any of them were. we lost books all the time, cursed late into the night digging through piles for that one book we knew must be there, and even bought books only to find that we already owned them. 	usb-connected monitors? displaylink is licensing technology that promises to make adding a second (or sixth) monitor as easy as plugging into a spare usb port. samsung’s ux “ lcd (under $ , review) is among the first to employ it, though iogear’s usb to vga adapter is also available (about $ , review). this isn’t without problems, though. image quality is said to be sharp until it moves, then it stutters and chops, more from cnet labs. 	seven person bicycle: the conference bike i saw this bike here, here, and here on flickr, but nobody said what it was or where i could learn more. some googling revealed it was eric staller’s conferencebike, first sold by hemmacher schlemmer. one person steers while all seven riders peddle, and it looks like a lot of fun if you’ve got a spare $ , . the eight foot long bike is six feet wide and weighs about pounds. 	compress css & javascript using php minify it was part of a long thread among wordpress hackers over the summer and fall, but this post at vulgarisoverip just reminded of it: minify promises to be an easy way to compress external css and javascript without adding extra steps to your develop/deploy process. no, really, look at the usage instructions. (to be clear, the vulgaris and google code versions are different, one derived from the other and backported to php compatible. 	old romans knew how to make glue we’ve known about the birch bark glue romans used on their clay pots and jars for a while, but now researchers in germany are calling it “caesar’s superglue.” researchers at the rhine state museum in bonn apparently found it used to bond silver plate to an iron helmet in a year old repair job. the superglue part: the bond was still good. 	people make scriblio better it’s way cool to see lichen‘s scriblio installation instructions translated to hungarian. even cooler to have sarah the tagging librarian take hard look at it and give us some criticism (and praise!). but i’m positively ecstatic to see robin hastings’ post on installing scriblio (it’s not easy on windows, apparently). part of it is pride in seeing something that i’ve been working on for so long finally get out into the world, but scriblio really does get better with every comment or criticism. 	roadside attractions fading away? roadside attractions fading from landscape: a staple of the american road trip could be slowly disappearing from the nation’s interstates and byways. owners of some roadside attractions are deciding that interest is waning 	bsuite released [innerindex]i started bstat in when i ported my blog from pmachine to wordpress and needed to bring over the tools i’d built to identify popular stories and recent comments. i renamed it bsuite when i added tagging and other features to it. now it’s bsuite . get it here. get installation details here, and users of previous versions should check the upgrade instructions here. features tracking of page loads for each post and page. 	my iphone commercial (or, the night we almost died on a mountain) it was cold. the air carried no scent, ice squeaked under our boots, and every little leaf and twig crinkled and snapped as we walked over it. but this was louder than that. much louder. neither jon nor i saw it actually happen, but when i found will he was mostly upside down between a boulder and tree. the trail at that point was elevated by some rocks and bordered by pines that grew from the forrest floor some distance below. 	tabbed chatting in ichat among the missing features i hear the most complaints about regarding ichat is the lack of tabbed chatting. today i discovered it’s part of leopard. simply go to the ichat prefs, click on the messages pane, and selected “collect chats into a single window” and you’re set. 	a nation marketing itself japan‘s the ministry of foreign affairs english-language web japan is a bottomless trove of in-flight magazine-quality stories like antibacterial epidemic and j-culture-hyping love-fests like honoring the world’s manga artists. if american propaganda efforts are this bad, why do foreign governments even bother blocking them? 	is this really worth protesting? it can only be taken as evidence of our wealth and privilege that two years after macy’s bought marshall field’s people are planning a black friday rally and holiday boycott to protest the name change. 	wp rewrite instructable dan’s instructable for custom rewrite rules in wordpress is better than the docs in the codex. 	how expensive does commercial software need to get before we consider open source? open source software of the free as in free beer and free as in free speech variety has matured to the point that there are now strong contenders in nearly every category, though that doesn’t make them easy choices. it’s often revealing when people criticize oss as being free as in free kittens, which is true in the sense that f/oss does require continued care and feeding to make it work, and false in that it suggests commercial solutions don’t. 	themes i like matt has updated his site with a less blog-like front page and i just discovered unsleepable, which is very bloggy, but seems like a good start for what i want to do next. 	remix remix remix: the tracey fragments i guess the criticism is that it’s one thing for somebody to open up their music for remixing, but an entirely different thing to do the same with a movie. or is it? is it (click re-fragmented)? 	[insert word here] is hurting your network corporate networks are defenseless against the growing threat from instant messaging, and the government warns wifi is insecure and easily sniffed. experts suggest we take precautions against the growing risk of p p software that’s exposing sensitive documents and threatening national security. businesses blame security problems on their employees, their mobile devices, and other consumer technologies. and now we have myspace. 	tidens hotteste it-trends my presentation for today’s hottest it trends is nearly completely new, though it draws a number of pieces from my building web . -native library services and remixability presentations. what it adds is an (even more) intense focus on the people that make up the web. denmark is among the most wired countries of europe, and it’s especially interesting that more than half of danes over use the web at least once a week. 	remember the good old days? the first article database i remember using was dialog, sometime in the late s or early s. today i found myself amused that we used to call such things “interactive.” that is, you poked the command line interface with questions and it usually beeped a syntax error, all while they charge $ per minute, plus the connection fees. (the image above is from a later cd-rom version.) a article in phrack reminded me of some of the details and fun of such systems: 	european internet usage statistics eurostat : internet usage in the eu : “nearly half of individuals in the eu used the internet at least once a week in and a third of households and three-quarters of enterprises had broadband internet access.” statistics denmark : access to the internet: % of population has home internet access. 	going global with my iphone i can use my iphone pretty much anywhere, but att is going to charge me $ . a minute for calls, $. per text, and $. per kb for data while in denmark. att requires international activation but they do offer some tips for international roamers. i bought an international iphone data plan ( mb for $ ), but i also learned that visual voice mail counts against that (regular voice mail counts against minutes, at the $ . 	wordpress vs. drupal i’m a wordpress partisan, so i agree with mark ghosh’s criticism of this wordpress vs drupal report. still, it reminds me that i should point out xxlmag, slam online, and ford among the very non-bloggy sites built on wordpress. 	fish tacos oh decadence! veterans day provided not only a chance for reflection but also a rare day free from the classroom. so what to do with this open period of time? the answer was easy, dinner party. i have wanted to have my colleagues roxanna and john over, but time is always an issue. i phoned them up and they accepted. now the fun began — menu planning. while vacationing with my parents in vegas last summer we went out to marvelous food chain, the cheesecake factory. 	design anxiety all i know about denmark is what gets imported: legos, of course, but also a tradition of exquisitely clean and functional design. that’s why, as i prepare for my talk in copenhagen later this week, i’m incredibly conscious of my own design and a bit jealous of jessamyn’s outstanding use of orange. anyway, that’s where i’ll be all week. any tips? anybody up for a drink? 	gender gaps connect the dots: boys vs. girls in us colleges and too many men in east germany. 	object-based vs. ego based social networks vs. wow and second life there are so many cool things in fred stutzman’s recent post, but this point rang the bell for me just as i was considering the differences between world of warcraft and second life. more on those games in a moment, first let’s get stutzman’s description of ego vs. object networks: an ego-centric social network places the individual as the core of the network experience (orkut, facebook, linkedin, friendster) while the object-centric network places a non-ego element at the center of the network. 	internet safety npr : back to school: reading, writing and internet safety as students return to school in virginia, there’s something new in their curriculum. virginia is the first state to require public schools to teach internet safety. 	freaking mysql character set encodings derek sivers‘ plan, with all it’s bin hex and regexp and back and forth between mysql and php almost looks good compared to what i’m about to do. really, why is it so difficult to go from latin (tables created back in mysql ) to utf ? not only do you have to set the charset on the table, but also the connection, in php, and flipping everywhere. and then you’ve gotta deal with all this old data that’s in the wrong character set. 	pick up lines how to pick up girls in the library. indeed, it’s picking up girls made easy. 	internet librarian presentation: building web . native library services the conference program says i’m speaking about designing an opac for web . , and i guess i am, but the approach this time is what have we learned so far? and though it’s the sort of thing only a fool would do, i’m also planning to demonstrate how to install scriblio, a web . platform for libraries (foolish because i plan to do it live and in real time). 	is the answers.com api public? answers.com is throwing a bone to wordpress users with their new answerlinks plugin written by alex king. but wait, there’s an answers.com api? a few pokes at the google machine reveal nothing relevant, and asnwers.com’s site is mum too. taking apart the code, i get the following (modded enough to make it run-able if you drop it in the base of your wordpress install): ``` require_once('wp-config.php'); require_once(abspath.wpinc.'/class-snoopy.php'); $snoop = new snoopy; $snoop-read_timeout = ; $snoop-submit( 'http://alink. 	maisonbisson and unapi thanks to mike giarlo‘s unapi server for wordpress. now if only there were a library catalog built on wordpress, i could probably just drop it in. 	panorama stitchers: calico vs. doubletake i’ve been using doubletake to stitch panoramas for a while, but when i discovered p ps harlow’s photos and learned he was using calico panorama, i figured it was worth taking a look. doubletake has done a great job for a number of my photos (mt. moriah, san francisco motorcycles, mt. mondadnock), and when the automatic stitch failed, i could manually reposition (or re-order) the photos. i could also adjust the individual images to make them better match each other. 	mac os x . comes with apache and php yep. leopard comes with new stuff. lazeez says it works fine, but commenters here are having trouble. 	memory, intimacy, and the web i’ve been thinking about it since troy mentioned to me that he thought google was ruining his memory. and i thought i found confirmation of it when i read gladwell’s description of daniel wegner, et al’s transactive memory in close relationships: when we talk about memory, we aren’t just talking about ideas and impressions and facts stored inside our heads. an awful lot of what we remember is actually stored outside our brains. 	library . subject guides ellyssa kroski‘s librarian’s guide to creating . subject guides is good introduction for librarians who think know “there has to be a better way.” but why no mention of blogs and blogging tools? (i’m still really happy that when you search our catalog for something, a subject guide for that term appears (if we have one that’s relevant)). 	book autopsies via ryan: brian dettmer: book autopsies at centripetal notion. 	site crashed…recovered…sort of my hosting provider lost a server, and their most recent backup of my database was from wednesday. that was newer than what i had, so that’s what i’ve got. any comments submitted between then and mid afternoon today have been lost. i was luckier with my posts: i write most of them in ecto and had them backed up on my lappy. at least the sox won. 	the war on zombies from kim to zach to me to you: bush vs. zombies. now we know: the guy doesn’t understand the difference between fact and fiction. most people thought shaun of the dead was horror/comedy, not documentary. poor w probably read the zombie survival guide as an instruction manual (don’t show him how to survive a robot uprising, please). gah. the guy hired a cannibal, fears animal-human hybrids, and flip-flops on evolution. 	gravatar acquired, more features & better reliability ahead matt pointed out that automattic has purchased gravatar, the globally recognizable avatar service. om speaks of the economics and matt’s cagy, but it’s hard not to see the possibility of creating a larger identity solution around this. wordpress’ market penetration is huge, a service that connects those nearly two million blogs could offer real value, especially in connection with automattic’s akismet. aside: now that gravitar’s reliability is up, i’ll probably get sexy comments running here soon. 	stupid trademark law story: timbuk develops a new line of messenger bags that features fabric made of &lt;a href=;http://www.treehugger.com/files/ / /dont_shoot_the.php&quot;&gt;recycled material (engineered by rootphi). some of the fabric contains a symbol that target lawyers say is their logo. target lawyers cease and desist timbuk . thing is, the trademarked target logo is a roundel, commonly used around the world (easily recognized in british aircraft of wwii). the particular design target has chosen appears to be a copy of peru’s official insignia. 	screencasting on mac i’m as annoyed as the next guy about how hard it is to find a decent screencast app for mac. the forthcoming mac os . ’s new ichat theater (and the built-in screen sharing/control features) should create some new opportunities for developers, but right now it’s hard to know what works or is worth trying. further, i narrowed the field with the following requirement: i need an app that records to quicktime-compatible files, not flash. 	not just hip when a writer goes looking for young turks (my words, not scott’s), you should expect the story to include some brash quotes (writers are supposed to have a chip of ice in their hearts, after all). on the other hand, we’re librarians, so how brash can we be? scott carlson’s young librarians, talkin’ ‘bout their generation in the chronicle this week did it better than most articles: rather than showing how hip or geeky we are, it asks us about the future. 	friends, photos, favors, feeling ill i practically begged will and karen to get on a carnival ride with me so i could get portraits with the lights streaking behind them. will warned me that he doesn’t do well on rides; i argued that no ride with so many kids under four feet tall could be too dangerous for us. we boarded, it started. from the ground it looked gentle, much like the teacups. that was misleading. 	corrosion test facility not as rusty as expected corey, will, and jon were all as excited as i was to see the fabled point judith corrosion test site, just south of narragansett, but we were all surprised at how un-rusty the goods were. don’t laugh, corrosion is a big deal. according to the national materials advisory board: corrosion of metallic structures has a significant impact on the u.s. economy. in a congressional study, the total economic impact of corrosion and corrosion control applications was estimated to be $ billion annually, or . 	fools on the beach [[slideshow|height= px|farm -static-flickr-com- _ e c .jpg farm -static-flickr-com- _f bd da b.jpg farm -static-flickr-com- _ ea fede .jpg farm -static-flickr-com- _fb c b .jpg farm -static-flickr-com- _dbaee d .jpg]] we were there because of the point judith corrosion test facility — the rust museum — but who can resist chasing seagulls? and who can resist posting the sequence? assuming you’ve got a recent browser with javascript enabled, you should see a bit of a slideshow above. photos on flickr, slideshow powered by jquery and bsuite. 	cocktail manifesto we’re huge fans of the new joy of cooking by marion rombauer becker, irma s. rombauer, and ethan becker. hardly a meal goes through our kitchen that isn’t shaped in some part by the recipes and general information in its pages. a recent discovery was joy’s description and defense of cocktail parties. so, when a book as serious and valuable as the new joy of cooking raises alarms about the declining future of cocktail parties, we listen. 	who owns the network? note: this cross-posted item is my contribution to our banned books week recognition. we’ve been pitting books against each other, hoping to illustrate that there are always (at least) two sides to every story. most of the other books were more social or political, but i liked this pair. wikinomics authors don tapscott and anthony d. williams tell stories of how the the internet’s unprecedented collaboration opportunities are changing the rules of economics. 	banned books week dilemma our intention is to feature “a series of books that challenge our beliefs and test our commitment to free speech,” but on this post about holocaust denial i found myself unwilling (and unable) to link to the free, online pdf full text of david irving‘s hitler’s war. and when we discovered it wasn’t in our collection (though it may have been lost/stolen, not replaced, and the record deleted), we decided not to purchase it. 	business . too tired? magazines fail all the time, but it’s hard not to look at them as signs of something larger. macweek‘s fizzle was claimed to represent the demise of the mac, computer shopper has lost more weight than a slim fast spokesmodel ( pages to in ten years!). and now business . magazine is shutting down and sending cancellation notices to readers. perhaps the lesson here is that there’s nothing too . 	restaurant review: cotton first impressions how much is too much for an entree at a place that plays the kind of anonymous muzak that kenny g calls jazz and is decorated like applebee’s? trust me, i like renovated mill buildings, but why confuse it with faux grecian columns and too many pictures of dead celebrities? i mean, the interior was clean and pleasant, but lacked attention to detail. if you’re so afraid your customers are going to walk off with the poorly framed prints of old hollywood darlings that you nail them to the wall through the frame, how much can you expect them to pay for dinner? 	smashitup smashitup smashitup! after all my agitating for small, cheap, fuel efficient cars (and automotive metaphors), i figured i had to post this picture (and a few others) from the demolition derby at the hopkinton fair a couple weeks ago. my video of the four-cylinder event is at youtube. extra: i don’t know where it fits in your stereotype of the demolition derby audience, but i was happy to find somebody wearing a css_descramble. 	“to ascertain if the applicant is still living” whose library is it anyway?: a visit to the lenox [tags]library, libraries, humor, lennox library[/tags] 	don’t mistake me (please) over at kle’s web . challenge i was surprised to learn: both bisson and stephens are so excited about this concept of web . they have not taken a good look at what they can’t do for our libraries. …with all this new technology we can not forget that what is the most important in our libraries is the personal touch. we are one of the few institutions left that still offers individual attention. 	checkouts vs. gpa? cindy harper, systems librarian at colgate university, posted to the iug list with this notion today: i’m clearing out a large group of expired student records, and wonder if anyone else has had the same idea that has occurred to me. [our ils] keeps track in the patron record of totchkouts (total checkouts). at the expiration of the students’ record at the end of their four or so years, this represents a measure that is not perfect, but could distinguish heavy library users from non-users. 	copyleft: defending intellectual property anybody who thinks free software is anti-copyright or disrespectful of intellectual property should take a look at mark jaquith’s post, what a gpl’d movable type means. let’s be clear, anil dash takes issue with jaquith’s interpretation, but the point is jaquith’s offense at what appears to be six apart’s grabbiness for any code somebody might contribute. freedom was one thing, the willingness of a person to pour his or her sweat into something, then watch somebody else (or even risk watching somebody else) profit from it is another. 	mullenweg on wordpress and open source i wish i’d seen this from wordpress maven matt mullenweg before i finished my ltr on open source software for libraries. mullenweg is brushing off some of the mystique and praise the media has been giving him, and giving an honest sense of what makes open source software work: the real story is more exciting than the cookie-cutter founder myth the media tries frame everything in. it’s not just one or two guys hacking on something alone, it’s dozens of people from across the world coming together because of a shared passion. 	it’s standard playtesting, everybody does it in another sign that my generation’s culture is gaining dominance, npr gave video games a bit of coverage this morning. unfortunately, the story that makes it sound like the company invented playtesting doesn’t suggest that microsoft’s behemoth investment in the halo franchise makes that testing (and, perhaps, blandness) necessary. (meanwhile, msnbc last year ran an off-message story about how playtesters declared the wii the top console.) reality: playtesting is one of those dream jobs that people scour craigslist for or start questionable-looking services around. 	developing and testing mobile content read: a list apart: articles: put your content in my pocket and part ii. test/simulate: opera mini, lynx, a variety of mobile phones, internet explorer (because even with parallels, who really wants to infect their machine with windows?), and iphone. 	a message from the establishment to the establishment we must stop thinking of ourselves as a good-idea factory whose every thought has greater merit than those of our customers. procter & gamble doesn’t even do that. — paraphrased 	nh’s virtual learning academy the ceo of nh’s first online-only, distance education high school expects about students to enroll in its first semester, to start in january. so says a report at nhpr. 	four years of music industry lawsuits & madness marketplace reminds us the storm of riaa lawsuits began in september . in that time they’ve sued a thousands of people, and most lawyers apparently advise those caught in the madness to simply roll over and take it. but tanya andersen, a year old disabled single mother didn’t. after years of litigation (and mounting legal bills), it finally came out the riaa’s lawyers had misidentified her and dropped the case, casually saying “sometimes when you go fishing with a driftnet, you catch a few dolphins. 	obligatory talk like a pirate day post perhaps talk like a pirate day has been too successful when npr hosts are doing it, but anything that’s so important to our children’s future success is important enough for me. and if you need a brush up on your skills, don’t miss this instructional video. 	nyt: the link is the currency of the web the new york times has struggled with timesselect, now they’re killing it. but the news here isn’t that a media giant is giving up on a much hyped online venture. the news is that a media giant is endorsing what we now call web . : since we launched timesselect in , the online landscape has altered significantly. readers increasingly find news through search, as well as through social networks, blogs and other online sources. 	closed formats are bad for libraries, stop ooxml now microsoft just won’t quit. now they’re trying to make ooxml an iso standard. please help stop this. here’s how i explained it in open source software for libraries: the state of massachusetts in announced new it standards that required its , employees and agencies to adopt open file formats. the decision didn’t specify the applications to be used, just the format of the electronic documents they created, stored and exchanged #. 	nebraska state senator ernie chambers sues god the following, quoted from daily kos: accodring to chambers, god has caused fearsome floods, egregious earthquakes, horrendous hurricanes, terrifying tornadoes, pestilential plagues, ferocious famines, devastating droughts, genocidal wars, birth defects, calamitous catastrophes resulting in the wide-spread death, destruction and terrorization of millions upon millions of the earth’s inhabitants including innocent babes, infants, children, the aged and infirm without mercy or distinction. so, you think “yeah, he’s got a point. 	building libraries with free software sarah houghton-jan‘s review of my ltr on open source software for libraries reminded me i wanted to blog this related piece i’d written for american libraries. tim spalding cocks his head a bit as he says it to emphasize the point: “librarything.com is social software.” however we categorize it, spalding’s baby has become a darling to librarians, and as we sat chatting over lunch in spring , the web application that had begun life just to months earlier was to catalog its -millionth book. 	the “show of force” brand a pentagon commissioned $ , rand study, enlisting madison avenue: the marketing approach to earning popular support in theaters of operation, concludes “the ‘force’ brand, which the united states peddled for the first few years of the occupation, was doomed from the start and lost ground to enemies’ competing brands.” 	small is beautiful will found this on the side of the road, and after he told me about it i begged him to show me. it’s tiny, rusty, and a little older than i expected. like a very, very small vw bus, it has a rear-mounted engine. i think it’s a subaru sambar, but that’s mostly based on the details i gleaned from the subaru article, which reveals that engine was probably air cooled, displacing ccs, and producing under hp. 	a shadow lifted, berlin’s smokestacks felled corey and i went to berlin to watch the stacks fall today, but bad weather, confusion, and some dud explosives conspired to leave me with no usable pictures of the event. we arrived early and lined up a perfect view of two out of three towers that were to be felled, but as the explosions started it became clear that i was mistaken about which smokestacks were being destroyed, and instead we had a really good view the one stack that was supposed to be left standing at the end of the day. 	mildly funny scenes i’ve come across recently not lmao, certainly not roflcopter-ingly funny, but funny enough to want to snap a picture, and good enough for casual friday here. the boat in the parking lot, ups vs. fedex, and hoe for hire are all easy enough to understand (though they leave me open to easy criticism). the fourth photo is of some books on an anonymous shelf: look closely at “library trends, ” and others. 	lessons in change from ford motor company i probably spend too much time considering competition and change management, but just as i figured i was done with it for the week, a comment from kathryn greenhill regarding model ts got me going again. just like railroads, those “any color as long as it’s black” model ts looked like freedom, until general motors showed the world they could get their cars in color and with curves. every car came with four wheels and an engine, and they’d drive you down the block and around town, but the moldy model t suddenly looked pretty old next to a sleek green chevrolet. 	onewebday have you thanked the internet lately? onewebday, our opportunity to celebrate “one web, one world, one wish” is just about a week away (though it falls on yom kippur). this video explains a bit and tim berners-lee is planning his own video (worth mentioning: his net neutrality post). if things work out, i’ll be posting a video too, even though i’ll likely be offline most of that day (not observing yom kippur, at a friend’s wedding). 	first they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you it’s an aside to kathryn greenhill’s larger point, that all this . stuff is about a shifting power to the user, but she places l somewhere on ghandi’s continuum of change between ridicule and fight. the photo above (original by monster) is in support of greenhill’s larger point: control is shifting. trains were once seen as icons of freedom, but that view changed with the development of the automobile — and the way it shifted control of routes and schedules from the railroad to the driver. 	playing with food like all well bred women, my mother always told me not to play with my food. however, as we get older we realize that sometimes ignoring the rules is just as important as, generally, following them. food is fun. it has wonderful tastes, smells, colors, and textures. something with so many wonderful attributes is just begging to be played with. for me, breakfast is not just the most important meal of the day, its also the most wonderfully yummy for one specific reason — maple syrup. 	jumping from airplanes a guy walked into the student newspaper office and asked “does anybody want to jump out of an airplane?” without a moment’s hesitation, i said “i’m your man.” it was only afterwards that i confirmed a parachute would be involved. well, that was ten years ago (can’t you tell, i look young — young!), but the video is still laying around and i just uploaded it to youtube. actually, this video has been through the wringer. 	hawkish is bush really so hawkish that he refuses to formally declare an end to the korean war? 	launch! a little more than two years after i realized how (really) bad the problem was and about months after i &lt;a href=;http://maisonbisson.com/post/ /wpopac-an-opac- -testbed&quot;&gt;prototyped my solution, our new library website, catalog, and knowledgebase launched last week — just in time for the fall semester opening. it’s all built on scriblio, includes a very simple new books list that you can narrow by subject and get via rss. and if you search for subject areas like anthropology, economics, english writing, or any of a few dozen other topics, you’ll find our librarians’ subject guides listed at or near the top to help you out. 	cliffy’s office prankd office pranks are a bit of a thing here. well, at least in it. last year matt took charge and put together a quartet of pranks that got the attention of the london daily mirror. this video is from a may prank that put a golf cart with fuzzy dice and bobble headed jesus in cliffy‘s office along with a vote bush sign and other things. he was mad, to be sure. 	add tags to flickr photos while uploading via email the short story is that you simply put “tags:” in the subject or body and anything that follows becomes a tag. it’s worth remembering that the subject of the email becomes the title and the body becomes the description. the longer story is at flickr. 	make it official before he forgets in a development that even foxnews couldn’t ignore, us attorney general alberto gonzales has resigned, he thinks. 	would princess diana have been a blogger? in an interview on npr, the diana chronicles author tina brown says “diana had represented feeling, and the end of the stiff upper lip,” but the princess comes off sounding a bit like a harbinger of the cluetrain. yes it’s all about the royals, the glamor, and her dramatic death ten years ago, but take note of this exchange: renee montagne: “the royal family is probably stronger than it was when she died. 	vicar’s delight hot weather demands cool drinks. lemonade is fine for the kids, but adults need a pitcher of something more entertaining. parts vodka part orange juice parts lemonade dash lime juice prepare in a pitcher with ice and share. adjust quantities to taste. enjoy safely. 	iphone unlocked if the news is to be believed, separate teams have found hardware and software-based solutions to unlock an iphone. it’s worth noting that all this is legal because of an exemption, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/ / / / &rdquo; title=&quot;on the media: transcript of &ldquo;mobile malcontent&rdquo; (march , )&ldquo;&gt;much needed and hard fought. 	scratch-n-sniff hey, i’m a fan of that old book smell too, can i get some scratch-n-sniff stickers? 	meebome + pidgin = a match made in heaven meebome + pidgin (formerly gaim) = a match made in heaven. (via.) 	color blind safe web design check etre‘s colour check. 	a good day to land the shuttle? a hurricane, high crosswinds at the landing site, a nitrogen leak, and two damaged tiles. watch the shuttle land live on nasa tv. 	allagash wilderness, maine will, jon, joe, ted, and i arrived at telos landing with plans to run the allagash wilderness waterway. as we prepared to embark, the park ranger appeared with a tape measure and told us our kayaks weren’t canoes. section . of the allagash rules and regulations is quite clear: “a canoe is defined as a form of small watercraft long and narrow…. the width at the widest point shall not exceed % of the craft’s overall length. 	 , structurally deficient bridges about , vehicular bridges nationwide, and , are “structurally deficient.” sources: national bridge inventory compiled by the u.s. department of transportation, american society of civil engineers‘ infrastructure report card, and gannett. 	p ps’ panoramas shot with iphone i’m coming to learn that p ps has a number of interesting things going on, but it was his panoramas stitched from pictures taken by iphone that caught my attention first. above is the j train somewhere between fulton and city hall. i’d thought the iphone’s camera was pretty decent, p ps’ work shows it off. 	bad joke friday [innerindex] beginning of a bad day… i rear-ended a car this morning. i knew it was going to be a really bad day! the driver got out of the other car and i looked down and realized he was a dwarf!!! he looked up at me and said “i’m not happy!” so i said, “well then, which one are you?” and that’s how the fight started. our diets, our health a doctor was addressing a large audience in tampa. 	mac + cell phone + bluetooth + sms old instructions that connect the mac os x address book app to a phone via bluetooth from o’reilly and sillydog. once paired, the address book can initiate dialing, notify the user of incoming calls, and send sms texts. bluetooth texter sms widget, message net, and bluephoneelite all offer further tools to interact with your bluetooth-connected mobile phone. the list of compatible phones (bpe &amp; m n) offers some leads for those trying to make the connection. 	fuel economy: is diesel an option? in response to my previous kvetching about the scarcity of cheap fuel efficient cars, jwk commented that his golf tdi gets mpg (it’s rated for ). meanwhile, treehugger pointed out that volkswagen’s polo bluemotion gets mpg (volkswagen uk claims the current polo hatchback gets up to mpg in diesel (i assume that’s about mpg in us measures), and treehugger points out the mpg loremo ag). 	iphone + newton + emate pr n {#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link} {#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link}{#set_thumb_link_ .image_link} it’s likely phil carrizzi could make a broken tire iron look good, but his series of the iphone with the newton message pad and emate is geek-sweet eye candy. 	i want a cheap fuel efficient car i’m looking for a new car, but i’m finding that the market for cheap and fuel efficient cars is no better now than it was in . i drive about miles round trip to work (all highway), so i’m looking for the best available highway fuel economy. i can drive a standard, but sandee can’t, so we’ll need automatic. i like small cars, but no so much that i want to pay a lot for one. 	moving a subversion repository i foolishly just moved a subversion repository by importing the contents of a current checkout into a new repository. wrong. a friend pointed out these instructions that make it easy and preserve the revision history. here’s the trick: svnadmin dump /path/to/repository &gt; repository-name.dmp and svnadmin load repository-name &lt; repository-name.dmp [tags]svn, subversion, move, repository[/tags] 	castro sued for wrongful death of cia operative, guantanamo bay prisoners taking notes the bangor daily news is reporting a maine woman has sued fidel castro for her father’s death. sherry sullivan of stockton springs accuses fidel castro, his brother raul, the cuban army, and the republic of cuba for the wrongful death of her father, who has been missing and assumed dead since he was last seen at a mexican airstrip in . according to the lawsuit, from until their disappearance, sullivan and rorke participated in numerous covert anti-castro operations in central america and cuba. 	chocolate white chocolate chip cookie and vanilla bean ice cream sandwiches so once again, my husband called on my assistance with a friday food fiesta challenge. this week’s theme was cookies and biscuits. i scoured my pantry, but alas, like old mother hubbard, my cupboards were practically bare. the one interesting thing i did have was a bag of hershey’s white chocolate chips. so, between my meager rations and a quick trip to our town’s tiny market for butter, i cobbled together the ingredients needed to make the chocolate, white chocolate chip cookies on the hershey wrapper. 	is it that they don’t care? or just don’t want it from us? &amp;tjessamyn asks “do library users care about our new initiatives?” it comes from a survey done by the wisconsin public library consortiumon one hand, if you interpret the results literally you could make a decision to reject technology and focus on building a collection around personal enjoyment for wisconsin residents. on the other hand, these same results may suggest that initiatives and library services need to be marketed in such a way that resonates with current conceptions of a public library. 	the fbi and irs are a series of accountants alaska senator ted—the internet is a series of tubes—stevens (mockingly so, listen) returned to find the fbi and irs searching his alaska home. 	iphone complaints cliff and vasken wrote up some link bait complaining about how the iphone doesn’t meet their expectations or is a lesser competitor to a crackberry. but i challenge them to find a device that offers what they say is missing or even matches what the iphone has. still, i’ve been using mine for a month now, and i can say there are few things it’s missing or could do better. 	ingmar bergman dead at swedish film director ingmar bergman is dead at . the local calls his work immortal, as did many of his colleagues. until now i’ve been misremembering the title of one of his movies as three smiles of a summer night, a romantic comedy. i’d say that most of his works i’d seen were depressing and that smiles was one of the few that wasn’t. but i couldn’t even remember the title properly, so perhaps i should keep that to myself. 	sour cream berry bread my wonderful neighbor, wendy, went berry picking and dropped me off a large container with luscious, fresh blueberries and raspberries. i decided to try a bit of an experiment and use the batter for one my favorite cakes with the berries. the result was this heavenly sour cream berry bread. preheat oven to degrees. grease and flour an -cup loaf pan. melt tablespoons of salted butter, pour into a large bowl, let cool. 	what is that thing kent wien posted this photo of the tail of a boeing showing what looks like the exhaust end of a turbine. i had to ask what it was all about, and kent explained: ahh, very good question! there actually is an engine back there. it’s the apu (auxiliary power unit) and it’s what keeps the airplane cool on the ground without being plugged into the gate. it also provides electrical power and high pressure air that starts the engines after we push back from the gate. 	poet-bot doug savage‘s take on frost. 	iphones around the world a long time ago somebody started the newtons around the world gallery, and it came to symbolize the love we newton users had for the little device as well as our geeky pride. the trend seemed to continue with ipods around the world, and now ilounge wants to start a gallery for the iphone. i was about to submit when i noticed the legal fine print: by submitting, you agree that all photographs, and private information you submit are entirely yours at the time of submission, become the property of ilounge upon submission, and that you have not submitted and will not submit such images to any other contests. 	iphone troubled, replaced on thursday i had trouble answering a call. by friday night it was clear my iphone was seriously porked. a visit to the nearby apple store got me a swift replacement, and a promise that once i synchronized the new device it’d have all the info the old one did. hrm. well, the mac genius did ask if i had any photos i hadn’t offloaded, as those would be lost in the swap. 	liz danzico on wordpress usability liz danzico of happy cog studios spoke today about her consulting with automattic on the design of the wordpress admin interface. as with so many of the presentation today, i’m really hoping the slides will be published soon, as there are some great ideas coming out. liz spent a lot of time watching wordpress users at blog. at work, in cafes, and in their homes with coffee and cigarettes, liz saw real users of all types doing everything they do with wordpress. 	scriblio goes to wordcamp scriblio is based on wordpress, an open source content management system, and the community that uses, supports, and builds it is what makes it great. wordcamp started last year, when the community was about , , and it’s even more important now that it’s grown to nearly two million. the first day of the schedule focuses on how to better use the software, and included a great session by lorelle vanfossen. tomorrow is more technical, with discussions about performance, usability, and development. 	designing the obvious robert hoekman, jr is speaking now on designing the obvious, his book and philosophy: these principles include building only what’s necessary, getting users up to speed quickly, preventing and handling errors, and designing for the activity. i just added the book to my must read list, but what i’m hearing here sounds like instructions to a sculptor: chip away all that is not david. 	calliope gazetas design calliope gazetas works for the fontshop and freelances under the name monsters. one of her projects includes skinning the burning man environmental blog. 	jason brightman design portfolio jason brightman’s work includes xxlmag. 	wordcamp wordcamp wordcamp i’m at wordcamp again. this time i dragged matt and zach with me. dan kuykendall, author of podpress, is first on the schedule, and i’m just now learning how he’s built in support for a variety of media types (more than mp ) and for premium content. those who showed up early got to pick over last year’s t-shirts. this year’s shirts are way different, having given up the somewhat cleaner and simpler design of that has characterized wordpress so far. 	peanut butter burger now matter how depressed i got in new orleans, i still had to eat. a tip from the ladies at molly’s on toulouse led me to yo moma’s with instructions to try their peanut butter burger. yes. peanut butter. on a burger. i was also told that if i don’t like mayo, i should tell them to hold it because they’ll put it on thick if i don’t. yes. peanut butter, on a burger with mayo. 	when you can’t say it in english… when you can’t say it in english, say it in german. 	the reconstruction of new orleans it wasn’t until after my presentation that i had a chance to see the city. and i have to admit it was so depressing that i’ve been having trouble writing about it. i have a sick interest in abandoned theme parks and the like, but seeing the neighborhoods of all classes so destroyed, the symbols marking search and rescue attempts, and the general vacancy of the city left me confused and uncomfortable. 	presentation: bringing the library to the user i’m at aall in new orleans as part of a program organized by june liptay and alan keely, speaking with u of r’s david lindahl and ncsu’s emily lynema. from the description (see page in the program): traditional library online catalogs are being marginalized in an increasingly complex information landscape. …better methods are needed for mining the wealth of information in library systems and presenting it clearly and concisely. 	yes it’s laughable, but… i get as frustrated with airport security as the next guy (and i’m plenty doubtful of its effectiveness), but really, if you don’t yet know liquids aren’t allowed, and you hold up the one security line at a small airport at an ungodly early hour, it’d be nicer if you didn’t laugh like a kid at a theme park about it. yes it’s farcical, but not funny. 	usage instructions &lt;img src=&quot;http://farm .static.flickr.com/ / _ce f .jpg&rdquo; width=&quot; &rdquo; height=&quot; &rdquo; alt=&quot;&ldquo;tear open packet and use&rdquo;&rdquo; /&gt; what’s really angering about instructions […] is that they imply there’s only one way […] their way. and that presumption wipes out all the creativity. actually there are hundreds of ways […] and when they make you follow just one way without showing you the overall problem the instructions become hard to follow in such a way as not to make mistakes. 	the rarin in librarian i’m going to violate my rule against linking to nyt (because) and give a shout out to this article. not just because it quotes my friend jessamyn, but for what it says: libraries are full of smart, hip people. [tags]library . , jessamyn west, new york times, libraries, hip, smart[/tags] 	essential iphone apps rush in [innerindex] games tilt, described in programmer joe hewitt‘s blog: …christopher introduced me to a very talented video game designer, nicole lazzaro, who had an endless stream of ideas for games that would use the iphone’s accelerometer. nicole’s ideas quickly ran into the limitations of the phone, as we discovered that the browser doesn’t rotate when you hold it vertically upside down, nor is it possible to distinguish the two horizontal orientations. 	whose technology is it anyway? i wasn’t planning on posting much about keen’s cult of the amateur, but i did. and now i find myself posting about it again. thing is, i’m a sucker for historical analogy, and clay shirky yesterday posted a good one that compared the disruptive effects of mechanized cloth production to today’s internet. yes, that’s actually the birth of the luddite movement, or at least where it got its name. and, though i was aware of the story, shirky’s study offered details i’d not know previously. 	ironic moments in law enforcement new hampshire’s deputy chief of liquor enforcement caught drunk driving. 	keen says i’m killing culture, byte by byte andrew keen‘s the cult of the amateur__; how today’s internet is killing our culture is getting a lot of attention from usually quiet corners of the web, and i’ve had to quell the urge to write a story under the headline “andrew keen tells youtubers to eat spinach.” keen’s argument rests on the belief that “culture” is the sole provence of established media, and falls flat as soon as you get past the bombast of the subtitle. 	why is pdf inferior to html? html and postscript are both page description languages, but one is designed to convey the look of the page, while the other to convey the meaning of its content. 	pinch me i’ve been away from my computer for a couple days, but very much online with my iphone. today, as i looked at something on my laptop in google maps i found myself trying to pinch and flick my monitor to manipulate the position and scale. 	felonious dancing naked == lewd lascivious conduct == felony crime. (better, however, than riding a gondola naked.) 	celebrate independence day with a drink ok, the truth is that at maisonbisson we celebrate all holidays with a drink. since we take cocktails quite seriously, i wanted something very pretty for the little fourth of july soiree we were having. i have found that the secret to a perfect strawberry daiquiri is using frozen strawberries. i also use lots of crushed ice and a ripe banana — it adds a nice creaminess. i garnished with whipped cream, blueberries, and star fruit. 	cold cucumber soup my beloved husband went off on a boy’s adventure weekend. this left me with the entire house and kitchen to myself. when this happens, i become a bit like a mad scientist left alone in my laboratory. so, it was just me, the cats, and that most dangerous invention, food network. after some house work, chick flicks, and visiting with my parents, i spent an hour putting away laundry and watching emeril. 	sweet bike sweet bike originally uploaded by misterbisson. sent from my iphone 	iphone accident big accident on highway leaving mall…was somebody unboxing their iphone while driving? 	so much sweetness in so small a package zero hour + minutes: the iphone rocks. 	 minutes to go minutes to go. guy from store: “being in line doesn’t guarantee you’ll get one.” 	two hours, people. two hours to go, people in line. 	blackout they just put up black vinyl over the windows and gate. the line has grown to about . still no word of quantity, but somebody shared a story that they asked “what happens if there are people in line?” the answer was supposedly: “even if they buy two we’ll have enough.” 	retail status check does your apple store have iphones? 	about the rumors are that the at&amp;t store here has about phones. nobody is talking about how many our apple store has. 	 people in line people in line. at least one is hoping to auction his, three are being paid, and nobody wants the cheap one. 	fake iphone pic at first believed, then quickly called out by the true believes in line this pic elicited gasps, then indignation. 	we’re loved, we share the love suited security guy with square jaw and angry expression grunts at us as he confirms plans with store manager. he’s from management, and though we couldn’t overhear much, we did realize he was headed off to the at&amp;t store next. all of us remained silent as we watched him stomp off in the wrong direction. 	waiting for iphone arrived at am to find four parties ahead of me. the first arrived at am, after repeatedly being chased out of the mall parking lot last night. 	june : tony day it’s tony day, not just because joe’s book has garnered some good reviews—“the only excuse for the continued existence of boxing is that its battles have occasioned some of the best writing any sport has ever inspired”—or because he likes telling the story. it’s tony day because “galento [is] a champion of everyone who’s ever gotten in over his head, shrugged, and said ‘what the hell? i’ll give it a shot. 	apple iphone vs. internet tablets sure, the iphone is a sweet phone (even at $ ), but how does it compare to the less definable internet tablet category? i’ve actually used a pepper pad and held an olpc in my hands (yes, they exist), but what i know about the nokia n (the successor to the n ) is limited to what i’ve been told. all four devices have feature-complete browsers and can take advantage of the rich web . 	presentation: faceted searching and browsing in scriblio i was honored to be a panelist at the lita/alcts ccs authority control in the online environment interest group presentation of “authority control meets faceted browse.” what is faceting? why is it (re)emerging in use? where can i see it in action? this program is intended to introduce the audience to facet theory, showcase implementations that use faceted approaches for online catalogs, and facilitate discussion on the relationship between structured authority data and this type of navigation. 	the iphone cometh; haters swarm some are calling it the jesus phone, but jason chen calls it a moral quandry, gartner group is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techworld.com/mobility/news/index.cfm?newsid= &amp;pagtype=samechan&rdquo; title=;techworld.com - gartner warns it to avoid apple&rsquo;s iphone&quot;&gt;telling it to avoid it (really, because itunes is scary to enterprise), business . ’s joshua quittner is reminding the peeps it’s just a regular phone, and wayne smallman is whining that it doesn’t have a flash or telephoto lens. (humor alert: one of those is supposed to be funny, and another is supposed to be hilarious. 	presentation: transforming your library with technology [innerindex]part of the transformation track, transforming your library, and your library’s future, with technology, program coordinators alan gray and john blyberg (both of darien public library) described it like this: technology can transform your library and its services, as it is transforming the lives of your patrons. from do-it-now technology improvements to next-generation implementations, from software to sopacs, from in-your-face competition to over-the-horizon transformations, three accomplished experts will instruct, enlighten and challenge you to use technology to make your library more relevant to your patrons — today and tomorrow. 	iphone service plans and coverage? at&amp;t’s current (reasonable) voice and smartphone data plans offer minutes for $ and unlimited data for an additional $ , but previous reports about the iphone suggested that consumers should expect to pay $ /month for service, so we’re left to wonder what’s up. meanwhile, i’ve been asking at&amp;t users about their signal coverage. i’m on verizon now and enjoyed pretty solid coverage throughout dc, even underground. folks on at&amp;t, however, had spottier coverage, even above ground. 	“as dead as elvis” “the librarian as information priest is as dead as elvis,” needham said. the whole “gestalt” of the academic library has been set up like a church, he said, with various parts of a reading room acting like “the stations of the cross,” all leading up to the “alter of the reference desk,” where “you make supplication and if you are found worthy, you will be helped.” via. 	down the up escalator running down the up escalator = fun. landing upright = difficult. escalator, running, up, down 	an almost-manifesto masquerading as a presentation… context: below is the text of my virtual presentation to the lita bigwig (it stands for blogs, wikis, interest group, and stuff) social software showcase. the presentation is virtual, but the round table discussion is going on today, june rd, from : - : p.m. in the renaissance mayflower cabinet room. i won’t be there, though. my bad scheduling got me double-booked and i’m presenting in the transforming your library with technology track. 	cider drinks black adder = cider + guinness snakebite = cider + harp 	 th century information architecture one hundred years ago the country was in the middle of a riot of library construction. andrew carnegie’s name is nearly synonymous with the period, largely due to his funding for over , libraries between and , but architectural historian abigail van slyck notes that the late th century was marked by widespread interest in community development, with broad recognition of libraries as a means of promoting individual development. 	trains vs. seat belts i’m not saying i want seat belts, but it always takes me a moment to get used to them not being there on a train. 	the sky is falling myspace, second life, and twitter are doomed. 	the rules, [innerindex]web . has matured to the point where even those who endorse the moniker are beginning to cringe at its use. still, it gave me pause the other day when cliff (a sysop) began a sentence with “web . standards require….” web . is now coherent enough to have standards? we used to joke about rounded corners and gradient blends being the rule, but something more has indeed emerged. o’reilly defined web . 	google gears google gears: create web apps that work offline 	two books on a shelf… two books that just happened to be sitting next to eachother in the lc files: dlc . s xx dut _a _a . _a(ocolc) _adlc _cpbm _ddlc _apremarc _ad .n _br _atoonder, jan gerhard, _d - _ahet puin aan de rotte, _cdoor j. gerhard toonder. _aamsterdam, _ba. j. g. strengholt _c[c ] _a p. 	cake robed in chocolate and strawberries like so many women, there are days when my desire for chocolate is nearly overwhelming. however, perhaps because i am a tad high maintenance, my cravings are not satisfied by a mere candy bar. when i crave chocolate i want something rich, decadent, and freshly baked, i want chocolate cake. when one of these cravings coincided with finding the first of the year’s native strawberries i decided to combine the two, the result was the cake you see above. 	arm wrestling, dung throwing, lawnmower racing, and seed spitting i don’t know whether to thank the pheonix or the fair organizers for this great ad copy, but i hope the washington county fair is as good in as it sounded in : an agricultural fair featuring tractor pulls, stage shows, crafts, and livestock, plus games and children’s contests. adult events include arm-wrestling contests, dung throwing, lawnmower racing, and seed spitting. live country concerts every night. open wed through sat from am to pm, and on sun until pm. 	go together? just spotted: do hippie skirts and bluetooth headsets go together? 	star wars stamps found at post office star wars stamps found at post office. will the merchandizing ever end? 	flag day the us flag with all its stripes and a few of its stars was adopted by a resolution of the second continental congress in . but today, overpriced textbooks and underpaid schoolteachers have sanitized most of our history and hidden the early controversies while fluffing half-truths, leaving us unclear about what that flag really stands for. fortunately, this is america and we’ve got movies to tell us what our teachers didn’t. 	a three year high report: civilian and military death toll in iraq is up strongly after us “surge.” 	roy pearson sues custom cleaners roy pearson sues custom cleaners for $ million over lost pants. millions! pants! 	new hampshire ranks local pride: new hampshire ranks near the top of the list for quality of healthcare services, according to new report. 	climate change vs. budget planning just as climate change makes hurricanes more frequent and dangerous, noaa says its best tracking satellite is failing and there’s no plan to replace it until . 	desoto report leaked. desoto report leaked. the highest ranking un official in israel has warned that american pressure has “pummelled into submission” the un’s role as an impartial middle east negotiator in a damning confidential report. echos abound. 	the neocons were right, so far… the neocons were right so far: civil war is erupting throughout the middle east and iran is feeding the flames. is this really what we (or anybody) wanted? 	paralyzed paralyzed: they can blow our helicopters out of the sky, and now they’re [destroying the roads and bridges][ ]. are we prepared for [another surge in iraq][ ]? [ ]: http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?id=% bb c ad- cbf- ab- b e- b a d % d)&amp;language=en [ ]: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ / / /no- -us-commander-in-ira_n_ .html 	installing mysql with yum how to install and configure mysql database server 	wordpress blogging by email the built-in tools don’t support secure pop , but gmail requires ssl pop . the fix? postie. 	carbon neutral living apm marketplace: news of a british model home. highly insulated, carbon neutral, just % more$. not just a demo, it’s going to be the law: all new uk buildings to must be carbon neutral by . economies of scale are said to reduce or eliminate the added cost by then. 	down for fifteen years straight, up like a rocket now after being down for fifteen years straight, milk consumption is up. up big, and prices are rising to meet it. 	stand alone appletv? new gb appletv. how far away are we from a standalone unit that can download from itunes store directly, sync ipods, and write to usb-attached burners? 	iphone apps = web apps; web apps = iphone apps wwdc: safari for windows!?!? leopard looks sweet, but delayed ’till october. iphone apps = web apps. 	the new plazes plazes, a kinda-cool, formerly networked-based geolocation tool has just been revamped. they’ve been promoting this change for over a month (i got a cool invite to the launch party, but couldn’t make the flight to germany), and they’re continuing the push now that it’s live. i’ve used the new service for a few days, the company has sent me an email soliciting feedback, i’m offering it. i submitted the following via the site’s contact form, but the message seems to have disappeared, and i prefer public discussion, so i’m reprinting it here: 	presidential candidates chasing rural votes? presidential candidates chasing rural votes? worth remembering that % of us libraries serve towns of , or fewer people. 	-fed r-fed defeated, k-fed mourns. 	missed the paper airplane contest… i missed the paper airplane contest in concord nh today!?!? 	ultimate frozen mud slide recipe who wouldn’t enjoy a frozen mud slide on a hot summer day? typical recipes call for crushed ice and cream or ice cream. for some reason, we decided to try making them from ice cream, from scratch. the maisonbisson frozen mud slide this recipe requires an ice cream maker, we used the deni scoop factory. . cups heavy cream cup milk cup sugar . cups bailey’s dash vanilla mix ingredients in bowl, then pour into ice cream maker’s freezer container. 	wheelchair ride mph wheelchair ride in michigan 	people invent funny words: schaedenfatte okay, now that we all know what a muffin top is, let’s learn about schaedenfatte: schaedenfatte: shaw-den-fah-tuh, etym. from the german, schaedenfraude. (n.) . the feeling of pleasure upon seeing someone for whom one once held unrequited romantic and/or lustful feelings who has now become fat. . the taking of such pleasure. with summer being the season of weddings (and, along with reunions, weddings being the place where people people who haven’t seen eachother for years cross paths…), i suppose you might also call it the season of schaedenfatte. 	students want libraries iblee points out that students want libraries. 	asdasd asdasd 	they vaccinate ducks… they vaccinate ducks against h n bird flu, but not enough. it’s active again in vietnam, where the first human case since has now appeared. 	regime change… why isn’t the us supporting regime change and democracy in packistan? we’ve given general perv us$ b in aid since ! 	queasy stomach bush gets queasy stomach when facing other world leaders at g . the poor fellow is being shamed by his peers. 	open source software and libraries; ltr . , finally the most selfish thing about submitting a manuscript late is asking “when is it going to be out?” so i’ve been waiting quietly, rather than trouble judi lauber, who did an excellent job editing and managing the publication. ryan and jessamyn each contributed a chapter, and i owe additional thank yous to the full chorus of voices that answered so many of my questions, participated in interviews, and generally made the book/journal/thing what it is. 	what’s up with police? “prosecuting a woman for ‘staring’ at a police dog is absurd,” said her lawyer. “people are allowed to make faces at police dogs and officers to express their disapproval. it’s constitutional expression,” said public defender kelly green, who represented jayna hutchinson. more: what’s up with police? 	this is the liberal media? what liberal media author eric alterman arrested, mocked at gop debates. 	poke your tech staff with sticks, and other ideas what a difference a year makes? jessamyn was among those sharing her stories of how technology and tech staff were often mistreated in libraries, but there’s a lot of technology in this year’s ala program (including three competing programs on saturday: the ultimate debate: do libraries innovate, social software showcase, and transforming your library with technology. and still, not all is well. ryan deschamps seems to have hit the button with a post from april of this year. 	 months libby to scoot in for months. is it enough? 	good for? “what is an atomic bomb good for?” 	easy mysql performance tips yes, i’m still trying to squeeze more performance out of mysql. and since small changes to a query can make a big difference in performance… here are two really easy things to be aware of: never do a count(*) (or anything *, says zach). instead, replace the * with the name of the column you’re searching against (and is hopefully indexed). that way some queries can execute entirely in the keycache (while * forces mysql to read every matching row from the table). 	what’s so bad? congressman sensenbrenner: “what’s so bad about shorter winters and global warming?” 	ironic: lightning strikes church steeple lightning struck the steeple of the saint john the baptist church in allenstown nh saturday. 	men at work… men at work lead singer has new album: “are you lookin’ at me?” 	biofuel: good idea, bad practice yes, gas prices are high, and gas doesn’t grow on trees (well, in geologic time it does), but that doesn’t mean that it’s a good idea to run on cars on corn, even if it does grow on, um, trees (yes, alright, cornstalks). i mean, people talk about photovoltaics being inefficient, but wow, think of how much energy it takes to turn a seed into corn, then turn that corn into ethanol and truck it to a gas station. 	the lawnmowers in ohio from associated press and wavy tv: police said a drunk man drove a lawnmower to a store about a mile from his house. they arrested him on his way home. dondi bowles, , of vermilion was arrested friday night as he drove the mower on a sidewalk. police said a breath test showed that bowles’ blood alcohol level was . percent, nearly twice the legal limit of . percent. 	industrialized transportation vs. individual choice thought: industrialized transportation first aggregated passengers onto railroads, the broke up into cars…technology empowered the individual, and they embraced it. 	wish alanis a happy birthday i’m wishing alanis morissette a happy birthday not just because we share a birth month and year, but because it’s a good reason to look back at her cover of my humps and get another smile. but, as long as we’re talking about events in june, we might as well remember that we’re now just days away from paris hilton’s retirement. 	youniversity “youniversity” 	big issue… huh, the nasa administrator doesn’t think global warming is big issue. what’s his stance on evolution? 	speedy php: intermediate code caching i’ve been working on mysql optimization for a while, and though there’s still more to done on that front, i’ve gotten to the point where the the cumulative query times make up less than half of the page generation time. so i’m optimizing code when the solution is obvious (and i hope to rope zach into giving the code a performance audit soon), but i’m also looking at optimizing how php works. 	bragging about my new office it’s taken a while (we moved in two months ago), but my new home office is finally usable. the big hurdle was my desk. i prefer to stand (or walk) while working, but there aren’t many desks for that, and those that are available are very pricey. so i put together the above from a recycled base, a matching pair of table tops from ikea, and some decorative wall-boxes that elevate the upper surface. 	books i now want to read… the problem with working on scriblio is that i end up running into so many interesting looking books. just this morning i discovered a number of recent acquisitions in the th century and th century subject feeds in my development instance (also available via rss). all of this is under active development, so those links may or may not work, and the site is definitely changing urls soon. 	street-level photos in google maps! thanks to ryan eby for tipping me to this. go try it out. whatever you think of them, they do keep delivering. i wonder if people will ask for stack-level photos of our libraries? 	burninator: kinetic sculpture never looked so hot this is what i get for not following gizmodo faithfully: flaming industrial art. they introduced it saying “do you enjoy fire? do you also enjoy very intricate rube goldberg machines? of course you do.” though a reader there exclaims: it didn’t do anything. for it to be a true rube goldberg doesn’t it have to accomplish some task, like cracking an egg or pouring a glass of milk or something? 	kids need bowling coaches, desperately there is little doubt that the great diversity of styles and techniques of bowlers from countries enjoying test match status has helped to shape the history of [the sport]. with the recent world-wide implementation of professional coaching schemes, which generally teach only one, or perhaps two optimal ways…, bowling could be in danger of losing its technical diversity. are we therefore on the verge of a new era in which the art of bowling is irretrievably lost? 	 harry potter finale out soon, does book embargo have details? 	student gets restraining order over facebook photo the associated press reports a composite nude posted to facebook has earned a unh student a restraining order: a university of new hampshire student got a temporary restraining order against another student who combined an image of her face with an explicit photo of another woman’s body, then posted the composite on his facebook page. a judge ordered owen sanborn, of laconia, to stay at least feet away from the woman and barred him from posting her “likeness or name on any internet site,” pending a final hearing. 	a fair(y) use tale from the chronicle: copyright law, a constant thorn in the sides of scholars and researchers, is generating a lot of public discussion this week, thanks in part to a new -minute video that parodies the law. “a fair(y) use tale” has been downloaded from youtube about , times since it was posted online friday. the video uses cuts from different disney films to mock copyright law as overly protective of the interests of copyright owners — disney among them. 	google to psyc profile users!?! there it is in the guardian: internet giant google has drawn up plans to compile psychological profiles of millions of web users by covertly monitoring the way they play online games. yep, “do no evil” google has filed a patent on the process of building psychological profiles of its users for sale to advertisers. details such as whether a person is more likely to be aggressive, hostile or dishonest could be obtained and stored for future use, it says… players who spend a lot of time exploring “may be interested in vacations, so the system may show ads for vacations”. 	redhat selinux gets in my way ack, my wordpress suffers connectile dysfunction on a fresh install of redhat ! not only did i get the above message, but dmesg was filling up with errors like this: audit( . : ): avc: denied { name_connect } for pid= comm=“httpd” dest= scontext=user_u:system_r:httpd_t:s tcontext=system_u:object_r:mysqld_port_t:s tclass=tcp_socket it turns out that i was getting stung by selinux, which is enabled by default in redhat . all the extra security is probably a good idea, if i knew how to configure it, but for the moment it was breaking a live site. 	surf ‘n turf salad my computer geek husband, who i do adore, joined a flickr photo group called friday food fiesta. a new theme is announced every friday, and everyone contributes a single photo that illustrates that theme. the first themes he contributed to were burgers and pizza, but when salads came up, he needed help. luckily for him, i love making salads. so casey, my husband, asked me to be his partner in crime and create a salad for him to photograph and submit. 	bringing up the cute quotient of this blog if you ever tire of the kittens on flickr, it turns out there’s no shortage of bunnies on youtube. 	are you a certified asshole? sure it’s a promo for his new book, but bob sutton is offering us all a chance to see if we’re assholes with the asshole rating self-exam (arse). after questions like “you secretly enjoy watching other people suffer and squirm” (hey, what’s wrong with a little schaedenfreud?) you’ll find yourself placed somewhere on the scale from possible liar to full-blown certified asshole. you don’t sound like a certified asshole, unless you are fooling yourself. 	customer relations done right rebekka guðleifsdóttir is one of my favorite photographers on flickr. her photos are amazing, and it’s clear a lot of people agree. that’s the easy part. then two problems arose: first rebekka discovered that somebody was selling her photos for profit, and she posted about it. the community was shocked, and angry. and then, and this is the second thing, flickr removed her post about it. and then the storm got worse. 	increased fuel economy, easy here’s an irony: i used to live in the country, a small town with fewer than residents, and i used to speed. now i live in the city, well, as much of a city as new hampshire can manage, and i’m driving slower. driving slower not just because manchester‘s traffic lights are on timers they leave me listening to crickets chirping at empty intersections while they blindly tick tick tick through the cycles before finally giving me the green (usually just as somebody arrives at the newly reddened light on the other street). 	wordpress . out wordpress . is out and available for download now! i’m excited because this version includes widgets (by default), some xml-rpc hooks to edit pages (so you don’t need my hacks), a switch to jquery from scriptaculous (matty got me excited about this), full atom support (enough of the different versions of rss!), and the ability to set your mysql character encoding (go utf- !). if that isn’t enough, . is planned for release in september. 	plasticlogic’s flexible e-paper display plastic logic is a developer of plastic electronics – a new technology for manufacturing (or printing) electronics. the plastic logic approach solves the critical issues in manufacturing high resolution transistor arrays on flexible plastic substrates by using a low temperature process without mask alignment that is scaleable for large area, high volume and low cost. this enables radical new product concepts in a wide range of applications including flexible displays and sensors. 	people ask me questions: web design software (or is it website management software?) the question: what’s a good user-friendly macintosh web development program? a friend called. she’s thinking of buying dreamweaver, but is afraid it will be overkill. she found frontpage to be easy and needs something similar. my answer: if the intent is to design individual pages on an unknown number of sites, then i don’t have a recommendation. if the intent is to build a site (or any number of sites), then i’d suggest looking at wordpress. 	wordpress strips classnames, and how to fix it wordpress . introduced some sophisticated html inspecting and de-linting courtesy of kses. kses is an html/xhtml filter written in php. it removes all unwanted html elements and attributes, and it also does several checks on attribute values. kses can be used to avoid cross-site scripting (xss), buffer overflows and denial of service attacks. it’s a good addition, but it was also removing the class names from some of the elements of my posts. 	it’s not about technology, stupid inside higher ed asks are college students techno idiots? slashdot summarized it this way: are college students techno idiots? despite the inflammatory headline, inside higher ed asks an interesting question. the article refers to a recent study by ets, which analyzed results from , students who took its ict literacy assessment. the findings show that students don’t know how to judge the authoritativeness or objectivity of web sites, can’t narrow down an overly broad search, and can’t tailor a message to a particular audience. 	l.a. burdick’s cafe and chocolate my favorite place to eat in all of new hampshire is la burdick’s in walpole. it’s a chocolate shop and cafe and i’ve never had anything there that isn’t sinfully delicious. we took my mother-in-law there for mother’s day this year. we started the meal with their delightful cheese plate. this featured four cheeses in a range of intensities, a delightful fruit chutney, olives, seasoned nuts, and crackers. the cheeses were all wonderful and could be purchased at the market next door, many are by local artisans. 	sausage: the other ground hog the photo is from jessamyn, who declared it groan-worthy. i’m still grinning about it. reminds me of the time homer said “yeah, right lisa. a wonderful, magical animal.” 	sweet meatcake first it was meat hats, then supermodelmeat. now it’s meat cakes. yes. three layers of meat, with ketchup and potato frosting. it all happened when the groom announced that a man’s cake should be made of meat, ’cause “wedding cackes are all girly.” apparently a red velvet armadillo groom’s cake isn’t manly enough. funny thing, now there’s a growing gallery of meatcakes. (via.) 	wikipedia the wonder middlebury college banned it, but % of college students and % of college grads use it. twelve year olds point out errors in its competition, while those over are among its smallest demographic — just % (just! %!) say they’ve used it. it’s wikipedia, of course, and the numbers come from a recent pew internet project memo reporting that wikipedia is used by % of the online population and is one of the top ten destinations on the web. 	is automated metadata production really the answer? (it’s old, but i just stumbled into it again…) karen calhoun’s report, the changing nature of the catalog and its integration with other discovery tools, included a lot of things i agree with, but it also touched something i’m a bit skeptical about: automated metadata production. some interviewees noted that today’s catalogs are put together mainly by humans and that this approach doesn’t scale. several urged building or expanding the scope of catalogs by using automated methods. 	centos released at work i use red hat enterprise linux, but my personal stuff is served from machines running centos. both distros were just bumped to version , bringing with them support for current components of the lamp stack. i care because i want apache . . , and while it’s pretty easy to get mysql &amp; php on a centos/plesk box, apache . is a bit more of a struggle. gary sims at linux. 	leopard beta to be released at wwdc those of us hoping for an early release of mac os x . leopard might be disappointed to learn that apple will just be getting around to giving out a “feature complete” beta at wwdc in mid-june. if you really must have it, conference badges are $ , . the leopard beta. available first at wwdc. at the apple worldwide developers conference, we’re planning to show you a feature-complete version of mac os x leopard, and you can take home a beta copy. 	world’s hottest peppers tabasco thinks their peppers and eponymous sauce are hot. anybody who’s just ate a habanero thinks that’s a hot pepper. but earlier this year, paul bosland of new mexico state university said “damn, i’ve got a hot pepper.” and the guiness world records folks agreed. world&rsquo;s hottest pepper? bosland had identified the naga jolokia pepper and measured it at over one million scoville heat units, quite a bit more than three times the burn of a hot hot habanero. 	dewitt clinton on the birth of opensearch opensearch is a common way of querying a database for content and returning the results. the idea is that it brings sanity to the proliferation of search apis, but a realistic view would have to admit that we’ve been trying to do that since before the development of z . in libraries decades ago, and the hundreds of apis that have followed have all well intentioned and purposeful. so what makes makes opensearch something more than an also ran in a crowded herd? 	awkward moments in social software we all know social networking may be a feature, not an application, but one person’s feature can become another’s bane. so when netflix offers a handy friends feature that makes it easy to share your viewing history and recommendations, it opens itself up not only to the value of social interaction, but also the awkwardness it can sometimes be rife with. titration’s story is instructive: so i have this friend who has invited me to become her “netflix friend” twice now. 	david halberstam on competition speaking at uc berkeley’s school of journalism last month, david halberstam struck the chord of competition journalists must struggle with. as a newspaper man who started at the smallest newspaper in mississippi and worked his way up to the new york times, where he won a pulitzer for his reporting on the vietnam war, he learned that television’s constant stream of images offered “drama and excitement,” but perhaps incomplete reporting. not that he was criticizing tv, no, he praised it for bringing images and awareness into our living rooms nightly, raising questions among the viewing audience that “we [in newspapers] had the chance to answer if we used our skills properly. 	mysql error : temp tables and running out of disk space bam: mysql error , and suddenly my queries came to a stop. error is about disk space, usually the disk space for temp tables. the first thing to do is figure out what filesystem(s) the tables are on. show variables like “%dir%” will return a number of results, but the ones that matter are tmpdir and datadir. `show variables like “%dir%”; basedir / character_sets_dir /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ datadir /var/lib/mysql/ innodb_data_home_dir innodb_log_arch_dir 	miles hilton-barber flies blind from britain to oz i learned of it last night on the cbc’s as it happens: miles hilton-barber, blind since age , has flown from biggen hill, south of london, to gosford, outside sydney, by ultralight in a journey that took almost two months. aviation regulations required he take a sighted co-pilot, but in the as it happens story he explained how his instruments were geared up to give him audio and voice feedback such that he could do most of it on his own. 	php libraries for collaborative filtering and recommendations daniel lemire and sean mcgrath note that “user personalization and profiling is key to many succesful web sites. consider that there is considerable free content on the web, but comparatively few tools to help us organize or mine such content for specific purposes.” and they’ve written a paper and released prototype code on collaborative filtering. vogoo claims to be a “a powerful collaborative filtering engine that allows webmasters to easily add personalization features to their web sites. 	remixability vs. business self interest vs. libraries and the public good i’ve been talking a lot about remixability lately, but nat torkington just pointed out that the web services and apis from commercial organizations aren’t as infrastructural as we might think. offering the example of amazon suing alexaholic (for remixing alexa’s data), he tells us that apis are not “a commons of goodies to be built on top of for fun and profit, like open source software.” here are his “six basic truths of free apis:” 	boris yeltsin: the most colorful, drunk politician since churchill sure, clinton played his sax on tv, bush groped angela merkel, but boris yeltsin gave speeches drunk, tossed women into the water, danced on stage, and generally did all manner of laughable things. but he also turned back a hardline coup by jumping atop a tank and dragged russia kicking and screaming toward democracy. not since cigar chomping, scotch drinking winston churchill led britain through world war ii has the world had a more colorful leader. 	atomic test photos from los angeles this renewed talk of building nuclear weapons here in the us reminded me of an old report of photos of the sky glow from nuclear tests done in nevada seen over los angeles. this one includes the following description: atomic explosion, the largest yet set off on the nevada test range, was clearly visible in los angeles. staff photographer perry folwer was ready with his camera on a tripod on the roof of the herald-express building when the blast occurred at : a. 	nukerator, we’re nukrawavable will, cliff (both above), and i recorded this song in one take in late . though, calling it a “take” is overstating it. we were beyond silly drunk and lacked any talent for the task, but we had a mic in front of us, a guitar, and a willingness to open our mouths and let something — anything — fly out. it wasn’t until will said “this song is called nukerator” that we knew what we were supposed to be singing about. 	csi jumped the shark i’m a newcomer csi: crime scene investigation, i started watching it with season six while suffering a flu that immobilized me for what seemed like a week or more. dumb with illness, i went searching for a diversion at the itunes store and stumbled into the series. i had the entire season downloaded quickly; it took me two marathon days to watch them all. i got hooked. now i’m following season seven, again via itunes. 	how to: zip files on mac os x it couldn’t be much easier. i’d previously posted command line instructions, but it turns out that there’s a huge number of people who don’t know the easy way: just ctrl-click on the file and select “create archive…” you’ll also find the option in the file menu. either way, you’ll end up with both the original and a zipped copy. decompressing that zip — or any other — is as simple as double-clicking it. 	ncaa set to ban text messaging between recruiters and high school students college sports are big business, so recruiting student athletes is big business. the ncaa limits the times coaches and recruiters can call or visit athletes, but text messages are all fair game. for now. the chronicle of higher education explained in an october story: before chandler parsons committed to play basketball for the university of florida, his cellphone buzzed more than times a day with text messages from college coaches. 	are we there yet? still waiting for decent ipod car integration even bob borchers, apple’s senior director of ipod worldwide product marketing, calls most ipod car setups an “inelegant mess of cassette adaptors and wires.” indeed, while apple aparently doesn’t want to get into the car audio business, they do want to improve the in-car ipod experience: what apple really wants you to buy is a car that’s designed from the ground up to interface with the ipod,” the web site said. 	please, not another wiki ironic secret: i don’t really like most wikis, though that’s probably putting it too strongly. ironic because i love both wikipedia (and, especially, collabularies), but i grit my teeth pretty much every time i hear somebody suggest we need another wiki. putting it tersely: if wikis are so great, why do we need more than one of them? i think my concern is that wikis appear to depend on either very large or very, very active communities. 	claims of prior art in verizon/vonage patent infringement case vonage has been saying verizon’s patent claims are overly broad for some time, but now people have dug up some prior art. one of the patents verizon is complaining about is # , , , what they call an “enhanced internet domain name server.” in short, it’s all about linking phone numbers to ip numbers, and jeff pulver says he was doing that in with free world dialup, an early, noncommercial voip service. 	the high cost of innovation: vonage’s patent woes vonage will be in court again tomorrow defending itself against verizon’s claims of patent infringement. the innovative voip company had lost the trial and was ordered to pay $ million in damages in early march, when a jury found them to have violated thee of seven related patents held by verizon. vonage appealed of course, but it’s uncertain if the company, which has yet to turn a profit, has the stamina for a drawn out battle. 	eco-friendly web design for earth day mark ontkush at ecoiron did some math starting with the department of energy data that showed crt monitors consume less power displaying dark colors than light and determined that redesigning google’s site in black would save megawatt-hours per year (assuming that % of computer users still haven’t upgraded to lcds and are using power-hungry crts). the results were so dramatic he redesigned his own site and developed a low wattage palette that uses only about three or four watts more than a completely black screen (white is to be used only as a text or accent color). 	“i want my money” my nephew checked his email while he was here this morning and this was the first thing in his inbox. maybe it’s because he’s and my humor is at about the same level, but both of us were cracking up over it. miserable attempt at recovering my dignity with serious criticism: will farrell and landlord prove there is no meaning (or humor) without context. would it be as funny without will farrell (with full afro! 	reminder: paris hilton to retire in days amid all the “zomg paris hilton is pregnant!” rumors, it’s worth remembering that the girl famous for doing nothing (except repeatedly having her racy photos and video leaked) is retiring in two months. yep, on june th , paris is give up on public life. at least that’s what she said in newsweek: she’s certainly managed to turn herself into an icon and a conglomerate for essentially being a party girl—that is, for doing nothing. 	deloreans are back in this future if the delorean looks at all like a lotus esprit, it should. both of them were designed by giorgetto giugiaro, and much of the engineering work was done by lotus founder colin—to add speed, add lightness—chapman. amusingly, john de lorean also owned a company that manufactured snowcats under the dmc name. owners and wannabes can join the fun at the delorean motor company open house, being held june — in humble, texas. 	moveon: we can’t afford bad song parodies in yet another lesson about how a bad joke in front of one audience can trouble a larger public, moveon wants mccain to know bombing iran is no laughing matter. music and bombing, it could be said, really only go well together when joined in criticism. 	wordpress, permalinks, mod_rewrite, and avoiding s i made a mistake in changing my wordpress permalinks, but by the time i’d discovered it my blog had already been indexed. fixing the permalinks meant breaking those indexed urls, leading to a bad user experience, but leaving them as is wasn’t really an option. last night, after getting ’d while using google to search my own blog, i realized i had to do something. first i looked at apache mod_rewrite and the url rewriting guide (as well as this cheat sheet from ilovejackdaniels), then, frustrated, i found some items in the wordpress codex, including this one about conflicts between . 	some needs, some of the time i don’t know why i love this quote from a post in panlibus: serve some needs of some parts of the population, some of the time …though my love for the quote may have something to do with my embrace of what opensearch creator dewitt clinton describes as the “ % case,” the solution that would work for the great majority of applications most of the time. it’s one of those things that’s easy to see in retrospect, but difficult to aim for: building a tool that is specific enough to be useful, but not too specific. 	joost brings television to the internet age (finally) on demand internet tv has been just around the corner since the dawn of the popular internet, but like flying cars, it’s still not here. the problem is how tv streams clog the internet’s tubes. bandwidth may be cheap, but there’s still never enough of it. well, that’s true if your metaphor for the internet is a hub and spoke system. not so if you think of it as a mesh. 	usability, findability, and remixability, especially remixability it’s been more than a year since i first demonstrated scriblio (was wpopac) at ala midwinter in san antonio. more than a year since ncsu debuted their endeca-based opac. and by now most every major library vendor has announced a product that promises to finally deliver some real improvements to our systems. my over-simplified list said that our systems failed us in the categories of usability, findability, and remixability, and now people are asking me what i think about what i’ve seen from the vendors so far. 	my boston library consortium presentation speaking thursday at the boston library consortium‘s annual meeting in the beautiful boston public library, my focus was on the status of our library systems and the importance of remixability. my blog post on remixability probably covers the material best, but i define it as: remixability is the quality of a system or data set to be used for purposes the original designers or owners didn’t predict or intend. 	bsuite bug fixes (release b v ) [innerindex]work on bsuite is progressing well, thanks to help from zach and matt, who are collaborating with me on completely rearchitecting how stats are collected and reported. this, however, is not bs . it’s a transitional release intended to fix some bugs in b and make upgrading easier. this upgrade is recommended for all current bsuite users and new users. bsuite features tracks page loads (hits) tracks search terms used by visitors ariving at your site via search engines reports top-performing stories via a function that can be included in the sidebar reports recent comments via a function that can be included in the sidebar reports top search terms via a function that can be included in the sidebar outputs a pulse graph of activity on your site or specific stories lists related posts at the bottom of the current post’s content suggests posts that closely match the search criteria for visitors who arrive via search engines integrates bsuite_speedcache does some stuff with tags fixed/changed/added as mentioned above, a huge-but-invisible feature here is that this version includes some pieces that will make it easy to transition to the new plugin. mysql errors while creating the tables should now be fixed. it’s my shame that these have persisted so long. the plugin now “rebuilds the tags table” as soon as you activate it. this is a good thing, but if you’ve got a huge number of posts (or a really short max execution time) it might cause a problem (please leave a comment if it does). the related posts feature now works even if you aren’t tagging your posts. if there are no tags, the post’s title is used as a search string. this list is probably incomplete and in some other way inaccurate. it’s not intentional, i’m just sloppy. please leave comments with bug reports or corrections, i’ll do what i can to fix them. finally, i’m now hosting the download on a new server, so it won’t be subject to .mac’s bandwidth consumption limits. 	is the moller skycar a fraud? will i ever get my flying car? a recent comment here reminded me to check in on our options for flying cars, now at least seven years overdue. it turns out that moller international, the folks developing the m skycar aerodyne, are accepting deposits: as a result of the recent successful hovering flights of the m skycar, moller international is accepting deposits to secure delivery positions for our m skycar until after the skycar has flown from hover to full aerodynamic flight and returned (transitioning flight). 	yep, skulls are office products, brains not included i don’t know what’s funnier, that amazon sells skulls (just $ , get one now!), or that they’re classified as “office products.” extra: more office weirdness in this video. 	i’m a fonero, are you a fonero too? now that i’ve moved i’ve finally set up my fonera. i had hoped to offer a story about the process, but it was so simple i can’t really say much more than “i plugged it in, i registered it, it worked.” the fonera is a tiny little router/wifi access point that looks worlds better than the average linksys/netgear/belkin job, but the real sweetness is in what it does that they don’t do. 	google mymaps and georss o’reilly’s where . conference isn’t until the end of may, but google just released two sweet new map-related features: georss support and mymaps. the georss support means that any application that can output it’s geocoding — as simple as &lt;georss:point&gt; . - . &lt;/georss:point&gt; — can now be linked to a live map with no more effort than it takes to paste the feed url into google maps’ search box. google holds this up as the exemplar, but i’m a fan of the cheese photo map here. 	twitter twitter anti-twitter my own feelings about twitter have gone back and forth across indecision street for a while, and despite a moment of excitement it’s still not part of my life-kit. so i was amused to see blyberg pointing out kathy sierra’s poo-poo-ing of twitter. ironically, services like twitter are simultaneously leaving some people with a feeling of not being connected, by feeding the fear of not being in the loop. by elevating the importance of being “constantly updated,” it amplifies the feeling of missing something if you’re not checking twitter (or twittering) with enough frequency. 	dawn of the citizen professor? it should be no surprise that journalists are talking about citizen journalism, but what of the disintermediation of other industries? man-on-the-street mark georgiev told marketplace: i didn’t want a certificate, i didn’t want any kind of accreditation, i really just wanted the knowledge. and i also wanted to work at my own pace. georgiev, the story explains, has a masters from yale but wanted to learn programming. that’s when he found foundations of software engineering in mit’s opencourseware. 	pranks international matt tells us the office pranks he masterminded a couple weeks ago got reported in saturday’s daily mirror (scan above): joker matt batchelder had the last laugh after he was left out of an office conference trip. alone at his desk for a week, the snubbed computer geek dreamed up a series of pranks to greet his boss and three colleagues as they returned… on april fool’s day. 	cut and paste is a skill too [update: keith pointed out that my small disclaimer at the end isn’t clear enough. this post is copied, stolen, cut and pasted in its entirety from keith’s blog, istp dad. i was glad to learn of the story, and this was meant to be ironic and funny.] an editorial in the washington post is explicit about a topic close to my heart: students think plagiarism is fine, and teachers (high school? 	moving and shaking and shimmy-ing it’s sort of late by now, and others have been offering their congratulations to me for a while (thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you), but i only just got the paper copy myself and this morning had a chance to browse the list. mover &amp; shaker alumnus john blyberg asked me if i preferred moving or shaking better, but now that i’ve seen the names and read the profiles, i can say i’m just proud to be among such a distinguished group. 	[good|bad] covers: my humps, interpreted by alanis morissette i’m one of those guys who almost never actually hears the lyrics to the music that’s playing constantly. then somebody covers the song in a beautiful-but-ridiculous way, and i finally clue to them. example: tori amos’ cover of smells like teen spirit. now i hear alanis’ interpretation of the black eyed peas my humps, and i realize that, while not meaningless, it’s on par with lene alexandra’s current single. does it make me old to say that bad grammar in lyrics hinders my understanding of them? 	economics of open source two fairly old papers on the economics of open source. the news recently has been that open source allows companies to bring in better, more innovative talent and saves marketing costs, but these papers are interesting nonetheless. the simple economics of open source: the nexus of open source development appears to have shifted to europe over the last ten years. this paper explains why this trend undermines cultural arguments about “hacker ethics” and “post-scarcity” gift economies. 	“smart networks” are a stupid-bad idea this story in mit technology review scares me. instead of letting all computers within the network communicate freely, ethane is designed so that communication privileges within the network have to be explicitly set; that way, only those activities deemed safe are permitted. “with hindsight, it’s a very obvious thing to do,” mckeown says. no matter how obvious it seems, it’s still a really bad idea. it’s hard to imagine a world without the internet now, which makes it especially easy to dismiss the critical features that made it possible. 	sweet vespa scooter with sidecar on ebay greenstemstudios is selling a sweet-looking vespa with sidecar. in gleaming cinder red and house of kolar black, riding on white wall continentals, “the scooter gets to miles to the gallon and can easily maintain mph even with the sidecar attached.” the starting price is $ , . i’m plenty happy with my scooter, but this is very tempting. 	emi and apple/itunes to offer drm-free music downloads following steve jobs’ ant-drm post, people began to wonder if apple was just pointing fingers or really willing to distribute drm-free music via their online store. yesterday we learned the answer. apple and emi announced yesterday they would offer drm-free bit aac premium downloads, priced at $ . each. 	bisson tower siezed with plenty of moving help from zack, matt, cliff, justin, jon, will, and karen, bisson tower went from empty to full quickly enough that we all had plenty of time to sit around and enjoy the lunch sandee cooked up, then retire to the roof with cocktails. the cats were traumatized by it all, but i’m happy to be done with construction and finally be able to enjoy the new place, with all its quirks. 	web based genealogy software interesting, a lamp solution that promises “the next generation of genealogy sitebuilding.” it does pretty charts and pages, and as any web app should, makes it easy to edit or add information. but it also makes me wonder if there’s an xfn attribute to indicate parent/child relationships. could our work on network identity and social software solve this? 	for april fools… those looking for this year’s april fools gags should look at the office pranking from last week (pictured above). this blog will henceforth be very serious. not. 	dance around the world among the pop-culture viral videos i apparently missed is matt harding‘s dancing. i had to turn to wikipedia for an explanation: harding was known for a particular dance, and while videotaping each other in vietnam, his traveling companion suggested he add the dance. the videos were uploaded to his website for friends and family to enjoy. later, harding edited together dance scenes, all with him center frame, with the background music “sweet lullaby. 	whoosh boom splat bill gurstelle thought the exploding balloons were as funny as i did, and now i understand why: the contributing editor of make magazine knows his way around improvised munitions. he also knows youtube videos of oppressed geeks getting back at the man with potato guns is a good marketing ploy for his audience. whoosh boom splat appears to be his latest book. amazon doesn’t let me look inside, but how can you go wrong with projects like these? 	who will be first to put a metronaps pod in their library? metronaps started business in with a boutique in nyc’s empire state building, selling minute naps for $ bucks. the company has slowly been opening franchises around the world, but metronaps co-founder arshad chowdhury says overwhelming interest from office folks who wanted to install the pods on-site as an employee perk. so the company redesigned the pods to fit through the smaller doors common to office environments (trust me, retail doors are big), and has started selling direct. 	apis are big business programmableweb pointed out an informationweek story that claimed % of amazon’s sales in early were attributable to amazon affiliates. and c|net claims amazon now has , aws developers (up from the , amazon was claiming about a year ago). (note: not every amazon affiliate/associate is an amazon web services (aws) developer, but amazon hasn’t shared more specific numbers.) these slides, from amazon’s aws developer relations team explain a lot about what aws is. 	office prankd! when ken, zach, dan, and dee all went off to a conference without matt, al, cliff, tim, laurianne, and me (but especially matt), they had to assume something would happen in their absence. something. and it did. to each one of them in turn. , square feet of tinfoil covered everything in ken’s office. , post-it notes were tiled over everything in zach’s. cups (many had water in them) covered dan’s floor and desk. 	idm, openid, and attribute exchange the conversation on code lib about openid reminded me to finish a draft i’d started at identity future on the topic. the short of it is that marc canter says that single sign-on is good, but “we need the attribute exchange to make this thing really take off.” then all the skeptics will realize that the authentication layer had to come first – but was just a first step. along the way we’ll figure out standards for user intrerface and usage flow. 	japanese lessons from william rowe: zetcho = the apex of the mountain tonsei = to shave one’s head and forsake the world i learned the literal meaning of “karaoke” early last year. 	heavy skies newley purnell pointed me at this astronomy picture of the day by antti kemppainen: sometimes the sky itself is the best show in town. on january , people from perth, australia gathered on a local beach to watch a sky light up with delights near and far. nearby, fireworks exploded as part of australia day celebrations. on the far right, lightning from a thunderstorm flashed in the distance. near the image center, though, seen through clouds, was the most unusual sight of all: comet mcnaught. 	world’s smallest horse thumbelina is smaller than a decent dog. so small, in fact, that the guinness folks — no, not those guinness folks — recognize her as the smallest. from boing boing: thumbelina is the world’s smallest horse. she weighs lb and is five years old. she was born on a ranch that specializes in breeding miniature horses. she is thought to have dwarfism, which makes her even tinier. but she’s not alone. 	spring! spring flowers! uploaded from before the days when flickr would keep the original size photos, this is one of my favorite, most spring-y shots. and with weather like we’re having here now — ° in northern new hampshire! — it’s very appropriate. 	my personal crisis of digital preservation for a long time i was a big fan of dantz retrospect backup. for while i was so committed that i would do an incremental backup of my laptop and most every other computer in my house every day, but i’ve been using it one way or another since or or so. all those backups have added up, and they’ve even saved me a couple times. i wish, of course, that i’d been using it previously, when my laptop was stolen in , or when my hard drive failed catastrophically in . 	uc berkeley proud of powerpoint bob gaskins, a former berkeley ph.d. student, conceived powerpoint originally as an easy-to-use presentation program. he hired a software developer, dennis austin, in to build a prototype program that they called “presenter,” later changing the name to powerpoint for trademark reasons. powerpoint . was released in for the apple macintosh platform; later that year gaskins’s company forethought and the program were purchased by microsoft for $ million. the first windows and dos versions of powerpoint followed in . 	nyt struggles to find young audience, online audience, audience the new york times last week announced that it’s giving away timesselect to students and faculty that hold a .edu email address. timesselect, of course, is the paid access site that debuted in january to a confused and critical web. editor and publisher repeated the times’ claim that they’re doing this for the good of democracy: “it’s part of our journalistic mission to get people talking on campuses,” says vivian schiller, senior vice president and general manager at nytimes. 	snow spider karen found this spider in the snow yesterday when she wasn’t running for the camera. will spied several more, all moving laboriously over the crystalline landscape. none of us had ever seen spiders on snow before, but it’s likely we’d never looked. 	charlie the unicorn meg was never shy about asking me what rock i was found under when i stunned her with my complete ignorance of major pop culture touchstones, so i put my mind to it and after significant remedial work i thought i’d caught up. but, no. i’d not seen this video and only discovered it when blyberg pointed at it as an icon of network-enabled pop culture. the candy mountain video has been circulating for almost a year now and it’s a prime example of how network effects are allowing society to disseminate, in this case, popular culture, and ultimately the bulk of information deemed “important” by our fellow citizens 	snow thrower in my favorite action photo since will cut a woody, karen hit the snow with fury. 	i missed lebowski fest!?!? as usual, beatnikside had to tell me what i missed: lebowski fest. it looks like everybody was there. the dude jeffrey lebowski, theodore donald ‘donny’ kerabatsos, walter sobchak, maude lebowski, bunny lebowski, the rich jeffrey lebowski with no legs, and his lacky brandt. and don’t forget jesus quintana or treehorn’s thugs. and certainly don’t forget nihilists uli kunkel, karl hungus, kieffer, and franz. 	twittter twittter twittter ryan tried to tell me about it a month ago, jessamyn gets the idea but uses facebook instead, dewitt fell for it, ross said it tipped the tuna, and now i’m finally checking twitter out. i signed up yesterday and immediately went looking for ways to connect twitter, plazes, and ichat. tweet is an applescript that works with quicksilver (a launcher) and twitterrific (a desktop twitter client) to make updating even easier. 	oss saves marketing costs, protects business va linux founder larry augustin on oss in augustin’s view open source development became a necessity in the s when the cost of marketing a program came to exceed the cost of creating it. “my favorite is salesforce.com. in they spent under $ million in r&amp;d and over $ million in sales and marketing. that doesn’t work.” “open source enables people to reach all those customers. it’s a distribution model. 	beyonce and swimsuits not appropriate for librarians my ala email newsletter arrived today with this story: sports illustrated decides libraries don’t need swimsuit issue librarians on publib and other discussion lists discovered in the first week of march that none of them had received the february “swimsuit issue” of sports illustrated. inquiries to publisher time warner eventually resulted in a statement from spokesman rick mccabe that the company had withheld shipment of that issue to some , libraries and schools because for years the magazine had received complaints it was too risqué. 	linux leads on world’s top supercomputers the real map of the world’s top supercomputers isn’t nearly as us-centric as my screenshot suggests, but the operating system stats are seriously tilted toward linux. over of the top supercomputers in the november report run some form of the free operating system. generic “linux” leads the pack, but redhat and suse are the two most named distributions. non-free operating systems include ibm’s aix, hp-ux, and macos x. 	spam getting more personal? the viagra and cialis knock-offs being pushed in so much of the spam i get may be directed at things the recipients feel very personally about, but the message itself has never been personal. well, it had never seemed personal to me, anyway, until now. clay shirky pointed out what i’ve started to see, and wonder about, myself: many of the subject lines in the spam i’ve received recently sound familiar, and plausible as a real message. 	the future of library technology is free, cheap, and social delicious = endoeavor’s course content integrator opensearch = metasearch flickr = digital collections management 	damn daylight saving doesn’t save npr covered it like an eclipse or astronomic curiosity, and did little to question the claimed energy saving benefits. but, as michael downing asks in spring forward, how can something understood by so few be done by so many? and why go through this twice annual madness? supposedly, we subject ourselves to the rule of time to conserve oil, but even the most wildly optimistic predictions suggest only a % drop in consumption. 	firecrackers for troops via npr this morning: a michigan man strapped more than , firecrackers onto himself, and lit the fuse. john fletcher publicized it as an effort to support u.s. troops. it was an event to collect cell phones for soldiers. the daily press and argus, in livingston county, mich., shows fletcher standing calmly as the firecrackers explode. afterward he did say he needed some tylenol. livingstondaily.com has has video as well as photos of the fiery seconds of firecracker fury, which worked out a whole lot better than this other soldier-related firecracker stunt. 	 : a torrent of awesomeness or just too much? so, is really the “torrent of blood and awesomeness” that matt says it is (and the preview supports), or does it run out of steam as npr’s film critic, kenneth turan, suggests? unless you love violence as much as a spartan, quentin tarantino, or a video game playing teenage boy, you will not be endlessly fascinated. the problem is that the visual panache that made snyder an acclaimed director of commercials works better for second spots than two hour features. 	and he-man screams from the top of his lungs “what’s goin’ on” the what’s up? cover would be funny enough on its own, with the he-man video it’s golden. now, you know you want to sing along with the chorus. go for it, here are the lyrics: and so i wake in the morning and i step outside and i take a deep breath and i get real high and i scream from the top of my lungs &ldquo;what&rsquo;s going on? 	charges put internet radio on pause in early the copyright arbitration royalty panel (carp) set royalty rates for webcasters that were twice as high as for regular radio broadcasts. the library of congress reset those rates in late summer (yes, the loc oversees those things). now it’s , and the riaa is at it again. techdirt reports the copyright royalty board is adopting royalty rates the riaa has been asking for, “and making them effective retroactively to the beginning of — meaning that many small independent webcasters are now facing a tremendous royalty bill they’re unlikely to be able to afford. 	the true spirit of copyright i wrote to c|net, owner of techrepublic and builder.com, asking if i could quote their ten commandments of egoless programming in an issue of library technology reports journal on open source software for libraries and got the following canned response: thank you for your interest in including cnet content on your website. […] there would be licensing fee of $ . associated with use of the cnet logo or text excerpt on your website, or $ . 	ingenious and almost unusably different lars wirzenius’ linux anecdotes: in january, linus bought a pc. he’d been using a sinclair ql before that, which, like much british computer stuff, was ingenious and almost unusably different from everything else. 	dell tells linux users where to put it holy smokes. as dell’s sales slump and stock remains flat, the famously unimaginative company is trying to tap into the mob for ideas about what new shade of grey to deliver its hardware in next. and what did the dell ideastorm mob say? “give us linux!” “give us openoffice.” and how did dell respond? “no. no. and, no.” john naughton reports on the story for the guardian, explaining: 	waiting for mac os x . leopard with rumors of a march release of mac os x . leopard, swirling, zach asked what was promised that he should be excited about, so i went looking to jog my memory. the announced features include time machine automatic backup of all your stuff (with integration to make finding and restoring stuff in applications easy and sweet, watch the video already), as well as a big leap ahead for ichat. 	internet awesomeness diagram by matthew batchelder above, matthew batchelder’s diagram showing the correct relationship of the internet, awesomeness, ninjas, pirates, dinosaurs, zombies, robots, and gummi bears (though, where are the superheros you might ask). 	this guy can draw circles around you (and me) found at baekdal.com, where the author expresses some amount of whiteboard-skills envy. the video shows alex overwijk, head of glebe collegiate high school‘s math department (more trivia: alanis morrisette went there) drawing what appears to be a perfect circle. this is something i do in my spare time. i draw freehand circles and then i found out there was a world championship…it’s like winning the masters. once you win, you automatically get invited back every year. 	google apps and roadshow i was supposed to go to the what i think is a google apps roadshow this morning, but i was also supposed to be at code lib this weeks and be doing a dozen other things that didn’t happen. so, in lieu of that i’m reading up on the company’s first new business strategy since adsense. phil wainewright is skeptical, even mocking at the likely prospects for the premium package that google is offering for about $ per person, per year. 	links from ryan eby encyclopodia – the encyclopedia on your ipod geocool! – rasmus’ toys page ie and opensearch autodiscovery information management now: social tagging for the enterprise 	let me show you my credentials “i’m bruce pechman, the muscleman of technology, let me show you my credentials.” this is the instructional video that comes with the dynaflex powerball gyro. the fan videos on youtube have got nothing on this. just click play and prepare to laugh. will and i have been asking to see people credentials since he shared this with me a week ago. 	middlebury college vs. wikipedia middlebury college is proud to have taken a stand against wikipedia this year: members of the vermont institution’s history department voted unanimously in january to adopt the statement, which bans students from citing the open-source encyclopedia in essays and examinations. without entirely dismissing wikipedia — “whereas wikipedia is extraordinarily convenient and, for some general purposes, extremely useful…” — the decision paints it with a broad brush — “as educators, we are in the business of reducing the dissemination of misinformation. 	wwan update brings higher speed-mobile connectivity apple’s wwan support update . brings support for the following new cell carrier-based based networking cards (wwan = wireless wide-area networking): available on the cingular network novatel merlin xu expresscard (hsdpa) available on the sprint network novatel wireless merlin ex express card (evdo rev. a) novatel wireless ovation u usb modem (usb adapter, evdo rev. a) available on the verizon network novatel xv expresscard (evdo rev. 	top ten times two for students back in august educated nation offered the following top ten list of web tools for college students: writely soundslides bluedot.us efax pdf online google calendar google spreadsheets bloglines technorati mynoteit not to be outdone, an anonymous-but-first-person story at nextstudent identifies their top ten: book finder mynoteit ottobib google docs tada list meebo wikipedia zoho show google reader del.icio.us 	quiet comfort that’s me on jetblue flight to long beach, wearing my noise canceling headphones. sandee saw me wanting them, so she was especially happy to make them a christmas present to me. and, with all the flying i’ve been doing lately, i was especially happy to have them. i wanted the quietcomfort s not just because i like big, old skool, over-the-ear headphones (i don’t, actually), but because i really wanted the extra noise reduction that design offers. 	let it snow! with over a foot on the ground already, and more falling now the through the night, we’re crossing our fingers for another snow day tomorrow. 	foods i want to try… despite the mystery, porklets are quite yummy, at least according to sandee‘s recipe. what i want to try next is bacon cheesecake or chili powder on french toast or maraschino cherries mixed with jalapeños. all of those sound delightful to me. extra: sausage man, don’t eat that, don’t try this at home. 	just pretend it’s all okay ryan im’d this to me, and it was pretty easy to find that northern sun sells them for $ a pop. this is serious stuff, but it’s hard not to laugh at the support our pants magnet or some of the stickers here. 	this blog is for academic and research purposes only this sign on a computer in the paul a. elsner library at mesa community college caught beth‘s eye and garnered a number of comments, including one from theangelremiel that seems to mark one of the most elusive aspects of library . . they know that none of their classes require gaming excerpting the above as a simple declarative may not be fair, but it gets to the point. let’s say they “know” (that is, let’s say they think they know) that none of the courses requires gaming. 	treo firmware, dun, frustration john commented to say he’s been using his for dun over bluetooth for a long time now, and that all it takes is the latest firmware. so i go looking and find treo updater . from october and i have to wonder “what firmware does my phone have?” here’s how to check: open the phone application, press ‘menu’, navigate to ‘options’, then ‘phone info’ of course nothing is simple, and a treoaddicts story notes trouble with the update, and the installation instructions are daunting (really, look at ’em). 	a visual explanation of web . kansas state university‘s digital ethnography group — “a working group of kansas state university students and faculty dedicated to exploring and extending the possibilities of digital ethnography” — posted this visual explanation of web . . it’s by michael wesh, assistant professor of cultural anthropology, and it rocks. text is unilinear…when written on paper. digital text is different. hypertext can link. with form seperated from content, users did not need to know complicated code to upload content to the web. 	steve jobs’ thoughts on music, music stores, and drm steve jobs’ thoughts on music is surprisingly open and frank, almost blog-like, for the man and the company especially know for keeping secrets. jobs is addressing complaints about apple’s “proprietary” drm used in the itunes music store. there is no theory of protecting content other than keeping secrets. in other words, even if one uses the most sophisticated cryptographic locks to protect the actual music, one must still “hide” the keys which unlock the music on the user’s computer or portable music player. no one has ever implemented a drm system that does not depend on such secrets for its operation. and after offering his view of the situation, he offers three possible futures. the first alternative is to continue on the current course, with each manufacturer competing freely with their own “top to bottom” proprietary systems for selling, playing and protecting music. and the case for doing more of the same is pretty clear. apple’s ipod and itunes music store are successful, and though there are competitors, they’ll have to convince would be buyers to give up their ipods. the second alternative is for apple to license its fairplay drm technology to current and future competitors with the goal of achieving interoperability between different company’s players and music stores. and that’s exactly what people have been asking for. it’s hard to know who wants to use a player that’s not an ipod, but there are some things that don’t play on ipods. but… apple has concluded that if it licenses fairplay to others, it can no longer guarantee to protect the music it licenses from the big four music companies. perhaps this same conclusion contributed to microsoft’s recent decision to switch their emphasis from an “open” model of licensing their drm to others to a “closed” model of offering a proprietary music store, proprietary jukebox software and proprietary players. and finally… the third alternative is to abolish drms entirely. and how does that work? in , under billion drm-protected songs were sold worldwide by online stores, while over billion songs were sold completely drm-free and unprotected on cds by the music companies themselves. the music companies sell the vast majority of their music drm-free, and show no signs of changing this behavior, since the overwhelming majority of their revenues depend on selling cds which must play in cd players that support no drm system. so if the music companies are selling over percent of their music drm-free, what benefits do they get from selling the remaining small percentage of their music encumbered with a drm system? there appear to be none. if anything, the technical expertise and overhead required to create, operate and update a drm system has limited the number of participants selling drm protected music. if such requirements were removed, the music industry might experience an influx of new companies willing to invest in innovative new stores and players. this can only be seen as a positive by the music companies. 	connectile dysfunction no sooner do i lay down a rant about how bad sprint wifi is than do they run an ad telling us how great their service is. well, not only that, but they promise to save us from “connectile dysfunction.” angela natividad described it best: it’s hard to position broadband ads. you can be like earthlink, which kind of laughs at the whole idea of marketing in general, and you can be like comcast, which takes the easy way out with off-colour humour. 	 wasn’t like for those who watch the ads as intently as the game, it’s hard not to think of apple’s commercial. and from that thin thread, i’m reminded of the ministry of re-shelving and, now, the ministry of love. i discovered the last from a comment here, and after looking them up, i decided to contribute a few copies to the cause. the notes i sent along requested the following: 	sprint wifi sucks i’m back in oakland airport, but this time i’m bringing my own network and i don’t have to deal with sprint’s wifi mess. see, the problem isn’t just that it costs too much. the problem is that once you pay, you’re plopped at the login page where the login i just created doesn’t work. and worse, the error offers absolutely no clue about why the username i just just created (and paid for! 	social internet sharing it all started as a simple idea. why should you pay for internet access on the go when you have already paid for it at home? exactly, you shouldn’t. so we decided to help create a community of people who get more out of their connection through sharing. the deal is that you get a special wifi router and use it to securely open your connection to the world. 	ecto vs. wordpress ecto is finally available in intel optimized form, but wp . ‘s xmlrpc breaks it. cliffy, of all people, tells us how to fix it. now, when is ecto coming out? aside: this blog post explains how to hack up the xmlrpc to extract the tags ecto is sending. this was interesting to me a long time ago, but bsuite handles tags entirely in the post content. 	open source shifts costs does open source free your budget up for the best talent? i asked her if the choice to go with open source is helping her to keep costs in check, here’s what [dabble ceo mary hodder] said: what happens with open source is you actually spend the same amount of money, but you don’t have lock-in and you pay for really good people to run it. and so you still end up paying. 	neg’s urban sprinting i might watch more tv if i didn’t live in the us. well, i used to like watching world’s wildest police chases on spike while knocking back a few at the bar after work, but they re-arranged the schedule a while back and it’s just not the same. so clearly i have to sit around waiting for people to forward me goodies like this. yeah, it’s neg’s urban sprinting, which apparently aired on a show named “balls of steel,” and it’s just one in a brilliant series. 	sealand for sale principality of sealand, a wwii-era gunnery platform called roughs tower, in the north sea outside britain’s pre- three nautical mile claim of sovereign waters, is for sale. yep, the “land” declared by some as the world’s smallest micronation will go to the highest bidder. ravage by fire ( ), beset by marauders ( ), and generally ignored by the world’s governments (all time), it’s, well, it is what it is. and now the pirate bay hopes to buy sealand. 	communities are as communities do right there are the beginning of esther dyson‘s ten-year-old book, release . , she alerts us to the web . challenge we’re we’re now beginning to understand: the challenge for us all is to build a critical mass of healthy communities on the net and to design good basic rules for its public spaces so that larger systems do self-organize and work effectively. rule-making is not the job of legislatures and governments alone. 	presentation: collaboration, not competition ala midwinter , alcts future of cataloging presentation: collaboration, not competition. (slides: quicktime &amp; pdf.) stir my writings on the google economy and arrival of the stupendous post with frame four of the alcts and the future of bibliographic control: challenges, actions, and values document: in the realm of advanced digital applications, we are interested in collaboration, not competition. we take as axiomatic the idea that library catalogs and bibliographic databases on the one hand, and web search engines on the other, have complementary strengths. 	presentation: faceted searching and our cataloging norms ala midwinter , alcts cataloging norms discussion group presentation: metadata and faceted searching: an implementation report based on wpopac. (slides: quicktime &amp; pdf.) faceted searching such as that made possible by wpopac (look for the new name soon) improves the usability of our systems and findability of our materials, but also puts new demands on how we catalog them. my favorite search example is sociology of education, both because it’s a common search in our logs, but also because it demonstrates how our systems can help bridge the gap between what our users know and what our catalogs know. 	casual friday: the ala midwinter + music video edition the above circulated a while ago, but i post it today to recognize this special ala midwinter edition of casual fridays. and while i’m not suggesting libraries will or should become st century dance halls, lichen’s title, “ . -&gt; . , the video” has some resonance here. and on the theme of music videos that tell stories comes miranda’s yo te dire, which i like both because it’s funny and because i’m instantly attracted to foreign pop culture. 	let the silence roar okay, before anybody inquires if i’ve gone into boat sales or brings up the bisonboom story again, i need to ask for your understanding. it’s not that i’ve been spending my days trying to pick out just the right shade of red for my new corvette (really i’m not, it’s the lotus i like), or that i’ve been moving to sunny california to take up my new job at google (a year ago i would have been twitching with excitement, now i’m more likely to agree with this). 	sweet jquery matty discovered jquery at the ajax experience, and his enthusiasm has rubbed off on me. jquery makes coding javascript fun again. well, at least it makes it possible to write code and content separately. and that means that sweet ajaxy pages can be made more easily, and it sort of forces designers to make them accessible from the start. resources: jquery: javascript library getting started with jquery visual jquery . 	pes films i’ve been loving the pes films i found via this design observer post, and despite featuring his films for christmas day and new year’s eve, there’s still a lot to see. animated peanut butter is about as cool as it gets, even if i can sympathize with the peanut here in drowning nut. casual friday extras that tickle my inner -year-old: roof sex, beasty boy, pee-nut, and prank call. 	apache . .x on mac os x i’m lazy, that’s all i can say to explain why i hadn’t put any serious thought into upgrading from the . .x version of apache that ships with mac os x to the much more feature rich . .x or . .x. but today i found reason enough to switch my development to . . , and i went looking to the community for information about the switch. a post in marc liyanage’s forums made it clear how easy config/compile was. 	rusty nail: the maison bisson winter drink the holidays are long since past, here’s a drink to carry you through ’till spring. rusty nail parts scotch part drambuie serve over ice in an old fashioned glass. please enjoy it responsibly. 	lies, damn lies, and statistics thanks to metafilter for pointing this out, and matty, for putting it to good use. yes, you really can use this to make authoritative looking reports on anything. 	new year’s fireworks pes offers these fireworks for any occasion, but when better to celebrate than the new year? and thinking of that, if all these clocks are correct, the new year has already started in gmt, which means i’m probably a few drinks behind and need to catch up. 	holiday violence by the end of it, all the wrapping paper and other material affects of the holidays really do take on air of violence. well, at least they do in pes‘s kaboom. and if you’re amused by that, you might want to see how it was made. 	happy holidays 	one goat down, one goat to go cliffy got excited about the gävle goat when his pal derek emailed him about it all. derek was in town, or something like that, and got caught up in the frenzy first hand: “last year some other guy was a bit smarter, hitting it with a flaming arrow from a bow, and he wasn’t caught. it went up in flames!” the goat, of course, is a year holiday tradition. 	great white solstice while northern-hemisphere inhabitants are enjoying their first day of winter, our cousins in the southern hemisphere are just beginning summer. and in south africa’s shark bay, near gansbaai, the great whites are departing for other waters. the great whites make their way to shark bay annually between september and january, though they are not hunting, and, as rob mousley reports, they “ignore bait slicks (and bathers), swimming through them without any reaction–in contrast to their behaviour at other locations such as dyer island” [link added]. 	competition, market position, and statistics watch this video a few times. it’s funny. it’s catchy. it’s kitsch. now watch it a few times more. the ad, for a lada vaz , appeared sometime in the s. it reflects the influence of mtv and other cultural imports from the west, but the details betray it’s command economy provenance. the snow appears trodden and dirty, the trees barren, the background architecture bleak. the car has headlights that flash in time to the music, but their dim yellow glow fails to dazzle. 	welcome to your world in pointing this out to me, lichen noted “if this isn’t evidence that web . is an undeniable force, i don’t know what is.” “this,” of course, is time magazine‘s announcement of the person of the year. and the answer is you. yes, you. michael stephens was right on top of it, pulling this quote: …but look at through a different lens and you’ll see another story, one that isn’t about conflict or great men. 	helsinki complaints choir though some people prefer the birmingham choir to helsinki’s, there’s certainly something to be said about complaining in song, and something more when it’s in a language i can’t begin to understand. one blogger remarked of the video: to think of what might of been. what if i’d moved in with a bunch of angst ridden finns,instead of pseudo-happy baptists, and been forced to sing their rants along with them. 	wish i could be there… harry shearer and judith owen are performing their holiday sing-a-long at the concert hall at the society for ethical culture in nyc with guests tmbg and others. it’s a go on friday, but why can’t these things happen closer to me? actually, maybe they should all come to warren afterwards. 	memcached and wordpress ryan boren wrote about using memcached with wordpress almost a year ago: memcached is a distributed memory object caching system. wordpress . can make use of memcached by dropping in a special backend for the wp object cache. the memcached backend replaces the default backend and directs all cache requests to one or more memcached daemons. you must have a memcached daemon running somewhere for this to work. unless you’re managing the server on which your blog is running, you probably can’t run a memcached daemon, making this backend useless to you. 	wordpress . + wpopac i’ve been following wp . development, but aaron brazell’s post in the development blog wrapped up a lot of questions all at once. the short story is that . is going to bring some really good changes that will allow more flexibility and better optimization of wpopac. of the four changes brazell names, the last two, the addition of the post_type column and a change in usage of the post_status column, are where the money is. 	woot! woot! the press release: making libraries relevant in an internet-based society psu’s casey bisson wins mellon award for innovative search software for libraries plymouth, n.h. — you can’t trip over what’s not there. every day millions of internet users search online for information about millions of topics. and none of their search results include resources from the countless libraries around the world—until now. casey bisson, information architect for plymouth state university’s lamson library, has received the prestigious mellon award for technology collaboration for his ground-breaking software application known as wpopac. 	flightplan perhaps it’s just because i’m in the air again today, but i’m fascinated by aaron koblin‘s animation of aircraft activity, illustrating the pulsing, throbbing movements of aircraft over north america. nah, this is hot. you’ll love it too. also worth checking out: koblin’s other works. 	flickr interstingness patent…application it’s old news (boing boing and slashdot covered it a month ago), but flickr’s patent application is a bit troublesome. it’s not that they’re trying to patent tagging (they’re not), it’s that they’re trying to patent the things library folks have been wanting to do (and in some cases actually doing) for some time. media objects, such as images or soundtracks, may be ranked according to a new class of metrics known as ”interestingness. 	lemurs movin’ it thank jon for pointing out the above. actually, you should go read his post on the matter because, well, it gave me a chuckle and it’s certainly better than going shopping today. 	and then the feds blocked me via a friend who coordinated a program i presented at not long ago i received this message about difficulty accessing my blog post with notes from the presentation: do you have the notes electronically that you could send? believe it or not our federal government internet filter is blocking access to the blog site below…..big brother is truly at work these days….. jessamyn has been dealing with this for a while now, but this is the first i’d learned that i’d been blocked. 	will it blend? go now to willitblend.com and offer your suggestion for something new. want to see a bacon cheeseburger with pickles and grilled onions? go for it. 	parsing marc directory info i expected a record that looked like this: leader nas ia c mau u p uuua eng /rev dlc|caug psmm f . |b.a f . |b.a appalachian mountain club the a.m.c. white mountain guide :|ba guide to trails in the mountains of new hampshire and adjacent parts of maine amc white mountain guide white mountain guide a. 	second school? rebecca nesson, speaking via skype and appearing before us as her avatar in second life, offered her experiences as a co-instructor of harvard law school‘s cyberone, a course being held jointly in a meatspace classroom and in second life, and open to students via harvard law, the harvard extension school, and to the public that shows up in second life. nesson has an interesting blog post about how it all works, but she also answered questions from the audience about why it works: 	social learning on the cluetrain? they don’t want to engage in chat with their professors in the classroom space, they want to chat with other students in their own space. — from eric gordon’s presentation this morning. hey, isn’t that the lesson that smart folks have been offering for a while now: “nobody cares about you or your site. really.” how could learning environments not be subject to the same cluetrain forces affecting the rest of the world? 	social software in learning environments it’s really titled social software for teaching &amp; learning, and i’m here with john martin, who’s deeply involved with our learning management system and portfolio efforts (especially as both of these are subject to change real soon now). aside: cms = content management system, lms = learning management system. let’s please never call an lms a cms…please? on the schedule is… social software in the classroom: happy marriage or clash of cultures? 	displaying google calendars in php ical php icalendar solves a couple problems i’m working on, but i needed a solution to fix the duration display for gcal-managed ics calendars. as it turns out, a fix can be found in the forums, and the trick is to insert the following code in functions/ical_parser.php. case 'duration': if (($first_duration == true) &amp;&amp; (!stristr($field, '=duration'))) { ereg ('^p([ - ]{ , }[w])?([ - ]{ , }[d])?([t]{ , })?([ - ]{ , }[h])?([ - ]{ , }[m])?([ - ]{ ,}[s])?', $data, $duration); $weeks = str_replace('w', '', $duration[ ]); $days = str_replace('d', '', $duration[ ]); $hours = str_replace('h', '', $duration[ ]); $minutes = str_replace('m', '', $duration[ ]); $seconds = str_replace('s', '', $duration[ ]); // convert seconds to hours, minutes, and seconds if ($seconds &gt; ) { $rem_seconds = $seconds % ; $minutes = $minutes + (($seconds - $rem_seconds) / ); $seconds = $rem_seconds; } if ($minutes &gt; ) { $rem_minutes = $minutes % ; $hours = $hours + (($minutes - $rem_minutes) / ); $minutes = $rem_minutes; } $the_duration = ($weeks * * * * ) + ($days * * * ) + ($hours * * ) + ($minutes * ) + ($seconds); $first_duration = false; } break; hopefully this gets worked into the baseline with the next release. 	rock paper scissors this weekend’s fifth annual rock paper scissors world championships have ended, and brit bob cooper has come out a winner. the toronto event drew a reported competitors and spectators from u.s. states, four canadian provinces, norway, new zealand, australia, wales, the uk and ireland and paid a top prize of can$ . “i went through extensive training, read ‘the official rock paper scissors strategy guide’, and studied the possible rps gambits before competing,” said cooper. 	mushaboom remix props to tim for offering linking me to a remix of feist’s mushaboom. i like the original better, but, well, i’m also a fan of remixes. 	i feel great transcipt: what? oh, yeah. i feel great. larry, i’m quittin’ the company and startin’ my own. and by the way, i feel great. steve, you’re a great guy with great skills, you’re gonna do great. *pounds fist* what the hell, i’m comin’ with ya. ooohhhhfff. hey, you’re hot and i feel great. let’s get married. alright, but i want lots of kids. me too. five hundred of them. *slams file drawer* ooohhhhfff. 	and fell the wall it’s worth taking a moment to remember that the berlin wall fell this day in . though orders had been been given, they were botched by east german propaganda minister günter schabowski, who mistakenly announced in a press conference that restrictions on border crossings would be lifted immediately. in fact, restrictions were to be lifted the next day. tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski’s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin. 	art vs. the google economy in an anomaly that we would eventually recognize as commonplace on the internet, touching the void, a book that had gone out of print, remaindered before it hit paperback, was all but forgotten, started selling again in . chris anderson wondered why, and found that user reviews in amazon’s listing of publishing sensation into thin air had people recommending touching the void as a better read. today, touching the void outsells into thin air to . 	ministry of truth = george bush’s whitehouse the huffington post pointed out how the white house is doctoring video of bush’s “mission accomplished” speech from may . visitors to whitehouse.gov now get a video that crops out the mission accomplished sign. how orwellian will this president get? “the future of evil is in manipulating information.” 	i hope you’re all voting today okay, even if this diesel sweeties cartoon is a little disheartening, please vote. the fact is, vote suppression is probably more likely than vote fraud. a tip of the hat to lichen for alerting me to this, and for making the point that our users’ notions of “authority” are among the fastest changing features of our post-google world. 	arlington east the above photo and some others were forwarded to me by a friend. the body of the email included: a few friends of mine participated in this event on saturday. there wasn’t a lot of media coverage, but npr and the cct. the photos show markers representing american dead in the iraq war, and markers representing just a small percentage of the approximately , iraqi dead from a memorial held on cape cod on october th, . 	the political parties in vermont cliff took a picture of his absentee ballot because the new parties were just too good: dennis morriseau is the impeach bush now candidate for congress and peter moss is the anti-bushist candidate for senate. 	midterms mentioned earlier, but worth mentioning again: truemajorityaction’s take it back campaign. among the videos and political graffiti of the moment, don’t miss freedom, beat box bush, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid= &rdquo; title=&quot; / , shock &amp; awe: clip from &ldquo;hijacking catastrophe&rdquo; - google video&quot;&gt;hijacking catastrophe. and as funny as the brazillion joke is, we need a government that doesn’t lie, a government that’s smart, a government that cares for its people, its soldiers and foreign civilians and our elections. 	network-enabled snooping in the physical world we’ve got ocr. we’ve got cameraphones. we’ve got web-based license plate lookup services. amazon japan has a fancy cameraphone-based product search feature. what’s more naive, imagining that somewhere somebody has a sms/mms-based license plate snooping and facial recognition services and fingerprint scanners, or imagining that they don’t? 	political graffiti found by lorelei in copenhagen. discovered by kieran’sphoto’s’ in cork. 	freedom (video) karen forwarded mgarthoff‘s freedom, tagged: bush war election midterm iraq katrina on youtube. 	presentation: designing an opac for web . maiug philadelphia: designing an opac for web . (interactive quicktime with links or static pdf) web . and other “ . ” monikers have become loaded terms. but as we look back at the world wide web of , there can be little doubt that today’s web is better and more useful. indeed, that seems to be the conclusion millions of americans are making, as current estimates show over million users in the us, including % of youth - . 	advice you didn’t ask for on writing: first figure out your story, then tell it. anything else is masturbatory. 	the solution is in your hands currugated_film‘s photo of graffitti in oaxaca. the caption at flickr notes that the text to the right says “the solution is in your hands, the rocks are on the ground.” 	two ton: one night, one fight tony day is june th, but today is the day i received my copy of joe monninger’s latest work, two ton: one night, one fight — tony galento v. joe louis. i learned a lot about the characters and times during the two years of research joe invested in the book, but other than sneaking peaks at the manuscript, i’ve not had a chance to learn the whole story of how tony galento ended up in the ring against joe louis — and knocked him down. 	all about atlatls…or…humans need to throw things in classic wikipedia-voice, an atlatl is… an atlatl (from nahuatl ahtlatl [?ah.t?at?]; in english pronounced [???t?l??t??] or [??t?l??t??] ) or spear-thrower is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in spear-throwing, and includes a bearing surface which allows the user to temporarily store energy during the throw. […] a well-made atlatl can readily achieve ranges of greater than meters. atlatl bob describes it more passionately: 	damn that’s big the switzerland‘s verzasca dam is now added to the list of places i’d like to visit. 	linkability fertilizes online communities redux i certainly don’t mean this to be as snarky as it’s about to come out, but i love the fact that isaak questions my claim that linkability is essential to online discussions (and thus, communities) with a link: linkability fertilizes online communities i really don’t know how linkability will build communities. but we really need to work on building support platforms for the public to interact with the library and promote social discussions, whether offline or online. 	googlesmacked at a time when people are still wowing over the google-youtube deal (and wondering why their . company didn’t get bought for $ . billion), it’s good to know that marc cantor is dead down on it. not because of the copyright issues or “limited” advertising potential of youtube that others cite, but apparently because he just doesn’t like google anymore. to wit, he names orkut as a failed social network; knocks blogger as an also-ran; disregards google base as pointless; labels adsense a $ billion cash machine for sergey, larry and eric; tosses aside gmaps, gmail, gcalendar, gscholar, gbooks, and gtalk as “unrelated, random output of the labs, thrown up to justify their r&amp;d expenditures;” and closes with an ominous warning: 	cheap and broken above, one of sandge‘s contributions to the the toy cameras pool reminds us that good photography is something that often happens despite the equipment, not because of it. of course, no sweeping generalization can go without argument, and in this case i think the toy camera enthusiasts would be joined by the glitch art aficionados, like roninvision, who apparently made a mistake while scanning to give us this: 	flipbook animation i love this flipbook animation on youtube (jump ahead to about : for it), even if the live-action preface is somewhat tiresome. and even with that, it still doesn’t rate as bad as some viewers think it is. this is the “making of” / behind-the-scenes sneak peak at my upcoming movie “annihilation”. i had hoped to finish annihilation in time to turn it in for my cinema class, but i didn’t… so i had to make a movie about my failure to complete the movie, and turn that in instead. 	cataloging errors a bibliographic instruction quiz we used to use asked students how many of dan brown’s books could be found in our catalog. the idea was that attentive students would dutifully search by author for “brown, dan,” get redirected to “brown, dan -,” and find three books. indeed, the expected answer was “three.” as it turns out, my library has all four of dan brown’s published books, including the missing digital fortress. 	what do you call a group of ninjas? from askmefi: “you know, like gaggle of geese, murder of crows, school of fish, all that. does a group of ninjas have some sort of descriptor? we’re talking many people in halloween costumes, how to address them together. the { blank }.” aside from the inevitable brush to ask a ninja, answers included: sir, sir, sir, and sir one ninja, many ninjim. and the collective is a flipout of ninjim a hedge of ninjas. 	the candy bar metaphor eleta explained it this way, and credited it to r. david lankes: your data: your _meta_data: 	butane handwarmer mt. moriah, this time better than last time. 	eat-rite diner, st. louis mo some time ago in st louis, i stumbled upon eat-rite diner. aparently i wasn’t the first to be taken in by its charms. yelp notes: this is a must in st. louis. however don’t go here for the friendly staff, good food, or fun atmosphere. this place is a joke! they will need to buzz you in the door to come in and try the delightful slinger. eat right or don’t eat at all! 	teddy bear kills , fish from associate press: concord, n.h. — a teddy bear dropped into a pool at a hatchery in milford, n.h., killed all , rainbow trout living in the pool. fish and game department hatcheries supervisor robert fawcett said the teddy — dressed in a yellow raincoat and hat — clogged a drain earlier this month, blocking oxygen flow to the pool and suffocating the fish. in a statement, fawcett noted: “release of any teddy bears into fish hatchery water is not permitted. 	what’s so great about adium? brian mann calls adium “one of the best multi-network [im] clients ever.” tim bray says it has a “wonderful user interface,” while also naming im generally “an essential business tool.” eric meyer, meanwhile, exclaims “adium is my new chat buddy.” what’s so great about adium? gaim is the engine behind the scenes, but the face of the application is xhtml and css. wit meyer: the entirety of an adium chat window is an xhtml document that’s being dynamically updated via dom scripting—all of it pumped through webkit, of course. 	isbn api followup a couple questions about my api to convert digit isbns to digits pointed out somethings i failed to mention earlier. first, the api actually works both ways. that is, it identifies and validates both and digit isbns on input, and returns both versions in the output. example: and - . and, as yet, i have no user agreement or usage policy. except for the disclaimer — don’t blame me if it’s broke — i’m leaving this open (though i’ll probably have to figure something out for future apis). 	inclusion is addictive lichen, who’s had a great string of posts lately, pointed out amy campbell‘s website, which opens with the following: so i guess this myspace thing is going to catch on. i resisted for a long time. these things make me nervous – myspace, messenger, emoticons… i can’t help but see it as some sinister forerunner of the complete degredation of language and of human interaction. i’m worried about a generation of people who’s definition of “friendship” consists first and foremost of an anonymous exchange of links. 	my own garlitz bob garlitz dropped by with a couple canvases yesterday — untitled and teng. it’s an honor i’d appreciate even if i wasn’t looking for something to cover my bare office walls. 	converting between isbn- and isbn- david kane asked the web libbers: can anyone tell me what the conversion between isbn- and isbn- is, please. i need to write a little conversion program. anything in php, for example. answers: “there is already an online converter: http://www.isbn.org/converterpub.asp;” some pointing at wikipedia on isbns, bookland, and eans; john blyberg’s php port of the perl isbn- / tool; some explanation that you have to watch the check digit, and discussion about why you’d need to do all this conversion. 	i am not a terrorist i am not a terrorist. i am not a terrorist. i am not a terrorist. democracy now! burning patriotism! 	beat box bush and dj cheney bush speech mashups rock. from google video: so, you wanna learn how to beatbox? gwb is back with another amazing performance. surprisingly he is actually very good. previously: state of the union? not good. also, note the tags on that video, and the way somebody snuck “????? ??? ? ???” past the filters. 	teddy bear cries red tears southtyrolean, who seems to take an interest in found graffiti posted this one (from graz)to his flickr stream, describing it: in the sackstraße, near kastner&amp;Öhler (entrance to the car park for bikes) :: in der sackstraße, neben kastner&amp;Öhler (eingang zum fahrrad-abstellplatz) i especially like this one. 	“this would make a really great blog post…” another great comic from xkcd: “i feel like i’m wasting my life on the internet. let’s walk around the world.” “sounds good.” [panels showing the world’s great beauty, a truly grand adventure] “and yet all i can think of is ‘this will make for a great livejournal entry.’” 	rocking wirelessly: verizon’s v evdo card after vacillating for a while (and waiting for it to become available), i finally purchased one of the verizon / novatel v express card evdo adapters that everybody’s talking about for my macbook pro. gearlog promised it would be easy — simply install drivers, plug in card — but they were wrong. truth was that i didn’t even have to install the drivers. mac os x asked me if i wanted to “activate” the card when i plugged it in, then automatically went about configuring everything. 	whitcher sawmill burned i described it to jessamyn in an im last night: lights flickering here, sirened vehicles passing frequently, smell of smoke hangs in air outside the globe reported it this way: warren, n.h. — a sawmill went up in flames during the night in warren (new hampshire). fire officials say they may never know what started the flames at the k.e. whitcher mill around ten o’clock last night. 	should universities host faculty or student blogs? (part : examples and fear) our cio is asking whether or not plymouth should get involved with blogs. not to be overly academic, but i think we should define our terms. despite all the talk, “blogs” are a content agnostic technology being used to support all manner of online activities. what you’re really asking is instead: what kind of content do we want to put online, and who do we want to let do it? 	library camp east lce was a success. let me quickly join with the other participants to offer my appreciation to john blyberg and alan grey for all their work planning the event, as well as darien public library director louise berry and the rest of the library for hosting the event. side note: darien is a beautiful town, but we all have to learn to pronounce the name like a local. michael golrick and john blyberg each have a number of photos on flickr, and i’m jealous of those like lichen rancourt who can live-blog events like this. 	scotchtober fest new hampshire’s highland games are back where they belong in lincoln nh. fittingly for the highlands theme, the weather saturday was cold and misty, with fogs rolling over the hills. i half expected lorna doone herself to appear. the games, of course, are “scottish heavy athletics” involving the throwing (though sometimes carrying) of just about anything that can be found. rocks… hammers… sheep… trees, they all count. well, the “sheep toss” is actually the “sheaf toss” and is intended to measure an athlete’s ability to toss hay to the top of the pile. 	with all voices now… preaching to the choir, or encouraging them to sing louder? truemajorityaction‘s take it back campaign amuses, but will it motivate the middle? will you join? 	kid koala’s fender bender while looking up bonobo — who is soon to have a new album out — i discovered not only some videos of his tunes, but also a path leading to videos from other nijna tune artists, including this goodie from kid koala. 	namiacs mr. pro-life and his wife, kirsten faith pro-life 	why not? does anybody know a way make a reverse-ordered — think countdown — ordered list without resorting to non-semantic (though ingenious) css tricks? 	wp ssl one wonders why ssl support isn’t built-in to wp. until then, this noctis.de post offers some tips. 	it be talk like a pirate day, matey hop to it, dogs. peer an eye at thar video and argue not w’the cap’n: tuesday september th is talk like a pirate day! talk like a pirate day only comes once a year (on september th), this year it falls on a tuesday. if you’re not ready yet, you can learn more about this international holiday on the about tlapd page or practice some phrases from the piratephrases page. 	our responsibility: teach our children how to talk like a pirate early for future success there’s no question that the video mentioned this morning is valuable resource for all of us, but our responsibility to our nation’s future demands more. the good folks at cook memorial library in tamworth nh are an example to us all with their series of instructional sessions in preparation for talk like a pirate day. 	microsoft vs. bloggers in accusations of msn spaces censorship i’ve been citing pieces of branding consultant james torio‘s master’s thesis for some time now. but because the thesis is long, and i want to cite a few small pieces, and those pieces aren’t directly url addressable, i’m quoting them here. clickable urls are added, but everything else should be exactly as torio wrote it. (also related: why there’s no escaping the blog and msn spaces isn’t the blogging service for me.) 	info on geo tags in the wp codex does this mean that geo stuff is built-in to wp? 	php array to xml i needed a quick, perhaps even sloppy way to output an array as xml. some googling turned up a few tools, including simon willison’s xmlwriter, johnny brochard’s array xml, roger veciana associative array to xml, and gijs van tulder’s array to xml. finally, gijs also pointed me to the xml_serializer pear package. in an example of how even the smallest barriers can turn people away, i completely ignored the two possible solutions at php classes, because navigating and using the site sucks. 	mysql fulltext tips peter gulutzan, author of sql performance tuning, writes in the full-text stuff that we didn’t put in the manual about the particulars of word boundaries, index structure, boolean searching, exact phrase searching, and stopwords, as well as offering a few articles for further reading (ian gilfillan’s “using fulltext index in mysql”, sergei golubchik’s “mysql fulltext search”, joe stump’s “mysql fulltext searching”). it’s one of a number of articles in the mysql tech resources collection. 	sysop humor i got tipped to this geeky-funny comic that deserves reposting here for casual friday: 	always san fran from the west coast comes this tale– a friend of mine is part of maxine hong kingston’s veterans writing group. they are publishing a collection of their work this october “veterans of war, veterans of peace,”, and he was invited to a reading in san francisco. they are a program up there called “drinks with writers” that moves from restuant to restuant once a month. people come, have drinks, writers read, they talk. 	sweet sumolounge omni a sumolounge beanbag chair is a beanbag like a maserati is a car. but even that doesn’t properly characterize the difference. for starters, it’s big — over five feet on one side. not big enough for the whole wrestling team, but big enough for cuddling. a bit bigger and i’d go looking for sheets and call it a bed, as it’s also comfortable. the website calls it a “crash mat, lounge chair, loveseat or floor pillow,” but whatever you call it, you’ll settle into it like an addictive personality to a bad habit. 	making plans for library camp east in the list of things i should have done a month ago is an item about making my hotel reservations for library camp east . fortunately, john blyberg notes that alan gray has arranged for a special rate doubletree hotel in norwalk, not far from the site of the event. 	apple’s itv — from ! the original apple press release is gone (and gone from the wayback machine too), but back in apple announced a different set-top box, also called the itv, for a six-state trial of interactive television services. apple’s itv system incorporates key technologies including a subset of the macos, quickdraw and quicktime. in addition, it includes an mpeg decoder and supports pal and ntsc video formats as well as e and t telephone protocols. 	the church of september th david moats did some hard thinking on oliver stone‘s world trade center. “[i]t occurred to me that the problem with the movie is that five years later we remain stuck in the moment. we haven’t really moved on.” we’ve not been able to move on from / because we’re still mired in the mistakes that followed from / . many people responded with bravery, including the service men and women who found themselves caught up in one struggle or another. 	top gun: a requiem for goose teamtigerawesome‘s top gun: a requiem for goose is more than funny, it’s the sort of thing a person should mine for insults and one-liners to use later. of course, the recent tom cruise flap doesn’t dampen it any. from the title cards: on march , president harding established the swingenest, scientologist, dew drop of a flight school in all . now, you boys may think that you are the high-hattenest group of flyboys ever to shoot down a mrs. 	laura veirs hey folks! good news. the young rapture choir cd is now available from raven marching band records. this album is an amazing collection of songs written by laura veirs, and performed by a choir of school children in cognac, france. it was recorded live in april by tucker martine. the packaging is all handmade and it’s a wonderful recording. this is a lovely, limited edition cd — we only made , — so get one quick at http://www. 	newertech firewire go pcmcia/cardbus card target disk mode? all my searching seems to confirm my hazy memory that my olf newertech firewire go card does indeed support target disk mode, but the old “hold t while booting” trick doesn’t seem to be working. another shady part of my memory is that the key command was different, but what is it? either google is failing me, or it really isn’t online anywhere. help? 	mac os x vnc, built-in sure it’s old news, but i am pretty happy that mac os x . has a built-in vnc server. you’ll still need a client, like chicken of the vnc, but it couldn’t be much simpler to make work. though, you could run a separate server app (even several instances of it) and work up a hack like this to allow you to have several people all logged in to the same machine (and getting different screens) simultaneously. 	crocodile hunter steve irwin dead tv star and crocodile hunter steve irwin is dead after being &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.injurywatch.co.uk/news-and-groups/news/marine-incidents/australia-s-crocodile-hunter-steve-irwin-killed-by-a-stingray- &rdquo; title=&quot;australia&rsquo;s &ldquo;crocodile hunter&rdquo; steve irwin killed by a stingray — injurywatch&quot;&gt;stung by a stingray on australia’s great barrier reef. 	blue marlin spears fisherman from the royal gazette: an angler was almost killed when a giant bill fish leapt from the sea, speared his chest and knocked him off his boat in a freak accident at the weekend. ian card, from somerset, was impaled by the blue marlin and forced overboard during an international sports fishing tournament on saturday morning. his father alan, skipper of the commercial fishing vessel challenger, watched as the struggling creature — estimated to weigh about lb and measuring ft in length — flew through the air and struck the -year-old, who was acting as mate, just below his collarbone with its sword-like bill. 	remember, he’s really big in germany blame bentley for this. and, as noted in a comment there, “it’s so amazing how [david] hasselhoff has this entire other career that doesn’t exist in the us, except for mocking purposes.” lyrics: beware the pretty faces that you find. a pretty face can hide an evil mind. oh be careful what you say, or you’ll give yourself away, odds are you won’t live to see tomorrow. 	the competitive advantage of easing upgrades zdnet’s david berlind complains that upgrades are painful: upgrading to new systems is one of the most painful things you can possibly do. if you’re a vendor of desktop/notebook systems, it also represents that point where you can keep or lose a customer. today, most system vendors have pretty much nothing from a technology point of view that “encourages” loyalty. upgrading from an old dell to a new dell is no easier than upgrading to a system from a competing vendor. 	things i need to incorporate into various projects memcached, a “highly effective caching daemon, …designed to decrease database load in dynamic web applications,” and the related php functions pspell php functions related to aspell and this pspell overview from zend http_build_query, duh? current connected mysql threads * unix load average = system busy; reduce operations when $system_busy &gt; $x 	missiles are the new ied i’m not going to make this point well, but let me try. now that we’ve recognized the long tail of violence and the “open source insurgency” and seen the hezbollah missile threat, it’s hard not to imagine a growing threat from enemy or terrorist missiles. in short, as technology becomes cheaper, the weapons people can use against us become more complex. iran and north korea have been developing and testing missiles for some time, but the pound gorilla here is russia. 	flickr to get all geotaggylicious? when dan cat gets cagey, and people are talking about mysterious map buttons in flickr a guy has to wonder…is this why the lines between dan’s hobby and day job are so blurry? update: ryan eby points out that the map is live! 	lurk, cut, paste and it is cutting and pasting but what other names are there now for it?? for looking at other websites, following the site and lifting off passages and putting them onto your own site– for one reason or another?? i found bookish.dk while looking up info on denmark about a year ago. finally this may, lifelong wish, i finally got to copenhagen for two days. karen b is a scotswoman who has 	seeger’s springsteen made the mistake of complaining about bruce’s new album. i knew i was risking the age thing, and sure enough– i downloaded finally, with too much anticipation, bruce’s new seeger sessions. i haven’t heard b much lately but his voice sounds like its shot?? seeger did his work with such a rich voice, deep and subtly modulated. this album is beautifully produced, the backup band is greatvoice and nearly too much. 	stranger than crazy every so often you want to know more about real gypsies. this film is where to start when that time comes round again. romanian gypsies portray themselves in gajo dilo. the crazy stranger in question is not a gypsy but a visiting young frenchman, played by the wonderful romain duris. 	we just have to go do the work nicholas lemann, in a story on blogging and citizen journalism in the august issue of the new yorker: [n]ew media in their fresh youth [produce] a distinctive, hot-tempered rhetorical style. …transformative in their capabilities…a mass medium with a short lead time — cheap…and easily accessible to people of all classes and political inclinations. and quoting author mark knights: …a medium that facilitated slander, polemic, and satire. it delighted in mocking or even abusive criticism, in part because of the conventions of anonymity. 	swimming in spam, but customer support comes through i awoke this morning to a bit of a mess. after enjoying months of spam-free bliss thanks to akismet, i found over a hundred spam comments for pills and free pictures to suit most any need or desire. spam has snuck through before, but never in this volume, and akismet has always been quick to learn from my manual corrections and stop further leaks. not this time. so i began to panic. 	reality television infects print media now that we’ve forgotten how deep the collected sludge on the bottom of our cultural barrel is since fox appears to have given up dredging it for entertainment like who wants to marry a millionaire? and &lt;a href=&quot;http://imdb.com/title/tt /&rdquo; title=&quot;&ldquo;the littlest groom&rdquo; ( ) (mini)&ldquo;&gt;the littlest groom, jane magazine (subscribe) has stepped up to explore what remains. the huffington post’s eat the press blog recently reported a story titled “girl, you’ll be a woman soon: the quest to deflower jane‘s -year old virgin” 	eaten alive books eaten alive books 	it’s a piece of cake to bake a pretty cake don’t hate me for this, it was mattyb who showed it to me and then setup the domain itsapieceofcaketobakeaprettycake.com. the clip comes from lazytown (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt /&rdquo; title=&quot;&ldquo;lazytown&rdquo; ( )&ldquo;&gt;imdb), which airs in the us on nick jr. an excerpt of the lyrics: i’ts a piece of cake to bake a pretty cake if the way is ha-zy you gotta do the cooking by the book 	darwin, schmarwin are we ahead of turkey? yes. 	sign up now: library camp east library camp east is set for september at darien public library in darien ct. it’s an unconference, so the content is determined by the participants, and judging from the names on the signup page (john blyberg and jessamyn sound excited), there will be a lot of good discussion. 	catching bugs before they catch you i got itchy about magic quotes the other day because it’s the cause (through a fairly long cascade of errors) of some performance problems and runaways i’ve been seeing lately (pictured above). but i deserve most of the blame for allowing a query like this to run at all: ` select type, data, count(*) as hits from wpopac_wpopac_bibs_atsk &lt;strong&gt;where data like '%'&lt;/strong&gt; and type in ('subjkey','author', 'title') group by data order by hits desc limit ` as executed, it’s trying to select all . 	false i had no words for it now wri- ting i am temp ted to say that i fe lt the wor ld had been giv en as a gi ft uni que ly to me and al so eq ual ly to ea ch per son a lone verse style of robert lax sentence by rory stewart 	treo as dial up network adapter sometime ago i started work on figuring out how to get dial up networking (dun) access via my treo . now i’m getting serious about mobile internet access and looking at this again. the plan is that you should be able to make a bluetooth connection between your laptop and the phone and then get piped onto the internet from the phone. trevor harmon wrote it up and has been following the issue as it relates to mac os x and sprint wireless service. 	dang addslashes() and gpc magic quotes somewhere in the wordpress code extra slashes are being added to my query terms. i’ve turned gpc magic quotes off via a php_value magic_quotes_gpc directive in the .htaccess file (we have far too much legacy code that nobody wants to touch to turn it off site-wide). and i know my code is doing one run of addslashes(), but where are the other two sets of slashes coming from? 	knockbox = wifi + real estate info in another sign of the arrival of the stupendous, i.e. that the internet is changing our world, engadget some time ago reported on the sellsmart knockbox real estate selling dohicky. what is a knockbox? a knockbox is a sleek, self-contained appliance that is placed unobtrusively inside your home for sale. it contains a photographic tour, custom buyer presentation, and other important details about your home, which potential buyers can access without ever having to enter your home. 	are you with me? this weeks free i-tunes down load is the song ” are you with me?” released by the band vaux. i like the song, it’s a little hardcore for my tastes but i can see my self mosh pitting to this. it’s not my favorite music but being a fairly open minded person i can find a place for it in my musical library. i give this song an . on pies listening pleasure scale. 	wpopac reloaded i’ve re-thought the contents of the record and summary displays in wpopac. after some experimentation and a lot of listening, it became clear that people needed specific information when looking at a search result or a catalog record. so now, when searching for cantonese slang, for instance, the summary displays show the title, year, format, attribution, and subject keys of each result. and when viewing the record for a dictionary of cantonese slang you’ll get all of that and more. 	longest book title ever geography made easy : being an abridgement of the american universal geography, containing astronomical geography, discovery and general description of america, general view of the united states, particular accounts of the united states of america, and of all the kingdoms, states and republics in the known world, in regard to their boundaries, extent, rivers, lakes, mountains, productions, population, character, government, trade, manufactures, curiosities, history, &amp;c. : to which is added, an improved chronological table of remarkable events, from the creation to the present time, illustrated with maps of the countries described : calculated particularly for the use and improvement of schools and academies in the united states of america 	snakes on boards snakes on skateboards would not wear helmets nor would they swing hatchets, but snakes on snowboards might if they had just visited love land’s phallus garden 	verizon evdo service and the mobile office? the much anticipated novatel v express card evdo adapter is out. verizon is pimping them for $ with year contract and gearlog says it’s “almost too easy” to use these goodies with the macbook pros. then gearlog reader brad commented: “if you had to install a driver, i wouldn’t say it was the true mac experience. i have sprint evdo with a merlin s card. with os x . 	sweet bluetooth graphire tablet, bad portraits my graphire bluetooth tablet arrived last week as a bundled treat with some adobe software i needed. why do i need a tablet, especially as my days as a graphic designer are a distant memory? i don’t…at least not now. but somewhere on the long tail my um, unique, style of portraiture (above) will come into vogue and i’ll score it big. yup, there’s an unrecognized niche of people just waiting to be drawn with big cheeks, bulging eyes, and open mouths. 	carry-on restrictions to carry on? the mercury news’ qa on carry-on restrictions answered a big question i had: q can i still carry my laptop, cell phone and ipod on board? a those items are still ok as long as you’re not traveling to or through the united kingdom. but a reuters story posted at c|net suggests the restriction on liquids won’t be going away any time soon. draconian restrictions on carry-on baggage may stay in place for months, even years… 	all about non-profits i’ve been looking up information on non-profits, specifically c corporations. there’s this sales-pitch filled faq; the company corporation makes it sound easy, but this how to guide from the national mental health association (of all places) seems to offer the…um…most honest info i’ve seen yet. well, most honest sounding. 	dancing against the current you might argue with kevin lim‘s suggestion that terrorism depends on our emotional and psychological insecurity, but can you really argue with the notion that more happy people is a bad thing? i can’t. and i can’t criticize him for finding deep meaning in catchy pop songs and funny movies. he and brandtson might be right… “nobody dances anymore. everyone’s still playing safe and nobody takes chances anymore.” 	sxsw program proposals there’s programs proposed for sxsw interactive, march - . go vote for the ones you most want to see at lindsey simon’s super cool picker. round one voting is going now. (also note the really good use of semantic markup in the html download version (which i’m embarrassed to have sullied a bit in this representation).) podcasting – what’s it going to take to mainstream the technology? business / funding / entrepreneurial · web audio / web video over the past twelve months, podcasting has exploded among tech savvy individuals and organizations however, what’s it going to take for podcasting to evolve from its current state as a delivery system for specialized, longtail content to a widely-adopted media distribution system for mainstream users? 	hard math i found this at joe-ks.com. the title there is “mennonite longhand math,” but can anybody identify the source or context? can anybody work out the equation on the board? i’ve convinced my friend will, who teaches math and physics, to pose for a shot like this, but that means we’ll have find and fill a huge chalkboard…and he’ll have to grow his beard back. 	lawn mower speed record it’s late summer and the heat wave killed the grass on your lawn, so what better to do than challenge bob cleveland’s record for the fastest lawn mower yet? not sure your mower has what it’ll take to race down the salt flats at over mph? wimp. utah’s ksl tv quotes bob saying “we don’t need a whole lot of horsepower to go fast.” and when you look at the tiny wheels on that thing, well, you’ve gotta imagine you can do better. 	shakespeare, motivation, war, what are we doing here? i’m a sap. i can’t help but get choked up when i read or hear shakespeare’s st. crispin’s day speech in henry the v. ehow tells me that “saint crispin’s day is a good day to honor lives well lived, beliefs held dear and shoes well made.” but steve denning calls the speech a “magical, linguistic sleight of hand,” and warns us: …it may work for a battle, or even several battles. 	flight, hotel, spa “take a deep breath.” i did, and with it lisa souza, my massage practitioner at san francisco’s international orange, pressed into a knot just below my shoulder blade, deep in the latissimus dorsi. she worked along the length of it, not as a baker kneads bread, but rather as person wringing water from a damp cloth. each press was deliberate, powerful. i’d asked for the deep tissue treatment. eight hours in planes from boston (six hours to lgb, almost another two to sfo) had taken their toll, and this, i hoped, might spell relief. 	workflow goes social i was amused this week to see two examples of workflow getting sexy. that’s not how the developers describe their efforts, but the departure from old groupware notions is clear. in daring defiance of zawinski’s proclamation, jeffrey mcmanus, with approver.com, and karen greenwood henke, with nimble net (as reported yesterday), are tackling workflow and approval processes. combine the increasing numbers of people who are self employed or working in very small businesses that can’t afford those old enterprise groupware “solutions” (but who nonetheless have to get a job done) with the combination of luck, pluck and smarts these two seem to have applied to the challenge, and there’s a chance these new products — groupware . 	sweet coffee shop logo how can a person not like ritual coffee roasters [logo][ ]? the [laughing squid][ ] folks [apparently like the place][ ]. [ ]: ritualroasters-com-huge cup.jpg [ ]: http://laughingsquid.com/ &ldquo;laughing squid&rdquo; [ ]: http://laughingsquid.com/ / / /wordcamp-is-this-saturday/ 	dr. frankenstein’s stress-o-meter the scientologists regularly have a table on powell st., somewhere near union square. the game here, if it’s not obvious, is to invite people to take a free stress test, then sit them down and twiddle those unlabeled dials until the needle starts twitching. the blood red table cloth is sure to help. 	a technology for every niche way too many people are processing grant applications on paper. they spend a lot of time moving paper around and they don’t know much about who’s applying until after the deadline. that’s why we built nimble net. karen greenwood henke’s been working the world of grants and grantwriting for years. her site grantwrangler.com, and the new grant wrangler blog represent her efforts to connect grantors with grantees, but nimble net delivers the tools necessary to manage the process from announcement to award, and all the application and review processes in between. 	wordcamp kickoff woot! wordcamp kickoff party at taylor’s automatic refresher (no doubt selected in part because homophone to automattic), at the ferry building. but does it make up for missing wikimania, the librarything bar-b-que-thing, and napoleon dynamite night at the twig? 	go air scooter, go while we’re still waiting for flying cars (or even just fuel efficient cars) i’m keeping track of tiny helicopters like the gen h- and this one, the airscooter ii, pictured above. the company, airscooter corporation of henderson nv, introduces the new craft with a tip of the hat to igor sikorsky‘s earliest designs featuring counter-rotating blades. company founder woody norris (who won an award for acoustics) explains: “what we’ve done is package the coaxial design in a modern light-weight craft that allows for intuitive control and incredible maneuverability. 	the onion greets wikimania wikimania is about to start, but here, the ever-topical onion folk are poking fun at wikipedia. what is there to say when “america’s finest news source” casts aspersions on the world’s newest encyclopedia with the headline wikipedia celebrates years of american independence? extra: watch out for meredith farkas‘ panel presentation on wikis and enabling library knowledgebases. i should have thought of this in the context of ryan eby’s question about librarians going to non-library conferences. 	joe’s favorite novels will pressed joe, asking him to name his top ten favorite books. joe pressed back, saying such lists were ridiculous, but still, sometime later he emailed with the following: okay, here are the books that got to me at certain points in my life. not sure i would view them all the same now, but this is a list of sorts. i found this an interesting challenge, and of course impossible…i have more lists but i stuck to novels… 	opensearch progress i really need to keep better tabs on michael fagan, as his june opensearch update is full of goodies. 	the perils of flickr’s “may offend” button quite a while ago now, stepinrazor asked people to do some self-censorhip in a post in the flickr ideas forum. flybuttafly quickly joined the discussion, noting that she’d encountered some material she found offensive in pictures from other flickr members: “as i’m going through the pictures, one shows up of a protestor holding a sign with a vulgar statement on it.” though she refused to identify what she saw that was offensive, she did note in a later post that she “would never take my child to a pro-abortion rally. 	and now this is happening? when a gossip site has a picture of mel gibson that looks more like ted kaczynski, and a story about drunken, anti-semitic ravings, i think “eh.” but somehow i get more interested agitated when i learn the cops might have sanitized the police report of the whole affair. update: ooh, what about his endorsements? 	dooce and blogher bob, the occasional cultural affairs correspondent here, took me to task: how could you not? no link to dooce.com?? nor to blogher.org??? what can i say? my immediate reaction was that he’d found proof of danah boyd‘s point that male bloggers only link to male bloggers. anyway. the blogher conference just wrapped up, but as ryan notes, i don’t know of any library folk who attended. still, marianne richmond is on-blog, raising our awareness of dopa just like a lot of librarians are trying to do. 	wal-mart trying to ape myspace, seriously i just got a heads up on an advertising age story that wal-mart is trying to be myspace (and, yeah, i aped their headline, too). here’s the lead: it’s a quasi-social-networking site for teens designed to allow them to “express their individuality,” yet it screens all content, tells parents their kids have joined and forbids users to e-mail one another. oh, and it calls users “hubsters” — a twist on hipsters that proves just how painfully uncool it is to try to be cool. 	stage two truth arthur schopenhauer is suggested to have said: every truth passes through three stages before it is recognized. in the first it is ridiculed, in the second it is violently opposed, in the third is regarded as self-evident. if the reaction to karen calhoun‘s report to the library of congress on the changing nature of the catalog and its integration with other discovery tools is any guide, libraries are stuck firmly in the second stage. 	richard cheese’s lounge against the machine richard cheese‘s lounge-core renditions of pop favorites (and some not-so-favorites) have been cracking me up every time they chime into the mix on random, but i didn’t know what the guy looked like until i spied beatnikside‘s photo of the man in among his vegas people set. “cheese,” of course, is a pseudonym for la comedian mark jonathan davis, who’s been performing with a band of cheese-named musicians since . 	two events, two coasts matt mullenweg announced wordcamp in san francisco, then ten days later abby announced the librarything cookout in portland (maine). both are set for august . the librarything event promises free burgers and potato salad, while wordcamp attendees will enjoy both free bbq and free t-shirts. i’d like to go to both, but rather than have to make some decision about which one i’d most like to go to, i’m leaning on the fact that i’d already bought my flight to sfo when the lt event was announced. 	be romantic and smoke his brains out this photo from tsunaminotes appeared in ende’s photo stream and reminded me instantly of all the cool things i’d never done because i was born too late and cool stuff is what i saw in black and white photos from years past. of course, flickr says the photo was taken july th, and the photographers of the past would have burned the bright spot on his cheek during printing, but it still has a classic quality to it. 	pretty little thing fink‘s pretty little thing is this week’s free download at itunes, and i have to say i like it. pretty little thing is not usually what i would listen to but i found the song to be new and interesting, very “fresh”! fink‘s pretty little thing gets a . on pies listening pleasure scale. . 	tags, folksonomies, and whose library is it anyway? i was honored to join the conversation yesterday for the latest talis library . gang podcast, this one on folksonomies and tags. the mp is already posted and, as usual, it makes me wonder if i really sound like that. still, listen to the other participants, they had some great things to say and made it a smart discussion. i approached the conversation with the notion that what we were really talking about was whether libraries should give their patrons the opportunity to organize the resources they value in ways that make sense to them. 	wordcamp as noted here, i’m going to wordcamp in sfo in early august. matt describes it as a barcamp-style event (where “’barcamp-style’ is a code phrase for ‘last minute’”) with “a full day of both user and developer discussion.” i’m just going for the free t-shirt, of course, but i can imagine a number of folks will get a good value out of the sessions and discussions that will likely run, especially all the developer stuff. 	…it’s how you use it not a pretty librarian has kicked things off well with a first post titled “it is not a tool,” covering an argument about which has more value to a teenager: a car or a computer. on one side is the notion that “she can’t drive herself to work with a computer.” while, on the other side is the growing likelihood that she won’t drive to work at all, but instead simply work at whatever computer she has available. 	bsuite bug fixes (release b v ) [innerindex]update: bugfix release b v available. it’s been a while since i released a new version of bsuite, my multi-purpose wordpress plugin. i’d been hoping to finish up a series of new features, but those have been delayed and this is mostly just a collection of bugfixes. this update is recommended for all bsuite users. bsuite features tracks page loads (hits) tracks search terms used by visitors ariving at your site via search engines 	it’s official wpopac, a project i started on my nights and weekends, is now officially one of my day-job projects too. we’ve been using our wpopac-based catalog as a prototype since february , but the change not only allocates a portion of my work time specifically to the development of the project, but also reflects the library‘s decision to transition to wpopac as a our primary web opac. work to make a general release of the wpopac software available for download and use by any library (or anybody who wants to present structured data with faceted searching on the web) is in progress. 	 . the music has been on random for weeks now, but . ‘s “joanne will,” from plays music played this afternoon as soundtrack to the summer rains. brent sirota may struggle to tell us how bad it is (while also giving it a . rating), but this “easier to listen to jazzy than to listen to jazz” turned out to be the perfect accompaniment for the ballet of raindrops and splashes just out of reach from my seat on the porch. 	beermapping.com in yet more geolocation news, beermapping.com‘s maps to breweries will make my travel planning easier, and my travels boozier. hey, it’s casual friday, take off early and go find a new brewpub for lunch. 	plazes updated wearing the badge “still beta,” plazes, the free, network-based geolocation service, now sports a new coat of paint. among the improvements is the flash-based badge (above) and a much improved frontpage/dashboard that combines the map of known locations with the map of active users, formerly two separate screens. on the downside, i sort of miss the old tracker. i love the icons on the new one, but there was a simplicity to the old list of recent plazes and favorite plazes that i liked. 	the flickr is a series of tubes it’s hard to be angry with flickr about unexpected downtime when they post funny things like this. for my part, this is more than just an excuse to link to dj ted stevens’ internet song (yeah, “the internet is a series of tubes”), it’s an excuse to point out how flickr apparently knows how to speak to their customers in language they we understand. i dare a library to do the same next time the opportunity permits. 	opensearch in a nutshell opensearch is a standard way of querying a database for content and returning the results. the official docs note simply: “any website that has a search feature can make their results available in opensearch format,” then adds: “publishing your search results in opensearch™ format will draw more people to your content, by exposing it to a much wider audience through aggregators such as a .com.” it’s a lot easier to understand opensearch once you’ve used it, so take a look at a . 	arctic monkeys while listening to my favorite radio station . fnx, i discovered my new favorite band. the arctic monkeys is a new band that comes from the uk, and their popularity is rocketing. their new album whatever people say i am, that’s what i’m not, has sold more than , copies which makes it the fastest selling debut album in uk history. having heard them months ago i was pleasantly surprised to see the arctic monkeys perform there hit single “i bet you look good on the dance floor” on mtv. 	nelinet it conference proposal i recently submitted my proposal for the nelinet information technology conference. it’s about wpopac, of course, but the excitement now is that the presentation would be the story of the first library outside psu to implement it. wpopac is an open source replacement for a library’s online catalog that improves the usability, findability, and remixability of the library’s collection. this presentation will detail the implementation of wpopac in the real world, including discussion of challenges and costs, as well as the improvements to service and increased access to library materials. 	less than a year left before paris’ retirement yup, tom reminded me recently that there’s less than a year left on the official paris hilton retirement countdown. in case you’ve forgotten, the hamburger-eating heiress announced her retirement in a june issue of newsweek (jump to page two for the relevant bits). don’t get tripped up on the postdated retirement announcement, bill gates announced his intentions to retire in last month, so one might say it’s all the rage. 	technology scouts at aall i’m honored to join katie bauer, of yale university library, in a program coordinated by mary jane kelsey, of yale law’s lillian goldman library. the full title of our program is technology scouts: how to keep your library and ils current in the it world (h- , pm tuesday, room ). my portion of the presentation will focus on how we’re fixing up our catalogs, with a big emphasis on how apis can be used to continuously reinvent the way we look at — and thus understand and use — the information we have. 	the social software over there amusing. one one side of the world is jenny levine, the original library rss bigot, pushing libraries to adopt new technologies from the bottom up, and here on the other side of the world is newsgator offering their products for top-down adoption. why are law libraries interested in newsgator? could it be that social software increases productivity? might it offer some competitive advantage? do they just make it easier to communicate (and keep track of our communications) in today’s web-driven world? 	inclusion or exclusion by language …the time for pedantic purism is past; if we wish to communicate with the larger audience, we must use language they understand. we do not have the luxury of defining our words, their definitions are thrust upon us by usage. i was struck by how much that sounds like something i might have said about libraries — only more compact and pointed — but it’s actually my father describing his position on an argument at the world history association annual conference a couple weeks ago. 	education america today i discovered (thank you ryan) kareem elnahal’s speech as valedictorian of mainland regional high school and i discovered new hope, new faith in our country’s future. when high school students can step up and speak truth to power, as elnahal did so well, i become a believer in the strength of human spirit. “we study what is, never why, never what should be. …[t]his pattern, grade for the sake of a grade, work for the sake of work, can be found everywhere,” said elnahal. 	rocket cars make better fireworks i pointed out this jet turbine powered toyota mr a year ago, but now i’ve discovered ron patrick’s jet powered vw beatle. the story is well told in a san francisco gate article from april (with bonus video), which describes the builder: patrick is a -year-old stanford-trained (ph.d.) engineer who owns ecm (engine control and monitoring), a sunnyvale firm that makes electronic instruments used by auto manufacturers to calibrate their engines for performance, fuel economy and emissions. 	antstepology french vexillographers circulate the national library, protesting flag desecration, too many windows, and cardboard sunscreens. fireworks on the fourth of july promise. celebrate independence day with a drink. tags: banana, bananas, blueberries, blueberry, flag, fourth of july, fruit, independence day, july , july th, patriotic, patriotism, raspberries, raspberry, red white and blue, stars 	celebrate independence day with breakfast let the vexillographers cringe, flag desecration never tasted so good. sure, it’s barbecue season, but that’s no reason not to enjoy breakfast. and what better way to break fast on the fourth of july than to dress waffles as sugary, fruity flags? do that with your hamburgers. do that with your potato salad. do that with your hot dogs. (okay, i can imagine a few ways to do that with all of those, so let’s see the pictures. 	today’s terms tags: , concert, music, political cr… today’s terms tags: , concert, music, political criticism, politics, show, the sun, they might be giants, tmbg echo through pine walls stretch sun along desire’s coast 	they might be giants they might be giants, playing at mohegan sun, drew roars of approval from the crowd when john flansburgh went off-lyric sheet during the sun (which they amusingly described as part of their venue songs series): …the heat and light of the sun are caused by nuclear reactions between a failed foreign policy, a failed domestic policy, and a failed presidency… i’ve not known tmbg to be at all political, just smart. 	saturday, july , : pm is there a term already for what i am about to do? ok, here goes: bad knockoffs of cheap pop oops! i did it again richard thompson strange sense of humor last.fm, despite the suggestion here stream it from npr, go buying. ****kcrwmusic toxi the chapin sisters top tune britney spears episode coverville. **** britney in wax at madame tussaud’s pretending to do hard math some fan with a brit photo on his refrigerator 	oops! i covered it again i don’t know why it is that i love bad knockoffs of cheap pop, but i do. that’s why, when i heard a folksy rendition of oops! i did it again playing between segments on some npr program a while ago, i had to go looking for it. as it turns out, it was richard thompson, whose strange sense of humor apparently pops up in his music regularly. you can find his version indexed in last. 	june : tony day in the two years joe spent researching and writing two ton: one night, one fight — tony galento v. joe louis i’ve heard a lot about this guy. tony galento was a most improbable opponent for louis, who by then had regained the world heavyweight title from max schmeling, but joe’s description tells it best: beetle-browed, nearly bald, a head that rode his collarbones like a bowling ball returning on rails, his waist size more than half his five-foot-eight height, two ton tony galento appeared nearly square, his legs two broomsticks jammed into a vertical hay bale. 	burning patriotism my feelings on the flag burning desecration amendment should have been clear from my flag day story. still, let me offer the t-shirts above as confirmation. 	sealand burning a comment from troublepup alerted me that the principality of sealand burned friday. the evening star explained: witnesses watched in amazement as a huge plume of smoke started to rise from one of the legs of sealand — and boats raced to the scene. seafront worker bruce harrison said: “it was quite spectacular. the amount of smoke was huge and people kept saying there must have been an explosion. 	american diplomacy i don’t collect stamps, but this set caught my eye. first there’s the irony that the usps is celebrating american diplomacy at a time when, well, there’s not much to celebrate. then i get a further chuckle when i notice the postal service can only scrounge up six examples to celebrate, but found “superlatives” to get excited about in their wonders of america collection. of course, the superlatives are relative — the bison is only the largest land mammal in the us, for example — but i don’t know enough to judge the six diplomats. 	the twig’s grand opening wendy sent out this invite last week: last month the monningers quite suddenly became restauranteurs. six weeks later, wendy, joe and pie are excited to announce the grand opening of “the twig”– an ever-so-cute restaurant in their hometown of warren, nh. on saturday, june th from - come to the twig for free pizza and cake. win gift certificates and enjoy the newly-opened “brook-side at the twig,” a beautiful outdoor beer garden along the bank of black brook. 	context, language, systems “bagged products” is little better than “cookery.” i’m gonna bet that no customer has ever asked the sales people for “bagged products,” that nobody’s ever checked the yellow pages for “bagged products,” and without context, nobody would come close to answering a question on what the heck “bagged products” are all about. but we do have context. and within that context, those two words are probably meaningful enough to the potential customers driving by. 	free markets, bad products, slow change rates point a: john blyberg’s ils customer bill-of-rights. point b: dan chudnov’s the problem with the “ils bill of rights” response: john blyberg’s opacs in the frying pan, vendors in the fire while there’s some disagreement between john and dan, i can’t help but see a strong concordance between their posts: both are an attempt to educate potential customers. blyberg wants customers to know what to ask/look for in evaluating products, dchud wants those customers to know how free markets work. 	scooter by sunset the light sunday evening was golden, so i stopped to take way too many photos of the meadow in the sunset. just before filling my memory card with all that, i got back to my scooter to find this scene with a haze settling on the field and the sun just ducking behind enough of a cloud to make the exposure work. well, okay, it was still a double exposure to get the light right across everything, but still… 	spark fun’s gps data logger engadget alerted me to this gps data logger from spark fun electronics. the device records up to hours of data to a mb sd card in either a simple text file or kml-compatible format that you can display in google earth. i like it, i want one (actually, i want three, and i’ll eventually post about why), but the ad copy tweaked me a bit: pull the sd card, insert it into a card reader, […] and wammo–you can see what casey did over lunch with a satellite image overlay. 	the pope vs. the da vinci code the above image and following text are circulating the web, tickling funny bones. this man (on the left wearing a fabulous vintage chiffon-lined dior gold lamé gown over a silk vera wang empire waist tulle cocktail dress, accessorized with a three-foot beaded peaked house of whoville hat, and the ruby slippers judy garland wore in the wizard of oz) is worried that the da vinci code might make the roman catholic church look foolish. 	from the memepool memepool has more than earned its place in my aggregator. where else would i learn of the monkey chow diaries (and blog), or the plot structure of fight club in legos, or this flying dude? 	happy bloomsday thanks to an aside in a sad/angering story at copyfight, i’m now up on bloomsday. here it is, as explained by wikipedia: bloomsday is observed annually on june to celebrate the life of irish writer james joyce and commemorate the events in his novel ulysses, all of which took place on the same day in dublin in . the day is also a secular holiday in ireland. the name derives from leopold bloom, the protagonist in ulysses, and june was the date of joyce’s first outing with his wife-to-be, nora barnacle, when they walked to the dublin village of ringsend. 	google geo news this post started with ryan sending me this link demonstrating a kml overlay of county borders of his bifurcated state in google maps. then i found this roundup of google’s geo developer day (btw, i so wanted to be at where . ) with tales of the new geocoding feature of the google maps api, more details about kml-in-google-maps, geotagging in picasa, and the new google earth . beta. and somewhere along the line, i ran across a link to sketchup, google’s -d modeler that seems built especially to put dimensional structures in google earth. 	donald norman — everyday things i was especially young and impressionable when i discovered don norman‘s the design of everyday things, but i still claim it’s required reading for anybody who’s read more than one post here at maisonbisson. that’s self selection at work, but let me put it this way: unless you’re the only consumer of the things you create, then you need to read this. now. i feel foolish to have only recently discovered norman’s website and essays. 	the ala/no events i’d like to see i’m not going to ala/no so i’m hoping those who are will blog it. two events i’m especially interested in: on sunday, june : catalog transformed: from traditional to emerging models of use this program, co-sponsored by the mars user access to services committee and rusa’s reference services section (rss, formerly mouss), deals with changes in library catalogs in response to the increasing googlization of electronic resources. speakers include: cindy levine (reference librarian for the humanities, north carolina state university), jill newby (english language literature and writing librarian, university of arizona), andrew k. 	the biblioblogger vs. the branch library steve lawson‘s a biblioblogger visits the local branch library is worth a look and quite a hoot. 	squashing criticism vs. improving products i wrote yesterday of nicole engard’s comment that the ils was about as open and flexible as a brick wall. today i learned that the vendor of that ils had tried to squash her public criticism. not cool. it’s pure speculation on my part, but what comes next? surely no vendor would send vinny over to bust an uppity biblioblogger’s knee-caps, but might they offer a customer a better deal if they could just help quiet down a critic within the customer’s organization? 	seven deadly sins seven deadly sins, the some people think seven is too many, others think it’s not enough 	dopa, social software, and libraries i’m more than a month late to this bandwagon, but whatever. jessamyn alerted me to dopa, the proposed deleting online predators act. what’s the point? when conservatives pit fud against free speech, reasonable people would do well to pay attention. and what’s social software? take a look at what meredith farkas has to say about it. 	the ils brick wall &lt;img src=&quot;static-flickr-com- _f e b .jpg&rdquo; width=&quot; &rdquo; height=&quot; &rdquo; alt=&quot;the great wall of &ldquo;standards&rdquo;&rdquo; /&gt; nicole engard last month posted about the state of our ils, describing the systems as: i’d say it’s a like the crazy cousin you have to deal with because he’s family! it doesn’t fit, we are a very open it environment, we have applications all over that need to talk to each other nicely and the [ils] is a brick wall preventing us from getting the information we need and sending the information we’d like. 	darn dns so, you should expect problems when you move your server to a new ip and don’t bother to update the internic registration for your nameservers. it’s an area where i don’t have much experience, so i had to go looking for the solution. paul woutrs gave some tips to get started in his short document on the subject. but the real lesson there was that i had to go back to the registrar where i’d originally registered the nameserver objects to change the registration. 	did adam and eve have navels? did adam and eve have navels? : discourses on reflexology, numerology, urine therapy, and other dubious subjects filed under “science — miscellanea“ 	ugh. “save npr and pbs (again)” my dad just forwarded the following message to me: hi, everyone expected house republicans to give up efforts to kill npr and pbs after a massive public outcry stopped them last year. but they’ve just voted to eliminate funding for npr and pbs—unbelievably, starting with programs like “sesame street.” public broadcasting would lose nearly a quarter of its federal funding this year. even worse, all funding would be eliminated in two years–threatening one of the last remaining sources of watchdog journalism. 	t unboxed and online my sun t is here, and with cliff‘s help it’s now patched, configured, and online. (aside: what’s a sun happy meal?) i’ll second jon‘s assessment that sun really should put some reasonable cable adapters in the box, as the the bundle of adapters necessary to make a null modem connection to the box is ridiculously out of scale (i’ll get a picture soon). i’m getting the application environment put together, which has turned out easier than expected thanks to the convenient packages from blastwave. 	ego soars because sometimes i feel i’m just moving my lips to the sound of babble, it’s a great delight to find a blog post that suggests i said something coherent. extra: my wife just pointed out this one with photo. 	nina katchadourian’s sorted books it seems common among contemporary artists that a web search might turn up a few pictures of their works, but not much about them or their works. in this case it’s nina katchadourian and the work i’m interested in is her sorted books project. a video interview from the university of colorado and researchchannel.org does offer some insight into katchadourian’s art, but why are such glimpses so rare? anyway, i was happy to find her compact, graphic poetry. 	thenonist how can i not appreciate thenonist‘s link dumps and other posts when they’re illustrated with works like those above? the men in suits come from may . june offers us these funny trading cards and a gallery of horror movie damsels (in distress, of course). june offers a good look at sincerity among other things. and all of this amidst a context of intelligent commentary and smart politics. 	i want url addressable spreadsheet cells (and cell-ranges) when i heard news that google was to release a spreadsheet companion to their freshly bought writely web-based word processing app, i got excited about all the things they could do to make it more than just a copy of numsum. let’s face it, google’s the gorilla in the room here and they’re gonna squash numsum, but wouldn’t it be cool if… well, dmitry nekrasovski get’s credit for planting the notion of url-addressable rows, columns, and cells in my mind with this commentary from months ago: 	solaris + amp, asap a solaris sysadmin i’m not. but now that i’ve finally got the sun t server i begged for a while back, i’ve got to ramp it up right quick. the first task is to get a, um, lamp environment up and running (samp?…oh, sun wants us to call it amps). a bit of googling turned up this forum thread that suggested blastwave.org‘s ports of php, mysql, and apache. edit: i corrected the model number. 	circle of gorillas thenonist brings the story of buddy/gargantua the great back with better pictures in a post subtitled “buddy, the gorilla who was scared of lightning” 	the urls from my portland talk following edward tufte’s advice, i’ve been wanting to offer a presentation without slides for a long time now; i finally got my chance in portland. the downside is that now i don’t have anything to offer as a takeaway memory aid for my talk. my speaking notes are too abstract to offer for public consumption, but below are the urls from them along with a tiny bit of context. foundation 	prime as it turns out, + , , , is not just the largest bit signed integer you’ll find most anyplace, it’s also a prime number. 	asian scooter gangs the members of this taiwanese scooter gang might really be cooler than me. well, they would be cooler if the scooter gangs weren’t also known to be violent: a scooter gang viciously attacked and injured teenagers — three critically — while on a violent joyride in taipei county’s tucheng city… the gang of more than scooter-riding thugs, who brandished large knives and baseball bats, went after most of their hapless victims as they were barbecuing for the mid-autumn festival. 	car lust i told vincent that i didn’t really care much for cars. it was my sister, i explained, that wanted to look. vincent agreed quickly and said it was rock climbing that excited him most. cars, it turned out, were just a family thing he had to play along with. still, he told me about the lotus‘ under pound dead weight, noted the tiny engine that gets nearly miles a gallon yet delivers to in better than five seconds, then opened the door and suggested i shoehorn myself inside. 	will google eat itself? once upon a time microsoft was the gorilla to beat. once upon a time we thought google could do it. perhaps not any more. amazon has dropped google’s search results from their a search aggregator in favor of microsoft’s live search, and while yahoo!’s on again, off again partnership talks with microsoft appear dead after y!’s announcement thursday of a partnership with ebay, microsoft still hasn’t given up on the notion. 	sweet portland central library in portland wasn’t open when i returned the next morning to get some snapshots, but you’ll have to take my word that they did a great job renovating it ten years ago. the outside preserves the original appearance of this historic building, and the early hour of the shot hides the hive of activity that i found the previous afternoon. i have to thank caleb and caroline for showing around town, and offer my apologies to heidi and alice, who had offered me tips and suggestions that i (again) didn’t have time to follow up on. 	denver sights there’s plenty of public art in denver, including a blue bear and this horse in a red chair (here and here, respectively). tourists can also sneak a peak inside the unsinkable molly brown’s house on pennsylvania st. what i didn’t get to explore, however, includes tesla’s time in colorado springs, the forney transportation museum, norad, the remains of the jewish consumptives’ relief society (apparently still findable behind a mall somewhere), and gary sweeney’s “america: why i love her” map at the airport. 	denver nights el chapultepec is a little jazz club on market st in lodo. the walnut room just north of everything offers live music and a sweet mile high club pizza made “kitchen sink style.” those seeking quieter times can smoke a cigar at the churchill bar at the brown palace on tremont pl. and, outstanding sunset views can be had from the peaks lounge at the hyatt on california st. 	presentation: designing an opac for web . iug presentation: designing an opac for web . (also available as a pdf with space for notes) web . and other “ . ” monikers have become loaded terms recently. but as we look back at the world wide web of , there can be little doubt that today’s web is better and more useful. indeed, that seems to be the conclusion millions of americans are making, as current estimates show over million users in the us, including % of youth - . 	and we’re discarding this? i read enough of this to get a good laugh, but not enough to understand if it was serious or not. some of it reads like satire, but other parts as are dry as, well, they’re dry (who really needs a simile anyway, they’re just dry, okay?). 	scooter my new scooter. it’s not much of a picture, but we’ve had two weeks of rain and this is what i could get. 	whiskey blanket i just bought whiskey blanket‘s it’s warmer down here ( ) on the basis of a few tracks they offered on myspace. it’s hip hop, socially critical hip hop (crit hop?), set atop a well constructed downtempo trip hop music bed (yeah, i’ll cut it with the hops already). it immediately brought to mind mc ft. jesus‘s the city sleeps and other tracks, but with better, sharper raps and without the mc’s somewhat whiny voice. 	flickr goes gamma just when we started wondering how much longer flickr would be beta, they announced gamma. the new design had me scratching my head for a bit, but i’m coming to like the changes. the menu/toolbar in the header has direct links to a lot more stuff, while the stuff in the footer has many fewer links. i can’t really tell if there are any links missing there, or if they’re just organized better, as i really only used one or two of them anyway. 	better business bureau pulls one out i gave up on hostgator a while ago, and i thought i’d cancelled my account until i noticed they were still charging me monthly (yeah, i should pay more attention to what’s on my cc bill). when i contacted them about it they claimed i never fully cancelled. here’s a copy of the form i submitted: hgsales #gsw-[[private]] october , : : pm edt subject: cancellation department: hostgator sales request details: your email: : [[private]] domain name: : maisonbisson. 	linkability fertilizes online communities it’s hard to know how fuzzyfruit found the wpopac catalog page for a baby sister for frances (though it is ranked fifth in a google search for the title), but what matters is that she did find it, and she was able to link to it by simply copying the url from her browser’s location bar. the link appears among her comments in the discussion about her post on an early letter she’d written to her mom. 	stonehill industrial history center (aka the shovel museum) most travel guides simply call it the “shovel museum,” but it’s really the stonehill industrial history center. much more than shovels, curator greg galer tells us the collection reveals interesting facts about what we were building and how we built it over the past years. located on the campus of stonehill college in easton massachusetts, the collection does boast shovels from the ames manufacturing companies. from the faq: 	blogging from basements my buddy cliff emailed me excited about the following quote he found on the yahoo finance message boards: sun vs dell all you need to know about dell &amp; sun was predicted months ago by some blogger in his parent’s basement. the draft ads are cool: http://spiralbound.net/ / / /sun-talks-some-smack/ how come the big brokerage house analysts can’t figure this stuff out? cliff doesn’t really blog from his parent’s basement, but well, he was happy for the link love. 	pretty soon everybody will have it this isn’t as funny as it used to be. every time i read about or hear of somebody talking about autism, i recognize some many of the behaviors as my own. first it was this rather amusing comparison between “eccentric” and autistic behaviors, then it was an interview on fresh air, and just this weekend i heard kamran nazeer talking about his new book that profiles himself and four other autistic adults. 	amazon’s simple storage service ryan eby got me excited about s a while ago when he pointed out this post on the amazon web services blog and started talking up the notion of building library-style digital repositories. i’m interested in the notion that storage is being offered as a commodity service, where it used to be closely connected to servers and bought (and wasted) in chunks. with s , you can build a simple application that runs anywhere, store your big data in s , pay for what you use, and expand (or contract) as you need to. 	reputation management at applied dreams . ryan gave me the drop on this presentation by dave chiu and didier hilhorst where they do an amusingly effective job of explaining the concept of reputation management. it all went down at the conclusion of the applied dreams . project at interaction design institute ivrea in milano. the project brief begins: our identities are changing due to our constant exposure to enabling technologies. our old physical identities, fixed to a house, an address, a tax number, private, detached, individual, introvert, seem increasingly at odds with our new electronic identities, mobile, self-published, publicly exposed, extrovert, shared, accessible, communal. 	betty bowers first i found her harry potter review, then i found the god told me to hate you buttons and other stuff. 	who makes these decisions anyway? brian’s comment at remainingrelevant should resonate with many of us: something to consider about why libraries end up with bad interfaces (at least as far as catalogs go) is that it might be that the people who use the interface (and help the public use it) are not the people who decide which interface to use. when it comes to demanding better from vendors […] consortiums like mine seem to place more emphasis on “cheap and reliable” than in “useful to the patrons. 	george bush and cognitive dissonance: “evolution is a lie” and “bird flu will evolve to threaten humans” alpha liberal reminds me that bush somehow gets his head around the following: “the jury is still out on evolution” and “the bird flu virus could evolve to a form that can be spread easily from human to human” eh, i’ll take any excuse to point to michelle leeds’ photo and bash bush’s stupidity. 	used brains and black plague, on ebay he he. chuckle, chuckle. thanks to kris and brett for these pics. they ads are still there now when i search google for used brain or black plague. my question is: does ebay just submit bulk lists of terms they want to buy, or do they have a deal with google to just link ’em up like this? 	authority and base jumping authority has varied meanings in every context. this piece on ifilm has iiro seppanen explaining his view of the matter as it relates to jumping off the stratosphere in las vegas. view above, or click through to base concepts: authority. 	i don't need an excuse to drink tequila, but i'll eagerly take one ian chadwick’s in search of the blue agave begins: “tequila is mexico,” said carmelita roman, widow of the late tequila producer jesus lopez roman in an interview after her husband’s murder. “it’s the only product that identifies us as a culture.” no other drink is surrounded by as many stories, myths, legends and lore as tequila and its companion, mezcal. they transcend simple definition by reaching into the heart of mexico, past and present. 	q: why do some things suck? a: because we compare them to the wrong things. i’m in training today for a piece of software used in libraries. it’s the second of three days of training and things aren’t going well. some stuff doesn’t work, some things don’t work the first (second, third…ninth) time, and other things just don’t make sense. at lunch, one of the other participants mentioned to the trainer that some of the activities in the software seemed to have too many steps, too many places to go wrong, too many turns between beginning and end. 	wpopac gets googled a discussion on web lib last month raised the issue of google indexing our library catalogs. my answer spoke of the huge number of searches being done in search engines every day and the way that people increasingly expect that anything worth finding can be found in google. there were doubts about the effectiveness of such plans, and concerns about how frustrating it might be for a searcher in california to find books (that he or she can’t access) in new hampshire. 	higher ed blog con (and other things i should have posted about last month) i meant to post about this weeks ago, but highered blogcon has now come and gone. it had sections on teaching, libraries, crm, and web development. (aside: why must we call it “admissions, alumni relations, and communications &amp; marketing” instead of the easier to swallow “crm”?) the “events” are over, but everything is online, and most of it is free. ryan did a good job of covering the first few days, and what would a blog conference be without a common tag? 	linkrot? we don’t have any steenking linkrot! allen asked, via the web lib list: i’m interested in how others handle linkrot in library blogs. do you fix broken links? remove them if they can’t be fixed? do nothing? michael answered: i deal with link rot on blogs as i would with any other publication, print or otherwise: do nothing. the post is dated and users should be aware that links from two years ago may no longer work. 	frank rich on bush’s last days frank rich’s new york times op-ed column today was full of the kind of easy one-liners that repressives conservatives usually like to use against honest people progressives. i got it from my friend joe, but because the new york times thinks their content is golden, they won’t let me link you to the full-text. eh, i looked it up in lexisnexis (also a paid service, but better (marginally)) and posted the good parts here: 	kobb labs joe forwarded me a link to kobb labs the other day, and i’ve got to admit that the guy has a much better introduction than anything i could have written for my site: despite what you may have been told, i am not a mad scientist. (no, no, no, that’s all slander and lies from jealous colleagues.) as you can probably tell from my website, i’m just a man curious about the universe and the order of things. 	moba revisited i had a good opportunity to revisit the museum of bad art in dedham mass earlier this week. above is my buddy corey, but i was amused to find that visitors appear to be leaving their own works for the collection. 	cupcakes? “i’ve never seen the inside of a rabbit’s brain before. what’s in there anyway?” “nobody knows yet. johnson and i are hoping it’s cupcakes.” “me too. except vegan cupcakes. because i’m a vegan. vegans don’t eat animals or animal prod–” “i know what vegan means, thomas. you’ve told us.” “well, i was just saying, because–” “i know what vegan means” thank you, tristan. 	twenty years and a day mark nelson’s pripyat series on flickr is full of the pictures of desolation that people seem to be looking for as we solemnly honor the twentieth anniversary of the chernobyl disaster. google added high-resolution satellite photos of the area yesterday, and pripyat.com offers both stories and photo galleries to help us remember. it is there that i learned that rimma kiselica, the woman who has guided so many of those who’ve reported from the dead-zone, died on march . 	chernobyl and pripyat satellite photos today, on the twentieth anniversary of the disaster, google has added high-resolution satellite photos of the chernobyl nuclear power plant and the abandoned town of pripyat. above is the plant; the damaged reactor is on the left. in pripyat, the ghostly ferris wheel was easy to find, but where’s the vehicle graveyard? update: here it is. hat tip to “di” and “pero ” for their comments. 	twenty years ago today twenty years ago today at : : , the chernobyl npp reactor number four exploded. five thousand tons of lead, sand, and other materials were dropped on the resulting fire in an attempt to stop the spread of the radioactive cloud. the world learned of the accident when western european nuclear facilities identified radiation anomalies and traced them to the chernobyl plant, forcing the ussr to make its first public announcement on the matter. 	boolean searching in wpopac wpopac takes advantage of mysql’s indexing and relevance-ranked searching (go ahead, try it), including boolean searching (on mysql versions &gt; .x). here are some details and examples taken wholesale from the mysql manual: + a leading plus sign indicates that this word must be present in each result returned. – a leading minus sign indicates that this word must not be present in any of the resuls that are returned. 	shifting borders my first reaction to the notion of librarians running reading groups in second life was a question of whether this was akin to putting a reference desk in a bar. my second reaction was a question of how our systems will support these extra-library interactions. can people quickly and easily trade urls to access the library materials they’re talking about? will library systems ever be as easy to use as the game/social environments we’re trying to use them in? 	living the life embarrassing, stupid online without contradicting the moral weight of social software post from last week, let’s take a moment to look at three stories from arstechnica about myspace and others: online video leads to teen arrests, shooting rampage avoided due to myspace posting, and google + facebook + alcohol = trouble. these are the stories we’ve come to expect: teen does or post the results of something [stupid|illegal|dangerous] in [myspace|facebook|some other online place] and gets caught. 	that crazy gnarls barkley other than the notion that i heard it on a kcrw music show, i couldn’t put my finger on the tune weaving through my head. so i listened, and listened carefully, waiting to hear it again. eventually i learned the earworm was gnarls barkley‘s crazy (thanks to molly for the mp download link). the group, a collaboration between dj danger mouse (of the grey album infamy) and cee-lo, released the single on myspace and created a new instant sensation in late march. 	movie: airport iain anderson‘s animated film, aiport, shows even the most pedestrian of designs come to life with a bit of creativity. elsewhere, a post at copyfight, suggests that the availability of those symbols — their freedom from copyright and trademark restrictions — was a key factor in spurring their broad adoption, creating both the culture and the free imagery for artists like anderson to use in their cultural commentary. 	bush: “i invented the ipod” president bush, speaking in alabama at the american competitiveness initiative, made a claim that would make al gore blush: he claimed to have invented the ipod. after taking credit for the development of ultra-small hard drives, audio compression, and chemistry(?), he laid it out: “it turned out that those were the key ingredients for the development of the ipod.” tip o’ the hat to engadget. 	bibliochaise what book lover doesn’t look twice at this bibliochaise from nobody&amp;co? 	the wealth of networks wendy seltzer gave a shout-out for yochai nenkler‘s the wealth of networks: how social production transforms markets and freedom, describing it as… …an economic history of information production. we’re moving from the age of industrial information production to one of social information production. ever-faster computers on our desks let us individually produce what would have taken a firm to organize just a decade ago. ever-further networks let us share that with the world as cheaply as storing it for ourselves. 	danah boyd on the moral weight of social software danah boyd posted recently at many-to-many about the future of social software. i’ve been more than a little bit gung ho on web . for a while, but i do like her caution: if myspace falters in the next - years, it will be because of this moral panic. before all of you competitors get motivated to exacerbate the moral panic, think again. if the moral panic succeeds: youth will lose (even more) freedom of speech. 	wordpress baseline changes to support wpopac i’ve whittled things down to the point where the only baseline change from wordpress . . is in the next_posts_link function of the wp-includes/template-functions-links.php file. the change is necessary because wpopac rewrites the sql search queries in a way that’s incompatible with a piece of this function, but necessary for performance reasons. 	where’d all my rewrite rules go? between wordpress .x and .x there was a big change to the way rewrite rules are handled. in the old days, everything got written out to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://httpd.apache.org/docs/ . /mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule&quot;&gt;.htaccess&lt;/a&gt; file. every condition, every form of permalink could be found there, and i had some comfort knowing i could see and mess with it all. i was a bit surprised to find that with . . , wp writes out a sparse file that has only one significant rule. 	bloody tax day april has been tax day in the us for as long as anybody can remember, but with the weekend and all, most of us have ’til monday to file and some of us in the northeast have ’til tuesday. the thing i don’t like about tax time is that it brings out the worst in me. most any other time of the year i’m a pinko liberal, but the anticipation of taxes makes me look decidedly conservative and ornery. 	the crucible who wouldn’t like to play with the crucible‘s “fire truck”? what’s “the crucible”? [it’s] an arts education center that fosters a collaboration of arts, industry and community. through training in the fine and industrial arts, the crucible promotes creative expression, reuse of materials and innovative design while serving as an accessible arts venue for the public. you can see the truck at the make magazine maker faire later this month, and in july at the crubible’s fire arts festival. 	movie combos this is strange enough on its own, but i dare you to use it as a soundtrack to this one. 	printer fingerprinting news came out a while ago that many of our laser printers were embedding “fingerprints” that allowed folks who knew how (like, say, the feds) to trace a printed page back to the day and time it was printed, and the serial number of the printer. or, at least that was the theory, until the eff got all csi on it. the image above is magnified x and illuminated with blue light to increase the contrast of the yellow dot pattern used by xerox docucolor printers. 	php ’s simplexml now passes cdata content i didn’t hear big announcement of it, but [deep in the docs][ ] (? php . . ) you’ll find a note about [additional libxml parameters][ ]. in there you’ll learn about “libxml_nocdata,” and it works like this: simplexml_load_string($xmlraw, &lsquo;simplexmlelement&rsquo;, libxml_nocdata); without that option (and with all previous versions of php/simplexml), simplexml just ignores any &lt; ![cdata[...]]&gt; ‘escaped’ content, such as you’ll find in most every blog feed. [ ]: http://us .php.net/manual/en/function.simplexml-load-string.php [ ]: http://us . 	reboot your ‘pod colin has a nifty guide to your ipod’s hidden commands, like those for rebooting or getting into the diagnostics. he’s got more ipod tips if you look. 	good headline don’t these mainich daily news editors think they’re the shit when they get to combine “bondage” and “rope” in the same headline. 	i will trademark your every word yes, as it turns out, “freedom of expression®” is a trademarked term. and, yes, as it turns out, somebody’s been cease and desisted for using it. 	email is for old people i happened to stumble back onto the pew internet report on teens and technology from july that report that told us “ % of [us children] between the ages of and are online.” but the part i’d missed before regarded how these teens were using communication technology: email, once the cutting edge “killer app,” is losing its privileged place among many teens as they express preferences for instant messaging (im) and text messaging [sms] as ways to connect with their friends. 	i m super heros gotta go too, ya know? 	we regret the error not all errors in news reporting are as trivial as this one: the cost of beer kegs has risen by about % since the end of . in addition, neil witte is the draught beer quality-control specialist of boulevard brewing co., and steven pauwels is the brewer’s brewmaster. a march page-one article on beer-keg theft incorrectly said that the cost of kegs has tripled in recent years and incorrectly said that mr. 	and he did it in a tie steve jobs demos nextstep 	macs vs. pcs vista delayed the delay is the latest problem for the software giant’s flagship operating system. microsoft had originally slated the software for release in late , but pushed back its target date to summer and dropped several planned features to try to guarantee delivery. the company attributed the delay to the extra time needed to insure quality and fix remaining security issues. macsimum news | apple &amp; macintosh related news reviews &amp; opinions 	bad quality i should be all down on this sneaky way of advertising nokia’s n , but…eh, they’re funny. bad quality officechairs is the latest, bad quality hydraulics (somebody tell them it’s “pneumatics”) and bad quality superglue bring up the rear. if that isn’t enough, they’ve got the bad quality blog which pulls back the curtain a bit. if you look around a bit, however, you might stumble across nokia’s lifeblog (“feed it, watch it grow”): 	zhang huan’s “my boston” most people may recognize zhang huan from his “my new york” work that had him dressed in a beefy muscle suit. above is “my boston,” but i have a feeling it might get repurposed elsewhere during finals this spring to represent the agony of study. ups to ryan for the pointer. 	drive thru crucifixion 	titles and typefaces ryan pointed out that the titles for thank you for smoking are pretty interesting, then he followed up with a pointer to some font spotting at typographica. 	dns problems things went whacky with dotster‘s hosted dns services last night. though the problem now appears to be fixed on their end (and i’ve actually move elsewhere in my attempts to get back online), it could be a while before the bad data is flushed from caches around the world. in the meantime, let me mention that ryan shared with me a useful tool i’d not seen before: dnsreport. 	interesting, scary ilya khrzhanovsky’s . more. 	identity management in social spaces (note: the following is cross-posted at identity future.) being that good software — the social software that’s nearly synonymous with web . — is stuff that gets you laid, where does that leave idm? danah boyd might not have been thinking about it in exactly those terms, but her approach is uniquely social-centered. she proposes “secureid” what is secureid? secureid is a program that helps you protect and control your digital identity by allowing you to determine who can access your private information. 	big iron won’t win wars anymore technology changes things, sure. the question is, how do you recognize the early signs of change before they become catastrophic? i spend most of my days working on that question in academia, but what about our armed forces? noah shachtman regularly covers that issue in defensetech: like a lot of other sage observers, naval postgraduate school professor john arquilla isn’t nuts about the idea of spending a ton on cold war-style weapons systems when we’re supposed to be fighting terrorists and insurgents. 	sparkline php sparklines are “intense, simple, wordlike graphics? so named by edward tufte. in lieu of a more detailed introduction, professor tufte’s site has an early release of a chapter on sparklines. cool. here’s a php library and accompanying documentation wiki. 	more bsuite hacking update: bugfix release b v available. some conversations with chow kah soon, who’s site is full of diversions from work , finally convinced encouraged me to solve some small problems that were giving him big trouble. chow kah soon is in the lucky, but rare, position of having over , unique daily visitors to his site, so he’s sort of my designated stress-tester. after looking at the logs he shared with me, the table structure, and the queries in bsuite, it was pretty clear that i needed to make some changes to the indexes. 	winter’s last breath snow and rain mixed throughout the day tuesday, but we awoke to glistening white fields and trees. above is the view due west in wentworth this morning, before the warm spring sun melted it all away. 	don’t think you use web . ? think again it can be hard for library folk to imagine that the web development world might be as divided about the meaning and value of “web . ” as the library world is about “library . ,” but we/they are. take jeffrey zeldman’s anti-web . , anti-ajax post, for instance. zeldman’s a smart guy, and he’s not entirely off-base, but let’s not confuse his argument. what you don’t see him suggesting is that we abandon the web. 	“i hate drm” and other projects to preserve the digital artistic commons people hate drm. it prevents law abiding folks from enjoying the music and movies they’ve purchased, and it does little to prevent crackers from making illegal copies. in response, somebody’s created i hate drm, “a site dedicated to reclaiming consumer digital rights.” i created this site because, as a consumer, i am fed up. i feel like all of the entertainment that i love is slowly being eroded away by overly greedy companies. 	number sequences think about it, at the moment this post went live, it was one hour, two minutes, and three seconds past midnight greenwich mean time. why’s that matter? it doesn’t, but it looks cool: : : - - of course, brits and most others don’t represent dates that way, so the point is really only valid in us local time. c’mon, let’s wait up. 	richard sambrook talks citizen journalism i’m not sure what to think of richard sambrook appearing to struggle to find a place for traditional journalism in the age of the internet, but the story’s worth a read. david weinberger […] talked about the crisis in us journalism with failing trust in the big news organisations. he pointed out that google now provided a news service with just an algorithm where there used to be a newsroom of dozens of people — and suggested algorithms were probably more reliable than journalists anyway! 	getting things done, and feeling okay about it how’s a guy supposed to feel when his manager gives him a copy of david allen’s getting things done? 	go get yer podcast on gizmodo pointed out these usb and firewire podcasting kits from alesis. the package gets you a (hopefully not sucky) microphone with desktop stand, headphones, a carrying case, podcast production software, cubase le recording and editing software, and a digital mixer that plugs directly into the computer via usb or firewire (duh). the us$ usb version does two channels of bit/ . khz audio while the us$ firewire model cranks eight channels of bit/ khz sound. 	information behavior it was more than a year ago that lorcan dempsey pointed out this bit from the chronicle: librarians should not assume that college students welcome their help in doing research online. the typical freshman assumes that she is already an expert user of the internet, and her daily experience leads her to believe that she can get what she wants online without having to undergo a training program. indeed, if she were to use her library’s web site, with its dozens of user interfaces, search protocols, and limitations, she might with some justification conclude that it is the library, not her, that needs help understanding the nature of electronic information retrieval. 	atlanta art scene, spring atlanta was a bit of a lark. i hadn’t seen my friends for a while, and they were telling me that the weather was beautiful. so why not go? anyway, chuck close is on display at the high museum. and the thing about close’s work is that it frustrates my rule of “don’t do twice what you can automate once.” many of his portraits are the result of carefully mapped and measured graph lines that allow him to create pixelated works. 	water feature we were excited in new hampshire to have the first week of weather warm enough to go out without our coats at midday, but atlanta was warm enough to hop in the pool and hot tub after midnight. 	abductions i don’t know how i feel about shilling for the california dairy industry, but this cow abduction site is pretty funny. be sure to watch the movie. want more, go look at mailorderchickens.org. 	the aural times thanks again to a good tip from ryan, i’ve get something new to laugh at: the aural times. 	did i really just put this together? huh. noah shachtman tells us that even with the wars in iraq and afghanistan raging, our military forces are spending $ billion to arm up for a new enemy. but whom? china. then over here we’re reminded that china is the us’s largest creditor. 	facts of life a person will do certain things for money. 	idm takes lessons from the microformats crowd a tip from [ryan][ ] sent me [looking][ ] at [microid][ ]: a new identity layer to the web and [microformats][ ] that allows anyone to simply claim verifiable ownership over their own pages and content hosted anywhere. the idea is to hash a user’s email address (or other identifier) with the name of the site it will be published on, giving a string that can be inserted — in true microformats style — as an element of the html on the site. 	…and a mechanical turk to rule them all paul bausch has concerns about amazon’s mechanical turk: i can imagine a world where my computer can organize my time in front of the screen better than i can. in fact, i bet [amazon’s mechanical turk] will eventually gather data about how many [human intelligence tasks] someone can perform at peak accuracy in a hour period. once my hit-level is known, the computer could divide all of my work into a series of decisions. 	involvement, inclusion, collaboration peter caputa dropped a comment on jeff nolan‘s post about zvents. the discussion was about how online event/calendar aggregators did business in a world where everything is rather thinly distributed. part of the problem is answering how do you get people to contribute content — post their events — to a site that has little traffic, and how do you build traffic without content? the suggestion is that you have editorial staff scouring for content to build the database until reader contributions can catch up, and that’s where peter comes in, suggesting that content and traffic aren’t where the value and excitement are: 	twenty years after chernobyl nearly years after the initial events of the chernobyl nuclear disaster of april , the story is still unfolding. this month’s national geographic magazine tells of the “long shadow of chernobyl” — grown children of the disaster now fear having their own children while some elderly residents return to their old homes inside the , square mile, still contaminated “exclusion zone.” the print article seemed to offer hope, noting that even the pines of the “red forest” — so called because they received so much radiation that it bleached the chlorophyl from them, and some say the trees actually glowed — are beginning to grow back now. 	germaine i found germaine across from the prudential center friday. his sound was good and i especially liked his snare drum. 	door of mystery i found myself wandering about boston public library for longer than i expected friday. part of it was the map exhibit and part of it was the architecture (and simply a place to relax for a bit). amusingly, stairs and stairways seem filled with drama at bpl, and if the guard hadn’t just warned me about taking flash photos, i might have tried to sneak a peak behind that door. 	questions are all around us these pictures are mostly foolish, but here’s a small point: none of us had ever seen a cop pull over a cab — certainly not a cab with passengers — before this, so we were all rather curious about why. in front of us stood a question, an example of the many questions we all encounter every day, and it’s the kind of question that few of us would ever suggest going to the library to answer. 	the things they do to students at rice i won’t say why i went looking for pictures of people getting poked with sticks (but you’ll figure it out in a later post). i will say i was happy to find these from the poke-a-spontaneous-combustion-member-with-a-stick-day at rice university. look, they even have a price list that includes: $ poke with a stick song/poem on demand two minute massage lick a sc member $ picture with [unreadable] kissing whack with a stick $ marker tattoo $ attempt hedge jumping $ human piñata shave a leg we wrestle each other $ jump into hedges nowhere on the site does it note how much the fundraiser netted for “rice’s best (only) improvisational comedy troupe. 	business marketing babble makes me laugh found on jeff nolan’s blog: competitive intelligence: “a large fuzzy animal may be a bear.” marketing: “sap can help you understand your fuzzy animals. with over years in the fuzzy animal industry, we know if you are looking at a bear, a guy in a coat, or a large dog.” communications: “in today’s world of increasing challenges, it’s obvious fuzzy animals are what our customers care about.” sales: “who cares what it is. 	tomorrow in human computer interaction my dutch skills are weak to non-existant, and without a google translator for macarena.be, i’m pretty much stuck with staring at the above video and contemplating the short description provided: a movie about the technology which apple has recently patented. it is not a movie made by apple but by some researchers. fortunately, this is an area where video is much more illustrative than words. i sometimes get accused of blue sky thinking when i speak of the role of technology in our lives, but while i go on about how access to huge volumes of instantly searchable information is changing us, this video shows a rather near future where we can manipulate it ways that seemed like science fiction just the other day. 	facial recognitition spytech goes social troy expressed both great amusement and trepidation in his message alerting me to riya, a new photo sharing site: i don’t know whether to say cool, or zool. the tour explains that you upload photos, riya identifies faces in your photos, then asks you to name them (or correct its guesses!). then you get all your friends to join up and we can all search for everybody by people, location, and time. 	speaking my language i loved this quote from dave young when i first found it, and i love it more now: talk to the customer in the language of the customer about what matters to the customer. bad advertising is about you, your company, your product or your service. good advertising is about the customer, and how your product or service will change their world. read that again, but replace the relevant bits with “user” or “patron” and “your library” or “your databases. 	wyoming libraries marketing campaign i have mixed feelings about the value of advertising — it’s worth pointing out that according to john battelle, google never ran an ad anywhere prior to going public — but i still enjoy seeing things like this wyoming libraries campaign. jill stover quotes wyoming libraries’ tina lackey with the news that “wyoming’s libraries are as expansive as the state, and as close as down the street.” i’m just hoping that a, the horse is real; and b, they auction it off. 	gates harshes poor, tells them to buy windows what’s sadder than people in burundi earning an average of only $ a year? it might be bill gates‘ criticism of mit’s efforts to bring affordable, networked computers to the poorest countries of the world in hopes of improving education (and communication and healthcare and more). the challenge is enormous: the technology needs to be durable, require low-power (and be easily rechargeable), as easy to use as an egg timer, have networking in a land without infrastructure, and be cheap, cheap, cheap. 	can actors sell their digital clones? alan wexelblat in copyfight poses a question from a reader about the future of entertainment: what rights do you purchase/license/contract for in creating such a reproduction of a real person? rights to the “likeness?” performance rights? do either of these cover things the actor never physically did or said? is there an exclusivity clause? there are clearly some issues around the ownership of a character, if that character has appeared before (e. 	pravda march headline: us to collapse on feb i regularly check the english language online edition of pravda for laughs and sometimes for their take on us domestic affairs. but today’s headline left me scratching my head. what calendar are these people using, anyway? the headlined story is offered without any context or explanation. as it turns out, author ian magnussen really did mean february th , not or later. had it appeared two months ago it might have been called speculative fiction, though more likely seen as a crazy conspiracy theory. 	flight of the conchords ryan sent along a link to flight of the concords‘ business time last week and i’m still laughing over it. with some exploring at a fansite, what the folk!, i dug up a trove of other amusements, including she’s so hot boom. for more info, i turned (as usual) to the wikipedia article. and if i had hbo, i could have caught a repeat of them on one night stand this past wednesday. 	maisonbisson cultural reporter at sxsw, can’t get tickets, brushes with owen wilson instead sxsw passes have apparently been sold out for weeks now. so what’s bob garlitz, the maisonbisson cultural affairs reporter, to do? hunt for celebrities around austin, of course. here’s how he describes his first hit: i look at him intently, he’s about six inches in front of me. a long pause as i study his face and especially note the nose. he waits, expecting, knowing, what’s next. he’s shorter than me, in a white cap, white t-shirt and maybe white jeans. 	everybody’s irish with a quart o’ whiskey in ‘em modern drunkard magazine suggests we chase the snakes out of our minds, for as yeats reminds us: the problem with some people is that when they’re not drunk, they’re sober. (ryan points out that you can have that quote, along with three others from quipsters dylan thomas, w.c. fields, and oscar wilde on shot glasses.) but modern drunkard and yeats (despite his fine heritage) have it wrong. saint patty’s day isn’t about getting drunk or being drunk, it’s about getting silly enough to think you can dance a jig or sing a song. 	native to web & the future of web apps yahoo’s tom coats was of seven star speakers at carson workshops‘ future of web apps summit last month. as usual, ryan eby was pretty quick to point out his slides to me, mostly by way of pointing out jeremy zawodny’s translation of them. if it’s not clear yet: i wasn’t there, though i very much wanted to be, especially given some of what can be found in the post-summit blog posts. 	office cocktails i like pretty much everything paula wirth puts up on flickr, but this afternoon i could do well with a dive like scolari’s office in san diego. but, that’s probably because it mixes “office” and “cocktails” in the sort of way that has anonymous tipsters slipping photocopies of the alcohol policy from our hr handbook under my office door. eh, here’s to happy hour. 	homeland security: now policing porn? the washington post reports two men in uniforms bearing “homeland security” insignia walked into a bethesda library in early february, announced that viewing of internet pornography was forbidden, and began questioning patrons. the men asked one library user to step outside just before a librarian intervened. then… the two men [and the librarian] went into the library’s work area to discuss the matter. a police officer arrived. in the end, no one had to step outside except the uniformed men. 	the code lib journal(s) i should’ve kept code lib was less than a month ago, but already i’ve forgotten some details. that’s why i’m glad to have notes from ed summers (day one, two, and three), art rhyno, tom hickey, karen coombs, and ryan eby. there was a lot going on, and if i missed your blog it’s because google and technorati didn’t know about it (or i was being particularly lazy with my searching). 	our connected students just when you thought i was done talking about how the internet really does touch everything, lichen posts some details from the most recent university of new hampshire res life student survey and it gets me going again. in order, the top three activities are: socializing ( . hours/week) studying, excluding in-class time ( . hours/week) instant messaging, ( . hours/week) lichen also points out that im activity was reported separately from “personal internet use,” which got an additional . 	this is what social software can do the flickrblog reports this message from gale: people have been submitting good humpback whale fluke shots to a group called humpback whale flukes. i volunteer at allied whale which holds the north atlantic humpback whale catalog and i was able to make a very exciting match with one of the whales that was posted on the group by georgek. george saw this whale in newfoundland in the summer of . 	willie mae rock camp for girls the willie mae rock camp for girls: just another example of why new york is cooler than new hampshire. photo by rocco kasby, performance by the pink slips. yet again, a tip of the hat to ryan eby for the pointer. 	bsuite feature: user contributed tags ross singer gets the prize for submitting the first reader contributed tag, the latest feature in bsuite. there are arguments about whether user-contributed tags are useful or even valid, or whether they should be stored in my site or aggregated at places like del.ici.ous. but who’s to worry about such questions? who’s to worry when you can put together the work already done to support author’s tags with wordpress’s pretty good comment system and get user contributed tag support with just a few extra lines of code? 	user experience map i was this close to posting soldierant‘s gobbledy gook map, but, well… i guess i wanted to make a point with his user experience map, done in collaboration with the smart folks at experience dynamics. take a careful look at the role of your competitors and a user’s expectations and goals. yeah, we’ve all got some work to do. too bad the free seminar schedule hasn’t been updated for . 	whisky essential to writing god bless william faulkner for pointing it out: my own experience has been that the tools i need for my trade are paper, tobacco, food, and a little whisky. 	nash edgerton’s lucky scott smith’s imperfect ten too slow for you? take a look at nash edgerton‘s lucky over at blue tongue films. what would you do in minutes seconds? how would you escape? 	zorb: another reason new zealanders are cooler than you who of us didn’t want to try it when we saw jackie chan bounce down a mountainside in one in operation condor (well, who of us who saw operation condor didn’t want to try it)? but until cool hunter gave me a pointer, i had no idea what the these strange inflatable balls (yeah, go google that) might be called or where to look for more information. as it turns out, they’re called “zorbs,” and the company even has a promo video to show them off. 	nuns vs. librarians in spelling bee from yahoo! news and ryan eby, there’s a funny spelling bee planned in erlanger kentucky: erlanger, ky. – after a five-year hiatus, the sisters of st. walburg monastery in villa hills are ready to show whether they are superior spellers. the sisters were champions of the annual corporate spelling bee for literacy in northern kentucky for years before giving others a chance to win. but now the nuns are back, even if they’re a little timid about challenging the reigning champions — a group of boone county librarians. 	scott smith’s imperfect ten the nice folks at coudal partners are hosting scott smith’s imperfect ten, “wherein one man breaks all ten commandments before breakfast.” it’s friday (march th, even), go watch. 	crisp green shirt between the mit show and microsoft’s vaporware, origami is back in a big way. here’s drumsnwhistles answer: a very crisp green shirt. 	all about opensearch and autodiscovery from davey p i’ve been meaning to point out (and steal from) dave pattern’s post on tipping off ie (and other browsers soon too, hopefully) to available opensearch targets for some time now. i haven’t had time to do the stealing, so i’ll have to settle for pointing it out while it’s still news. what’s the trick? as dave explains, you put a link in the &lt;head&gt; section of your pages like this: 	visual complexity i found the above image of a yfiles-generated site map at visualcomplexity.com. we’ve seen a lot of internet diagrams, including this one from , but what about mapping food? or disaster situations? or air routes? it’s like data porn, and there’s more in the visualcomplexity gallery. 	the ignorant perfection of ordinary people bob garlitz, who’s trying to decide between blogging at typepad and blogspot, wrote to offer a somewhat older phrase for the success of social software as described in the wisdom of crowds and in the definition of collabulary: “the ignorant perfection of ordinary people.” bob is at a loss to identify the source (and it pre-dates the book of the same title by a long shot), but maybe this crowd will know? 	mit origami competition ryan eby and make magazine alerted me to mit’s student origami exhibit, in which jason ku’s ringwraith won the best original model prize, and brian chan’s beaver — the mit mascot — got special attention from the mit news office. 	collabulary i found this a few days ago and realized that it embodied the difference between how i understand tag folksonomies and how others (with whom i’ve argued) may see them. that is, i see the role of the social group — the wisdom of the crowd — as essential to the success of our folksonomic efforts. as it turns out, somebody’s come up with a word that emphasizes that (uncoordinated) collaboration: collabulary. 	talking ‘bout library . users want a rich pool from which to search, simplicity, and satisfaction. one does not have to take a -minute instruction session to order from amazon. why should libraries continue to be so difficult for our users to master? — from page of the the university of california libraries bibliographic services task force final report. i find a new gem every time i look at it. 	robins at bath i heard birds chirping yesterday morning for the first time in a while, and from my office window i could see robins returned from the south. spring, it seems, has arrived in new hampshire, but nobody’s captured it better than breezin with the photo above — obviously taken from a somewhat warmer place than this in late january. 	tags done right flickr does tags better than any other, so far as i can tell. we love tag folksonomies for way they allow us all to organize our world, for the way they allow patterns to emerge from chaos, and for their easy flexibility. but that flexibility, if poorly implemented in our software, can interrupt the very patterns we hope to find in our tag networks. take “road trip” as an example. what one tagger thinks is two words might be just “roadtrip” to another. 	macbook pro reviewed jacqui cheng likes her new macbook pro and loves the performance, but gives the magsafe power adapter mixed reviews. why? she says it disconnects when it shouldn’t, and seems to stay connected when it should disconnect. well, i think i still want one. 	troy bennett at “ben show” ben apfelbaum died before having the chance to see it all come together, but his quirky idea seems to be a hit. here’s how jerry cullum described it for the atlanta journal constitution: “the ben show” was the brainchild of beloved spruill gallery director ben apfelbaum, who asked one day, “what’s in a name?” and proceeded to track down a host of artists named “ben.” well, actually, he asked, “is the use of a given name as a thematic device as useful as any other thematic device to create an art exhibition of interest? 	podbop rocks your calendar ryan eby pointed out podbop, a site that podcasts sample tracks from bands coming to your area (or any other area you select), and we both wished we’d thought of it ourselves. there’s nothing coming to warren (of course). but they’ve got coverage for denver, where i’ll be in may, so it immediately found a place in my podcast aggregator. laura fries might have covered the smart and cool factors best: 	oddest title of the year winner …and also rans the bookseller magazine friday announced the winner of the th annual diagram prize for oddest title. bookseller deputy editor joel rickett appeared on weekend edition saturday with the news, saying, as he did in a telegraph story on the matter: “it has been a pretty good year for strange titles.” the winner is people who don’t know they’re dead: how they attach themselves to unsuspecting bystanders and what to do about it by gary leon hill, but the list of nominees and near nominees included 	rock paper scissors posted on the wall in tom’s peacock bar in corvallis was a mystery: a notice of a rock paper scissors tournament. a visit to the usa rock paper scissors league‘s website proved more confusing. take the first news release as an example: rocky balboa is stepping back into the ring for his final comeback, as production has begun on “rocky vi: rocky paper scissors.” after a -year hiatus, sylvester stallone wrote the film himself, knocking out boxing from the script and replacing it with a hand sport that is more intense, more courageous and that looks even better in those dramatic slow-motion shots: rock paper scissors. 	“peanutty” ≠ peanut butter treehugger pointed out these p.b. slices as an example of excessive packaging. what they didn’t mention was the ingredients or processing used to make a non-sticky, peanut flavored “food product.” peanutty, but not quite peanut butter it’s worth mentioning here that i have a rule about things i find in the supermarket: if it says “food” on the label, you probably shouldn’t eat it. think about it, start first with the cat food, dog food, and fish food, then take a look at the pasteurized processed cheese food product and some of the goodies in the canned meats aisle. 	fun with (explosive) balloons okay, so this is certainly in the “don’t try this at home, kids” category, but we can all laugh and point at other’s stupidity. denver‘s abc channel reported last month on a foolish fellow who inflated balloons with acetalyne, the highly flamable and explosive gas used in welding, and drove off to a superbowl party. the balloons ignited, possible because of static electricity, and the explosion blew out all the windows, bent the car’s roof and doors out, and left the driver and with burst eardrums, burns, pain, and a felony explosives charges. 	can anybody explain this? ???????????????? 	morbidly curiouser zach saw my story about plane crashes and forwarded me a link to this video of an early parachutist he found on damn interesting. the connection to yesterday’s story is that the video ends with cops measuring the depth of the crater the jumper left after falling almost feet from the top of the eiffel tower. it’s the sort of thing that gets you nominated for a darwin award. 	morbidly curious a friend pointed me to planecrashinfo.com and i can’t help but explore. i was told to start with the pictures (which end in late , and so don’t include recent incidents like the flaming nose-wheel at lax or the overshot runway in chicago), but it was the collection of “last words” transcripts from the cockpit voice recorder (audio is available for many of them) that really trapped me. we might get a furtive chuckle over such last lines as “hey, what’s happening here” or “uh. 	the oregon attractions i didn’t see i’ve been back from oregon for about a week and a day now, and it’s really time to clear out my files. so here now are the attractions i had put on the list, but never got to see. i’m not complaining, afterall, i did get to see sprayfoam art, the us’s only municipal elevator, the world’s tallest barber pole, the spruce goose, mt. tabor, and the velveteria. clearly, oregon has a lot to offer wacky travelers. 	is sun’s t up to it? jonathan schwartz made the kind of news that makes slash dotters happy: he announced sun is (sort of) giving away free servers. it’s a promotion, a media play, of course, but one that might make a few lucky people very happy. here’s the deal: sun is really proud of their new t eight core server. each core runs at . ghz, but they’re apparently applying some distributive power of multiplication and calling it an . 	lego architecture the millyard museum was hosting the new england lego users’ group saturday, building lego replica’s of manchester nh‘s old victorian-era houses. it turns out they’re building a scale model of the entire millyard. 	love letters from your isp a friend got his own cease and desist letter the other day. his isp forwarded the notice from a copyright enforcement agency along with five pages of content intended both to stop those that know they’re sharing and help out parents (or others) who may not be aware of what all is going on with the computers attached to their cable modem. of course you’re a valued customer, and of course it wasn’t your fault, just stop it is the message. 	worse things a friend forwarded this, from fleur adcock: things there are worse things than having behaved foolishly in public. there are worse things than these miniature betrayals, committed or endured or suspected; there are worse things than not being able to sleep for thinking about them. it is a.m. all the worse things come stalking in and stand icily about the bed looking worse and worse and worse. 	as the useful becomes useless, it becomes art the story here isn’t about why i’m on the kate spade mailing list. the story is about their new line of “paper.” it’s stationary, of course. the kind of formal paper people use to send out wedding invites and thank yous and whatever other little missives that email or aim seem too uncouth for. i made this point before, in a discussion of how painting evolved from trade-craft to art after the development of the camera, but i love seeing a new example. 	standards cage match i prefaced my point about how the standards we choose in libraries isolate us from the larger stream of progress driving development outside libraries with the note that i was sure to get hanged for it. it’s true. i commented that there were over , registered amazon api developers and public opensearch targets (hey look, there’s another one already), but that srw/sru would always play to a smaller audience. 	evergreen aviation museum howard hughes‘ spruce goose now rests in mcminnville, at the evergreen aviation museum. the goose is as long as a with a wingspan a third again as broad, and for a short few seconds in , it flew. the docent was incredibly pleased to tell us that the tail almost broke off during those few seconds in the air. he claimed hughes hushed up the story and maintained the aircraft in flight-ready condition to protect himself from further attacks from government accountants. 	diy hoverboard my friend troy sent along a pointer to the gadget show‘s feature on diy hoverboards. they claim it all goes together with basic tools, a leaf blower, plywood, a bit of pipe, and other various parts totaling about £ . oh yeah, they also recommend “an insurance policy with good fringe benefits,” and being as british as they are, apparently “craft knives” and “scalpels” are pretty interchangeable. it all goes together in eight easy steps explained on four pages, so what’s keeping you? 	about my code lib presentation as with all my other presentations, the my slides tell less than half the story, but i’ve posted them anyway. i’m told the audio was recorded, and there’s a chance that will help explain all this, but until then you’ll have to piece this all together from my previous writings, what little i’m about to offer here, and the slides (which, again, without the spoken component, probably do more to misdirect interested readers than answer questions). 	brick i just popped in the constant gardener (trailer) and discovered the preview for brick. and even though i want to see almost every movie previewed for me, i really want to see this movie. the constant gardener, by the way, is good too. 	velveteria i wasn’t just surprised to find a gallery of velvet paintings, i was further surprised to learn they were hosting a show of valentines velvet works by local artist juanita and had cards advertising a show of la artist arnold pander’s oil on velvet works at the local vault martini lounge. but the fact is, carl baldwin and caren anderson’s velveteria is the place, if ever there was such a place, where such forces will collide. 	world’s tallest barber pole forest grove, oregon claims to have the world’s tallest barber pole, apparently presented by the portland area barbershoppers in recognition “ballad town usa’s” role in promoting and encouraging barbershop quartet singing. it stands in lincoln park (visible from sat photos!) just north of pacific university. barbershop poles and quartets they may have, but the barber i visited there did a lousy job trimming my beard. such is life, i suppose. 	librarians of springfield that’s my contribution to the springfield public library meme that michael casey and laura savastinuk started over the weekend. 	oregon city municipal elevator oregon city apparently boasts one of only four municipal elevators worldwide. one hundred thirty feet tall, with an observation deck at the top, it seemed to be worth stopping for. jason wrote in to roadside america explaining: it began as a water-powered elevator in , but was upgraded to an electric-powered elevator in . it is an example of googie architecture, which is reminiscent of the space-age housing structures in the jetson’s cartoon show. 	pdx’s free wifi rocks here’s a lesson the rest of the world’s airports could take from pdx: free wifi. most other aiports charge dearly for wifi, but pdx offers it free. knowing this, i arrived at the airport a couple hours early and got my dinner and caught up on my email here instead of elsewhere. the port of portland didn’t get my $ . an hour, but they did get an extra customer in their restaurants and shops. 	mt. hood from mt. tabor above: tonight’s sunset view of mt. hood from atop mt. tabor, an ancient volcano. roadside america claims: this is the only volcano located within a city limit in any us city. you can view the cinder cone and a few feet away from the parking lot is a kids play area. 	sprayfoam art in millersburg what you can’t tell about the photo above is that the eagle is huge, and made of spray foam. it stands at sprayfoam inc., just off the i at millersburg. don’t miss the cornucopia-like sign, or the completely enfoamed sprayfoam-mobile. 	the chuck norris meme i first caught up with all this at matt‘s blog, but on the radio out here in oregon today they kept inserting chuck norris legends between songs. here’s a bunch from chuck norris facts: when the boogeyman goes to sleep every night, he checks his closet for chuck norris. chuck norris doesn’t read books. he stares them down until he gets the information he wants. there is no theory of evolution. 	lessons from the microformat world i can’t help but like microformats, and part of that comes from the dogmatic principles that drive them. among those is the notion that none of us should attempt to create a format out of whole cloth. here’s how they explain it: under the title of “propose a microformat” they tell us: “actually, don’t!!!” ask yourself: “are there any well established, interoperably implemented standards we can look at which address this problem? 	things i learned at lunch today karaoke means “empty orchestra” in about the same way that karate means “empty hand.” the “oke” piece is actually a shortened form of “orchestra,” borrowed from western languages. ethiopians supposedly discovered coffee when they noticed goats eating the beans. no word on weather the coffee beans in their droppings are any good. 	you mean other businesses handle acquisitions too? art rhyno confused my by calling it erp, but he just rocked his code lib presentation and i realized he’s talking about the same thing that’s been itching me: libraries are not unique, but our software and standards are unnecessarily so. in my introduction of wpopac i made the point that i didn’t want to replace the ils — certainly not the acquisitions management functions or other business processes. art today explained that he wouldn’t want to have to develop or support those features either, but that we don’t need to. 	pig-n-ford races!?! so here i am looking up things to do in oregon and i come across the tillamook chamber of commerce‘s guide to local attractions and its note about the pig-n-ford races: vintage vehicles, daring drivers and squealing porkers. mixed together, the outcome can only be described as frenzied farm-style fun. most people would agree that individuals who race model-t fords must be strange to begin with. when competitors insist on carrying pigs as passengers, however, it’s a sure sign of a rare breed of driver. 	on flying if i didn’t like flying, or at least if i couldn’t tolerate it, i wouldn’t making my third distant trip in as many months. and though i know many others spend a whole lot more time in planes than i do, i still think vasken has a bit of a point in the following: i couldnt help thinking about the horrid dichotomy that is airline travel… on one hand, my flight from philly to manchester takes minutes, or + hours less than the trip takes in a car–on the other hand, it took me hours to get from my house to the place i was staying in pa, a savings of a mere hours. 	instant messenger or virtual reference? i noted aaron schmidt‘s points on im in libraries previously, but what i didn’t say then was how certain i was that popular instant messaging clients like aol instant messenger or yahoo!’s or google’s are far superior to the so-called virtual reference products. why? they’re free, our patrons are comfortable with them, and they work (three things that can’t be said about vr products). ah, heck, just take a look at what michael stephens was saying about them last week (as quoted by teresa koltzenburg at ala techsource): 	choose your disaster the good people at keep the faye gave me a chuckle with their series of choose you daily disaster magnets, like the hillbillies and volcano series pictures above. then they followed it up with the amusing, but somewhat less funny choose your favorite fantasy series. 	mysql’s slow query log zach suggested it last week, but it’s only now that i’ve gotten around to setting up mysql’s slow query log. it’s easy enough, you’ve just got to put a couple lines like this in your my.cnf (which is in /etc on my server): log-slow-queries = /var/log/mysql/mysql-slow.log&lt;br /&gt; long_query_time = this should get most people running, but this story in database journal offers a few more details. potentially more useful is this guide to query and index optimization (though it’s probably a little out of date). 	nmc’s horizon report i’d never heard of the new media consortium before, but they claim a mission to “advocate and stimulate the use of new learning and creative technologies in higher education.” anyway, their horizon report identifies the following trends among those shaping the role of technology in education: dynamic knowledge creation and social computing tools and processes are becoming more widespread and accepted. mobile and personal technology is increasingly being viewed as a delivery platform for services of all kinds. 	roadside attractions perhaps it’s just because i’m now scouring roadside america for tips on what to do in the hours after the end of code lib and my flight home, but i got a hoot out of this ap story about “roadside giants”: a pittsburgh-area couple find “roadside giants” historic, attractive, a boon to local economies… and silly. associated press pittsburgh – how can you find the cadet restaurant in kittanning? 	high-speed photography the gallery at pulse photonics has more than a few images that seem to pause time in impossible moments. they’ve got images of balloons pierced by arrows and darts, oranges exploding from [a gunshot][ ], bullets [shattering glass][ ] and [slicing through jelly][ ], and all of this [falling water][ ] and [oil][ ] in [so many][ ] [little droplets][ ]. you really oughtta go see the [whole gallery][ ]. and after that, go visit the [photron gallery][ ] of slow motion videos that [caught my eye][ ] a while ago. 	bicycle snowplow to go along with summer’s bicycle riding mower is this “vancouver snowplow” from joe-ks.com (yes, i feel appropriately stupid for linking to a site with an animated gif splash page). oddly, this isn’t the only such snowplow. 	on being busy i should be thankful to have friends who get worried about me when i don’t blog for a couple days (or at least make up stories), but let me take this moment to make it clear that i haven’t gone into boat sales. this has happened before, and it just means i’ve got a larger than usual pile of deadlines (and interesting projects like wpopac) on my plate. 	wpopac: an opac . testbed first things first, this thing probably needs a better name, but i’m not up to the task. got ideas? post in the comments. for the rest of this, let’s just pretend it’s an interview. what is wpopac? it’s an opac — a library catalog, for my readers outside libraries — inside the framework of wordpress, the hugely popular blog management application. why misuse wordpress that way? wordpress has a a few things we care about built-in: permalinks, comments, and trackbacks (and a good comment spam filter), just to start. 	performance optimization a couple notes from the past few days of tweaks and fixes: hyper-threading has a huge effect on lamp performance. from now on, i’ll have bad dreams about running mysql without query caching in the way that i used to have nightmares about going to school wearing only my underwear. the difference is that big. wordpress rocks, but it has some queries that will kill large databases. i’m playing with baseline when i fix ’em, but it’s worth it. 	the web is not a one-way medium anybody who questioned the pew internet and american life report about how teens use the internet and how they expect conversations and interactivity from the online services they use might do well to take a look at this comment on my chernobyl tour story: student looking for info that your not give us february rd, : you people suck. we have to do a school report and you are not giving us any info on what happened to the people, and the environmetn, we need a story from someone and about someone who lived through this inccident. 	faqs about those three wishes i ran across david owen’s three wishes faq in a month-old new yorker on my friend’s coffee table last night. i tore out the page thinking i’d not find it online, but lo, the new yorker posted it on their site on jan ninth! you have been granted three wishes — congratulations. if you wish wisely, your wishes may bring you great happiness. before wishing, please take a moment to read the following frequently asked questions. 	libraries vs. drm within minutes of each other, two friends from separate corners of the world sent me a tip about the following: slashdot pointed to this bbc news that talks about the ill effects of drm on libraries. what’s drm? it’s that “digital rights management” component of some software and media that supposedly protects against illegal copying, but more often prevents legitimate users from enjoying the stuff they’ve bought legally. now think about how this works (or doesn’t) in libraries… 	exxpose exxon exxonmobil’s profits of $ . billion are apparently the largest ever recorded by any corporation in america. to celebrate, the folks at saveourenvironment.org put together this funny short: exxposeexxon. the movie makes some good points, but let’s face it, high oil prices encourage conservation and research on alternative energy technologies. 	is j. k. rowling carolyn keene’s sister? i said previously that i drop my journalistic standards on fridays. today is no exception. background, from mysterynet: carolyn keene is a writer pen name that was used by many different people — both men and women — over the years. the company that was the creator of the nancy drew series, the stratemeyer syndicate, hired a variety of writers. for nancy drew, the writers used the pseudonym carolyn keene to assure anonymity of the creator. 	as if retro fashion didn’t already go far enough i guess i can see why people might be willing to throw down $ or more for these fancy northstar refrigerators, i mean, they remind rich young people of their grandma’s house, with fresh-baked cookies and a big glass of milk to dunk them in. i’ve gotta admit, i almost got suckered too. but why is it that our rosy nostalgia for the s ignores both the racial segregation (a bad thing) and the income equity (a good thing)? 	onion story predicted five-blade razors in gillette’s fusion five-blade razor is hitting the shelves now, but the onion predicted it in february . 	aim and changing modes of communication there’s a bit of discussion of aim‘s role in personal communications over at remaining relevant. i mention it here because i’ve been thinking about this lately. we’re seeing some great shifts in our modes of communication. take a look at how “webinar” technologies have changed sales forces. the promise is lower costs and faster response time, but it also challenges our expectations and the skills of the salesperson. now imagine the generation of kids who are growing up with aim entering the workforce. 	the future of privacy and libraries ryan eby speaks with tongue firmly in cheek in this blog post, but his point is well taken. privacy is serious to us, but we nonetheless make decisions that trade bits of our patrons’ privacy as an operational cost. while we argue about the appropriate time keep backups of our circulation records, we largely accept them — and the way they connect our patrons with the books they read — without question. 	zach’s couch camouflage here’s zach hidden in plain sight on a couch at a friend’s house the other day. that’s skill. 	where’d my go? nobody remembers how, but the bottle is empty again. we’re beginning to blame it on bandits. 	warren (and dog sledding) on tv tonight the folks at wmur‘s chronicle are featuring my friends joe and wendy and their dog sledding tonight. the photos above are of justin in a race a few years ago (video of the finish also online). warren hasn’t been so proud since we put the rocket up. 	large format scanners for document imaging the market for large-format flatbed scanners is shrinking, so products turn over slowly and development is far behind my expectations. that said, the epson gt- doesn’t look like a bad choice for tight budgets. it has a relatively low maximum resolution of only dpi, but has the highest claimed scan speed of seconds at dpi. following that is the microtek scanmaker xl, which has a much higher maximum resolution, but much slower scan speed (even at the same resolution as the epson). 	what does facebook matter to libraries? lichen pointed me to this librarian’s guide to etiquette post about new technologies: keep up to date with new technologies that you can co-opt for library use. so what if no one will ever listen to the pod casts of your bibliographic instruction lectures, subscribe to the rss feeds from your library’s blog, send your reference librarian instant messages, or view your library’s profile on facebook.com? at least you did your part to make all these cool technologies a little bit lamer. 	walking desk i used to have a stand-up desk at work. then that got replaced by a pair of standup workstations above a more normal desk. then i moved offices and switched roles from sysadmin to programmer and got the most normal desk ever. then, in january , i heard an npr story about dr. jim levine’s study that put a high value on constant movement throughout the day, and i got concerned about sitting for so long. 	not invented here i couldn’t say it, but alexander johannesen could: libraries are the last bastions of the “not invented here syndrome” (scroll down just a bit, you’ll find it). between alex’s post and mine, i don’t think there’s much to say except this: there may be five programmers in the world who know how to work with z . , but several thousand who can build an amazon api-based application in minutes. what technology do you want to bet on? 	reviews you can trust cameron moll (via ryan eby) wants “weight” customer ratings to reflect how two products of the same rating might have wildly different numbers of reviews. at first glance i agree with him, but after a moment of thought, i begin to wonder if i want the ratings weighted by the number of reviews, or the number of reviews i “trust.” amazon keeps huge amounts of data about all its customers. so how hard could it be to correlate my purchasing behavior with the purchasing behaviors of the reviewers along with the details of which reviews i’ve previously checked as “helpful. 	indian frankie the plan was to meet jessamyn and greg at the india queen last night, so discovering this note yesterday on slashfood about “frankies” had the added excitement of both discovering a new food i wanted to eat, and being in a position to get it that day — the sort of instant satisfaction one doesn’t expect in these parts. here’s the description: the frankie is an indian street-type food made of a thin bread similar to a tortilla that is coated with egg and fried. 	conceding defeat i wasn’t really in the game, but when samb posted the above picture of david brown’s typical meal, i couldn’t help but take it as a challenge. i never did get around to snapping a picture to match samb’s, and now i’ve got accept that there are others with more skill and determination than me. slashfood explains that anybody can walk in to in-n-out burger and order a sandwich of any size. 	to blog or not to blog a friend revealed his reticence to blogging recently by explaining that he didn’t want to create a trail of work and opinions that could limit his future career choices. fair point, perhaps. we’ve all heard stories of bloggers who’ve lost jobs as a result of the content of their posts. and if you believe the forbes story, the blogosphere is filled with teaming hordes intent on ruining established companies and destroying the economy (okay, i exaggerate). 	to blog or not to blog a friend decided the old pornstar name formula was good enough to use to name her blog, as she explains in her launch story. so, should this be the nick hastings blog? elsewhere, another friend is struggling with the decision to blog. 	when you need to talk to customer support it’s good to know hard to find numbers.com is there when you need it. here are the top five: &lt;td width=&quot; &quot;&gt; htf# &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td width=&quot; &quot;&gt; who &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td width=&quot; &quot;&gt; notes &lt;/td&gt; amazon.com &lt;td&gt; - - &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; - - &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; - - &lt;br /&gt; - - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; cust. service&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; seller support&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; rebate status local or int’l &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; / &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &quot;&lt;br /&gt; &quot; ( press to bypass menu) &lt;br /&gt; &quot; &lt;/td&gt; ebay. 	dawg it’s friday, a day when i drop my journalistic standards and usually publish whatever video or joke somebody forwarded me during the week. this one came from my dad: a guy is driving around and he sees a sign in front of a house: “talking dog for sale.” he rings the bell and the owner tells him the dog is in the backyard. the guy goes into the backyard and sees a labrador retriever sitting there. 	plesk bites i picked plesk over cpanel as my server control panel because it was cheaper, looked better, and seemed to have all the features i wanted. what i didn’t know was that it came with php and mysql at times when each was a major version ahead of that. when the good folks at my hosting provider tried to upgrade this, it conflicted with plesk and they have to back off. 	quickly noted: mooflex cms new ajax-happy cms: mooflex, more info at ajaxian (and in their podcast). 	about sherpa and their advice to digital libraries… i mentioned sherpa a while ago: sherpa is a large consortial uk project that’s attempting to build an academic archive/repository for institutions, including the british library and cambridge university. [link added] i bring this up again now because they’ve got some advice for people on the subject of digital archives. they recommend eprints, an open source project developed and maintained by the university of southampton. second to that, or for those interested in archiving a broader variety of object types, they suggest mit’s dspace. 	users vs. network printers in winxp it’s been a problem we’ve struggled with here for much longer than we should have, and it took a hotshot new guy in desktop support to show us the answer. but if you know the right magic, you can add a printer to windows xp and make it available to all users. see, if you add the printer using the “add printer” wizard, it’s available only to that user. but if you use the command line, then you can throw a switch to make it available to any user who logs in to that machine. 	jenny levine’s online library user manifesto drawing from john blyberg‘s ils customer’s bill of rights and the social customer manifesto, jenny levine offers this online library user manifesto: i want to have a say, so you need to provide mechanisms for this to happen online. i want to know when something is wrong, and what you’re going to do to fix it. i want to help shape services that i’ll find useful. i want to connect with others that share my interests. 	cio’s message to faculty: the internet is here as part of a larger message to faculty returning from winter break, our cio offered this summary of how he sees advancing internet use affecting higher education: are you familiar with blogs and podcasts? google them, or look them up in wikipedia. some of you may already be using these new tools. others may think these terms are the latest in a sea of techno-jargon. regardless, your millennial students — the netgens — are using these new technologies — along with the ubiquitous cell phone — more and more. 	the arrival of the stupendous we can be forgiven for not noticing, but the world changed not long ago. sometime after the academics gave up complaining about the apparent commercialization of the internet, and while wall street was licking it’s wounds after the first internet boom went bust, the world changed. around the time we realized that over million americans have internet access, that million americans use the internet ?on an average day, and that % of them believe the internet is a reliable source of information, we looked around and found that along with doing their banking, their taxes, and booking tickets for travel and movies, those users were making about five billion web searches each month. 	goodbye san antonio you won’t get your salad dressing on the side in san antonio. i don’t know what it says about a place, but in new england it’s so common i never learned to ask for it on the side, it just happens. not so in san antonio. you’ll also have trouble finding a place to eat dinner away from the riverwalk, as all the neighborhood places i found are open only for breakfast and lunch. 	data visualization and the opac a chat with ryan eby, also an edward tufte fan, elicited this line about another reason we continue to struggle with the design of our catalogs: data isn’t usable by itself if it was then the opac would just be marc displays and yesterday i was speaking with corey seeman about how to measure and use “popularity” information about catalog items. it got me thinking about flickr’s interestingness metric, which seems to combine the number of times a photo has been “favorited,” viewed, and commented. 	presentation: designing an opac for web . ala midwinter iug sig presentation: designing an opac for web . update: pdf version with space for notes web . and other “ . ” monikers have become loaded terms recently. but as we look back at the world wide web of , there can be little doubt that today’s web is better and more useful. indeed, that seems to be the conclusion millions of americans are making, as current estimates show over million users in the us, including % of youth - . 	fully wired and mobile in san antonio i’m in san antonio for ala midwinter and enjoying the benefits of wide-area mobile internet access via my treo and and the power of local search. this is sort of a test for me and my treo, as i passed on all the usual trip prep i do and entirely i’m depending on what i’ll find in situ or in my mobile web browser. i wandered around a bit this afternoon to get a feel for the place, but as i got hungrier, i found myself stuck in the riverwalk mall, and without any local clues about where to look for better food (steers &amp; beers, in the mall, might have been an option if it had more activity or if those few who were sitting at tables didn’t look so miserable). 	educause on future of libraries take a look at this editorial by jerry d. campbell, cio and dean of university libraries at the university of southern california: academic libraries today are complex institutions with multiple roles and a host of related operations and services developed over the years. yet their fundamental purpose has remained the same: to provide access to trustworthy, authoritative knowledge. consequently, academic libraries — along with their private and governmental counterparts — have long stood unchallenged throughout the world as the primary providers of recorded knowledge and historical records. 	goodbye x. in recognition of the divisive and increasingly meaningless nature of x. monikers — think library . and the web . that inspired it — i’m doing away with them. when jeffrey zeldman speaks with disdain about the ajax happy nouveaux web application designers and the second internet bubble (and he’s not entirely off-base) and starts claiming he’s moving to web . , then it’s a pretty clear sign that we should give up on trying to version all this. 	learning: mysql optimization i have over posts here at maisonbisson, but even so, the table with all those posts is under mb. now i’ve got a project with , posts — yes, , posts! — and the table is about mb. an associated table, structured sort of like wp’s postsmeta, has over . million records and weighs in at over mb (not including the mb of indexes). up to now i’ve been a “throw more hardware at it” sort of guy — and in a server with only gb of ram, that’s probably the best solution — but i also think it’s time i learned some mysql optimization tricks. 	radical, militant librarian the ala’s intellectual freedom folks came up with this radical, militant librarian button (which i found in library mistress’ photostream): in recognition of the efforts of librarians to help raise awareness of the overreaching aspects of the usa patriot act, the american library association (ala) office for intellectual freedom (oif) is offering librarians an opportunity to proudly proclaim their “radical” and “militant” support for intellectual freedom, privacy, and civil liberties. 	wordpress plugin: add to del.icio.us i’m not running it here (only because i’m too lazy), but i was happy to find arne brachold’s del.icio.us – bookmark this! wordpress plugin. it puts a sweet bookmark on del.icio.us link whereever you call this function: &lt;?php dbt_getlinktag(“bookmark on del.icio.us”); ?&gt; arne also wrote the google sitemap plugin i use (though it turns out i’m a few versions behind). 	us census on internet access and computing rebecca lieb reports for clickz stats that, based on us census data (report), most americans have pcs and web access: sixty-two million u.s. households, or percent of american homes, had a web-connected computer in , according to just-released u.s. census data. that’s up from percent in , and more than triple ’s percent figure. home web use continues to skew toward more affluent, younger and educated demographics. 	how i broke my clie it’s an unseasonably warm and rainy january here in warren, where warm actually means daytime highs of about degrees and ‘seasonable weather’ would be closer to zero. the point is that it’s the worst possible winter weather: the rain ruins the regular winter activities, and it’s still too cold to take up summer activities. perhaps that’s why i take such comfort in this video of ashton, even if it is the video that killed my clie. 	field of trains fishfin has an interesting collection of photos from the american plains. that old train car caught my eye and fishfin replied to my comment with more detail: this old train car sits about yards from the soo line railroad in north eastern montana, it’s in comertown, an old abandoned town were they used to run whiskey from canada to the us in the early ’s. [link added] fishfin &rsquo;s old train. 	highways think now of the us interstate highway system. like the internet that followed, the highway system was the subject of much hype and conjecture. most notably, norman bel geddes’ -designed general motors futurama exhibit at the new york word’s fair. in it we saw magical highways connecting our cities, and whisking motorists from new york to la in hours. he predicted cities would expand their commuting radius by % by . 	the library vs. search engine debate, redux a while ago i reported on the pew internet project‘s november report on increased use of search engines. here’s what i had to say at the time: on an average day, about million american adults use the internet; % will use email, % will use a search engine. among all the online activities tracked, including chatting and iming, reading blogs or news, banking, and buying, not one of them includes searching a library opac. 	more trends in online behavior from pew internet it turns out that the pew internet and american life project sort of keeps a blog. here are some points from a november post by project director lee rainie regarding “surprising, strange, and wonderful data:” the vast majority of most internet users ( %) and many non-users (about %) expect that they will be able to find reliable information online when it comes to news, health care information, e-commerce, and government. 	winter’s day winter in warren can be rather picturesque. 	poets, justice, scotch unattributable: “poetic justice is a lie. it’s no more real than military inteligence. the entire motivation for poetry is the unjust pain of life.” separately, what’s the appropriate lc classification for scotch? my first thought was around pr , but what do i know. should it go elsewhere? what about other spirits? 	joel friesen’s misuse of powerpoint joel friesen‘s powerpoint-esque presentation on why his girlfriend should continue to date him didn’t win her back, but it entertained folks. yes, the diagram above shows joel’s position at the intersection of those who are graphic designers, awesome people, and people who’ve played a zombie in a low-budget horror flick, yes the other slides are as entertaining. go look: why you should continue to date me; a series of charts and graphs. 	presentation advice from an apple insider mike evangelist’s look behind the magic curtain of apple keynotes during his time with the company. 	code lib program proposal i’d be excited just to be a fly on the wall at code lib, but i’m on a bit of a mission to change the architecture of our library software — to make it more hackable, and make those hacks more sharable — so i had to propose a talk. title: what blog applications can teach us about library software architecture description: the number of programmers in the library world is growing and our individual efforts have shown great promise, but they exist largely as a spectacle that few libraries can enjoy. 	looking at controversy through the eyes of britannica and wikipedia the argument about wikipedia versus britannica continues to rage in libraryland. the questions are about authority and the likelihood of outright deception, of course, and a recent round brought up the limitations of peer review as exemplified in the cold fusion controversy, where two scientists claimed to have achieved a nuclear fusion reaction at room temperature. randy souther, from the university of san francisco, asked us to look more carefully: 	boat full of toilets my inner -year-old is cracking up over the notion of a shipwrecked load of toilets in the mediterranean. 	magnetic fields, earworms, fido i can’t get fido, your leash is too long, from the magnetic fields‘ love songs, out of my head. this entry is an attempt to kill this earworm by posting the lyrics. if this doesn’t work i’m checking out maim that tune. fido, your leash is too long you go where you don’t belong you’ve been digging in the rubble gettin’ bitches in trouble 	tag clouds… “the tag cloud is the mullet of the internet.” found at phpflickr. look closely. 	gallery to flickr migration tool for those people still using gallery, here’s the last straw: rasmus lerdorf got to playing with the flickr api and quickly wrote up a script to migrate his photos from gallery to flickr. he’s didn’t post a script or anything, he’s just saying it’s easy to do. a lot of things are easy to do, of course, but that doesn’t mean they get done. so it’s probably a great relief to somebody that paul baron got on the job. 	ddos’d my hosting provider sent along the following message: we have experienced a ddos attack today january th, which resulted in latency across the entire network. during this time your domain, email, ftp and other services may have appeared to be offline, or intermittent. our techs have been working as quickly as possible to block the attack and get the network back up to speed. i was relieved to know that the unexpected downtime was the result of something i’d done. 	political blogging protected by fec way back near the end of , lot reported that the federal election commission had basically ruled that bloggers are journalists: the federal election commission today issued an advisory opinion that finds the fired up network of blogs qualifies for the “press exemption” to federal campaign finance laws. the press exemption, as defined by congress, is meant to assure “the unfettered right of the newspapers, tv networks, and other media to cover and comment on political campaigns. 	social software works for organizations too ignore the politics for a moment. moveon‘s cto, patrick michael kane, remarked that the organization’s membership to flickr, the photo sharing site, has paid off: “flickr has got to be the best $ . we’ve ever spent.” why? micah sifry explains in a story at alternet that moveon had been soliciting photos of events from members for some time, but their ability to move those photos through the process and make them available to the public was limited. 	wordpress . & bsuite update: bugfix release b v available. wordpress . is out and available for download now. i don’t know how the development team did it — i mean with the holidays and all — but here it is. and now i have to admit that i haven’t even played with the betas, so i’ve got no clue how bsuite works with the big . . for all i know it works just fine, or it drops all your tables and sends your browser history to your mother, so please take caution. 	avenue q steve wynn could probably have had any show he wanted, but he chose avenue q, the sesame street and muppets-inspired show that has to include a disclaimer denying its roots in the program and advertising. what the show’s creators don’t have to disclaim are the three tony awards the show won in for best score, best book, and best musical. sandee bought the cast recording (also at amazon) because they’re the sort of tunes that get into your head…the sort of tunes you’ll find yourself humming days later. 	the eating, drinking, and dancing in vegas vegas knows liquor. vegas knows drinks. they go well with cards and dice and slot machines and such. and even though the cards and dice and slot machines and such aren’t my reasons for going to town, i do enjoy a drink. above, center you see the west wing bar’s sidecar with cognac, triple sec and lemon juice. at the left is a pinapple mojito from the wynn’s terrace pointe cafe. 	nevada considers atomic testing license plate, again the first license plate to remember nevada’s history as the host of the us’s nuclear testing grounds drew criticism for featuring a mushroom cloud (see the plate on the right, above). now it appears folks are at it again, this time with a plate that depicts the site’s area and includes the classic illustration of an atom’s electron cloud. all of this generated enough interest to bring the local media out to the atomic testing museum to gawk at the proposed plate, including an actual-sized rendition being shown off on a lincoln navigator. 	nevada desert we didn’t get to go to barstow as planned, but i couldn’t leave las vegas without a peak at the desert. fortunately, red rock canyon isn’t far from town, and the blue diamond highway does a nice loop there and back. along the way i found that the town of blue diamond has a new welcome sign, but the old text remains: “elevation: high, population: low, burros: ?” i stumbled across an upended car standing like a tombstone exclaiming “dirt man rocks. 	font friends you’ve got to love a friend who emails you when she finds fonts like orange whip and comic strip exclaim and say they remind her of you. 	on censorship regarding nudity in photographs posted to flickr, dancharvey says: honestly, i’m more concerned about all the cats and flowers. cliche is more damaging than breasts. your opinion may vary. 	barstow california what didn’t work out because of our problems with the hotel was our drive to barstow to see sandee’s friend joanne. i don’t know much about the town, but wikipedia told me to look out for the original del taco, rainbow basin natural area (site not loading now, try this instead), calico ghost town, and the old solar one solar energy generating experiment. along the road, however, is the the world’s tallest thermometer, in baker, california. 	atomic liquors i convinced sandee to join me at atomic liquors on fremont street, just beyond the western hotel casino in what the las vegas sun calls the “gritty underbelly of las vegas.” owner joe sobchick and his wife stella started business in with a cafe called virginia’s. they converted it into a bar in , and changed the name to recognize their proximity to the nuclear tests just miles away. 	welcome to fabulous las vegas…with your host, casey the wind along las vegas boulevard was blowing hard, so it hides the fact that i’m currently sporting one of the worst haircuts of all time. i’ve been meaning to take a picture of this damn sign for years — and more so after seeing beatnickside‘s collection of vegas photos. 	what you lose in the whirligig… nobody’s saying what caused it, but things didn’t go as planned at the mgm grand sunday night. we were told our room wasn’t ready when we tried to check in a little before midnight, so we ambled over to the cafe for a midnight breakfast on the house. then at am, when our rooms still weren’t ready, we were sent to the bellagio with a voucher for a free room and cab fare. 	the real king kong here’s another story from my friend joe monninger. this time it’s a piece he cut from a book he’s working on, but i’m happy to take his tailings. the text that follows is his: with the mega-release of king kong swarming the country this week, it might be interesting to hear a true big ape story. i came across this story while doing research for a project, and i pass it along as it came to me. 	happy holidays from las vegas! the bellagio is all done up for the holidays, vegas-style (which means it’ll give you a headache). 	happy holidays from warren snow, thick and heavy because of the thaw these past few days, covers warren. our rocket stands tall for all seasons. 	shuffling ipods i couldn’t help but want one when they were released. i still wanted one after reading the reviews. and i couldn’t help but think about buying one when i finally got to play with it in the store. my wife, loving me and knowing me as she does, got me one. yes, i got a video ipod for christmas. thing is, presents like this create a crisis. how do i extract the gigabytes of music i’ve accumulated on the old ipod? 	last minute gift idea my friend joe loved his chickens, though a fox did them in this last fall. he’d planned to leave the coop empty for the winter and start fresh in the spring, but his surfing lead him to mail order chickens (adoption card pictured above). so…what better a gift for a friend than a chicken by mail? and what better a gift to the world than trade justice? 	santa vs. cops i always get a laugh out of cops, and an even bigger laugh out parodies of the show. so i have to thank cliff for finding this animated video of santa getting pulled over. 	the war on christmas i like christmas as much as anybody (well, anybody who likes christmas), but i’m a “happy holidays” guy. why? because christmas and the holidays aren’t about me, they’re about the way we spread happiness and joy to others, no matter how they celebrate. so while i quietly hope for my own merry christmas, i resist the urge to wish everybody else a happy festivus and opt for “happy holidays.” 	blogging the office party (mostly because they suggested it) i don’t work for central it anymore, but they still invite me to their holiday party. and no office holiday party would be complete without a yankee swap. i brought a sort of crappy battery operated screwdriver that seemed to be popular (but keep in mind that we have really low standards for these things), but i was pretty happy to unwrap a martini set with four glasses and pitcher for myself. 	serena collage customer sites zach got a call from the serena collage rep who rattled off this list of customers in new england: boston college northeastern bristol community college umass lowell 	the sungard/sct luminis content management suite demo we got the demo yesterday of sungard/sct‘s luminis content management suite (sales video). i mentioned previously that the sales rep thinks pima community college and edison college show it off well. here’s what we learned in the demo: it started with the explanation that data is stored as xml, processed by jsp, and rendered to the browser as xhtml according to templates, layouts, and “web views.” it was later explained that the product was “web server agnostic” and could run under apache, iis, sunone, or others. 	electric aerobic color me amused to learn that somebody (don’t worry, amazon will never tell me who) bought carmen electra’s aerobic striptease after following one of my amazon affiliate links. 	book flower 	institutional and academic repositories mit has dspace, their solution to save, share, and search the collected work of their faculty and students (in use by public sites). now royce just shared with me this presentation by bill hubbard, the sherpa project manager at university of nottingham. what’s sherpa? the name is an acronym for securing a hybrid environment for research preservation and access, but it’s a project intended to archive the pre and post publication papers and other research products. 	kim’s cms shortlist with , cms vendors in the marketplace, we’re mining what we know or know-of as a way to shorten the list. kim named the following four: joomla, a derivative of mambo collage appears to have good content reuse features omniupdate has a good list of higher ed clients drupal: open source and turning heads 	ryan eby’s pursuit of live-search ryan eby gets excited over livesearch. and who can blame him? i mention the preceding because it explains the following: two links leading to some good examples of livesearch in the wild. inquisitor is a livesearch plugin for os x’s safari web browser. it gives the top few hits, spelling suggestions where appropriate, and links to jump to other search engines. garrett murray’s maniacalrage is an interesting blog on its own, but he’s also doing some good ajax on his search interfaces. 	simon mahler audioproduktion simon mahler did the audio for benjamin stephan and lutz vogel‘s trusted computing movie. the movie is good, but i realized i was letting it play in the background just to hear the soundtrack, so i finally looked up mahler’s fotone.net and found the three free song downloads. it’s good stuff, but i’m wondering where the album is… 	cop tasers cop two cops: he wanted a soda, she didn’t. she had the wheel, he had a taser. details from this associated press story: hamtramck, mich. — a police officer has been charged with using a taser on his partner during an argument over whether they should stop for a soft drink. ronald dupuis, , was charged wednesday with assault and could face up to three months in jail if convicted. the six-year veteran was fired after the nov. 	they might be giants podcast thanks go to jenny for the link to the they might be giants podcast! and all that brings up something i was too lazy to figure out before. interestingly, it became an issue now only because i was also too lazy to look for the tmbg podcast in the itunes podcast directory. it turned out to be easy enough to subscribe directly, but here are the directions from apple: if you can’t find a podcast on the itunes music store, never fear. 	free palm/treo aim client my treo rocks. part of my love for the new gadget is how i can now aim on the run without sms. sure, i risk frostbitten fingers as i walk across campus and i’d probably be a lot better off if i just called the person, but…but… anyway, everything treo was near the top of my google query with a roundup of three commercial im apps for palm. but none of the reviewed apps seemed all that great, and i sort of expected to find a free client. 	two things to know about library . you don’t like the “ . ” moniker? so what. john blyberg reminds us that “if we’re arguing over semantics, we’ve been derailed.” and stephen abram is said to have cautioned us: “when librarians study something to death, we forget that death was not the original goal.” 	bsuite bug fixes (release b v ) [innerindex]i’ve fixed another bug in bsuite b , my multi-purpose plugin. this update is recommended for all bsuite users. fixed previous versions would throw errors at the bottom of the page when the http referrer info included search words from a recognized search engine. installation follow the directions for the bsuite b release. the download link there will always fetch the current version. upgrades from earlier versions of bsuite are easy, just replace the old bsuite. 	improving wordpress search results simplesearch – a full-text solution | beau collins 	nature concludes wikipedia not bad fresh from nature: a peer reveiw comparison of wikipedia’s science coverage against encyclopaedia britannica: one of the extraordinary stories of the internet age is that of wikipedia, a free online encyclopaedia that anyone can edit. this radical and rapidly growing publication, which includes close to million entries, is now a much-used resource. but it is also controversial: if anyone can edit entries, how do users know if wikipedia is as accurate as established sources such as encyclopaedia britannica? 	yahoo! rocks the web no, i don’t mean that they’re disrupting it, i mean they’re getting it. and in saying that, i don’t mean they’re figured it our first, but they they’re making some damn good acquisitions to get it right. mostly, i’m speaking of they’re purchase of flickr last year and their acquisition of del.icio.us friday. but in a somewhat lesser way i’m also speaking of their announcement monday that they’ll be offering blogs as well. 	yahoo! buys del.icio.us nial kennedy threw down some of the first coverage of yahoo!’s acquisition of del.icio.us last week. del.icio.us will most likely be integrated with existing yahoo! search property my web. my web allows yahoo! members to tag search results for discovery through a defined social network (y! ) or all yahoo! users. yahoo! will use del.icio.us bookmarks to better inform personalized search results throughout its services. its ability to combine signals of relevance from search result click-throughs to a listing of sites bookmarked and classified will lead to increased use of yahoo! 	opensearch spec updated i just received this email from the a opensearch team: we have just released opensearch . draft . we hope to declare it the final version shortly, and it is already supported by a .com. uprading from a previous version should only take a few minutes… opensearch . allows you to specify search results in html, atom, or any other format (or multiple formats) in addition to just rss. in addition, opensearch . 	a patron’s perspective on library . my friend joe monninger is perhaps a library’s favorite patron. he’s an avid reader who depends on his public library for books and audiobooks and dvds, and as a writer and professor he depends on the services of the university library. but he doesn’t work in libraries, and though he listens patiently to my work stories, he doesn’t really care about the politics or internal struggles we face. that said, i’m reprinting here the full text of his recent column for the valley news, a paper serving hanover new hampshire and other upper connecticut river valley communities. 	bush joke i wish i could admit the provenance of the following, but i’ve been sworn to secrecy. here goes: donald rumsfeld is briefing president bush: “yesterday, brazilian soldiers were killed.” “oh no!” exclaims the president, “that’s terrible!” his staff is stunned at this unprecedented display of emotion, watching as bush sits, head in hands. finally, he looks up and asks, “how many is a brazillion?” 	identity management podcast josh porter and alex barnett got dick hardt and kim cameron on the line to talk about identity management. the result is available as a podcast. i should add that josh and alex are big on the attention economy and social software, so they’re asking questions about how idm works in those contexts. most people thinking about idm today seem to be thinking about its uses in the enterprise or in education, but when i say identity management is the next big thing, i mean it in the social context that josh and alex are rooted in. 	sungard/sct luminis content management suite we’re looking at the sungard/sct luminis content management suite (sales video). the real demo comes later, but the sales rep thinks pima community college and edison college show it off well. hmm. 	four million dominos, a sparrow, an exterminator people like to topple dominos, and some people like to topple great long snaking lines of them. so tv crews get involved, people spend a month or more lining the damn things up, and domino day becomes an annual event. enter sparrow. sparrow menaces dominos, topples , of them. enter exterminator. exterminator shoots sparrow. enter news media. enter public outcry. enter death threats. result: a record million dominos, the sparrow incident is being investigated by a reported seven agencies, and the martyr sparrow has been preserved for display in . 	free fonts zone erogene has ten fonts available for free download, including migraine serif and the faux-cyrillic perestroika. tip for mac os x users: rename the font to remove the “.txt” extension that will get added to the filename, then double-click it. 	the dial up isp wasteland yes, there are some parts of the continental us not yet served by dsl or cable modems. that’s why i’m looking for a dial up isp. nationally we’ve got aol and earthlink, followed by budget operators netzero, peoplepc, and netscape online. but here’s the thing, and forgive my ignorance, why do all these services suggest you need to download and install software just to dial in? i mean, hasn’t dial up networking been a standard feature of various releases of mac os and windows since or so? 	treo for me i’ve been talking up the pepper pad and nokia a lot, and i’ve mentioned a moment of lust for the lifedrive (despite my complaints against pdas), but today i bought a treo (even though i had doubts). my decision surprised me, but the following factors all weighed in its favor: my cell phone contract expired. verizon was dangling their standard $ discount (on top of other discounts) on a new phone if i renewed. 	the bathroom reader somebody at gizmodo found this agence france-presse story about the intersection of american surfing and bathroom habits in the hindustan times. it’s based on a report by the usc annenberg school‘s center for the digital future. for five years running now, the center has tracked internet use (and non-use) in a , household representative sample of america (choosing a new sample each year). this year, researchers found: “over half of those who used wi-fi had used it in the bathroom. 	gao report confirms election fraud this should be no surprise — especially to those who’ve been appropriately concerned about electronic voting machines: lyn davis lear is reporting on a gao report that concluded the election was fraudulent and a diebold insider is blowing the whistle (via engadget). what does the report confirm? bob fitrakis &amp; harvey wasserman summarize: some electronic voting machines “did not encrypt cast ballots or system audit logs, and it was possible to alter both without being detected. 	supamonks video al sent this video along via email, and it seems perfect for friday afternoon. it’s all about super-monks (supramoine in french?), a kind of european shaolin, maybe. 	warning label humor amadana‘s new headphones come with an amusing warning label: can’t climb wall. can’t listen to the voice in your heart. can’t open the coffer (safe). sure, the above looks fake, but lichen pointed out this other engrishism: “fits well and stable…with movable ear hangers.” want more? go visit galleries of oddness. 	astro dog press jon link is among the smartest and coolest people i know, so when he decides to start up a press, and then decides to fund his startup with t-shirt sales, i get in line. 	nokia in the wild gizmodo‘s reporting the nokia is in customer’s hands and getting some buttons pushed. now we’ve got nokia and pepper exploring this space. where to next? 	frontrow for everybody via an im from ryan eby: a pointer to andrew escobar‘s directions on how to install apple’s front row. 	digitize vinyl easy engadget and gizmodo both have the skinny on a usb turntable. 	microformats oliver brown introduced me to microformats a while ago, the ryan eby got excited about them, then coins-pmh showed how useful they could be for libraries, but i still haven’t done anything with them myself (other than beg peter binkley to release his coins-pmh wordpress plugin). what are microformats? garrett dimon explains the theory: when writing markup against deadlines and priorities, it’s easy to forget that somebody else will eventually have to maintain it. 	macos x . = built-in vnc server macminicolo.net explains how to use it. 	queen mashups are all the rage michael sauers pointed out q-unit, a mashup of queen and cent. they’re sure to have disney (the rights owner for queen’s catalog) on their back soon. at least, it didn’t take disney long to shut down the kleptones, whose “a night at the hip-hopera” has a spot on my ipod. and that’s where the story comes around, are we at the point where we can say queen’s music has taken on the status of a modern fairy tale? 	oclc report: libraries vs. search engines so, the report was released monday, and it’s actually titled perceptions of libraries and information resources ( ), but the part i’m highlighting here is the results of the question that asked users to compare their experiences with search engines against their experiences with libraries. here’s the quesiton: satisfaction with the librarian and the search engine — by total respondents based on the most recent search you conducted through [search engine used most recently],how satisfied were you in each of the following areas? 	all conversations in warren revolve around heat a friend of mine jokes that every conversation in warren revolves around heat. but, it wouldn’t be funny if it wasn’t at least a little bit true. as it turns out, most of the rest of the country is talking about heat too. pellet stoves have been all the rage this fall. i feel lucky to have gotten one before the rush, but i’m also a little dismayed about the selection. 	jabber as inter-process communication standard? open-ils blog » blog archive » opensrf jabber: a technical review 	oss in lib ryan eby tells me that the current issue of library hi tech includes some discussion of open source software’s uses in libraries. 	my cultural go-to guy most of my reading is non-fiction, so i depend on bob garlitz to keep me current with the rest of the literary world and a bit of the art world. 	raging arguments about the future of the ils i feel a little misrepresented by a post from talis’ richard wallis claiming you don’t need technology for library . – but it helps, but the company blog doesn’t allow embedded urls, so i’m posting my comment here: richard, please don’t misunderstand me. technology is the essential infrastructure for library . . my point was that technology alone doesn’t make a library. it would be better to read my post in the context of meredith farkas‘ and jenny levine‘s recent posts crying out for more programmers in libraries. 	who’s afraid of wikipedia? arguments about wikipedia‘s value and authority will rage for quite a while, but it’s interesting to see where the lines are being drawn. on the one had we’ve got a year-old pointing out errors in encyclopaedia britannica (via many many) and now on the other side we’ve got john seigenthaler, a former editorial page editor at usa today, piping mad about some libelous content in his wikipedia biography page. now, i have to agree with seigenthaler in as much as i would never want anybody to make such claims against me, and i’d probably consider my legal options in such a matter, but i’m sure i’m not the only one who gets a chuckle over the matter. 	understanding airport codes dave english explains why airport codes can be so darn confusing (even while some of them are stupid obvious). 	criticism of modern movies we’ve all heard it before, but we just can’t get it out of our heads. today’s movies make us feel dumb. paulina borsook joins the chorus and condemns contemporary cinema by praising movies of the s and s: they were movies made for adults, even if they had been mainstream movies and/or nominally rated pg. they made presumptions about the intelligence of their audience, didn’t need things to be boldly spelled out, and they were predicated on the assumption that their audience was capable of making inferences. 	$ laptop details i’ve been doing a lot of talking about the coming information age and how it depends on access technology that is as cheap and easy to use as our cell phones (and applications of it that are as appealing as people find their cell phones). but i’ve been slow to mention the mit media lab‘s one laptop per child $ laptop plan. the truth is that i just don’t know that much about it. 	humanoid robots are eerie my friend troy pointed out a while ago that the more “realistic” our -d models of humans get, the scarier they look. apparently it applies to robots to, at least judging by the “actroid” above. maybe i better put how to survive a robot uprising closer to the top of my reading list. more at akihabara news, found via gizmodo. 	understanding wp_rewrite and related hooks the docs are in the codex, this tag plugin offers quite a few examples, as does jerome’s keywords plugin. 	wp geo mashup plugin i don’t know how i missed cyberhobo‘s geo-mashup-plugin (also at wp-plugins.org) until now. 	it’s been ahah all this time? i might be reading this wrong, but it looks like i’ve been using ahah when i’ve thought i was using ajax. hmm… 	bsuite bug fixes (release b b) [innerindex]i’ve fixed a couple bugs in bsuite b , released last week. fixes a bug with search word highlighting that caused it to litter the display in some cases. a silly mistake of mine that cause a mysql error for some users. installation follow the directions for the bsuite b release. the download link there will always fetch the current version. upgrades from bsuite b are easy, just replace the old bsuite. 	safe: design takes on risk i’ve been sitting on this story since october, hoping i’d be able to get to the show, but it’s increasingly clear that i’m not getting to nyc for a while. so, anyway… moma is showing safe: design takes on risk wired magazine described it: just in time for the wave of catastrophes plaguing our fragile planet, some top designers unveil a series of aesthetically pleasing objects that could be handy in dangerous situations, from the banal to the apocalyptic. 	library . ? rochelle worries that all this library . talk is lost on her library. ross tells us why he hates the library . meme and dan reminds us it’s not about buzzwords. but michael is getting closest to a point that’s been troubling me for a while: library . isn’t about software, it’s about libraries. it’s about the evolution of all of our services to meet the needs of our users. 	bar hosts burglaries in years yahoo! news tells me that brigitte hoffmann’s tages-bar in berlin gets robbed a lot. 	edward gorey’s “elephant” house edward gorey is known for having created the gashlycrumb tinies, an alphabet of ways young children can meet an early end. that, and the bumper animations for public television’s mystery! (here, have some games). gorey is dead now, but his house in yarmouth is open to the public. admission is $ for adults (http://edwardgoreyhouse.org/, phone - - ). i found out about the house at odd new england. 	 , cms vendors! cms market watch tells us that there are , cms vendors, and some of them are getting a little feisty. 	a library for all peoples in a washington post column last week, librarian of congress james h. billington proposed a library for the new world: [t]he time may be right for our country’s delegation to consider introducing to the [unesco] a proposal for the cooperative building of a world digital library. this would offer the promise of bringing people closer together by celebrating the depth and uniqueness of different cultures in a single global undertaking. 	bsuite features: the photo spread bsuite highlights the search words used to find blog posts in google and other search engines, and uses those search terms to recommend other related posts at your wordpress site. — – — bsuite uses the tags of one post to recommend related posts in your wordpress blog. — – — bsuite includes an easy to use statistics engine that tracks the daily hits to every post and page. 	opportunity knocks message from jenny levine: opportunity knocks. some people hear it, others claim it’s just squirrels on the roof. 	opac web services should be like amazon web services no, i’m not talking about the interface our users see in the web browser — there’s enough argument about that — i’m talking about web services, the technologies that form much of the infrastructure for web . . once upon a time, the technology that displayed a set of data, let’s say catalog records, was inextricably linked to the technology that stored that set of data. as we started to fill our data repositories, we found it usefull to import (and export) the data so that we could benefit from the work others had done and share our contributions with others. 	talk big if i lived in seattle, i’d look to beatnickside’s photos for clues about where the fun is. here’s his photo of the “iron composer” competition at the crocodile cafe. 	dance dance revolution, nyc i caught the following story on npr’s all things considered (realaudio stream) last night: new york is known for its vibrant nightlife, yet in many bars and restaurants it’s illegal to dance. now, a law professor is challenging the “cabaret laws,” claiming they violate a dancer’s right of free expression. the city says dancing by patrons is not a protected right — and can prove it. (link added) this was a big surprise to me, and a bigger surprise to learn that it’s not just some blue law. 	bsuite wordpress plugin (b release) [innerindex]the first thing we all have to agree on is that bsuite is the replacement for bstat. the name change reflects that fact that the plugin is doing a lot more than simply track page loads. the most exciting new feature is a module i can’t help but call bsuggestive. it uses the tags of the current post to suggest related posts to your readers. and when readers arrive at your site via a search engine, it not only highlights the search words they used, but offers a list of other posts matching their search criteria. 	cms pitfalls everybody wants a content management system, but there’s little agreement about what a cms is or what it should do. even knowledgeable people often find themselves struggling for an answer before giving up and defining a cms by example. the problem is that we know we want better websites, and we know technology should help, but how. jeffery veen offers some sage advice to those who would ignore the non-technical facets of the problem: 	theories of information behavior via librarian way i found the lis radio webcast of a conversation between sandra erdelez and karen fischer, two of three editors of theories of information behavior from asis&amp;t and information today. unfortunately, the interview focuses on how the book came to be more than the content, but the description reads: overviews of more than conceptual frameworks for understanding how people seek, manage, share, and use information in different contexts. 	bsuggestive and bsuite tag support bsuite, the follow-up to bstat, now includes a module called “bsuggestive” that recommends related posts based on the current post’s tags or alternate posts based on your search words when you arrive from a recognized search engine. that is, bsuggestive does two neat things: first, visitors will see a section in each post with links to other posts on your site that have similar content. the “similarity” is judged by comparing the current posts tags against the content and titles of all other posts in the database. 	bsuite is coming i’m about to release a public beta of my wordpress plugin over at maisonbisson. information about my favorite new feature, bsuggestive, online now. bsuite started out as bstat, and continues to offer rich stats tracking features. update: bsuite b is out! 	wayfaring.com wayfaring: with wayfaring.com you can explore maps created by others, or create your own personalized map. share them with friends or the whole world. now imagine it with earthcomber integration. wouldn’t that be neat. 	raging arguments about the future of the ils i hadn’t seen ryan eby’s post at libdev that connected ilss with wordpress before i posted that library catalogs should be like wordpress here. it connects with a my comment on a post at meredith farkas’ information wants to be free. my comment there goes in two directions, but i’d like to focus on the technology side now. our vendors will inevitably bend to our demands and add small features here and there, but even after that, we’ll still be stuck paying enormous amounts of money for systems that remain fundamentally flawed. 	rollyo metasearch rollyo: roll your own search engine. create personal search engines using only the sources you trust. relevant. reliable. rollyo. they call them “searchrolls” 	library catalogs should be like wordpress library catalogs should be be like wordpress. that is, every entry should support comments, trackbacks, and pingbacks. every record should have a permalink. content should be tag-able. the look should be easily customizable with themes. everything should be available via rss or atom. it should be extendable with a rich plugin api. and when that fails, it would be nice if it were all written in a convenient language like php so we can hack it ourselves. 	infrared photos among the infrared photos at pbase.com is this plantation infrared collection by joseph levy. above: part of the collection by richard higgs. 	blog value the sale of weblogs inc. to aol last month for $ + million got a lot of bloggers excited. tristan louis did the math and put the sale value into perspective against the number of incoming links the the weblogs inc. properties. it’s an interesting assertion of the value of the google economy, no? the various properties have a total of almost , incoming links, which work out to being worth between about $ and $ each, depending on the actual sale price, which everybody’s mum about. 	karen kills in karts karen has the smart-sexy-funny thing going on, but that doesn’t stop her from eating donut after donut or beating will and me in every white-knuckled kart race we ran last weekend. drivers sit only an inch or two off the ground in karts that are said to go miles an hour. eight minute races may seem short, but at between and seconds per lap (my best time was -some-odd seconds, karen’s was at least a second faster), you’ll get plenty of chances to skid out at every turn. 	thanksgiving there is, supposedly, some historical meaning to our thanksgiving holiday, but all i can figure out is that i wasn’t there and it probably didn’t go as i’ve been told. thing is, thanksgiving isn’t so much about what we were, but who we are. thanksgiving celebrates the two most important things in life: food and family. almost unique among us holidays, retailers haven’t yet found a way to commercialize it. international readers may wonder how a us holiday can exist without commercial involvement, but they should know that we make up for it in the way we eat. 	my wife the technology dependent anti-geek my wife sandee cringes at the suggestion that she’s a geek. she writes poetry and teaches english, she cooks fabulous meals and dances all night long. surely you’re mistaken she’ll say. but she does have a laptop, a digital camera, and an ipod. and she immediately saw the value of having a computer in the living room when mp s replaced cds many years ago. so you’ll point to all of this and ask for a clarification and she’ll explain that her use of technology does not make her a technophile any more than her use of a car makes her a nascar fan. 	pew internet report: search engines gain ground according to the recently released pew internet report on online activities: on an average day, about million american adults use the internet; % will use email, % will use a search engine. among all the online activities tracked, including chatting and iming, reading blogs or news, banking, and buying, not one of them includes searching a library opac. 	november snow we’ve had snow on the mountains for a while now, but this is the first accumulation in my yard. 	when you hit bottom and need design help stock.xchng has nothing on flickr for searching, finding, sharing photos, except that they’re uploaded with the express intention of offering them for re-use. some are available free, others free for non-commercial use, others with their own license terms. but stock photos aren’t really the bottom of the barrel. no, for that you have to look at pixellogo. it’s there that you’ll see the sorts of things you can do to put some pop in a limp design. 	using xml in php everybody likes documentation. the zend folks posted this overview and simplexml introduction the o’reilly folks at onlamp offered this guide to using simplexml. of course, there’s always the simplexml docs at php.net. two problems: i haven’t encountered cdata in my xml yet, but i do hope to develop a better solution than offered here when i do. the other is that simplexml chokes on illegal characters, a unfortunately common occurrence in documents coming from iii’s xml server. 	akismet spam catcher i’ve been getting spam, a lot of spam; spam comments and trackbacks in the last two months or so. so it was a relief to find akismet, a networked spam blocking plugin for wordpress. they claim to have blocked , spams since its release, and i’ve been pretty happy with it. 	instant messaging in libraries: ten points from aaron schmidt aaron schmidt’s points about im in libraries include: instant messaging is free (minus staff time) millions of our patrons use im every day. for some, not being available via im is like not having a telephone number. there are three major im networks (aim, y!m, msn) y!m and msn will be interoperable at some point. trillian is a multi-network im client, meebo is a web-based multi-network client. use them. 	retro gaming for the holidays it’s amusing how retailers will try to capture a trend. so retro gaming fans have been building their own arcade cabinets for years now, but i just saw that target is offering a midway arcade machine for the holidays. the -pound machine is described as “full-size” and offers joust, defender i and ii, robotron, rampage, splat, satan’s hollow, root beer tapper, bubbles, wizard of war, timber and sinistar. 	thermometer museum dick porter, of onset ma, has been building his collection of over thermometers since the mid- s, though the collection has nearly doubled since when it was just over . he calls it the world’s largest and only thermometer museum. he’s certainly passionate about them, and he’s been an invited speaker at more than a few thermometer and weather related events, like the christening of the world’s largest thermometer in baker california. 	harmon’s lunch i learned of harmon’s lunch from a mention on the splendid table a few weeks ago. i wrote down the following quote from the show from memory, so it may not be entirely accurate: they have two things on the menu, and nobody ever orders the other one. they serve hamburgers, and the only option is with or without onions. as it turns out, the menu is a little richer than suggested. 	collective intelligence: wisdom of the crowds i’m here at neasis&amp;t’s “social software, libraries, and the communities that (could) sustain them” event, presented by steven cohen. he’s suggesting we read james surowiecki’s the wisdom of crowds. surowiecki first developed his ideas for wisdom of crowds in his “financial page” column of the new yorker. many critics found his premise to be an interesting twist on the long held notion that americans generally question the masses and eschew groupthink. 	more neasis&t buy hack or build followup first, josh porter, the first speaker of the day has a blog where he’s posted his presentation notes and some key points. josh spoke about web . , and ended with the conclusion that successful online technologies are those that best model user behavior. “i think web . is about modeling something that already exists in our offline worlds, mostly in the spoken words and minds of humankind.” interestingly, in findability terms, it was josh’s post that clued me in that the event podcast was online because he linked to my blog in his post. 	nelinet bibliographic services conference i’m here at the nelinet bibliographic services conference at the college of the holy cross today. the conference is titled “google vs. the opac: the challenge is on!” and there’s quite a lineup of speakers. my presentation is on “the social life of metadata.” my slides are online, and below is some background. **the library catalog… ** the catalog is among a library’s most important assets. an unread book offers little value, but the catalog offers the promise that the library’s resources will be found and used, and a well constructed catalog makes the finding easier by offering rich details and easy navigation. 	neasis&t buy, hack or build followup i was tempted to speak without slides yesterday, and i must offer my apologies to anybody trying to read them now, as i’m not sure how the slides make sense without the context of my speech. on that point, it’s worth knowing that lichen did an outstanding job liveblogging the event, despite struggling with a blown tire earlier that morning. it’s probably well understood by anybody reading this that most library services are at the web . 	neasis&t buy, hack or build i’m here at the neasis&amp;t buy, hack or build event today at mit’s media lab. on the list are joshua porter, director of web development for user interface engineering, pete bell [corrected], co-founder of endeca solutions, and me. i’m posting my slides here now, but i’m told we’ll see a podcast of the proceedings soon after the conclusion. be aware that the slides are full of links. i won’t be able to explore them all during the presentation, but they might add value later. 	zimbra rocks zach made me take another look at zimbra, the web-based, web . -smart, very social and ajaxed up collaboration, email, and calendar suite (plus some other goodies). go ahead, watch the flash-based demo or kick the tires with their hosted demo. i think you’ll agree that it looks better than anything else we’ve seen yet. part of the success of the project is that the developers appear to understand the problem. here’s the list of [how broken email is][ ] from the white paper: 	ars on video ipod it’s old news now, but arstechnica did a really thorough review of the video ipod. i especially appreciated reviewer clint ecker’s opinion of the video playback capabilities. now i’m curious about what this does to enable more video podcasts. 	virtual economies i’m not much of a gamer, but matt got me following video game law with curious interest. and now, via arstechnica, i’ve learned of crazy things going on in role playing game economies. to some, the only surprise in jon jacobs’s us$ , purchase of in-game real estate is that nobody thought of it sooner. the first thing to know is that unlike most other mmorpgs, project entropia mixes its virtual economy with the real world. 	second annual west texas beautiful burro and mule contest held today the text of what appears to be the press release (online at alpine avalanche): the fort davis merchants association and the jeff davis county -h club encourage everyone to come join the fun as they host the second annual west texas beautiful burro and mule contest saturday, nov. . the contest will be held on the west side of the jeff davis county courthouse, and begins at a. 	slot car camera i got a slot car set for christmas when i was about eight years old. i ran the cars until the contact pads wore out, then i pretty much gave up on them. but simon jansen is just getting into the action, and he’s doing it at a time when compact and cheap electronics afford (potentially) more interactivity. see, jansen taped his cellie on one of his cars and started recording the action with the built-in camera. 	wolfram’s tones wolframtones mixes hard science with social software in the form of a ringtone generator. each click on any of the style buttons yields a “unique [note: not random] composition.” why not random? the faqs note: once wolfram_tones_ has picked a rule to use, all the notes it will generate are in principle determined. but that doesn’t mean there’s an easy way to predict them; in fact, wolfram’s phenomenon of computational irreducibility shows that in general there can’t be. 	tech tuesdays: spam management john martin was kind enough to lead a session on spam management tuesday (november th). here was the description: spam is annoying and often offensive, but it’s a fact of life for all of us. john martin will lead a discussion about how we can limit the amount of spam we see using tools running on our campus mail server and in outlook. he’ll also discuss what we can do to keep our email addresses out of spam lists in the first place and spam related issues such as phishing. 	six weapons of influence ken forwarded me this podcast of robert cialdini speaking on his six weapons of influence, which he lists as reciprocation commitment and consistency social proof authority liking scarcity cialdini’s book is in its fourth edition, and has apparently been adopted as a text for more than a few classes and the concepts have worked their way into everybody’s marketing seminars. motivation speaker and marketing yakyak patricia fripp summarizes those six weapons like this: 	library integration stuff i’d meant to point out these two articles from library journal ages ago, but now that i’m putting together my presentations for next week (neasis&amp;t &amp; nelinet), i realized i hadn’t. roy tennant writes in doing data differently that “our rich collections of metadata are underused.” while roland dietz &amp; carl grant, in the same issue, bemoan the dis-integrated world of library systems. 	how to survive a robot uprising so there i am trying to read things i can’t possible read and i stumble across a link to daniel h. wilson’s how to survive a robot uprising: tips on defending yourself against the coming rebellion. from th amazon book description: how do you spot a robot mimicking a human? how do you recognize and then deactivate a rebel servant robot? how do you escape a murderous “smart” house, or evade a swarm of marauding robotic flies? 	digital library systems group shows wares i was in cambridge today attending the digital library systems group presentation on their fancy scanners and imaging workflow software. we have no digital collections program going yet, but we’re part of a university system plan to acquire either ex libris’s digitool or encompass for digital collections (sample sites). but getting the collection management software just creates another problem: we don’t have any imaging resources to use to fill the new digital archive. 	ikea comes to new england hey, doesn’t the ikea near boston open today? sure does. the company has stores worldwide. according to a story in the pheonix: oddly enough, ikea flopped when it opened its first us store in . but by making concessions to american expectations (softer couches, american bed sizes, good thread counts) it gradually won over low-budget consumers attracted to its upmarket design, with its subtle implications of class mobility. that they were willing to bruise their toes lifting those deceptively heavy boxes speaks to the brand’s participatory appeal […]. 	internet, interactivity, & youth jenny levine alerted me to the pew internet &amp; american life project report on teens as both content creators and consumers. it turns out that teens, and teen girls especially, are highly active online iming, sharing photos, blogging, reading and commenting on other’s blogs, and gaming. an especially strong trend in this group is the use of web technologies for collaboration. interactivity, increasingly, is being defined by the teen’s ability to ask questions, comment, or contribute. 	reva “electricity car” how crazy is it that we can get neither flying cars nor (affordable) fuel efficient cars today? anyway, the reva (shown above) is a tiny little electric that seats two adults, can go miles on a charge, and fully charges in five hours (two hours gets an % charge). it’s an indian company, but they export to europe and the website has some mention of test-marketing the cars in the us. 	pen-based computing loses the tablet via engadget i found mention of the leapfrog fly, a pen with embedded computer that reads your handwriting. need a calculator? just write out “ + = ” and hear a response from the pen computer’s synthesized voice. need to schedule something? write out the date. it’s targeted at kids, and the company has released it with a variety of tutoring applications and games (you guessed it: flyware) appropriate for kids in rd to th grade. 	this car climbed hubbert peak this car climbed hubbert peak bumper stickers from hubbertpeak.net. 	devil’s horn on npr’s weekend edition today: an interview with michael segel, author of the devil’s horn, subtitled “the story of the saxophone, from noisy novelty to king of cool.” adolph sax’s instrument seems to have been controversial from the start. other manufacturers tried to assassinate him, the pope declared the church’s opposition to the instrument, ladies home journal explained that it “rendered listeners unable to distinguish right and wrong.” 	i get love letters (about bill bennett’s racist remarks) “john b,” from omaha, ne writes regarding my post about conservatives, freakonomics, and bill bennett’s racism: [i]f you had actually listened when bill bennett made the comment you quote, you would see it was not intentionally racist. you’ve taken the quote completely out of context. i’m willing to bet that you know you’ve taken the quote out of context, but really don’t care. you’ll do anything to make anyone conservative or republican look bad. 	the codex series this, from chris anderson: the codex is a episode series of machinimas made on xboxes running halo . the result caught the attention of his six- and eight-year-old children, and then him. machinimas are computer animated in real-time, using video games to create the environment, and human “puppeteers” to drive the action. the action is capture, edited, and voice-overs added. because they remove many of the economic and technical barriers to film production, they hold the promise of emphasizing story and plot, and exposing talent among those who create them. 	gnarly trees gnarly trees: “this group is for trees with oddly-formed limbs, strange bulges or growths, braided roots, or otherwise abnormal looking parts.” 	this car climbed hubbert peak this is probably the perfect bumper sticker for your neighbor’s suv, at least until your neighbor comes over with the perfect chainsaw for your front door (yeah, try to run from that in birkenstocks). but seriously, shouldn’t somebody tell these people that the world is running out of oil? 	venkman javascript debugger how did i miss this before? the venkman javascript debugger; available here, with user’s guide and faq. 	ostankino tower & world federation of great towers i don’t remember exactly why i found myself looking up moscow‘s ostankino tower, a ft ( m) tall radio-television tower. compared to the world’s tallest buildings, it’s taller than all the greats: the taipei , the sears tower, empire state building, though some people keep towers — even those with observation platforms — in a category separate from skyscrapers. so what’s a tower enthusiast to do? go take a look at the world federation of great towers (also at wikipedia). 	decision death spiral scott berkun, the author of the art of project management just blogged about the data death spiral: whenever data is misused as the only means for making decisions, a death spiral begins. the lust for data overwhelms all sensibilities. cowardly decision makers howl in glee at reams of unnecessary data, while bright people sit handcuffed to ugly slidedecks and mediocre ideas. decision makers forget their brains and wait for numbers, fueling an organizational addiction to unnecessary and distracting data. 	the livermore centennial bulb treehugger alerted me to the rather surprising story of this light bulb, burning continuously since . yeah, at least that’s the story here, at the centennial light bulb committee’s website (a partnership of the livermore-pleasanton fire department, livermore heritage guild, lawrence livermore national laboratories, and sandia national laboratories). the bulb is said to have been made by the shelby electric company of shelby, ohio, and given to the fire department by dennis bernal, owner the livermore power and light co. 	russian navy likes it big (and heavy) maybe the meaning is simply lost in translation, but take a look at the captions for this photo essay of the russian navy titled “baltops military exercise: russia is showing its muscles.” here, have two big ships, some big anti-aircraft ships, a big landing ship, a big anti-submarine ship, even a big atomic missile cruiser, and add this heavy atomic cruiser. now how would you feel about captaining the one small landing ship? 	what’s in a web search? sometimes the answer isn’t as interesting as the question. consider this note from yahoo buzz: on sunday, the day before the nomination became official, [searches for] alito sprang up a sudden %. did searches for alito spike on tips white house staffers, or were white house staffers vetting their nominee via the search engines? 	seattle via the programmableweb: seattle .com. it’s another mashup with google maps, but who knew anybody could get data in real time? sure, it’s only for seattle, and only their fire/ems servers (no police), but technology wise, it’s cool. kudos to seattle, i guess. what’s my reticence? i don’t know if i should have this data…and putting it together like this hits my privacy funny bone a bit. but then, this data exists…it’s a matter of public record. 	uc irvine’s hiperwall putting together ″ apple cinema hd displays with power mac g s gets you million pixels of screen real estate spread over x feet. call it uc irvine’s hiperwall. 	paper house a visit to the paper house will run $ . and takes you out to a beautiful corner of the massachusetts coast, pigeon hill street rockport, ma , just up the hill from pigeon cove. call ( ) - if you’ve got questions. more info at odd new england. pictures tell quite a story, so take a look at the photoset showing details of the fireplace, curtains, and exterior walls. 	missiles explode in south korea one or more trucks carrying disassembled nike-hercules missiles exploded in a tunnel near the cities of taegu and masan in south korea today. reuters reports no deaths, the korea times criticizes lack of safety. 	the new imacs… i live quite a distance from any apple stores, so it’s only now that i’ve been able to see the new stuff. the photo booth application bundled with the new imacs is actually more fun than i expected. that’s me above with the “comic book” effect applied. but front row is every bit as sweet as it looks in the demos. yes, i want it on my current machine. and, yes, i would pay $ , or maybe $ , i might even be convinced to pay $ for the remote and software. 	i will crush you or, er, my server will be crushed. i guess i should admit that my stuff could do with some optimization, maybe. perhaps what i really need is something faster than celeron with mb ram. maybe. 	is search rank group-think? way back in april , jakob nielsen tried to educate us on zipf distributions and the power law, and their relationship to the web. this is where discussions of the chris anderson’s long tail start, but the emphasis is on the whole picture, not just the many economic opportunities at the end of the tail. here’s how it works with hits to websites: a few sites become popular and form the “big head” at the left a few more sites form the slope a huge number of websites score very low and form the “long tail” nielsen adds these examples: 	 + ways good html can go bad via brad neuberg: rsnake’s xss (cross site scripting) cheatsheet: esp: for filter evasion. limitations on cross site scripting (xss hereafter) have been troubling me as i try to write enhancements to our library catalog, but the reasons for the prohibition are sound. without them i could snort your browser cookies (rsnake lists: “cookie/credential stealing/replay/session riding” among the threats, but a well-planned attack could also fetch resources from internal webservers and deliver them to external data thieves). 	ipod linux tutorial how to install ipod linux on &amp; g mini, g, photo 	attack of the blogs (yeah)! online reaction to the forbes cover story attack of the blogs has been quick and strong, and given the doom and gloom language, it’s not surprising: blogs started a few years ago as a simple way for people to keep online diaries. suddenly they are the ultimate vehicle for brand-bashing, personal attacks, political extremism and smear campaigns. it’s not easy to fight back: often a bashing victim can’t even figure out who his attacker is. 	swarmsketch via information nation, i found swarmsketch. here’s the description: swarmsketch: collective sketching of the collective consciousness. swarmsketch is an ongoing online canvas that explores the possibilities of distributed design by the masses. each week it randomly chooses a popular search term which becomes the sketch subject for the week. in this way, the collective is sketching what the collective thought was important each week. (due to increased traffic sketches are currently being updated after about lines) 	learn japanese online tutoring in japanese at udanstraight.com. here, have some trial lessons. 	new social web apps ross mayfield’s new social software list discusses ning, flock, wink, memeorandum, sphere, and rollyo. 	the fight over massport wifi i do a lot of flying in and out of boston’s logan airport, so i’ve been following the controversy about wifi there with some interest. the story is that massport, the government agency that runs the airport, is trying to tell tennents — like the airlines — that they can’t operate their own wifi networks. but the fcc previously ruled that landowners had no authority can control use of the wifi spectrum on their premises. 	public broadcasting sms to construction sign (at engadget and textually), and sms to megaphone — for the armchair protester (at textually and engadget). 	gen h- personal helicopter it’s nearing the end of and we still don’t have any flying cars like we were promised, but the gen h- personal helicopter looks promising (and dangerous). here it is in the air, and i might be crazy, but it looks to be controlled by weight-shift (even more photos). ohgizmo says it sells for about $ , . gizmodo claims it drives its counter-rotating rotors with an eight-horsepower, cc engine. and odd things from japan wonders if “this is the nearest thing on earth to ‘takekoputa. 	goats show i can’t really pass as an undergrad anymore, but they still let me in to friday night rock to see the mountain goats. mp s: this year commandante going to bridlington 	homer simpson nuclear safety simulator here: have at it with a swedish nuclear power plant simulator. raise and lower the control rods, turn pumps on and off, open and close valves, just make sure you don’t blowup anything. go look at the chernobyl tour to see what happens when you mess up. the original page includes this context: the control-room operators of the kärnobyl nuclear power plant are telecommuting and are running the plant through the web. 	 minutes of attention i won’t link to the new york times anymore, but when ross mayfield quotes them, i don’t have to. the story is that life is full of interruptions. the typical office environment today apparently allows workers “only minutes on any given project before being interrupted and whisked off to do something else.” worse, “each -minute project was itself fragmented into even shorter three-minute tasks, like answering e-mail messages, reading a web page or working on a spreadsheet. 	ubicomp goes spray-on via gizmodo, we make money not art, and the engineer: spray-on computers. the idea is to develop computers about the size of a grain of sand (though they say a cubic millimeter here), give them sensors and networking capabilities, and completely change our notion of “computer.” from the engineer: each speck will be autonomous, with its own captive, renewable energy source. thousands of specks, scattered or sprayed on a person or surfaces, will collaborate in programmable computational networks called specknets. 	dick hardt ‘s identity . presentation i said “identity management is the next big thing” back in september. that was before i’d seen sxip founder dick hardt’s presentation on identity . . zach peeped me the link and told me i wouldn’t regret watching the presentation. he was right. everybody, especially the people who don’t yet care about identity management, should take a look. 	the language of your website lynne puckett on the web lib list pointed me to web pages that suck and highlighted this quote from the site: nobody cares about you or your site. really. what visitors care about is getting their problems solved. most people visit a web site to solve one or more of the following three problems. they want/need information they want/need to make a purchase / donation. they want/need to be entertained. 	what are blogs? tech tuesdays: blogs and blogging 	tech tuesdays: blogs and blogging note: these are my presentation notes for a brown bag discussion with library faculty and university it staff today. this may become a series…[[pageindex]] more: my presentation slides and the daily show video. introduction public awareness of blogs seems to begin during the years of campaigning leading up to the election, but many people credit bloggers for swaying news coverage of senator trent lott‘s comments at senator strom thurmond‘s th birthday celebration in december . 	mike walter’s mellotron before gadgeteers could get affordable (or any) electronics for polyphonic sound synthesis or sample playback, they dallied with tape playback devices that would link each key to its own tape mechanism that played a pre-recorded tape loop at the keyed pitch. they called it a mellotron, and yes, an -key piano would require tape mechanisms. mike walters’ home-made melloman uses walkman-style cassette players wired to a two-octave keyboard in that snazzy-cool case. 	flock out the flock preview is out and i love it. the good folks at wordpress.com are saying “it’s like firefox with goodies.” i’m saying it’s a browser built for web . . 	somebody somewhere is starting the gamer’s rights movement annalee newitz tells me that video game developers are looking for cheaters by installing spyware with their games. blizzard, developer of world of warcraft, starcraft, and diablo is among the biggest names doing this. greg hoglund, quoted at copyfight, notes: i watched the [software] warden sniff down the email addresses of people i was communicating with on msn, the url of several websites that i had open at the time, and the names of all my running programs, including those that were minimized or in the toolbar. 	engadget caption contest caption contest: what large honkers you have! 	genuine fractals resolution on demand onone software‘s genuine fractals 	putting your video on a new ipod [how-to: automatically download and convert tv for your ipod – hackaday.com ] 	understanding web . ross mayfield says web . is “made of people.” tim o’reilly tells us it’s about participation. and to marc canter, it’s the connectivity. more to come… 	mmm. spelunking in sewers international urban glow – europe underground 	mt. moriah: summit denied will and i didn’t summit mt. moriah yesterday. we’d started late and the weather was turning against us, but i did get this shot of mt. washington and the presidential range. 	email . from ross mayfield in many many: this email is: [ ] bloggable [x] ask first [ ] private 	whale watching on lake michigan? whale watching on lake michigan? 	false: whale watching on lake michigan way back in , classroomhelp.com published a story on whale watching in lake michigan. as it turns out, the info was based on content on a geocities.com member page that suggests they book trips to see and swim with marine fauna in the great lakes. unfortunately, classroomhelp.com later posted a retraction saying “we thought it was true …it looked so real. it looked like a legitimate web site.” jim wenzloff notes 	web pages that suck “web pages that suck: learn usability and good web design by looking at bad web design.” 	where are the mit weblog survey results? where are the mit weblog survey results? they were supposed to be out september first, but they’re still missing… all i can find is this older page from fernanda viegas. 	bad covers: oops! i did it again memepool.com points out that the folks at supermasterpiece are claiming priority over britney spears’ oops ! i did it again. their story is: “oops ! i did it again” was recorded in april, in a chicago studio, most likely nearlie’s or west and fourth. cut for the decca label by louis armstrong and elemends of zilner randolph’s touring group, “oops!” failed to make the chart impact of “all of me,” another side recorded in the same session, and soon fell out of print. 	now search lamson library at a .com a , the search engine from amazon.com, does some pretty interesting things that libraries should be aware of. first, any library considering a metasearch product should look at what can be done for free, and second, libraries should take a look at the opensearch technology that drives it. so now, when searching for harry potter, you’ll also find relevant results from plymouth state university‘s lamson library. we’re not the first library — i think seattle public was — and my work mostly follows the cookbook written up by ryan eby, of michigan state university libraries. 	camera tossing memepool introduced me to camera tossing at flickr, where there’s even a group for those who are willing to risk their camera for a chance at a shot of streaky lights. but not everybody tosses in the dark, it’s turned out to be a a new fad in self-portraiture. click through for credits and more info on the photos above. 	php + xml = love the zend overview of the new xml features in php has re-energized me for building xml server applications at my library. 	hello wordpress.com! cliff invited me to wordpress.com earlier this week and i’ve just gotten a chance to get things up and running over there. i’m planning (though plans are never certain) to move my link blogging (think “blinks”) over there and (perhaps) re-publish them here in some aggregated form. we’ll see how that works out over time. 	dan grossman’s list of top ten ajax apps top ajax applications at a venture forth. 	fuel efficient vehicles people looking for oversized pickups, ridiculously large russian army trucks, even jet powered speedsters have it easy. but what about people who have some understanding of the hubbert peak and don’t want suvs? + mpg cars have been available in japan for years now, and can be bought used in canada for under$ . but us law forbids importing them to the us! heck, the smart, the super-efficient line from daimlerchrysler, has been available in europe (and now canada) for about ten years now, but it too can only be imported with a lot of restrictions. 	affordable fuel efficient vehicles (not in the us) i’m a fan of the smart, the fuel efficient european roadster that’s smaller than a mini (see above). it’s coming to america, but indirectly and not without some complexity. oddly, considering the current energy crisis and that buyers appear to be looking for more efficient vehicles now, there’s a lot of red tape involved with bringing efficient vehicles new or old to the us. take these japanese k-cars that get around miles per gallon and can be imported and bought used for under $ , but only in canada. 	manhattan user’s guide manhattan user’s guide caught my attention when i followed a link to their hump day list of funnies. 	social geography: common census commoncensus map project: the commoncensus map project is redrawing the map of the united states based on your voting, to show how the country is organized culturally, as opposed to traditional political boundaries. it shows how the country is divided into ‘spheres of influence’ between different cities at the national, regional, and local levels. 	movie night: save the green planet i’m at a loss for words of my own to describe save the green planet (imdb page), so i’ll have to crib from others. amazon’s description: a sensitive, blue collar sad sack hopped up on conspiracy theories and sci-fi is convinced that aliens have infiltrated human society and are planning to destroy the planet at the next lunar eclipse. he sets out to kidnap his boss to torture him until he confesses to his alien identity and stops the invasion. 	the conservatives vs. freakonomics conservatives hate freakonomics, that book by economist steven d. levitt and journalist stephen j. dubner that takes on more than a few sticky issues that most people don’t normally consider to be within the purview of economics. (see also the freakonomics blog). publisher’s weekly notes: there isn’t really a grand theory of everything here, except perhaps the suggestion that self-styled experts have a vested interest in promoting conventional wisdom even when it’s wrong. 	weird travel it started with the plastics museum and museum of bad art, progressed with a visit to the international bowling museum and hall of fame and continued with a tour of donut shops in lowell, ma. now i can report that the maisonbisson weird travel archives include the thermometer museum, the edward gorey house, and the paper house. click the links to see photosets at flickr, and watch maisonbisson for full reports later. 	cubesat kickstarts new space race cubesat is cal poly’s plan to make space accessible to the rest of us. that is, they want to make it easy and cheap enough to launch satellites that even high schools can get a chance at it. engadget says they call it “the apple ii of space exploration” (link added). here, read this: the cubesat project is a international collaboration of over universities, high schools, and private firms developing picosatellites containing scientific, private, and government payloads. 	group portrait at pigeon cove an unconventional panorama in rockport‘s pigeon cove. from left to right stand will and corey. of course, it looks better bigger. note: this was just a sideshow on our weird travel tour. 	the jumping in rockport it was raining today in rockport, but that didn’t stop corey (top) or will (bottom) from doing a little jumping on the seawall. note: this was just a sideshow on our weird travel tour. 	getting a passport my old passport is expired and my wife has never had a passport, so i had to look this up. fortunately, the us state department has a pretty good website for it. there are rules of course, especially for first-timers or expired passport holders. you’ll have to fill out a ds application form and bring to one of the facilities — mostly post offices — around the country. a [photographer’s guide][ ] is worth looking at for those considering taking their own photos, as the state department cares greatly for the [lighting][ ], [composition][ ], and [quality][ ] of those photos. 	balloon museum i was browsing the npr archives the other day and found this report on the international balloon museum in albuquerque, n.m.. of course i want to go there. 	pepper pad as multipurpose voip device i’m quite taken with my new bluetooth headset, despite the little hiccup i encountered. so, naturally, i’m thinking about how it would work with the voip softphone that’s promised for the pepper pad soon. i’ve become a super-fan of gizmo project on my powerbook, but that loaner pepper pad was a capable enough and more than portable enough machine that it has me wondering if i’d rather have a desktop mac and a pepper pad when upgrade times comes. 	monkey business if that proverbial room full of monkeys at typewriters ever really did randomly pound out the complete works of shakespeare, would they be as good? what if they randomly pounded out something better? 	james torio’s blogging thesis james torio has been working on his masters in marketing and took a strong look at blogs for his thesis. i looked at how blogs have impacted business and communication, how some blogs create revenue, how some companies are using blogs, how blogs greatly boost the spread of information, how blogs add richness to the media landscape, how blogs work in the long tail, how some companies are tracking the blogosphere and what the future of blogging may be. 	pravda and mccarthyism don’t worry. i’m right on top of whatever happens in pravda, the leading newspaper of the russian federation. or, at least, i’m right on top of whatever they report in their english language version. the thing that had me choking on my onion and boursin cheese bagel this morning was the story headlined fbi arrests another spy in the white house, ‘prevents’ philippine revolution. the whole philippine thing is entertaining and laughable on its own, but further down in the story the reader will find so many layers of irony and amusement as to spray their breakfast cereal about the room. 	findability, the google economy, and libraries peter morville, author of ambient findability, stirred up the web lib email list with a message about authority and findability. his message is about how services like wikipedia and google are changing our global information architecture and the meaning of “authority.” the reaction was quick, and largely critical, but good argument tests our thinking and weeds the gardens of our mind. argument is good. here’s my side. it’s important that we understand how modern search engines work. 	what bloggers need to know about cahill v. doe wendy seltzer alerts us to the delaware supreme court’s ruling last week in cahill v. doe, a case that tested our rights to anonymity online, as well as the standard for judging defamation. as it turns out, the court decided against the plaintiff, a city councilman, and protected the identity of “proud citizen,” who the councilman accused of posting defamatory remarks in an online forum. further, it also decided that the context of the remarks “a chatroom filled with invective and personal opinion” are “not a source of facts or data upon which a reasonable person would rely. 	bluetooth headset problems i’m still excited about that bluetooth headset i got last week, but i did encounter a little problem with it. rather, i encountered a problem with mac os x and the bluetooth headset. i don’t remember all the precipitating details, but the obvious threshold event was when gizmo project complained that it couldn’t find the headset. i tried deleting the configuration and re-pairing, but aside from some momentary linkages, it was all for nada. 	fried ravioli of course i like my new camera. if you don’t think these fried ravioli have enough detail, take a look at the full-size version ( x ). 	priorities so long as i’m talking about change i want to bring attention to some commentaries by chris farrell in marketplace money. on september th he noted that hurricane katrina (rita hadn’t hit yet) “ripped the veil off poverty in america” and wondered aloud weather the voting public would continue to support the republican obsession with tax breaks in the face of this new empathy for those struggling to hold on to the bottom rung of that same economic ladder. 	changethis worth looking at: changethis, started by seth godin and “a sharp team of change agents.” the quote comes from ben mcconnell at church of the customer, who also reminds us of the ways that conservatives in every field favor traditional views and values and oppose change: stay the course don’t fix what isn’t broken ignore all critics we don’t have time keep out anything foreign to us (actual or metaphorical) destroy anyone who opposes us or our way of thinking who cares that godin and mcconnell are marketers. 	…and the floods moved north the rains this weekend swelled the rivers to flood stage in south-western new hampshire. as much as half of keene is said to be under water. further north, the small and historic downtown of alstead has been washed away. this picture comes from the portsmouth herald, and reports in the washington post from keene and alstead add detail. the current death count is five, according to nhpr news, and nh governor john lynch has declared a state of emergency and activated the national guard. 	switched servers i switched to lunarpages last week after the fiasco with my old hosting provider. now, because of bandwidth and cpu usage, i’m moving to a new server at lunarpages. i wasn’t surprised about what they said when i got a message from the sysadmins about excessive cpu usage on my shared hosting account, but i was surprised with their proactive and customer friendly approach. anyway, i’ll be figuring out my new server and control panel (it’s plesk, and i’d been using cpanel for a while). 	bluetooth headset as i was contemplating making angry calls to my hosting provider last week when they shut down maisonbisson for a couple days, it occurred to me that i would rather make those calls via skypeout or some similar service that didn’t reveal my home phone number. after all, i wouldn’t want an angry sysop to take revenge by having a spare modem call me up every minutes between the hours of midnight and seven am. 	ear shrapnel noise grenade engadget calls it “skull-shattering fun” and gizmodo labeled it “ear shrapnel.” it’s available at paladone.com and boy’s stuff, though nobody seems to have yet found a domestic supplier. from the catalog page: the sonic grenade features three different levels of the most noxious sound since the last westlife album. to launch, pull the pin and throw it towards your target. after seconds, the sonic explosion occurs, giving even the deepest sleeper a wake-up call like they’ve never had before. 	library feel-good a flash animation about why libraries matter. 	rules for writing bad poetry tips from a friend: center justify the text and write things like “kill me daddy, the robins chirped.” 	compact, modular, and lego-like housing compact, modular, and lego-like housing is nothing new. buckminster fuller‘s dymaxion house (now at the henry ford museum), designed in the s, was probably the first. but the lustron house was actually sold commercially in the years after world war two. though it didn’t turn out to be a commercial success, the house did show the promise of pre-fabrication and mass-manufacture for house. they even have have an enduring fan base, with websites like the lustron connection and lustron luxury, and a documentary. 	cladonia exchanger xml editor interesting: cladonia exchanger xml editor, a java-based app that makes reading raw xml easy. much easier than in a regular text editor, even with syntax highlighting. 	stone face fables note: the following comes without attribution from an acquaintance of my father’s. once upon a time there were people who lived in a valley near a mountain. on the mountain there appeared a large rock formation which resembled a face. you could almost see the nose and eyes and mouth. some people claimed that it was the face of a god and they claimed that if you looked closely you would see that for yourself and once you did you would be able to live a happy and comfortable life. 	bye bye pepper pad my week with the pepper pad is over, and the ups van just drove off with it, but i’ve still got a lot to report. my testing ran into problems when it turned out that the wifi network in the library was on the fritz. i did some netstumbling today and found that only two aps were broadcasting at anything close to full-power and all the others were whispering like they were gonna get shushed by an old-time librarian. 	who knew transit maps were copyrighted? the mta, the folks who run new york’s subways and busses and such, weren’t the only ones to smack a cease and desist down on ipod subway maps last week, but they’re the first to tell they can pay $ for the privilege of distributing those maps in an ipod-readable format — but only for non-commercial distribution. cluetrain moment: doesn’t the mta understand that services like this serve potential tourists like me? 	five days left to apply to be chivas life editor chivas, the folks who bring us chivas regal scotch whisky and virtual tours of the playboy mansion, is looking for a pair of ambassador editors for thisisthelife.com. the deal pays $ , to the lucky pair to tour the world making good press and pictures for the brand. you’ve got six more days to put together the three-minute application video, so get on it. thanks to gadling for the link. 	library-related geekery ryan beat me to reporting on the interesting new services at the ockham network (noted in this web lib post). the easiest one to grok is this spelling service, but there are others that are cooler. he also alerted me to a perl script to proxy z . to rss. though for those more into php (like me), i’d like to point out the yaz extension from the folks at index data. 	distracted by my shiny new camera the olympus c , one of the best digital cameras ever, can be had for under $ , refurbished, from some sellers on amazon. that’s about where the price/features ratio against the c i was excited about last week tips strongly in favor of the c . i might get into why i’m not excited about dslrs in a later post, but i won’t deny that price is part of it. still, i think even the most die-hard dslr aficionado will agree the c has a lot to love. 	open content alliance the news is that yahoo! announced they’ve formed the open content alliance. though that certainly fits the google versus yahoo! story that newsmen want to report on now, it’s somewhat disingenuous to the internet archive, which has been beating the open content drum for a while. but brewster kahle, the founder of the internet archive doesn’t seem to care. he was talking about it on the yahoo! search blog yesterday: 	mac wireless card compatibility in case you’re looking: metaphyzx’s mac os wireless adapter compatibility list. 	introducing bsuite_speedcache i wrote bsuite_speedcache to reduce the number of database queries i was executing per page load. by implementing it on some of the content in my sidebar, i dropped queries for each cache hit. that might not seem like much, but it should average about queries per minute that that my host server won’t need to process. now that i’m looking seriously at optimizing my queries, i’ve also cut the monthly archives links from the sidebar. 	meltdown sometime around pm friday the mysql server at my hosting provider took a walk. the hosting sysop blamed it on my site and disabled the database that serves it by making the directory the mysql files are in unreadable. mysql didn’t seem to handle that condition well, and since maisonbisson was still piling up queries looking for the content in the db, things continued to go downhill. my involvement started around pm friday night (yes, i’m that dorky). 	pepper links pepper computer buying a pepper pad at amazon pepper hacks victor rehorst has been blogging about his pepper since he got it (a few days ago) pepper pad stories at teleread other pepper pad stories here at maisonbisson 	open test sites i guess not everybody in nevada loves the test site as much as this postcard might suggest, but hey, what do tourists know? the image comes from _roberta‘s flickr photostream, and she doesn’t seem too critical. about miles southeast today, the trinity site — where the world’s first atomic weapon was detonated in a test on july , at : : a.m. — is open to the public. 	pepper pad — first impressions the pepper pad (available at amazon) has a very clean out of box experience. there’s nothing to assemble and no questions about what order to do things in. just open, unwrap, plug in, startup. i attempted running through the configuration in my office, but the wifi propagation is very weak there and pepper pad couldn’t catch a signal. the requirements listed on the box say only two things: “broadband” and “wifi,” so it’s no surprise that the configuration application requires wifi — or perhaps a bluetooth phone it can connect through? 	those crazy k-fee ads it turns out that k-fee, the company that pushes its energy drink with the scary tv ads, has a english-language website. it also turns out they’ve got the scary car ad and eight others online. here they are: angler car buddha golf beach meadow yoga soothing waves ocean path 	pepper pad — arrival the pepper pad‘s technical details — a lightweight linux powered device with an . -inch svga touchscreen, wi-fi auto-configuration, bluetooth device support, multi-gigabyte disk, full qwerty thumb-keypad, stereo speakers, and more — are already well reported. but i’ve been arguing that attention to such details runs counter to the purpose and intended use of the device. many computer users can name (and point to) the cpu in their computer, but who of those can tell me what cpu or chipset drives their cellphone? 	must read: ambient findability peter morville‘s ambient findability sold out at amazon today on the first day of release. there’s a reason: it’s good. morville’s work is the most appropriate follow-on to the usability concepts so well promoted by steven krug in his don’t make me think and jakob nielsen in designing web usability. findability, morville argues, is a necessary component in the success and propagation of an idea or detail or fact. business and non-profits alike will benefit from understanding the value of findability. 	mt. moosilauke will and i climbed moosilauke in early august, but it was only now that i got around to stitching the panorama. the view is considerably wider than degrees, composited from photos. the “full-size” version on flickr contains gigapixels of data. the real full-size version is a over gigapixels. 	bsuite_innerindex wordpress plugin [[pageindex]] about “blogging” typically connotes short-form writing that needs little internal structure, but that’s no reason to cramp your style. as people start to explore wordpress‘s pages feature, it seems likely that we’ll need a way to structure content within posts or pages sooner or later. that’s why i’m working on bsuite_innerindex. it’s a wordpress plugin that puts named anchors on all of the &lt;h &gt;, &lt;h &gt;, &lt;h*&gt;-tagged content, and builds a list of links to those anchors that can be inserted anywhere on the page. 	game law redux matt says my attempts to analogize online roleplaying games to more familiar contests like chess or automobile racing are “just silly.” but his response appears to reinforce my point rather than refute it. it is the responsibility of the gamers and gaming organizations to create and enforce rules. people violating those rules are subject to sanctions by the gaming organization first, but it’s hard to imagine how any contestant who follows the rules of a (legal) game can be subject to legal sanction. 	teachers get paid crap from alternet: teaching in america: the impossible dream. tagline: many public school teachers today must work two jobs to survive, and can’t afford to buy homes or raise families. why do we treat our teachers so poorly? 	open source gis here’s an interesting geoplace.com article on open source gis tools, including gis extensions to posgresql and mysql. via the map room. 	distracted by my shiny new camera my olympus c is hard to beat. steve’s digicams reviewed it well, and many friends with newer cameras find features or capabilities in it they miss on theirs. so, despite my schoolboy giddiness at the arrival of new gadgets, i’m waiting to be convinced that my new c will replace it. it too was well reviewed, and already i can see that it addresses some of my few complaints about the c , but transitions like this take time. 	bsuite_geocode plugin for wordpress i’m a big fan of the wp geo plugin, but i want more. my biggest complaint is that i want to insert coordinates using google maps or multimap urls, rather than insert them in the modified story editor. so i wrote a bit of code that reads through the urls in a post, finds the “maps.google” or “multimap.com” urls, fishes the latitude and longitude out of them, and adds some geocoding tags to the body of the post. 	home theater remote control i have a sort of guilt complex about looking at home theater issues. nonetheless, i’ve been building one piecemeal ever since i found an incredible deal on a video projector. now i’m working on assembling a video jukebox of sorts and i need to face the remote control stumbling block. that’s why i like the logitech harmony {# ,contentid= }, available at amazon. credit due: i got the tip from a post at engadget some time ago. 	helpful pages in the wordpress codex the following pages from the wordpress codex were surprisingly helpful recently: creating a static front page « wordpress codex creating tables with plugins « wordpress codex alphabetizing posts « wordpress codex 	the potential of political campaigning in online games matt and i have been talking about online role playing games lately. he’s more than interested in the new challenges they pose to our legal system, the new media opportunities they offer, the ways they’re altering culture. we got into a conversation about how companies are taking advantage of them in marketing campaigns, so i asked him, “in what presidential election year will we see the first in-game campaigning?” he seemed to think it might be as late as before that happened, but immediately embraced the concept. 	what’s zimbra? they say “zimbra is a community for building and maintaining next generation collaboration technology.” what i’d like to know, however, is whether zmbra is a community driven, social software answer to the problems of groupware — typically driven by management’s needs. 	a motivated team member is a productive team member i think this is dave. apparently they keep him in a cell at the server farm. 	doubletake stitches panoramic photos cheap i actually like the look of a broken panorama, where the borders of each photo are clearly visible — even emphasized. but last night i got the notion of doing a seamless pano and found doubletake, a $ shareware app that makes the process pretty darn easy. the sunrise shot above (larger sizes) was my first crack at it, but i was so sure i’d use it again (and again) that i’ve already registered it. 	ambient findability and the google economy i’m only just getting into peter morville‘s ambient findability, but i’m eating it up. in trying to prep the reader to understand his thesis — summed up on the front cover as “what we find changes who we become” — morville relates his difficulty in finding authoritative, non-marketing information about his daughter’s newly diagnosed peanut allergy: i can tell you from personal experience that google does not perform well when it comes to health. 	editing wordpress “pages” via xml-rpc wordpress‘s pages open the door to using wp as a content management system. unfortunately, pages can’t be edited via xml-rpc blogging apps like ecto. this might be a good thing, but i’m foolhardy enough to try working around it. here’s how: find a text editor you like and open up the wp-includes/functions-post.php file. in the wp_get_recent_posts() function, change this: $sql = “select * from $wpdb-&gt;posts where post_status in ('publish', 'draft', 'private') order by post_date desc $limit”; 	recycling tips from our physical plant along with the energy saving and water saving tips previously, our physical plant folks have sent out these recycling tips: recycling of aluminum cans — saves % of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source. one ton of recycled aluminum saves , kwh of energy, barrels of oil, million btus of energy. one ton of recycled aluminum saves cubic yards of landfill space. 	suv sales slump earnings reports from car makers seemed to suggest suv sales were down last spring, and with gas prices near $ per gallon in some parts of the country still, nobody should be surprised that yahoo! is saying interest in suvs is down — way down — now: if the buzz is any indication, then yes. searches on “hybrids” outrank “suvs” by a tremendous margin, and it’s the same story with individual models. 	satellite broadband macsimum news did a story on satellite internet options a few weeks ago, but reader reports focused on fixed base station solutions for domestic use. what about mobile data solutions for international use? that’s where companies like outfitter satellite come in. they’ve got inmarsat solutions that can do kbps (or bonded to kbps) almost anywhere in the world. and, for customers in the mid-east or asia, they’ve got a kbps rbgan solution that seems to offer much better throughput at far lower prices. 	plan c: signed javascripts the mozilla docs on javascript security give a hint of hope that signed scripts will work around the cross-domain script exclusions that all good browsers enforce. but an item at devarticles.com throws water on the idea: signed scripts are primarily useful in an intranet environment; they’re not so useful on the web in general. to see why this is, consider that even though you can authenticate the origin of a signed script on the web, there’s still no reason to trust the creator. 	pc world pepper pad reviewer doesn’t get it david rothman pointed me to michael lasky’s pc world review of the pepper pad. lasky bangs on pepper, saying he can’t recommend it. too often, i think, technology reviewers approach a new product without understanding it. lasky tells us how the pepper performs when playing music or videos before comparing it to “notebook computers available for the same or a lower price.” we wouldn’t let an automotive reviewer conclude a review of a prius hybrid to a chevy truck by saying the truck is the better deal because it has a bigger engine for the same money, so why let technology reviewers off so easy? 	bstat japan! it looks like bstat has been localized for japan! with that in mind, i’d love to hear from international users about what i can do to make localization easier. there will be some big changes in the transition to bsuite, and it might be a good time to make sure i’m properly supporting wp‘s translation tables and localization features. 	plan b: remote scripting with iframes i have plans to apply ajax to our library catalog but i’m running into a problem where i can’t do xmlhttprequest events to servers other than the one i loaded the main webpage from. mozilla calls it the “same origin policy,” everyone else calls it a cross-domain script exclusion, or something like that. some mozilla folks are working on a standard to address the problem, but it could be quite a while before browser support is common enough to build for it. 	water saving tips our physical plant folks sent out this list of water saving tips to followup on the energy savings tips they sent previously. again, i think they should be blogging them, but what do i know? (it’s a rhetorical question, please don’t answer.) limit the use of domestic hot water — use cold water whenever it will do. turn off the water while you are brushing your teeth or washing your face. 	atlanta scene my friend troy keeps a studio at saltworks, a combined gallery and studio space in atlanta where prema murthy just opened her destructures show. i was in atlanta to see troy and family, so the opening was added sugar, and quite a pleasure. the image above comes from troy’s above and below series. 	next big thing: identity management i might be overstating it, but identity management is the next big thing for the open source community to tackle. that’s why i like sxip, even though i know so little about it. there are a number of other solutions stewing, but most of those that i’m aware of are targeted at academic and enterprise users. wouldn’t it be nice to have some federated system of identity management among blogs? 	linotype fontexplorer i was never a very good graphic designer, but the part of me that thought i was still pays attention when i see software like linotype’s free fontexplorer, described somewhere as “the itunes for fonts.” 	that’s excitement… “oooh… i want a number ten.” — a man stepping into line at the airport mcdonalds. the number ten meal, by the way, is a ten piece chicken mcnuggets meal. 	absinthe roderick sent me a link to this reason article on absinthe that claims: the u.s. food and drug administration considers true absinthe “adulterated” because of the wormwood. production, sale, and importation are banned, but mere possession is not, and customs agents typically ignore a bottle or two in your suitcase. it’s a legal situation that seems designed to keep absinthe cool.“ the wikipedia article on absinthe pretty much confirms that point, so who’s going to test it? 	improvised anti-telemarketing device the telecrapper is an improvised, homemade system that identifies telemarketing calls and leads the marketer through an artificial conversation that wastes the company’s time and money. the idea is to drive down productivity, and like so many other productivity sapping things, it can be quite funny. check this flash-animated recording: my hip hurts (mirror) rather less funny, though interesting nonetheless, is egbg’s counterscript. tc k hint via engadget. 	fixing position: fixed in ie it turns out the internet explorer doesn’t properly support css’s position: fixed. google led me to the following: how to create – making internet explorer use position: fixed; doxdesk.com: software: fixed.js fixed positioning for windows internet explorer the doxdesk solution looks promising and simple, but i think bugs elsewhere in my layout are preventing it from working. it’s time to start again from scratch. 	powerpoint. killer app? ruth marcus at the washington post wonders if powerpoint is a killing app. she’s not the first to note that nasa administrators make decisions — sometimes fatal decisions — on the basis of powerpoint presentations that mask or misrepresent details. i wrote about edward tufte’s cognitive style of powerpoint essay in a previous post. marcus doesn’t add to many new points, but the column is a sign that an anti-powerpoint movement may be growing. 	[fwd:] katrina eyewitness report (about the photo) the following report comes from cosmobaker.com, which includes this preamble: edit: the following is an email that was sent to my mother from one of her colleagues. although i cannot substantiate the contents, after all the horror stories that i’ve heard so far, i though that this one was important to tell. stand up and be counted. spread truth. stay awake. c —–original message—– 	wifi in public spaces a message came acrross the web lib list a few weeks ago with the following request: i want to hear from libraries who are currently implementing, or who already have implemented, wireless access for staff and/or patrons. i want your ‘stories’–good, bad and ugly. issues and/or triumphs with it staff, vendors, library staff, library boards, faculty committees, etc. i’m looking for all aspects of the process-finding hardware, implementation, policy (!), training staff, marketing the service to your patron base, troubleshooting and maintenance issues. 	search, findability, the google economy: how it shapes us just when i was beginning to feel a little on my own with my talk about the google economy here, i see two related new books are coming out. the first is peter morville’s ambient findability. the second is john battelle’s the search. findability appears to ask the big question that i’ve been pushing toward. from the description at amazon: are we truly at a critical point in our evolution where the quality of our digital networks will dictate how we behave as a species? 	trusted computing: the movie benjamin stephan and lutz vogel at lafkon bring us this wonderfully engaging animated story of trusted computing. there’s lots more to the story at againsttcpa.com, and i need to thank david rothman at teleread for alerting me to both the video and the site. i haven’t had much to say about tcpa, but i think of it like technology politics…politics where i have no say, no vote, no power. 	wide world of video games matt started talking up the weird issues developing around multiplayer online games a few weeks ago. then soon after he blogged it, a story appeared in on the media (listen, transcript) short story: online gaming is huge — one developer claims four million paying customers. more significantly, the interplay between real and virtual worlds might create new challenges for this real world legal system. “theft” of in-game money and equipment among players in the online world is possible, but it’s lead to the real-world arrest of at least one person and the murder of another when authorities refused to act. 	energy saving tips our physical plant folks sent out a message with tips on how to conserve energy. perhaps they oughtta blog this stuff? here it is: computer power management — a typical computer monitor uses to watts of electrical power, depending upon screen size. do not use screensavers as energy savers as they continue to use the monitor at full power and do not conserve energy. configure your monitor to turn off after minutes of inactivity, your hard drive to turn off after minutes of inactivity, and your desktop computer or laptop to go into a standby or sleep mode after minutes of inactivity. 	osceola weekend i climbed the osceolas with will and adam this weekend. it was my first overnight in a long, long time, and their first mountaintop sunrise. i used to do sunrises on mt. monadnock, but i’d lost the habit. more pictures of the osceola adventure at flickr. 	what counts will reminds us: “flasks are like people, it’s what’s on the inside that counts.” from the top of mt. osceola. 	the quotable john scott john scott reminds the naive: “don’t believe everything you find in google.” 	be a leader! manage your staff with ralph wiggum quotes! “i eated the purpleberries” (groaning). “how are they ralph…. good?” “they taste like…burning.” more goodness at the ralph wiggum soundboard, via informationnation. more quotes, like “oh boy, sleep! that’s where i’m a viking!,” at thedotdotdot. 	if i close my eyes, does it go away? can bush censor his shame away? reuters: fema accused of censorship: “it’s impossible for me to imagine how you report a story whose subject is death without allowing the public to see images of the subject of the story,” said larry siems of the pen american center, an authors’ group that defends free expression. brian williams’ msnbc nightly news blog: while we were attempting to take pictures of the national guard (a unit from oklahoma) taking up positions outside a brooks brothers on the edge of the quarter, the sergeant ordered us to the other side of the boulevard. 	axe gang security bumbles again we laugh at the single minded foolishness of the axe gang in kung fu hustle jackie chan’s the legend of drunken master, but do we laugh when we see it in our own security policies? to intelligence staffers and border guards working under a policy of hammers, all the world is a nail. here’s an example: in august , us customs agents stopped and searched ahmad el maati, a kuwaiti-born canadian and a truck driver crossing the us-canadian border at buffalo, ny. 	marketing and search engine optimization i don’t want to admit to being interested in marketing, but i am. here’s a few links… blogs: church of the customer seth godin aaron wall’s seo book.com threadwatch.org randomness: writing, briefly google’s search result quality evaluation guidelines definition of the google economy at wikipedia the fall of advertising and the rise of pr 	simple bookmarklet demo bookmarklets are interesting little bits of javascript stored as bookmarks. they’ve been around since about (earlier?), but i’ve never bothered to write one. here are a few examples: this sort of creates a bookmark alexa snapshot wayback 	la femme’s poison browsing flickr the other day i found la_femme‘s poison. other good photos in her photostream. 	energy crisis mike whelan posted the above photo to his flickr photostream recently. back in april, when gas prices were still well below the $ -per-gallon mark, it looked like sales of suvs were starting to slow. interestingly, we’ve crossed the threshold keith bradsher quotes in high and mighty, his book detailing how the us auto industry became so dependent on suvs and how common sense has been powerless against them. the threshold was the point at which gas prices would begin having the same effect on current car purchases as the s oil crisis did. 	doing relevance ranked full-text searches in mysql i’m going out on a limb to say mysql’s full-text indexing and searching features are underused. they appeared in mysql . . (most people are using .x, and is in development), but it’s been news to most of the people i know. here’s the deal, the match() function can search a full-text index for a string of text (one or more words) and return relevance-ranked results. it’s at the core of the list of related links at the bottom of every post here. 	la tomatina from a reuters story in chinadaily: at noon [wednesday], municipal trucks dumped about tons of ripe, juicy plum tomatoes at the feet of adrenaline-charged crowds in town’s main square. within minutes the area was covered in red slime, and clouds of tomato sauce filled the air. it all takes place in buñol, in spain’s valencia region along the mediterranean coast. canada.com{#db d - e- fa -a b -be ad } describes the origins: local lore says it began in the mid- s with a food battle that broke out between youngsters near a vegetable stand on the town square in buñol, kilometres southeast of madrid. 	 signals tells google a thing or two signals takes on google and suggests some improvements. 	ucla takes on google scholar via jay bhatt at lisnews: ucla libraries‘ discussion of google scholar, search engines, databases, and the research process. 	time-picayune in exile times-picayune editor jim amoss answered questions for on the media‘s brooke gladstone. amoss and his staff have been covering the catastrophe in new orleans as only locals can. some of the best reporting i’ve seen on this has come from the times-picayune, and i was quite amazed when i discovered the electronic edition wednesday. despite the damage, they appear to have start releasing a print version again and are distributing it in the city and in communities where refugees have fled. 	sneaky is there a sneaky surprise hidden in your hotel room? see if you can recognize anything in these photos (tip: mouse-over them). 	back to school video kate says: “life is good. and i’ve got a sleeping bag from the future.” tim explains, a bit. none of that matters nearly as much as the video kate is quoting from, and that matters now because back to school time means play dates and sleepovers. tim guarantees it will kill a few braincells, but nothing ridicules us the way we once were (and often still are) better than saturday night live. 	things go to hell defensetech’s noah shachtman writes: organizing thousands and thousands of people, in hellish conditions and in a hurry, is tough work. let’s take that as a given. but still: we’re now a work week into a natural disaster that had been forecast for years, and new orleans “is being run by thugs,” the city’s emergency preparedness director tells the times. “some people there have not eaten or drunk water for three or four days, which is inexcusable. 	rollerblading via pya{# }. 	policing by cellphone though we imagine the dutch to be a rather unexcitable lot, i did anyway, it turns out they have a history of getting rowdy at football games (yes, if this all happened back in the states i be calling it “soccer”). so it can’t be so much of a surprise that fans rioted again in april. what is surprising is that mobile phone companies got involved in the investigation. this ap report tells the story: 	the water down there i don’t watch tv, so i haven’t seen many images of the flooding in new orleans until i found these. amazingly, the times picayune is publishing pdf editions during disaster. the hurricane and flood damage are truly scary, but the worst news is on page five, which tells of widespread looting: law enforcement efforts to contain the emergency left by katrina slipped into chaos in parts of new orleans tuesday. 	the google economy will beat you with a stick call it a law, or dictum, or just a big stick, but it goes like this: the value and influence of an idea or piece of information is limited by the extent that the information provider has embraced the google economy; unavailable or unfindable information buried on the second or tenth page of search results might as well be hidden in a cave. 	the ultraviolet sun from the nasa website: eit (extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope) images the solar atmosphere at several wavelengths, and therefore, shows solar material at different temperatures. in the images taken at angstroms the bright material is at , to , degrees kelvin. in those taken at , at million degrees. angstrom images correspond to about . million kelvin. angstrom, to million degrees. the hotter the temperature, the higher you look in the solar atmosphere. 	enabling .htaccess on mac os x i do a lot of web development on my laptop. i’ve got apache and php there, so it’s really convenient, but i usually move projects off to other server before i get around to wanting to mess with mod_rewrite. not so, recently, but i ran into a big stumbling block when i discovered os x’s apache comes pre-configured to ignore .htaccess files. a couple points. first, apache’s own mod_rewrite docs include the following quote: 	coconut battery coconutbattery: coconutbattery is a tool that reads out the data of your notebook-battery (ibook/powerbook). it shows the current charge of your battery as well as the current maximum capacity related to its original. via o’grady’s powerpage{# } 	awstats as much as i like the bstat functionality of bsuite, i never intended it to be a replacement for a full server log-based stats application. that’s why i’m happy my hosting provider offers awstats. the reports suggested ways to optimize my pages so that i could control my bandwidth consumption — up to . gb/day before optimization, now . gb/day. but today i found an awstat feature that got me excited enough to email the university sysadmin about it: email stats. 	the google economy — the wikipedia entry i’m rather passionate about the google economy, so it shouldn’t be too much of a surprise to learn that i just wrote about it in my first ever wikipedia entry. here it is: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/google_economy “google economy” identifies the concept that the value of a resource can be determined by the way that resource is linked to other resources. it is more complex than search ranking, and broader than interlinked web pages, though it draws meaning from both. 	bsuite development bstat has become bsuite. the name change reflects the fact that i want the plugin to do a lot more than track usage stats. one of the first features to enter testing here is the “related” section below. i’m calling it “bsuggestive,” but that may turn out to be too cute a name to tolerate for long. the results are based on the tags for the post, so it doesn’t work with old posts that haven’t been tagged, and it sometimes returns some weird matches, but it’s still alpha, so what can we ask for. 	beloit college’s list of things that make us look old to incoming students we’ve seen lists like this before. beloit college in beloit wisconsin releases their “mindeset list” for their incoming class every year around now. the point is to remind us how cultural touchstones change over time. it does that, but it also give us (me, anyway) a good chuckle. it’s worth reading all the way down to number , at least, where libraries get a good mention. 	video bulb and zakka shop nyc the video bulb is a “lipstick-sized tube” that plugs in to your tv’s rca jack and plays bitman videos. gadgetmadness explains what bitman is: bitman is the creation of japanese art performer “meiwa denki” and was an -bit electronic stick figure who would dance, pose, etc. the videobulb sounds interesting enough, but i think i could get into the reseller as much as the gadgetmadness writer did: i went to zakka shop &amp; space the last time i was in nyc, and literally wanted everything in the store. 	changing modes of communication i talk a lot about the google economy here, and how that and other ideas are driving changing modes of communication. today i learned of arxiv. henry farrell describes it at crookedtimber: [i]t’s effectively replaced journal publication as the primary means for physicists to communicate with each other. journal publication is still important – but as an imprimatur, a proof of quality, rather than a way to disseminate findings to a wider audience. 	wordpress as cms a friend and i have been talking about what it would take to turn wordpress into a cms. we both have our doubts, but today i found this job ad that suggests we’re not alone in at least thinking of the possibility. needed: web designer/programmer for our sites we’re growing very fast, and have outgrown our current cms and design. we’re looking for a designer and/or programmer to redesign our rapidly growing network and implement a cms that ties it all together. 	kingcosmonaut & wp themes i stumbled across the sometimes funny how to live your life and got curious about the theme. turns out it’s by sebastian schmieg, who keeps things real at kingcosmonaut. the theme is blix, but the kingcosmonaut site is much cooler. 	flock the developers describe flock as [t]he world’s most innovative social browsing experience. we call it the two-way web. which is a good enough sales pitch to make me try the free demo, but it’s all still a private beta. perhaps they’re trying to prove the point that nothing builds buzz better than unavailability. osakasteve gushes: a browser that is designed around social software like blogs and flickr 	itunes music store api? i can’t explain why, at least not yet, but i’m looking for a way to search the itunes music store{#xffsogqwv s&amp;offerid= . &amp;type= &amp;subid= } catalog outside of itunes. rumors of an itunes-google partnership{# } have been flying lately, but what i really want is a webservice/api i can use. yes, apple offers an affiliate program that supports direct links, but again, they don’t offer an amazon-style api to search their catalog. all of this has me thinking about reverse-engineering the itms to build the webservice i’m looking for. 	a list apart updated a list apart, has been revamped and they’re proud of it. they should be, it’s beautiful and functional. it’s one of the few early web development resources that’s still with us, and there’s a reason. 	copyright and academic libraries back when i was looking things up for my digital preservation and copyright story i found a bunch of info the university of texas system had gathered on issues related to copyright, libraries, and education. in among the pages on copying copyrighted works, a/v reserves, and electronic reserves i found a document titled: educational fair use guidelines for digital images. it’s some interesting stuff — if you get excited about copyright law. 	re-shelving orwell’s via jon gordon‘s future tense: re-shelving george orwell. smart people everywhere are taking it upon themselves to re-shelve george orwell’s from fiction to more appropriate sections in non-fiction, like “current events”, “politics”, “history”, “true crime”, or “new non-fiction.” instructions and photos on flickr. 	laura quilter defends google print with all the talk about google scanning or not scanning copyrighted books, i was happy to see laura quilter talking about google as a library. the internet archive is certainly a library. […] libraries may be private, semi-private, public; for- or not-for-profit; paper or digital. why is google not a library? more interestingly, she casts a critical eye on the texaco decision that everybody points to as the guiding law on fair use. 	wikipedia api? i want wikipedia to have an api, but it doesn’t. some web searching turned up gina trapani’s wikipedizetext, but that still wasn’t exactly what i wanted. a note in the source code, however, put me back on the trail to the wikipedia database downloads, and while that’s not what i want, i did learn that they’ve got a table of just the article titles (over . million of them) in their downloads. 	drug side effects drive patients to gamble, eat, drink, and … …people with parkinson’s disease temporarily became compulsive gamblers after taking […] drugs designed to control movement problems caused by the illness… that’s the lead in this forbes story on the matter, and that’s not all. a variety of ‘interesting’ side effects popped up among a relatively small number of study participants: pathological gambling compulsive eating increased alcohol consumption obsession with sex. the drugs in question are “dopamine agonists” and are part of the standard treatment of parkinson’s disease. 	segway easy rider movie trailer remember those guys who rode a segway cross-country last year? well, they’ve got a movie coming out. yup, there’s even a trailer. possibly more interesting: the photo gallery (from which the photo above came). thanks to engadget for the link. 	steelers fan never misses a game day in remembering james henry smith, a zealous pittsburgh steelers fan who died of prostate cancer in early july, his family asked the samuel e. coston funeral home to do things “as he would have wanted them to be.” for the viewing, the funeral home arranged a living room ensemble with the tv and recliner just as smith liked it on game day. an ap article describes it: smith’s body was on the recliner, his feet crossed and a remote in his hand. 	alt browser shiira project, an apple webkit-based browser with some interesting features. sadly, it also brings page transitions to the mac. let’s hope these don’t become the new . 	chasing clicks al asked how low i will go to chase traffic. truth is, i can’t answer. maisonbisson has had moments of popularity, but it’s hard to know why. alexa tells us there are million unique sites on the web, but… if you take alexa’s top , sites you’ll find that almost out every clicks are spoken for. in other words, almost % of all the traffic on the web goes to the sites in the top k list, leaving the remaining million or so sites to fight over the scraps. 	neutron bomb boing boing has an exclusive profile of neutron bomb inventor samuel t. cohen by charles platt. all the reports so far are that it’s a , word “must read.” the article, profits of fear, is available in pdf, plain text, and palm doc versions at boing boing. thanks to david rothman for the heads up. extra: rothman asks what it all says about mainstream media when respected authors eschew traditional media for blogs. 	another limitation of lc classification right up front in the prologue of ruth wajnryb’s expletive deleted she quotes the following from richard dooling on the difficulty in researching “bad language”: the library of congress classification system does not provide a selection of books … on swearing or dirty words. a researcher … must travel to the bf of psychoanalysis, the pe of slang, the gt of anthropology, the p of literature and literary theory, the n of art, the rc of medical psychiatry, and back to the b of religion and philosphy. 	network effects on violence some time ago i pointed to john robb’s discussion of the potential for the network to amplify the threat of violence from otherwise un-connected and un-organized individuals. now noah shachtman at defensetech is writing about “open source insurgents.” it used to be that a small group of ideological-driven guerilla leaders would spread information, tactics, training, and cash to their followers. no more. internet-enabled insurgents with only the loosest of real-world connections can now share all of that freely online. 	grizzly man david edelstein’s review of werner herzog’s documentary, grizzly man, describes timothy treadwell as …a manic but lovable whack-job who doggedly filmed and obsessively idealized the bears that would ultimately eat him… the film is made up largely of the bits of the hundreds of hours of video that treadwell himself shot during his years with the bears. later, however, edelstein — probably restraining laughter — calls treadwell “histrionic” and a “drama-queen” (isn’t that sort of redundant? 	php developer resources somebody asked for some links to get started with php. of course i lead them to the php.net official site, where the documentation is some of the best i’ve seen for any product. i also suggested phpdeveloper.org and phpfreaks.com, though the truth is i usually google any questions i have that the official docs don’t answer. still, i’ve found some good info at both of those. finally, the php cheat sheet at ilovejackdaniels. 	drm = customer lock-in donna wentworth is now saying what i’ve been saying for over a year now. digital rights management (drm) isn’t about preventing copyright violations by ne’er-do-wells, it’s about eliminating legal me me fair use and locking in customers. in your pc == a toaster, wentworth quotes don marti saying: isn’t it time to drop the polite fiction that msft and other incumbent it and ce [ce = consumer electronics — casey] vendors are only doing drm because of big, bad hollywood? 	digital preservation and copyright we’re struggling with the question of what to do with our collection of vinyl recordings. they’re deteriorating, and we’re finding it increasingly difficult to keep the playback equipment in working order — the record needles seem to disappear. we’re re-purchased much of our collection on cd, but some items — this one might be one of them — are impossible to find on cd. so we’re considering digital preservation, capturing the audio of the records and scanning the dust jackets. 	the part where speakeasy cons me into shilling for them the speakeasy speed test is an okay way to waste some time, but the most amusing thing is how easy they make it to promote them. the speakeasy badge here looks like any web ad, but they’re not paying for it. all they did was post a link saying add speakeasy speed test to your site. i guess we all ought to take this marketing tip from them: make sure your readers know how to link to you. 	maisonbisson top seven the most recent version of my wordpress stats tracking plugin makes it very easy to see and track my top stories. i don’t know whether i should be proud or ashamed by them, but here they are: big bear photos that story gets a lot of morbid interest, and i’m sure the movie grizzly man will too. k-fee energy drink tv ad for a while, though, people looking for that story were finding my zygo energy vodka story instead. 	atomic while looking for a picture for my memorial to the bomb, i found a number of related links. this blog is sometimes nothing more than an annotated bookmark list, and this is why…. the bomb project describes itself as: a comprehensive on-line compendium of nuclear-related links, imagery and documentation. it is intended specifically as a resource for artists, and encourages those working in all media, from net.art, film and video, eco-intervention and site-specific installation to more traditional forms of agitprop, to use this site to search for raw material. 	linking bias danah boyd posted about the biases of links over at many many the other day. she looked for patterns in a random set of blogs tracked by technorati as well as the top blogs tracked by technorati. she found patterns in who keeps blogrolls and who is in them, as well as patterns about how bloggers link in context and who they link to. the patterns boyd points to would certainly effect the google economy, our way of creating and identifying value based on linking structures. 	annoises via gizmodo: a cd of annoying sounds at gadgets.co.uk. twenty “ear splitting” sound effects and a pair of earplugs “for your sanity and protection” for £ . . what sound effects? drill party (at least people) orgasm (outstanding) train drum (played by a child) inhuman screams walking (high heels) domestic squabble doors banging bowling unhappy dog practicing a violin traffic jam garbage truck a screaming newborn baby phone ringing ball game pigeons spring house cleaning cock-a-doodle-do! 	grizzly man within the last wild lands of north america dwells an animal that inspires respect and fear around the world. it is the grizzly bear, a living legend of the wilderness. grizzlies can sprint thirty five plus miles an hour, smell carrion at nine or more miles, and drag a thousand-pund animal up steep mountains. the grizzly bear is one of a very few animals remaining on earth that can kill a human in physical combat. 	point ‘n shoot defensetech reported on the firefly, a disposable camera that can be shot from the m grenade launchers used by us land forces. the cameras fly meters in eight seconds, wirelessly sending pictures back to the soldier’s pda. now they’ll know what’s over that hill or around that corner. not that soldiers don’t need this sort of thing, but one wonders when hasbro will release a plastic version in bright colors. 	movie night: open water joe recommended open water whole heartedly, but others, like some of these one-star reviewers at amazon, had equally strong reactions against it. i first learned of the events the movie is based on in bill bryson’s in a sunburned country, where he described the events of thomas and eileen lonergan’s disappearance during a dive in the australian pacific. the similarity between these true events and the movie’s events likely ends there. 	jimmy wales’ free culture manifesto jimmy wales, the founder of wikipedia and director of the wikimedia foundation, is working on his keynote for the wikimania conference in frankfurt. ross mayfield at many many posted a preview and gives some background. what should we expect? wales’ speech touches on ten things necessary for free culture: free the encyclopedia! free the dictionary! free the curriculum! free the music! free the art! free the file formats! free the maps! 	 years later in what was to be the final act of world war ii in the pacific, the united states made the first and only use of nuclear power as a weapon in the bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki on august th and th (us dates), . george weller of the chicago daily news snuck in to nagasaki in early september and became the first american journalist to see the destruction. his stories were censored, and official sources maintained control of news about the bombings and the aftermath for many years. 	reminisce: my first ebook the first ebook i ever read was bruce sterling’s hacker crackdown on my newton message pad . it had a big and bright screen — “the best screen for reading ebooks on the (non-)market” says dj vollkasko — but it could get a bit little heavy at times. crackdown is available for free, along with perhaps , others, at matthew mcclintock’s manybooks.net. downloads are available in different formats, or you can read online. 	information is sexy it used to be you could identify the librarian by the sensible shoes, but times they are a changing. witness this ad from library bar. sure their “librarians” are bartenders, but what cultural shift changed to thrust librarians up the sex appeal scale? yeah, this is old. after all, it was the spring of bust magazine that asked if librarians might be the new “it” girls, but it’s still amusing. 	drm: bad for customers, bad for publishers the news came out last week that the biggest music consumers — the ones throwing down cash for music — are also the biggest music sharers. alan wexblat at copyfight says simply: “those who share, care” (bbc link via teleread). rather than taking legal action against downloaders, the music industry needs to entice them to use legal alternatives, the report said. lawsuits against customers go hand in hand with drm in limiting community buzz for a particular artist or song. 	gizmos for geeks colin pointed out spark fun electronics as a source for all manner of geeky components, like component level gpss and accelerometers. thing is, they also sell the components in kits with custom pc boards, some with usb interfaces. 	the coming information age that headline might seem a little late among the folks reading this. but we’re all geeks, and if not geeks, then at least regular computer users. regular computer users, however, are a minority. worldwide, only around million people have internet access, and fewer than million people in the us have internet access at home. with populations of over billion and million respectively, there’s clearly a lot of growth potential. 	faces i stumbled upon captnkurt’s information nation where he popped a link over to eric myer’s stereotypes. the gimic — and it’s a fun one — is that you can mix and match bits of faces. i don’t know why i like the combo above so much, but, anyway. the thing about this is that it reminds me of troy bennett’s human-intoface, reported here back in and . separately, i need to go back and take another look at captnkurt’s story about couchsurfing. 	nokia i’ve been babbling like a stoolie for pepper here for the past couple weeks, but after some prodding by roger sperberg i’ve started to take a serious look at the nokia linux-based internet tablet. to get me started is mike cane’s hands on report from some time spent with it at linuxworld expo. nokia is pushing maemo.org to support the developer/hacker community, and there’s already some interesting work being done. 	more bluetooth hacks as if bluejacking wasn’t fun enough, now a few folks have now taken it a little further and figured out how to connect to the growing number of bluetooth handsfree sets all around us. gizmodo fed me the link to what they’re calling “the car whisperer.” nothing against these guys, but it’s not like they did anything amazingly complex. their story explains that they’re simply taking advantage of poor security like default passwords. 	movie night: house of flying daggers i’ve been a fan of zhang yimou’s films since, well, for a while now. but i’m also a huge kung fu fan — jackie chan especially — so house of flying daggers was quite a treat. it’s not that i didn’t like hero, or that daggers was particularly funny. to the contrary, it’s tale of complex characters who don’t end well. that might be story enough, but every scene is richly photographed and styled — a hallmark of so many of yimou’s films, but wonderfully so in daggers. 	sweet cheat sheets colin over at command-tab alerted me to some great cheat sheets, including this one for javascript at ilovejackdaniels.com.     	apple releases multi-button mouse apple this morning released the mighty mouse. with a scrollball, left and right click, and side buttons, it’s a big departure from apple’s old opposition to multi-button mice. apple didn’t invent the mouse, but they were probably the first to put mice through usability testing. one, two, and three button mice of a great many different shapes and sizes were tested before they settled on a one-button mouse for the original macintosh in . 	hands on the pepper pad the most amazing thing about the pepper pad is how easy it is to pick up and use, how easy it is to walk around with, and how it’s available when you want it and gone when you don’t. the pepper pad‘s portability goes far beyond that of laptops. i mentioned previously that laptops move from desk to desk and bill gates tells us how poorly laptops work in elevators. 	netflix expands queues this is old news, but netflix{#xffsogqwv s&amp;offerid= . &amp;type= &amp;subid= } now offers multiple queues for each account. queues, of course, are the movie wish lists each netflix customer keeps; when you return a movie, they send out the next movie in your queue. in the old days, each subscriber got just one queue, no matter how many members of the household had an interest in the movies. two people, one queue? marital drama ensued in my home and others. 	movie night: the underneath steven soderbergh has done a number of good films, but the underneath isn’t among them. it’s interesting to see the director working out his moves, but more entertaining to see them in a more mature form, as in out of site. eh, i’m ready to give the guy a break. my real complaint has nothing to with this film. instead, it’s about kafka, one of his best works. it was released in , and though they’ve still got a few vhs copies in a warehouse somewhere, it deserves a dvd release 	space shuttle tracking (and other good uses of the google maps api) tom mangan has put the google maps api to interesting use with his space shuttle tracking page. also worth checking out: his blackbird spotting site and tlable, a little extension to make pinning/annotating maps even better. 	politics and the google economy while i’m anxiously working to better fit libraries into the google economy, a few paragraphs of barry glassner’s the culture of fear, got me thinking about its role in politics. glassner was telling of how a article in usa today quoted the national assocation of scholars{# } saying that georgetown university had dumbed down its curriculum and dropped shakespeare{# } requirements. of course, nothing could have been farther from the truth, a point confirmed by the georgetown’s dean. 	japanoid k-cars gizmodo reported it a while ago, but a canadian company called japanoid is importing these and other tiny japanese cars. how tiny? at or under . meters (under feet!) wide with engines cc or under. they’re called kei jidousha, or keicars, or just k-cars (though not to be confused with chrysler’s k-cars). japanoid has vehicles listed, but my favorites are those four above and this funny looking truck. 	movie night: entropy phil joanou’s entropy isn’t available in the us on dvd, but i found it at amazon uk. imdb has this to say: stephen dorff narrates this tale about how his life goes astray as his character attempts to strike a balance between the demands of directing his first film and the pressures of his new romance with a model. u ’s bono plays a role in this film as both himself and dorff’s character’s concience. 	the problem with pdas today when i finally get around to writing up my impressions of the pepper pad, i’ll be pointing to roger sperberg’s recent posts at teleread about non-pda handhelds and computers for stand up use. at the moment, however, some of his points remind my of a few i’ve got to make about pdas here. i’ve got a sony clie th- , the top of the line of the last series they imported to north american shores. 	gizmo project, voip, asterisk jason o’grady{# } introduced me to the skype-like gizmo project by the folks over at sipphone. i’ve been a vonage customer for a couple years now, so i’ve had a chance to get familiar with voip, and i’m looking for a good bluetooth headset so i can try gizmo and skype (and others), but i got to wondering what more i could do. asterisk is an open source pbx application that runs on linux, macos x, and others. 	marriage alternet has a story by monica mehta titled the myth of marriage with this synopsis: a radical new book debunks the concept of marriage as a time-honored institution, and argues that we need to loosen up about it. the book is stephanie coontz’s marriage, a history. related previous story: the “sanctity” of marriage. 	put a pepper in your library libraries are known for books. and despite the constant march of technology, despite the fact that we can put a bazillion songs in our pocket, despite the availability of the new york times and so many other newspapers and thousands of journals online, books are a big part of what libraries are. books, dead tree books with that rotting paper smell. and though i dare not prognosticate, i expect they’ll be an emblematic feature of libraries for a while now. 	elements of murder john emsley, author of elements of murder: a history of poisons appeared in an interview on npr’s fresh air’{# } earlier today. those who were fascinated by the morbid details of devil in the white city should give it a listen. i plan on checking out the book too, though it sounds like emsley offers more chemical formulae than outright suspense. 	ils: inventory or search and retrieval system? there’s an interesting discussion going at libdev about what our ilss are. it all started with a discussion of what role xml and webservices could/should play with ils/catalogs, but a comment reminded us that vendor’s decisions about adding new features to products that have been around for or years sometimes edge towards lock-in. i replied offering flickr as an example of a vendor that’s been successful in part because of their open apis. 	nuclear family vacation via defense tech: slate did a series last week titled a nuclear family vacation that visited the nevada test site; los alamos, lawrence livermore, and sandia national labs; and trinity. extra: a slideshow accompanies the text and the authors interviewed{# } on npr’s day to day{# }. related: previous nuclear stories at maisonbisson. 	karl rove’s leak-and-covergate two items from the blogosphere about rove’s leak-and-covergate at tikun olam and alternet. 	life magazine covers i get a kick out of these and life magazine covers. take a look and i think you’ll agree that no magazine puts photos like this on their covers today. 	screen real estate at x pixels, apple’s cinema hd display{#xffsogqwv s&amp;offerid= . &amp;type= &amp;subid= } is big enough for three people’s egos. 	xml/php/swf charts flash app dynamically generates charts based on xml formated data or values in a php array. xml/swf charts is a simple, yet powerful tool to create attractive web charts and graphs from dynamic xml data. create an xml source to describe a chart, then pass it to this tool’s flash file to generate the chart. the same tool also accepts php sources. xml/swf charts makes the best of both the xml and swf worlds. 	pepper i’m off visiting the good folks at pepper today. i’ll update this post with photos as soon as they’re available, then look for a pair of posts about how the hardware/software works and what i’d like to do with it later. until then, here are some related posts: ultra portable computing, pepper pad , and portable computing. update: the picture above is blurry because of my poor photography skills. better pictures can be found at the pepper site. 	tags tags tags david weinberger at many-to-many pointed me to tom coates’ post about different schools of thought regarding tags. coates has been thinking about tags as keywords, annotations. thats how i’ve been using and thinking about tags too, but some people have different ideas. …at the end of the argument i said to joshua that it was almost like he was treating tags as folders. and he replied, exasperated, that this was exactly what they were. 	what’s a mirt? mirts turn red lights green, but merely having one will probably get you in a pile of trouble. more info at i-hacked.com{# }. 	peerflix ross rubin at engadget just alerted me to peerflix …which can be described on a basic level as ebay meets netflix. peerflix resembles many online dvd stores, but it neither rents nor sells dvds. rather, it depends on a community of users willing to trade dvds they have for dvds they want. there are no subscription fees. peerflix charges a -cent transaction fee and senders are responsible for the postage charge of cents for the mailers that the company distributes. 	john barlycorn must die in a popular antebellum arkansas story, a backwoodsman bought a -gallon barrel of whiskey, only to return a week later for another. “surely you haven’t drank that whiskey already?” inquired the astonished merchant. “it ain’t so much,” replied the backwoodsman. “there are six of us, counting the kids, and we have no cow.” it’s not quite as detailed as some of the stories in the foxfire books, but it’s a good treat. 	the failures of permission culture donna wentworth, over at copyfight pointed out a jd lasica piece detailing the responses from seven studios to his requests to use short ( - seconds) clips of their films in a non-commercial project he was working on with his child. …four of the studios refused outright, two refused to respond, and the seventh wobbled. this is the quandary millions of us face today: the hollywood studios demand that we ask for permission to borrow from their works — and then they deny our requests as a matter of course. 	google moon rocks google engineers have got the moon on their minds lately. we all got a laugh at their april fools day lunar hosting and research center job opening, but they’ve done themselves one better and several points more serious with google moon. sure, it’s in celebration of the first lunar landing years ago today, but if they’re so fixated on the moon, why not sponsor a space competition? 	google maps gets all the attention it would reasonably appear that here in the us, there’s only one map site: good ol’ google. but until google adds maps for countries other than the us, canada, and uk, the rest of the world will have to look elsewhere. enter the uk competitor: multimap.com has been serving the world outside the bubble since . from their self description: key features include street-level maps of the united kingdom, europe, and the us; road maps of the world; door-to-door travel directions; aerial photographs; and local information. 	jenny’s drm scourge jenny levine, over at the shifted librarian, is telling the latest chapter in her long-running struggle with drm. now, i’ve installed a lot of windows software in my day, so i feel pretty confident in my ability to double-click on an installation file. however, when i try to install [yahoo music engine], i get three screens into the installer (oh the joy of accepting the license agreement over and over) before i get an error message that says, “the file c:\downloads\ could not be opened. 	bstat beta release [[pageindex]]update: shout outs to zach, cliff, justin, and thomas who’ve submitted bug reports. their feedback has been rolled in to the b july release, available now (look for the link below). this is likely the last release before the code gets bundled into bsuite (more details on that later). changes this documentation supersedes any previous documentation. more changes to the bstat_pulse() function; bstat_pulse_style() is no longer used. it’s been replaced by a flag in the call. see the usage example to understand. want to customize the style? start with that example, look at the xhtml it outputs, work from there. update thanks to zach, these parameters are all optional. you can call it with nothing more than “bstat_pulse()”, if that’s your thing. still, i’d recommend using the full example below. there are a lot of improvements to the management console. the number of lines to display for each category and the date range (past day, week, month, etc.) are now configurable. quick start installation download and unzip bstat.zip   place bstat.php in you wp-content/plugins directory   place spacer.gif in your wp-content directory   log in to your wordpress admin panel and activate the plugin, then visit the new bstat submenu of the options tab. this will allow bstat to create its database tables.   add the bstat_hitit function to the footer.php of your theme (or in some other place where it will be called once for each page load). this starts the counting; you can see the results in the bstat submenu of the manage tab of the wordpress admin panel. in order to view the bstat results on your public pages, you’ll need to the bstat display functions to your pages. 	it’s funny ‘cause it’s true first lady laura bush speaking at the white house correspondents association gala noted: george’s answer to any problem at the ranch is to cut it down with a chain saw. which, i think, is why he and cheney and rumsfeld get along so well. the quote is all over the net now, but i found it in the august issue of vanity fair. 	australia’s rum jungle alan moorhead, in his rum jungle — a sort of casual ethnography or serious travelogue — explains the uses and attitudes towards alcohol in his native australia: […] i took it for granted that for all social occasions, at any time of the day or night, beer was the drink. you did not take it with your meals, but before or afterwards and in considerable quantities. beer was the solace of life and the white man’s true vision of bliss. 	full-text searching inside books search engine watch did a story about how to use google and amazon’s tools to search full-text content inside books. the gist? when you can get to the tools and where they’ve got content, it does a lot to make books as accessible and open as electronic content. sort of related: i’ve spoken of google print before and there’s more in the libraries and networked information category. 	organizational/institutional blogging done right jenny levine is talking about an example of the perfect library blog over at the shifted librarian. the posts are written in the first person and in a conversational tone, with the author’s first name to help stress the people in the library. the staff isn’t afraid to note problems with the new catalog, the web site, or anything else. full transparency — nice. you can feel the level of trust building online. 	hackable snackable gumstix the make: podcast pointed me to gumstix — really small computers built for hacking. cool. 	google hacks from o’grady’s powerpage{# }: i have no interest in true hacking (i.e. rummaging through people’s private junk) although viewing random unprotected ip cameras around the world in public places and controlling their panning and zoom functions is kind of mind-blowing. there are a ton of fun ghacks out there – like spelling out words in pictures using google image search, and the google poetry generator, or the news map generator etc. 	skyhook wifi geolocation old news from gizmodo and wi-fi networking news (quoting wifi nn): skyhook has assembled a database of information about . million access points across major cities in the u.s. by driving every street in every city. their software records multiple data points per sample for directionality. fire up their software on a laptop, and it compares the wi-fi information it sees with what’s in the skyhook database, popping out a latitude and longitude within to meters. 	coolest watch ever, today anyway the nixon rotolog{# &amp;menu_id= }. 	ike dwight eisenhower’s eight years as president were about a lot more than i like ike buttons and interstate highways. from wikipedia: after his many wartime successes, general eisenhower returned to the united states a great hero. it would not be long before many supporters were pressuring him to run for public office. eisenhower was generally considered a political moderate, and it was not immediately clear which party he would choose to join. 	jet turbine powered toyota mr on ebay yup, it’s up on ebay now (closing in a day or so) with the following description: everybody needs one of these, cleaning out the garage, this little car is so much fun, it is thrust powered by ge t- turbines, has fuel tanks, power steering, power brakes, fire detection, fire suppression, roll over protection, self starting and quick. i have taken this car to the salt flats twice, the first time it wanted to fly @ mph, but after adding the spoilers and air dam it stayed solid thru mph with a lot more room to go. 	the google economy i’ve been talking about it a lot lately, most recently in a comment at libdev. in the old world, information companies could create value by limiting access to their content. most of us have so internalized this scarcity = value theory that we do little more than grumble about the new york times’ authwall or similar limitations to the free-flow and linking of information. jenny levine wrote recently about oclc/lj’s short-run (though not yet ended) experiment with authwalls. 	what’s a “blink” ? stealing from corante/copyfight: it’s a short, one-sentence blog post + a link, à la kottke remainders. [it’s] to share links to articles, resources, and websites of interest that do not necessarily require paragraphs of context or analysis. enjoy! 	solar backpacks & chargers solar charging backpacks: juice bags (news), voltaic solar backpack (news). and, solar ipod charger: solio (news, news). 	personalizing the preservation problem i went looking for an old file the other day. as it turns out, the file was from years ago, but that doesn’t seem so long ago now. anyway, i was amused to find how most of my images from that time were tiffs instead of jpegs. thankfully, tiffs are well supported now, but my old pagemaker files are largely useless to me. and while i was looking at these files from so long ago i found my really bad music from the day. 	is blogging career suicide? ken (i wish he had a blog to link to) pointed out bloggers need not apply in the chronicle of higher ed over the weekend. the story is to some a highly cautionary tale: a candidate’s blog is more accessible to the search committee than most forms of scholarly output. it can be hard to lay your hands on an obscure journal or book chapter, but the applicant’s blog comes up on any computer. 	the big switch other than a bit of head scratching after the announcement in june, i’ve been quiet about apple’s switch to intel processors. now, arstechnica‘s jon “hannibal” stokes has written some of the most intelligent material i’ve seen since. how’s it work? hannibal thinks apple’s relationship with ibm soured to the point where they refused to play the game. and apple is imagining a world of devices macs, ipods, and as yet unannounced portable, personal lifestyle devices. 	napster’s hard road napster — the legal, reincarnated music download site — essentially invented the concept of incumbent campus download services. they loudly{# } touted deals with schools “anxious” to stop the p p music sharing problem. trouble is, according to this story at the reg, it’s not working well. a survey at one client university paints a sad picture: not a single university of rochester student admitted to buying a song via napster during the fall semester. 	the high cost of metasearch for libraries i’ve been looking seriously at metasearch/federated search products for libraries recently. after a lot of reading and a few demos i’ve got some complaints. i’m surprised how vendors, even now, devote so much time demonstrating patron features that are neither used nor appreciated by any patrons without an mls. recent lessons (one, two, three) should have made it clear that libraries need to conform to patron expectations of how online resources should work. 	bstat features update: bstat has been updated. bstat is a hit and search term stats tracking plugin for wordpress. in addition to reporting lists of popular stories and popular search terms, it will report recent comments and a unique “pulse” graph showing the activity for a story or the entire blog over time. the documentation for the current release (b , as of july , ) explains the public functions and their use. i believe they reveal themselves in their names, so here’s a list of most of them: 	make my xb a low rider team pneumatik’s faq addresses the question “why do i need air suspension” simply: “because you wanna be cool!” and now, with pneumatik’s forthcoming kit, scion xb owners can be cool too. thing is, based on the photos it just doesn’t have the same effect on an xb as it does on, say, a caddy. 	braving home jake halpern’s braving home (also in softcover) easily took my interest. here’s how john moe described it for amazon.com: as a cub reporter at the new republic, jake halpern earned the unofficial job title of bad homes correspondent. braving home tells his stories of places where people really ought not live and the people who live there anyway. halpern traveled to such inadvisable destinations as a bed and breakfast at the foot of an active hawaiian volcano, a north carolina town trying to recover from being completely submerged, an indoor alaskan city, and an island in the gulf of mexico located directly in the cross hairs of numerous hurricanes. 	bstat beta release update: bstat has been updated. beta never went public. this is beta . changes this documentation supersedes any previous documentation. the bstat_pulse() function has been improved and now uses your css for appearance. call bstat_pulse_style() to add my default styles inline if you don’t want to modify your css. also, bstat_pulse() now has two switches to control what it displays. please take a look at the usage guide below for how to call this function now. 	libdev launched libdev launched today. from the welcome message there: libdev is a site for those interested in libraries and networked information. want to find a way to apply tags or social bookmarking to library content? interested in how wikipedia can serve libraries? want to find a better way to do patron loads or talk about what identity management means to libraries? looking for single sign-on solutions so patrons can move seamlessly from the campus portal to your opac without re-authenticating? 	idaho politics earlier this year the idaho legislature passed a bill recognizing the success of napoleon dynamite, a film about idaho life by idahoan native sons. legislature of the state of idaho first regular session – house concurrent resolution no. stating legislative findings and commending jared and jerusha hess and the city of preston for the production of the movie “napoleon dynamite.” be it resolved by the legislature of the state of idaho: 	the struggle to protect democracy in florida my dad, who’s called florida home for quite a while now, emailed me the following about goings on there: the big news here is the struggle to prevent volusia county adopting the the diebold touch screen ballot machines. they are bad news, because these diebold machines do not leave a paper trail and so a manual recount of a disputed election is impossible. the republican leaders of florida, who take pride in their deviousness, are trying to require the adoption of these machines under the guise of providing an accessible voting system for the handicapped, especially the visually impaired. 	happy birthday, popsicle npr’s food essayist bonny wolf reported yesterday on the th birthday of the popsicle{# } for weekend edition sunday{# } (listen in realaudio). like so many brilliant inventions, it happened by accident in . and through a century of change, it remains a consistent american icon, stick and all. it all started, apparently, with a forgotten bottle of soda pop with a stick in it and an unusually cold night. 	when is principality of sealand’s independence day? principality of sealand is a wwii-era gunnery platform — called roughs tower — in the north sea, outside britain’s pre- three nautical mile claim of sovereign waters. founded by roy and joan bates in , over time, roy wrote a constitution and named himself and joan as prince and princess. the wikipedia article on sealand tells the story of the world’s smallest micronation about as well and evenly as might be possible, but sean hastings’ website offers a more gripping tale. 	cannon aerial tramway it’s hot in new hampshire, but on top of cannon mountain, feet about sea level, it’s a little cooler. it’s an easy enough hike, but the aerial tram will save you the sweat. the current tram was built in and replaced the tram. the foot climb from the base takes a mile of cable each way, and the two cars make a trip every fifteen minutes. 	google maps rock, the google maps api rocks more we don’t need to hack google maps anymore. now that google has released a public maps api, we can make more reliable map-dependent apps (which will now have better browser compatibility, thank you). within a few minutes of signing up for a maps api key i had put together the following of the nevada test site tour. yeah, click the satellite button, scroll, zoom… it’s real. the api is all javascript, but i use a bit of php to iterate through an array of points and generate the code that puts the lines and pins on the map. 	photron makes my favorite video camera photron’s apx-rs video camera{#kingofhighspeedvideo} can capture , frames per second at top speed, and it can get megapixel+ resolution at , frames per second. it’s one of a dozen or so cameras in photron‘s lineup that can shoot very, very fast video. how fast is a thousand frames a second? how fast is several thousand frames a second? numbers alone do a bad job of telling that story. that’s why they did up this set of sample vids… 	color picking i needed to pick some colors for a new website recently. i’m color blind, so that complicates things. thing is, color relationships can be defined mathematically and “good” or “bad” color combos can be selected by a formula, so it possible to pick colors that go together without actually being able to see them. i’ve done this color math manually for years, but i went looking for a piece of software to make it easier. 	wordpress’ is_x() function an entry at the wordpress support forums{# } gave me the list i needed. how do they work? “you can use [these] in a conditional to display certain stuff only on [certain] page[s], or to omit certain stuff on [those] page[s].” here’s the list: is_ () is_archive() is_author() is_category() is_date() is_day() is_feed() is_home() is_month() is_new_day() is_page() is_search() is_single() is_time() is_year() so there you go. 	freight elevator quartet jazzmusique (rss, stream) treated me to freight elevator quartet‘s so fragile (from their becoming transparent album) not long ago and i liked it enough to take a note to look them up later. the band released five albums between and , but seems to have disappeared since. their site is still alive, and most entertainingly, has fan remixes of svengali (also from becoming transparent) available for download. my favorite is the version by absinthe &amp; shiftless. 	alcohol knowledge test i just love tests (previously: psychotic, leadership style in movies and famous people in history, and eccentric or autistic), so i was quick to try myself at this one when al emailed me. it’s about alcohol, and like most tests, it’s not about getting the answer right, but giving the answer that the test writer wants. so it’s flawed, but it’s a bit of fun. here are my results: score: bacardi 	sending sms messages my friend will was in meetings all day friday, and there are few better times to have sms messaging than in meetings. thing is, i didn’t want to type on my phone’s numeric keypad when i had my computer in front of me, so i went looking for the details of this old hint that describes how to send sms messages with ichat (would also work with any aim client). 	regex reference regular expressions are a pain. jan goyvaerts’ regex reference helps. in a related tip, the following will eliminate any non-numeric components in a string: ereg_replace(“[^ - ]”, “”, $string) . i guess i’ll have to admit that i’d not used the exclusion operator before (the carrot immediately following a square bracket). now i know. 	geotagging gets a new meaning who doesn’t love tagging? no, tagging as in annotating, not graffiti. anyway, rixome is the latest among a bunch of plans/projects to enable tagging of geographic spaces/real-life environments. the good people at we make money not art had this in their post: rixome is a network and a tool that turns mobile screens into windows that show the virtual and public dimensions of our point of view. a walker (a rixome user) can see on his/her mobile phone/pda/laptop screen the virtual interventions that have been added to the location where s/he now stands. 	art deco hair daniela turudich knows vintage fashion. her books include not only hair, but how to recreate a vintage wedding, vintage recipes and candy making, and beauty secrets of history’s most notorious courtesans. here’s the description from art deco hair: art deco has long been associated with uncompromising style and sophistication, and this guide to recreating the sassy, controversial styles of the ’ s and ’ s offers a glimpse back at the hairstyles of this era. 	oooms design ist sehr gut guido ooms has some pretty neat ideas. engadget got high on his anti gravity machine (you must watch the video), but there’s a lot more to see. i wish i could link to examples of his furniture, bottle holders, personal transportation devices, or dohickies, but his flash-based site won’t let me. his glassbulbs are pictured here, but go visit the oooms site and click on the “products” link to see more. 	how to measure the tallest building zach likes tall buildings. perhaps it relates to his superhero obsession (leap giant buildings in a single bound and all), but it’s undeniable that he likes them. here, he gushes about the details of what makes a tall building and how it is measured. judging can be to the top of the highest occupied floor, top of the roof, architectural top (including spires), and top of mast or antenna. of course, the building must be freestanding and habitable too. 	culture of entertainment i don’t remember how i found this tip to baitcar.com‘s collection of police videos of car thefts. they’re good for a few laughs, but things like this — and about half of the programming on spike{# } — make me wonder how far we are from from the worlds depicted in running man and so many other stories. eh, at least we’ve got bravo. that’s some good tv. 	least wanted i’m entirely captivated by mark michaelson‘s collection of mug shots on flickr. it’s titled “least wanted” and he notes with little fanfare that they’re “nobody famous.” some of the photos contain little histories, like this set from the s and s that includes conviction details — “ days w. h.” for “selling obscene literature.” another image shows rapid aging over a three year period starting in . it’s part of a small collection of recidivist women of the s. 	overheard in the library “i want all the books that i’m interested in on one shelf.” 	making zip files on mac os x everybody else may know this, but macos x includes the command-line utility to make windows-compatible zip files. it works a lot like tar, but without needing any switches. &gt; zip {target file} {source files} 	big brother gets more eyes engadget yesterday had a story about the mobile plate hunter , a device that mounts on police cars and scans to license plates an hour. more details are in the wired news story, where la county police commander sid heal notes that the system is hands-off: “it doesn’t require the [officer] to do anything.” the plates are automatically checked against a database of stole cars, and the patrolling officer when the system finds a match. 	switching hosting providers i’ll be switching hosting providers this week. at some point i’ll have to turn off the comments here so that i can synchronize the database and prevent loss of comments as the dns changes propagate. **update: ** the switch seems to have gone well and the dns changes have propagated to the networks i’m using. comments are on again. that’s the way it’s supposed to work. 	bstat beta release update: bstat has been updated. i’ve finally added a clean admin interface to my bstat wordpress stats tracking plugin and cleaned up the code for release as a public beta. quick start installation download and unzip bstat.zip place bstat.php in you wp-content/plugins directory place spacer.gif in your wp-content directory log in to your wordpress admin panel and activate the plugin, then visit the new bstat submenu of the options tab. 	what makes ohio red it’s a story that won’t die, and yet it can’t get any attention. since november rd, reasonable people have been wondering what happened. on election night, exit polls predicted a million vote win for kerry, but the official election results declared bush the winner by million votes. we’re all suspicious of polls, but an million vote discrepancy is big and exit polls are considered the most accurate of all. 	north-country drive-ins the fairlee drive-in theatre is open with double features on weekends details: route , fairlee vt (one mile north of town) - - notes from driveinmovie.com: the usual hotel/motel concept of in-room movies is cable tv, this is one of only two drive-ins in america that have a motel on the premises with a view of a drive-in movie. all rooms have a picture window and speaker, allowing motel guests to watch the movies. 	squirrel decanter and other dead animal art the strange folks over at custom creature taxidermy arts have come out with a squirrel liquor decanter that’s making the rounds. jon said simply “words cannot describe.” but the good folks at gizmodo assure us that “anyone who sees you sucking on the desiccated neck of an ex-squirrel will know you are a man of class and style.” other items in their novelty selection include flying squirrels and punk rock squirrels. 	american reporter’s nagasaki story emerges after years of censorship george weller won a pulitzer prize, a polk award, and was named a neimann fellow during his fifty-some-odd year career during which he covered much of europe and asia for the new york times and chicago daily news. weller died in at age , leaving behind a body of work that tells much of the th century’s events. his story about an appendectomy performed by navy pharmacist’s mate wheeler lipes in a submarine feet below pacific waters amid the concussive blasts of depth charges is legendary. 	the difference between progressive and conservative bloggers david rothman points to a daily kos story that points to a mydd story titled “aristocratic right wing blogosphere stagnating.” what’s the point? of the top political blogs, more than half are ‘liberal,’ and more importantly, they support community involvement — including basic features like comments — that the conservative blogs shun. of the five most trafficked conservative blogs (over , page views per week), only one […] even allows comments… 	google print: reports from michigan & oxford i’m listening and watching along with the educause online presentation from the universities of michigan and oxford and their participation in google print. presenters: john p. wilkin associate university librarian library information technology and technical and access services university of michigan   reginald carr director of university library services and bodley’s librarian university of oxford google print is old news by now, but it’s interesting to get their reports on it. 	geolocating the news last week i got excited about the as-yet unreleased geolocation api for bbc backstage. now larry d. larsen of the poynter institute is excited too. in a post titled the future of news (… hint: gps){# &amp;aid= } he talks about putting news in geographic context with geolocation tags. eventually, clicking an article in a news/google map hybrid might zoom in to a d model of the area where an automatic pop-up starts playing a slideshow with pictures of the scene or streaming video along with the text news content. 	blogger’s legal guide copyfight is pointing to the eff‘s new legal guide for bloggers. most of the content is about liability, but it also addresses issues of access and privilege that are generally granted to journalists, election law, and labor law. from the introduction: whether you’re a newly minted blogger or a relative old-timer, you’ve been seeing more and more stories pop up every day about bloggers getting in trouble for what they post. 	when you don’t have a gps… geolocation by gps my be the most straightforward approach, but we mustn’t forget the other ways to get lat/lon coordinates. all current cell phones support agps positioning to comply with federal e- mandates, but not all phones make it easy for the user to get that information out of them. still, some do and gps-enabled moblogging is becoming common in asia and europe, and there’s at least a public proof of concept going in the us. 	the mystifying aroma of rot i love libraries, and i love books, but there the needs of our students and limitations of our budgets have no room for misplaced romantic attachments. that’s why i’ve found myself paraphrasing something from ibiblio’s paul jones (via teleread): that smell of an old book, that smell of old libraries? that’s the smell of the books rotting. we must remember that libraries catalog and share information and knowledge, not books. 	pinball wizard gets his due the laconia citizen{#/ /citizen / /- /citizen} reported today that ron mowry’s year quest for recognition as the real pinball wizard of has finally achieved some success. the twin galaxies official video game &amp; pinball book of world records will credit mowry’s hour minute marathon pinball session as a record. mowry set his record at a sandwich shop in hallandale beach, florida, but he was raised in plymouth, nh, where he now works for the university. 	bstat pulse i imported the content of my old referrer tracking database as hits in my new bstat stats datatabase so i could have more data to work with. i mixed this with a fairly simple graphing routine and now we can see the “pulse” of the whole site and each story. take a look at the bottom of the main page and between the body and comments in the single story pages to see what i mean. 	bstat progress i’ve been hard at work on my bstat stats tracking plugin for wordpress and you can see the results in the sidebar and in the story views here. the work has been made especially easy because of the great documentation, including writing a plugin, plugin api, and related pages at the wordpress codex. i’m testing the plugin with a limited group now (thank you sandee and cliff). but with a few more tweaks and a little more time to prove itself, i think it will be ready for an open beta. 	professionals don’t use ofoto or wal mart photo services at least that’s the only thing a person can conclude from the stories at copyfight earlier this week. this post reports on two stories where the photo services concluded that the photos to be printed were too good to have come from an average customer. upon trying to order prints of her child, one ofoto user found the following: your order has been cancelled because it appears your order contains one of the following… . 	bbc backstage is gonna rock (once they release the apis) the apis aren’t yet out, but the bbc has already won me over with their backstage bbc concept. of course, i’m a fan of anything with an api, but the real deal here is that it appears they’re planning on releasing a “query by geo-location data” api — and i’m all a gaga about about geolocation. i’ll definitely be looking to see what takes shape across the pond. 	damn pngs in internet explorer i don’t know why ie has never displayed my transparent pngs correctly, but i know now that i’m not the only one with this complaint. bob osola (name?) shares my frustration, and better, he sat down and coded a solution, shared the code, and posted a wonderfully informative guide to the problem. not sure if your browser can display transparent pngs properly? follow that link for examples. 	the google economy vs. libraries roger over at electric forest is making some arguments about the value of open access to information. hopefully he’ll forgive me for my edit of his comment (though readers check the original to make sure i preserved the original meaning): …keep the [information] under heavy protection and you will find that people ignore this sheltered content in favor of the sources that embrace the web and make everything accessible… [open and accessible resources] will become the influential authorities, not because they are more trustworthy, or more authoritative, or better written, but because they are more accessible. 	what? i’m not sure what to think about steve j’s wwdc announcement (video stream) of apple’s switch to x processors. coverage at macnn, mac rumors, ars technica, etc. i’m not sure, but it would be easier to take if i wasn’t the only one who saw conspiracy in it. does this relate to intel’s recent shoehorning of drm onto the cpu? it wasn’t long ago that i was praising apple for making devices that served the remix world that exists in the void between fair use and copyright infringement, but moves since then have concerned me. 	on the media does copyright issue i had just sat down to post a note about an interview with j.d. lasica in on the media (listen to mp ) this week when i found david rothman beat me to it. the interview was one of the better treatments of copyright issues that’s i’ve heard/seen in the (relatively-) popular media. here’s the summary from the otm site: for every move that media industries have taken to protect their copyrights, there has been an equal and opposite countermove by consumers. 	doggy and you: mark schutte’s dog powered scooter engadget has a link to mark schutte’s dog powered scooter. this catches my eye because my friend joe is always looking for ways to exercise his sled dogs in the summer. the developer, of course, is very serious about its befits and usefulness of this contraption. here’s the sales pitch: focus your dogs energy and enjoy the new sport of urban dog mushing. engadget has some complaints, but this looks like the best solution i’ve seen yet for running sled dogs in the summer. 	remixing reality: good or bad? we’ve all seen the ads they digitally insert on the field during football games and we’ve heard talk about inserting new product placements as old tv shows play in syndication. ernie miller has been thinking about this recently. last week he noted that folks are creating ipod-able, independent audio tours of museums. “…hack the gallery experience, […] remix moma!” commands artmobs, one of the groups producing these unauthorized audio tours. 	ohara fireflies i don’t consider myself a japonophile, but i do find myself reading mainichi daily news each day, and when they put up a picture like this, of fireflies near the yamada river in ohara, (chiba prefecture) i can’t help but notice. 	teleread spends morning on portable computing stories …well, not entirely, but i couldn’t help but read the posts on the pepperpad and history of the newton. i’m a fan of computing devices that don’t fit the mold, so i eat up stuff like this. i noted the pepper pad previously, and written a few posts about the newton and ultra-portable computing. update: engadget is getting in on the excitement too. they’re pointing to this osopinion article that’s at the center of it all. 	wikipedia and libraries wikipedia seems to get mixed reviews in the academic world, but i don’t fully understand why. there are those that complain that they can’t trust the untamed masses with such an important task as writing and editing an encyclopedia, then there are others that say you can’t trust the experts with it either. for my part, i’ve come to love wikipedia, despite having access to eb and other, more traditional sources. 	disobey gary wolf wrote in the june issue of wired about how smart mobs in new york’s world trade center outbrained the “authorities” and enjoyed higher survival rates because of it. wolf is talking about the nist report on occupant behavior, egress, and emergency communications (warning: pdfs). there’s also this executive summary and this looks like a mind numbing powerpoint presentation (also pdf). so, what about it? for nearly four years – steadily, seriously, and with the unsentimental rigor for which we love them – civil engineers have been studying the destruction of the world trade center towers, sifting the tragedy for its lessons. 	japanese government employees extremely troubled by summer casual dress code today is the first day of summer, according to japan’s environmental ministry, and that means it’s time to take off the ties and suit jackets and put on “casual” clothes. the ministry has been leading a charge to reduce energy consumption and ease global warming by asking all government employees to leave their neckties at home so they feel cooler with less air conditioning. but despite endorsements from prime minister junichiro koizumi it might not be going as well as planned. 	take a picture, get hassled by the man alan wexelblat at copyfight pointed out this story that talks about increasing limits on public photography. if you’re standing on public property, you can shoot anything the naked eye can see, explains ken kobre, professor of photojournalism at san francisco state university and author of one of the seminal textbooks on the subject. …but that apparently doesn’t stop security guards, cops, and others from intimidating and sometimes arresting those who try it. 	theme change… theme change not yet complete, but looking good. it’s a widened version of clemens orth’s relaxation_ column, itself a derivitive of john wrana‘s two columned relaxation theme. i found it on the wordpress codex, and though it was among the first group i looked at, i dutifully clicked through to every other three-columned theme listed there. anyway, expect the banner to change, and i’m working on how i want to handle the width on smaller monitors (where “smaller” actually equals anything narrower than px). 	bad movie, verboten subject? i’m embarrassed to be in the middle of fantasy mission force, a kung fu movie that demonstrates a brand of asian humor that i haven’t yet learned to appreciate. i’m watching it because i’m a sucker for jackie chan flicks and netflix makes it too easy to queue up bad movies. david chute wrote the amazon editorial review: jackie chan makes a brief guest appearance in this surreally goofy action comedy, a high-spirited shambles from that hovers awkwardly somewhere between monty python and the three stooges. 	global threats, as seen through eyes of movie producers and insurers jonathan crowe points out this risks in global filmmaking map by aon, the entertainment industry insurance company. go view the pdf or a full-size png{# &amp;size=o} for all the details. 	lunch at burdick’s treated mom to lunch at l.a. burdick’s in walpole today. the food at burdick’s is always remarkable, but this time i got a decent photo of it. i’m calling the plate in front a real tuna salad. yes, those are strips of medium-rare tuna, but it’s the pickled onions that delighted me. in the middle is my rare steak with a dollop of stilton butter. for desert, we enjoyed a frappes and shared a piece of hazelnut-orange cake while thunder and large hailstones menaced the street outside. 	wordpress stats goodness work on my bstats plugin continues. i’ve added recently commented posts tracking, begun work on a usage graph, as requested by richard akerman, and put together an interesting way to track usage of the google ads. i’m using the google ads to figure out how to best use them on another project later. i think they look a little too commercial here too. i’ve done nothing yet to created a list of related posts, and i’m still researching how i want to do referrer tracking. 	of wordpress tags, keywords, xml-rpc, and the movabletype api wordpress’s xml-rpc support looks pretty good. heck, it supports a half dozen apis and works well with ecto … except for tag support, which is my only complaint with it so far. the movable type api supports a “keywords” field that i’m thinking can be hijacked as a “tags” field instead, but while ecto sends the goods — i can see them in the xml-rpc data that gets sent out, wordpress seems to ignore them upon receipt. 	bstats plugin i’m more than surprised that there’s no (decent) stats plugin for wordpress, but that hasn’t stopped me from writing me own. it’s called “bstats,” and i’ll release a beta soon. in the meantime. the “today’s most popular” list comes directly from this new plugin. 	one step forward… i thought i was real smart when i modified the tags plugin to support integration with technorati. the code was simple, just look in the tags.php plugin file for the foreach statements that run through the tags names and turn them into links on the page and change the $tags[] = statement to look something like this: $tags[] = “tag_name).”\“ target=\”$target\“ rel=\”tag\“ title=\”more “.$row-&gt;tag_name.” at {site name}\“ &gt;”.$row-&gt;tag_name.“ tag_name.”\“ target=\”$target\“ rel=\”tag\“ title=\”find “. 	nuclear test site tour the above image is my followup to my nevada test site tour post from last month and comes courtesy of adam schneider’s very useful gps visualizer (you really need to see it full-sized{# &amp;size=o}, though). i still don’t have a cable to connect the ancient magellan gps i used to a computer, so i manually entered the waypoints i marked into the form and selected a few options, and viola. 	…and then you realize you wasted your life i think i’ve been avoiding commenting on this issue for weeks because it hits so close to home. first i read it in biblioacid, then jenny levine picked it up, then richard ackerman picked it up at the science library pad: library catalogs are broken, and there’s no amount of adding pictures or fiddling with colors that will fix them. i nibbled at the edges of this in my iug conference presentation, but i didn’t say it as well or as clearly as roy tennant did in his widely quoted april library journal column: 	vonage ceo interview makes me feel old engadget’s interview with jeffrey citron, chairman and ceo of vonage gives an interesting peak into the world of the baby bells, through the eyes of an upstart. citron dishes about the competition, stomping at&amp;t, working deals with the bells to make services work, and a possible palm version of their softphone. most interestingly is his notions about what their customers want and expect. …more and more people are deciding that they don’t even want a land line in the house…? 	blog software switched i’m almost ready to call the first stage of my wordpress migration done, except it looks like the comment submission forms aren’t working. while i’m working on that, please note the new feed urls: rss . x, rss . , and atom. update: found a reference to the comment bug on the wp support site and in their bug tracking system. i didn’t find the answer there, though, so this is still a problem. 	switching blog software… i think i’ve finally decided to go to wordpress after all. i tried doing it too quickly last time and it almost worked, but i switched back when i realized i might need more than minutes to figure out how to use wordpress in production. since then i’ve found a set of plugins that do most of what i want, but it looks like i’m going to have to put together a stats tracking plugin of my own. 	crime and privacy on google maps annalee newitz last week posted a column on people’s fear of privacy loss as a result of google maps. her point: so while all these people are wringing their hands over how simple it is for strangers to discover the color of their roof on google, we forget that we can already be tracked everywhere we go using cell phones and the rfid chips in wal-mart backpacks. i honestly didn’t know people were up in arms about the maps and satellite images (which have been available elsewhere for years), and, like annalee, i’m much more concerned about the proliferation of real-time tracking systems like cameras, rfid tags in our driver’s licenses and consumer products, and other sensor technologies. 	eating my way through san francisco san francisco is a great city for a conference. it’s also a pretty good place to get lunch. the following is poorly written and incomplete. well, at least it’s something. sunday i was a little surprised to find johnny rockets on jefferson st. serving breakfast, but they did a fine sausage, egg, and cheese sandwich all the same. after visiting alcatraz, i had a delectable rueben at the buena vista on the corner of beech and hyde, where they’re known for their irish coffee. 	 wasted minutes i can now say with the authority of experience that star wars episode iii sucked. update: zach’s right, my opinion of the original trilogy has fallen over time. but i stand by the statement that episode iii is worse than it should be. the real reason for the update, however, is to note a couple pictures of things seen and done while waiting in line: matt, with an oversized jug of generic cola and this oversized scorpion bowl. 	un food survey the proceeding was forwarded to me by my dad, who included a note suggesting that jokes may embody the only real truths we can know. a worldwide survey was conducted by the un. the only question asked was: would you please give your honest opinion about solutions to the food shortage in the rest of the world? though translated into appropriate local languages and delivered using local personnel, the survey was a huge failure. 	cool stuff made easy (rss, opengl d graphics, screensaver app) i have an appropriate fondness for engadget‘s how-to features, like today’s “make a customized rss screensaver in tiger.” macos x . tiger comes with a pretty decent rss screensaver (don’t miss the movie), which can be set to display feeds from any source that safari can read and bookmark. and if that’s all you want out of life, well then you won’t have any reason to leave your couch/chair/bathtub or wherever you use your mac. 	geolocating everything i’ve been excited about geolocating photos, blog posts, etc for a while. so this past month or so has been quite exciting. most recently, gps photo linker has been updated with mac os x . specific features: with spotlight in mac os x . , you can instantly search for the city, state and country information automatically saved by gpsphotolinker. additionally, mac os x . does support the gps metadata tags in photos. 	about that bookless ut austin library there’s a lot of talk about the new york times story about ut austin’s undergrad library throwing out its books. problem is, i don’t think it’s as exciting as people are making it out to be. first, the undergraduate library is one of libraries on campus and the real issue was space, not books. when priorities change, but you don’t have enough money to break ground on new buildings, you’ve got to re-use the old ones. 	flickr api the flickr api rocks. it helps that the developers are really excited about web services (pdfs converted from their original ppts). anyway, there are code libraries available for php , javascript and others. michael madrid’s oberkampf is a dead simple php library that looks easy enough for non-coders to use. and i found myself quite satisfied with the rest request format and the xml to array parser by eric rosebrock. 	do i want a lifedrive? after months of no news or no good news, and just as i’m about to knock palm news site src off my feeder, palmone starts leaking details of their lifedrive “mediacentric handheld.” then somebody leaked the whole datasheet, and src was there with the deets. engadget was on the story the next day, and summarized as follows: it’s . x . x . inches in size, weighs . ounces, runs on palm os garnet . 	markoff, i wish i could trust thee trouble: john markoff has been doing tech stories for the new york times since the beginning of days, so it’s likely he’s written something you’ve read and enjoyed. but he’s also written a number of wrong or counterfactual stories that he makes little or no apology for. at the core of the claims against him is his coverage of kevin mitnick, the accused cyber-criminal who was held for over four years — including eight months in solitary — without a bail or sentencing hearing. 	google’s war on hierarchy, alert the librarians via ernie miller i saw a link to john hiller‘s story about google’s war on hierarchy, and the death of hierarchical folders. googlization is a concept libraries have been strugling with for a while. and while it’s hard to say wether the change is good or bad, i can say that failure to change makes libraries irrelevant among patrons who’ve grown accustomed to google and other exemplary services. so john’s story caught my eye and had my full attention for a while. 	sunrise on mount monadnock i’ve loaded some more of my old photography, inlcuding this shot of sunrise on mount monadnock (info) from the spring of or . josh stands on the outcrop in the foreground. i held the exposure open longer than appropriate for true brightness and color, but i like the effect. other photos: another sunrise on mt. monadnock, photos from around harrisville, panoramas of the nevada desert and london, a rose, and a set of stairs. 	library portal integration i’ve been back at work less than a week now, and i’m already behind. i’ve finally posted the handout and slides (as a quicktime movie, pdf here) from our iug presentation. i’ll submit them to iug for their archive and add them to the plymouth state university library portal integration page in an update soon. as usual, presentation slides don’t stand on their own, but they should be helpful reminders of what was said. 	kwajalein atoll kwajalein atoll is a part of the republic of the marshall islands, lost in the pacific ocean (maptech makes it easier to find) along with more recognizable locations like bikini and enewetak atolls. the military presence is far from gone, however, as kwajalein is home to reagan test site, where the us army tests the last remnants of reagan‘s infamous star wars program. now reincarnated as george w. bush‘s missile defense, it survives despite its flaws and an unbroken string of failed tests. 	hilary rosen: sock puppet we’re all talking about hilary rosen‘s apparent about face, apparently pro-customer, anti-drm essay now (props to david rothman for taking the high road on this). in an update to his monday post, however, ernie miller notes that the riaa and hilary rosen’s history is that of blanket opposition to mp players (and fair use) in general. if the riaa had its way, there wouldn’t be any portable mp players. the only portable players you would be able to buy would play only drm restricted tunes. 	delicious, refreshing, old liquor bottles so grenadine isn’t officially a liquor, but it gets kept behind the bar and this one has a great label. the collection comes from the estate of a friend’s mother, who appears to have had a taste for old martini culture (not pictured are several bottles of vermouth). there’s more in my flickr photoblog. 	pointless, crude, badly drawn, unintelligent, offensive it’s a book review. it goes like this: pointless, crude, badly drawn, unintelligent, offensive. life-threateningly funny. buy this. another amazon uk customer wrote: funnier than the real people with tourettes the book is modern toss, by jon link and mick bunnage. cartoons and more info are online. 	when we can’t all just get along (the failure of logical centrism) i love the following quote from copyfight: frank field, responding to james boyle’s much–discussed ft column, deconstructing stupidity: “flat-earthers are harmless — until they start forcing you to write the specifications for your gps system in accordance with their views. then, you’re screwed.” and boyle’s column is pretty good too. 	former riaa head hates drm? today is sort of an anti-drm day here, so it was some pleasure that i just saw ernie miller’s post at copyfight regarding hilary rosen, the former head of the riaa. she’s complaining about the drm apple uses with its music store and ipod. she says: i spent years in the music business the last several of which were all about pushing and prodding the painful development of legitimate on-line music. 	give orphaned works a home david rothman at teleread is alerting us to something we should have done a long time ago, but, hey look, a caterpillar…. really, the us copyright office and library of congress are accepting comments to comments on the issue of “orphan works.” but, the deadline is today at pm est today! james boyle, addressed some of these questions in a column in the financial times recently: thomas macaulay told us copyright law is a tax on readers for the benefit of writers, a tax that shouldn’t last a day longer than necessary. 	broadcast flag smackdown the only thing that could have made friday’s news sweeter would be to have received the dc circuit court of appeals’ deciscion against the broadcast flag from the us supreme court instead. still, it’s enough to get most of the ip-aware blogsphere excited. to wit: here, here, here, and everywhere else. copyfight‘s synopsis was the best: the american library association, public knowledge, eff, et al. just won our joint challenge to the fcc’s ability to regulate consumer electronic devices that receive digital television signals, - at the d. 	t-mobile does coverage maps, verizon wireless baffled i’d like to make more of this, but it’s old news. we’re all sick of the “can you hear me now” ads, but that doesn’t stop verizon from talking up their network testing efforts. but when it comes to network performance, the ceo starts complaining about customers who expect their phones to work at home. what? yes. engadget reports: in an interview with the san francisco chronicle he asks, “why in the world would you think your (cell) phone would work in your house? 	time to change… time to rearrange… time to restore from backup… i’ve given up on my poorly timed and completely unplanned try at switching to wordpress. i started out thinking i’d experiment with it, then things got out of hand. factors contributing to my interest in wordpress: ecto via allforces.com a little compare and contrast with pmachine livesearch better rss/atom output flickr gallery a mostly functional pmachine importer a damn easy install a bunch of plugins factors that made me give it up for the short-term: 	what are you doing to shape the future of libraries? jenny levine recently posted a note about opacs and xml and maps wherein she makes two points: first, mike copley at north shore libraries in new zealand has been doing some exciting stuff to help patrons find books (go ahead, go there and click a “view map” link), then expands her post to address the struggles that folks like mike face to do some of these things. see, mike’s library system is converting to innovative (iii) soon, so the work he’s done is mostly for naught, as it’s very difficult to identify item locations with the detail he’s getting now. 	xml server applications well, it’s done. the [handout][ ] and [slides][ ] as presented are posted here, and i’ll add them to our [portal integration][ ] page (yeah, they’re sort of connected) when i return to [plymouth][ ]. the slides don’t stand on their own, but for those that were there, they should be helpful reminders of what was said what links we looked at. one of the attendees took me to task for recommending marc xml as the replacement for iii’s proprietary schema, saying that it fails to leverage the full value of xml. 	iii introduces “web works” where did this come from? innovative calls it “web works,” and describes them as “html-based interfaces for light-weight system access.” here’s the program description: webworks are new products that offer focused functionality for staff through a lightweight browser-based client. one web works client handles selection list processing while a cataloging client provides the ability to add and edit records. the session was hugely crowded, and i had to run off before i got to ask my question: “how do these fit in with any web services strategy iii may be developing? 	citing library collections on the web the example below uses a javascript to display bibliographic details about an item in plymouth state university’s library catalog. now imagine this link included information on the availability of the item, and a button to request or reserve it…. this post is intended to demonstrate how library catalog data can be used in places far from the catalog, perhaps in blackboard/webct, blogs, or elsewhere. i’m at the innovative users group conference, where i’ll use this post in my presentation on xml server, session l . 	iug : ldap is not single sign-on at innovative users group conference now. the most exciting thing today was using ldap authentication by john culshaw of university of colorado at boulder, and richard paladino of innovative interfaces. despite the title, the raison d’etre of the presentation was single sign-on, and the unstated hurdle was identity management. academic it departments are struggling with these two huge issues, but libraries often have even more limited it resources and are getting little help from campus it departments. 	prisoners of age at alcatraz found ron levine’s prisoners of age exhibit at alcatraz today. sadly, the website doesn’t appear give the prisoner’s stories, and, though the photos are well done, it’s the stories that hold our attention. 	leaving las vegas morning’s cold light shines harshly even on the strip, but this saturday morning on fremont street looks especially forlorn. i’ll be on a plane to san francisco for my conference in a few hours. 	golden gate hotel and casino according to the history printed on their diner placemats, the golden gate has been standing at the corner of fremont and main streets for years. kris had some good fun eating unhealthy quantities of cent shrimp cocktail at the gate. [update:] the stay wasn’t bad, in fact, i enjoyed the best sleep i’ve had all week. some were out trying to save souls, but i found fried twinkies. 	fatburger and henderson, nv my trip to henderson was a bust. i’ll eventually make a story about what i’d planned to do, but the only thing that worked out was a visit to fatburger in the sunset station casino. along the way i snapped this bad panorama of the vegas strip. the point here was to show the sprawl on what some are calling the city’s centennial. the shot goes better with the story i wanted to tell, but it fails even there. 	nevada test site tour toured the nevada test site today. no cameras allowed, but i did take along a gps and marked points of interest along the way. i’ll have to upload the track and landmarks when i get home, but google sightseeing has some interesting nevada destinations, including one for the test site area. but satellite photos can do little to show the human scale of things like the , foot wide sedan crater. 	waiting in long beach long beach airport is a small affair, seemingly more fitting for dubuque iowa than the south los angeles sprawl. gates one through three are in a pre-manufactured temporary structure that’s obviously been in use for some time, but the food from the one vendor is better than in boston and the queen mary spa offers massages hidden behind a partition in the corner. a five minute of scalp rub runs $ . 	beatnikside’s vegas photo gallery i can’t help but like beatnickside‘s las vegas flickr photo set. it’s one of the most photographed of cities, but these photos are fresher than that. sometimes enteraining, sometimes informing, the shots of vegas’s glitz and glamour show special attention to detail. this week is vegas week at maisonbisson, since i’m out here before heading to san francisco to present at iug . i have an inexplicable fondness for vegas. 	smart high efficiency car coming to us i got excited a while ago when i learned that daimler chrysler was bringing their little smart car to canada, and i’m even more excited now that i learn that it’s coming to the us via zap, a company originally formed to make and sell electric cars (zap stands for zero air pollution). though powered by a normal internal combustion engine, its small size and low weight allow it up to miles a gallon — much better than the . 	the long tail of violence it’s been a few days of “long tail” talk here at maisonbisson. stories about popularity vs. the long tail and aesthetics of the short head are just below. here’s one on the violence of the long tail. john robb at global guerrillas wrote about the “dark side” of the long tail in a march post to his blog. it’s a touchy one, so i’d better explain robb’s point in his own words: 	national weather service adds xml and rss feeds the us national weather service just updated the soap/xml interface to their national digital forecast database (ndfd) and rss feeds from their storm prediction center. i feel a little happier about paying my taxes when i see government organizations like the weather service posting answers like this: the national weather service is striving to serve society’s needs for weather information by evolving its services from a text-based paradigm to one based on making nws information available quickly, efficiently, and in convenient and understandable forms. 	tetris shelves gizmodo posted a picture and a little text about bravespacedesign‘s tetris shelves. more from bravespacedesign can be seen in this post at land+living. they’re all the standard tetris shapes constructed of walnut and ash. my previous attempts at cabinet making were miserable failures, but considering these shelves cost seven large — yes, $ , — it’s more likely that i’ll be making my own than buying them. question, though, am i violating copyright/trademark/patent law if i built my own for personal use? 	liblime/koha ils a comment to a post on the shifted librarian pointed me to the liblime collection of open source library applications including the koha ils. they’ve got demos for the whole collection, including the opac. it’s the first i’d heard of liblime or koha ils, but it’s good stuff and i certainly hope to see more of it. 	the dark side of networked information according to the website, mitre is: a not-for-profit company that provides systems engineering, research and development, and information technology support to the government. it operates federally funded research and development centers for the department of defense, the federal aviation administration and the internal revenue service, with principal locations in bedford, massachusetts, and mclean, virginia. all of this is interesting because blogsofwar points out that they’ve been presenting information on a project titled blogint: weblogs as a source of intelligence (with slides in pdf format): 	“short head” vulgarity and prurience chris anderson at the long tail blog quotes a passage from david foster wallace’s a supposedly fun thing i’ll never do again: tv is not vulgar and prurient and dumb because the people who compose the audience are vulgar and dumb. television is the way it is simply because people tend to be extremely similar in their vulgar and prurient and dumb interests and wildly different in their refined and aesthetic and noble interests. 	what is networked information? there’s data, then there’s information. information is meaningful and self explanatory, data need to be aggregated and analyzed before they become information. networks — ethernet and the internet — transmit data, but our web browsers and the back-end applications they connect to turn it into useful information. “networked information” is what results from building connections between multiple information sources. displaying an author’s biography inline with the library catalog holdings of books by that author is one example of how the value of information sources grows when they’re networked. 	credit where credit is due jenny levine’s mention of my work with innovative’s xml server wednesday drew a lot of attention, but there’s little online public discussion of innovative to give some of my comments context. innovative started started development on their xml server product quite a while ago (five years, yes?), before later standards like marc xml had any traction. they did it to create another very useful product, their airpac, a online catalog for mobile phones and handheld devices, and without any clear demand for xml server from customers. 	stanford library’s tech history collection i just discovered standford library’s collection of documents relating to the technology and culture in silicon valley and the development of the mac thanks to a link from gizmodo. gizmodo was excited about the &lt;a href=&quot;http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/dayton .html&rdquo; title=&quot;mice &ldquo;wine tastings&rdquo; &ldquo;&gt;mice “wine tastings” that apple did in its efforts to develop the first consumer mouse. elsewhere, however, i found this interesting little tidbit: reading it twenty years later, the most surprising thing about it is the amount of attention it gives to networking, and the degree to which the first macintosh was intended to be a kind of network computer. 	xml isn’t enough a lot of this is in my xml server presentation at the innovative users group conference in a couple weeks… jenny levine is an outspoken advocate for the use of rss in libraries. one example she cites is posting lists of new acquisitions to library websites. she estimates that folks in the libraries of her library system spend hours per year on that one activity, time that could be used elsewhere if automated by rss. 	new catagory: libraries & networked information thank or blame jenny levine of theshiftedlibrarian for this: i’ve just created a “libraries and networked information” category here. more to come. 	the long tail at maisonbisson content here at maisonbisson isn’t well focused, but a few stories have come out winners in the google sweepstakes of passing popular fancy. my story about a giant bear in alaska was one such winner, but i’m happy to see a few others are also getting read. my stories about stainless steel, the heat output of dell servers, and itunes vs. firewalls are obviously filling a need for technical information not readily available elsewhere. 	safari . supports for contenteditable wysiwyg melvin rivera reports on &lt;a href=&quot;http://allforces.com/ / / /wysiwyg-comes-to-safari- /&rdquo; title=&quot;safari . &rsquo;s support for contenteditable“&gt;safari . ’s support for _contenteditable_. 	when decorum is entirely innapropriate it’s hard to find the words to introduce eric berndt‘s open letter to his nyu law school classmates. the nation said the following: justice antonin scalia got more than he bargained for when he accepted the nyu annual survey of american law’s invitation to engage students in a q&amp;a session. randomly selected to attend the limited-seating and closed-to-the-press event, nyu law school student eric berndt asked scalia to explain his dissent in lawrence v. 	copyright and the internet david rothman at teleread linked to franklin pierce law center professor thomas g. field’s guide to copyright on the internet. field gives a clear overview of of the limits to copyright, the ways copyright applies to web sites and email, and the limited law on linking and framing web content. in his section on risks, he notes: copyright law precludes most uses of others’ works without explicit or implied permission. 	satelite imagery there appear to be two non-government-owned companies providing satelite imagery: space imaging and upstart digitalglobe (yeah, like they’re not both upstarts). digitalglobe is working hard to make friends with the media and regularly offers timely images of events, disasters, and wars to them. for the public, they offer some more scenic shots, like this one of the the boneyard at davis-monthan afb in tucson, arizona from august , . the boneyard serves as a holding place for out-of-rotation airplanes until their fate is decided; the dry, clear climate of tucson provides an ideal environment for the storage of aircraft, as they can sit indefinitely without rusting. 	focal plane shutter distortion henri lartigue’s photo of a race car shows one of the wonderful ways in which the camera records its own reality. spectators lean left while the speeding car tilts right all because of some facts about how his camera works. lartigue’s camera had a focal plane shutter, a two-part light curtain that slides to one side to expose the film while the second part follows a moment behind to again block the light. 	jeffrey veen gives presentation advice in seven steps to better presentations, jeffrey veen acknowledges the complaints against powerpoint, but explains that the real problem is “bad content delivered poorly.” his seven points have a lot more detail that what i’m quoting here: tell stories. show pictures. don’t apologize. ever. start strong. end strong too. stand. away from the podium. pause. my own opinion is that veen and tufte would agree more than they disagree. 	tips to flag designers (vexillographers?) the folks at the north american vexillological association get excited about flags. yeah, i had to look up vexillology too. anyway, they’ve got a page how-to about designing a flag, for “your organization, city, tribe, company, family, neighborhood, or even country!” their advice centers around these five rules of flag design: keep it simple use meaningful symbolism use - basic colors no lettering or seals be distinctive or be related each point is supported by examples illustrating both the “right” and “wrong” way to do it. 	cat and girl makes me laugh i can’t get enough of cat and girl and this one just hit my funny bone. thinking of comics, comic life makes it easy to lay out your digital photos and add comic-style speech balloons. looks interesting, though i’m not sure it’s worth $ bucks. 	geolocating everything i just added jonathan crowe’s the map room to my daily read. it was there that i learned that geourl is back, and that’s got me thinking about geocoding things again. i spoke of geolocating photos in a previous post, but my interest has broadened. i now want to geolocate my blog posts, i want lat and long recorded with my atm transactions, i want my emails and phone calls to have location information. 	urls i need to bookmark on my clie and phone google local for mobile devices may be the most useful thing yet. but then, i’ve been slow to get even the regular google search for mobile devices bookmarked. 	see, when the president does it, it’s different, somehow it’s a reasonable story: guy gets ipod, buddy puts a few favorite tracks on it, everybody jams happily because they can share their little bits of culture. in a way it’s an extension of the mixed tape so romanticized in high fidelity, but in another way — the riaa’s way — it’s probably a copyright violation. this is about the time you’d expect me to announce a new round of charges from the riaa, more claims of theft and lost profits due to the scourge of technology and hordes of uncaring, music copying punks. 	modern day opium craze in a story in the sacramento news and review, peter thompson writes about his drug use. at he tried making mead, but when that failed he continued to look elsewhere: i began to see the supermarket and drugstore as potential drug dealers. i drank bottles of cough syrup before i knew what dextromethorphan (dxm) was. i ate catnip and didn’t feel anything. i ate nutmeg and felt everything. there was no internet to guide me and nothing in the library about morning-glory seeds. 	apple finally unleashes tiger apple announced the availability of mac os x v .  tigertuesday and is now accepting pre-orders. the product is to be in stores on friday, april (beginning at pm?) and will sell for $ , or $ for the mac os x v .  tiger family pack, a five seat household license. amazon is offering tiger for $ , after rebate, though the rebate doesn’t appear to apply to the family pack. apple’s been selling family packs for a while, but it’s added some new family features to the os that surprised me. 	our underequipped military forces a story over at defensetech is reporting that four years after the september th attacks and during a time when us personnel are involved in armed action on the ground in arabic speaking states, the military still doesn’t have a plan to train their soldiers in the language. it seems the pentagon can spend bazilions on failed missile defense systems, but hasn’t the money or interest for language instruction. i’d say get the folks in green some ipods and in flight arabic, or the more extensive pimsleur quick &amp; simple arabic (hey, the amazon reviews for it are positively glowing), but i’m thinking both lack important vocab for people who have to deal with car bombs regularly. 	most cmss suck i’ve been slowly struggling with the question of how to replace pmachine, my cms engine here. i haven’t really liked any of the alternatives that others i know are using (link link link link), though i’ve been hard pressed to identify exactly what my complaints are. among the points in making a better open source cms, jeffrey veen names a few of the most frustrating for me: hard-coding of site layout in the cms, mixing of content with site administration in the interface, and, sometimes, lax security. 	who doesn’t want a caboose? perhaps it’s the lasting effects of watching the station agent too many times, but i went looking for a place to buy a caboose. they’re big; as much as ′ long, ′ tall, and ′ feet wide. and they’re heavy, perhaps tons. but they can be moved on roads via big trucks and cranes, but then, they also move brick houses. caboose disappeared from the railroads in the s, after about years of service. 	molecular visualization in mac os x a while ago i went looking for alternatives to mdl chime on mac os x, as mdl is still choosing not to support os x. sure, you can run it in netscape .x in classic mode, but that’s getting increasingly frustrating. what’s great about the mac, however, is how many great solutions there are from small developers who take on the “big guys” and do it better. evidence: piotr rotkiewicz’s imol. 	declaring bankruptcy on old stories i often use the maisonbisson blog as a sort of annotated bookmark list, keeping track of the things that catch my interest for one reason or another, things that i’d like to return to or share. but i often get ahead of myself in identifying the things i’d like to look at further and never get around to posting an annotated link here. for those, i’ve been keeping a text file with urls that i’ve sometimes revisited and sometimes posted stories on, but the list is growing, and it’s becoming clear that i won’t ever get to around to posting stories for most of the urls there. 	does size matter? a while ago i asked a friend why short sentences were so pleasing to read and write. he had no answers, but agreed that brevity is its own reward. some (though i can find no reference to it) suggest that technological developments have changed and simplified sentence structure by allowing writers to write and revise freely, while typewriters and pens required forethought and concentration to avoid scribbling out unwanted, half-formed sentences. 	verizon wireless’ wardriving rig (can you hear me now?) it turns out that verizon (and all the other carriers, presumably) really do go around asking “can you hear me now?” the actual test conversation sounds different (possible source?) and the testing is automated, but there really are people out in the world doing real coverage testing. i guess i naively assumed that it was all theoretical and computer modeled, or something. anyway, mobiletracker rode around tampa, fl, with a verizon wireless test guy levy rippy back in february: 	of bricks and progress… this post is about a couple of things. first, it seems cory doctorow has issued dmca takedown notice to the folks at boringboring.org for their parody of doctorow’s boingboing. what nobody knew at the time is that gakker has also been on the scene, doing doctorow parodies, and all. which is where thing ™ comes in: this post about bricks highlights an ongoing concern of mine. what is the real difference between a long-existing thing with a variety of uses, some of them illegal, and the thing not yet developed with a variety of uses, some of them illegal? 	the riaa’s logic and ‘declining’ music sales blogger mark cuban listened politely to riaa chief mitch bainwol stumble into the logically fallacious argument that: it was obvious that illegal downloads were hurting music sales. it was obvious because the advent of file sharing coincided with a decrease in music sales. therefore a lead to b. (i’m quoting cuban, who’s parapharsing from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ce.org/events/event_info/downloads/industry_leaders_react-ip.pdf&rdquo; title=&quot;bainwol&rsquo;s cea blather speech”&gt;bainwol’s cea blather speech). but instead of arguing with bainwol’s logic — it’s too easy, and too many others are doing it — cuban is using it to prove the contrary. 	archiving realaudio streams on mac os x standard players for rtsp streams like those for realaudio don’t cache the files they download, meaning they require a net connection to operate. i found an ezboard forum message that identified hidownload, net transport, oep-oee and streamdown — windows-only applications that can download rtsp streams and save them to a playable file. but those trick ponies do nothing to help mac users. audiohijack has been around for years now, but it only captures the audio stream as it leaves realplayer and heads off to your mac’s audio output. 	gas prices (finally) affecting car sales? a mainichi daily times story announced today sales of energy-efficient japanese cars soar in u.s. toyota and nissan both saw % sales growth, with toyota’s prius sales jumping to % their numbers from a year ago. honda, which usually wears the energy efficiency leader’s hat, saw a nearly % increase in sales. ever prideful, mdn notes: in sharp contrast, the sales of new cars sold by general motors and other american automakers in march posted decreases from a year earlier. 	tator-tot pizza so my challenge is to prove that i can be both trite and serious in the same day. here, tom chows on tator-tot pizza with ranch dressing and chipotle chile tabasco sauce. it’s part of the tator-tot pizza set at flickr. there’s no good reason to make tator-tot pizza, but we had both, plus all the sauce, so what else is there to do. that’s trite, this is serious. 	serious saturday i’ve lost my way a bit and been posting a bunch of trite stories here lately about my kitchen and in my photoblog. i’m sorry. i have made a few attempts at serious discourse. if you look carefully you’ll see stories on grokster, rfid passports, a library conference, a chilling look at the death penalty in texas. looking a little further back, you’ll find new stories in the very serious copyrights &amp; intellectual property and politics &amp; controversy categories. 	can you eat it? food bets seem harmless, but they look funny. everybody likes the old “can’t eat four saltines in seconds” bet, and it’s likely that many of these foods would never get eaten except on a bet. then there’s the story of two guys who took a bet they could eat ramen noodles — only ramen noodles — for a month. it’s probably apocryphal, but they story ends with them getting scurvy and giving up. 	it’s friday! over at caravie: peace, nonviolence and conflict resolution i found the lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies,lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies, lies music video. also at caravie i found a link to this ‘zine, with a selection of videos, like this one. it’s a perfectly enjoyable way to waste a friday afternoon. [update:] this is confusing. 	new us passports will serve as terrorist beacons i cannot say it any better than it was said in today’s issue of effector: the us state department is pushing for what may be the most misguided and dangerous travel “security” plan ever proposed: putting insecure radio-frequency identification (rfid) chips in all new us passports. these chips would broadcast your name, date of birth, nationality, unique passport number, and any other personal information contained in the passport to anyone with a compatible rfid reader. 	reporting late on grokster these things take time and can often be hard to read, so while we all wanted the high court to look at the entertainment industry lawyers and tell them to take a hike tuesday, we’ll have to wait until summer to know what actually went down. but there is one interesting thing so far… it was in nina totenberg’s wrap-up for npr that alerted me to this turn in the arguments: 	life of a kitchen blueskygirl alerted me to the life of a kitchen group at flickr in a comment on a photo of my remodeled kitchen. so, of course i joined and had to upload a pile of related pictures from my back-file. there’s some great stuff from a bunch of contributors up there, despite the trash i tossed in. in the photo above, sandee makes homefries for a brunch with our neighbors back in july . 	cheap lcds for in-car-computers a powerpage story alerted me to a couple of inexpensive touch-screen lcds: innovatek and lilliput. take this as an update to my story on carputers. that story, of course, connects with mobile carrier networking (with followup), and gps. 	kitchen it was done in quite a rush and there’s some touchup to do yet, but our kitchen is now more complete than it’s been in six years. 	late notes from october library conference i just re-discovered my notes from dartmouth biomedical libraries’ october conference for and found a number of things i wish i’d remembered earlier. academic libraries are facing declining use/circulation of traditional materials (books, print periodicals, fiche, etc). it’s not that students and faculty don’t care about libraries or learning, the problem is that libraries aren’t serving their patrons with the forms of information they need at the time and place they need it. 	considering the death penalty texas executes a lot of people. during the years through , texas executed inmates, making then governor georg w. bush the killingest governor in history. a march amnesty international report titled the death penalty in texas: lethal injustice notes that “public support for the death penalty in texas remains strong,” and a later news release states “texas is so proud of killing people that it issues press releases for the executions it carries out. 	choppin’ ice corey chops ice from my walkway on sunday afternoon. dinner went well, despite worries that our new kitchen wouldn’t be completed in time. i guess i’m a huge fan of pictures with particle action. here’s another, where will cuts it up with a circular saw. 	crunch: three more days there are at least two ways to appreciate easter: to some it’s the most important religious event of the year, while, to others — your hosts here at maisonbisson, for instance — it’s yet another good reason to gather friends and family ’round a table and celebrate good food, good wine, and all that makes us human. but there’s a problem: we dismantled our kitchen last week in anticipation of our new kitchen…which is taking longer to install than i expected. 	the risks of googling one’s self well, actually it was a , but the results are just as scary. there’s a fellow named gerald dewight casey on deathrow in texas and an asian language site has a picture of the bisson battlesuit. 	wifi my world i’m in hooksett today waiting for the my kitchen cabinets to be delivered. why hooksett? because ikea won’t deliver to warren and i’ve got in-laws in hooksett where ikea will deliver. i’ve just setup my old router and wireless base station here, so at least i don’t have to slum it without network. and that’s sort of what this great onion infographic is all about. take note of the point: “facilitates blogging while/about doing laundry. 	of life & death… i’m not sure i could say it any better than david rothman did when he went off topic over at teleread to make note of some important issues related to the terri schiavo matter. rothman points at the bigger issue, but doesn’t come out and say it: all life concludes with death; indeed, the leading cause of death is birth. i’m not being flippant, i mean this. life is filled with serious and difficult choices, including some related to the end of life. 	dis-intermediating pop culture via copyfight via deep links: fiona apple, that grammy award winning gal you remember from the criminal video, apparently put together a third album a couple years back only to have sony music shelve the thing. now that it’s gotten out, her fans are “demanding that sony release the album so they can pay for it.” which fred von lohmann describes as “a substantial noninfringing use of p p networks if i’ve ever seen one. 	sunshine week i’ve failed to live up to my potential this week. i’ve wasted a lot of time on stories about useless video cameras, home theater, whining about my kitchen remodeling, and lamenting some lost stories when i should have been paying attention to sxsw, etech, copyright issues, and sunshine week. please accept my johnny-come-lately mea culpa on all of that. sunshine week is intended to bring public attention to concerns about goverment secrecy. 	shuffleboard fridays joe, tami, sandee, and john throwing weights on the shuffleboard table friday night. extra: shufflboard rules at mastersgames, suffleboard rules at shuffleboard.co.uk. shuffleboard tables and tabletop shuffleboard accessories can also be found online. 	wish i was there: etech just as i was about to cut the future tense blog (from the public radio show of the same name) from my list, jon gordon steps up with a few good stories. of course, he had good material to start with. he’d been at the o’reilly emerging technology conference, and it looks like it was quite a show. many many has a couple notable stories about etech events, including wikipedia and the future of social computing and folksonomy, or how i learned to stop worrying and love the mess. 	your eff needs you a couple stories in the electronic frontier foundation‘s email newsletter need our attention and support. well, they all do, but here’s the most important: grokster: eff this week kicked off a new campaign to celebrate the technological diversity protected by the supreme court’s “betamax ruling,” which found that vendors cannot be held liable for contributory copyright infringement if their products are capable of significant noninfringing (legal) uses. eff will post information about a copying technology with substantial legal uses every weekday leading up to the march th supreme court hearing in mgm v. 	maisonbisson: the lost tapes…. i discovered recently that my content database is [missing a bunch of stories][ ] from the first weeks of . i tempered my feelings of loss with the knowledge that i couldn’t remember the title of more than one of the missing stories. while looking into a question about my out-of-date rss feed today, i discovered that it had clues to the content of twelve of my missing stories. they clearly weren’t that important (what is? 	small video cameras this fiddling with video has me looking for small cheap video cameras. security products has some, but pine computer has them cheaper. better yet, they’ve got a ca sub-mini video camera with interchangable lenses for $ . the standard mm lens has only a degree view angle, but an available (+ $ ) . mm lens should result in a much more useful degree view. the cameras all have composite ntsc outputs, but a usb video converter make them “digital. 	home theater there are bigger problems in the world than my home theater, but that’s not what this entry is about. i’ll get back to political ranting in a while, but for now — now that i have &lt;a href=&rdquo;/post/ &rdquo; title=&quot;a cheap inexpensive projector”&gt;a cheap inexpensive projector — i’m interested in figuring out how to play videos from my computer. some people don’t need to ask why, but for those who do, let me offer this: most the video i create is better seen on the small screen, but fair-use dvd rips and content downloaded from the internet film archive. 	liability & license it turns out that the quicken website is full of legal tips and advice. what caught my eye was a description of implied warranties. implied warranties don’t come from anything a seller says or does. they arise automatically when a product is sold. under the uniform commercial code, there are two kinds of implied warranties: that the product is fit for its ordinary use, and that the product is fit for any special use the seller knows about. 	loss i discovered today that my content database is missing about entries from the first weeks of . the feeling of loss is pretty thick, but i get these feelings pretty easily — hey, don’t pick on me. of the stories, i can only remember the content of one of them. i think the story was titled “web apps rocked ” or something like that and was basically all about the goodness of xmlhttprequest. 	too exhausted, busy to blog i’ve got to tear down the last cabinet, get all the junk to the dump, clean, spot-sand and clearcoat the floors, and…. i probably won’t get it all done today. watch yesterday’s video for an idea of what’s going on, otherwise, today is re-run day. the archives are yours to explore. 	kitchen destruction time-lapse movie it’s all part of the plan, but this is a bigger mix effort and uncertainty than expected. i’d hoped to have everything cleared from the kitchen by mid-day, but i’ve got another cabinet to remove sunday. the uncertainty? we don’t yet have the new cabinets in hand. if those are delayed, we could be without a kitchen for quite a while. worse: we’re hosting easter and i’ve only got next weekend to install the cabinets and put the kitchen back together. 	“shred it!” engadget‘s got a story about ssi shredding systems and their action videos of their equipment doing the job on refrigerators, medical waste, steel drums, couches, concrete, boats…. engadget reccomends the washing machine video “for its rather endearing inclusion of one of the bystanders’ enthusiastic cries of ‘shred it!'” 	best new music trilok gurtu and robert miles on miles_gurtu listen in at itunes or amazon. bonobo’s dial m for monkey listen in at itunes or amazon. bonobo’s animal magic listen in at itunes or amazon. the bad plus give listen in at itunes or amazon. 	virtual kvm solutions folks are increasingly aware of screen sharing apps like vnc, but what about solutions that allow you to control multiple computers with a single keyboard and mouse? back in the day, there was an interesting macos hack that would send mouse and keyboard input from one computer to another (after some very easy configuration), today, in the days of os x, i can find two solutions: the powerpage tipped me off to kmremotecontrol a while ago. 	…and copyright law is broken too (duh!) i was looking for a way to includes these in my story about the brokeness of patent law, but they just wouldn’t fit. so here they are separately. increasingly, content owners are taking advantage of the vagaries of the “public domain” to make us pay for rights we used to take for granted. for instance, when you buy a chair, you expect to be able to use it however you wish. 	cliff likes the ‘works a flash and long manual exposure caught cliff and me setting up the ‘works, then their launch and aerial explosion on a cold night in january. the camera sat on my mitten in the snow while luck worked in my favor to get a couple good shots (and not burn my camera). just to be clear: neither of us was anywhere near the launch tube when the ‘works went off. 	today is warren’s town meeting day meeting has come and gone. the issue in the selectmen’s letter was postponed indefinitely and the meeting adjourned around : pm. 	on rss, taxonomies and folksonomies copyfight went somewhat off topic to point out joshua porter’s paper on how content aggregators change navigation and control of content at user interface engineering. this quote says exactly what i needed: every time someone makes a list, be it on a blog […] or a list of groceries, content is aggregated. the act of aggregating content (usually content that is alike in some way) makes it more understandable. instead of looking at a whole field of information, you choose smaller, more logical subsets of it in the hopes of understanding those. 	“so computers were worthless ten years ago?” jenny, the shifted librarian, related a story that show’s her son’s innate understanding of metcalfe’s law. here’s a completely truncated quote: “…before you were born, there wasn’t really an internet or the web or email. there was a very basic form for people in the military and at universities, but there were no web sites to visit and no web games to play.” “so computers were worthless ten years ago? 	all conversations in warren revolve around heat on jan th i noted that i’d burned through half my wood pellets for the season. i’ve burned another bags since, making it three quarters of my pellets for the season. now i’m hoping it feels a lot springier by early april, when my last bags will likely run out. 	what’s your nerd score? there in my referrer tags was planetilug.draiocht.net (though i can’t figure out why), where i found a link to the nerd test. two posters who’d taken it scored and . just as gareth easton said “i thought i’d give it a go… i answered truthfully (i’m ashamed to admit) ;-)” my score? th percentile: supreme nerd. apply for a professorship at mit now!!! of course, i’m a sucker for even the most ridiculous of personality tests. 	cuttin’ it up will cuts stuff up like…well, like a guy who cuts stuff. true to form, cliff points. they were over last saturday helping with with some remodeling projects. the luan is going to cover the bits of old horsehair plaster that still cling to the lath in the closet of what is becoming our laundry room. more of will and cliff can be seen in the plastics museum and museum of bad art, all part of the weird museum tour . 	vacation in the luxury of my own home i’m taking a spot of vacation here. expect nothing more from me today, and not much more in the days to come. — – — as before, the flickr photos have nothing to do with the post. and, no, this is not at all like martha‘s house arrest thing. 	sweet deal on home theater projector the sharp pg-b s projector isn’t the best out there, but it rates pretty well according to projectorcentral.com. their stats show it to be a lumen, × projector with a : contrast ratio and a long lamp life of up to hours. the projectorcentral.com user reviews suggest it has a good picture with great color rendition. macuser uk concluded: the pg-b s showed excellent detail from our presentation slides, with accurate colours and well-defined text, and it coped particularly well with solid blocks of colour. 	stay free!: copyright activists the are few things as joyus as the excitement of discovery, so it was a great pleasure to learn that stay free! magazine has a new blog: stay free! daily. the blog has a number of stories about intellectual freedom and copyright oppression that resonated with me. take a look at silent disobedience, christo’s policy of photographing the gates, and wizard people screening in nyc. anybody following discussion of the fcc’s broadcast flag mandate will be amused by an old movie studio and broadcaster psa arguing against subscription tv services. 	beware the cheap pc; beware the company that advertises them i’ve been saying for years that there’s no such thing as a cheap pc, but now a class action lawsuit against dell is claiming the same. according to arstechnica: it accuses dell of bait and switch tactics along with breach of contract, fraud and deceit in sales and advertising, and false advertising. the computer manufacturer is accused of advertising low-priced computers to consumers, but when consumers try to to buy the advertised machines, they find they are not available at the specified price. 	food and kitchen gadgets gizmodo just popped two stories about kitchen or food related gadgets that i love: a knife block worth having and a banana wrapper you didn’t know you needed. i might as well link to the sites themselves, as i can’t really think of anything to add: banana bunker and viceversa knife block. 	picture phone threats: they’re not what you think in a story that couldn’t have been much better timed, arstechnica is reporting on a camera system from that reads license plates and automatically looks up vehicle registration details. with some glibness, the article claims: “you just drive around and point the camera — it’s that easy!” though, it does note: as previously unconnected networks and systems integrate, this will increasingly be the case, and as scott mcneally said way back in , when sun microsystems had a bright and shiny future, “you have zero privacy anyway, get over it. 	(re-)programming the sony rm-v multifunction remote control in case you find the batteries dead, and the programming lost, sony’s instructions for configuring the rm-v multifunction remote control are online. you’ll have a heck of a time finding them, however, what with all the lousy epinions and nextag listings getting in the way. ignore those. codes for all the rest of sony’s remotes are online too. here are some seeds for google and the others: sony remote control codes for programming sony multifunction remote controls, like the rm-v are online at sony remote control support site. 	macs vs. pcs: tables turned? yale daily news reports on how windows is increasingly being pushed aside by macos x and linux. according to the article, yale information technology services’ registration records show that nearly percent of university students and percent of faculty choose macs over windows pcs. this is quite a change from the late s, when university it departments made news by trying to eliminate macs from their campuses. so what’s going on? 	iug : library portal integration & xml server applications elaine allard and i will be presenting on library portal integration at the iug in san francisco, ca. the session is scheduled for the : to : time slot on wednesday. from the program description: portal integration: what works at plymouth state university lamson library began its portal integration in with the launch of plymouth state university’s first portal, myplymouth. within this single point of service students can register for classes and check their grades, faculty can review their rosters and post grades, staff can review benefits and vacation time, and, of course, everybody can use the library. 	extra quotes most of these are a rehash, but i like them…. — – — a zdnet news article from december remarks: “apple buyers tend to have higher incomes and greater technological sophistication than the pc audience as a whole.” — – — regarding the first time her phone was hacked, a spokesperson for paris hilton is said to have claimed: she was pretty upset about it. it’s one thing to have people looking at your sex tapes, but having people reading your personal e-mails is a real invasion of privacy. 	international symbols enterprise language solutions has an interesting brief by yves lang on how to use symbols and icons in localization. cultural differences challenge the design and implementation of icons and symbols for international use. what is meaningful and natural for one group may be ambiguous, unintelligible, or arbitrary for another. fundamentally, communication is subjective, as a person’s perceptions are influenced by their environment. since their start in the olympics, the number of icons has grown remarkably. 	feature: privacy in the st century this is the story that gives me an excuse to name paris hilton here at maisonbisson. here’s a fact of st century life: pieces of our life that, taken one by one, are seemingly insignificant are being gathered and indexed by a handful of companies that re-sell that data to phone marketers, the cia, and many others. information that we recognize as somewhat more significant and often more private, like our driving records and tax information, gets sold and traded right along with the rest of it. 	feeling very sleepy around noon saturday sandee asked “why don’t we go to ikea?” the closest one is in new haven, connecticut, and we got there around pm. they close at pm, but after loading our u-haul, it was almost pm when we got on the road. we got back to the house around am, and now, after too little sleep, sandee has me assembling the catch. in short: no meaningful updates today. 	today in sports: le parkour troy pointed wildly and excitedly at a video showing his new favorite sport: le parkour. the video appeared on a site normally devoted to the fun of macromedia’s flash communications server: i recently saw the film film ‘jump britain’ on channel and was impressed by what i consider is an art form. it’s like skateboarding without skateboards, brilliant. le parkour consists of finding new and often dangerous ways through the city landscape — scaling walls, roof-running and leaping from building to building. 	retro handsets for mobile phones pokia is setting the world on fire with their retro phone handsets. they’re taking apart phones from the s s and s and rewiring the handsets to plug into today’s mobile phones. they’re selling on ebay, but most of the offerings are knock-offs. now mobilemag reports that boost mobile, the carrier that sells overpriced wood veneered handests is taking the idea mainstream. their retro phone handset has the look of a s, bakelite molded phone, but, i presume, without that funky feel that old bakelite has. 	feature: patent law is broken us patent laws are broken. adam b. jaffe and josh lerner say so. their ieee article is filled with equal measures of anecdotes and facts about why patent law is doing more to limit advancement in the arts and science than to support it. and that isn’t just wrong, it’s unconstitutional. there are a lot of ways to interpret the us constitution, but article , section is quite clear: “to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 	shameless commerce my beef t-shirts aren’t exactly mass market, so it’s a pleasure to see sales to california ( ), florida ( ), illinois ( ), kansas ( ), new york ( ), ohio ( ), oklahoma ( ), pennsylvania ( ), and washington ( ). i’ve just added a beef trucker’s hat for real retro fashion. it’s also a pleasure to see that the other designs are selling a bit too. brocolli and stump are the most popular (behind beef), but swine, cream filled, and killer get some attention. 	unusual hotels i recently discovered unusual hotels of the world, “the online guide for travelers interestedinstaying somewhere truly different,” and was pleasantly surprised to find a few hotels in north america i’d like to check in to some day. jules undersea lodge. source. want to slay a night under water? jules undersea lodge in key largo, florida, is for you. i have secret interest in trains, so i’d like to know more about the station restaurant &amp; sleeping cars in ithaca, new york, and the aurora express of fairbanks, alaska. 	google maps rock, hacking them rocks more people are going wild{# } over google maps, but i honestly didn’t get too excited about it until i saw glen murphy’s movin gmap project. it’s a python script that reads location data from a connected gps and pans the gmap to follow. upon seeing this hack of gmaps, i went looking for more. hack a day shows us how to get maps for a set of decimal coordinates from both terraserver and gmap (terrabrowser will do some of this for macos x). 	students take academic technology into their own hands jenny levine, the shifted librarian, points out a recent survey that finds % of us college students own a cell phone. nationally, . million americans have cell phones. and cell phones aren’t just for talking, as we americans are sending . billion text messages a month. jenny’s point: “you can tell yourself that these trends won’t affect libraries, but you’d just be burying your head in the sand.” coincidentally, ken “caesar” fisher posted at arstechnica about student technology trends as well: 	all about stainless steel i’ve been contemplating the idea of welding/fabricating a stainless steel counter top, but i’ve never attempted any welding before, and most people say stainless steel is difficult to work with. thanks to this pdf, i know everything there is to know about stainless steel finishes, but nothing about working with the material. azom, “the premier on-line materials information site, supplier and expert directory” has a guide to stainless steel fabrication with rules for machining, welding, soldering, and brazing the various types of stainless. 	inflate & collapse two perfectly paired books: blow-up by sean topham and collapsible by per mollerup. one explores inflatable forms in art, architecture, and science. the other explores the somewhat broader range of things whose size and shape are meant to change as their use changes. they both look absolutely delightfull. . 	moving about on one, two, or three-wheels we’ve come to expect certain things. cars have four wheels, for instance. and we expect two-wheeled vehicles look like bikes or motorcycles or scooters. then came the segway a few years ago and shifted the two-wheeled concept around. now, a number of stories regarding vehicles of one, two, and three wheels have come out. they’re all interesting, some are awkward, some are to die for. one wheel wheelsurf. 	snow day! as cliff likes to say, “cur-tailed, the sweetest two words in the english language.” the snow started falling wednesday night and didn’t stop. even now, big, puffy flakes like oversized cotton balls are falling. [update:] photos added. also, here’s a snowy panorama from early january. 	geolocation tagging photos there’s a new version of jeff early’s gps photo linker, which allows you to combine tracks from your gps (time and position data) with your photos (time and image data), so you end up with a bunch of photos with embeded gps coordinates. jeff notes: apple has confirmed that macos . will support the gps metadata tags in photos. this will open up a whole realm of opportunities for users and developers to take advantage of the position data on photos. 	conspicuous consumption: the plan after some scraping and saving, and our refinancing, we’re remodeling our kitchen. our first attempt at doing this failed when i realized — too late — that i’m not actually capable of making cabinets. by that time, we’d filled the kitchen with a bunch of poorly made and unfinished junk. sure, there’s a sink and a fridge and stove top and an oven, but there’s one counter that’s been bare plywood for five years now, and there’s a bunch of other stuff that can never be finished because it was never built according to a plan that would ever actually work. 	marmite today i give props to bunchofpants‘s flickr photoset on marmite. i don’t really know what marmite is, but the marmite faq claims: marmite is dark brown-colored savory spread made from the yeast that is a by-product of the brewing industry. it has a very strong, slightly salty flavor. it is definitely a love-it-or-hate-it type of food. and, yes, marmite competes with vegemite, and both appear to be made of the same stuff. 	fast sofa…imac g fast there are a lot of folks who will tell you how “wrong” it is that apple integrates the monitor and computer in so many models, so i guess there’s a bunch of them that will tell you the same thing about how bluebroc is integrating the a sweet-looking couch and an imac g . “you’ll have to replace your couch every time you upgrade your computer! gosh (said napoleon-style).” there are probably even people that recommend dis-integrating the ipod from its display. 	ipod giggles ipod giggles **»** paul bourke, of the astronomy department at swinburne university of technology, has developed an ipod stereoscope. his system uses a pair of ipods in an old-style stereoscope viewer to display stereo-matched photos. » somebody at iaxb has come up with some renderings of a giant ipod shuffle sitting around the house like he or she owns the place. » more enlighteningly, canadian broadcasting corp. has a story on the the evolution of portable audio. 	standing up for clam juice okay, so i’ve been doing at least a post a day since about september and a few people got concerned when i missed a couple days{# }, but i am alive. gosh (said napoleon style). i’d probably pass on posts again today, but i was looking recent comments on my flickr photoblog and got a smile when i found evil angela‘s defense of clam juice: you know, it’s kind of like fish sauce. 	folksonomy is my new love okay, i’m excited about folksonomies. my introduction to tags was at flickr, where i’ve been amused at how they help connect people, photos, and concepts. then jenny levine at the shifted librarian started talking about them, with david rothman at teleread echoing and expanding many of her points. that was about when i found many to many, where i read about technorati’s tag project (plus documentation). wanna see it in action? 	copyright terrorism the dunhuang grottoes are one of china’s richest archaeological treasures. built during the th through th centuries, they are a , -year-old ancient art gallery of cave architecture, sculptures and murals. rediscovered in , the region has been listed on the unesco world heritage list since . despite over years of exploration and study, the mysteries of the grottoes are as great as the lessons they teach us. now, it would seem that the dunhuang academy is claiming ownership of all images associated with these year old treasures. 	looking for the energy drink tv ad? based on the search terms people come to this site with, i know that there’s a bunch of folks looking for the “energy drink ad,” or “k-fee tv commercial,” or “scary german,” or some such. most people end up finding my story about zygo energy vodka, and completely miss my story about the (deceptively titled) serene, calming video where i first linked the energy drink tv. let me eliminate the confusion now. 	all conversations in warren revolve around heat i have burned . tons of wood pellets so far this winter. the significance of the number isn’t its size, though . tons is a lot. the significance is that it represents bags of pellets, each pounds. the significance is that it represents about half of the pellets i’d purchased for the heating season. by the almanac, it looks like i should have ordered more pellets, as we’re not yet at midwinter and i’ll probably run out. 	big bear photos circulating my dad forwarded me the following pictures and story: these pictures are of a guy who works for the us forest service in alaska and his trophy bear. he was out deer hunting last week when a large grizzly bear charged him from about yards away. the guy unloaded his mm mag semi-automatic rifle into the bear and it dropped a few feet from him. the big bear was still alive so he reloaded and shot it several times in the head. 	language is of the people i am always amazed at the lengths we’ll go through to communicate or express or simply transliterate an idea, and further amazed at how we represent the result. take this for instance: th string| --- --- --- -- -- ---- - - - - - - - --- - -- - once you figure it out, you’ll likely not be able to get it out of your head. and this: sort of related, and much more ridiculous. 	wikipedia vs. brittannica; folksonomy vs. taxonomy a post on techdirt notes: you may recall that we somehow got involved in a bizarre battle over wikipedia, when i got into a discussion with a reporter who told me that wikipedia was “outrageous,” “repugnant” and “dangerous,” mainly because it’s not reviewed by “professionals.” despite a valiant effort, i was unable to ever convince the reporter, al fasoldt, that regular encyclopedias, complete with their experts, make mistakes too — and, in fact, the problem is that those encyclopedias can’t then be updated and fixed. 	the tyranny of copyright last week i pointed to will shetterly’s “the people who owned the bible” as an example of what might happen if copyright/intellectual property law continues to favor short term commercial interests over long term public interests. it’s worth noting that the original copyright laws, developed in s britain, allowed for only a seven year monopoly (that’s what copyright is, after all). us law started by doubling that to . the current term is or years, but it doesn’t matter because the music and film industries will lobby congress in a few years to make it or so. 	cold weather operations force powerbook pmu reset batteries don’t work well in the cold, and with the - °f nights we’ve had, i think i can say it’s been cold here lately. i woke my powerbook from sleep in sub-freezing temperatures this morning and got a few minutes of work out of it before it put itself to sleep again. i popped it into my computer bag and ran off to work, where i was troubled to find it refusing to wake from sleep — even when plugged into the ac adapter in a warm room. 	using your mobile phone as modem i’ve been following cell-carrier wireless data options here at maisonbisson (here and here), but i have to admit that i don’t actually use any such solutions. i live and work (and usually travel) in range of ethernet and wifi, so i might get a pass on this but the real reason is laziness. engadget has a nice write-up on the process with cdma-based phones like the ones you get from sprint and verizon. 	edward tufte gives presentation advice edward tufte‘s passion is the graphical display of information. but his nemsis the visual lie. so naturally, he has a special dislike for powerpoint. his poster on the cognitive style of powerpoint gave me this line, which i will likely find myself repeating at a time when it is both most accurate and most politically suicidal to do so: why are we having this meeting? the rate of information transfer is asymptotically approaching zero. 	palm travel guides mypalmlife is running a story about some new travel guides that run on your palm-powered device. produced as a collaboration between rough guides and visual it, they also support pocketpc and symbion devices. london, paris, rome, new york, and san francisco are available now at an introductory price of $ each. “further cities will be released over the coming months.” according to the website, the rough guide city maps include: 	feds go beyond carnivore; artists embrace carnivore defensetech reports that the fbi has given up on carnivore, the electronic snooping application that it used to force on isps serving suspects. it seems that the folks in dark suits are now using commercial software instead. this probably has no effect on artists — yes, artists — who use an open source app inspired by the feds as the center of their networked interactive art. called carnivorepe, it’s the back-end of over two dozen art installations, most graphically: police state. 	microsoft: bad for browsers; bad for air travel i just discovered this is broken and couldn’t help but explore the archives. first i discovered brill.com‘s weird search results. the problem is that a search for bond funds returns a list of stories that have little to do with financial news. it looks like somebody has entered a bunch of bogus stories in their database. they might have been hacked, but i’d be more suspicious of a disgruntled employee. the saddest part is that the problem was reported on september , and they haven’t fixed it yet. 	browse happy browse happy, by the the web standards project is urging people to give up on microsoft’s internet explorer. their solution? firefox, mozilla, opera, and safari. 	mac os x performance questions i was a little bummed to find my cpu busy all morning yesterday. and though i still don’t understand exactly what was causing it, it seems no longer to be a problem. a lot of people don’t know how to see what their mac is doing, to see what it’s busy with. here are some hints: start with activity monitor in applications &gt; utilities. from there you can see and sort applications and processes that are running on your computer. 	problems and pre-dated stories due to problems with the site all this week, a couple of time-sensitive stories that i wrote but coudn’t post have now been posted with pre-dated timestamps. i’ve been following every news item about the mac mini with likely more interest than it deserves. what can i say, i like the little computer. as it turns out, the mini is smaller than it looks in the pitures. and thinking of pictures, a few shots of bill gates vogueing with circa- computer equipment started circulating early this week. 	candy karen forwarded me a link to juicy panic‘s “you drive me oh oh oh” video by torisukoshiro + autophene. more animation and illustration by torisukoshiro is linked from the main site. then she sent me this link to how strange, a site full of odd, interesting, and weird images. . . . 	palm news & goodies gizmodo mentioned the new garmin ique a gps palm for pilots this morning. there’s a long write up about it at mypalmlife, but the gizmodo story linked to palm . once there, i found a link to instructions on putting the wikipedia on a palm. well, you’ll need a gb sd card, but that’s okay, right? it all depends on tomeraider, an interesting app and fileformat for searchable, hyper-linked e-content. palm is also running a contest to win a free copy of trip boss, an all-in-one travel manager. 	problems happen my hosting provider has a us-based datacenter and uk-based staff. it’s an odd mix that may or may not be helpful when things go all to heck, like they did on saturday and again on tuesday. the first acknowledgment of the problem saturday explained that “the server is reporting a kernel panic.” then four hours later, it was reported that “there is a major fault with the boot sector and kernel on the server prevent it from loading into the lilo prompt, or booting from a new kernel due to damage. 	mac mini vs. cheapo pcs charles jade at arstechnica has written both a mac mini preview and a macworld expo show walkthrough. the expo is about a lot more than the stevenote, and jade does a fine job walking us about the show floor. also entertaining is an osviews story on the mac mini that concludes the mini is far less expensive than home-built pcs. not that there aren’t a lot of people arguing with that conclusion in the comments. 	the mac mini is _small_ i said the mac mini was the reincarnation of the cube last week, but gizmodo has posted a picture of the two, um, together. we all knew the mini was small, but this shows how reall small it is. the unoffical apple weblog has a list of things people are planning to do with their mini as soon as they get their hands on one. now add to that list a mini-based synthesizer. 	where’s my video jukebox? yesterday i posted a story about using a mac mini in my home entertainment center. i noted that i’d already replaced my cd player with itunes on an old imac and i wondered if i could do the same for dvds. i ignored the facts that some provisions of the dmca may make this illegal. the music revolution was made possible because courts recognize our right to encode cds from our collection as mp s, and cds (mostly) lack copy protections that prevent us from doing that. 	bill g just wants to be cool gizmodo has two pictures of a young bill gates vogueing on a desk with . -inch floppies and a circa- pc monitor. oh, wait, is that a mac on his desk behind him? the pics were reportedly published in tiger beat, and gizmodo is offering a reward for the original issue. update david heisler wrote to gizmodo to offer this correction and detail: [those] are not from tiger beat. according to snopes. 	mac mini as media player more than a few people are looking at the mac mini as a new component in their home entertainment center. cds are unknown in our house, where itunes and an old imac entirely replaced our five disc changer some time ago. correction: cds are used as an input medium. new cds are ripped into itunes on their first play, then left to gather dust on the shelf. video seems ripe for a similar shift, and to many, the mini looks like the perfect platform for it. 	michale stephen’s twelve techie things michael stephens’ twelve techie things for librarians deserves a look. user-centered technology planning, rss, acnd convergence lead his list, but other items speak directly to the role of the library in the internet age. 	pmachine discontinued, where to next? i learned today that pmachine pro — the software behind this site — has been discontinued. i’d expected the announcement for some time, seeing it today reminded me that i should be looking for a new blog/cms solution. expression engine has largely replaced pmachine, and i know at least one person running it, so i’ll likely be giving it another look soon. i’ve got a list of things i’d like to solve here, so this news sort of fits. 	oil star this super-cool s-styled logo adorns the side of a trailer in the backwoods of new hampshire. more photos from maisonbisson 	jailed for a song trying to quote lyrics for his book, planet simpson to understand how current copyright law is already limiting legitimate work. lots more stories of copyright law gone amok in the maisonbisson copyrights &amp; intellectual property index. 	the tyranny of copyright if you read nothing else all year, read this. will shetterly’s “the people who owned the bible” is a tale of copyright gone amok. it’s the clearest, plainest, and funniest of all such works i’ve seen. note: my title is based on a new york times story about copyright from a while back. am i in trouble? 	steve jobs introduces ipod shuffle in his macworld expo keynote today, steve jobs introduced the ipod shuffle. from macnn: apple introduces ipod shuffle…flash based player. smaller than most packs of gum. weighs the same as quarters (less than ounce). volume/up dow. simple led to provide feedback. no display. either shuffle or album-based playback. usb transfer connector under connector at the bottom. -hour rechargeable battery. 	steve jobs introduces mac mini steve jobs, in his keynote at macworld expo today reintroduced a redesigned mac cube as the mac mini. from macnn: apple introduces mac mini. new member of mac family slot-load combo optical drive. play dvds, burn cds. quiet. tiny. firewire, ethernet, usb . , both dvi/vga output. very tiny. height is half the size of an ipod mini. byodkm. bring your own display, keyboard, mouse. 	vonage wifi voip handset is real all the world is atwitter about vonage’s new wifi voip phone today. wifinetnews got the hint from engadget, who appears to have broken the story today, and links to a usa today story that says: with a wi-fi phone, they could make internet calls from home without the need to run wires to the broadband line. customers could use the phone number of their existing vonage service or a new one for no extra fee. 	video fix today might be [wierd|strange|funny|scary] video day. or something. these are probably not safe for work, though your mileage may vary. here’s the list of things found last night: rainbow the site explains/claims: “rainbow was a credible children’s tv show from the s and s. this clip was actually broadcast and watched by millions. …there’s no way these could have been done by accident. innuendo all the way.” supermodelmeat 	classic and independent movie theaters a story in the december /january issue of arthur frommer’s budget travel magazine alerted me to ross melnick and andreas fuchs’s cinema treasures. it was an annotated list of seven theaters still operating today: cape cinema: this dennis, mass., theater was built to look like a church. the senator theatre: a -year-old art moderne classic, it shows new releases in baltimore. oriental theatre: head to milwaukee for this $ . 	the future of libraries roderick (also, check out roderick’s new blog) forwarded me a story about the challenges facing academic libraries from the chronicle of higher education. the author, dennis dillon, whose full title is associate director for research services at the libraries of the university of texas at austin, begins by relating a conversation: “couldn’t you move your technology to mumbai and hire some english-speaking indian librarians to catalog the books and answer reference questions over the web? 	backfill i should admit to it now before it becomes a scandal. i backfilled some content this weekend. some of it is stuff that i wrote in the past for work (edited for publication here), but i feel may have some public value. specifically, two stories about wireless: one about its vulnerabilities and another about (then) current practices in the academic community. i also posted my wife’s first story for maisonbisson: a recipe for fish tacos. 	a decadent and debauched slave of foreign culture i first learned of wei hui and her first book shanghai baby on npr a few years ago. according to the story, wei hui is among a “group of young, attractive women known as the ‘beautiful writers’ churning out novels that graphically describe the hedonism of modern urban china.” wei hui’s book was so controversial that it chinese authorities banned it, causing a nearly immediate surge in popularity at home and abroad. 	 tech roundup it’s getting a little late for these roundup things, but i’m too tired with post-new year’s party haze to come up with much of anything better right now. annalee newitz subtitles her website with “technology, pop culture, sex.” her index of stories isn’t actually a roundup per se, but it’s good material if you’re too lazy to leave the couch and find a book to re-read off the shelf (because you’ve read all you new books by now, right? 	wrapping up a year of controversy alternet had a good line of stories this weekend to round up the old year and ring in the new. i’m running a little late on such things here at maisonbisson, so let me just quote from theirs instead. — – — daniel kurtzman’s list of the dumbest quotes of includes this doozy at the number spot: “all of a sudden, we see riots, we see protests, we see people clashing. 	slacking is universal in yet another reminder from mainichi daily news that american’s and japanese aren’t so different, now they’re reporting: coeds say college guys ‘childish, irresponsible, stupid.’ a survey of female students selected from universities located in either osaka, kyoto or kobe reveals: a majority of the women polled said that their main impression of male students is that they are childish, the . percent given to the most frequent answer followed by the percent who thought guys are kind and . 	ipod hacks hack-a-day has just given me the best reason i’ve seen yet to take a closer look at ipod linux: audio input without the cheap dohicky accessories and at up to khz x bit. the five step instructions couldn’t be much simpler (well, it might be more complex once a person actually tries it, but the comments suggest good success). hack-a-day is covering lots of ipod hacks (much to the consternation of some readers, but they’re just jealous ’cause they don’t have one). 	terminal holiday for k+ i got to spend the holidays near home this year, and with everything else going on i didn’t really pay much attention to the comair/delta problem that stranded over , passengers last weekend. now that i’m starting to pay attention to the news again, though, i was interested in arstechnica‘s discussion of the software glitch that made everything go wrong: at the core of the problem was an application created by sbs, a subsidiary of boeing. 	let fly the macworld rumors everybody is gaga (links: one — two — three — four) over the thinksecret story: apple to drop sub-$ mac bomb at expo. many people in the mac community have been agitating for a low-end ‘headless’ mac to compete on price against cheap pcs. the rumored specs include: . ghz g cpu mb ram combo drive – gb hard drive usb . 	national geographic society not so environmentally conscious i know i’m complaining here, but national geographic seems to have done this wrong. i purchased the complete national geographic — years of national geographic on cd-rom a few years ago. the collection of cds is an archive of every page of every issue published from through . it was a joy to explore that archive, but let’s face it, i wasn’t spending every night doing it. today i got the notion to reinstall it to search for something, but discovered that the application is far out of date and no bug fixes are available. 	google the economist has a very concise explanation of how google works, and how it became today’s dominant search engine. mr brin’s and mr page’s accomplishment was to devise a way to sort the results by determining which pages were likely to be most relevant. they did so using a mathematical recipe, or algorithm, called pagerank. this algorithm is at the heart of google’s success, distinguishing it from all previous search engines and accounting for its apparently magical ability to find the most useful web pages. 	high speed wireless michael sciannamea at wirelessweblog noted that: bmw, audi, daimler chrysler, volkswagen, renault, and fiat have all received grants from the german government to develop a car-to-car wireless data network using . a and ipv technologies to link vehicles to each other to pass on information about traffic, bad weather, and accidents. they’re calling it “now: network on wheels,” and there’s more at wi-fiplanet.com. my comment: static mesh networks are so . 	chernobyl followup i posted a story about a tour through chernobyl a few weeks ago. the story still gets a lot of hits, and somebody pointed out a few related wikipedia links about the accident, the ghost town, and the controversy about elena filatova, the author of everybody’s favorite online chernobyl tour story. separately, peace.ca reminds us about the dangers of war, nuclear contamination, and more. 	free palm apps, now easier to find jon aquino‘s holiday gift to us is to make freewarepalm useful: why this work was necessary: freewarepalm contains a goldmine of ratings of palm freeware. but it does not provide a way to sort the programs by rating. that is why i extracted the ratings and sorted them. with over listings, there’s a lot to choose from, but, as jon says, no way to sort those listings. jon has crawled freewarepalm with “cygwin lynx, xemacs, and a -line ruby script” and done what freewarepalm couldn’t: made a list of apps sorted by rating. 	heart warming holiday tale for hackers i recently stumbled across ron avitzur’s story of the the development of graphing calculator, the little application that makes complex math easy to visualize. if there was a collection of essays titled “chicken soup for the silicon valley soul,” this would be included. pacific tech’s graphing calculator has a long history. i began the work in while in school. that became milo, and later became part of framemaker. over the last twenty years, many people have contributed to it. 	requisite holiday email forward mark turski‘s holiday message: avoid carrot sticks. anyone who puts carrots on a holiday buffet table knows nothing of the christmas spirit. in fact, if you see carrots, leave immediately. go next door, where they’re serving rum balls. drink as much eggnog as you can. and quickly. like fine single-malt scotch, it’s rare. in fact, it’s even rarer than single-malt scotch. you can’t find it any other time of year but now. 	happy holidays the warren rocket stands in the the snow on december , . 	happy holidays photo taken december , , just north of warren on nh route c. the snow is real (and much deeper now), but i added the lights for the holidays. regular updates to maisonbisson will return after a short holiday break. 	coincidence is too general a term engadget had a laugh over a story in the keene sentinel: so the other day a ups driver in new hampshire was on his way to the cheshire medical center in keene to deliver some much-needed parts for a piece of medical equipment when he got into acrash. he suffered a head injury and was taken by ambulance to the very same hospital he was headed to, but they weren’t able to do any of the tests they needed because the brain scan machine was broken — and the parts needed to fix it were sitting in his wrecked truck on the highway. 	apple fans mod macs joseph deruvo jr.’s i-tablet is this year’s mac mod. wired’s leander kahneyusually covers the story, but deruvo published this one himself at macmod. kahney covered jeff paradiso’s converted ibook tablet as part of his story on mac modders. he followed that up in with a story about a pyramid-shaped powermac that glowed blue. the mac mod thing is international, as kahney points out in this story about japan’s mac mod culture. 	cross-country journeys in time-lapse i feel a tinge of jealousy every time i see something like this: lacquer sound’s road trip. similar: i covered matt frondorf’s mile markers project a while back. (picture from mile markers). 	gary webb: a journalist who dared alternet ran an interesting story about gary webb‘s recent suicide and the events that may have led to it. webb was the -year-old former pulitzer-winning reporter who in , while working for the san jose mercury news, touched off a national debate with a three-part series that linked the cia-sponsored nicaraguan contras to a crack-dealing epidemic in los angeles and other american cities. the resulting firestorm swept the country. 	fcc’s complaint system gamed i’ve got a backlog o stories to post here, including this old one about broadcast programming complaints to the fcc. the fcc reports that it received a mere complaints in , but , in . so what can account for the nearly -x increase? the fcc did some homework on the matter: according to a new fcc estimate obtained by mediaweek, nearly all indecency complaints in — . 	gps happy my brother and his wife surprised me with a rayming tn- gps this holiday season. what’s so great about it? it’s a tiny usb powered brick that interfaces easily with a laptop. the plan? wardriving (yes, it’s sooo three years ago), better geolocation while traveling, matching gps coordinates to photos, and as much mayhem as can be had with a computer-connected gps. software options rayming is mac friendly enough to offer a page of links to mac gps resources and include the necessary driver on the cd. 	seacoast industry sometimes a story will popup as a clear reminder that the world is not always as it seems. i will admit both surprise and amusement when i found that foster’s daily democrat reported saturday on the content of a federal indictment of a kittery, maine, health club. geography lesson: foster’s covers new hampshire’s seacoast — all miles of it — and kittery is a shopping destination squished into the southernmost corner of maine. the indictment accuses gary h. reiner of running “an interstate prostitution ring.” foster’s reports that the club has operated under various names, most recently the “danish health club,” owned by “kittery health club inc.” reiner was apparently both the owner of the club and the former town council chairman and had a role in shaping the local regulations of spas and health clubs. the story clearly had some history, and i’m fortunate the web, and foster’s archives, can educate me. 	displaying word docs and pdfs in safari royce asked: how can i disable or tweak download manager so that files can be read in line with the download and manually launch through the download manager? i want to be able to click on a pdf or word doc and have it open inline without having the download manager handle it to the desktop first. context: some people say the inline display of pdf and word documents enables bad habits that are making the web less accessible and harder to use. 	fun with license plates jameson wrote me today to point out that he can get a new hampshire moose license plate with the text “-brk m” he found my story about new hampshire license plates, including the bit about nh’s online plate lookup. then he pointed out that he could get a purple heart plate with the text “fugw” political messages on license plates seem to usually go one way: from government to people. this rare one reverses it. 	isight accessories and beauty tips macdevcenter published a guide on how to look great on ichat av back in march. the point? video is changing telecommunications: no longer can we sit in grubby geek glee, protected by our avatar shields, wearing only uniforms of underwear. endangered are the days where we can pass digital transmissions and gas simultaneously, picking our noses with one hand, and stuffing pizza down our throats with the other. slowly but surely video is changing that, and sooner or later you’re going to find yourself beamed up into someone’s ichat av window. 	weird palm apps canalpda, a spanish-language pda info site has released an english version of their story about the weirdest palm os programs. you’ll have to follow the link to read about why they thought the apps were so weird, but the titles give some clue: voodoo palm mirror bistromatic fakecall palmasutra fdic divination scare the doggy bubble wrap emulator 	darn comment spam &lt;a href=&quot;http://flickr.com/photos/maisonbisson/sets/ /&rdquo; title=&quot;canned meats at flickr&quot;&ldquo;&gt;now that most email clients have reasonable spam filtering capabilities, spammers are targeting comments systems on blogs, guestbooks (i thought those had disappeared, but i saw one yesterday) and other open submission forms that post to the web. ip banning probably never worked, as spammers have been using open proxys for years. word blacklists (like ignore comments with “online-casino.com” in them) require regular maintenance and could result in false positives. 	beware the cheap pc the public radio show future tense did a story monday that asks “will you regret buying a cheapie pc?” computers are cheaper than ever. but if you’re looking at a new machine this holiday season, dwight silverman of the houston chronicle says beware of the low, low prices. why will you regret it? the machines are ram starved, have lousy video hardware, bad monitors, processors that are slower than their mhz ratings make them look, small hard drives, and often lack even a cd burner. 	more about google print prediction: we’ll talk about google print until they debut the beta, then we’ll talk about it more. copyfight posted some followup on google’s announcement earlier this week. of note was a quote from michael madison: a first thought: it’s one more example, and a pretty important one, of the fading of the lines separating copyright law from communications law. is google print an information conduit? a massive, rogue p p technology? 	ipod supplies tight; holiday sales to exceed four million summary: four million to be sold this holiday season; adoption rate higher than for sony’s walkman. from macnn: an article in the the wall street journal today says that ipods are becoming scarce at retailers around the country. the report says that amazon.com, buy.com, and other online retailers are now out of stock and “apple is contending with what appears to be an immense demand for the gadget,” and it suggests that apple is dealing with manufacturing and distribution constraints due to the ipod’s ‘near-cult status. 	wireless security: wep dead wifi net news is saying r.i.p. w.e.p. after news of a new version of aircrack was released that can break wep in seconds after passively sniffing only a small number of packets. the result is that it takes only two to five minutes to crack a key. even keys changed every minutes are thus susceptible to an attack that might allow several minutes of discrete information. unique keys distributed by . 	usb headset microphone i went looking for a usb headset microphone, and the telex h- usb digital computer headset seems to be the cheapest one that doesn’t suck. amazon’s users comments for the other headsets in that price range (under bucks) spoke of bad sound, uncomfortable fit, and fragile parts. the customer reviews of the telex h- , on the other hand, all rate it out of and commend its quality. 	serious question about funny picture sometime ago i saw this picture among a bunch that were circulating in those emails that get forwarded all over the place. the site i first saw it on dissappeared shortly after, and i haven’t seen this shot again until now. it looks like this page is a copy of the one i saw in early , and it includes this picture. my question is, where did it come from. i haven’t seen anybody name the source or context for this photo. 	i’m now an expert on kabbalah okay, that’s a lie, and it’s probably a little insensitive. sorry. what i really mean is that the monday edition of fresh air — that npr talk show with terry gross — was all about kabbalah. terry’s guest was arthur green: historian and theologian arthur green has long studied jewish religion and culture. among the many books he has written is his latest, a guide to the zohar. […] in addition to being dean of the rabbinical school of hebrew college, arthur green is also on leave from brandeis university. 	google stuns libraries, again arstechnica seemed to sum it up best: today, it is expected that google will announce an agreement to scan and create databases of works from five major libraries. according to news reports, google will digitize all volumes in the university of michigan and stanford university library systems along with parts of research libraries at harvard, the new york public library, and oxford university in england. more information on the scope of projects at the individual institutions can be found at news. 	exploring coudal last week i noted the shhh project to hush noisy cell phone users by draplin and coudal. today, i spent some time surfing the coudal site and found a few things. jewelboxing is coudal’s answer to lousy cd jewel boxes and dvd cases that aren’t much better. the super jewel box king was developed in conjunction with phillips at the same time as the dvd. the standard was designed and introduced shortly after. 	new hampshire’s teen drug use high, teen crime rate low katherine merrow, senior research associate at the new hampshire center for public policy studies recently released a study on teen drug use and juvenile crime in nh. the following is quoted from the study’s executive summary: two recent surveys indicate that new hampshire teens use drugs at rates significantly higher than their national counterparts. one survey placed new hampshire among the top states in the nation in terms of the proportion of its teen population abusing either alcohol or drugs. 	laughing at your idol while following the story about bad teachers, found the mathcaddy blog. the only relation mathcaddy has to the other story is that steve, the unfortunate student runs his blog on a subdomain there. the post that got me interested at mathcaddy was i walked on water… i think i can walk to the door: in one of his forty-eight dozen interviews about the passion of the christ, mel gibson said there have been more than a hundred films made about the life of jesus. 	holiday deals on macs macnn gave me the heads up that apple had reshuffled its refurb and discount shelves late last week. shoppers got as much as % off selected items, with previous generation models being unloaded at the best discounts. thing is, the deals were picked up quick, and the store seems to be empty of the best of them. the ghz ibook that was current until this fall was going for $ , and the . 	teacher proves — once again — that schools are averse to free thought copyfight‘s donna wentworth passed along this “sad and perverse story of a teenager who was given an “f” for writing a paper attempting to distinguish between piracy and stealing.” copyfight quote’s boingboing‘s story: geluso, an “a” student, recently completed an in-class exit exam for his language arts class. the goal of the exit exam was to write a comparative essay on a topic of the student’s choice. being a student who enjoys a challenge, he wrote an essay contrasting piracy with stealing. 	cult of mac, cult of newton, cult of ipod no starch press recently released leander kahney’s the cult of mac. bookblog notes: are there trade shows for toasters? of course not. so why is there a twice-yearly show devoted to a type of [computer] consumer? well, a computer isn’t just a computer when it’s a mac, and macintosh fans will go to great lengths to celebrate their devotion. the book is a followup to the regular cult of mac reporting in wired news. 	gear and gadget reviews gizmodo popped a link over dan washburn’s gadget round up. dan had been on a four month road trip through china, and has now posted the results of how his gear stood up to the trek. on the trip he took an ipod with a media reader, extended battery, and voice recorder mic; two cameras — cannon s and s ; an ipaq with keyboard and gprs modem; and a garmin etrex. 	writer goes solar for electric, hot water, and heat o’reilly author brian mcconnell hasn’t gone off the grid, but he’s reduced his dependance on it and in so doing, lessened his footprint on the environment. electric generates % of his home electric consumption. solar hot water heats his hot tub, eliminating much of the remaining electric consumption. forced hot air solar heats his house, eliminating half of his natural gas consumption. total cost of system was $ , , rolled into his mortgage. 	saab is latest car maker to get excited about ipods macnn reports that saab has released an ipod integration kit: saab has quietly introduced its own ipod/mp player audio integration system. the new system, listed in the most recent saab accessories catalog from october , offers direct input for and control of the ipod on its saab - , according to one macnn reader: “i spoke with the parts department at my dealership and they confirmed that it’s available. evidently it’s wired through to the center console armrest and will be out of site. 	smack the shhh down on noisy cell users gizmodo was excited enough about the draplin and coudal shhh cards: two designers have made these warning cards for obnoxious cell phone users, available in convenient pdf download-and-cut-out form. it’s a good way to make it clear to people they’re talking too loudly, and a good way to eventually get into a good, american fist-fight. then someone can hand you a card that explains why they found your teeth in their soda to be “more than a little annoying. 	missile week at maisonbisson it’s missile and space weapons week at maisonbisson. one item, the increasing pace of missile development in hostile and semi-hostile countries as a reaction to the us missile shield, is real news. the others are softer. i wish i’d planned it. don’t miss russia’s space battle station or warren’s home-town missile. 	copyright lessons from waffle house to round out my week of quoting stories from lquilter.net, today i’m putting forward this one about intellectual property (originally from critical montages): ever notice the waffle house menu’s insistence that double waffle is for &lt;a href=&quot;www-wafflehouse-com-whmenu.pdf&rdquo; title=&quot;&ldquo;dine-in only, no sharing&quot;&ldquo;&gt;“dine-in only, no sharing”? a common prohibition at low-end restaurants, it’s also a small-print reminder of what capitalism is all about. from enclosure to enforcement of intellectual property rights, capital’s message is always no sharing. 	mobile carrier wireless networking, take i took a long look at mobile wireless data service back in september. now, engadget says: they’re currently test-marketing a new wireless data plan called mobile media that costs fifteen bucks a month (the same as sprint pcs vision) and gives you unlimited data usage and access to their new streaming video service […] assuming everything goes as planned, they’ll be introducing the new service in january. i guess i have to look at sprint pcs again, because last time i looked, prices were $ to $ . 	reader report: pie ipod input adapter a reader, mike, wrote in to reccomend the precision interface electronics aux input adapter to connect the audio from my ipod to my scion’s factory head unit. i don’t know if you ever found a solution to connecting your ipod to your scion head unit, but if not, you can use this adapter to add an aux input to the scion factory head unit. i asked mike for followup and details, and he offered this: 	pictures of the warren rocket warren is blessed with a rocket. it was once an intermediate range ballistic missile, but it’s basically the same rocket that launched america’s first astronauts allen b. shepherd and gus grissom into sub-orbital space. it’s enough to be proud of, anyway. roadsideamerica.com has a story on our rocket, but it’s based on reader reports and it seems people just don’t know what town they’re in when they see the thing. 	the christian right and the sanctity of marriage lquilter.net pointed me to an interesting entry at newdonkey: the christian right and the sanctity of marriage as we all know, the christian right has now made defense of the institution of marriage, as defined as a union of a man and woman, not only its top political priority, but the very touchstone of christian moral responsibility. i’ve always found this rather ironic, since the protestant reformation, to which most christian right leaders continue to swear fealty, made one of its own touchstones the derogation of marriage as a purely religious, as opposed to civic, obligation. 	missiles are the new fashion defensetech reported today that “russia is leaning more and more on its nuclear weapons, as its conventional military falls into the toilet.” elsewhere at defensetech today was a link to armscontrolwonk, which leads to news that the us isn’t working with the iaea. this isn’t good. the ap, via defensetech is reporting speaking at a meeting of the armed forces’ leadership, putin reportedly said that russia is researching and successfully testing new nuclear missile systems. 	russian battle station polyus defensetech reported, some time ago, on the old ussr’s space battle station (or, communist russia’s answer to reagan’s star wars program). more pictures are in a forum at militaryphotos.net. called polyus, it was ridiculously huge — as with all things russian. sadly, (from a purely scientific perspective) defensetech reports “it couldn’t get itself into a working orbit, probably because of ‘a faulty inertial guidance sensor,’ according to the encyclopedia astronautica.” 	us senate on porn i’ve been reading the archives at lquilter.net, where i stumbled across this amusing yet scary entry: …on the first amendment side of things, wired has a great new story explaining how recent senate commerce committee, science, technology &amp; space subcommittee hearings have shown that internet porn is the worst scourge this nation has seen since cia-sponsored heroin. [wired / ] “pornography really does, unlike other addictions, biologically cause direct release of the most perfect addictive substance,” satinover said. 	shock tanks gizmodo alerted me to these shocking remote control tanks. for bucks you get two remote control tanks with which you and a pal will do battle. it’s a game of “maneauver and fire, evade,” or something like that, with the additional carrot that if you hit your opponent’s tank, he or she will get an electric shock. the stick is that if your opponent hits your tank, you get the shock. 	dog sled racing justin at the start of his four-dog sled race in meredith, new hampshire. the video of justin’s finish is also online. snow started falling early friday and continued through saturday morning. it’s the heavy, wet snow you get when the air is still warm. the frost isn’t deep and there are still-soft patches of ground here and there, so the snow is melting in parts, but it’s snow nonetheless. it’s snow enough that justin might be able to run the dogs on the sled, rather than on his bike as he does through the fall. 	cool tvs and rc aerial photos gizmodo went gaga for plus minus zero, a little electronics shop in japan where “they hand-design a selection of products, then contract the production of the units out for a limited run.” the post includes a picture of one of their products, an lcd television that looks like one of those classic tube tvs from the s. then gizmodo linked to this radio control aerial photography discussion board with some great pix. 	bush on tape cliff over at spiralbound.net posted the video of bush flipping the bird. it’s not as exciting as i’d hoped, but it’s on video. then there’s the dubya movie. it’s a fantastic mashup of old don kotts movies, but that’s already giving too much away. go watch it, you’ll laugh. 	a night at the hip hopera i’m not really sure how to describe the kleptones and their album a night at the hip hopera, but i can tell you how i found it. disney sent takedown notices to those who were mirroring the work, raising the ire of the copyfight community. you see, the kleptones are really quite good, but their album is a mashup of queen songs, and disney (who owns the rights to queen’s music), got itchy. 	states rights lq wrote at lquilter.net about looming challenges to federalism i’ll be interested to see how the conservative, pro-federalism, pro-states’ rights, gop-run government (and the conservative intelligentsia which carries their theoretical water) handles some of the upcoming challenges to federalism: medical marijuana laws state & regional initiatives on global warming: for isntance, california’s mandatory cap on greenhouse-gas emissions will have to be signed off on by the epa before it goes into effect i tried to comment, but wordpress kept ignoring me. instead, i’ll post here and trackback. james loewen writes, in his book lies across america, that “states rights” is the call of whatever party doesn’t control the presidency. the republicans made a lot of noise about it during the clinton years, but will likely have to adjust their position now. some readers will likely point out, however, that the unspoken republican tenet (at least since the early s) is “might makes right.” sadly, the bush administration has already supported challenges to local environmental regulations. i can’t remember the specifics, but a federal court struck down a california law that required clean-burning busses and trucks in the state. maybe republicans are more tolerant of cognitive dissonance than liberals. maybe they don’t care. 	flickr random selection 	email is for dinosaurs in south korea a south korean newspaper is predicting the death of email. a poll conducted […] on over , middle, high school and college students in gyeonggi and chungcheong provinces in october revealed that more than two-thirds of the respondents said, “i rarely use or don’t use e-mail at all.” it seems email just isn’t fast enough for these wippersnappers. …it’s impossible to tell whether an addressee has received a message right away and replies are not immediately forthcoming. 	lycos-europe’s spam plan smartmobs reports that lycos is planning to raise the cost of spam with a gentle ddos attack. yes, gentle. lycos-europe is distributing a free downloadable screensaver called make love not spam that directs a low-intensity distributed denial of service attack (ddos) at urls contained in spam messages. the bbc article quoted at smartmobs reports: mr pollmann said there was no intention to stop the spam websites working by subjecting them with too much data to cope with. 	wifi seeker, finder, detector roundup handtops.com has published a wifi seeker, finder, detector roundup. the five models they reviewed include: smart id wifi detector – wfs- pctel wifi seeker kensington wifi finder plus hawking technologies wifi locator – hwl canary wireless digital hotspotter – hs my favorite, and it’s not based on any experience with any of these products, is the canary wireless digital hotspotter. it’s the smartest of the bunch and shows 	the war on fair use somebody somewhere, probably a lawyer in the entertainment industry, has a list titled “rabid fair use advocates” and david rothman is near or at the top. not that i mean that as a criticism, or that mr. rothman would take it as such. it’s just a likely fact. today, however, i’m playing a game by quoting his post about the war on fair use in full: doubt there’s a war against fair use? 	encompass for digital collections and resource access we’re looking at encompass for digital collections and resource access here. it’s an expensive product, but has a lot of interesting and useful features. some sites we looked at in the demo today included new zealand national library, ut dallas, and alabama mosaic. 	bloody saturday in the soviet union: novocherkassk, i had a long conversation with my brother about communist russia last night. it’s not really an area i can talk about, execpt that i’d recently read enough to make me look semi-smart. my reading was of samuel h. baron’s bloody saturday in the soviet union: novocherkassk, . review from library journal: baron (history emeritus, univ. of north carolina; plekhanov in russian history and soviet historiography) brings to light events of nearly years ago that foreshadowed the demise of the soviet union. 	robert berger’s wifi will beat up your wimax from wifi networking news: wimax hype, . reality wi-fi will out evolve and deliver connectivity at costs dramatically lower than wimax. wimax / . is just starting on its path to evolution, has a much smaller base of innovators and chipset growth volume. wi-fi is already far along on its core learning curve, has an easy order of magnitude larger base of innovators / investors and chipset growth volume. wimax hype will sputter out to reality of a niche backhaul and rural marketplace, wi-fi/ . will evolve and grow into many more realms and dominate the local area network (lan) / neighborhood area network (nan) / metro area network (man). berger’s conclusion is based on the history and development of earlier, wired networking technologies, where ethernet is the clear winner. he reminds us that “token ring, then . anylan vg, then atm” were all once considered leading technologies that would replace lowly ethernet, but didn’t. today, . products are shunned by wireless carriers, but their spread and market dominance will be hard to beat by wimax and . . 	ipod integration kits proliferate for home and car macnn reports the sonance iport will ship later this month, which must mean next week. anyway, the iport is a wall mounted dock that hides all the cables — audio, firewire, dock, others — in the wall. the macnn story includes nice pictures of the unit, including the beauty shot and a view of the ports and connectors. sonance makes no end of “architectural-audio” equipment, including those speakers you sometimes find hidden in the wall. 	falljuahinpictures fallujapictures (soon to be at falljuahinpictures.com) posts pictures too sad or scary to appear in most newspapers or even on this site. 	geolocation stumbling block: geourl host down a an old john udell piece at infoworld hints at geourls, but the goeurl site is down, and has been for a while. the concept sounds interesting: you mark pages with coordinates, then use gis to map those pages to geographic locations, finding pages and people of interest along the way. to join geourl, you add this kind of metadata to your homepage: i got interested in this sort of thing (geolocation) a while back, and i haven’t quite given up. 	copyright czar cometh? david rothman at teleread echoed the following: “buried inside the massive $ billion spending bill congress approved last weekend is a program that creates a federal copyright enforcement czar.” – lawmakers ok antipiracy czar, via cnet. 	sealing history democratic underground published a may story about bush administration efforts to replace the national archivist. the national archivist is the keeper of the nation’s records – the archives. the national archives control what information gets released to the public – and what does not. with so much power over how what history we see, the independence of the archivist’s position is paramount, lest one political party usurp that power. people who know these things were afraid when the previous archivist announced his intention to resign early, despite previous signals he intended to complete his full term. these people were doubly surprised when they learned the bush white house has […] nominated allen weinstein for the position, one who is held in dubious esteem at best, who has been criticized for having a penchant for privacy not becoming a national archivist and, to the surprise of many, was nominated without any consultation with outside experts – the first such time ever since , and in direct contravention with the wishes of congress as expressed in the house report accompanying the law that made the archives independent. had the previous archivist fulfilled his term, he would have presided over the release of george h. w. bush’s records. the new archivist will be able to lock up those records and along with the “w” files for the next ten years. with a straw man in place, the bushs can rest comfortably, but can we? 	liberty vampire jokir flickr’d this, writing: “great work — alex ross is one of my favorite artists…plus – it pretty much nails what’s up in the world, right?” ross’s website has mostly shows his comic book art and superhero imagery, and it took some time to find a reference to this piece. apparently it was for an article in the village voice and appeared on the cover. ross writes: 	wb says you’ll pay here’s the irony: an academic writes a paper that references and quotes relevant prior work, and is commended for the work. but, a journalist working on a book that quotes elements of pop culture risks a copyright infringement lawsuit if he doesn’t pay for his quotes. the fact is, “fair use” is not protected, and it can only be determined in court. fact is, the risk of lawsuit is enough to make most authors and other content creators license work for uses that most agree should be covered by fair use. 	u cozies to apple i’ve been warm and lukewarm on u for a while. i can’t deny that they’ve done some great stuff, but i’ve failed to appreciate some of it. take the band’s previous work, all that you can’t leave behind, for example. it seemed like a sad attempt to capture a younger audience, and was out of line from the band’s other work. aging is tough on everybody, but neither the band-members, nor their fans are getting any younger. 	the kinkos conspiracy engadget raised my fears a bit when they announced your laser printer will give you away: it was big news last month when a couple of researchers at purdue announced a way to trace documents back to their original printer or photocopier, but it turns out that xerox and most other laser printer and copier makers have been selling devices that encode serial numbers and manufacturing codes on everything they print out for years. 	click fraud arstechnica has a story about new google lawsuits. the company is getting sued by a porn purveyor for copyright infringement and is suing another company for “click fraud” — fraudulent clicks to google’s adsense advertising links. having recently taken on adsense links here at maisonbisson, i couldn’t help but pay attention. the ars story leads to one at c|net that explains: click fraud is perpetrated in both automated and human ways. 	predicting the computer of in (fake) steffan o’sullivan writes: “this is from a edition of modern mechanics magazine, predicting what the home computer will look like in . i think i worked on that printer once… how can i get a steering wheel like that on my office computer here?” the caption reads: “scientists from the rand corporation have created this model to illustrate how a ‘home computer’ could look like in the year . 	chernobyl tour update: there’s more pictures, even some video, and a bundle more nuclear and chernobyl-related stories. i almost fell into a trap that has snared quite a few before me. bookofjoe recently pointed to the story of elena, a motorcycle riding woman who claimed to brave the radiation to tour the area around chernobyl, the nucluear reactor that exploded disasterously in . a commentor quickly pointed out that her story has some history and is surrounded by controversy. 	google scholar arstechnica and bookofjoe both heralded the beta release of google scholar. my questions: “is it accessible via the google api,” and, “what does this mean for academic libraries?” i’ll be exploring both in time. in the meantime: library portal integration. 	how blue is my country? my father sent along a link with the following annotation: we all know the expression that “one picture is worth a thousand words.” well, here are several pictures of the same phenomena that tell the same story but give very different impressions. they illustrate clearly how pictures can be misleading (or should that be ‘leading’ ?). i found them very interesting. please look at all of them. the link lead to a web page by michael gastner, cosma shalizi, and mark newman of the university of michigan offering maps and cartograms of the us presidential election results. 	science of coercion roderick sent me a link to a story at common dreams: killing the political animal: cia psychological operations and us, by heather wokusch. a cia instruction manual entitled “psychological operations in guerrilla warfare” provides some clues. written in the early s (coincidentally, soon after bush sr. headed the agency) the document was part of the us government’s crusade to bring down nicaragua’s leftist government, by providing training and weapons to the contra rebels. 	coldplay i didn’t think i’d become a coldplay fan, but then i heard don’t panic in the garden state soundtrack and i couldn’t help myself. now i’m liking clocks. my only problem with all this is that everybody else likes it too. 	reviewing fcc rules on wifi use i wasn’t really paying attention in june when wifi net news reported on a fcc decision regarding control of wifi: the fcc says landlords, associations can’t regulate part use: the fcc’s office of engineering and technology says that the function of regulating and coordinating frequency use is reserved to the fcc itself. it’s a clear refutation of mall owners, airports, and condominium associations to limit use of wi-fi and other wireless technologies. 	why we fear the fcc the engadget headline on monday appeared at first exaggerated: the fcc says it has power over anything that can receive and play a digital file. but, the short news entry reveals the truth of the headline: in a brief filed in a suit brought against the broadcast flag by the electronic frontier foundation and publicknowlegde, the fcc argues that not only do they have the right to regulate that all digital tvs, settop boxes, digital video recorders, satellite receivers, dvd recorders, etc. 	ken nordine’s word jazz ken nordine may have the best voice ever. in the pantheon of deep soothing voices, ken nordine’s stands above the magnetic fields and mc honky, and about on par with barry white. 	content management below are loosely organized speaking notes for zach’s essentials of web development class that i guest-lectured/substituted on monday, november th. either we do the content management, or we get the computer to do it for us what is redundant and repetitive about web management? placement of branding elements. placement and updating of navigation elements placement and tracking of ads updating of lists, indexes, and other info as a site’s content changes these tasks consume time, but do not require great skill. 	what’s up with lowell and donuts? see the full what’s up with lowell and donuts flickr photoset with slideshow. follow that with the post-donut tour photo set. story/explanation/narrative to follow. sometime. donut shack eat-a-donut still hungry 	defensetech compares book to practice in fallujah the news from fallujah is grim. casualties are heavy on all sides, the city is being bombed to ruin, and those few civilians that remain are without water or power while bodies rot in the streets. defensetech reported on the fallujah push last week and included some quotes from the army’s new counterinsurgency operations field manual: concentrate on elimination of the insurgents, not on terrain objectives… get counterinsurgency forces out of garrisons, cities, and towns; off the roads and trails into the environment of the insurgents… avoid establishment of semipermanent patrol bases laden with artillery and supplies that tend to tie down the force. 	dangit: freefonts a part of me hates freefonts.com. it’s the part that has too often found just the right font, only to discover that the free or cheap knock-off version that i had didn’t have all the characters, like quote-marks and other punctuation. then i see a font like “accidental president” and realize what a sucker i am for font shopping. thanks to bookofjoe for the link. also, high tech-styles (get the pun? 	shatner’s return: has been william shatner has a new album out. most people receive this news with a smirk, or a chuckle, or a dumbfounded look. let me assure you, he can’t sing any better than you think, and probably not any better than in his previous albums. but here’s the thing: the first single common people, really is good. well, good in one way or another. i laughed the first time i heard it, and the second time, and again and again. 	ludicorp will be flooded with under-qualified applicants job ads reveal a lot about a company, what technology they use, what they’re developing, and what sort of culture they have. this one from ludicorp/flickr caught my eye: starting immediately, we’re looking for a great technical operations person. the ideal candidate can grow into a leadership role in technical operations and has broad practical experience on both the systems and networks sides. requirements: years system administration experience with linux and apache (some network administration experience strongly preferred) experience with both and bit systems experience with both hardware and software approaches for load balancing web serving and database traffic experience in firewall administration and best practices for security basic network design and administration current knowledge of hardware systems (servers and networking gear) prior experience running mid-sized systems ( servers) bonus characteristics: 	fish tacos oh decadence! veterans day provided not only a chance for reflection but also a rare thursday free from the classroom. so what to do with this open period of time? the answer was easy, dinner party. i have wanted to have my colleagues roxanna and john over, but time is always an issue. i phoned them up and they accepted. now the fun began — menu planning. while vacationing with my parents in vegas last summer we went out to marvelous food chain, the cheesecake factory. 	high tech-styles foof started out by making some interesting ipod sleves. now they’re offering foofbags for your ibook and powerbook. if you are looking for a funky alternative to neoprene, rubber or plastic to protect your apple technology from scratches, then we think that this site is for you. our foofproducts are handmade, simple and beautiful. foofproducts were originally created in a martello tower (dublin, ireland). they are now currently handmade using a pinnock sewing machine (sydney, australia). 	delicious library & earthcomber & what? i’ll be saving my pennies, because delicious library may be the coolest new app in a while. ars technica revied a beta and gave it an . out of — for a beta of a . product. people are right when they suspect that something very different is going on over in the mac corner of the software development universe. is it something crazy, or something sublime? you be the judge. 	money grubbing you’ll notice there are more ads on the site recently. it’s not because i need to recoup my investment in the site and need the pennies i get for these ads; it’s just because i’m a money grubbing bastard. anyway, this is the response i got to my application to the target affiliate program: we regret to inform you that target.com has chosen not to accept you into their affiliate program at this time. 	the campaign for klem the killer klown jones soda, the folks who make the extra-flavored pop with the intersting photos on the label have an online gallery where you can submit works to appear on future labels and vote on works already submitted. roderick’s girlfriend toni submitted an piece and he’s campaigning for it: hey there. toni is trying to get her klem the killer klown banner on a jones soda bottom. help her out by voting for her image! 	wpa cracked yesterday’s story about wired and wireless network security, and policy-based networking (sort of) was really just preparation for wifi net news’ wpa cracking story. glenn fleishman’s lead is quite direct, “we warned you: short wpa passphrases could be cracked — and now the software exists.” he explains further: a weakness in shorter and dictionary-word-based passphrases used with wi-fi protected access render those passphrases capable of being cracked. the wpa cracker tool is somewhat primitive, requiring that you enter the appropriate data retrieved via a packet sniffer like ethereal. 	better networks through policy back in the fall of , psu was still considering its wireless plans. things were moving slowly, and the decision makers seemed to be looking for answers in the wrong places. i’d been agitating for better answers, a simpler solution, lower costs, and more progress. my criticism landed me on the hot seat, and i was soon asked to be more constructive. my answers are in this presentation, the accompanying handout, and a handout for a followup meeting. at the time, the networking staff was leaning towards a proprietary . x-based authentication scheme that required specific client software and had limited hardware support. the package was rather pricey, would have required additional client software and hardware purchases, and was restrictive in its support of student computers. at an institution that supports over users, most of whom purchase and maintain their own equipment, the plan seemed to have a lot of shortcomings. i wanted the school to look at the wireless isp model, and consider the options used there. i also wanted the networking folks to explore network security over-all, rather than just wireless security, as most network threats affect wired and wireless networks in similar ways. i no longer work in the it shop, where i was a sys admin at the time, but this presentation and my arguments may have been successful. the school selected a commercial captive portal authentication system, just like the wisps. a lot has changed in the wireless market over the intervening year, but i’m offering the presentation here anyway. 	getting schooled on trademark law krispy kream, the donut folks, are itching to get krispy kream drive in on route in belsano to change their name. i’ve no idea where belsano is, but ower christina hoover says “we’re an ice cream fast food stand. it’s a drive in.” it’s been the hoover’s bread and butter since . what krispy kreme is really arguing is dilution of their “famous” brand. since going ipo a few years ago, krispy kremes have popped up everywhere across the county, from sbc park in sf to the excaliber in las vegas. 	ipod news galore ipodlounge has posted a lengthy buyers guide for the ipod and accessories. it’s a whopping pdf — they call it retro because it’s in magazine format. whatever, it’s packed with details and includes comparison reviews. mac is offering up a chatty review of the ipod photo. tera poked around and found an odd “photo import” command lurking in the menus. could this be the feature that allows camera users to import memory card contents directly? 	recovery lawrence lessig picked out a comment by adamsj that resonated with him: “i’m going to spend time these next few days looking for the america in my heart. it may be a while before i see it anywhere else.” the response was strong and swift. the first few comments were highly critical, even personally critical. john‘s comment seemed to sum up the republican view: you may also find it in the scores of millions of voters and nonvoters in between manhattan and san francisco whom the democratic party has repeatedly mocked, ridiculed, called stupid/ignorant/intolerant, and excluded for the past or so years. 	stealing from the bookofjoe once again, i’m echoing a lot of content from bookofjoe. i just can’t help myself. without the blog, how would i know about products like the flatulence deodorizer? the flatulence deodorizer — u.s. patent no. , , — is “guaranteed to eliminate embarrassment from odors associated with flatulence – forever – or your money back.” says the site: “try it, you’ll like it – and so will the others around you. 	bookofjoe says cia, nsa, defense, and others will make kerry president “the old guard of the cia, threatened and beleaguered as they haven’t been since the disclosure of ‘the family jewels’ by the rockefeller commission in , is striking back.” when bush turned to the intelligence agencies to produce “evidence” to support his neocon plan to invade iraq, they ponied up. to them, that’s what you do when you work in the executive branch and the executive gives an order. of course, much of the intelligence community’s behaviour was formed in the days when the buck stopped at the desk in the oval office. 	fear the takedown, part ii: homeland security copyfight and teleread both picked up on an ap story about homeland security agents enforcing trademark law. pufferbelly toys owner stephanie cox “was taken aback by a mysterious phone call from the u.s. department of homeland security to her small store in this quiet columbia river town just north of portland.” calls from law enforcement agents get noticed. calls from organizations charged with securing america from terrorist threats get fretted over. 	halloween : the movie food, booze, fire: halloween . 	links: picoserver and ivideo picoserver: japanese firm package technology is coming out with a x . x mm box called the picoserver that’s essentially a web/mail server with an ethernet port and three sockets for sensors (one out, two in). this could be a packaged implementation of the ibutton tini ics from dallas semiconductor. then again, it might not be. either way, it’s interesting and convenient. i just wish they were cheaper than the $ or so engadget claims they’ll cost. 	the october surprise npr’s senior news analyst, daniel schorr, reported wednesday that the bush administration has been busy keeping the bad news it has known about for months out of the press and away from the public scrutiny. iraqi explosives the bush administration knew about the tons of missing explosives a year ago, but still claims no knowledge of how they went missing or who might have taken them. their knee-jerk reaction, of course, is to say the explosives went missing before us troops invaded, but tv news video that has recently come to light shows us troops inspecting the explosives then being ordered away. 	what have you done for me lately, dubbya? unionvoice.org asks are you better off now than you were four years go? in his four years, george w. bush has taken away overtime pay, presided over the first net loss of jobs since herbert hoover and the great depression, proposed a percent cut in funds for children’s hospitals, sought tax breaks for companies that export jobs overseas and signed a medicare prescription drug bill that helps hmos and drug companies more than seniors. 	grandma had more sex fleshbot pointed to a story in the guardian that reports on a study by prima magazine that suggests married women of today have less sex than married women of the s. women in the s had sex an average of twice a week. but a survey found two-thirds of today’s women said they were too tired to manage that much. when i mentioned this to sandee, she echoed what prima says about it: 	warmonger ≠ support our troops on the heels of “&lt;a href=&rdquo;/post/ &rdquo; title=&quot;there _were no international terrorists in iraq until we went in“&gt;there were no international terrorists in iraq _until we went in_” comes a story from alternet: “bush has failed the military on almost every level — marking the difference between being militaristic and pro-military.” discounting that he sent american troops into iraq on false pretenses, a real commander would fight for the welfare of his troops. 	fictional story asks: is there a right to life after death? the story focuses on the brain as an organ, in this case, an organ donated for medical research after the death of the host. what has prompted the lawsuits, protests and threats just over one year after the procedure is not the facts of the initial donation, but the university’s decision to terminate the experiments, and therefore the care, of the brain. what the [right to life groups] and their supporters claim is that brian schultz, the nine-year-old organ donor who legally passed away one year ago, is actually alive and well in the research lab. 	c&d = takedown = chill = limited creativity = limited speech ericka jacobs at copyfutures found my fear the takedown story about bits of freedom’s takedown study. she over-stated my effort; all i really did was quote text from copyfight, which they quoted from doom , but that’s how blogs and the web work. more importantly, erika explained a lot more than i did, including detailing takedown proceedures and safe harbor provisions under us and european copyright law. finally, she ends by quoting a report by chilling effects, a copyright resource center maintained by the “electronic frontier foundation and six law school clinical programs. 	prepare to get screwed by drm copyfight is picking up on something i started talking about a while ago: content owners want to re-sell you the things you already own. digital isn’t about copying, it’s about not having to re-purchase music just because the record company releases it in a new format (album, cassette, cd, beyond cd). the real threat: me me is about just that. hbo, for one, is very straightforward in its faq that the goal is to take away your time/space shifting rights in order to sell them back to you. 	the sweet taste of lead bookofjoe reports on a october washington post story titled: lead levels in water misrepresented across us. what the headline really means, however, is that lead levels are under-reported accross the us. “the problems we know about are just the tip of the iceberg,” said erik d. olson of the nonprofit natural resources defense council, “because utilities are gaming the system, states have often been willing to ignore long-standing violations and the epa sits on the sidelines and refuses to crack down. 	serene, calming video turn up your speakers to enjoy the serene music and pastoral scenes in this relaxing video of a car ad. [update:] the original link is broken; look for current links to the video in the text and comments of this newer story. 	malware, osx on old macs, brass knuckles arstechnica reports linux and mac os x get some love (?) from malware writers: some of you may have seen e-mails purporting to be from the red hat security team. the e-mail contains a link to fedora-redhat.com and prompts users to download and install a patch for fileutils- . . , stating that a vulnerability could “allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges.” the “patch” actually contains malicious code that will compromise the system it is run on. 	“there were no international terrorists in iraq until we went in” it made some news when former british foreign secretary robin cook, who resigned from the cabinet over the iraq war, said: “there were no international terrorists in iraq until we went in. it was we who gave the perfect conditions in which al qaeda could thrive.” now, news organizations around the world are quoting the iaea in saying: nearly tons of conventional explosives that can be used in the kind of car bomb attacks that have targeted us-led coalition forces in iraq for months have vanished from a former iraqi military installation, the un nuclear agency said monday. 	ribbons a story on npr’s morning edition this morning declares: yellow-ribbon magnets carry complex meaning. the library of congress’s american folklife center tells the history of the yellow ribbon. though its conceptual beginnings are mixed, penne laingen was the first known american to tie a ribbon ’round an ole oak tree in hopes of the safe return of a loved one from conflict or captivity. it was , and her husband was among the hostages taken that november in teheran, iran. 	duties and responsibilities “i really don’t know what he did for us.” — said recently about me by my old manager to a former co-worker. 	cliff points at stuff so, cliff points at stuff a lot. it turns out that he’s pointing in every picture in my photoblog that he appears in. sure, it’s only five out of five photos, but it’s still %! more photos from maisonbisson 	in car ipod, take engadget echoed a story from autoblog (duh, i just noticed that they’re both from weblogs inc.) about an ipod integration kit that works with most all -or-newer cars: ipod car. first, it gives a clean line-in to the stero from the ipod, then it gives next and previous track as well as rewind and fastforward control on the stereo. sure, you can buy a bmw and get the same deal as an option, but this is cheaper. 	digital camera reccomendations a friend asked me what digital camera she should buy. her criteria were that it be small and inexpensive. my answer: the pentax optio s with a mb or gb sd card. why? it’s less than an inch thick, is hovering at just over $ , and works well. my slightly upscale alternative is the olympus stylus , but xd memory cards are much more expensive than their sd cousins. still, olympus’ new stylus verve looks like a winner. 	red sox the red sox did an amazing thing last night: they won. there’s a lot of talk about how historic the four wins in a row come from behind victory is, but for most people, it’s enough simply that they won, and they beat the yankees. close to home, psu students, and students all over new hampshire and massachusettes, expressed their joy over the sox’s victory in a way that has mature adults™ shaking their heads everywhere. 	i’m no economist, but… it’s an old story, the growing gap between rich and poor, and it’s probably booring as hell to most. thing is, i fear it’s shaping america in more ways than can be counted. i’ve been at a loss to make a clean argument about this, so all i can do now is give you this: across the great divide: in , ceos made times as much as production and non-supervisory workers. 	fear the takedown copyfight points me to doom which reports on bits of freedom‘s recent project: dutch civil rights organization bits of freedom has run an interesting experiment: they put up a text by a famous dutch author, written in to accounts with different isps. then they made up an imaginary society that is supposed to be the copyright holder of the author in question, and sent copyright infringement takedown notices to those isp via email (using a hotmail account). 	“try a florsheim maneuver” quotes from the bookofjoe: “the bleeding always stops.” …my favorite of the zillions of wonderful, pithy, often-harsh apothegms i’ve heard in my years in medicine. there’s more: “try a florsheim maneuver” [kick him to see if he’s dead or faking] “we won’t know until the autopsy.” [actually spoken on internal medicine rounds by a resident when i was in med school, in response to the question, “what’s he have? 	tv-b-gone wired news ran a two page profile of the inventor and his creation. just two weeks before the us presidential election, npr found time run an interview with the inventor. gizmodo rants angrilly about it. clearly, a device that shuts of televisions gets attention. tv-b-gone is a one button remote control who’s only purpose is to turn off televisions, whereever they may be. from wired news: the idea for tv-b-gone was born at a restaurant in the early s, when altman and his friends kept paying attention to a tv in the corner, not to one another. 	monday politics sex and politics, voter registration at strip clubs “ashcroft used to care more about pornography than terrorism,” says scot powe, professor of law at the university of texas. “the guy is a throwback to the early s; maybe that’s being too generous.” &lt;p&gt; […] &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; david wasserman, a first amendment attorney, [says:] “my fear is that a second bush administration will unleash a slew of prosecutions against adult entertainment web sites, video stores and producers of adult films. 	monday copyfight disney thieves peter pan from copyright-holding childrens’ hospital charity peter and the starcatchers by dave barry and ridley pearson and published by disney’s hyperion books is billed as a prequel to the children’s classic, peter pan. […] but the hospital charity says [it] is getting nothing from peter and the starcatchers — which has been on the new york times best seller lists, has had an extensive author tour and has its own web site. 	monday tech now that wifi access is common, wifi-dependant applications are starting to appear. providers are finding out that the key to encouraging usage of hotspots and the key to leveraging hotspots to boost business is by offering applications that customers can use. &lt;p&gt; &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://wifinetnews.com/archives/ .html&quot; title=&quot;rest stop wifi roundup&quot;&gt;rest stop wifi roundup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt; texas has signed a contract to install wi-fi at locations by oct. 	sunday links links: starting with politics, going to copyfight, ending nowhere. on the mediathis week is reporting on the controversies about sinclair tv and bush’s wiring, looks at why there’s a dearth of local real local news, and, most interestingly, compares bush’s lies to kerry’s exaggerations.the whole show is available as mp . realclearpolitics lists polls in swing states and elsewhere. earthbrowser (for mac) gives us a glimpse of the world, showing swirling clouds and other weather, but hiding the politics and tension. 	football injuries joe was telling his son, justin, about his college football days. it was mostly a tale of his injuries, including one that required he have fluid drained from his knees daily before practice. he says it hurt. it hurt a lot. it hurt to drain the fluid. it hurt to practice on it. it hurt throughout the day and night. justin asked why he would do such things to himself. because he could not imagine doing anything else. 	local cinemas while yahoo movies is okay, it doesn’t track all the local theaters. fortunately, many of them are online: the nugget, hanover lebanon lincoln cinemas smitty’s/chunky’s tilton then there are the drive-ins: meadows drive-in route , woodsville, n.h ( ) - fairlee drive-in theater fairlee, vt. ( ) - 	st. louis i’m ashamed to say that st. louis, missouri, wasn’t on my list of must-see-cities™. it’s not that i thought i wouldn’t like st. louis, it just never crossed my mind to go there. i’d also forgotten about the arch. i ended up in st. louis because it was hosting the library information technology association annual conference. i did the arch friday morning, before the conference. the day was rainy and gray, but the arch still stood out as an amazing structure. 	veicon thin client solutions the theory is that thin clients save money over the long-haul because they require less maintenance and management, have longer useful lives, and can be purchased for about the same or less money than the pc you might have otherwise used. the problem is that it’s very different from the normal practice and not many people can explain exactly how it works. so, in the absence of good information, most people go on like they always have and ignore the possibilities of thin clients. 	qr codes qr codes are starting to appear everywhere. i’m intrigued and i want to know more about them. here are some links i dug up and hope to return to: wikipedia on qr codes schubart’s wikipedia on qr codes jphonegames on qr codes qr code generator qr codes and php a better qr code generator 	winging into cleveland the wing dips toward the ground while turning for the cleveland airport. lake erie is visible underneath the clouds at the top of the frame. two more photos from this series are posted in my new aerial &amp; scenic set at flickr. 	what liberal media? now on cnn.com: sinclair broadcast group, owner of the largest group of television stations in the nation, plans to air a documentary that accuses sen. john kerry of betraying american prisoners during the vietnam war, a newspaper reported monday. this story is bigger than it looks, and i almost let it slip by without mention because i couldn’t fully address it. but ignoring it won’t make it go away, so…. 	libraries under fire komo tv is reporting big brother™ is watching, even in small communities off the beaten path. deming, washington, a town of with a library that “isn’t much larger than a family home” is facing a showdown with the fbi. the fbi wants to know who checked out a book from a small library about osama bin laden. but the library isn’t giving out names, saying the government has no business knowing what their patrons read. 	redlightgreen teleread reports: redlightgreen.com, a creation of rlg, searches through million books based on such criteria as author’s name, title, and subject matter. not full text search–but still useful. over at redlightgreen, they say it “helps you locate the most important books and other research materials in your area of interest, and find out whether what you need is available at your favorite library.” 	foggy st. louis from the top of the arch this is my second try at stitching these photos together. i decided to give up the illusion of the single shot, and added the white borders to make clear that this image is a composite. the resolution is way up on this one, and it shows. the baseball stadium is clearly visable on the left, the football dome is on the extreme right. click the picture for larger (or smaller) views. 	the rumble in st. louis this text has been moved from the scenes from st. louis story so that it can be filed, more correctly, in politics &amp; controversy. unable to get into the “town hall” to take part in the debate personally, i went looking for a place to watch it. sadly, the sox game pre-empted the debate at most bars, but the drunken fish was showing it, with subtitles only. regarding the debate, oliver willis has a clip titled “watch your president flip out of his gourd” and everybody is asking is this bush’s dean scream™? 	bowling museum and hall of fame things learned at the international bowling museum and hall of fame (and easily repeated as quotes from their online history page): sir flinders petrie, discovered in the ’s a collection of objects in a child’s grave in egypt that appeared to him to be used for a crude form of bowling. if he was correct, then bowling traces its ancestry to bc. […] there is substantial evidence that a form of bowling was in vogue in england in , when king edward iii allegedly outlawed it to keep his troops focused on archery practice. 	copyfight friday microsoft ceo steve ballmer did another one of his monkey acts when he went ape about music and drm. most people still steal music…we can build the technology but there are still ways for people to steal music. the most common format of music on an ipod is ‘stolen’. it could just be a picture of what happens when microsoft wakes up and realizes it doesn’t own and can’t control everything, but it also reveals a lot about where the company is going. ballmer could have said that the shifting of purchased music from one device or format to another is a legally protected form of fair use (at least for now). instead, he argued something like “microsoft’s drm is the only solution to piracy.” anyway, it’s a crock of shite. teleread (always an anti-drm advocate) has picked up on it. — and — 	riding mower gizmodo has this picture of what they describe simply as a “homebrew riding mower.” i can’t help but like it, and i have a feeling my friend joe will be trying to make one of his own soon. 	stealing from the bookofjoe as long as i’m quoting content from bookofjoe, i might as well post these two other links i got from there this week: douwe osinga’s visited states dynamic map dohicky and awfulplasticsurgery.com. 	fox news just makes stuff up most people know i’m not a huge fan of fox news, at least in part because fox news is no great fan of mine. al franken and eric alterman are rather detailed their explanation of just how conservative fox is (it’s like the tower of pizza leaning toward texas; actually, it’s like the tower layed down in texas). but you’d have to figure that even conservatives would have trouble keeping a straight face while making up lines like this: “‘didn’t my nails and cuticles look great? 	st. louis wifi panera offers free wifi in about locations. the odd thing is that even though their listings didn’t name a location near my hotel, a proximity search found one in my hotel: westport plaza westport plaza maryland heights, mo then there’s also apple store west country: west county center des peres, mo …just a quarter mile east of on manchester. 	eccentric or autistic, you decide bookofjoe ran a story about eccentrics by david weeks. his story is really just a listing of the characteristics of eccentrics as quote from the book, but it makes a good game to calculate how eccentric a person is. try the list on for size: nonconforming creative strongly motivated by curiosity idealistic: wants to make the world a better place and the people in it happier happily obsessed with one or more hobbyhorses (usually five or six) aware from early childhood that he is different intelligent opinionated and outspoken, convinced that he is right and that the rest of the world is out of step noncompetitive, not in need of reassurance or reinforcement from society unusual in his eating habits and living arrangements not particularly interested in the opinions or company of other people, except in order to persuade them to his – the correct – point of view possessed of a mischievous sense of humor single usually the eldest or an only child bad speller what isn’t so funny or joyful is his later story about autism, accompanied by the iconic diagnoses sheet pictured at right. 	feel safer now? i guess somebody will sleep better at night knowing our department of homeland security is shaking down music and video pirates. their new plan: strategy targeting organized piracy (stop), a crackdown on the theft of u.s. intellectual property such as pirated compact discs and knockoff auto parts. the effort is consuming the attentions of attorney general john ashcroft, commerce secretary don evans and u.s. trade representative robert zoellick and senior officials from the department of homeland security. 	weird museum tour, september travelling buddies, willberry & cliff i should thank roadsideamerica.com for making a rainy day a _fun day_™. will and i were supposed to go on a hike, but the rain killed that plan and most anything else we could come up with. roadsideamerica.com gave us alternatives. randmcnally gave me directions. cliffy met me in warren, we picked up willberry in manchester, and headed off to our first stop in leominster. 	tales of woe i just got im’d by my friend karen. her sister got married this past weekend and they were all in new hampshire for the event. here’s the transcript: hi – sooooo sorry we did not call the wedding was insane everything kept going wrong all weekend i didn’t really expect you to call. not that i didn’t want to see you guys, but weddings are crazy stuff. the rehersal restaraunt closed, the chef for the reception quit, the organist over booked, the salon canceled our reservations, my wedding dress never got finished, it rained during the party at my mom’s house…. 	cocktail manifesto we’re huge fans of the new joy of cooking by marion rombauer becker, irma s. rombauer, and ethan becker. hardly a meal goes through our kitchen that isn’t shaped in some part by the recipes and general information in its pages. a recent discovery was joy’s description and defense of cocktail parties. so, when a book as serious and valuable as the new joy of cooking raises alarms about the declining future of cocktail parties, we listen. 	canned meats monday some time ago, a box with the above pictured contents went to chuck robidoux. he wrote back: nothing starts a monday off like kippered seafood snacks and deviled ham with a side of spam and potted meat food product followed by vienna sausage, all washed down with some icey cold clam juice. now i am ready to face the day. yours meatily, dr. meaty mcmeat meatofski meatovich hamkowsky-beafeau porkson 	politics, terror, & sexual identity i hadn’t given it the slightest thought, but then i read tinynibbles.com’s travel advisory (this site has been referenced previously at maisonbisson). what do politics, / , &amp; sexual identity have to do with each-other? read: traveling when you do not appear as the gender on your identification is much more tricky…. if your driver’s license says “f” and you look like an “m,” you’ll have some explaining to do. with the patriot act, when they run your license through at the airport, it automatically links to all other federal databases, and if there are any discrepancies, again you’ll have some explaining to do — and a possible delay. 	nixichron & techno-retro lust decades ago, nixie tubes were used as indicating devices in many different types of instrumentation, and ultimately replaced by the cheaper – and unattractive -led display. having been obsolete for almost a quarter century, these glowing bottles of ionized gas have attracted another generation who appreciate their beauty and mysterious function. the display tubes may be decades old, but the clock is gps accurate. those who’d rather just fiddle with nixi tubes than spend a pile on on a clock (though we all agree it would be well spent), can buy bare tubes here. 	feeling the web: pulse, buzz, zeitgeist flickr zeitgeist  blogpulse  yahoo! buzz  google zeitgeist  	round one: kerry , bush thank npr for putting audio of thursday’s presidential debate on their site. spin-masters will be working this one over for a while, but the original is the most important. there were people who expected bush to come off in his casual, frat-boy manner, but he didn’t. he stumbled, he got red-faced, and he never answered any questions. republicans like to stay on message, but their message, already short on details or plans, has grown stale. 	the mac vs. pc debate i generally don’t get into this, but a series of columns by paul murphy at linuxinsider (linuxinsider!) caught my attention. in macs are more expensive, right?, he compares apple’s offerings to dell’s and finds the pcs cost about the same or more than similarly equipped macs. at the low end…the pc desktops are marginally less expensive than the macs — if you can do without their connectivity and multimedia capabilities — and considerably more expensive if you can’t. 	film performance licensing in case the notion strikes me again, i’m putting these links here so i can find them in case the notion strikes me again. the aforementioned notion is one of wanting to do public performances of movies, who know why. this would be easy, except for copyright, so these links are for information about getting performance licenses for films. wisconsin department of public instruction’s information on performance, with links to disributors. 	cultural revolution-era clip art book oldtasty has posted a collection of pictures scanned from the pages of a clip art book of the cultural revolution. i’ve always enjoyed look of communist art, and i’m particularly pleased with this showing. 	things you can do with isbns jon udell has been working on librarylookup and other mechanisms for finding library content on the web. in the meantime, librarytechtonics, library stuff, and the shifted librarian have picked up on it. part of it is about oclc making their records available to search engines. now both yahoo! and google in the game. so what you do is put your isbn in the properly formatted url and you’ll be given links to libraries that hold it: via google and via yahoo! 	a day in the life of joe i’m not sure of the origins of the following text. there’s nothing patently false in it, so i’m posting it here for all to ponder. joe gets up at a.m. and fills his coffeepot with water to prepare his morning coffee. the water is clean and good because some tree-hugging liberal fought for minimum water-quality standards. with his first swallow of coffee, he takes his daily medication. his medications are safe to take because some stupid commie liberal fought to insure their safety and that they work as advertised. all but $ of his medications are paid for by his employer’s medical plan because some liberal union workers fought their employers for paid medical insurance – now joe gets it too. 	korean thanksgiving jong-yoon kim emailed to tell me today is chusok, the traditional korean thanksgiving day, when families gather and give thanks to their forebears. according to the lunar calendar, today, sep th, is aug th, the korean thanksgiving day. tonight, we will have the biggest and the brightest moon of the year. traditionally, we pray to the moon for our hope and believe that the moon will listen to us. enjoy the moon and have a great day. 	google news gamed? what happens when machines edit our news? what happens when news sources game google news to raise their ranking? online journalism review is asking that question, and has some interesting answers to report. it seems conservatives and conservative-biased news or quasi-news organizations use people’s full names, while mainstream sources and those with a liberal bent often use only the last name. the result: google newsing for “john kerry” results in some incredibly negative stories, but “george bush” is largely positive. 	ultra portable i’ve been interested in ultra-portable computers for some time. my first such computer was a newton message pad , which remains useful despite its age. the newton was replaced by a palm m that cost less and did less. no more email, web browsing, no writing or word processing. in short, nothing more than addresses, calendar, to-do lists, and a note or two jotted down using the infuriating graffiti text recognition. 	home-made arcade i found retro gamer magazine on the rack last week and couldn’t hep but pick it up. it’s issue six with a feature story on building both stand-up and cocktail arcade cabinets with pcs running mame (which isn’t to say you couldn’t use a mac instead). for now, i want to keep track of these related websites: check ultimarc for arcade buttons, sticks, and fancy interfaces to make them work. 	throwing google a bone for cliff cliff worries that his website, spiralbound.net, doesn’t get indexed by google often enough. he’s a good guy, so i figure i’ll prime the pump for him. here, google google. solaris docs: migrating veritas volume manager disk groups between servers{# } solaris docs: solaris disk partition layout{# } solaris docs: copying a boot drive between disks with different partion layouts if you’re looking for those, you should also take note of these here at maisonbisson: configuring sun t storage arrays and things to remember while doing upgrades on mission critical sun equipment. 	techlinks dartmouth college in the wifi limelight, again as they replace their . b aps with a+b+g aps. wifi net news wonders how wimax will change dartmouth’s plans next time around. foof makes some snazzy looking ipod and laptop cases. michelle has set up an example of the worst designed web page ever. it’s a counter-example thing. brad templeton brought a voip phone to burning man. 	it’s automotive week in the blogs first gizmodo published a feature on in-car computers. arstechnica got into the automotive theme by reporting the international cxt story. not to be outdone by gizmodo, engadget reported on the ultimate car computer install: a tatra with a mac in it. for some reason, i went looking at the tatra car-mod and found tatra trucks which seemed to connect back to arstechnica and caesar’s gushing about the hemtt. after all, the largest of the tatras is called the kolos (colossal). 	roderick’s sites roderick has been sending me links and i’ve been lax about posting them. some of these links are nsfw, and one of them is a present back to roderick. i’m not going to comment, because i’m lazy because i don’t want to prejudice you. corporate mofo a fundraiser billionaires for bush hello laziness: management tips from the executive slow lane 	kite aerial photography i got sort of excited about kite aerial photography a couple of weeks ago in a post about photoblogging. i was amazed with scott haefner‘s work and especially impressed with his vr picture of slain’s castle in scotland. scott is pretty serious about kap, and it shows in his description of his rig, but what’s an amateur or naive fool to do? engadget is doing features on things to do with an old digital camera, and this week they tackled kite aerial photography. 	scenes from the museum of bad art the museum of bad art (moba) in the dedham community theater. it’s in the basement outside the men’s bathroom, illuminated by a single fluorescent light hanging from the ceiling the moba slideshow. more photos from maisonbisson. 	sandee’s clothing donations it’s photos, but i think there’s actually only items. no, i’m not sure why i photo’d each one. more photos from maisonbisson 	the plastics museum the plastics museum is in leominster, ma, and online at plasticsmuseum.org. the national plastics center and museum is a non-profit institution dedicated to preserving the past, addressing the present and promoting the future of plastics through public education and awareness. the educational staff has supported this mission throughout the years by conducting hands-on science programming for schools, organizations and the plastics community. and, if you’re a lucky kid, your school might get a vist by the plastivan: 	the bellingham accident i pulled up to the stop sign at the end of north st., looking to turn left onto route in bellingham, ma, at about : pm on saturday september when i saw a red dodge neon coming down the hill towards me with its brakes locked up. it was a busy intersection and with roads still soaked from the heavy rains that had had been falling all that day and the day before but had recently cleared. 	funky time gizmodo pointed out this fancy clock by kikkerland. being the clock-fiend i am, i had trouble not looking for more. ship the web seems to have kikkerland’s entire catalog of clocks, which is more than enough to make me drool. of course i want this one and this one and this one and this one. 	“i wanted a tatra, so i got a tatra” engadget picked up on the story about the tatra with a mac in it. i couldn’t help checking for changes since i first saw the story. there’s a new version of dashmac, the control software, and it seems he can now control his car via sms messages, but most things seem in-line with where he was going. the thing is, i can’t help but get interested in the car itself. i sort of went gaga for tatras after seeing the original story and doing some research. 	 megapixels, cheap engadget was quite excited about the gateway dc-t megapixel camera, now selling for $ at various retailers. i know more than one person who wants a cheap digital camera that doesn’t suck, so i went looking for reviews. steve’s digicams has some really detailed reviews, so i was excited to see they covered the dc-t . they say it’s a rebranded toshiba pdr- . their review is based on a price of $ , so weigh that when considering their so-so conclusions. 	mobile carrier wireless networking i put together a list of wide area wireless networking options in semi-rural areas for a friend recently. it’s far from complete and may not be accurate, but it’s a start. the coverage area i was looking for was north of portland, me, but we all know coverage maps lie and local conditions vary. i focused on pc-cards, but most carriers sell phones that can be attached via usb port. 	these aren’t campaign commercials ebaum’s world added a couple of funny bush videos recently. what is soveriegnty? bumble mumble. two things: if he was a lot smarter, he would have known the meaning of “sovereignty,” but if we was just a little bit smarter, he would have known that the question was about how his government would treat native americans and answered that. the claim is that this is a video of george w. 	techlinks the save betamax campaign has nothing to do with videotape and everything to do with the fair-use rights that allow us to legally convert cds to mp s or legally use tivo to keep up with our favorite shows. these rights are under siege by content producers who want to charge consumers for every use. copyfighters look here. rumors are that oqo will release their ultra personal computer soon. 	be better dork: command line stuff be geeky and look at the apache modules: ``` /usr/sbin/httpd -l compiled in modules: core.c prefork.c http_core.c mod_so.c ``` set your path: ``` path=$path:/usr/sbin export path ``` 	project censored’s annual roundup project censored has released their list of the most censored stories of - : # : wealth inequality in st century threatens economy and democracy # : ashcroft vs. the human rights law that holds corporations accountable # : bush administration censors science # : high levels of uranium found in troops and civilians # : the wholesale giveaway of our natural resources # : the sale of electoral politics # : conservative organization drives judicial appointments # : cheney’s energy task force and the energy policy # : widow brings rico case against u. 	high and mighty i can’t help but steal the title to keith bradsher’s excellent book about the titanic rise of suvs on our highways. bradsher, in his book, makes note of efforts at freightliner and mercedes to release uber-suvs based on the companies’ commercial truck bodies but weighing in at just under the limit at which commercial drivers’ licenses would be required to operate them. both companies eventually decided against it, but now international is going forward with similar plans. the international cxt is the latest entry in the super suv market. at nine feet tall, over feet long, and cruising at six to ten miles per gallon (diesel), it’s the kind of vehicle any texan could love. ars technica went off-topic to give me the heads up. along the way, caesar got all excited about the hemtt. 	sewer in the woods, unknown flower found the left image in the woods near warren nh this weekend. photo is composite of four smaller pictures taken with my clie th , but the scene is entirely real. seperately, i found the flower on the right a week before, while hiking around the other side of the lake where the sewer scene was found. i’ve no idea what it is, but i’m not against finding out. more photos from maisonbisson 	pepper pad i can’t help but want one of pepper computer’s pepper pad hand-held computer thingies. it’s available for pre-order now at only $ . but what is it, you ask? according to pepper, it’s “either as a user’s only wireless computing device or […] a convenient, easy-to-use accessory to a pc.” it’s a linux-based palmtop computer with gb hard drive, x . ″ display, . b+g, and a bunch of other stuff. 	in-car computers the age of the in-car computer has come. one vendor calls them “carputers,” and gizmodo lays it out for those who want an intel-based cpu in their trunk/under the seat/in the dash. what to do with a computer in the car? now that computers have moved out of the den to become part of the home entertainment center, users are anxious to use that library of downloaded music in their cars too. 	claim: beverage choice = politics i’ve been a little slow to blog these things lately, but this comes from beverageworld magazine. they published the results of a poll connects beverage choices to political affiliation. they break the politics down into six choices: democrat, republican, independent, independent liberal, independent conservative, and none of these, then they compared booze and soda-pop choices for each. of booze, democrats and “none of these” drink the least. the three varieties of independents seem to drink the most. conservative independents are % more likely than the national average to tipple some variety of whisky, while liberal independents are % more likely to drink imported beer. overall, the liberals are more likely to drink than the conservatives, but republicans are more likely to drink than democrats. the implication, of course, is that candidates can woo swing drinkers by offering the right drink to the right person. which, as my wife would say, is just good manners. 	claim: sleep position = personality about a year ago, reuters reported on the results of some sleep research from professor chris idzikowski, director of the sleep assessment and advisory service and a visiting professor at the university of surrey in southern england. the story is still online now at wellspan.org and netscape news. in summary, your sleep position is a reliable indicator of your personality. here’s how it goes from netscape’s version of the story: 	nh license plates for a variety of reasons, i was happy to discover that nh allows drivers to check the availability of vanity plates online (though, somewhat nervous find that the state uses microsoft servers). the search enlightened me to a variety of plates i didn’t know about. we’ve all seen the “veteran” and “purple heart” plates, and a few “antique” plates, but i’ve never seen a “street rod” plate. but there are even more plates available. 	in car ipod without wanting to get into the rest of the story, i’m now trying to figure out how to plug an ipod into a scion xb. the xb comes with a stereo by pioneer, but i haven’t been able to get details about what inputs it supports. installer.com and logjam both offer connection kits that appear to give me rca aux inputs to the radio head unit, but pioneer offers a simple ip bus adapter that might also do the trick. 	photoblogging, etc. i think i’m a fan of flickr. it makes photoblogging easy and fun. easier, anyway, than setting up an email to blog solution on my own, and the community features are more fun than i’d expected them to be at the outset. flickr more or less automatically puts up a blog entry for each photo i upload (though i still have to configure the layout features to my satisfaction). anyway, in related web surfing, i came across the following: 	mini golf minigolf is very serious business. very serious. more photos from maisonbisson 	texas’ crony politics and the presidency i finished cronies by robert bryce recently and i can’t help but tell people about it. i hadn’t really wondered why so many presidents and vice-presidents have been from texas, but bryce did. “two of the last three american presidents — and three of the last eight — have been texans. each of them got to the white house by exploiting a network of money and power that no other state can match. 	co-worker it turns out that one of my co-workers is blogging over at live journal. 	rnc eve nyc’s sex workers expect to be extra busy while the republicans are in town. there’s been talk of terror alerts. get some backstory here, then read ridge issues alert for u-boatattacks on northeast coast (and laugh). google seems to think maisonbisson and alandwilliams are similar. there, i found pleasure boat captains for truth and cabbies against bush. it seems the cabbies are offering free rides to kennedy and newark airports for gop delegates who are willing to go to iraq to fight. 	muppin tongue muppin wags his tongue, leaves slobbery mess on lens. more photos from maisonbisson 	republican national convention to be windfall for nyc’s sex workers the new york metro reports that the sex industry is expecting a to percent uptick in business while the republicans are in town for the republican national convention this week. mary, a stripper at ten’s cabaret speaks from experience. she worked the rnc in philadelphia and expects the strip clubs in nyc to be “really crowded” during the convention, adding, “the girls have been talking about it literally since june. 	heat: dell server thermal load (btu/hour) it’s a shame that dell doesn’t list the thermal loads of their products in the datasheets at the online store. it’s a shame that it took several google searches to get close to a link with the info, then mine the google cache of a dell support forum and find/follow a chain of links before i could get that detail. as it turns out, there’s some dell and the environment page where they list all their products and their environmental properties/certifications/regulatory compliance. 	camera goes all to hell, bits recovered from memory card sandisk is playing this as the coolest thing that ever happened. some photographer planted a couple cameras to photo the demolition of a bridge over the mississippi, the explosion was bigger than he expected, he lost one of the cameras, but the cf card survived in working order. mobilemag has the story. sandisk has a press release. and every blog in the western world is echoing it. the photographer is don frazier, a staff photographer for the southeast missourian newspaper. 	o’reilly mac os x conference i trust o’reilly’s books, so when i see they’re running a conference about something i’m interested, i get excited. the third annual o’reilly mac os x conference is like that. with speakers like andy ihnatko, david pogue, and rael dornfest and tracks covering digital audio, “insanely great mac”, programming &amp; scripting, and system administration, this could be the summer macworld that no longer is. the effect would be complete if it were one the east coast. 	clie annoyances, part the clie th stylus is one of the most annoying parts of the palm os-based handheld. it’s small, too small. it telescopes to an almost usable length, but it’s still too narrow to hold comfortably. so i’m a little reticent to buy a replacement for the one i lost. also, you’d think the clie could have come with a decent sync cradle, or any sync cradle. and, while i’m whining, why can’t the keyboard also work as a sync cradle? 	making a dat/dds tape drive work on red hat enterprise linux we could see messages about the tape drive in dmesg, but it wasn’t giving the device name. we tried working with /dev/st , but we kept getting errors. everything seemed right, but it didn’t work. it turns out our scsi card was the problem. it wasn’t being properly recognized. after a tip, we tried the following: /sbin/modprobe aic xxx where “aic xxx” is appropriate for our adaptec card. we checked lsmod and found the aic xxx stuff properly initialized there (shortened output): 	itunes vs. firewalls itunes on the pc on my desk (notice i feel more possessive of the desk than the pc) hasn’t been able to share music to or from itunes on my powerbook. blame the firewall. a moment of googline led me to travis saling’s guide to enabling itunes sharing through a firewall. here’s the ports that need to be open: port tcp port udp however, he notes: 	the conservatives vs. the academy alternet has a story by joshua holland about the right’s crusade against lefties on campus. as i saw with my experience with the conservative sniper that was trolling here not long ago, the conservative mission is to criticize everything that’s off their message. holland describes this as “backlash” politics: the backlash came about when traditional big-business conservatives, tired of facing the resentment of ordinary working-class americans, stumbled onto ‘wedge’ social issues in the s. 	configuring sun t storage arrays sun’s t documentation is available online: the sun storedge t and t + array configuration guide explains physical configuration. the sun storedge t and t + array administrator’s guide explains the software side. the short course: creating volume ‘v ’ using half the disks: vol add v data u d - raid standby u d vol init v data vol mount v creating volume ‘v ’ using the other half of the disks: vol add v data u d - raid standby u d vol init v data vol mount v listing volumes: 	faith-based missile defense defense tech is reporting on the progress and prospects of missile defense (and their title is too good to pass up). early in his administration, president bush put a whole lot of stock in “faith-based” initiatives to solve domestic problems. now, the president seems to be taking the same approach to military matters. defense tech quotes slate’s fred kaplan: in the past six years of flight tests, here is what the pentagon’s missile-defense agency has demonstrated: a missile can hit another missile in mid-air as long as a) the operators know exactly where the target missile has come from and where it’s going; b) the target missile is flying at a slower-than-normal speed; c) it’s transmitting a special beam that exaggerates its radar signature, thus making it easier to track; d) only one target missile has been launched; and e) the “attack” happens in daylight. 	fbi investigates a friend sent this along yesterday: i was visited, a couple of weeks ago by an fbi agent investigating whether or not i was involved in terrorist activities. seems one of my neighbors (i don’t know who) placed an anonymous call saying that “[name deleted], who works for [airline name deleted] and lives [address deleted], resembled a terrorist on a watch list.” so, the guy had to come over here and make sure i was not evil. 	galleries of oddness i ran across darren barefoot‘s hall of technical documentation weirdness, where he catalogues “wacky, bizarre, surreal and otherwise strange examples of technical documentation.” considering the number of poorly done or just weird technical illustrations we’ve all seen, you’d think the gallery would be larger. when done with that, go to the snope‘s urban legends reference pages photo gallery. you’ll laugh at some of the images (and you’ve seen at least a few of them already), but the real entertainment here is in the stories that supposedly explain what’s true and what’s false. 	mac consulting i get a number of requests for help with people’s macs. they’re are often willing to pay, but the truth is that computer support (on any platform) is one of the things i least like to do. a typical question looks like this: we’d like to upgrade or replace our aging mac and have questions about how to upgrade or what to buy. we’d also like to network our computers on opposite ends of our house and are wondering about wireless. 	extra links swim-up, floating blackjack tables for your pool. yes, the hard rock las vegas has similar stuff, but their minimum bet is too high for my game. there’s a sock subscription service, and it’s been around for five years. a chinese dvd player manufacturer has developed a unit that excels at playing china’s famous black market dvds. i’m not that excited about case-mods, but this predicta case-mod gets my nod. 	flying car options in commenting on the space race story, zach pointed out that the moller skycar is still under development (which is better than going bankrupt or just disappearing — like so many other good ideas have). if you poke around the site you can find video of flight tests and sales info. yes, they’re taking deposits for deliveries they hope will start in . meanwhile, the sky hasn’t fallen on the trek aerospace millennium jet either. 	o’reilly covers rss ben hammersley’s content syndication with rss has got me back on the rss wagon. hammersley covers the history and context of rss’s development in more detail than many other tech books have given their subject. i’m ashamed that i didn’t know rss got its start as “hot sauce” in apple’s research labs. you won’t find it on the web now, but hot sauce was an interesting technology demonstration in / . i’m also ashamed i didn’t know of the connections between efforts at creating the “semantic web” and rss ( . 	random/color-light/balloon lamp im jealous i didn’t think of these things before kyouei ltd. released them as a product. a dvd that fills your tv with solid colors to illuminate the room. a cd with tracks for tones: “when using the ‘random’ function, the cd will automatically select random tones, and make a new melody.” a combination of battery, led, and balloon that results in a glowing glob of latex. the only thing cooler than these is a little book titled count sheep that was filled with pages of identical sheep arranged in rows and columns, ready for counting. 	rnc anarchy writer paul schmelzer has a list of (civil disobedience?) actions against the rnc in nyc. among the actions planned: bikes against bush, radio jacking, backback broadcasts, wifi on wheels, and accurate crowd counts. crowd counts? it seems government bodies like to undercount the number of people protesting against them, so a few hactivists will be using technology to gather crowd images from above and use image analysis software to do the counting. 	we the media dan gillmor’s we the media caught my attention. from the publisher’s description: for the first time, bloggers have been awarded press credentials to cover the national political conventions. …grassroots journalists, including bloggers, […] are dismantling big media’s monopoly on the news. through internet-fueled, interactive vehicles like weblogs, these readers-turned-reporters are transforming the news from a lecture to a conversation. they’re publishing in real time to a worldwide audience that’s eager to read their independent, unfiltered reports. 	look ma, no fire protection alternet is featuring a story about the bush administration’s attempts to reduce nuclear power plant safety requirements. this news might have slipped by unnoticed, except mainichi daily news is reporting on a steam explosion at a japanese nuclear plant that killed four and injured seven workers today. bush’s plan, against this background, seems haphazard. at least this accident didn’t result in a radiation leak, the the tokaimura nuclear accident did. 	space race heats up it’s been almost years since sputnik began the space race and years since a few men hobbled about on the moon, but i don’t yet have a flying car and i can’t take an orbiting vacation. folks, the space race wasn’t won, it was abandoned. and that’s why we have the ansari x prize. burt rutan’s team seemed to be in the lead earlier this year with the successful launch of spaceshipone, the competition has been in the news lately. 	strange days this story is too complex for me to do it justice, but too interesting to ignore: the mainichi daily news is reporting chess champion bobby fischer has been jailed in japan. fischer, a one-time world grand master who represented the us in cold war grudge matches against the ussr, but has since mostly fallen out of public view and, perhaps, gone a little crazy, was arrested in japan for passport violations. 	juliusblog on coincidence: bush ratings vs. terror alerts juliusblog has a chart comparing approval ratings on a timeline with terror alerts. guess what? juliusblog makes the following observations: whenever his ratings dip, there’s a new terror alert. every terror alert is followed by a slight uptick of bush approval ratings. whenever there are many unfavorable headlines, there’s another alert or announcement (distraction effect). as we approach the elections, the number and frequency of terror alerts keeps growing, to the point that they collapse in the graphic. 	now listed in blogshares? i moment or two of ego-googling lead me to blogshares, where maisonbisson is trading me as a penny stock. oh well. 	cronies a co-worker just handed me robert bryce’s cronies. from the publisher’s description: texans are running the country — maybe the world. now the author of pipe dreams examines who they are, how they got into power, and how they reward themselves and each other, often at the expense of american taxpayers. no other province holds more political and economic power than the lone star state. two of the last three american presidents — and three of the last eight — have been texans. 	fear aint the word for it mix a born again christian who confuses christ and god (yup, check molly ivins for the quote), clinical and medicated depression, several million believers and call it the church of bush! fear is just the beginning. 	village voice: church of bush i started to make noise about this a few weeks ago in my story about fahrenheit / : i’m growing increasingly uneasy about the cult-of-bush-worship that brittany spears exemplified in her appearance in fahrenheit. the greeks expected questions and debate, so did the romans before the fall of the republic. egyptian pharaohs, mayan emperors, and soviet premiers may have killed or non-personed those who questioned them, but democracy demands otherwise. 	mysilo knowing that everybody wants a missile silo, bari has posted his for sale on ebay (thanks to defensetech for the pointer). silo world has the skinny on titan silo design, npr did a story on missile silo homes a few years ago, though most of the silos are empty, abandoned, and dangerous. still, there are one or two realtors that specialize in missile silos. 	news: bush bushed i hadn’t heard of capitol hill blue until a friend forwarded this story about bush’s paranoid isolation. first, i should say that paranoid isolation isn’t all bad. it worked well enough for ol’ &lt;a href=&quot;http://retroplanet.net/ hughes.html&rdquo; title=&quot;howard &ndash; &ldquo;i&rsquo;m not a paranoid deranged millionaire; goddamit, i&rsquo;m a billionaire&rdquo; &ndash; hughes&quot;&gt;howard — “i’m not a paranoid deranged millionaire; goddamit, i’m a billionaire” — hughes, but then hughes wasn’t president and didn’t think he was on a mission from god. 	‘pod happy the new ipod came monday. stepping up to it from the second generation ipod i had is amazing. most noticeable differences so far: i can now charge from the computer and play music (in the g ipod, it locks the interface and flashes “do not disconnect” any time it’s plugged in to a computer), the ui is faster or more responsive and is now customizable (a bit), it pauses playback when the external power supply turns off (especially useful in the car). 	things you have to believe to be a republican today my father forwarded this to me this morning: saddam was a good guy when reagan armed him, a bad guy when bush’s daddy made war on him, a good guy when cheney did business with him and a bad guy when bush needed a “we can’t find bin laden” diversion. trade with cuba is wrong because the country is communist, but trade with china and vietnam is vital to a spirit of international harmony. 	woody guthrie on copright copyfight is reporting on the infringement lawsuit threatening the creators of the presidential election parody animation that’s getting all the laughs. they’re quoting techdirt which apparently has a quote from guthrie himself: this song is copyrighted in u.s., under seal of copyright # , for a period of years, and anybody caught singin’ it without our permission, will be mighty good friends of ourn, cause we don’t give a dern. 	apple fusses over fuse fuse, a music tv network trying to compete with mtv by actually playing music videos done some bilboards in nyc that look a lot like apple’s silhouette ads, but with people pole dancing and masturbating and stuff. gizmodo came through and posted images of the ads so low brow people outside ny (like me) could be further corrupted by them (i’m not complaining here). let’s hear it for gizmodo. yeah! 	these aren’t cubes also at gizmodo: the volume macropod. they’re like cubicles, but cooler. they’re mobile, but useful. ad agency chiat-day made big news about giving up structured offices and such back around [cnn story &amp; supervert.com story]. the point, of course, is to have people working out of cube farms because they’re cheaper, cheaper, cheaper. problem is, they feel cheap and they make employees feel unvalued. according to the cnn story: “employees who were […] looking forward to having a regular office the way they always thought it was going to be, and then they don’t have that. 	this land greg &amp; evan spiridellis oever at jib jab have put together a damn funny flash movie about the presidential race. from the lyrics: … kerry: “you can’t say ‘nuclear,’ that really scares me. sometimes a brain can come in quite handy” … bush: “you’re a liberal sissy” kerry: “you’re a right wing nut job” bush: “you’re a pinko commie” kerry: “you’re dumb as a doorknob” 	life goes on… sandee called me from home friday to say she was having trouble playing music from our primary music server. every time she selected a song itunes complained that it couldn’t find the file. i had a plausible explanation at the time and didn’t think much of it, but sandee was really reporting something much more serious: the complete loss of all our music. over the past five years or so, we’d built a collection of about gigabytes of music, just under , files that could play / for over two months straight without repeating. 	mapparium, boston religious landmarks usually don’t interest me, but the mapparium really is a sight to see. …the mapparium, located within the christian science publishing society. a thirty-foot stained-glass globe room in lobby of the christian science publishing society gives one an ‘inside view’ of the world. standing on the thirty-foot glass bridge, which traverses the diameter of this large sphere, visitors can virtually be encompassed by the world. from pole to pole, you can journey through and explore the correct proportion and relationship of the earth”s land and water areas. 	you can take it with you: dvds on palm/clie junglemike has an interesting post on compressing video for palm playback at the src forums (n the cliesource forums): this guide explains in detail how you can prepare video to watch on you palm handheld. it [is usefull] for converting full-length . - hour movies to be stored on even a small mb sd-card with uperior quality. let me not fail, however, to mention that this seemingly harmless and legal use of technology puts users smack in the middle of the biggest land (property) war since napoleon invaded russia. 	fox and conservative pals out spreading more slander and libel welcome the flacks. i don’t get many comments on stories here at maisonbisson, so i was interested when i found a comment to my story about the outfoxed documentary just an hour after i’d posted it. here’s my theory, and it’s supported by stories in eric alterman’s what liberal media and al franken’s lies: conservative groups spend a huge amount of time identifying and attacking every liberal criticism. this mysterious matt (perhaps from ohio? 	outfoxed outfoxed: rupert murdoch’s war on journalism is out on dvd and vhs now. outfoxed examines how media empires, led by rupert murdoch’s fox news, have been running a “race to the bottom” in television news. this film provides an in-depth look at fox news and the dangers of ever-enlarging corporations taking control of the public’s right to know. i was hooked before i saw the outfoxed preview, but i’m definitely buying the dvd now. 	another military family against bush another military family against bush bumper stickers and other products available. another military family against bush value t-shirt another military family against bush long sleve t-shirt another military family against bush frisbee another military family against bush mug another military family against bush big mug another military family against bush messenger bag another military family against bush bumper sticker another military family against bush: all products why? my mother called in tears the other night after watching fahrenheit / . 	cheap food, cheap labor i’ve found myself in a number of conversations about food safety lately. eric schlosser’s fast food nation: the dark side of the all-american meal comes up regularly, but i keep wanting to mention bushwhacked: life in george w. bush’s america. why? because molly ivins and lou dubose did such great job explaining the political context in which the attrocities schlosser describes take place. “with republican control of the presidency and both houses of congress, you might want to consider becoming a vegetarian. 	old news, big story google just lead me to wage slave journal where i found an august story about american casualties in iraqi. it turns out fox news was comparing iraq to california and claiming the former was safer than the latter. fox can’t do math, but others can. should anybody ask, you should know that if californians were dying at the rate us soldiers in iraq are, the governator would be facing deaths per day. 	drm snuffs the constitution teleread brought me this story about a copy protected version of the us constitution that’s now selling on amazon. among the restrictions: it can only be printed twice a year. for those who don’t understand the irony already, the us constitution is in the public domain in so many ways it’s funny, yet a commercial publisher has created a version so locked up that it can’t be used and appreciated by all. 	fahrenheit / we expect fox news and the washington times to hate it, but the reaction from the left seems to prove the old adage that a liberal wouldn’t join his or her own side in an argument. my own arguments against it relate to how little new information it revealed. the audience at the show i saw laughed hysterically at the images of our government primping themselves for the camera and generally looking dim, but the facts of the film have been well reported in previous works. 	more japanese ice cream i got all excited about some unappealing japanese ice cream flavors when i found the story in mainichi daily news a while ago. i thought the lineup of fish, octopus, squid, ox tongue, sweet potato, fried eggplant, crab, corn, rice, wasabi, shrimp, eel, noodle, chicken wing, miso, and cactus flavored ice cream had everything pretty well covered, but now mdn has done it again. they’ve put up a new gallery of flavors of ice cream you’re unlikely to find in the us: 	more about clie th palmzone has a nice story about the th with a number of links to software, updates and more information. what everybody should appreciate is the link to the clie movie recorder. i thought i was so smart in an earlier story when i linked to the google query i used to find this file. that worked for about a month until my site landed at the top of the google index for that search. 	beef t-shirts rock beef t-shirts coming back: it was quite a while ago now that my cafe press shop was the top google result for beef t-shirt. worse, i haven’t linked to the shop from maisonbisson for a while either. so it was something of a surprise to discover that the products are still selling. yes, real people are buying these laughable t-shirts and other crap. they’ve been shipped to california, illinois, ohio, and oklahoma (as well as a few to me here in new hampshire). 	this is copyrighted? defense tech is reporting that the warner/electric/atlantic conglomerate of music labels gave up its defense in a copyright case against their artist wilco. it seems wilco sampled from irdial-disc’s compilation of recordings from mysterious radio stations that everybody expects to be related to espionage (and clearly emanate from government buildings and embassies). nobody argues that wilco sampled from a previously recorded work, the argument was weather irdial’s work was itself copyrightable. 	nauset beach panoramas more photos from maisonbisson taken monday morning, around : , before getting on the road to return to new hampshire. troy and karen were kind enough to invite me to the cape for the weekend, where i generally lazed about and did nothing. we did take in a double feature at the wellfleet drive-in (don’t miss the picture) and ate lots of ice cream, but the main point was being lazy. 	the letter not sent (re: lpfm, npr, nhpr, complaint) i was going through my files and found this unfinished letter to nhpr, my local national public radio affiliate, regarding the fcc’s proposed licensing of community-based low-power fm radio stations (lpfm). my point was (or it was going to be) that npr was afraid to compete against other non-profit stations. npr paints itself as an alternative to commercial radio (and it does a pretty good job most of the time), but it’s also a business. so npr joined with commercial broadcasters to kill lpfm before it could get off the ground. the fight included big broadcasting’s techs playing faked interference to scare lawmakers, but then they had to backtrack and call it “simulated” when somebody blew the whistle. sadly, it really didn’t matter what the played; they brought the money and the pols gave a bullet to lpfm. april , mr. sean t. gillery director of development new hampshire public radio north main street concord, nh - mr. gillery i recently received a letter from you regarding renewals to our nhpr membership and i wanted to take a moment to express to you my concerns over national public radio’s opposition to community-based low power fm radio. as you know, npr joined with the national association of broadcasters to lobby for legislation that has blocked the fcc from licensing lpfm stations. i believe that npr’s position on lpfm betrays the beliefs and philosophy that had once drawn me to public radio. can npr or nhpr be trusted to put its listeners’ needs first and its commercial interests last? not anymore. i am growing increasingly concerned that the recent and ongoing consolidation of the radio marketplace will further limit and degrade coverage of news, culture, and local events. npr has covered the consolidation and aired concerns about its negative effects: morning edition, “radio merger explosion” december , weekend all things considered, “black radio” august , all things considered, “radio consolidation” january , . all things considered, “radio merger” october , . unfortunately, coverage of the mergers ended when the fcc began considering lpfm in . since then, npr has run a handful of lpfm stories. each one focused on the potential for technical problems the lpfm law might create and the battle in washington to prevent the licensing of lpfm stations. but none of the coverage discussed the reasons why the fcc was proposing lpfm. none of this coverage put lpfm in the context of the earlier commercial radio consolidations. npr, of course, had to issue a very carefully crafted press release to explain their position. i can’t imagine what the response, if any, from nhpr would have been had i sent the letter. in the time that’s past, the republican controlled fcc has proposed measures that would lead to further market consolidation. ironically, an nhpr sponsored station is one of the few lpfm licenses granted by the fcc before the law ended further licensing. the station, which plays classical music in the concord area, went on the air just this year. 	comment spam first i was amused to see comments, then somewhat angered to discover they were spam, then amused again to find that comment spam etiquette requires that it be gratuitously patronizing. then i struggled to decide if i could delete the comments without feeling like i was censoring free speech. my solution (and it’s sort of evil) is to delete the comments (and the links they contained, i don’t want my (puny) google rank associated with them), but reprint them here: 	foiled troy has this image of a tin-foiled cubical on his blog. it comes from servers under the sun and is interesting enough. now that i’m checking his blog regularly, i’m sort of wishing he’d update more often (not that he doesn’t have a lot of interesting stuff in archive). . 	six months of books: the art of deception asmara bloody saturday in the soviet union the cockpit dangerous waters face to face with the bomb flight the iron triangle lies and the lying liars who tell them the new roadside america parting the desert reefer madness small things considered states of emergency an underground education wireless hacks audio books: bushwacked in a sunburned country re-reads: divided highways the race the real las vegas 	allconsuming.net allconsuming.net aggregates book mentions on the web, mostly in blogs. assuming bloggers can be trusted, the allconsuming stats can show a lot about what people are reading and talking about. david sedaris’ new book dress your family in corduroy and denim is ranking with mentions today and the day before (or, that’s what it was when i checked it last night). dan brown’s the davinci code consistently ranks near the top of each day, and both these books will get bosted a notch when allconsuming trolls me again today. all consuming is a website that visits recently updated weblogs every hour, checking them for links to books on amazon, barnes &amp; noble, book sense, and other book sites. every book on this site has a list of all the weblogs that have mentioned it, and every weblog that has mentioned books in the past also has a page here listing which books it has mentioned. it’s more than a website, it’s also a set of web services by a guy who seems to know his way around xml, soap, rss and other incredibly useful acronyms. he even authored some chapters in amazon hacks from o’reilly press. anyway, call me a fan. 	faces richard coniff writes in the january smithsonian magazine about the work of uc san fran prof paul ekman and his study of faces. it carries pictures of a work by artists bill viola and his wife kira perov. yeah, sure, the face is capable of movements expressing , different expressions. yeah, bill’s work is interesting, but… i have two complaints. first, there’s all this talk that facial expressions are confusing. 	sun’s little marketing problem sun had to make changes. they’re (or were) getting their butts handed to them in the mid-range and entry level server markets, so those changes had to come fast. there was a time when the top of their low-end server lineup was the v with four ultrasparc iii cpus in a u rack enclosure. trouble is, it lists way over $ , . they can’t cut the price on it without bleeding money, and worse, they can’t scrap their old models because their inventory of pieces and parts is too much to swallow if they did. so what they did do is release a new line of low-end servers at half the price, but with some slightly different specs (and, i’d imagine, cheaper manufacturing processes) while preserving their older, more expensive servers in the line as the “better” machines. example: the v is similar to the v but has fewer dimm slots and sports ultrasparc iiii cpus. the usiiii doesn’t have the brains to do more than four-way multi-processing, but the designers used the chip real estate that freed up to put one mb of on-chip l cache. the usiii usually comes in machines with mb of external l cache, but it runs far slower than the cpu’s clock rate. eight mbs of cache is a lot, but arguments seem to favor a much faster one mb internal cache when performance is on the line. beyond the cache issue, the iiii sports a faster interconnect bus called jbus which further decreases the value of an off-chip l cache. access to main ram at almost the same speed as the l cache in previous cpus, and greater over-all throughput combined with the integrated l cache, how can sun argue that the iiii is slower than the old iii? but that’s exactly what sun is doing. their old manufacturing processes left them sitting on huge inventories for all manner of machines, and until they can clear those out, they’ll be sending some difficult marketing messages. the basics of it are like this: if you’re a regular sun customer and can afford it, then continue to buy the really expensive boxes. if you can’t afford it and might otherwise buy servers from our competitors, then take a look at these newer, cheaper models. and if you’ve never bought sun before, take a look at the speedy performance and low-cost of this v . 	how copyright law changed hip hop kembrew mcleod’s story about how copyright law changed hip hop in stay free! magazine is an interesting tale of how copyright kills culture. in the mid- to late s, hip-hop artists had a very small window of opportunity to run wild with the newly emerging sampling technologies before the record labels and lawyers started paying attention. no one took advantage of these technologies more effectively than public enemy, who put hundreds of sampled aural fragments into it takes a nation and stirred them up to create a new, radical sound that changed the way we hear music. 	jfk and mr. rogers look the same well, they sorta’ look the same. sorta. 	the real florida gators from an email from my dad: florida allows those who win permits to take three alligators. they sell the meat and hides , except the tails, which have the best cuts of alligator meat, and which they normally keep to feed their families. mal asked how the alligator meat is cooked; the lady said by cutting it into cubes and deep frying it. she said it tastes just like chicken. 	leadership who can complain about being compared favorably to ol’ jfk? (yes, in a really vain way, i was happy about it.) a co-worker was surprised to be matched with saddam hussein, but my boss was happy to be gandhi. numbskull, meanwhile, looks like abe. in another test, i was matched with indiana jones and raiders of the lost ark. what famous leader are you? what classic movie are you? 	extra stories a friend of a friend says his life is made up of places he can no longer go (or is no longer invited). sad, but somewhat true. he’s also a funny bastard. – – – sandee’s aunt had her th birthday not long ago. the aunt makes cakes on the side so it was no big thing when her daughters (who were planning the surprise birthday party for her) asked if she’d make a cake for some unknown group one of them was in. 	top google lamson library’s portal integration project tops google’s search hits for “library portal integration.” i’ve been crowing about it all over campus for a week now, and while you can argue about what real value it has, it’s still exciting. 	worldcat now available to world (via google) i’d heard that that oclc was opening up worldcat, their huge bibliographic database, to google. it seems to be online now. if you happen to google some very complete search terms for dan brown’s the da vinci code (look for the worldcatlibraries url), you’ll find a link to the public worldcat record. interesting, but i wonder where this will go. in fairness, this news is about six months old. jenny reported it in december. 	cliff’s piranha he’s named it officer angry, and it eats like a monster. it looks like a monster too, so that’s not so bad. videos of the fishy fellow eating are at cliff’s website: officer angry chases chow{# } and officer angry eats off a stick{# }. the second one is much better than the first. yes, i shot both, and just as an aside, they were taken with my clie th- (but edited with imovie). 	re: gasoline blackout day (wednesday, may , ) from jon link, who can also be seen at thenumbskull.com: i hate expensive gas as much as anyone but, this is a problem of our own design. we don’t need to stop buying oil for one day, we need to buy less oil in general. we love capitalism– supply and demand is it’s cornerstone… it can help or hurt us. it is just silly to think that one day without gas will do anything to supply and demand. 	jon link goes online with thenumbskull.com okay, his self portrait on my white board has nothing to do with his recent website launch, but…well…. thenumbskull.com more photos from maisonbisson 	japanese ice cream…novelties? fish, octopus, squid, ox tongue, sweet potato, fried eggplant, crab, corn, rice, wasabi, shrimp, eel, noodle, chicken wing, miso, and cactus. those may not sound like appetizing ice cream flavors, but it’s what they’ve got. 	the secret poetry of donald rumsfeld pieces of intelligence : the existential poetry of donald h. rumsfeld from amazon’s description: “until now, the poetry of secretary of defense donald rumsfeld has been hidden, ’embedded’ within comments made at press briefings and in interviews. his preferred medium is the spoken word, and his audience has been limited to hard-bitten reporters and hard-core watchers of c-span.” the unknown as we know, there are known knowns, 	dmcra vs. dmca get the word out. the fight is on to create sensible limits to the dmca. read arstechnica’s dmcra argument. copyfight, of course, is covering dmcra, and arguing for it. teleread is swinging for dmcra too. heck, they’ve even endorsed a congressional candidate based on his stand on fair-use. read those and act. tell your congressperson you support fair-use and the dmcra. now say it again with the eff: “i believe in fair-use. 	the twig it’s actually called the garlic clove, but for a variety of reasons, we just call it the twig. more photos from maisonbisson 	how do you sell a castle? when you call around for realtors to sell your ‘house,’ how do you tell them it’s a castle? i somehow found out about the martin castle in kentucky, but that lead to information about the dupont castle and that sites guide to over castles in the us. dupont reports there was a fire at martin castle just yesterday. the lexington herald-leader covered the fire. so, i guess the real question is “who do you call to insure a castle? 	in the window sarah left these as a gift for wendy in the window of her new toy. 	tesla’s history in colorado springs, colorado nikola tesla arrived in colorado springs on may , . he was met at the train by patent lawyer leonard curtis, and was taken by horse and carriage to the alta vista hotel, where he would reside while in colorado. tesla was greeted at the hotel by a group of reporters, one of whom asked him why he chose colorado for his operation. tesla replied, “i might as well tell you the truth, i have come here to carry on a series of exhaustive experiments in regard to wireless telegraphy — i come here for work. 	joe’s chickens and turkeys joe’s prized chickens and turkeys. in the brooders now. they’ll be in their coops by may. more photos from maisonbisson 	restaurant insider a link from wifi networking news points to qsr magazine, the trade mag for the quick service restaurant industry (think mcdonalds and taco bell). the connection here is that mcdonalds plans to offer wireless access in , locations. with mcdonald’s off the market, wifi hotspot operators are looking to hook the next big fish, and that’s why wifi networking news is linking to qsr’s top chains list. some technologists would speak about how we’re moving ever closer to the time when we have ubiquitous hi-speed wireless. 	music biz sales up uk markets first reported it, then australia’s record industry tried to suppress it, now us sales figures suggest the trend has spread here: record sales are up. yes, despite the riaa’s whining and lawsuits (and p p’s continued growth despite those lawsuits), record sales are up in the us. bbc news reports us record sales up % after a claimed four year slump. this story deserves more attention, but for now i’ll just have to link to my earlier stories about music industry wackiness: 	bringing digital video back to the living room you can burn dvds of your home movies (and you probably ought to, just for backups), but what if you want to make a movie library to match your computer-based music library? watching video on a computer is no more fun than listening to mp s on the computer’s tinny internal speaker. the solution may be one of a new generation of products that link the tv in the living room to the computer in the office. 	exploring the news newsmap displays current news in an explorable two dimensional space. headline sizes appear to be weighted based on the number of related stories. like plumbdesign’s visual thesaurus, it’s a truly new use of computer in the display of information. 	jacque’s cabaret bostonnoise.org says “jacques’ cabaret is boston’s oldest gay bar. the upstairs features live female impersonator shows five nights per week, including weekends. the downstairs basement is open only on friday and saturday, and hosts local bands.” jacque’s official website shows norell gardner &amp; his cast of miss-leading ladies playing every friday and saturday upstairs. the raw bar, “a return to the old style of cabaret where artists entertain each other, for the pure art and enjoyment of it, creating a space for talented people who don’t have the opportunity to perform because their music or performance is more artistic than commercial,” was featured in the globe and plays downstairs at jacque’s underground on the second friday of every month. 	voip links vonage is starting to look like the ma-bell of voip. it’s not that there isn’t competition — there is, but they just don’t have the profile that vonage has. it looks like vonage has picked up the early adopters, now they have to start converting others. the market seems to have three fields: computer-to-computer only, software client with pots bridging, and hardware client with pots bridging. i don’t much care about the computer-to-computer systems, aim and ichat take care of that well enough. 	richard clarke’s insider tell-all tom maertens speaks on richard clarke’s insider story in a star tribune article dated sunday march . the troops who could have been used in afghanistan to capture osama bin laden and al-qaida were instead held back for the planned invasion of iraq. in contrast to the , men sent to iraq, only about , troops were sent to afghanistan, a force smaller than the new york city police. the result is that bin laden and his followers escaped across the border into pakistan. … clarke’s gutsy insider recounting of events related to / is an important public service. from my perspective, the bush administration has practiced the most cynical, opportunistic form of politics i witnessed in my years in government: hijacking legitimate american outrage and patriotism over / to conduct a pre-ordained war against saddam hussein. 	copyright war something doesn’t add up. aria, australia’s version of our riaa recently announced that sales continued to slide there this past year, while critics pointed out that they really had a record-breaking year with million album sales. thank arstechnica for the link. this matches news from the uk this past summer. so why is the industry lying? ignore for a moment the ironic story about the music industry using p p stats to improve their marketing and sell more records. 	why music biz loves p p jason shultz over at copyfight just posted this story about the mercury news’ story about how record labels use p p stats to boost sales. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.corante.com/copyfight/archives/ .html&rdquo; title=&quot;record labels using &ldquo;pirate&rdquo; data to sell more cds&quot;&gt;record labels using “pirate” data to sell more cds (posted by jason schultz) the merc has a great article on how the riaa bashes p p out of one side of their mouth while secretly using data from the networks to boost sales of their cds. 	political diagramming a graph from orgnet plots book purchasing patterns by politics.there’s not much middle ground there. “these political books are preaching to the converted. the extreme book titles on both sides reveal a focus on hate, instead of debate. in a year of presidential election, is this the new arms race?” could it be that our book readers are key opinion leaders in their communities? an opinion leader is someone whose influence spreads much further than their immediate circle of friends &amp; family. 	what is the simputer? i just saw a pointer to the amida simputer, an indian designed and manufactured pda. the review at engadget sounds sort of down, but it comes from a company on a mission. it seems others are fed up with importing (and paying for) us technology, so they’re developing their own. take a look-see at the amida and mix that with a quick browse of the argosy eb , a chinese designed ebook reader. 	hmmm… boats it looks like a tug boat, but the great harbour could be a lot of fun. a magazine article talks about bareboat charters in the british virgin islands and the pleasures quietly exploring the coves and uninhabited areas on your own. 	nasa’s x flies nasa’s x scramjet test plane flew at speeds exceeding mach and altitudes of , feet today. i believe that’s a new air-breathing speed record. globalsecurity.org has a nice wite-up on it. 	american proprietary eponyms there i was googling “proprietary” for a story about misuse of the word when i came across this gem from r.krause: an eponym is a general term used to describe from what or whom something derived its name. therefore, a proprietary eponym could be considered a brand name (product or service mark) which has fallen into general use. yes, r. has a bunch of them listed, xerox, jell-o, velcro, and more. too bad it was last updated in . i wonder when “google” turned from brand name to verb. 	what does proprietary mean, anyway? googling “proprietary” results in lots of hits, but very few of them use the word in a positive sense. the webopedia computer dictionary offers: proprietary privately owned and controlled. in the computer industry, proprietary is the opposite of open. a proprietary design or technique is one that is owned by a company. it also implies that the company has not divulged specifications that would allow other companies to duplicate the product. 	thank chank the font designing folks at chank have a nice list of free fonts to pick from. sure, they’re not the fonts you use to design flyers for the church social or nursing home holiday dinner, but that’s sort of the point. isn’t it? anyway, they also link to nerfect where you’ll find other cool designey things. 	integrating library systems in campus portals information about lamson library’s portal integration at plymouth state university. i’ll expand this story later, but i want to put the link here now to get it in google’s index. 	update on pen twirling i did a story on the practice of pen twirling in japan a couple years ago. since then i have received an email from pierre etienne bastouil who is trying to organize a pen twirling competition in paris. despite the popularity of the sport in japan, he’s having some difficulty finding skilled pen twirlers in europe. so the call is out, interested pen twirlers should contact me and i will forward you on to pierre. 	schlossberg quote “the skill of writing is to create a context in which other people can think.” –edwin schlossberg 	squirm squirm little man far too often the mainstream press lets politicians get away with revising or misrepresenting their previous positions. far too often the press is complicit in their lies. not this time. hopefully quoticus will develop into a very useful historical truth machine to prevent revisionism. hopefully. 	ny times on netflix the new york times did a netflix story. the author, william grimes, seemed to like it, but… [my wife and i] each judge the other’s selections harshly. i scored a major victory with “mon oncle” by jacques tati, a director i once dismissed as tedious, annoying and far too french. he is now a god in our house. but i have had my back against the wall after “l’atalante,” a film i had never seen but knew to be, by expert consensus, a towering masterpiece. less than minutes after the opening credits rolled, the atmosphere in the living room grew frosty. i lost control of the mouse for a week. at least i had the foresight to sneak off and watch “russian ark” on my own. that’s the fun of netflix. along with savage recriminations, my home now resonates with high-toned animated discussion of directors, cinematographers and camera angles. once again i’m the moviegoer i was in college, when bergman, fellini and truffaut were in full stride, and adventure was in the air, and bright-eyed cinéastes could sit through a film like “el topo” and not demand their money back. it’s not available on netflix, alas, but the web site does propose an alternative, a compilation of “ed sullivan” shows featuring topo gigio. close enough. interesting enough, but netflix — and services yet to appear — are a sign of things to come: a world of entertainment shaped by the consumer, not by marketers. netflix executives say their edge over the competition is not their library but the way the library is presented to users, who are asked to rate the films they have seen. by sifting through the ratings, about million of them at present, and analyzing buying patterns, a company program called cinematch generates rental suggestions specific to each user. “lost in translation will outperform most $ million films for us, and that’s because of our ratings and recommendations,” said ted sarandos, the chief content officer for netflix. “monster will be huge for us, and that’s not because our subscribers are more sophisticated than the general moviegoing public, but because our merchandising system is much more specific.” it will be a world of what you want, and only what you want, as clearly marked by your previous purchases and selections. you’ll never be upset by products that you don’t want, even if you didn’t know you didn’t want them, nor will you have to tolerate contrary opinions or debate. 	dr. seuss was so political who would have figured old dr. seuss was so political? rick minear at ucsd has collected a number of the good doctor’s works as chief editorial cartoonist for the new york newspaper pm. “because of the fame of his children’s books (and because we often misunderstand these books) and because his political cartoons have remained largely unknown, we do not think of dr. seuss as a political cartoonist,” writes minear. 	turkeys on the lot! turkeys aren’t small birds. along the commute from home to work, they’re as common as pigeons in a city park, but it’s still odd to see a turkey in the parking lot (video link). the source video was taken with a sony clie peg-th and edited — just a bit — in imovie. 	wireless voip gphone is a bust for me, at least for now, but other solutions are available. ars technica pointed out an . b wireless voip phone from zyxel. then there’s the vocera voip communicator badge that everybody at dartmouth college uses. they were happy to show it off during the unleashed wireless conference they hosted last fall. [updated]: the voip market is heating up. vonage is set to offer a wireless phone soon to help compete against at&amp;t’s new entry into the voip market. then there’s voicepulse and packet also making a play in the full-service residential/small business voip market. 	gamer’s delight: palm emulates gameboy, atari st and apple //e i saw a link for a palm-based gameboy emulator, then was stunned to read about an atari st emulator for palm. a quick google search later, and i found an apple //e emulator too!. it’s the old-timer in me, but i really enjoyed the games on those old systems. more info on the apple //e emulator for palm are at palm info center and freewarepalm. palmemu links up a number of emulators for palm. 	gphone doesn’t work on clie th i’ve given up on vli’s tech support for gphone, the voip software for palm. the download page said it was compatible with palm os .x devices, but was only tested on the palm tungsten c. i contacted support after trying it on my clie th , but fell into a loop where they kept recommending i try the same simple things and telling me that clies use non-standard audio hardware. i’d, in turn, tell them the results of those simple tests and explain that the th uses standard palm audio apis. hopefully they’ll find a solution, but i think the hangup with the gphone software is a network problem. 	recording video on clie peg th the cliesource forums are an excellent source of info. it turns out that installing the movierecorder.prc (version . ) from a ux onto the th allows it to record movies. the problem is getting that file…. isn’t google great? if that doesn’t work out for you, try searching at the palm user message board, where you might just find it. here’s the trick: you can’t just install the app via palm sync. 	scrabble aside from all the other online dictionaries, scrabble players may be interested in the following sites: hasbro’s word lists for tough times (including q without u, two letter words, x words, and more). wordplays.com’s tools for word games is a collection of web apps that would be handy to use (if it were legal to do so) during a game. mark has developed a number of word lists and other scrabble tools. 	wireless links the publicip zonecd is a bootable cd implementation of nocat’s nocatauth. nocatauth configuration help is available from amsternet and blyx. the leaf project intends to create linux-based firewall-in-a-box solution that has uses for wireless. linspot is a commercial hotspot-in-a-box software solution. nocat, less networks, portland community wireless, and newbury open.net are active community wireless operations. o’reilly wireless devcenter has loads of news. 	murphy’s junk on the list of places to visit next time i go out west: murphys surplus warehouse: located at n. johnson ave: el cajon, ca. (near san diego) fax , sq. ft. of military and industrial electronics, communications, and mis electronic equipment. 	sandee’s favorite bad songs s revivals may be played out and we’re not yet ready for s nostalgia. nonetheless, there are a number of songs of the time period that we’re a little ashamed to admit we love. without knowing why, and in no particular order, here they are: the humpty dance funky cold medina can’t touch this ice ice baby do me and poison hotstepper mama said knock you out goin back to cali 	mildly psychotic? eysenck’s test results extraversion ( %) moderately high which suggests you are talkative, optimistic, and sociable but possibly not very reflective. neuroticism ( %) moderately low which suggests you are relaxed, calm, secure, unemotional but possibly too unobservant of your feelings. psychoticism ( %) medium which suggests you are moderately offensive, uncooperative, and rebellious. take eysenck’s epq-r based personality test. 	clie memory stick, playing videos, and more… the lexar mb memory stick arrived. it sucks. it’s not really a mb stick, it’s x mb, and you have to flick a little switch to choose which mb you want to use at any moment. let me be more clear: you can only use mb at a time, and you have to eject the card and flip a switch to select the other mb. i don’t know if it’s returnable, but i think i’ll try. 	interesting site design just ran across - media.de. it’s a cool site. their flash design is top notch and i really like the metaphor. does it work? yes, in the limited context they’re using, it works well. best of all — or most disturbing, who knows — is the soundtrack. composed by yuko ohigashi, it’s haunting and mysterious. 	mac & palm/clie gps, maybe just learned of the rayming tripnav tn- gps receiver. it’s the type that has no display or ui and must connect to a computer (via usb) to be useful. it’s mac compatible and it appears there’s a slight variation (the tn- ) that works with sony clie palm compatible handhelds. the problem is, the company website is down now and i can’t get detailed information from the other sites. yes, google cache has info, but that’s more frustrating than helpful. of course, amazon doesn’t carry it, so i can’t view the reader reviews there. what i really want is a receiver that will work with both. but perhaps i’m just dreaming. then there’s also the question of what happened to sony’s clie gps cradle? finally, none of this would be an issue if i hadn’t also just read about tomtom gps navigation software for palm. 	return of dirigibles: delayed or dead? the s saw a resurgence of interest in dirigible airships. people believed their time had come again, but few are flying today. the cargolifter, a cargo airship designed for loads of metric tons (that’s over us tons), is in receivership, and little has been heard of the zeppelin nt. links and more info: story about the cargolifter (via google translations), and a cargolifter image gallery as well (also via google translations). 	going to see the goats went with will to see the mountain goats, will’s favorite band ever. plans included reliving the beef tatar at the korea garden. read my earlier story about it, but remember that it’s not actually called beef tatar. it’s “ok doi bi bim bab” on their menu. of course i wanted to take pictures of the beef tatar experience, but i also wanted to taste it again. it wasn’t the same as last time. 	what for wireless? planning for wireless deployments differs from wired network planning in many ways. unlike wired networks, the primary question isn’t bandwidth or reliability, but availability. wireless networking enables mobility — and mobile connectivity — in ways never before seen in the world of computers. just as movie theaters and television coexist despite their similarities, wired and wireless networks will coexist. each has it’s unique benefits and drawbacks. each is desirable for different purposes. 	bush’s fiscal felony matt miller’s npr commentary about the bush budget includes the following details: a deficit of billion means borrowing almost out of dollars in the budget. it includes billion in tax cuts that go mostly to the rich, but ignores the trillion dollar shortfall in social security and medicare that will start to come due in five years. bush plans to send an addendum to the budget to cover the growing costs of the us military presence in iraq and afghanistan after the november elections. 	flight planning software for mac i hope someday to have a need for flight planning software, so i’ll keep these urls around for a while: mac flight planner and flight math. 	vegas links now that the nevada test site historical foundation’s atomic testing museum. is open, you don’t have to wait for the doe’s occaisional tours of the test site to get your radiation fix. lawrence livermore national lab has a review of the new museum. we caught a show at the amargosa opera house (official site) in death valley, just a short drive west of vegas. the opera house deserves a story of its own and the views and scenery of death valley are just beautiful. 	shopping in new york, ny we watch queer eye for the straight guy a lot over here. it seems we can make time for about one hour of tv per week, and sandee’s decided we’ll spend it with the fab five. i’m sure the new york merchants featured in the show are expecting this, but we’ve started to keep a list of places we have to visit when we next go to the city. i’m posting it here for my use as much as anybody else’s. 	vegas! i might get around to telling the story later, but for now all i have is a couple movies and a few pictures. there’s a short video of the koi and gardens at the flamingo, an album of snapshots and nightlife, an album of pictures from the very unique amargosa hotel and opera house, and a short video of our short visit to crystal, nv. we saw zoomanity and a show at the amargosa opera house. 	getting to vegas i blame missouri. kansas city in particular. i’m sure there’s probably another airport like this somewhere, but i don’t know about it. kci, mo, is setup so that you have to exit and re-enter security areas just to change planes. then, if you need to use the bathroom or get something to eat, well then you have to go through security again then too. of all the airports to suffer a three hour delay in, kci might be the worst. 	dreaming of a sony clie peg th i’ve pre-ordered the just-released sony clie peg th and am anxiously awaiting its arrival. brighthand has a nice review that speaks (mostly) highly of the new palm os compatible handheld. high points were the integrated wifi, excellent battery life (compared to other wifi handhelds), large screen, integrated camera, and relatively good software bundle. low points were the email client, the low resolution of the integrated camera ( × ), and lack of bluetooth (which is included in the european and japanese versions). 	land of the loops was listening to land of the loops’ bundle of joy on the way home from work tonight. it somehow fit the mood and i found myself really enjoying it. yes, it’s loop/sample-based, but the results are anything bet techno or hip-hop. originally released in (i think?), it holds its tune seven years later. . . 	things to remember while doing upgrades on mission critical sun equipment…. a: sending stop-a with non-sun keyboards or over a telnet connection with a terminal server, the terminal is hardcoded to a “cli” interface which, in turn, telnets to the console port on the destination host. the point is to get the *telnet* to generate a break, which can be done by: press ctrl-] (or whatever is the telnet escape sequence) at the telnet prompt, enter “send break” 	newbury open net just saw a link to newbury open net, a community wireless project in boston. newbury open net describes itself: newburyopen.net is a network which provides high-speed internet services, in the form of free wireless and for-pay workstations, to boston’s residents, workers, and travelers. … we believe that high-speed internet must become like a public utility: cheap, simple to access, easy to find, and available to everyone, no matter their location or social status. 	macdevcenter on home automation first, i found this story at macdevcenter rather interesting: home automation with mac os x, part by alan graham — having more control over how your home operates isn’t just a geek fantasy. you can lower energy costs, improve security, and enhance the overall ambiance of your humble abode. alan graham shows you how to leverage your mac os x computer and get started. home automation is, of course, something i’ve wanted to play with ever since i heard about it. sure, itunes visuals are great, but what about programming all the lights in your house to work like a huge color organ to pulse with the music? but i was also amused by the o’reilly/macdevcenter website. along with the usual print and [email][ ] buttons they had a [blog this][ ] button. while they clearly wanted visitors to see the website as something more substantial than a weblog, they also wanted to cash in on the blogging public’s ability to create buzz and swing google rankings. 	we like the moon, biscuits, and more flash animation the folks at rathergood.com have no end of flash animations to entertain and delight. may i suggest starting off with moon song, and biscuits? along those lines, i also found (the far too obviously named) flash archive with even more great goodies. yes, you’ve seen some of these before, but there are some new ones there too. and, of course, regular laughs can be had at homestarrunner.com, where strong bad’s email (updated each monday, usually) will likely make you a repeat visitor. 	zygo: the last energy drink cola wars are one thing, but “altbev” sure has come a long way since soft drink makers identified the market segment in the s. coke’s fruitopia was among the entries from the majors, but, as usual, it’s the independents that have lead the way. water remains the leading altbev, but energy and “health” drinks are squeezing the market. just as coke and pepsi were developing their bottled water brands to catch up with poland spring (owned by nestle, by the way), red bull appeared and turned things upside down. 	useful dohickeys why can’t i find the sumajin smartwrap, a small cable management device that looks perfect for headphones and other small cables, locally? smartwrap, winner of id magazine’s design distinction award, is a cord manager for headphone cables designed and developed by sumajin, an industrial design firm in singapore. you snap the cord into place at one of two places then wrap and snap into place again. smartwrap comes in seven colors and are produced in limited quantities. 	/etc/hosts in macos x . i’ve run into a situation things would work better with a static host mapping, but my first thought/fear was that macos x’s netinfo would get in my way. google turned up some old info on reconfiguring netinfo, as well as a slightly more current netinfo tip. but as it turns out, panther is all setup to read your /etc/hosts entries and use those before going to dns or netinfo. so there you go. 	what is ibiblio? if -year-olds were old enough to remember bush sr., they’d think this bush monologue was the funniest thing all day. so, in the interest of educating and entertaining those -year-olds, let me explain that the current president bush is the oldest son of a previous president bush. bush sr. was elected in , his term of presidency included huge job losses and recession, and he got us entangled in a war in iraq and many other places. 	deep thoughts; timewasters here’s a graph to get you thinking about politics: job growth per president. who knows if the numbers are real, but it jives with my memory of the past years. this dark and slightly objectionable cartoon of life features a good soundtrack and really cool styling. finally, everybody likes latin translations of old rap songs. right? “magnae clunes mihi placent, nec possum de hac re mentiri.” 	peer-to-peer, dmca, riaa, lawsuits after six months of riaa lawsuits, you’d think this would be old news, but…. it’s been a while since i’ve reported on the music industry’s attempts to control online music distribution, but ars technica has been following that and the larger issues all along. the story took a turn in december when a three judge panel ruled that the riaa’s subpoenas were illegal. that was a win for the isps that had brought the appeal against the riaa and have now ceased cooperation with the music industry. 	tivo getting close to home. too close. the folks at ars technica are asking question that i first started wondering about during the patriot’s superbowl win. after the game, the tivo folks released an announcement that britney spears’ pepsi commercial was the most-rewatched ad of the game. their claim was apparently based on stats from the tivos in people living rooms. we’re all familiar with nielson tv ratings, but those viewers know their habits are being recorded. 	mit tech review’s ten technologies that refuse to die the folks at ars also pointed out an interesting story by the mit tech review. it’s all about things that were expected to have been passed by, but weren’t. it sort of puts us in our place. 	microsoft, in its biggest act of irony ever, issues security education posters microsoft corp, the software company responsible for producing some of the most notoriously (and dangerously) insecure software ever has issued a collection of posters aimed at, start your irony engine, computer security education. “educate your students, faculty, and staff on the simple steps they can take to protect their pcs,” says the microsoft website offering the posters. 	site updated um, not many people noticed, but this site was offline for a few months because the hosting company i was using shut down operations. well, i’m back, mostly. i’ve redesigned things (having stolen the design from another site of mine), but there are still a number of things missing. theoretically i still have a backup of the comments and members and stuff, but i may not bother looking. the redstone brewery info is in here, but the categories list is gone. 	how to get off an rbl it sucks to get on a email blackhole list. click “more” to find out how we got psu off att.net’s proprietary rbl. 	entertainment value first, take a look at &lt; bushin seconds.org &gt; . it will do more to make you mad than entertain you, but take a look and channel that anger into something meaningful. now that that’s over, take a look at &lt; ebaumsworld.com &gt; and waste the rest of the day laughing. there’s no shortage of video, cartoons, and other junk. enjoy it all. here are a couple links to get you started: super truck, paranoid, something else funny, and yet another thing. 	the unwired world is growing first, look at some numbers: “‘last year under percent of the laptops have wi-fi built in, this year it’s percent.’ says brain grimm, communications director for the wi-fi alliance” now consider that the quote appeared in a story in aaaworld (yes, the american auto association). their demographic is generally older and non-technical, so either their demographic is changing or “non-technical” is being redefined. i’m going to bet that the water is rising and, just as the world now accepts email, it now seems to expect some understanding of networking. hmmm. [update] and now the minneapolis federal reserve bank is reporting on growing wifi use in the mid-west! oh my. 	why superbowl ads matter last saturday was the th anniversary of the macintosh. apple announced the macintosh to about million households in a second ad during the superbowl. the ad, which has been lauded as one of the best ads ever and created “event marketing,” rocks. it was this theory of event marketing that lead advertisers to create ever larger, ever more expensive ad spots. and that’s when the ads during the superbowl became the the main event for some viewers. 	okay, now i want one there are two things you need to know about the the international streamlined tatra site: it’s cool, and they’re cool. i happen to love art deco advertising, and it seems tatra has some of the best. of course, i wouldn’t know anything about tatra (it’s a car company, or it was, they now only make trucks) except i stumbled across this story elsewhere. 	warren republicans vote democrat former vermont governor howard dean carried the polls in warren this primary night. the numbers for the rest of the state are still being counted, but what’s more impressive to me is the number of voters who went to the polls and the number of registered republicans who wrote in democrats on their ballots. twenty three out of republican ballots cast in this very conservative northern new hampshire town had democrats written in for president. 	czech it out! bad headline, yes, but what this guy has done with his car is pretty cool. 	antarctica in my name it’s good to know that there’s an antarctic outpost in my namesake. good ol’ casey station even has a webcam. [update:] here’s an interesting sattelite image of the area, found at this remote sensing project website. 	ethel’s holiday fashion nothing says holidays like leopard print. more photos from maisonbisson 	how to have fun like i just did start with approx cup of bacon grease collected over time just like jon’s mom said to do. pour grease into small disposable aluminum loaf pan. insert pan with grease into burning wood stove. wait. watch. wait. watch as oil ignites with a whooosh that’s vaguely reminiscent of a chimney fire. no, that woooosh is exactly how you remember that chimney fire. close stove air intakes and continue to watch fire. 	more complaining and whining the lousy red cross can’t get its act together well enough to schedule blood drives in plymouth (where i work each day) well enough so regular donors can go to all of them. the red cross knows that something like % of their blood comes from regular donors who make it a point to donate at every opportunity (and how many of us can there be in plymouth?). yet, they schedule a blood drive today, fewer than days since their last blood drive. 	o’reilly’s wireless hacks the question here is between . x authentication and web-based, captive portal authentication. the former has high client requirements, the later seems too simple. rob flickenger’s wireless hacks has fired me up for captive portals. an excerpt, dispelling the myth of wireless security, makes clear the need for application layer security, an argument i’d say applies to wired and wireless network alike. point: wireless is exposing holes that have existed in our network security all along, but patching those holes will secure everything, including wireless without spending loads of money on expensive aps and proprietary clients. 	wireless vulnerabilities related to my review of wireless security landscape is this review of threats to wireless security. passive sniffing “the same information in a probe response frame is available in the beacon frames that every . network is required to transmit (even closed networks). so, we just listen for these frames in monitor mode instead.” extreme tech’s guide to exploiting and protecting wifi networks “airsnort can determine the wep key in seconds…” 	the wireless security landscape the view from the trenches fall below is an email i sent to maclabmanagers mail list in late september . our discussions of wireless security had just begun at that time. the wireless landscape has changed a lot since then, but the responses have information that remains valid and useful to us today. howdy, we’re using wireless in many locations here, but somebody just got scared about security. until now we haven’t been using wep, nor have we cloaking the network name for wireless base stations that serve mobile classrooms on campus. 	wired mag’s commandments of programming wired magazine has an interesting article on “extreme programming.” supposedly, the solo programmer pulling all-nighters on excessive caffein is out. in are hour work weeks, group coordination, and two people per computer. but what about productivity cry the managers. according to the article, coders do more, do it faster, and do it with fewer bugs this way. 	summary page for music industry wackiness i’ve posted a number of stories and links related to the music industry and p p and such. here’s a short summary of them. first was a story about how music swappers actually buy more music. then came a story about the decline of the album format, and why it’s a good thing for listeners. i followed that up with something about copying is theft, and other legal myths. and just now i posted a story about the real reasons for the decline in the music biz. 	perfect for the church social hey, so what about the local sports team and their player that’s excelling with that thing that he does? some people like to argue so much they run out of material. or, maybe it’s like what rob gordon says in high fidelity: “it’s not what you’re like, it’s what you like.” so maybe arguments erupt as we try to establish and defend our identity (evidence: teenagers). if true, and our identity is made up of the pop-culture elements that we consume, then what are the key traits we must evaluate? 	street lights…and other things that don’t work the way they should it’s probably due to my color blindness, but i have the darndest time seeing streetlights (the red/yellow/green things at controlled intersections) at night. i’ve had to explain it a million times, but nobody seems to understand. finally i’ve discovered a sympathetic friend, sort of. michael darnell writes about his complaints with street lights and other things that don’t work well or aren’t designed well. 	time wasters i found myself waiting. a cd quietly burned in the combo-drive, a computer slowly reboot after a system update, and a large file was drifting across the ether[net] between my laptop and sever. clearly this was the time to surf over to ilovebacon.com and waste some time. i was in luck right away. ask snoop isn’t quite as funny as old unix jive, but it’s good for some quick laughs. 	music this, music that continuing the recent music and copyright theme…. it turns out that i wasn’t the only one who thought the buymusic.com ads looked a little familiar. rob walker wrote about the new apple clones for slate.com. “…i kept re-watching the buymusic ads to try and figure out what i was missing. is there a hidden critique here? a satire? not really. they’re just knockoffs. it’s as if, by borrowing the look and feel of apple’s ads, buymusic is explicitly interested in underscoring that its service is a copycat. 	website spotlight i just added arstechnica to the list of websites i check daily. i’ve been reading technical articles there for years, but two articles today clinched it: “the social complexities of the f-word” and “your cheating heart’s been clickin’ her buttons. both are well worth reading for anybody who cares about the social aspects of technology. well, the first one doesn’t really have anything to do with technology, it’s just funny. 	copying is theft – and other legal myths music has been an issue for me lately. what with my previous stories about the “decline of the album format” (and why i think it’s a good thing) and how music swappers apparently buy more music, you’d think i’d gotten the matter out of my system. no. copying is theft – and other legal myths is an article that everybody who’s ever heard of mp s should read. no matter what you’ve come to believe (or how much the riaa pays you), the title is real. 	usb hacking so i’d like to get this old usb video capture device working in os x, but the vendor has quit the business and no os x drivers are around for it. a little searching on the web netted the following how-to on making one vendor’s usb device drivers work with another vendor’s products. the details relate to usb wifi adapters, but we can generalize. with the tips in that story in mind, we can face down the next question: are there any drivers that might be made to work with my usb device? 	whiney sell-outs charles haddad writes in business week online about musicians making a stand for the “integrity of the album format.” fortunately, he gets it right: this isn’t about artists looking after their art, this is about the end of a business strategy where a few good tracks are mingled with a pile of chaff and called an ‘album.’ what’s really important here is that you can buy what you want, rather than just what labels and the bands have decided you should have. no longer do you have take the fat with the meat — and pay $ or more for a cd that has only three songs you like. …this doesn’t necessarily mean the death of album rock, just bad album rock. a package of great songs that work together will still sell. just look at the evergreen appeal of the who’s tommy or miles davis’ kind of blue . the labels may be forced to change. if filler no longer sells, will the music industry continue to compel bands to produce it? maybe, just maybe, bands and labels will start improving the overall quality of pop music. 	music labels have heads up asses a story on bbc news (file swappers ‘buy more music’) reports on a study that claims those who download music using p p services (old napster, gnutella, etc) actually buy more music. it should make sense to anybody with a hair of marketing experience: try before you buy. 	yummy shit karen pointed out an article about scary-but-common food ingredients at fortune.com 	stupid os x server hint os x server is great, but it doesn’t respond well when you change its ip number. the resulting fiasco will make you think working a fast food job is worth it. here are some links that won’t make it easier but will at least give you a bootable machine: a little how-to support discussion more discussion even more discussion update august , : apple has finally done something, just a little something, to address this problem. 	dvrs are cool i don’t watch much tv and i don’t own a tivo, but i love the idea. so i’m glad to read about open source folks building their own dvrs. 	apollo archive the apollo archive boasts a wealth of content covering the moon landing. good stuff. 	google-watch google has been raved about since it first appeared on the search engine scene four years ago. now that it’s trounced all the other, however, people are getting concerned about the effects of the monopoly. google-watch is leading the charge. their claim? they say that google’s pagerank means only that the rich get richer, and they’re concerned about close ties between google and government snoops. hmmm. 	you are being lied to i found a collection of three books by the disinformation company on a shelf in city lights. i’d already picked out my book (toothpicks &amp; logos) when i saw abuse your illusions, everything you know is wrong, and you are being lied to lined up and beckoning to me. i’ll have to take another look at them, but at least the publisher has an interesting story. 	good liberal rabble rousing it’s a pleasure to read the many pages of molotov cocktail for the soul. 	iug : library portal integration elaine allard and i will be presenting on library portal integration at the iug in san jose, ca. two sessions have been scheduled for sunday, april th: am and : pm. our description, in the program guide: like many colleges, plymouth state college is working to consolidate its online resources inside a portal. within this single point of service students can register for classes and check their grades, faculty can review their rosters and post grades, and staff can review benefits and vacation time. 	tinkerer’s joy while reading up on the slimp network mp player i came across some mention of dallas semiconductor and their line of wonderfully hackable tini ics. these little things have ethernet interfaces, java runtime engines, and webservers built-in, and are ideal for making non-networked devices internet ready. as if we don’t now have enough internet connected light switches and soda machines. a nice overview of tini is available. 	ohh, film music pornorchestra: the pornorchestra is an attempt to radically reinterpret the soundtrack to pornographic film. this complicated genre has taken its share of scorn: from adult film producers who refuse to pay it any mind to legions of consumers who instinctively snap the sound off after pressing play. performing live improvised and composed scores to pornographic film, the pornorchestra invigorates the mysterious experience of the voyeur-cum-auditeur. the equivalent of a circus band with its collective eye on the trapeze artist: the pornorchestra teases out the thrill, amplifying the collective gasp at pornographic triumph — and tragedy — using the most eclectic and creative musical minds working in the bay area today. 	the promise of wireless wired has a story about the effect of wireless on agriculture, theme parks, health care, and conferences. so speaketh o’reilly’s rael dornfest about a recent conference with ubiquitous wifi access: “people weren’t disappearing back to their rooms to check email between sessions. they’d just sit down in one of the common areas and log on. because everyone was gathering in the same place, there was a lot more spontaneous discussion. also, the sessions themselves became more interactive.” 	cool fonts font diner offers some darn cool fonts. go visit their site for freebies too. 	a farmer’s job i don’t know who gets the worse end of this stick, but it’s really sad that chemists can’t tell the difference between banned nerve agents and agricultural pesticides. 	conflict management how to talk down your adversary: “there is no reproach between me and you except the stabbing of kidneys and the chopping of heads.” 	damn cool site plumb design’s visual thesaurus may be the coolest thing ever. 	psychoanalysis word of the day ego dystonic 	elvis vs. nixon a friend forwarded a link that reveals the following story (as quoted from the website): on december , , elvis presley paid a visit to president richard m. nixon at the white house in washington, d.c. the meeting was initiated by presley, who wrote nixon a six-page letter requesting a visit with the president and suggesting that he be made a “federal agent-at-large” in the bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs. 	tom bihn bags the story is that tom bihn designs and makes bags for laptops and other stuff. or, at least that’s what tom says at his site. tom bihn has been designing and making bags for well over twenty years. daypacks he made when he was years old are still in use, and in santa cruz, california, where tom grew up, his laptop cases and book bags are almost legendary. 	conferencing in dc i’m in washington d.c. at the computers in libraries conference. it’s a good lineup of presenters and good programs, but i’m sad to know that i’ll be missing a peace rally this saturday. where to eat and drink: old dominion brewery is in virginia not far from dc. it’s in an industrial park and you’ll doubt that you’re in the right place, but the food and local brews are good. 	short quiz for discussion: world history mid-term exam this test consists of one ( ) multiple-choice question (so you better get it right!) here’s a list of the countries that the u.s. has bombed since the end of world war ii, compiled by historian william blum: china: - korea: - china: - guatemala: indonesia: cuba: - guatemala: congo: peru: laos: - vietnam: - cambodia: - guatemala: - 	bi bam bab in cambridge the korea garden is on pearl street somewhere behind the middle east in cambridge, mass. it’s the sort of place that attracts local asians and very few white boys (like me). so it’s hard to say what they must have thought when cliff and i walked in one night this winter. an argument broke out in the kitchen as the waitress presented our order. we joked and smiled among ourselves about it, but my smile fell as my dinner was delivered. 	counterscript telemarketers may be people too, but this script will ease the pain of their next call. take a look at egbg’s counterscript. and if you’re looking for serious anti-telemarketing resources, look at junkbusters’s resources. 	warren redstone brochure available! i found a brochure about the warren redstone and present it here for your enjoyment in pdf form. it features the story of how and why it came to warren, written by ted asselin, the man who brought it here. it also has information about the progress of the rocketry in the s. the brochure was originally in tri-fold form, but is presented here as a two page pdf file. enjoy. 	yum! email received today: nothing starts a monday off like kippered seafood snacks, deviled ham, with a side of spam, potted meat food product, followed by vienna sausage, all washed down with some icey cold clam juice. now i am ready to face the day. yours meatily, dr. meaty mcmeat meatofski meatovich hamkowsky-beafeau porkson 	justin and the sled dogs the season for running sled dogs is almost at its end. here’s a short video of justin racing for the finish of one of his last races of . click the link to watch justin’s big finish. 	ashcroft’s biggest boob in the way emails thread their way from one person to another i came across the text of a speech about antics in the us justice department. it was titled “an open letter to john ashcroft” and came with this preface: the following is a letter read by claire braz-valentine, author at this year’s in celebration of the muse, cabrillo college. it is worth knowing that the author is a woman of + years, conservatively dressed and obviously quite talented. 	marketing artifacts each of us deals with a lot of stuff unique to our jobs or life context, stuff that outsiders never see. now and then it’s fun to see that other stuff. here’s some: silly marketing materials. 	more commercialism! people have asked about this whole t-shirt thing. click the banner to see how it works. sign up! update: i just found a similar service for video distribution. you might want to check out customflix.com. 	state of the union? it’s not real, but it may be more accurate. watch the state of the union speech here. thanks to my sister for pointing me to this. [update]: the link above may be down, the speech is mirrored here. 	where have all the updates gone, long time passing? since this website is such an important and valued news source for so many people, i’ve received many dire complaints about the scarcity of updates over the past month. here’s the story: january is a busy, busy month at work. students are gone, computers must be updated. work also includes many large changes to the lamson library website, and more updates are due shortly. daytime work is one thing, but i’ve also been pursuing my side business more actively. 	common sense revisited? this may not be news to somebody who hadn’t swallowed the school approved version of american history whole, but there are a few important things to note: before , colonists paid less in taxes than britons in their homeland did. while the colonies were not represented in parliament, neither were big british cities such as liverpool or manchester. meanwhile the colonists enjoyed a free press, voted for local representation, ate better, lived in larger houses, and were generally better educated than their british cousins (the literacy rate in massachusetts was more than twice that in britain). 	bryson on language speaking on language patterns around the time of the american civil war, bill bryson states: …no nineteenth century journalist with any self-respect would ever write that a house had burned down, but must instead say that a great conflagration consumed the edifice.’ –bill bryson quoting (in part) kenneth cmiel’s democratic eloquence in, made in america, an informal history of the english language in the united states. 	mitnick off parole he’ll be on parole of a long time, and he’s facing a number of additional restrictions, but kevin mitnick is finally free! 	maison bisson’s winter drink the holidays are long since past, here’s a drink to carry you through ’till spring. rusty nail parts scotch part drambuie serve over ice in an old fashioned glass. please enjoy it responsibly. 	the light i’ve found it. it’s here! 	newswatch: foreign secrets: bad; domestic secrets: good. the news of the day is government secrecy. npr’s all things considered ran two stories about the matter today. one story about general secrecy, and another story about admiral poindexter (formerly of the iran-contra scandal). previously, npr ran a capsule biography about henry kissinger. of note is the discussion about kissinger’s disbelief in open government. that story was followed by analysis by daniel schorr which may suggest why kissinger was chosen to head up the independent panel to investigate the attacks of september th, then another story about his resignation from that panel. 	trickle down voodoo it seems clear that trickle down economics is back with new tax breaks for the rich, new spending on the security-industrial complex, and our first dip into deficit spending in years. while some call it it voodo economics, faith in trickle down economics seems to be based upon the oft repeated line that anytime you put money into the economy, it benefits everybody. when pressed about rising executive salaries, believers embrace that too as eventually benefitting the economy. i found myself in an argument about these matters recently, and had to take a moment to assemble my thoughts about it. 	new books i used to read magazines — i find it difficult to commit to things and magazines let me off easy, but i’ve been feeling unfulfilled by magazines lately (those who know me might also point out that i was somehow able to commit to marriage, and i’m still married over four years now). so i’ve been reading books left and right. now, after the holidays, i’ve got a pile more. 	bowling for columbine highlights meaningless ideology there’s a small battle being fought in the comments of my previous entry about bowling for columbine. it should be no surprise that gun rights are a very serious matter for many people. nonetheless, guns are involved in a huge number of homicides in the us each year. and so those who would seek to prevent or limit those murders find themselves battling gun owners who would rather ignore them. 	road rage while the state argues with environmentalists about needed environmental abatement in the project to widen i , we should all take a moment to consider the social implications of the plan. wider roads will inevitably lead more people to commute greater distances to work each day. whatever the causes of road rage, we can all acknowledge that time spent in the car is not quality time. incidents of road rage are at their highest in areas where commuting times are the greatest — think of la and washington dc. 	ipod links: ipod ipodhacks.com ipods around the world newtons around the world ipoding.com podnews wired news’ cult of mac wired ipod hacking story 	water world water is the primary ingredient in every liquid soap, body wash, shampoo, and conditioner product in my bathroom. some even boast “purified water.” 	ebn videos online ebn, emergency broadcast network, was a band of media jammers from the days of the gulf war (the one back in ). they disappeared from the scene a few years ago, but you can find some of their old videos over at guerrillanews.com. and, as long as we’re talking about media jamming, i should throw this book at you: jamming the media by gareth branwyn. edit: the links here go nowhere, but a few videos are in youtube: 	movie: bowling for columbine a friend of mine recently pointed out what i should have seen for myself: conservatives won’t change. so, while bowling for columbine is great entertainment for open-minded folks, it won’t make an impact on the folks who most need to see it. if you’re lucky you may still be able to catch this film in theaters, but everybody should take a moment to view this clip of the cartoon that appears in the film: a brief history. 	turn of century bridge jumpers had wide field of opportunity the opening of a new bridge in the early th century attracted a lot of attention. it was at that time that materials and engineering skill finally allowed cities to bridge rivers that had formerly required a ferry to cross. new york, with its many islands and rivers, was exceptional in this regard. new yorkers eagerly followed news of the design and construction of bridges. bridge openings where celebrated with days of events and fireworks attended by presidents and luminaries. 	wnyc’s _on the media_ does sex show. on the media’s recent show on november th and a piece in all things considered explored the relationship between technology and pornography. this is familiar territory for some—wired magazine reports on it regularly… click the links above and listen for yourself. 	booklist: nickel and dimed when i first found barbara ehrenreich’s nickel and dimed while waiting for someone or something, i picked it up and started reading in the middle. i found myself immediately taken in to her story and her writing, and was more than a little remise to give it up. not many non-fiction books about social issues are call page-turners. but this is one. ehrenreich attempts three low-wage jobs in three cities for a month each, trying to find housing and food within the budget allowed by such work. 	apple and the future of intelectual property macintouch pointed me to a blog entry at plasticbag.org related to the role of computers in the war over digital intellectual property rights. the author believes apple has already staked out its territory in this matter. after a series of examples, he explains the following: the reasons for all this, of course, are that – for good or ill – at the moment copyrighted material and intellectual property are endangered and cornered beasts anyway. 	marching toward privatization republicans and business leaders have been pushing privatization (and deregulation) for decades. now, the results of this effort are becoming clear. even as the bush administration announces plans to privatize nearly a million federal jobs, reports of the costs and failures of such privatization roll in. mother jones reports this month on the growth in privatization of municipal water systems. the result in cities like atlanta has been water boiling alerts do to dangerous bacteria levels, and poor service do to a workforce slashed by cost cutting. 	activist art art is not, or does not have to be, cheery. it turns out that people become troubled and conflicted when they see pictures of the hungry and the homeless just weeks before thanksgiving and the start of the holidays. the nashua telegraph takes up the story here: a new exhibit in the town hall gallery, designed to raise awareness of and funds for the open cupboard food pantry, has gathered some complaints from residents and prompted the board of selectmen to suggest that it be removed. the exhibit consists of a selection of black- and-white photographs taken by resident preston heller of urban street scenes and various people he describes as being at the bottom of the social ladder.’ update nov- - : nhpr reported on this story today, and linked to the photographer’s online gallery. 	in mother jones: a confederacy of cronies readers can trust mother jones to shine liberal light on conservatives. in a confederacy of cronies george packer tells us how difficult it can be to play america’s ceo, where regular americans really stand. 	great movie criticism it’s hard to explain why or how i just stumbled across a year old roger ebert movie review, so i won’t. i will try to explain why i found the review so real. i actually saw this movie, and it’s really every bit as bad as the review suggests. ebert questions how movies stereotype baddies. ebert doesn’t get too controversial, so this is as much as we’ll get out of him. 	mac geeks have more fun thanks to the folks at macos x hints, i’ve been pointed to the most useless thing ever: a tool that allows you to view any quicktime file in your terminal window as ascii text. yes, it is absolutely useless. 	understanding marijuana liane hansen of npr’s weekend edition sunday interviewed dr. mitch earleywine about his recent book, understanding marijuana: a new look at the scientific evidence this weekend. earleywine has the credentials to look at this seriously and be taken seriously. but he probably won’t be. there’s no shortage of books on this subject, and the drug war marches on. but as long as we’re slinging books, let me throw michael pollan’s botany of desire at you. 	framethief animation toolbox framethief is a toolbox for capturing hand-drawn frames and assembling them as animation. image sources can include video camera — the old standby, and digital still camera — a new twist that allows animators to work in hdtv resolutions. one component, framesplicer, can be used to turn any quicktime compatible video file into a dv stream that can be used in imovie. 	political-economic conspiracy? marektplace comentator james galbraith explains in tuesday’s show how this will be a longer and deeper recession than previously thought and many economic indicators may have been manipulated to hide the recession’s true nature prior to november . galbraith reminds us that things were rather similar years ago, when unemployment rose over % and democrats took control of congress from a far-right conservative president. history did not repeat itself, yet. 	mile markers matt frondorf’s american mile markers takes us on a tour from new york to san francisco, one photo per mile. it’s a fine concept — inspiring, really, but the pictures are quite a mishmash. matt calls his mile marker project statistical photography.’ a lot of photography tends to be anecdotal and heavily edited,’ he says. and it doesn’t present what is really there — every picture from beginning to end.’ 	yahoo! pen twirling! pen twirling takes great skill that can be achieved only by hard practice and determination. though promoted by stars as famous as miss iyo matsumoto, it can be difficult to find pen twirling masters capable of teaching the sport. hideaki kondoh, who’s interest in pen twirling was sparked by a tv appearance by iyo matsumoto, struggled to learn: “i couldn’t help admiring her excellent performance, but i didn’t think i would try to spin a pen myself. 	hops n’ things it was a few years ago now that jon at hops n’ things put us on track to brew our first big batch of cider. knowledge comes from books, but a guy like jon can give you know-how. today he introduced us to distillers’ active dry yeast, or dady. our last batch of cider went to proof with epernay champaign yeast, dady might get us to proof! more importantly, he was kind enough to help us fix a co leak in our keg system — and he stayed open late to get it done. 	redstonebrewery.com online! after months of lost time, redstonebrewery.com is finally online. there’s not much there, but you wait baby. you just wait and see. or. um. well, we’ll see what happens there next. 	raspberry jelly i usually try to keep this blog above trivial things like this, but not today. i enjoy penut butter and jelly sandwiches, but usually with raspberry preserves — the stuff with fruit chunks a seeds in it. so i was rather surprised when i found i’d accidentally bought hannaford brand red raspberry jelly. it mostly tastes like raspberry, but it’s been pureed smooth like jello. i tried it, the product doesn’t spread well and the texture is all wrong. 	modern drunkard magazine this little ‘zine just scored distribution with borders book stores. but if you can’t find it there, take a look at modern drunkard magazine online. take a look at their wino wisdom section where you’ll find gems like “the secret of being a good drunk is not to try to hard. to me, it just comes naturally. you might even say it’s effortless.” and “i don’t smoke filtered cigarettes for the same reason i don’t drink whiskey through a bar rag. 	megahertz gap? so the project to crack a -bit rc encryption key is over. some computer in japan figured it out in july, but everybody was too busy to notice until last week. the real news here isn’t that -bit rc is crackable (everybody knew it could be done, eventually), the real news is that they compiled efficiency statistics on the various computer platforms that did the job. here’s the quote, straight from their press release: “our peak rate of , , kkeys/sec is equivalent to , mhz apple powerbook g laptops or , ghz amd athlon xp machines…” 	was capitalism the only difference? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cera.com/commandingheights/&rdquo; title=&rdquo;commanding heights“&gt;_commanding heights_ authors daniel yergen and joseph stanislaw tell us that workers in communist russia were not motivated to work simply because the government controlled economy offered no rewards for innovation. this they use as the basis for their argument that communism/government controlled economies were bad and capitalism was good. and what’s truly amazing is that in this obvious comparison between the usa and communist russia, they find the most significant difference to be economic. 	mc hawking drops some science you the opening to this site announces “yo! this site is your ultimate resource for information about stephen hawking the gangsta rapper.” and if that isn’t enough to make you go look there right now, then i suppose you feel bad for the poor guy and don’t like jerks who wish to make fun of him. anyway. just now he’s got a link up that points out one more sport i’ve never heard of or imagined: cup stacking. 	the first law of assignation the person [closest to the act/holding the instrument of the act], no matter how qualified or culpable is first to be assigned [credit/blame] for the act. 	natalie jeremijenko and the interaction between humans and technology it’s not for nothing that the mit technology review named natalie jeremijenko “one of the top one hundred young innovators.” anybody who bothers to read this blog should run out and look over her portfolio now. 	weeds and flowers weeds and flowers alike seek the sunlight — nobody can fault them for that — but some of them learn do it with beauty and grace. 	human-intoface: face=identity? from the artist’s statement: “images of faces hold little ability to communicate the totality of a personality. the essence of a personality is not something that is stored in a static two dimentional array of dots, grains, or pixels. rather, what is stored are subtle cues which signify base personality traits, such as a curl of a lip, squint of an eye, or pursing of the lips. these can work in series or combinations to suggest complexity of description, but ultimately, amount only to a caricature. 	hungry-man xxl! the marketers and designers for this product found their audience, and know how to speak to them. just look at the pictures. “i know what i like, and i like a lot of it” reads the text next to the over-weight, blue-collared white boy on the back. in bold yellow type at the bottom, it reads “it’s good to be full.” with . pounds of food, this preprocessed meal delivers calories, % of your recommended fat intake ( % of saturated fats), and % of your recommended sodium. 	book list: flight of passage i’m all wrapped up by flight of passage, rinker buck’s tale of his journey cross country with his brother in an old piper cub. as much as it’s a tale of flying, it’s a tale of teenage angst. both subjects that i identify with (but aren’t we supposed to grow out of teenage angst?). 	american tyranny the worst forms of tyranny are those so subtle, so deeply ingrained, so thoroughly controlling as not even to be consciously experienced. so there are americans who are afraid to entertain contrary notions for fear of jeopardizing their jobs, but who still think they are “free.”  –michael parenti’s democracy for the few. 	corn flakes, mccarthy, and flag wavers this story would be more appropriate for early july — that’s probably when this flag-printed box of kellogg’s corn flakes was put on the shelf — but it was just last weekend when i came across it at our warren village market. of course, in early july, everything including corn chips and cat litter was available in patriotic red, white, and blue, so it really wouldn’t have stood out then. 	dreams. what do they mean? years ago, i used to wake up with a start. i’d be trying to sit up with my hands outstretched in front of me. i’d wake up thinking i’d been falling. now. i find that i wake up thinking i’d stubbed my toe or hit my head. somewhat unrelated: i’ve gotten no end of laughs and amusement from dion mcgregor dreams again, a collection of sleep talking from dion mcgregor, an apparently famous “somniloquist. 	casey’s sky diving adventure i made my one and only parachute jump back in the fall of . about a year ago i re-edited the video of that event. casey’s skydiving adventure 	o’reilly offers macos x conference the o’reilly folks aren’t the only old unix geeks who’ve been looking at mac os x with hungry eyes. mac os x is cool enough to get its own section on slash dot. and, of course, apple is pushing it’s ‘switch‘ campaign toward windows users. but as much as the o’reilly folks love mac os x, they probably wouldn’t be planning a conference about it if it wasn’t clear there were hordes of like-minded geeks willing to shell out the $ or so it costs to attend. 	vegas guide, part : introduction las vegas may be the most thoroughly american city. no other town has been so shaped by the singular desire to make a buck. churches and strip clubs coexist in close proximity. each competes for the hard luck — but not broke — gamblers seeking refuge from their losses. if capitalism works, it works in vegas. vegas is america’s liver. the worst of pop culture eventually finds a home someplace in las vegas or the surrounding clark county. 	vegas guide, part : peyote most of nevada’s land is under federal control. the pentagon, department of energy, and bureau of land management claim a total area of about % of the state. it’s mostly desert, and the desert dois best left alone, so few people seem to care. some towns, mostly old silver mining camps, persist amid the desert. horses graze free on the school ball field in blue diamond, nevada. the town sits on a spring in red rock canyon. 	vegas guide, part : nukes and moon hoaxes on a map, mercury sits a little northwest of las vegas. there is nothing to suggest that the town is inaccessible to the average tourist, but it is in fact a part of the nevada test site — a nuclear bomb testing facility. the site was formed in from land originally granted to the shoshone indians. nearly one thousand nuclear devices have been detonated there between its formation and , when president bush imposed a moratorium on tests that has been extended by succeeding administrations. 	vegas guide, part : flesh prostitution in vegas is illegal, but that’s okay. for a little jiggle, you can check out the innumerable gentlemen’s clubs and strip shows. even many of the ritzy hotels often have their own “tantalizing topless revues.” freemont street, the heart of old vegas and one of the city’s largest attractions, is home to more than one strip club. but a short drive will get you more than jiggle. fifty miles west of las vegas on highway , just accross the clark county line in nye county you’ll find the sleepy town of pahrump — “heart of the new old west” according to the welcome sign at the town line. 	morse museum mummy unmasked this isn’t current news by any stretch. the story was reported in the boston globe when it happened in , and can be found on the web at maine antique digest. it goes like this: the contents of the morse museum were auctioned off in the early s. among the spoils were two egyptian mummies. one of them landed in the hands of a maine antiques dealer. the egyptian government learned of the mummy, which was advertised as a ‘princess. 	redstone brewery’s product labels brewing cider takes a long time. …and most of it is just waiting. so while we wait, i draw up new labels. click for 	maison bisson’s summer drink hot weather demands cool drinks. lemonade is fine for the kids, but adults need a pitcher of something more entertaining. give it a try: vicker’s delight: part vodka parts lemonade dash lime juice dash orange juice prepare in a pitcher with ice and share. adjust quantities to taste. enjoy safely. 	the old scooter yes. the scooter was a thing of ridicule for most people, but i loved it. riding the scooter was like ‘playing bikes’ when i was ten. it was just fun, and i didn’t need an excuse to do it. i named her trixie, but most people just called her scooter. but the scooter is sold now. it went first to cliffy, then to chuck. did cliffy appreciate it like i did? 	airplane safety it may be a little bit cliche after being ridiculed in fight club (the line was “look at their faces, as calm as hindu cows.”), but i’ve always loved airplane safety guides. click for 	warren’s morse museum it’s hard to say which is more memorable: warren’s rocket or our morse museum. for larger picture, click 	who are these dorks? what a motley crew who work for its. click for pictures. 	newton: best pda ever just as i’m about to retire my old newton, just as i’m exporting the contacts and calendar entries, i rediscovered why the newton was — and still is — the best pda ever. the newton had a rough start back in the early s when the first model was released. i’ve never used an older model, but it’s clear that the handwriting recognition was bad enough to be ridiculed in comics and the simpsons. 	now even the conservatives agree: supporting the drug war supports terrorists this may be old news (it was published on may th, ) but, david r. henderson’s essay on how the drug war effects the war against terrorism is a must read for everybody. conservatives tell truth about drug war. why do i say the hoover institution is a pack of conservatives? because eric alterman says so. 	cape cod dining: ay caramba cafe sandee and i stumbled into the ay caramba cafe on main street in harwich at just the right time. we were starving and desperate for something other than fried sea food. diners can help themselves to chips and three varieties of homemade salsa. each is rather unique, and far more complex than the mild, medium, and hot descriptions we typically use to describe salsas. sandee and i both had the pork tomales that were on special — cheese tomales were also offered. 	cape cod our friends troy and karen were kind enough to invite us to cape cod to visit them. we lazed around on the beach, took in a show at the wellfleet drive-in, and twice gorged ourselves on fried seafood at arnold’s restaurant. geeks may take interest in cape cod’s involvment in the history of trans-atlantic communications. nauset light beach was a former terminus for many undersea telegraph cables. friendy links: see troy here, here, and here. 	doonesbury’s middle age slump a feature story by jesse walker in reason magazine’s july issue confirms something i’ve been worried about for a while: doonesbury isn’t what it used to be. walker gives us examples detailing trudeau’s mild conservitive shift, and his more unfortunate shift toward irrelevence. i’m too young to know the strip from its beginnings in the early s (or earlier), but we can all compare old and new cartoons online in the doonsebury retrospective. 	the incident the front the shocks and coil springs slowed the downward thrust of the front suspension as inertia, stable just moments before, pitches the vehicle forward. a small, unconscious rightward twitch of the steering wheel is amplified by tires which, at this moment, have greater than normal mechanical advantage. the turn, though slight, moves the center of gravity even farther forward and now to the left. the rear of the vehicle, lightly weighted under normal conditions, is riding at the full extension of the rear leaf springs. 	now playing at maison bisson while mainstream (commercial) pop music producers are anxiously introducing ever younger children to ever more sexualised music, they might be giants are busy making music for kids of all ages. their new album, no!, might sound fluffy and sacharine compared to the band’s earlier work, but so what. like so many of their songs, you’ll quickly be singing along. besides, sandee says “it’s just good music.” 	lustworthy: honda silver wing and reflex sure, italian scooters look great, but where do you get them serviced? motostrada in maryland has a great selection of new and vintage european scooters, but that’s the nearest dealership and service center. it’s a great shop, don’t get me wrong, but it’s not really a solution for people in northern new hampshire. so if i don’t trust biff at the local cycle shop to work on an european import scooter, what would i trust biff to work on? 	learning unix macos x’s unix underpinnings have had mac users asking the same question for a while now: “how can i learn unix?” and for those who really want to learn unix, i point them to ?leenfrisch’s &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/esa /&rdquo; title=&quot;essential system administration, rd edition“&gt;essential system administration, rd edition. it’s direct and concise, yet thorough. it was the book i turned to for an introduction to unix, and it’s a book i keep on my shelf as a reference when i need it. 	frozen mud slides — from scratch who wouldn’t enjoy a frozen mud slide on a hot summer day? typical recipes call for crushed ice and cream or ice cream. for some reason, we decided to try making them from ice cream, from scratch. the maisonbisson frozen mud slide this recipe requires an ice cream maker, we used the deni scoop factory. . cups heavy cream cup milk cup sugar . cups bailey’s dash vanilla mix ingredients in bowl, then pour into ice cream maker’s freezer container. 	the plan what we need is a van. a black van with red alloy wheels and a diamond bubble window. yeah. get on the jazz, sucka. 	streamripper saves mp radio to disk i must be an idiot not to have found streamripper sooner. in the days before walkmans i used to record radio broadcasts on an early portable cassette recorder so i could listen later. this is how i discovered “angel in a centerfold” and many other great cultural landmarks from the early s. of course, things have changed since then. my taste hasn’t improved so much as commercial radio has fallen. internet radio, thankfully, may rescue me. 	story review: derryl murphy’s last call one: i discovered fictionwise.com, a source all types of fiction in ebook formats. two: here’s the assignment that lead me to look for fictionwise in the first place. click for pdf. [update] it’s funny how things circulate on the web. i’ve googled myself enough to know how i show up in odd places, so i can understand how derryl murphy might have wondered how a review of one of his many stories appeared here. 	my new favorite pop i found a bottle of ibc cream soda at our famous warren village market and it quickly reminded me of why i love cream soda. but now, no other cream soda tastes as good. i’ve tried a few; they just make me sad. now i need to speak with the folks at the market to get a case of the good stuff. it can also be ordered from popsoda.com. 	pictures of the warren rocket warren is blessed with a rocket. it was once a intermediate range ballistic missile, but it’s basically the same rocket that launched america’s first astronauts allen b. shepherd and gus grissom into sub-orbital space. it’s enough to be proud of, anyway. roadsideamerica.com has a story on our rocket, but it’s based on reader reports and it seems people just don’t know what town they’re in when they see the thing. 	redstone brewery’s first steps in the fall of cliff convinced me that i needed to brew hard cider. in turn, i convinced him that we needed to brew lots of it. we soon bought barrels that had been used for cherry coke concentrate and found an orchard that would sell us bulk sweet cider. after siphoning the gallons from two barrels in my truck into two barrels prepared in my basement, adding sugar and other flavors, and pitching the yeast, we waited. 	color theory my overwhelming interest in earth-tones and browns leads me to look for them and define them numerically. a lousy overview of color models, especially the hsv model. originally written for one of my classes. click here for pdf. [update]: i’d like to point out a later story about color blindness and streetlights. 	tempo cameras need regular testing. don’t they? view tempo at .mac theater. originally put together to demonstrate synchronization of music and images. look for daria and her silly monkey, and a short appearance by travis. 	hammernode dynodns services hammernode dynamic dns services couldn’t be better. well, what could be better than a free, high quality service? 	headshots our new camera equipment arrived one day in august . obviously, it needed testing. this is the result.view headshots at .mac theater. that’s me looking like an idiot. and cliff too. sorry, this one isn’t “fast start.” you’ll have to wait until it loads all mbs. 	iug : houston officially i’m here to attend the innovative users’ group conference, but there’s a lot more to do in texas and i took a few extra days to do it. my brother lives just north of austin, and just north of that is waco. being so close, i had to go visit. …and while there, i couldn’t help but look for the branch davidian compound. houston is an interesting city, but two landmarks particularly interested me. 	looking at waco **texas stories** i had a chance to visit waco in april . here are some links that i gathered from that time. eventually i’ll post a story to go with them. dr. pepper museum waco visitor bureau red men museum texas ranger museum branch davidians 	contrasting houston texas stories the beer can house on the northwest side of town was built by john milkovisch starting in . over the next years he drank a six-pack per day to furnish and adorn the house with almost , cans. meanwhile, on the southeast side of town, cleveland turner looked to god to help get him off the sauce. as thanks for his salvation and sobriety, he gathered up all the trash in his neighborhood, painted it, and arranged it to look like flowers. 	galveston’s seawolf park **texas stories** while in texas i had an oportunity to see galveston and visit seawolf park. seawolf park is home to a wwii sub and an escort cruiser. it pleased me to no end that i was able to climb all over inside and outside both boats. i took more pictures there than anywhere else during my texas adventure. [](http://homepage.mac.com/misterbisson/seawolfpark/ _ .jpg) cavalla’s diving controls &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt; [&lt;img src=&quot;http://homepage. 	visiting the branch davidian compound texas stories work brought me to texas in april , but morbid curiosity brought me to waco. i found a story by dan tobias about the branch davidian compound and its remains. following his directions, i found my way to the site and later emailed dan with the changes i found since he last visited. my email to him is included in the body of this story, but i recommend you read dan’s story about the branch davidians first. 	quicktime embed tags apple’s docs on embedding qt media in web pages. it’s here mostly as a bookmark for me. click here for the docs. 	search from https://gist.github.com/eddiewebb/ feb f f ddd ae a cb ae, which continues: this file exists solely to respond to /search url with the related search layout template. no content shown here is rendered, all content is based in the template $theme/layouts/page/search.html setting a very low sitemap priority will tell search engines this is not important content. this implementation uses fusejs, jquery and mark.js the full details can be found in https://gist.github.com/eddiewebb/ feb f f ddd ae a cb ae. you should never see this content! vanity fair copyright information vanity fair copyright information 	title:	vanity fair 	online content:	free online material via the online books page 	more information:	wikipedia article; wikidata 	first renewed issue:	february (v. no. ), © january , ; see july-december 	first renewed contribution in:	march ; see july-december renewed issues this includes all active issue renewals through . it might not show all renewals past that date. 	 february (v. no. ), © january , 	 march (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 june (v. no. ) 	 july (v. no. ) 	 august (v. no. ) 	 september (v. no. ) 	 october (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 december (v. no. ) 	 january (v. no. ), © december , 	 february (v. no. ), © january , 	 march (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 june (v. no. ) 	 july (v. no. ) 	 august (v. no. ) 	 september (v. no. ) 	 october (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 december (v. no. ) 	 january (v. no. ), © december , 	 february (v. no. ), © january , 	 march (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 june (v. no. ) 	 july (v. no. ) 	 august (v. no. ) 	 september (v. no. ) 	 october (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 december (v. no. ) renewed contributions this includes all active contribution renewals through . it might not show all renewals past that date. 	 march : "notes out of a man's life", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 june : "an antidote from de bustun tippotty", by milt gross 	 july : "hello, big boy", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 august : "new orleans: a prose poem in the expressionist manner", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 september : "the south", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 october : "chicago, a feeling", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 november : "a great factory", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 december : "a criminal's christmas", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 january : "the far west", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 february : "prohibition", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 april : "a new testament", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 may : "educating an author", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 june : "on conversing with authors", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 july : "new york", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 july : "the unfortunate lovers", by edmund lester pearson 	 august : "a note on story tellers", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 october : "the fight", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 november : "a mountain dance", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 december : "a ghost story", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 january : "a sentimental journey", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 february : "on being a country editor", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 april : "a complete handbook of opinion", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 april : "just walking", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 june : "small town notes", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 july : "the slightly murderous halinglers", by edmund lester pearson 	 september : "the confessions of eleanor burton", by edmund lester pearson 	 october : "long distance", by dorothy parker [permissions] 	 december : "fashions in love", by aldous huxley [permissions] 	 march : "why they got married", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 april : "small town notes", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 may : "country town notes", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 may : "a disagreement with mr. shaw", by aldous huxley [permissions] 	 july : "small town notes", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 july : "silence is golden", by aldous huxley [permissions] 	 july : "sex appeal", by d. h. lawrence [permissions] 	 august : "virginia", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 september : "small town notes", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 october : "country squires", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 january : "these mountaineers", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 march : "domestic and juvenile", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 may : "coast defender", by jim tully 	 june : "an interview with shaw", by jim tully 	 july : "ireland farewell", by jim tully 	 august : "hyde park and the hecklers", by jim tully 	 september : "article on wells", by jim tully 	 february : "we leave no stone unturned", by corey ford [permissions] and howard deitz 	 september : "the cry in the night", by sherwood anderson [permissions] 	 october : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 november : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 december : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 january : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 february : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 march : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 april : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 may : "the theatre", by george jean nathan [permissions] 	 march : "satire on time magazine", by corey ford [permissions] 	 april : "honey", by paul gallico [permissions] 	 july : "wedding present", by nancy hale [permissions] 	 august : "how to relieve practically everybody", by john riddell [permissions] (author name is a pseudonym for corey ford) 	 september : "hotel kid", by john o’hara [permissions] 	 october : "the old order", by paul horgan 	 november : "horse thief", by erskine caldwell [permissions] 	 november : "a detail of the depression", by irvin s. cobb 	 december : "now there is peace", by richard sherman 	 january : "the intimate recital", by paul horgan 	 march : "name me five, a questionnaire", by j. bryan 	 april : "go dine your enemy", by thomas beer 	 may : "nonsense, renewed", by thomas beer 	 june : "polly en famille", by gustav eckstein additional note active contribution renewals are recorded beginning in the january-june cce volume, but the earliest actively renewed contribution is noted in the july-december volume. page information 	page responsibility:	john mark ockerbloom (ockerblo (at) pobox (dot) upenn (dot) edu) 	last updated:	july , 	machine-readable format:	json the preparers of this page do not represent the publishers or the rightsholders of this publication. to the best of their knowledge, the information in it is correct, and complete within any limits specified above. it may still have inadvertent errors and omissions, however; if you know of any, please contact the page maintainer shown above. this page is not legal advice. copyright registration and renewal records -- first periodical renewals -- deep backfile knowledge base edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) data on this copyright information page is cc . see obp copyrights and licenses. javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. weird tales copyright information weird tales copyright information 	title:	weird tales 	online content:	free online material via the online books page 	tables of contents:	isfdb, galactic central 	more information:	wikipedia article; wikidata 	first issue:	march (v. no. ) 	first renewed issue:	february (v. no. ), © january , ; see january-june 	first renewed contribution in:	august (v. no. ); see july-december renewed issues this includes all active issue renewals prior to , when automatic renewals began. it might not show all renewals from onward. 	 february (v. no. ), © january , 	 march (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 june (v. no. ) 	 july (v. no. ) 	 august (v. no. ) 	 september (v. no. ) 	 october (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 december (v. no. ) 	 january (v. no. ) 	 february-march (v. no. ) 	 april-may (v. no. ) 	 june-july (v. no. ) 	 august (v. no. ) 	 september (v. no. ) 	 october (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 december (v. no. ) 	 january (v. no. ) 	 february (v. no. ) 	 march (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 june (v. no. ) 	 july (v. no. ) 	 august (v. no. ) 	 september (v. no. ) 	 october (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 december (v. no. ) 	 january (v. no. ) 	 february (v. no. ) 	 march (v. no. ) 	 april (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 june (v. no. ) 	 july (v. no. ) 	 august (v. no. ) 	 september (v. no. ) 	 october (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 december (v. no. ) 	 january (v. no. ) 	 november (v. no. ) 	 january (v. no. ) 	 march (v. no. ) 	 may (v. no. ) 	 july (v. no. ); issue number repeats for may and july issues. 	 september (v. no. ) renewed contributions this includes all active contribution renewals through . it might not show all renewals past that date. 	 august (v. no. ): "the woman of the wood", by abraham merritt [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "the house on the highway", by august derleth [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "old mark", by august derleth [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "scarlatti's bottle", by august derleth [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "the inheritors", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "a matter of sight", by august derleth [permissions] 	 february (v. no. ): "the lilac bush", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the pacer", by august derleth [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "the portrait", by august derleth [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the whistler", by august derleth [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "across the hall", by august derleth [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "pigmy island", by edmond hamilton [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "just a song at twilight", by august derleth [permissions] 	 october (v. no. ): "mrs. bentley's daughter", by august derleth [permissions] 	 june-july (v. no. ): "seeds of death", by david h. keller 	 august (v. no. ): "prince borgia's mass", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the bridge of sighs", by august derleth [permissions] 	 october (v. no. ): "the captain is afraid", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "those who seek", by august derleth [permissions] (renewal record says this appeared in the february issue, but both galactic central and isfdb place it in the january issue.) 	 march (v. no. ): "laughter in the night", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 may (v. no. ): "the last magician", by david h. keller 	 may (v. no. ): "the bishop sees through", by august derleth [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "in the left wing", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 june : "a battle over the teacups", by august derleth [permissions] (renewal record claims this was published in the june issue of weird tales, but galactic central and isfdb do not show it appearing in that issue. isfdb does note a derleth story titled 'a battle over the tea-cups' in the summer issue of oriental stories.) 	 august (v. no. ): "lair of the star-spawn", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 september (v. no. ): "the sheraton mirror", by august derleth [permissions] 	 october (v. no. ): "red hands", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 february (v. no. ): "the vanishing of simmons", by august derleth [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "the house of shadows", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 april (v. no. ): "the white moth", by august derleth [permissions] 	 april : "mr. jimson assists", by august derleth [permissions] (renewal record claims this was published in the april issue of weird tales, but galactic central and isfdb do not show it appearing in that issue. they instead place it in the april issue of magic carpet.) 	 may (v. no. ): "the girl with the green eyes", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 may (v. no. ): "the carven image", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 june (v. no. ): "nellie foster", by august derleth [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "an elegy for mr. danielson", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the return of andrew bentley", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 november (v. no. ): "shambleau", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 october (v. no. ): "the cat-woman", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 november (v. no. ): "the accursed isle", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 april (v. no. ): "black thirst", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "scarlet dream", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "wizard's isle", by jack williamson [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "colonel markesan", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 july (v. no. ): "wild grapes", by august derleth [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "dust of gods", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "a cloak from messer lando", by august derleth [permissions] 	 october (v. no. ): "the black god's kiss", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "feigman's beard", by august derleth [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "black god's shadow", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "a matter of faith", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 february (v. no. ): "the metronome", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "julhi", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "muggridge's aunt", by august derleth [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "the destroying horde", by donald wandrei [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "jirel meets magic", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 october (v. no. ): "the cold gray god", by c. l. moore [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "mr. berbeck had a dream", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the satin mask", by august derleth [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "the ruler of fate" (part of ), by jack williamson [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "they shall rise", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 april (v. no. ): "the druidic doom", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the faceless god", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "lesandro's familiar", by august derleth [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "the telephone in the library", by august derleth [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "the grinning ghoul", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the return of sarah purcell", by august derleth [permissions] 	 august-september (v. no. ): "death holds the post", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 october (v. no. ): "the opener of the way", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the dark demon", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "mother of serpents", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "the woman at loon point", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 february (v. no. ): "glory hand", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the brood of bubastis", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the elixir of death", by eando binder [permissions] (author name is a pseudonym for earl and otto binder) 	 april (v. no. ): "the shuttered house", by august derleth [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "the mannikin", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the wind from the river", by august derleth [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "the soul-eater", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "mcgovern's obsession", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the dream and the shadow", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 october (v. no. ): "which will scarcely be understood", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the secret of sebek", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "futility", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "fane of the black pharaoh", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "uneasy lie the drowned", by donald wandrei [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "fragment", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 february (v. no. ): "haunting columns", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the poets", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "dreadful sleep" (part of ), by jack williamson [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "the singer in the mist", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "the eyes of the mummy", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "dreadful sleep" (part of ), by jack williamson [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "pigeons from hell", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "dreadful sleep" (part of ), by jack williamson [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "the last hour", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 june (v. no. ): "from the beginning", by eando binder [permissions] (author name is a pseudonym for earl and otto binder) 	 june (v. no. ): "slave of the flames", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "return to the sabbath", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "ships", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "lines written in the realization that i must die", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "three gentlemen in black", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "a thunder of trumpets", by robert e. howard [permissions] and frank thurston torbett 	 november (v. no. ): "the hound of pedro", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "recompense", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "beetles", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 december (v. no. ): "the ghost kings", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "wax works", by robert bloch [permissions] (renewal record in cce gives title as 'wax works'; galactic central and isfdb give title as 'waxworks'. i have not examined the issue to see what title is shown there.) 	 february (v. no. ): "the king and the oak", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 february (v. no. ): "the drifting snow", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the return of hastur", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "desert dawn", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 april (v. no. ): "the red swimmer", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the dark isle", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "almuric" (part of ), by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 june-july (v. no. ): "giants of anarchy", by eando binder [permissions] (author name is a pseudonym for earl and otto binder) 	 june-july (v. no. ): "the hills of kandahar", by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 june-july (v. no. ): "almuric" (part of ), by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "almuric" (part of ), by robert e. howard [permissions] 	 august (v. no. ): "the totem pole", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "spawn of the maelstrom", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer (renewal record only mentions derleth, but galactic central and isfdb name schorer as a co-author.) 	 december (v. no. ): "mannikins of horror", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "twister", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 march (v. no. ): "bramwell's guardian", by august derleth [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "wine of the sabbat", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the sandwin compact", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the goddess of zion", by david h. keller 	 january (v. no. ): "house of the hatchet", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "come to me", by august derleth [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "beauty's beast", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "altimer's amulet", by august derleth [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the believers", by robert arthur 	 september (v. no. ): "beyond the threshold", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "a sorcerer runs for sheriff", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "compliments of spectro", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "death thumbs a ride", by robert arthur 	 january (v. no. ): "parasite mansion", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 january (v. no. ): "the phantom slayer", by fritz leiber [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "here, daemos", by august derleth [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "ghost for a night", by robert arthur 	 may (v. no. ): "masquerade", by henry kuttner [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "lansing's luxury", by august derleth [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the gun", by frank gruber 	 september (v. no. ): "a question of etiquette", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "nursemaid to nightmares", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the candle", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the eager dragon", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "mcelwin's glass", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "no light for uncle henry", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the book and the beast", by robert arthur 	 march (v. no. ): "a bottle of gin", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "a wig for miss devore", by august derleth [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the crowd", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the scythe", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "yours truly, jack the ripper", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "black barter", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "baynter's imp", by august derleth [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the ducker", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "a thin gentleman with gloves", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the sea shell", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the trail of cthulhu", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "reunion", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "iron mask", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the dear departed", by alice-mary schnirring 	 may (v. no. ): "the lake", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the beasts of barsac", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "there was an old woman", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "lady macbeth of pimley square", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "bang! you're dead", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the devil's ticket", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "pacific ", by august derleth [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the dweller in darkness", by august derleth [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "a gentleman from prague", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 november (v. no. ): "the jar", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the bat is my brother", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the inverness cape", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the poems", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "alannah", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 march (v. no. ): "the tombstone", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the man who cried 'wolf!'", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the watchers", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the lost day", by august derleth [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the watcher from the sky", by august derleth [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "one way to mars", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the dead man", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the skull of the marquis de sade", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the god-box", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "skeleton", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "mr. lupescu", by anthony boucher [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "mrs. lannisfree", by august derleth [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "soul proprietor", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "mr. bauer and the atoms", by fritz leiber [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "satan's phonograph", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "pikeman", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the bogey man will get you", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "dead man's shoes", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 march (v. no. ): "the traveller", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the smiling people", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "frozen fear", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the night", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the man who told the truth", by jim kjelgaard [permissions] and robert bloch [permissions] (story was credited to kjelgaard in the magazine, but copyright was renewed by bloch, with cce record saying bloch was using kjelgaard's name as a pseudonym.) 	 september (v. no. ): "enoch", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "alice and the allergy", by fritz leiber [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "let's play poison", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "a collector of stones", by august derleth [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "lizzie borden took an axe", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the extra passenger", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 january (v. no. ): "the handler", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "mr. george", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym. cce renewal record gives title as 'mister george'.) 	 march (v. no. ): "the terror in teakwood", by harold lawlor 	 march (v. no. ): "sweets to the sweet", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "mistress sary", by william tenn [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the black madonna", by harold lawlor 	 july (v. no. ): "the churchyard yew", by august derleth [permissions] (july 's issue number is the same as may 's.) 	 july (v. no. ): "parrington's pool", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym. july 's issue number is the same as may 's.) 	 july (v. no. ): "interim", by ray bradbury [permissions] (july 's issue number is the same as may 's.) 	 july (v. no. ): "the breeze and i", by mary elizabeth counselman (july 's issue number is the same as may 's.) 	 september (v. no. ): "the occupant of the crypt", by august derleth [permissions] and mark schorer 	 november (v. no. ): "the cheaters", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the ghost walk", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 november (v. no. ): "the lens", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 november (v. no. ): "portrait in moonlight", by carl jacobi [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "clair de lune", by seabury quinn [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "and give us yesterday", by seabury quinn [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the night train to lost valley", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 march (v. no. ): "something in wood", by august derleth [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the october game", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "saunder's little friend", by august derleth [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the black ferris", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "what beckoning ghost", by harold lawlor 	 july (v. no. ): "the isantsa in the parlor", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym. renewal record in cce gives title as 'the isantsa in the parlor'; galactic central and isfdb give title as 'the tsanta in the parlor'. i have not examined the issue to see what title is shown there.) 	 september (v. no. ): "the whippoorwills in the hills", by august derleth [permissions] (renewal record in cce gives title as 'the whippoorwill in the hills', but magazine cover gives title as 'the whippoorwills in the hills'.) 	 september (v. no. ): "fever dream", by ray bradbury [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "the indian spirit guide", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 november (v. no. ): "blessed are the meek", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 january (v. no. ): "the thirteenth floor", by frank gruber 	 january (v. no. ): "the great stone death", by john d. macdonald [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the sorcerer's apprentice", by robert bloch [permissions] (renewal record in cce gives title as 'the sorceror's apprentice'.) 	 january (v. no. ): "balu", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 january (v. no. ): "our fair city", by robert a. heinlein [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the testament of claiborne", by august derleth [permissions] (renewal record in cce gives title as 'the testament of claiborne'; galactic central and isfdb give title as 'the testament of claiborne boyd'. i have not examined the issue to see what title is shown there.) 	 may (v. no. ): "but not to dream", by john d. macdonald [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "kingsridge ", by august derleth [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the blue spectacles", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 july (v. no. ): "floral tribute", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "one foot and the grave", by theodore sturgeon [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the slayers and the slain", by august derleth [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "the shot tower ghost", by mary elizabeth counselman 	 november (v. no. ): "twilight play", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "the ormolu clock", by august derleth [permissions] 	 january (v. no. ): "in that same moment", by manly wade wellman [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "home to mother", by manly wade wellman [permissions] 	 march (v. no. ): "the corn dance", by margaret st. clair [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the last three ships", by margaret st. clair [permissions] 	 may (v. no. ): "the man on b- ", by stephen grendon [permissions] (author is august derleth writing under a pseudonym.) 	 july (v. no. ): "the weird tailor", by robert bloch [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "the closing door", by august derleth [permissions] 	 july (v. no. ): "mrs. hawk", by margaret st. clair [permissions] 	 september (v. no. ): "legal rites", by isaac asimov [permissions] and frederik pohl (using the name james maccreagh) [permissions] additional note this magazine occasionally included reprints (which are often noted in the contents databases we link to here). we have not systematically surveyed the copyright status of stories reprinted in this magazine. page information 	page responsibility:	john mark ockerbloom (ockerblo (at) pobox (dot) upenn (dot) edu) 	last updated:	january , 	machine-readable format:	json the preparers of this page do not represent the publishers or the rightsholders of this publication. to the best of their knowledge, the information in it is correct, and complete within any limits specified above. it may still have inadvertent errors and omissions, however; if you know of any, please contact the page maintainer shown above. this page is not legal advice. copyright registration and renewal records -- first periodical renewals -- deep backfile knowledge base edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) data on this copyright information page is cc . see obp copyrights and licenses. search results | the online books page the online books page search results you requested books by authors with the words "proust", and with titles with the words "guermantes way". (exclude extended shelves) 	 proust, marcel, - : the guermantes way (original french published ; english translation published ), trans. by c. k. scott-moncrieff (text at gutenberg australia) item was found. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing additional items in the extended shelves: 	 proust, marcel, - : the guermantes way, (london, chatto & windus, ), trans. by c. k. scott-moncrieff (page images at hathitrust; us access only) 	 proust, marcel, - : the guermantes way, (new york, t. seltzer, ), also by c. k. scott-moncrieff (page images at hathitrust) 	 proust, marcel, - : the guermantes way / (new york : modern library, c ), also by c. k. scott-moncrieff (page images at hathitrust) items were found. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing home -- search -- new listings -- authors -- titles -- subjects -- serials books -- news -- features -- archives -- the inside story edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) obp copyrights and licenses. sunday am reads - the big picture 	 		 			 		 	 	home 	invest with barry 	speaking 	contact 	mib podcast 	 		 			 						 			 	 	 		 		 		 sunday am reads		 		 			 july , : am by 			 barry ritholtz		 		 		 		 avert your eyes! my sunday morning look at incompetency, corruption and policy failures: • an american kingdom: a new and rapidly growing christian movement is openly political, wants a nation under god’s authority, and is central to donald trump’s gop (washington post) • return scams jump as fraudsters exploit e-commerce boom amazon, walmart and others are targets of ‘item not received’ fraud, which surged during pandemic (wall street journal) • the struggle to make health apps truly private why privacy and patient advocates are worried that substance use disorder apps aren’t keeping data private. (vox) • how did the sacklers pull this off? this is what billionaire justice looks like though they are widely reviled for profiting from a public health crisis that has resulted in the death of half a million americans, they have used their money and influence to play our system like a harp. it is hardly news that our society treats people like mr. washington with sledgehammer vengeance and people like the sacklers with velvet gloves. (new york times) • ‘i alone can fix it’ book excerpt: inside trump’s election day and the birth of the ‘big lie’ at the end of a tumultuous day, the defiant president refused to accept the signs that he was losing the white house contest to joe biden. “i won in a landslide and they’re taking it back,” trump told advisers. (washington post) • inside the weird, thriving world of fake vaccine cards for $ , a scammer will even promise to get your info into an official database. (slate) • what the hell happened to the claremont institute? how the once-distinguished conservative think tank plunged into trumpism, illiberalism, and lying about the election. (the bulwark) • the persecution of hervis rogers it is a stark example of how texas prosecutors and judges can abuse the bail system: there are , people behind bars in texas jails. three out of four have not been convicted of a crime. instead, they are incarcerated because they cannot afford bail. (popular information) • the moral collapse of j. d. vance: instead of a truth-teller in his own community, vance as a candidate has become a contemptible and cringe-inducing clown. (the atlantic) • tucker carlson’s manufactured america: the fox host has a new daytime show, and he’s using it to poison the meaning of patriotism. (the atlantic) see also how tucker carlson became the voice of white grievance (washington post) be sure to check out our masters in business interview this weekend with matt ishbia, ceo of united wholesale mortgage. uwm is the number wholesale lender and the number overall mortgage lender in the nation. the firm went public in the biggest spac ever (uwmc)  this year. ishbia is also the author of “running the corporate offense: lessons in effective leadership from the bench to the boardroom.”   the anatomy of a ransomware attack source: washington post   sign up for our reads-only mailing list here. ~~~ to learn how these reads are assembled each day, please see this.   		 		 			 				 spread the wealth. 				 			 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 twitter 			 	 			 			 			 	 			 	 			 	 facebook 			 	 			 		 		 	 		 	 		 	 linkedin 		 	 		 		 		 		 								 				 		 		 read this next. 	january , narrative or data? yes. 	september , las vegas linkfest: week-in-review 	may , thursday am reads 			 			 		 		 posted under 	links 		 		 				 	 			 		previous post 			 		mib: mat ishbia, united wholesale mortgage’s ceo			 	 			 			 			 	 			 		next post 			 		facebook/biden			 	 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 	 			 				 			 	 			 		about barry ritholtz 	 		  barry l. ritholtz is co-founder, chairman, and chief investment officer of ritholtz wealth management llc. his career's focus... 	 		read more 	 	 	 		 				 	say hello 			 		 			 		 		 			 		 		 		 			 		 		 			 		 		 		 			 		 		 			 		 		 		 		 	 	 				disclosures privacy policy terms and conditions 		 	masters in business 			 listen to my podcast on itunes 		 	bloomberg opinion 			 see my bloomberg opinion posts 		 	the washington post 			 read my washington posts columns 		 	sign up for my newsletter get subscriber-only insights and news delivered by barry every two weeks. leave this field empty if you're human: 	quote of the day a truly rich man is one whose children run into his arms when his hands are empty. unknown 	 	search for: 	 	 	 	 	categories categoriesselect category (k)  ( ) active management  ( ) alternatives/pe/hedge funds  ( ) analysts  ( ) apprenticed investor  ( ) asset allocation  ( ) bad math  ( ) bailout nation  ( ) bailouts  ( ) behavioral finance/psychology  ( , ) blog spotlight  ( ) bloomberg view  ( ) bonds/interest rates  ( ) books  ( ) bubbles  ( ) climate change  ( ) cognitive foibles  ( ) commodities  ( ) company specific  ( ) consumer spending  ( ) contrary indicators  ( ) credit  ( ) crony capitalists  ( ) currency  ( ) current affairs  ( ) cycles  ( ) data analysis  ( , ) derivatives  ( ) digital media  ( ) dividends  ( ) earnings  ( ) employment  ( ) energy  ( ) esg  ( ) etfs  ( ) favorite  ( ) federal reserve  ( ) film  ( ) food and drink  ( ) friday night jazz  ( ) gold & precious metals  ( ) humor  ( ) index/etfs  ( ) inflation  ( ) information theory  ( ) intellectual property  ( ) investing  ( , ) ipos  ( ) legal  ( ) links  ( , ) m&a  ( ) macro/econ  ( , ) market history  ( , ) mathematics  ( ) media  ( ) mib  ( ) music  ( ) mutual funds  ( ) options  ( ) pension funds  ( ) personal finance  ( , ) philanthropy  ( ) philosophy  ( ) podcast  ( ) politics  ( , ) quantitative  ( ) r&d  ( ) real estate  ( ) really, really bad calls  ( ) regulation  ( ) research  ( ) retail  ( ) rr&a  ( ) rules  ( ) rwm  ( ) science  ( ) sentiment  ( ) short selling  ( ) sports  ( ) succinct summation  ( ) taxes and policy  ( ) technical analysis  ( ) technology  ( ) television  ( ) think tank  ( , ) transports  ( ) travel  ( ) uncategorized  ( ) unguru  ( ) unscience  ( ) valuation  ( ) venture capital  ( ) video  ( , ) wages & income  ( ) war/defense  ( ) washington post  ( ) wealth management  ( ) web/tech  ( ) weblogs  ( ) weekend  ( ) writing  ( ) 			 	bailout nation 			 how greed and easy money corrupted wall street and shook the world economy learn more... 	 		 	archives 		archives 		select month august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) november  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) august  ( ) april  ( ) july  ( ) 			 		about the big picture 	faq 	what the press says 	legal disclosures 	advertising disclosures © the big picture 	 	 	 sign up for my newsletter get subscriber-only insights and news delivered by barry every two weeks. 		 			 				 			 			 				subscribe 			 		 agatha christie mysteries still raking in cash years later - marketplace 	 	 		 	 	 	skip to content 	 		 		 		 listen 	shows 	marketplace 	marketplace morning report 	marketplace tech 	make me smart with kai and molly 	this is uncomfortable 	million bazillion 	the uncertain hour 	marketplace minute® 	corner office from marketplace 	shows 	marketplace 	marketplace morning report 	marketplace tech 	make me smart with kai and molly 	this is uncomfortable 	million bazillion 	the uncertain hour 	marketplace minute® 	corner office from marketplace 	facebook 	twitter 	instagram 	youtube donate search menu menu search explore 	latest stories 	our shows 	collections 	smart speaker skills 	music 	find your local station company 	about marketplace 	faqs 	submissions 	staff 	careers support us 	individuals 	corporate sponsorship 	foundations 	shop follow us 	facebook 	twitter 	instagram 	youtube newsletters talk to us 		 		 		 			 		 		million bazillionback to businessi've always wondered ...econ extra credit with david brancacciomake me smart daily 		 			 your browser does not support the audio format. loading... more from this show : / : % played 		 		 		 		 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 agatha christie mysteries are still raking in the cash a century on stephen beard sep , heard on: listen now share now on: 		facebook 	twitter 	linkedin 	email 	 	 	 	https://www.marketplace.org/ / / /agatha-christie-mysteries-still-raking-the-cash- -years-later/ 	copy the link 	 	 	 	 html embed: 	 	 		 		copy 	 	 british mystery author agatha christie autographing french editions of her books, circa . hulton archive/getty images agatha christie mysteries are still raking in the cash a century on stephen beard sep , heard on: british mystery author agatha christie autographing french editions of her books, circa . hulton archive/getty images listen now share now on: 		facebook 	twitter 	linkedin 	email 	 	 	 	https://www.marketplace.org/ / / /agatha-christie-mysteries-still-raking-the-cash- -years-later/ 	copy the link 	 	 	 	 html embed: 	 	 		 		copy 	 	 			 				 					 						 							 								 									 sign up for the daily marketplace newsletter to make sense of the most important business and economic news. email address * subscribe 									 	 	 			 	 a century after her first novel “the mysterious affair at styles” appeared in print, the agatha christie industry is still going strong. according to the guinness book of world records, christie remains the best-selling fiction writer of all time, with total global sales exceeding billion books in more than languages. her murder mystery play “the mousetrap” holds the record for the longest-running stage production in the world, and the feature films and tv adaptations of her work continue to multiply. all this from the pen of a writer whose style is dismissed by some literary critics as “wooden” and “formulaic,” and whose lasting appeal is belittled by some as “truly mysterious.”   agatha christie’s holiday home. (courtesy national trust) agatha christie fans shrug off such criticism. apart from buying her books — and they bought more than million of them in the english-speaking world last year — the most devoted fans pay homage to their heroine by making the trek to the southwestern county of devon to visit what was the writer’s rural retreat for the last  years of her life. greenway house, a sprawling georgian mansion on a steep, wooded hillside overlooking the river dart, is now owned and run by the national trust, a charity that looks after places of natural beauty and of historic and cultural interest. belinda smith of the national trust at greenway. (courtesy mimisse beard) “agatha didn’t actually write at greenway, but it was the inspiration and the setting for some of her most famous books like ‘the abc murders’ and ‘five little pigs,'” said belinda smith, visitor experience manager at the property. “the murder scene in ‘dead man’s folly’ is the boathouse at greenway, which people have a chance to visit today,” smith said. “it’s on the banks of the dart; it’s part of the greenway estate. so you can meander your way through the gardens and come down to the boathouse and see where the body was found.” last year, more than , people from all over the world came to greenway on a sort of literary pilgrimage. “we have real avid agatha christie fans who are delighted to come to her holiday home, sit where she sat and imagine themselves having dinner with agatha, picnicking on the lawn with agatha or walking the dog with agatha,” smith said.   if she were alive today, agatha would probably be horrified. the writer hated being the center of attention, as she proved in a sound recording of a dinner held in her honor in to celebrate the th anniversary of “the mousetrap.” “this is awful!” christie declared, clearly writhing with embarrassment. “i never have been any good at making speeches.”      the queen of crime who shot, stabbed, poisoned, strangled and electrocuted her fictional victims was shy, unassuming and sweet natured — and apparently mystified by her theatrical success. “sometimes i can hardly believe it’s me,” she stammered. “it’s not the sort of thing that would happen to me. if i was writing a book, it would not be a person like me that had written a play that had run for years.”  she’d be even more mystified today. “the mousetrap” ran in london for years until covid- interrupted it earlier this year. it’s due to reopen next month. her novels, most of which feature the eccentric detective hercule poirot or the amateur and elderly miss marple, have done even better with total sales in the billions and with more than , translations of her work. tony medawar, organizer of the annual international agatha christie festival (online this year due to the pandemic), said christie’s enduring appeal isn’t hard to fathom. “people still enjoy the way christie winds the clues in and out of the narrative and plays tricks on the reader, which work on screen stage and on paper,” medawar said. “also, she writes in an incredibly accessible way. i’ve met people from all around the world who were taught english and learned english by reading agatha christie.” medawar has little time for critics who disparage her prose. tony medawar, organizer of the international agatha christie festival. (courtesy mimisse beard) “i think the only response that one can make to criticism of a great writer whether it’s enid blyton, j.k. rowling, agatha christie or dan brown is to point to the sales figures,” he said. he might also point to the movies and other adaptations. a remake of “death on the nile” — the latest of more than agatha christie feature films —  is due out in december. it follows the remake of “murder on the orient express,” which grossed over $ million.   and there has been more activity on the book front.   agatha christie ltd., which owns the copyright on much of the christie canon and carefully guards the author’s image, commissioned british author sophie hannah to write some more poirot novels. hannah seems well qualified for the task: she was already a best-selling crime writer; course director for the university of cambridge’s crime and thriller writing master’s degree program; and founder of the dream author coaching program for writers. but she clinched the poirot job by correctly answering this question: “would you want to change anything about poirot and bring him into the st century?”   “i said, ‘goodness me, no!’” protested hannah. “i hated the idea of bringing him into st century where he’d be able to google all the suspects and look at their twitter profiles. i thought that would be terrible.”    hannah’s fourth poirot novel, “the killings at kingfisher hill,” was out in the u.s. in september. the publisher harper collins won’t say how well her other three forays into christie-land have done, but sophie says that while her own crime fiction has made her a wealthy woman, the poirot books have made her “richer.” and commissioning these so-called “continuation novels” seems to have been good for the agatha christie company, too. “the sales of her novels have massively increased since there started to be new poirot novels because people have just been reminded that she’s still a going concern rather than something from the past,” hannah said. sophie hannah, writer of four poirot “continuation” novels. (stephen beard/marketplace) like the queen of crime herself, the agatha christie company prefers to keep a low profile, refusing to answer marketplace’s questions about revenues. but a swift bit of sleuthing reveals that the company earned $ million in royalties in the latest year it reported. quite a killing! who dunnit? agatha. that’s who. 	 	stories you might like 	 	 					 					 	what’s it like publishing your first book in a pandemic? 	 	 					 					 	one-time novelists who left their mark 	 	 					 					 	how do books get adapted into movies? 	 	 					 					 	everybody falls in love: diversity in the romance industry 	 	 					 					 	kids’ publishing phenomenon beverly cleary turns 	 	 					 					 	toni morrison’s impact on the publishing industry 	 	 	 	 																			we’re here to help you navigate this changed world and economy. our mission at marketplace is to raise the economic intelligence of the country. it’s a tough task, but it’s never been more important. in the past year, we’ve seen record unemployment, stimulus bills, and reddit users influencing the stock market. marketplace helps you understand it all, will fact-based, approachable, and unbiased reporting. generous support from listeners and readers is what powers our nonprofit news—and your donation today will help provide this essential service. for just $ /month, you can sustain independent journalism that keeps you and thousands of others informed. 								 							 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 						 							 								 								also included in 								 							 							 									 										tags in this story 	agatha christie 	crime novels 	death on the nile 	publishing 										 									 							 							 								 																				 										share this story 											 													 														 														 													 												 	 												 													 													 												 											 	 												 													 													 												 											 									 								 							 						 					 				 			 			 		 						 read more major league baseball hopes a real-life "field of dreams" will bring back fans read more covid changes prompt dating apps to adapt read more infrastructure bill could boost ev charging stations, but who's in charge of the stations? read more retailers’ excess inventory fuels record donations to back-to-school events 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 		 invest in marketplace 	about 	contact us 	faqs 	staff 	careers 	support marketplace 	for individuals 	for foundations 	for corporate sponsors 	facebook 	twitter 	instagram 	youtube subscribe to marketplace newsletters: newsletters talk to us invest in marketplace find your local station © minnesota public radio. all rights reserved. marketplace is a division of mpr's (c)( ). ein: - privacy policy terms of use 	 	 	 eff sues nsa over hoarding of zero days – naked security 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 	 	skip to content 	 	 		 			 				 					 					by 					 				 			 			 				 						products 	free tools 	search 	free sophos home 				 			 			 	 				 				go 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 										xg firewall 	 	next-gen firewall 									 	 	 	 	 	 										intercept x 	 	next-gen endpoint 									 	 	 	 	 	 	 									sophos cloud optix 								 	 	 sophos central 	 	 	 sophos mobile 	 	 	 intercept x for server 	 	 	 secure wi-fi 	 	 	 phish threat 	 	 	 safeguard encryption 	 	 	 secure email 	 	 	 sg utm 	 	 	 secure web gateway 	 	 	 	 						 						for home users 	 sophos home protects every mac and pc in your home learn more 					 	 	 	 	 free security tools 	 	 	 free trials 	 	 	 product demos 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		have you listened to our podcast? listen now 	 	 	 	 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 		 	 		eff sues nsa over hoarding of zero days 		 			 				 	 		 jul 	 					 					 				 					 	 	data loss, law & order, privacy, security threats, vulnerability	 			 	 			 								 		 		 		post navigation 		 			previous: did facebook’s emotion experiment break the law? ico probes next: microsoft takes down no-ip dns domains in cybercrime fight – right or wrong? [poll] 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				 	 					by 			lisa vaas		 	 				 			 				 		 	 	 	 				 		 		the zero-day business is booming, with the us’s national security agency (nsa) being one of the most eager buyers, as the new york times reported last july. wouldn’t it be nice to know just how, exactly, the spy agency determines when to let vendors, and the vulnerable users of their products, know about new flaws? wouldn’t it be nice to know how long the nsa silently sits on those zero days, leaving businesses and individuals with their bellies exposed, as it exploits vulnerabilities for spying purposes? the electronic frontier foundation (eff) has stepped up to help find answers to those questions. on tuesday, the eff filed a freedom of information act (foia) lawsuit against the nsa and the office of the director of national intelligence (odni) to access documents showing how intelligence agencies choose whether to disclose zero days. in april , bloomberg news published a story alleging that the nsa had secretly exploited the heartbleed bug in the openssl cryptographic library for at least two years before the public learned of the devastating vulnerability. the white house strongly denied the allegations, claiming that the government has a “bias” toward responsible bug disclosure and that it had developed a new “vulnerability equities process” for deciding when to share vulnerabilities with companies and the public. that process dictates that, unless there’s a “clear national security or law enforcement need”, the process is biased toward responsibly disclosing vulnerabilities. the white house said that the process is based on “principles to guide agency decision-making” including “a disciplined, rigorous and high-level decision-making process for vulnerability disclosure.” the public hasn’t been told what those principles are. the eff filed a foia request for records related to the processes on may. as yet, there haven’t been any documents forthcoming, despite odni having agreed to expedite the request, the eff says. the digital privacy rights group on monday filed a foia complaint for injunctive relief. after all, eff global policy analyst eva galperin said, as intelligence agencies eschew responsible disclosure to milk zero days so as to infiltrate targeted computers or devices, the public languishes, unprotected from identity thieves and other governments that might also be aware of – and exploit – unpatched vulnerabilities. since these vulnerabilities potentially affect the security of users all over the world, the public has a strong interest in knowing how these agencies are weighing the risks and benefits of using zero days instead of disclosing them to vendors. 			 		 			 			follow @nakedsecurity on twitter for the latest computer security news. 		 	 			 			follow @nakedsecurity on instagram for exclusive pics, gifs, vids and lols! 		 		 			free tools 	 		 			 			 				sophos home			 			 				protect personal pcs and macs			 		 	 	 		 			 			 				hitman pro			 			 				find and remove malware			 		 	 	 		 			 			 				intercept x for mobile			 			 				protect android devices			 		 	 		 			 		post navigation 		 			previous: did facebook’s emotion experiment break the law? ico probes next: microsoft takes down no-ip dns domains in cybercrime fight – right or wrong? [poll] 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 			 			 			 comments on “eff sues nsa over hoarding of zero days”		 			 			 				 					 												daniellynet says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					i wonder when i’ll hear something good about the nsa. every time i hear about them it just makes me hate them more. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												moat says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					same. i think it’s safe to assume most accusations of the nsa are true until proven false. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												clemens says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					holding back the zero is only a benefit if it is sure that there is no bad guy already knowing it or not capable of detecting&exploiting it before intended disclosure. if the agency keeps the secret door open for the earlier-than-zero, i.e. minus-one guy, then the potential harm for the national and international security can be disastrous. how can you be sure that there is no minus-one exploit? just because the agency has almost unlimited resources and lots of smart experts?? this kind of arrogance would be a big step towards non-security. imho the how of “weighing the risks and benefits” is not important. knowing the how will only reveal the degree of overestimation of the agencies own capablities. no matter how, a responsible result of weighing unknown risks with potential black swan impacts can only be immediate responsible disclosure. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												andrew says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					time the nsa was held accountable for the actions taken. spying is not the way to gain confidence in any security service that puts businesses into an unsafe state. there are enough breaches of security online without the nsa creating more security holes in anyone system just for spying. despite all of this security online is constantly shouted out to all. so stop the exploitation nsa . hope congress terminate all your funding with the view of shutting you down permanently. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												noroimusha says:					 					 						july , at : am					 									 				 					you don’t think they will have damning evidence/leverage to bend the decision makers’ arms in the last minute. this theatrical act of dragging them through the mud and cutting some funding is just a facade. it is orchestrated so “joe public”‘s mind will be at ease that justice has been served. they might even destroy the nsa and build something more secretive in the background. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												ben says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					i think it’s pretty easy to see how this is an advantage to national security. if we are just referring to “zero-day” knowledge, then the risk includes the timespan that it takes others find that same knowledge, if they even do. i would imagine that their “vulnerability equities process” involves weighing both sides of the issue to determine if the greater good is exposing the information or exploiting it: both of which involve national security. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												gavin says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					most likely, the nsa gains its collection of zero-days in a couple of different ways — from its own security researchers, and by purchasing vulnerabilities from vendors such as vupen. in both cases, a significant pile of us taxpayers’ money is being spent to ensure that we all remain vulnerable in ways that the nsa wants to know about. for people like me this is particularly ironic. i am employed as an information security professional by a private company in the us. thus i’m paying taxes to undermine myself. genius! g 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												jim says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					the nsa’s mission is “the national security agency/central security service (nsa/css) leads the u.s. government in cryptology that encompasses both signals intelligence (sigint) and information assurance (ia) products and services, and enables computer network operations (cno) in order to gain a decision advantage for the nation and our allies under all circumstances.” (source: nsa.gov) i don’t see anything in there about protecting private enterprise or citizens. their mission is to “gain … advantage for the nation and our allies ….” while it may be unpopular, until congress changes their reason for existence, they have no obligation to divulge zero-days. in fact, they have an obligation to exploit them “for the nation and its allies”. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												steve says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					you are sadly misguided, deeply confused or simply a willing tool of the government. you equate “nation” with government, but in the usa, the nation is “we the people”… its citizens and the enterprises they individually or collectively own. 				 				reply 			 			 			 				 					 												jim says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					neither misguided nor confused. but, willing tool? yes: i used to be a member of infragard, the fbi’s public/private org. whose mission was to improve security in critical private infrastructure. i would be a willing tool again in a heartbeat if the situation warranted it (i.e. if i worked for an infrastructure company again). security is everybody’s job, and i’ll happily help that any way i can. but, i think you missed my point: exposing zero-days is simply not in the nsa’ mission. it doesn’t matter if it’s right or wrong; it’s simply not their job. it is part of the fbi’s job, though. and to a degree, the cia’s. but, the nsa and the military? no. their obligation is to protect and give advantage to the nation and allies. if we don’t like that mission, we should encourage congress to change it. 				 				reply 			 		 	 			 				 					 												jack wilborn says:					 					 						july , at : pm					 									 				 					shutting down the nsa won’t happen, in my life time. but it is a correct appraisal of the problem that others probably know about these bugs also and sitting on them is detrimental to our nation. all of these types of agencies, know about each other and all spy on enemy as well as friends. that information gives many ‘friends’ the ability to know what may transpire before meetings an other type of communications. you could see how well it went over that they were spying on the brits. the only way to slow this to a stop is releasing information from top officials that thought they were ‘above’ this type of breach. such as senators or congressional members, judges and so forth. when these become public information, you will see an immediate change. jack 				 				reply 			 		 		 	 	 		 		what do you think? cancel reply comment name email website 	 	 		 					 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		recommended reads 	 		 	 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				jun 			 			 			by 		paul ducklin	 	 			 				 			 		 		s ep : clop busts, destructive linux hacking, and rooted bicycles [podcast] 	 	 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				jul 			 			 			by 		paul ducklin	 	 			 				 			 		 		printnightmare official patch is out – update now! 	 	 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 			 				jul 			 			 			by 		paul ducklin	 	 			 				 			 		 		s ep : crashing iphones, printnightmares, and code red memories [podcast] 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 						about naked security 	about sophos 	send us a tip 	cookies 	privacy 	legal 				 										 								intercept x 	intercept x for server 	intercept x for mobile 						 											 								xg firewall 	sophos email 	sophos wireless 						 											 								managed threat response 	cloud optix 	phish threat 						 								 				 	 	 	 	 							 					© - sophos ltd. 					all rights reserved. 					powered by wordpress vip				 					 		 	 truth is in the network – project information literacy 	 	 		skip to content 		 		 			 			 				 	 	project information literacy 	 	 	 		 	 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 			what is pil? 	about 	publications 	smart talk interviews 	videos 	practical pil 	 	 	 		truth is in the network 	 		 	 		 			 	 	 	 mike caulfield’s twitter profile states he is “radically rethinking how information literacy is taught.” he has had a lot of experience doing just that since he first designed educational games, created educational wikis, and co-founded a , -member online community, blue hampshire. he took his interests in civic media to positions as an instructional designer at keene state college and as the director for the opencourseware consortium at mit before becoming a national figure in promoting a practical and effective approach to digital literacy.  currently, mike is the director of blended and networked learning at washington state university vancouver, and directs the digital polarization initiative (digipo), a cross-institutional initiative to improve civic discourse by developing web literacy skills in college undergraduates as part of the american democracy project. digipo has reached thousands of students through mike’s collaboration with both faculty in its formal nine-school, + sections institutional pilot and through the use of its materials at dozens of other institutions. we caught up with mike in may to ask about his approach to learning web literacy, why it matters, and why we should help students use his heuristic for making good decisions in an era when information is abundant and attention is scarce. (interview posted: may , ) pil: there have been countless initiatives launched since to address the “fake news crisis.” in a recent interview with the leading lines podcast, you talked about the problems with checklist approaches for evaluating sources. your “four moves and a habit” heuristic focuses more on understanding that “the truth is in the network.” how does practicing these moves change how students think about information? how are you adapting the courses to new developments like video fakes?  mike: let’s start with the first question. most approaches out there push students to interrogate the thing in front of them by looking deeply at it. in conversations i’ve had with researcher sam wineburg he’s talked about these as “recognition heuristics”—does this look like misinformation? this is a flawed approach on at least three levels. first, when there are only one or two things you need to pay attention to then recognition strategies are useful. but these strategies in use, whether “critical thinking” approaches or library “checklist” approaches, ask students to weigh dozens of different criteria. and that produces what i call the “sleazy car salesperson” effect. you know when you go in to buy a car and you just want automatic braking, a rear camera, and satellite radio? what happens? well, they’ve got a car that has all three, but it’s also the luxury sedan and it’s $ , more. you do get seat warmers and remote start, which are worth x hundred dollars, and the new side collision detection that’s at least $ , as an after-market addition. or you can get this other car that has two features but not the third, and if you add on the aftermarket cost it’s less expensive than the luxury car, but you don’t get that side collision detection, etc., etc. and…well, it’s exhausting even to read that, right? car dealers set up the cars on the lot this way intentionally, so that you can never weigh a couple factors in isolation, which leads to us being cognitively overwhelmed and making bad decisions. the effects of this sort of criteria overload are well-documented, going back decades (see for example, schwarz’s paradox of choice). yet methodologies like craap set up processes in the same way. so on our pre-assessment, for example, we have students evaluate a statistical claim about firearm background checks. the sort of response we see repeatedly is, “well, it’s a .org so it’s likely to be trustworthy, but it has an ad on the page so maybe not.” it’s this is “car lot” cognition. there’s a tidal wave of conflicting signals so in the end we throw up our hands and say, “who can know?” so that’s thing one—these other approaches address the problem of cognitive overload by giving students techniques that increase cognitive overload rather than reduce it. students then glom on to the most salient signals and end up, in many cases, making worse decisions than if we had taught them nothing at all. the second way this fails is all the signals students are taught to look for are easily counterfeited or outright wrong. that answer above is also an example of that. at some point the student was taught—actually taught by someone—that “.org’s are more trustworthy than .com’s” and pages that have ads (e.g., the new york times, wall street journal, and cnn) are less trustworthy than those that don’t (such as the nazi site stormfront.org). and this failure isn’t hypothetical, we see this throughout our pre-assessments. but even where the signals are a bit more correlated they lead students astray. so one thing students have been taught in the past is to look for markers of professionalism. one of our prompts is from a conspiracy site that presents itself as a news site. and so what the students say is, “well, there’s no typographical errors and it’s well written with a professional layout, it must be a news site because it looks like a news site.” we also have used the sheg coal video prompt in the past. this is a video produced by a coal industry group about the benefits of coal. but the students never even notice or comment on that—what they say is, “look, it has statistics and it’s very professional.” others say they don’t trust it, and you’re excited to see that until you read the reason: “they are appealing to emotion and the graphics don’t look professional to me.” look through a list of the markers that students are currently taught and just ask the question, “how expensive is it for someone to fake?” it’s very easy for someone to set up a nice looking site and use spell-check. it’s easy for someone to use deceptive language on an “about” page. the third level where this fails is when you ask students to engage deeply with disinformation on a regular basis you are likely harming students. this is probably more complex a point than i can make here, but there’s a lot of evidence backing this up. if something is disinformation, you want to stop reading it as soon as possible, not give it more attention. so what’s different with our approach? well, our four moves—which we now refer to by the acronym sift—move students from a recognition heuristic to networked reputation heuristics, and from thinking about to doing. the moves are: 	(s)top. 	(i)nvestigate the source. 	(f)ind better coverage. 	(t)race claims, quotes, and media to the original context. initially you might think that these just get us back to the car lot cognition problem. for example, investigate the source asks students to do a quick wikipedia or google news search to get information about the source they are looking at. but the point is not an hour long investigation. the point is to quickly see if what this source is surprises you. that’s actually a really simple rule of thumb— “i thought this ‘cancer clinic’ was a hospital, but it turns out it’s run by someone known as the ‘cancer quack’ using methods that got their originator convicted of manslaughter, maybe my initial impression wasn’t all that sound.” people are lousy at figuring out what signal on a page to pay attention to out of three dozen, but they are pretty good at recognizing things that surprise them. and that surprise can be a powerful key as to what to pay attention to. i won’t go into all the moves here, but we’ve been happy to find that the moves have been surprisingly good at dealing with new trends in the disinformation space. so, for example, with either deep fakes or shallow fakes, the “t”—trace claims, quotes, and media to the original context—turns out to be the best way to deal with a “shallow fake” like the recent pelosi video. you know it’s altered because when you look at the original video it doesn’t look like that. similarly, “find other coverage” encourages students to just ignore the video that reached them and do a google news search to see what the news consensus is on the video—in this case, that second search quickly alerts you to the fact it is altered. none of this replaces the work you have to do afterwards. but it’s the important sifting and contextualization you have to do before deeper engagement. pil: during the project information literacy news study, we found slightly more than half of the nearly , students surveyed weren’t confident they could tell fake news from reliable reporting, and more than a third said they doubted the credibility of all news. you’ve written about the importance of learning where to put your trust. what’s the best way to approach teaching trust when so much schooling focuses on being critical of sources, and a significant percentage of americans are convinced mainstream news is by definition “fake”?  mike: i’m incredibly glad you asked me this question, because i’ve seen two presentations of this in the media and both drive me a bit batty. the first is “media literacy” makes people more cynical. well, fine, but what exactly is “media literacy”? this isn’t how we talk about things in education. it’s like saying, “history makes people more racist,” or, “sociology makes people more tolerant.” sure, maybe—but what method of teaching it produces those results? are there methods out there that do better or worse with this? the object of study when we look at education isn’t disciplines or learning goals, but those things taken together with specific methods of teaching them. on the other hand, people often defend certain approaches to media literacy by stressing how the learning goals of this or that approach address concerns about cynicism. and that seems to me less misguided, but it still misses the mark. because what we see in our pre-assessments is what people thought they taught students and what students learned are two very different things. goals are not enough. as far as trust, we’ve found that our approach increases trust in trustworthy prompts, and decreases or maintains a low level of trust in untrustworthy prompts. the reasons for that are partially course design (we make sure that we train students on at least as many true prompts as false prompts), but the biggest reason is we encourage students to limit their investigation to the depth required for their purpose. we don’t have students look for photoshopping on images, but some of what we’ve seen there applies here, at least as an analogue. imagine we give two people a photograph and ask them to verify if it is real. but we give one person seconds and one person minutes. who is more likely to say it is fake, even if it isn’t? it’s the person that is given a long time with it. why? because all the stuff that makes it look credible is discovered pretty early on, but as you look at it intensely over minutes there’s a lot of stuff there that just doesn’t seem right. not slam dunk wrong, mind you, but dubious. again, this is “car lot” cognition. you get overwhelmed by all sorts of details and you can’t correctly weight them. stare at anything long and hard enough and it will look fake. the web works like this, too. people complain about google, but the truth is it’s good enough where, in general, you find credible stuff fairly early on. “hey, this is a major newspaper, founded in . they won awards for reporting. they are highly cited.” if you just want to know, “did this thing reported likely happen or not?” at a decent confidence level that’s maybe enough for your purpose. but dig deeper—here’s something they got wrong last year. one of their reporters was fired for sexual harassment. here’s an article from a blog saying that they are soros-funded. here’s an article saying that soros charge is false. here’s something weird about chinese interests in the paper. it’s not that the above stuff is unimportant. one can advance a very credible claim that a culture of sexual harassment and unfair reporting on female political candidates go hand in hand. foreign interest in u.s. media ownership is something to keep an eye on. but bit by bit a simple question a citizen has about whether they can trust well-sourced reporting on whether arctic ice is disappearing turns into cognitive overload. and the usual response to that is cynicism. there’s too many data points, etc. even worse, the least relevant and most dubious data points are the ones found last, so due to the recency effect, fringe stuff looms larger than your initial finding that this is a well-known national newspaper or a respected arctic research center. if you want to reduce the media cynicism you have to reduce the overload. that’s hard for academics to grapple with sometimes, since we want to think of every question as a master’s thesis waiting to happen. but you start with the environment students will be applying the skills in, then you provide techniques suited to that environment. if you provide techniques ill-suited to that environment the students will either fall back on dis-empowered cynicism, or choose an alternative heuristic like “both sides” or “non-profit equals good, for-profit equals bad.” everything we know about human behavior says that students will fall back on a rule of thumb, one way or another. it’s just a question of what rule of thumb they adopt. pil: tell us about the digital polarization initiative. in the leading lines interview you noted that students not only scored better on the post class assessment, but that they completed the work faster. do you see a way to scale up this approach? are there plans for checking back to assess long-term effects? mike: so yeah, let’s talk about the good stuff. educational interventions have been tested with successful results. we ran a high-fidelity one at my school where we doubled student accuracy on prompts in about four hours of instruction plus some online homework. those numbers are actually better than they seem, because when we looked at why students got it right we found that a lot of students were rating things as trustworthy or dubious on the pre-assessment based on emotion or meaningless things like whether something was a .org or .com. on the pre-test their trust often looks like, “there’s a lot of ads, so likely fake,” or, “it’s believable. there are many terrible things in the world” (an actual quote). on the post-test they’re saying things like, “the group is an advocacy group from the left wing so it can be a little biased. however, the polls are from public policy polling which seems to be a legit organization.” not all students get to that point, but the majority move in that direction. we are still finalizing our report, but we did have an independent study of its effectiveness at one of our campuses (cuny staten island). in that instance, researchers patricia brooks and jessica brodsky found that the intervention increased use of lateral strategies from . across four prompts to . across four prompts, with % of students showing gains. this was against a control using a traditional media literacy curriculum where only % of students showed gains and there was actually a slight decrease in average number of prompts where the students applied lateral reading strategies. can it scale? importantly, the cuny staten island test did use our online materials but the in-class instructors were only lightly trained in the methods. cuny staten island is putting together a test of the online materials alone, to see if they can have an impact. if we see a significant fraction of the impact we saw more generally with the online materials in isolation i have a high degree of confidence that we can scale this by having the online materials work the skills and the teachers work on the dispositional aspects. we also have a project—the check, please! project, funded by rti international and the rita allen foundation—that allows people to make short tutorials on how to do this that they can share. so part of scaling is also helping our students educate others, and projects like check, please! are making that possible. we would love to check back for long term effects, but currently we haven’t. we did do the testing three to four weeks after the intervention to provide for some skills decay, so we know that the skills persist at least that long. pil: you mentioned on twitter in april ( ) that there’s no natural disciplinary home for learning web literacy. while librarians claim some ownership of web literacy in their instructional work, their access to students is largely dependent on faculty and administrators who may have other priorities. in an ideal world, how would you like to see higher ed address the need for civic education about non-academic information networks? mike: in my ideal world, i’d love to think about web literacy the way we think about writing: targeted instruction by professionals reinforced through practice in many different disciplines. students would not only engage with research in their discipline, but also with public and civic information around their discipline. as an example, we have a neuroscience capstone class here at wsu where students choose science clickbait to look into and develop a presentation around it, but we also have embedded more direct training in one of our first-year experience courses. the approaches that have resonated with institutions in our pilot draw heavily from writing across the curriculum (wac) initiatives, which use this sort of hybrid approach. in reality, there are some challenges above and beyond what wac deals with, since most faculty do have training around writing (even if they haven’t been taught how to teach it), but very few faculty have training in the web. and as i mentioned in response to an earlier question, a lot of what faculty do “know” is actually harmful. for the immediate future, we’re looking at two paths forward. the first is to partner with library staff, who are very supportive of this work and more than willing to put in the curricular redesign work. the second path forward we’re testing is to put a lot of the skills work into freely available online modules and have the faculty deal with the more dispositional aspects. these are stopgap measures, but given where we’re at, stopgaps are incredibly important. longer term, we have to make sure every education degree comes with training in these skills. i know the teacher education curriculum is already jam-packed, but graduating teachers who don’t know how to use the web at this point is just not an option. i think we also have to attach these skills to things like the connected learning movement. pil: crowning a decade of research on how college students interact with information, pil embarked on a new study, information literacy in the age of algorithms. it’s hard for professors and librarians to keep up with the ways our information environment is increasingly influenced by google, facebook, and other platforms that rely on trade-secret computer code that shapes what we see. on twitter and your blog, you reflect often on how bad actors can manipulate our understanding and how algorithmic solutions don’t always help. what are the most critical gaps in people’s knowledge about how our current information environment influences the information we encounter? what can we do about it, not just as educators but as citizens? ​ ​ mike: critical digital literacy is—well, critical. students need to think about where information comes from, and deal with issues of power, bias, and agenda in that. most importantly they have to realize that no technology is neutral. technologies are designed and designs encode values—for better or worse. in our classroom discussions, we draw on work from safiya noble, ruha benjamin, chris gilliard, whitney phillips, jesse daniels, and joan donovan. for people wanting to discuss these things with students, we have an embarrassment of riches—not only stunning scholarship, but accessible, socially engaged public scholarship. so my first advice to any educator is plug into those communities and listen. as far as algorithms, i focus less on the algorithms themselves and more on the understandings around environments and incentives that make those black-box algorithms legible. the biggest one is the centrality of attention in a world where publication is ubiquitous and cheap. herbert simon said it best back in the early s—an abundance of one thing creates a scarcity of what it consumes. and information consumes attention. so when we look at something like free speech, for example, is letting disinfo-bots flood out the message of activists’ free speech because its unregulated? or is it anti-free speech because it denies people access to the only sort of speech that matters—speech that has a chance of capturing attention? once you understand that attention is the scarcity happening now, these questions look very different. framing is another central concept. so what we find more and more with disinformation is some of the  techniques around outright fakery have become harder to pull off. so we’re back to some older techniques, but they are just as damaging. so you’ll have a story or an image or a quote, and maybe it’s about something consequential. but the story that reaches you, via link, or headline, or meme, or google result has the most inflammatory or deceptive framing of any version. that’s an issue at the intersection of humans and algorithms; as the story moves across the web it gets sharpened and reframed, and algorithms reward that. data voids are another concept students need to be aware of and the problem with terms such as “black on white crime” for searching. the way that search is tuned to vocabulary and terms that may be specific to a subgroup (e.g., antivax groups or white supremacist groups) and hence tend to return results disproportionately from those subgroups. google has gotten much better about this over the past few years, but there will always be a gap. i think we also need to be thinking more about algorithms and influencers, and how those two elements work together to produce a type of “precarious gatekeeping” that looks very different from what we’ve seen in the past. regarding what we can do as educators and citizens, i agree with safiya noble and others that we should be funding alternative public information architecture, since there’s a good case to be made that the current financial models are too corrosive. that doesn’t mean complete replacement, in my opinion—the establishment of libraries was not the end of bookstores. but there should be options. i also think we need more algorithmic transparency, and we need students to think about what that transparency should look like, and through what social and political mechanisms we should obtain it. i’m a regulation hawk in this respect, but i’m happy for students to come to any informed opinion. finally, a cautionary note. i think people get too obsessed with the secretiveness of the search or recommendation code itself. there’s very good reasons not to make code public or even semi-public, because it makes the platform more easily gamed by bad actors. looking at how the code is tuned—the qa process, the training sets, and the broader concepts the model incorporates—these are things that are often available to us now, and yet underused by educators. i can’t tell you how many times i’ve heard someone talking about google’s black box algorithm, who is somehow completely unaware that the tester protocols that tune that algorithm have been publicly available for years, and are arguably more important to look at than the code itself. it’s important that we talk about algorithms from a stance of empowering students. otherwise “black box algorithm” simply becomes another term like “deep state” or “shadowy global elites,” which bad actors use to spin deceptive narratives. if there is one thing i have learned in this work, it’s that it’s completely possible for well-intentioned educators to make things much worse. as always, the important thing is not what you teach students, but what they learn, and the two things are often not aligned. mike caulfield works to change how we think about and teach online media literacy; he blogs insightfully at hapgood and shares his thoughts on twitter. he is the author of an open access textbook, web literacy for student fact checkers … and other people who care about facts ( ), which npr has said “is relevant to everyone.” mike is a widely recognized expert in civic literacy and digital citizenship, informal learning, online communities, and open educational resources. his commentary and insights have appeared in niemanlab’s predictions for journalism, the observer, and teaching in higher ed. the digital polarization initiative that mike directs is a broad, cross-institutional project to improve student’s civic digital literacy by teaching them to fact-check and contextualize information they encounter online, as well as alert them to mechanisms bad actors use to sow confusion and create social discord. smart talks are informal conversations with leading thinkers about new media, information-seeking behavior, and the use of technology for teaching and learning in the digital age. the interviews are an occasional series produced by project information literacy (pil). this interview with mike caulfield was made possible with the generous support from the knight foundation. pil is an ongoing and national research study about how students find, use, and create information for academic courses and solving information problems in their everyday lives and as lifelong learners. smart talk interviews are open access and licensed by creative commons.​ suggested citation format: “mike caulfield: truth is in the network” (email interview) by barbara fister, project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. ( june ). this interview is licensed under a creative commons attribution-non-commercial . unported license. 	 			 		 	 		 		 		 			 					 	 		 						 pil does not track your interactions with our site. all of pil’s work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . international license. 		 		 	 		 						disclosures | contact us last updated on december , 		 		 	 	 	 			 		 		 	 		 			 	copyright © project information literacy — primer wordpress theme by godaddy 		 	 	 	 	 	 lita blog – empowering libraries through technology 	 												lita blog 												 							empowering libraries through technology						 					 toggle navigation 	about 	get involved! 						 	 		 			 	 		 		 			 						 				 	 		core update 		blog archive 				 			july , july , | jessica d. gilbert redman		 			 		 		the lita blog will now function as an archive of posts by the library and information technology association (lita), formerly a division of the american library association (ala). lita is now a part of core, but was previously the leading organization reaching out across types of libraries to provide education and services for a broad membership of systems librarians, library technologists, library administrators, library schools, vendors, and others interested in leading edge technology and applications for librarians and information providers. are you interested in becoming involved with core or the core news blog? core news has more information! 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		lita jobs 		jobs in information technology: august , 				 			august , august , | jenny levine		 			 	 	 		new this week coordinator of digital scholarship and programs, marquette university libraries, milwaukee wi digital scholarship coordinator, unc charlotte, charlotte, nc visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		lita jobs 		jobs in information technology: august , 				 			august , august , | jenny levine		 			 	 	 		new this week information systems manager (pdf), the community library association, ketchum, id children’s librarian, buhl public library, buhl, id technology integration librarian, drexel university libraries, philadelphia, pa visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		core update 		your core community update 				 			august , | chrishelle thomas		 			 	 	 		much has been happening behind-the-scenes to prepare for core’s upcoming launch on september st, so we want to update you on the progress we’ve made. at the ala virtual conference council meetings, the ala council approved the creation of core, so we’re official! it’s been a difficult summer for everyone given the global situation, but this was a milestone we’re excited to reach. what we’ve been doing in may, the core transition committee (the division presidents plus senior staff) formed working groups of members from all divisions to make recommendations about how to proceed with our awards/scholarships, budget/finance, committees, communications, conference programming, continuing education, fundraising/sponsorships, interest groups, member engagement, nominations for president-elect, publications, and standards. these groups have done an amazing amount of work in a very short time period, and we’re grateful to these members for their commitment and effort. we’re happy to report… 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		education 		free lita webinar ~ library tech response to covid- ~ august th 				 			july , | chrishelle thomas		 			 	 	 		sign up for this free lita webinar: library tech response to covid- libraries are taking the necessary precautions to create a safe environment during the pandemic. social distancing isn’t the only solution, but providing access to loanable technologies, including handling and quarantine of equipment, cleaning, and other safety and health concerns are just some of the measures put in place. with the ongoing disruption to library services caused by covid- , what reopening planning policies should be considered for usage? in this free -minute presentation, our presenters will share tips that might be helpful to other librarians before they reopen. the presenters will also talk about the evolution of the phased plan from the establishment of a temporary computer lab in the library as covid- began to spread in march , to the current phased approach for gradual reopening. justin will also offer insight into managed access, technology and services, workflows, messaging,… 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		lita jobs 		jobs in information technology: july , 				 			july , | jenny levine		 			 	 	 		new this week library director, walpole town library, walpole, nh visit the lita jobs site for additional job openings and information on submitting your own job posting. 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		program planning 		core call for ala annual program proposals 				 			july , | chrishelle thomas		 			 	 	 		submit an ala annual conference program proposal for ala’s newest division, core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, which will begin on september , . proposals are due september , , and you don’t need to be a core member to submit a proposal. submit your idea using this proposal form. core welcomes topics of interest to a wide range of library professionals in many different areas, including… . access and equity advocacy in areas such as copyright, equity of access, open access, net neutrality, and privacy preservation week equity, diversity, and inclusion, both within the division and the profession, as related to core’s subject areas . assessment emphasizing the role of assessment in demonstrating the impacts of libraries or library services assessment tools, methods, guidelines, standards, and policies and procedures . leadership and management developing leaders at every level best practices for inclusion by using an equity lens to examine leadership… 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		education 		core call for webinar proposals 				 			july , | chrishelle thomas		 			 	 	 		submit a webinar proposal for ala’s newest division, core: leadership, infrastructure, futures, which will begin on september , . proposals are due september , , and you don’t need to be a core member to submit a proposal. early submissions are encouraged and will be considered for september and october presentations. submit your idea using this proposal form. core webinars reach a wide range of library professionals in many different areas, including… . access and equity advocacy in areas such as copyright, equity of access, open access, net neutrality, and privacy preservation week equity, diversity, and inclusion, both within the division and the profession, as related to core’s subject areas . assessment emphasizing the role of assessment in demonstrating the impacts of libraries or library services assessment tools, methods, guidelines, standards, and policies and procedures . leadership developing leaders at every level best practices for inclusion by using an equity lens to examine… 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		core virtual forum 		core virtual forum is excited to announce our keynote speakers! 				 			july , july , | chrishelle thomas		 			 	 	 		core virtual forum welcomes our keynote speakers, dr. meredith d. clark and sofia leung! both speakers embody our theme in leading through their ideas and are catalysts for change to empower our community and move the library profession forward. dr. clark is a journalist and assistant professor in media studies at the university of virginia. she is academic lead for documenting the now ii, funded by the andrew w. mellon foundation. dr. clark develops new scholarship on teaching students about digital archiving and community-based archives from a media studies perspective. she will be a - fellow with data & society. she is a faculty affiliate at the center on digital culture and society at the university of pennsylvania. and, she sits on the advisory boards for project information literacy, and for the center for critical race and digital studies at new york university. clark is an in-demand media consultant… 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 				 	 		ital 		catch up on the june issue of information technology and libraries 				 			july , | chrishelle thomas		 			 	 	 		the june issue of information technology and libraries (ital) was published on june . editor ken varnum and lita president emily morton-owens reflect on the past three months in their letter from the editor, a blank page, and lita president’s message, a framework for member success, respectively. kevin ford is the author of this issue’s “editorial board thoughts” column, seeing through vocabularies. rounding out our editorial section, the june “public libraries leading the way” section offers two items. chuck mcandrew of the lebanon (new hampshire) public libraries describes his leadership in the imls-funded libraryvpn project. melody friedenthal, of the worcester (massachusetts) public library talks about how she approached and teaches an intro to coding using python course. peer-reviewed content virtual reality as a tool for student orientation in distance education programs: a study of new library and information science students dr. sandra valenti, brady lund, ting wang virtual reality… 			 	 		continue reading	 	 			 			 	 		posts navigation 		older posts 	 		 		 	 	 		 			 	 	 archives 		archives 		select month july august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january november october september august july june 			categories categoriesselect category a new division discussions ala annual conferences                                                                 ala midwinter meetings                                                     awards and scholarships begin transmission bigwig blogging help committees and interest groups core update education emerging technologies general information imagineering institutional repositories instruction and online learning legislation & regulation library experiences lita board of directors lita bylaws lita elections lita forums                                                        core virtual forum lita jobs lita officers news & noteworthy original content podcast president’s post program planning publications    ital roundup sf notables spotlight series standards watch sunday routines technical services top technology trends topic + reaction twitter chats uncategorized website management and user experience 					 	 	 	 				 			 				 									 				 									 				 								the blog of the library and information technology association privacy policy 						 			 		 				 			powered by wordpress			 | 				wordpress theme by tidyhive		 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. introducing the knowledge graph: things, not strings jump to content the keyword introducing the knowledge graph: things, not strings share twitter facebook linkedin mail copy link copy link 	 latest stories 	 product updates product updates 	 android, chrome & play 	 android 	 chrome 	 chromebooks 	 google play 	 wear os by google 	 devices & services 	 chromecast 	 google nest 	 pixel 	 pixelbook 	 stadia 	 explore & get answers 	 earth 	 google assistant 	 maps 	 news 	 search 	 travel 	 connect & communicate 	 duo 	 photos 	 translate 	 in the cloud 	 docs, sheets and slides 	 gmail 	 google cloud 	 meet 	 more on the cloud blog see all product updates 	 android, chrome & play 	 android 	 chrome 	 chromebooks 	 google play 	 wear os by google 	 devices & services 	 chromecast 	 google nest 	 pixel 	 pixelbook 	 stadia 	 explore & get answers 	 earth 	 google assistant 	 maps 	 news 	 search 	 travel 	 connect & communicate 	 duo 	 photos 	 translate 	 in the cloud 	 docs, sheets and slides 	 gmail 	 google cloud 	 meet 	 more on the cloud blog see all product updates 	 company news company news 	 outreach & initiatives 	 diversity and inclusion 	 education 	 google.org 	 grow with google 	 sustainability 	 see all 	 technology 	 ai 	 developers 	 families 	 next billion users 	 safety and security 	 see all 	 inside google 	 data centers and infrastructure 	 doodles 	 googlers 	 life at google 	 see all 	 around the globe 	 google in africa 	 google in asia 	 google in europe 	 google in latin america 	 see all 	 perspectives 	 sundar pichai, ceo 	 ruth porat, svp and cfo 	 kent walker, svp 	 see all 	 outreach & initiatives 	 diversity and inclusion 	 education 	 google.org 	 grow with google 	 sustainability see all 	 technology 	 ai 	 developers 	 families 	 next billion users 	 safety and security see all 	 inside google 	 data centers and infrastructure 	 doodles 	 googlers 	 life at google see all 	 around the globe 	 google in africa 	 google in asia 	 google in europe 	 google in latin america see all 	 perspectives 	 sundar pichai, ceo 	 ruth porat, svp and cfo 	 kent walker, svp see all subscribe 	 press corner 	 rss feed subscribe the keyword 	 latest stories 	 product updates product updates 	 android, chrome & play 	 android 	 chrome 	 chromebooks 	 google play 	 wear os by google 	 devices & services 	 chromecast 	 google nest 	 pixel 	 pixelbook 	 stadia 	 explore & get answers 	 earth 	 google assistant 	 maps 	 news 	 search 	 travel 	 connect & communicate 	 duo 	 photos 	 translate 	 in the cloud 	 docs, sheets and slides 	 gmail 	 google cloud 	 meet 	 more on the cloud blog see all product updates 	 company news company news 	 outreach & initiatives 	 diversity and inclusion 	 education 	 google.org 	 grow with google 	 sustainability 	 see all 	 technology 	 ai 	 developers 	 families 	 next billion users 	 safety and security 	 see all 	 inside google 	 data centers and infrastructure 	 doodles 	 googlers 	 life at google 	 see all 	 around the globe 	 google in africa 	 google in asia 	 google in europe 	 google in latin america 	 see all 	 perspectives 	 sundar pichai, ceo 	 ruth porat, svp and cfo 	 kent walker, svp 	 see all 	 press corner 	 rss feed subscribe search introducing the knowledge graph: things, not strings may , time min read share twitter facebook linkedin mail copy link copy link a amit singhal svp, engineering share twitter facebook linkedin mail copy link copy link search is a lot about discovery—the basic human need to learn and broaden your horizons. but searching still requires a lot of hard work by you, the user. so today i’m really excited to launch the knowledge graph, which will help you discover new information quickly and easily. take a query like [taj mahal]. for more than four decades, search has essentially been about matching keywords to queries. to a search engine the words [taj mahal] have been just that—two words. but we all know that [taj mahal] has a much richer meaning. you might think of one of the world’s most beautiful monuments, or a grammy award-winning musician, or possibly even a casino in atlantic city, nj. or, depending on when you last ate, the nearest indian restaurant. it’s why we’ve been working on an intelligent model—in geek-speak, a “graph”—that understands real-world entities and their relationships to one another: things, not strings. the knowledge graph enables you to search for things, people or places that google knows about—landmarks, celebrities, cities, sports teams, buildings, geographical features, movies, celestial objects, works of art and more—and instantly get information that’s relevant to your query. this is a critical first step towards building the next generation of search, which taps into the collective intelligence of the web and understands the world a bit more like people do. google’s knowledge graph isn’t just rooted in public sources such as freebase, wikipedia and the cia world factbook. it’s also augmented at a much larger scale—because we’re focused on comprehensive breadth and depth. it currently contains more than million objects, as well as more than . billion facts about and relationships between these different objects. and it’s tuned based on what people search for, and what we find out on the web. the knowledge graph enhances google search in three main ways to start: . find the right thing language can be ambiguous—do you mean taj mahal the monument, or taj mahal the musician? now google understands the difference, and can narrow your search results just to the one you mean—just click on one of the links to see that particular slice of results: this is one way the knowledge graph makes google search more intelligent—your results are more relevant because we understand these entities, and the nuances in their meaning, the way you do. . get the best summary with the knowledge graph, google can better understand your query, so we can summarize relevant content around that topic, including key facts you’re likely to need for that particular thing. for example, if you’re looking for marie curie, you’ll see when she was born and died, but you’ll also get details on her education and scientific discoveries: how do we know which facts are most likely to be needed for each item? for that, we go back to our users and study in aggregate what they’ve been asking google about each item. for example, people are interested in knowing what books charles dickens wrote, whereas they’re less interested in what books frank lloyd wright wrote, and more in what buildings he designed. the knowledge graph also helps us understand the relationships between things. marie curie is a person in the knowledge graph, and she had two children, one of whom also won a nobel prize, as well as a husband, pierre curie, who claimed a third nobel prize for the family. all of these are linked in our graph. it’s not just a catalog of objects; it also models all these inter-relationships. it’s the intelligence between these different entities that’s the key. . go deeper and broader finally, the part that’s the most fun of all—the knowledge graph can help you make some unexpected discoveries. you might learn a new fact or new connection that prompts a whole new line of inquiry. do you know where matt groening, the creator of the simpsons (one of my all-time favorite shows), got the idea for homer, marge and lisa’s names? it’s a bit of a surprise: we’ve always believed that the perfect search engine should understand exactly what you mean and give you back exactly what you want. and we can now sometimes help answer your next question before you’ve asked it, because the facts we show are informed by what other people have searched for. for example, the information we show for tom cruise answers percent of next queries that people ask about him. in fact, some of the most serendipitous discoveries i’ve made using the knowledge graph are through the magical “people also search for” feature. one of my favorite books is the white tiger, the debut novel by aravind adiga, which won the prestigious man booker prize. using the knowledge graph, i discovered three other books that had won the same prize and one that won the pulitzer. i can tell you, this suggestion was spot on! we’ve begun to gradually roll out this view of the knowledge graph to u.s. english users. it’s also going to be available on smartphones and tablets—read more about how we’ve tailored this to mobile devices. and watch our video (also available on our site about the knowledge graph) that gives a deeper dive into the details and technology, in the words of people who've worked on this project: : introducing the knowledge graph we hope this added intelligence will give you a more complete picture of your interest, provide smarter search results, and pique your curiosity on new topics. we’re proud of our first baby step—the knowledge graph—which will enable us to make search more intelligent, moving us closer to the "star trek computer" that i've always dreamt of building. enjoy your lifelong journey of discovery, made easier by google search, so you can spend less time searching and more time doing what you love. posted in: 	 search related stories 	 google assistant kick off the school year with google assistant and search by lilian rincon aug , 	 search best trends forever: years of google trends by sue hottrytenow aug , 	 search catching up on years of google trends by simon rogers aug , 	 search tips for getting the most out of google trends by simon rogers aug , 	 health mental health trends & how they affect communities of color by asad abdullah ii jul , 	 search learn more – and get more – from search a new addition to about this result to give you more context about the results you're seeing, along with helpful tips to get the most out... by elizabeth tucker jul , 	. let’s stay in touch. get the latest news from google in your inbox. subscribe no thanks please check your network connection and try again. the latest news from google, in your inbox. first name email address sign up to receive news and other stories from google. your information will be used in accordance with google's privacy policy. you may opt out at any time. subscribe done! check your inbox to confirm your subscription. ok, got it follow us 	 	 	 	 	 	 privacy 	 terms 	 about google 	 google products 	 about the keyword 	 help 	 english deutsch shelley gullikson shelley gullikson usability and user experience in academic libraries. mine mostly. 	web librarians who do ux: access presentation this is the text (approximately) of my presentation from the virtual access conference on oct. , , &# ;web librarians who do ux: we are so sad, we are so very very sad.&# ; last year, i was doing interviews with library people who do user experience work and noticed that people who were primarily focused on the &# ; continue reading web librarians who do ux: access&# ;presentation 	the tpl debacle: values vs people i can’t stop thinking about the situation at tpl. the short version is that the library has accepted a room rental from an anti-trans speaker, and despite outcry from trans people and their allies, despite a petition and a boycott by writers, despite their own policy on room rentals not allowing events that promote discrimination, &# ; continue reading the tpl debacle: values vs&# ;people 	library workers and resilience: more than self-care an article in the globe and mail this spring about resilience was a breath of fresh air—no talk about &# ;grit&# ; or bootstraps or changing your own response to a situation. it was written by michael ungar, the canada research chair in child, family, and community resilience at dalhousie university and leader of the resilience research &# ; continue reading library workers and resilience: more than&# ;self-care 	research projects: call for help i&# ;m on a year-long sabbatical as of july and excited to get started on a few different research projects. for two of the projects, i&# ;m going to need some help from the uxlibs/libux community. in one of them, i want to look at love letters that users have written to academic libraries so i &# ; continue reading research projects: call for&# ;help 	uxlibsv: notes five years of uxlibs &# ; hurrah! let&# ;s dive straight in. barriers to ux design: andy priestner andy kicked off the conference with his address about why he thinks not many of us are moving beyond research reports when it comes to doing ux work in our libraries: we see research as the finish line. ux &# ; continue reading uxlibsv: notes 	website refresh: first round of iterative testing as i mentioned in my last post, we&# ;re doing a design refresh of our library website, with a goal to make it &# ;beautiful.&# ; as such, we&# ;re not touching much of the organization. but of course we have to pay attention to not just how the information is categorized but also where it appears on the &# ; continue reading website refresh: first round of iterative&# ;testing 	user research: beautiful websites? my university librarian has asked for a refresh of the library website. he is primarily concerned with the visual design; although he thinks the site meets the practical needs of our users, he would like it to be &# ;beautiful&# ; as well. eep! i&# ;m not a visual designer. i was a little unsure how to even &# ; continue reading user research: beautiful&# ;websites? 	access : a ux perspective i started my access conference experience with a meetup of library people interested in ux. there were only five of us, but we had good conversations about research ethics boards and ux research, about being a ux team of one, and about some of the projects we&# ;ll be working on in the coming year. &# ; continue reading access : a ux&# ;perspective 	ux from a technical services point of view this the text of a presentation i did last year at the access conference in regina. emma and i had plans to write this up as a paper, but life intervened and that didn&# ;t happen. i wanted to keep some record beyond the video of the presentation, so here it is. this morning i’m going &# ; continue reading ux from a technical services point of&# ;view 	adding useful friction to library ux: ideas from uxlibs workshop participants at this years uxlibs conference, i led a workshop on adding useful friction to the library user experience. i&# ;ve already posted my text of the workshop, but i told the participants that i also wanted to share the ideas that they came up with during the course of the workshop. the ideas were generated around &# ; continue reading adding useful friction to library ux: ideas from uxlibs workshop&# ;participants 	 planet code lib 	 http://planet.code lib.org 	 planet code lib - http://planet.code lib.org 	 		 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 		 	 	 crossref: phil agre and the gendered internet 	 http://kcoyle.blogspot.com/ / /phil-agre-and-gendered-internet.html 	 <p>there is an article today in the <a href="http://kcoyle.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/why does the space you &quot;explore&quot; in gopher or mosaic look empty even when it's full of other people? why isn't there a mechanism for asking for help?" target="_blank">washington post</a> about the odd disappearance of a computer science professor named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/philip_e._agre" target="_blank">phil agre</a>.  the article, entitled "<span>he predicted the dark side of the internet years ago. why did no one listen?" reminded me of a <a href="http://kcoyle.net/agre-october- .html" target="_blank">post by agre in </a> after a meeting of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computer_professionals_for_social_responsibility" target="_blank">computer professionals for social responsibility</a>. although it annoyed me at the time, a <a href="http://kcoyle.net/njw.html" target="_blank">talk that i gave there</a> triggered in him thoughts of gender issues;  as a women i was very much in the minority at the meeting,  but that was not the topic of my talk. but my talk also gave agre thoughts about the missing humanity on the web.</span></p><p><span>i had a couple of primary concerns, perhaps not perfectly laid out, in my talk, "<a href="http://kcoyle.net/njw.html" target="_blank">access, not just wires</a>." i was concerned about what was driving the development of the internet and the lack of a service ethos regarding society. access at the time was talked about in terms of routers, modems, t- lines. there was no thought to organizing or preserving of online information. there was no concept of "equal access". there was no thought to how we would democratize the web such that you didn't need a degree in computer science to find what you needed. <br /></span></p><p><span>i was also very concerned about the commercialization of information. i was frustrated watching the hype as information was touted as <b>the</b> product of the information age. (this was before we learned that "you are the <b>product</b>, not the user" in this environment.) seen from the tattered clothes and barefoot world of libraries, the money thrown at the jumble of un-curated and unorganized "information" on the web was heartbreaking. i said:<br /></span></p><blockquote><p> "it's clear to me that the information highway isn't much about information. it's about trying to find a new basis for our economy. i'm pretty sure i'm not going to like the way information is treated in that economy. we know what kind of information sells, and what doesn't. so i see our future as being a mix of highly expensive economic reports and cheap online versions of the national inquirer. not a pretty picture." - kcoyle in <i>access, not just wires</i><br /></p></blockquote><p></p><p><span></span></p><p><span> little did i know how bad it would get.</span></p><p><span>like many or most people, agre heard "libraries" and thought "female." but at least this caused him to think, earlier than many, about how our metaphors for the internet were inherently gendered. </span></p><blockquote><span>"</span>discussing her speech with another cpsr activist ... later that evening, i suddenly connected several things that had been bothering me about the language and practice of the internet. the result was a partial answer to the difficult question, in what sense is the net "gendered"?" -  agre, tno, october </blockquote><p>this led agre to think about how we spoke then about the internet, which was mainly as an activity of "exploring." that metaphor is still alive with microsoft's internet explorer, but was also the message behind the main web browser software of the time, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/netscape_navigator" target="_blank">netscape navigator</a>. he suddenly saw how "explore" was a highly gendered activity:</p><p></p><blockquote>"yet for many people, "exploring" is close to defining the experience of the net. it is clearly a gendered metaphor: it has historically been a male activity, and it comes down to us saturated with a long list of meanings related to things like colonial expansion, experiences of otherness, and scientific discovery. explorers often die, and often fail, and the ones that do neither are heroes and role models. this whole complex of meanings and feelings and strivings is going to appeal to those who have been acculturated into a particular male-marked system of meanings, and it is not going to offer a great deal of meaning to anyone who has not. the use of prestigious artifacts like computers is inevitably tied up with the construction of personal identity, and "exploration" tools offer a great deal more traction in this process to historically male cultural norms than to female ones." - agre, tno, october <br /></blockquote>he decried the lack of social relationships on the internet, saying that although you know that other  people are there, you cannot see them. <p></p><blockquote><p>"why does the space you "explore" in gopher or mosaic look empty even when it's full of other people?" - agre, tno, october </p></blockquote><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p>none of us knew at the time that in the future some people would experience the internet entirely and exclusively as full of other people in the forms of facebook, twitter and all of the other sites that grew out of the embryos of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bulletin_board_system">bulletin board systems</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_well" target="_blank">well</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aol">aol</a>. we feared that the future internet would  not have the even-handedness of libraries, but never anticipated that russian bots and qanon promoters would reign over what had once been a network for the exchange of scientific information. <br /></p><p>it hurts now to read through agre's post arguing for a more library-like online information system because it is pretty clear that we blew through that possibility even before the meeting and were already taking the first steps toward to where we are today.<br /></p><p>agre walked away from his position at ucla in and has not resurfaced, although there have been reports at times (albeit not recently) that he is okay. looking back, it should not surprise us that someone with so much hope for an online civil society should have become discouraged enough to leave it behind. agre was hoping for reference services and an internet populated with users with:</p><blockquote><p>"...the skills of composing clear texts, reading with an awareness of different possible interpretations, recognizing and resolving conflicts, asking for help without feeling powerless, organizing people to get things done, and embracing the diversity of the backgrounds and experiences of others." - agre, tno, october <br /></p></blockquote><p> oh, what world that would be!</p><p></p><p><span></span></p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 karen coyle (noreply@blogger.com) 	 lucidworks: how to keep shoppers loyal 	 https://lucidworks.com/post/how-to-keep-shoppers-loyal/ 	 <p>online-only shoppers have more options available to them than ever before. here’s how to make your brand stand out in the crowd and keep customers coming back.</p> <p>the post <a href="https://lucidworks.com/post/how-to-keep-shoppers-loyal/" rel="nofollow">how to keep shoppers loyal</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lucidworks.com" rel="nofollow">lucidworks</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 katie florez 	 david rosenthal: the economist on cryptocurrencies 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /the-economist-on-cryptocurrencies.html 	 <i>the economist</i> edition dated august <sup>th</sup> has a leader (<a href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/ / / /why-regulators-should-treat-stablecoins-like-banks"><i>unstablecoins</i></a>) and two articles (in the finance section (<a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/ / / /what-if-bitcoin-went-to-zero"><i>the disaster scenario</i></a> and <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/ / / /the-sec-sets-its-sights-on-the-crypto-wild-west"><i>here comes the sheriff</i></a>).<br /><br /><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-zwfzrwentf /yk qiqiptgi/aaaaaaaagt /fepgsgu r tvpaa j__e wz vykizswacpcbgayycw/s /defi exitscam.jpeg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-zwfzrwentf /yk qiqiptgi/aaaaaaaagt /fepgsgu r tvpaa j__e wz vykizswacpcbgayycw/w -h /defi exitscam.jpeg" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /news-everybody-hates-chia-defi -rugpull-china-versus-mining-china-versus-crypto/">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>the <a href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/ / / /why-regulators-should-treat-stablecoins-like-banks">leader</a> argues that:<br /><blockquote>regulators must act quickly to subject stablecoins to bank-like rules for transparency, liquidity and capital. those failing to comply should be cut off from the financial system, to stop people drifting into an unregulated crypto-ecosystem. policymakers are right to sound the alarm, but if stablecoins continue to grow, governments will need to move faster to contain the risks. </blockquote>but even <i>the economist</i> gets taken in by the typical cryptocurrency hype, balancing current <i>actual</i> risks against future <i>possible</i> benefits:<br /><blockquote>yet it is possible that regulated private-sector stablecoins will eventually bring benefits, such as making cross-border payments easier, or allowing self-executing “smart contracts”. regulators should allow experiments whose goal is not merely to evade financial rules. </blockquote>they don't seem to understand that, just as the whole point of <a href="https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/ / /hubert-horan-can-uber-ever-deliver-part-twenty-six-with-no-hope-of-real-profits-uber-and-lyft-double-down-on-fake-profit-metrics.html">uber</a> is to evade the rules for taxis, the whole point of cryptocurrency is to "evade financial rules".<br /><br />below the fold i comment on the two articles.<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><h >here comes the sheriff</h >this article is fairly short and mostly describes the details of <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-sec-chair-gensler-calls-congress-help-rein-crypto-wild-west- - - /">gary gensler's statement</a> in three "buckets":<br /><ol><li>the first is about investor protection:<br /><blockquote>the regulator claims jurisdiction over the crypto assets that it defines as securities; issuers of these must provide disclosures and abide by other rules. the sec‘s definition uses a number of criteria, including the “howey test”, which asks whether investors have a stake in a common enterprise and are led to expect profits from the efforts of a third party. bitcoin and ether, the two biggest cryptocurrencies, do not meet this criterion (they are commodities, under american law). but mr gensler thinks that ... a fair few probably count as securities—and do not follow the rules. these, he said, may include stablecoins ... some of which may represent a stake in a crypto platform. mr gensler asked congress for more staff to police them. </blockquote></li><li>the second is about new products:<br /><blockquote>for months the sec has sat on applications for bitcoin etfs and related products, filed by big wall street names like goldman sachs and fidelity. mr gensler hinted that, in order to be approved, these may have to comply with the stricter laws governing mutual funds. </blockquote></li><li>the third is a request for new legal powers needed to pave over cracks in regulation that cryptocurrencies, whose whole point is to "evade financial rules", are exploiting:<br /><blockquote>mr gensler is chiefly concerned with platforms engaged in crypto trading or lending as well as in decentralised finance (defi), where smart contracts replicate financial transactions without a trusted intermediary. some of these, he said, may host tokens that should be regulated as securities; others could be riddled with scams. </blockquote></li></ol>the sec is likely to encounter <a href="https://nypost.com/ / / /sec-boss-gary-gensler-has-few-regulatory-bullets-on-crypto-lawyer/">massive opposition</a> to these ideas. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/ / / /cryptocurrency-infrastructure-bill-lobby-bitcoin/"><i>how cryptocurrency became a powerful force in washington</i></a> by todd c. frankel <i>et al</i> reports on the flow of lobbying dollars from cryptocurrency insiders to capitol hill and how it is blocking progress on the current infrastructure bill:<br /><blockquote>and after years of debate over how to improve america’s infrastructure, and months of sensitive negotiations between the white house and lawmakers, the $ trillion bipartisan infrastructure proposal suddenly stalled in part because of concerns about how government would regulate an industry best known for wild financial speculation, memes — and its role in ransomware attacks.<br />...<br />regardless of the measure’s ultimate fate, the fact that crypto regulation has become one of the biggest stumbling blocks to passage of the bill underscored how the industry has become a political force in washington — and previewed a series of looming battles over a financial technology attracting billions of dollars of interest from wall street, silicon valley and financial players around the world, but that few still understand. </blockquote>it gets worse. kate riga reports that <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/live-blog/senate-dems-release-historic-all-encompassing-budget-resolution?entry= "><i>in fit of pique, shelby kills crypto compromise</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>sen. richard shelby (r-al) killed a hard-earned cryptocurrency compromise amendment to the bipartisan infrastructure bill because his own amendment, to beef up the defense budget another $ billion, was rejected by sen. bernie sanders (i-vt). shelby had tried to tack it on to the cryptocurrency amendment.<br />...<br />so that’s basically it for the crypto amendment, which took the better part of the weekend for senators and the white house and hammer into a compromise. </blockquote>the issue here was that the un-amended bill <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/ - - /outgunned-crypto-lobbyists-falter-in-bid-to-fix-broad-tax-rules">would require</a>:<br /><blockquote>some cryptocurrency companies that provide a service “effectuating” the transfer of digital assets to report information on their users, as some other financial firms are required to do, in an effort to enforce tax compliance.<br /><br />crypto supporters said the provision’s wording would seemingly apply to companies that have no ability to collect data on users, such as cryptocurrency miners, and could push a swath of the industry overseas. </blockquote>so maybe by accident <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /mining-is-money-transmission.html"><i>mining is money transmission</i></a>. <h >the disaster scenario</h >this article is far longer and far more interesting. it takes the form of a "stress test", discussing a scenario in which <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /the-bitcoin-price.html">bitcoin's "price"</a> goes to zero and asking what the consequences for the broader financial markets and investors would be. it is hard to argue with the conclusion:<br /><blockquote>still, our extreme scenario suggests that leverage, stablecoins, and sentiment are the main channels through which any crypto-downturn, big or small, will spread more widely. and crypto is only becoming more entwined with conventional finance. goldman sachs plans to launch a crypto exchange-traded fund; visa now offers a debit card that pays customer rewards in bitcoin. as the crypto-sphere expands, so too will its potential to cause wider market disruption. </blockquote>the article identifies a number of channels by which a bitcoin collapse could "cause market disruption":<br /><ul><li>via the direct destruction of paper wealth for hodl-ers and actual losses for more recent purchasers.</li><li>via the stock price of companies, including cryptocurrency exchanges, payments companies, and chip companies such as nvidia.</li><li>via margin calls on leveraged investments, either direct purchases of bitcoin or derivatives.</li><li>via redemptions of stablecoins causing reserves to be liquidated.</li><li>via investor sentiment contagion from cryptocurrencies to other high-risk assets such as meme stocks, junk bonds, and spacs.</li></ul>i agree that these are all plausible channels, but i have two main issues with the article.<br /><h >issue # : tether</h ><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/--j gpsidehs/yqbgxlqsbai/aaaaaaaagem/ulk_erudnsyoz lpgmefwltyk ppzhgfacpcbgayycw/s /spotvsfuture.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/--j gpsidehs/yqbgxlqsbai/aaaaaaaagem/ulk_erudnsyoz lpgmefwltyk ppzhgfacpcbgayycw/w -h /spotvsfuture.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/crypto-billionaires.html">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>first, it fails to acknowledge that the spot market in bitcoin is extremely thin (a sell order for <a href="https://twitter.com/tr llytr llface/status/ "> btc crashed the "price" by %</a>), especially compared to the x larger market in bitcoin derivatives, and that the "price" of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is massively manipulated, probably via the "<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">wildcat bank</a>" of tether. the article contains, but doesn't seem to connect, <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/ / / /what-if-bitcoin-went-to-zero">these facts</a>:<br /><blockquote>fully % of the money invested in bitcoin is spent on derivatives like “perpetual” swaps—bets on future price fluctuations that never expire. most of these are traded on unregulated exchanges, such as ftx and binance, from which customers borrow to make bets even bigger.<br />...<br />the extent of leverage in the system is hard to gauge; the dozen exchanges that list perpetual swaps are all unregulated. but “open interest” ... has grown from $ . bn in march to $ bn today. this is not a perfect proxy for total leverage, as it is not clear how much collateral stands behind the various contracts. but forced liquidations of leveraged positions in past downturns give a sense of how much is at risk. on may th alone, as bitcoin lost nearly a third of its value, they came to $ bn.<br />...<br />because changing dollars for bitcoin is slow and costly, traders wanting to realise gains and reinvest proceeds often transact in stablecoins, which are pegged to the dollar or the euro. such coins, the largest of which are tether and usd coin, are now worth more than $ bn. on some crypto platforms they are the main means of exchange. </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rniajl qoiw/yqbamzoyiri/aaaaaaaagd /l imwc uzl djg_ wrdw orvcur nxhswcpcbgayycw/s /derivativesbiz.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rniajl qoiw/yqbamzoyiri/aaaaaaaagd /l imwc uzl djg_ wrdw orvcur nxhswcpcbgayycw/w -h /derivativesbiz.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/ cbd - fd- c c-b ab- bca b b ">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>that last paragraph is misleading. <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">fais kahn writes</a>:<br /><blockquote>binance also hosts a massive perpetual futures market, which are “cash-settled” using usdt. this allows traders to make leveraged bets of x margin or more...which, in laymen’s terms, is basically a speculative casino. that market alone provides around ~$ b of daily volume, where users deposit usdt to trade on margin. as a result, binance is by far the biggest holder of usdt, with $ b sitting in its wallet. </blockquote><a href="https://muellerberndt.medium.com/is-tether-a-black-swan- b c">bernhard meuller writes</a>:<br /><blockquote>a more realistic estimate is that ~ % of the tether supply ( . b usdt) is located on centralized exchanges.<br /><br />interestingly, only a small fraction of those usdt shows up in spot order books. one likely reason is that a large share is sitting on wallets to collateralize derivative positions, in particular perpetual futures. ... it’s important to understand that <a href="https://www.binance.com/en/support/faq/ ">usdt perpetual futures implementations</a> are % usdt-based, including collateralization, funding and settlement. </blockquote>so on the exchange that dominates bitcoin derivative trading, where the majority of "fully % of the money invested in bitcoin" lives, usdt is the <i>exclusive</i> means of exchange. the entire market's <a href="https://muellerberndt.medium.com/is-tether-a-black-swan- b c">connection to the underlying spot market</a> is that:<br /><blockquote>prices are tied to crypto asset prices via clever incentives, but in reality, usdt is the only asset that ever changes hands between traders. </blockquote>other than forced liquidations, the article does not analyze how the derivative market would respond to a massive drop in the bitcoin "price", and whether tether could continue to pump the "price". as money market funds did in the global financial crisis, the article suggests that <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/ / / /what-if-bitcoin-went-to-zero">stablecoins would have problems</a>:<br /><blockquote>issuers back their stablecoins with piles of assets, rather like money-market funds. but these are not solely, or even mainly, held in cash. tether, for instance, says % of its assets were held in commercial paper, % in secured loans and % in corporate bonds, funds and precious metals at the end of march. a cryptocrash could lead to a run on stablecoins, forcing issuers to dump their assets to make redemptions. in july fitch, a rating agency, warned that a sudden mass redemption of tethers could “affect the stability of short-term credit markets”. </blockquote>it is certainly true that the off-ramps from cryptocurrencies to fiat are constricted; that is a major reason for the existence of stablecoins. but fais kahn makes <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">two points</a>:<br /><blockquote>if there were a sudden drop in the market, and investors wanted to exchange their usdt for real dollars in tether’s reserve, that could trigger a “bank run” where the value dropped significantly below one dollar, and suddenly everyone would want their money. that could trigger a full on collapse.<br /><br />but when that might actually happen? when bitcoin falls in the frequent crypto bloodbaths, users actually buy tether - fleeing to the safety of the dollar. this actually drives tether’s price up! </blockquote>and:<br /><blockquote>tether’s own terms of service say users may not be redeemed immediately. forced to wait, many users would flee to bitcoin for lack of options, driving the price up again. </blockquote>it isn't just tether that doesn't allow winnings out. carol alexander's <a href="https://www.coalexander.com/post/binance-s-insurance-fund"><i>binance’s insurance fund</i></a> is a fascinating, detailed examination of binance's extremely convenient "outage" as btc crashed on may . her subhead reads:<br /><blockquote>how insufficient insurance funds might explain the outage of binance’s futures platform on may and the potentially toxic relationship between binance and tether. </blockquote>i certainly don't understand all the ramifications of the "toxic relationship between binance and tether", but the article's implicit assumption that they, and similar market particiapants, behave like properly regulated financial institutions is implausible. alexander's take on the relationship, on the other hand, is <a href="https://www.coalexander.com/post/binance-s-insurance-fund">alarmingly plausible</a>:<br /><blockquote>in may ... tether reported that only . % of all tokens are actually backed by cash reserves and about % is in commercial paper, a form of unsecured debt that is normally only issued by firms with high-quality debt ratings. <br /><br /> he simultaneous growth of binance and tether begs the question whether binance itself is the issuer of a large fraction of tether’s $ billion commercial paper. binance's b b platform is the main online broker for tether. suppose binance is in financial difficulties (possibly precipitated by using its own money rather than insurance funds to cover payment to counterparties of liquidated positions). then the tether it orders and gives to customers might not be paid for with dollars, or bitcoin or any other form of cash, but rather with an iou. that is, commerical paper on which it pays tether interest, until the term of the loan expires.<br /><br />no new tether has been issued since binance's order of $ bn [correction aug: net $ bn transfer] was made highly visible to the public on may. [correction: aug: another $ bn tether was issued on aug]. maybe this is because tether's next audit is imminent, and the auditers may one day investigate the identity of the issuers of the % (or more, now) of commercial paper it has for reserves. if it were found that the main issuer was binance (maybe followed by ftx) then <i>the entire crypto asset market place would have been holding itself up with its own bootstraps</i>! </blockquote>this would certainly explain why <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/ - - /money-stuff-private-equity-firm-got-rich-making-private-equity-firms-rich">matt levine wrote</a>:<br /><blockquote>there is a fun game among <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/ - - /the-weekly-fix-bonds-treasuries-payrolls-crypto-tether?sref= kjvnqnu">financial journalists</a> and other <a href="https://twitter.com/patio /status/ ">interested observers</a> who try to find anyone who has actually traded commercial paper with tether, or any of its actual holdings. the game is hard! as far as i know, no one has ever won it, or even scored a point; i have never seen anyone publicly identify a security that tether holds or a counterparty that has traded commercial paper with it. </blockquote>if tether's reserves were % composed of unsecured debt from unregulated exchanges like binance ...<br /><h >issue # : dynamic effects</h >my second problem with the article is that this paragraph shows <i>the economist</i> sharing two common <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/ / / /what-if-bitcoin-went-to-zero">misconceptions about blockchain technology</a>:<br /><blockquote>a crash would puncture the crypto economy. bitcoin miners—who compete to validate transactions and are rewarded with new coins—would have less incentive to carry on, bringing the verification process, and the supply of bitcoin, to a halt. </blockquote>first, it is true that, were the "price" of bitcoin zero, mining would stop. but if mining stops, it is <i>transactions</i> that stop. bitcoin hodl-ings would be frozen in place, not just worth zero on paper but actually useless because nothing could be done with them.<br /><br />second, the idea that the goal of mining is to create new bitcoin is simply wrong. the goal of mining is to secure the blockchain by making sybil attacks implausibly expensive. the creation of new bitcoin is a side-effect, intended to motivate miners to make the blockchain secure by making sybil attacks implausibly expensive. the fact that nakamoto intended mining to continue <i>after the final bitcoin had been created</i> clearly demonstrates this.<br /><br />the article is based on this <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/ / / /what-if-bitcoin-went-to-zero">scenario</a>:<br /><blockquote>in order to grasp the growing links between the crypto-sphere and mainstream markets, imagine that the price of bitcoin crashes all the way to zero.<br /><br />a rout could be triggered either by shocks originating within the system, say through a technical failure, or a serious hack of a big cryptocurrency exchange. or they could come from outside: a clampdown by regulators, for instance, or an abrupt end to the “everything rally” in markets, say in response to central banks raising interest rates. </blockquote>but, as the article admits, a discontinuous change from $ k or so to $ is implausible. a rapid but continuous drop over, say, a month is more plausible, and it could bring issues that the article understandably fails to address.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rzrfsbixrsy/yom xkriuyi/aaaaaaaagay/yottrl -ngmo- nd nillvmzuinqo_h qclcbgasyhq/s /hashrate- .png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rzrfsbixrsy/yom xkriuyi/aaaaaaaagay/yottrl -ngmo- nd nillvmzuinqo_h qclcbgasyhq/w -h /hashrate- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blockchain.com/charts/hash-rate">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>as the "price" drops two effects take place. first, the value of the mining reward in fiat currency decreases. the least efficient and least profitable miners become uneconomic and drop out, decreasing the hash rate and thus increasing the block time and reducing the <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-mining-difficulty-drops-after-hashrate-collapse-in-china-.html">rate at which transactions can be processed</a>:<br /><blockquote>typically, it takes about minutes to complete a block, but feinstein told cnbc the bitcoin network has slowed down to - to -minute block times. </blockquote>this effect occurred during the chinese government's crackdown, as shown in the graph of hash rate.<br /><br /><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hejr zxviro/yoc ufwi zi/aaaaaaaagz /sidctfwfljmy m gu pdlumyxviwxq mgclcbgasyhq/s /difficulty- .png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hejr zxviro/yoc ufwi zi/aaaaaaaagz /sidctfwfljmy m gu pdlumyxviwxq mgclcbgasyhq/w -h /difficulty- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blockchain.com/charts/difficulty">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>second, every blocks (about two weeks) the algorithm adjusts, in this case decreases, the difficulty and thus the cost of mining the next blocks. the idea is to restore the block time to about minutes despite the reduction in the hash rate. when the chinese crackdown took . % of bitcoin's hash power off-line, the algorithm made the biggest reduction in difficulty in bitcoin's history.<br /><br />in our scenario, bitcoin plunges over a month. lets assume it starts just after a difficulty adjustment. the month is divided into two parts, with the initial difficulty for the first part, and a much reduced difficulty for the second part.<br /><br />in the first part the rapid "price" decrease makes all but the most efficient miners uneconomic, so the hash rate decreases rapidly and block production slows rapidly. producing the -th block takes a lot more than two weeks. this is a time when the demand for transactions will be extreme, but during this part the supply of transactions is increasingly restricted. this, as has happened in other periods of high transaction demand, causes transaction fees to spike to extraordinary levels. in normal times fees are less than % of miner income, but it is plausible that they would spike an order of magnitude or more, counteracting the drop in the economics of mining. but median fees of say $ would increase the sense of panic in the spot market.<br /><br />lets assume that, by the -th block, that more than half the mining power has been rendered uneconomic, so that the block time is around minutes. thus the adjustment comes after three weeks. when it happens, the adjustment, being based on the total time taken in the first part, will be large but inadequate to correct for the reduced hash rate at the end of the first part. with our assumptions the adjustment will be for a % drop in hash power, but the actual drop will have been %. block production will speed up, but only to about minutes/block. given the panic, fees will drop somewhat but remain high.<br /><br />as the adjustment appraoches there are a lot of disgruntled miners, whose investment in asic mining rigs has been rendered uneconomic. the rigs can't be repurposed for anything but other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies, which have all crashed because, as the <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/ / / /what-if-bitcoin-went-to-zero">article notes</a>:<br /><blockquote>investors would probably also dump other cryptocurrencies. recent tantrums have shown that where bitcoin goes, other digital monies follow, says philip gradwell of chainalysis, a data firm. </blockquote>recall that what the mining power is doing is securing the blockchain against attack. once it became possible to rent large amounts of mining power, % attacks on minor alt-coins became endemic. for example, there were <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-classic-blockchain-subject-to-yet-another- -attack">three successful attacks on ethereum classic in a single month</a>. before the adjustment, some fraction of the now-uneconomic bitcoin mining power has migrated to the rental market. even a small fraction can overwhelm other cryptocurrencies. as i write, the bitcoin hash rate is around <a href="https://www.blockchain.com/charts/hash-rate"> m th/s</a>. dogecoin is the next largest "market cap" coin using bitcoin-like proof-of-work. its hash rate is around <a href="https://www.coinwarz.com/mining/dogecoin/hashrate-chart"> th/s</a>, or , times smaller. thus during the first part there was a tidal wave of attacks against every other proof-of-work cryptocurrency.<br /><br />it has never been possible to rent enugh mining power to attack a major cryptocurrency. but now we have more than % of the bitcoin mining power sitting idle on the sidelines desperate for income. these miners have choices:<br /><ul><li>they can resume mining bitcoin. the more efficient of them can do so and still make a profit, but if they all do most will find it uneconomic.</li><li>they can mine other proof-of-work cryptocurrencies. but even if only a tiny fraction of them do so, it will be uneconomic. and trust in the alt-coins has been destroyed by the wave of attacks.</li><li>they can collaborate to mount double-spend attacks against bitcoin, since they have more than half the mining power.</li><li>they can collaborate to mount the kind of sabotage attack described by eric budish in <a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w "><i>the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain</i></a>, aiming to profit by shorting bitcoin in the derivative market and destroying confidence in the asset's security.</li></ul>the security of proof-of-work blockchains depends upon the unavailability of enough mining power to mount an attack. a massive, sustained drop in the value of bitcoin would free up enormous amounts of mining power, far more than enough to destroy any smaller cryptocurrency, and probably enough to destroy bitcoin.<br /><br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 open knowledge foundation: the registration for the first eu open data days is open! 	 https://blog.okfn.org/ / / /the-registration-for-the-first-eu-open-data-days-is-open/ 	 <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /odd_banner _ x - .png?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /odd_banner _ x - .png?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></p> <p>here at open knowledge foundation, we are really pleased to see that registration is now open for participants for the first <a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/web/euopendatadays">eu open data days</a>. </p> <p>the <a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eudataviz/programme">programme</a> lasts three days from rd to th november , and is split in two main parts.</p> <ul> <p> – eu dataviz, a conference on open data and data visualisation for public administrations, from rd to th november ; and<br /> – eu datathon, the annual eu open data competition, on th november . </p></ul> <p>it’s free and open for everyone to attend, and is designed for a broad audience – including experts, open data enthusiasts and the public.</p> <p>= = = = = = = </p> <p><em>registration can be done <a href="https://scic.ec.europa.eu/ew/register/dgscic/odd_ /e/lk/g/ /k/">here</a>.</em></p> <p>= = = = = = = </p> <p>since eu open data days launched in march , open knowledge foundation is proud to be an official partner of eu open data days. </p> <p>we hope to see you there !</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 james hamilton 	 john mark ockerbloom: counting down to in the public domain 	 https://everybodyslibraries.com/ / / /counting-down-to- -in-the-public-domain/ 	 <p>we’re rapidly approaching another <a href="https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/publicdomainday/ /">public domain day</a>, the day at the start of the year when a year’s worth of creative work joins the public domain. this will be the third year in a row that the us will have a full crop of new public domain works (after a prior -year drought), and once again, i’m noting and celebrating works that will be entering the public domain shortly. approaching , i wrote a one-post-a-day <a href="https://everybodyslibraries.com/ / / /public-domain-day-advent-calendar- -the-prophet-by-kahlil-gibran/">advent calendar</a> for works throughout the month of december, and approaching , i highlighted a few works, and related copyright issues, in a series of december posts called <a href="https://everybodyslibraries.com/ / / / -vision- -opportunity/"> vision</a>.</p> <p>this year i took to twitter, making one tweet per day featuring a different work and creator using the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> hashtag. tweets are shorter than blog posts, but i started days out, so by the time i finish the series at the end of december, i’ll have written short notices on more works than ever. since not everyone reads twitter, and there’s no guarantee that my tweets will always be accessible on that site, i’ll reproduce them here. (this post has been updated to include all the tweets up to , and in has been further updated to link to copies of some of the featured works.) the tweet links have been reformatted for the blog, and a few tweets have been recombined or otherwise edited.</p> <p>if you’d like to comment yourself on any of the works mentioned here, or suggest others i can feature, feel free to reply here or on twitter. (my account there is @jmarkockerbloom. you’ll also find some other people tweeting on the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> hashtag, and you’re welcome to join in as well.)</p> <p><strong>september :</strong> it’s f. scott fitzgerald’s birthday. his best-known book, <em><a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=fitzgerald&amp;amode=words&amp;title=great+gatsby&amp;tmode=words&amp;c=x">the great gatsby</a></em>, joins the us public domain days from now, along with other works with active copyrights. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> (links to free online books by fitzgerald <a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=fitzgerald% c% f% e% scott% % francis% scott% % c% % d ">here</a>.) </p> <p><strong>september :</strong> c. k. scott-moncrieff’s birthday’s today. he translated proust’s <em>remembrance of things past</em> (a controversial title, as t<a href="https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/lost-in-translation-proust-and-scott-moncrieff">he public domain review notes</a>). <em><a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=proust&amp;amode=words&amp;title=guermantes+way&amp;tmode=words&amp;c=x">the guermantes way</a></em>, his translation of proust’s rd volume, joins the us public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>september :</strong> today is t.s. eliot’s birthday. his poem <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_hollow_men">“the hollow men”</a> (which ends “…not with a bang but a whimper”) was first published in full in , &amp; joins the us public domain in days.<a href="https://t.co/lwbsizgvuk?amp= " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> more by &amp; about him <a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=eliot% c% t% e% s% e% % thomas% stearns% % c% % d ">here</a>. </p> <p><strong>september :</strong> lady cynthia asquith, born today in , edited a number of anthologies that have long been read by children and fans of fantasy and supernatural fiction. her first major collection, <em><a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=asquith&amp;amode=words&amp;title=flying+carpet&amp;tmode=words&amp;c=x">the flying carpet</a></em>, joins the us public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>september :</strong> as <a href="https://twitter.com/marketplace">@marketplace</a> <a href="https://marketplace.org/ / / /agatha-christie-mysteries-still-raking-the-cash- -years-later/">reported tonight</a>, agatha christie’s mysteries remain popular after years. in days, her novel <em>the secret of chimneys</em> will join the us public domain, as will the expanded us <em>poirot investigates</em> collection. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>september :</strong> homer hockett’s and arthur schlesinger, sr.’s <em>political and social history of the united states</em> first came out in , and was an influential college textbook for years thereafter. the first edition joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>september :</strong> inez haynes gillmore irwin died years ago this month, after a varied, prolific writing career. <a href="https://redeemingqualities.wordpress.com/ / / /inezhaynesgillmore/">this blog post</a> looks at of her books, including <em>gertrude haviland’s divorce</em>, which joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> for some, spooky stories and themes aren’t just for october, but for the whole year. we’ll be welcoming a new year’s worth of <em>weird tales</em> to the public domain in months. see what’s coming, and what’s already free online, <a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/cinfo/weirdtales">here</a>. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> misinformation and quackery has been a threat to public health for a long time. in weeks, the book <em>the patent medicine and the public health</em>, by american quack-fighter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arthur_j._cramp">arthur j. cramp</a> joins the public domain. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sophie_treadwell">sophie treadwell</a>, born this day in , was a feminist, modernist playwright with several plays produced on broadway, but many of her works are now hard to find. her play “many mansions” joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> it’s edward stratemeyer’s birthday. books of his syndicate joining the public domain in days include the debuts of don sturdy &amp; the blythe girls, &amp; further adventures of tom swift, ruth fielding, baseball joe, betty gordon, the bobbsey twins, &amp; more. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> <a href="https://discoverysedge.mayo.edu/ / / /a-line-in-the-sand-mayo-clinics-role-in-insulin-research- /">russell wilder</a> was a pioneering diabetes doctor, testing newly invented insulin treatments that saved many patients’ lives. his book <em>diabetes: its cause and its treatment with insulin</em> joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> queer british catholic author radclyffe hall is best known for <em>the well of loneliness</em>. hall’s earlier novel <em><a href="https://heavenali.wordpress.com/ / / /a-saturday-life-radclyffe-hall- /">a saturday life</a></em> is lighter, though it has some similar themes in subtext<a href="https://t.co/cvvlcw tdv?amp= " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">.</a> it joins the us public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> edgar allan poe’s stories have long been public domain, but some work unpublished when he died (on this day in ) stayed in © much longer. in days, the valentine museum’s book of his previously unpublished letters finally goes public domain. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> in , the nobel prize in literature went to george bernard shaw. in days, his <em>table-talk</em>, published that year, will join the public domain in the us, and all his solo works published in his lifetime will be public domain nearly everywhere else. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> author and editor edward bok was born this day in . in <em>twice thirty</em> ( ), he follows up his pulitzer-winning memoir <em>the americanization of edward bok</em> with a set of essays from the perspective of his s. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> in the silent comedy “<a href="https://film.avclub.com/criterion-adds-harold-lloyd-s-campus-comedy-the-freshma- ">the freshman”</a>, harold lloyd goes to tate university, “a large football stadium with a college attached”, and goes from tackling dummy to unlikely football hero. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> it’s françois mauriac’s birthday. his <em>le desert de l’amour</em>, a novel that won the grand prix of the académie française, joins the us public domain in days. published translations may stay copyrighted, but americans will be free to make new ones. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> pulitzer-winning legal scholar charles warren’s <em>congress, the constitution, and the supreme court</em> ( ) analyzes controversies, some still argued, over relations between the us legislature and the us judiciary. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> science publishing in was largely a boys’ club, but some areas were more open to women authors, such as nursing &amp; science education. i look forward to maude muse’s <em>textbook of psychology for nurses</em> going public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/adalovelaceday?src=hashtag_click"> #adalovelaceday</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> happy birthday to poet <a href="https://poetryfoundation.org/poets/e-e-cummings">e. e. cummings</a>, born this day in <a href="https://t.co/iasp goc y?amp= " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">. </a>(while some of his poetry is lowercase he usually still capitalized his name when writing it out) his collection <em>xli poems</em> joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> it’s pg wodehouse’s birthday. in days more of his humorous stories join the us public domain, including <em>sam in the suburbs</em>. it originally ran as a serial in the saturday evening post in . all that year’s issues also join the public domain then. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> playwright and nobel laureate <a href="https://libguides.wustl.edu/c.php?g= &amp;p= ">eugene o’neill</a> was born today in . his “desire under the elms” entered the us public domain this year; in days, his plays “marco’s millions” and “the great god brown” will join it. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> not everything makes it to the end of the long road to the us public domain. in days, the copyright for the film <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/man_and_maid">man and maid</a></em> (based on a book by elinor glyn) expires, but no known copies survive. maybe someone will find one? <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> <a href="https://georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/corra-harris- - ">corra harris</a> became famous for her novel <em>a circuit rider’s wife</em> and her world war i reporting. the work she considered her best, though, was <em>as a woman thinks</em>. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> edna st. vincent millay died years ago today. all her published work joins the public domain in days in many places outside the us. here, magazine work like “sonnet to gath” (in sep vanity fair) will join, but renewed post-’ work stays in ©. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> all songs eventually reach the public domain. authors can put them there themselves, like tom lehrer just did for his lyrics. but other humorous songs arrive by the slow route, like tilzer, terker, &amp; heagney’s “pardon me (while i laugh)” will in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> sherwood anderson’s <em>winesburg, ohio</em> wasn’t a best-seller when it came out, but his <em>dark laughter</em> was. since joycean works fell out of fashion, that book’s been largely forgotten, but may get new attention when it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> artist <a href="https://www.brandywine.org/museum/nc-wyeth-catalogue-raisonne/biography">nc wyeth</a> was born this day in . the brandywine museum near philadelphia shows many of his works. his illustrated edition of francis parkman’s book <em>the oregon trail</em> joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> today (especially at : , on / ) many chemists celebrate <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/moleday?src=hashtag_click">#moleday</a>. in days, they’ll also get to celebrate historically important chemistry publications joining the us public domain, including all issues of justus liebigs annalen der chemie. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> while some early alfred hitchcock films were in the us public domain for a while due to formality issues, the gatt accords restored their copyrights. his directorial debut, <em>the pleasure garden</em>, rejoins the public domain (this time for good) in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> <em>(addendum: there may still be one more year of copyright to this film as of ; see the comments to this post for details.)</em></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> albert barnes took a different approach to art than most of his contemporaries. the first edition of <em>the art in painting</em>, where he explains his theories and shows examples from <a href="https://barnesfoundation.org/whats-on/collection">his collection</a>, joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> prolific writer carolyn wells had a long-running series of mystery novels featuring fleming stone. here’s <a href="https://thepassingtramp.blogspot.com/ / /the-daughter-of-house- -or-how-i.html">a blog post by the passing tramp on one of them</a>, <em>the daughter of the house</em>, which will join the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> theodore roosevelt was born today in , and died over years ago, but some of his works are still copyrighted. in days, volumes of his correspondence with henry cabot lodge, written from - and published in , join the public domain. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> american composer and conductor <a href="https://esm.rochester.edu/iam/history/">howard hanson</a> was born on this day in . his choral piece “lament for beowulf” joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> “skitter cat” was a white persian cat who had adventures in <a href="https://eleanoryoumans.blogspot.com/p/synopses-and-cover-art.html">several children’s books</a> by eleanor youmans, illustrated by ruth bennett. the first of the books joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/nationalcatday?src=hashtag_click">#nationalcatday</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> “<a href="http://www.thrillingdetective.com/more_eyes/secret_service_smith.html">secret service smith</a>” was a detective created by canadian author r. t. m. maitland. his first magazine appearance was in ; his first original full-length novel, <em>the black magician</em>, joins the public domain in weeks. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>october :</strong> poet john keats was born this day in . amy lowell’s -volume biography links his romantic poetry with her imagist poetry. (<a href="https://keatslocations.co.uk/category/books/john-keats-by-amy-lowell/"> review</a>.) she finished and published it just before she died. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> “not just for an hour, not for just a day, not for just a year, but always.” irving berlin gave the rights to <a href="https://irvingberlin.com/always">this song</a> to his bride in . both are gone now, and in months it will join the public domain for all of us, always. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> mikhail fokine’s <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_dying_swan">the dying swan</a></em> dance, set to music by camille saint-saëns, premiered in , but its choreography wasn’t published until , the same year a film of it was released. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> (choreography copyright is weird. not only does the term not start until publication, which can be long after st performance, but what’s copyrightable has also changed. before it had to qualify as dramatic; now it doesn’t, but it has to be more than a short step sequence.)</p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> herbert hoover was the only sitting president to be voted out of office between &amp; . before taking office, he wrote the foreword to carolyn crane’s <em>everyman’s house</em>, part of a homeowners’ campaign he co-led. it goes out of copyright in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> “<a href="https://silenthollywood.com/thegoldencocoon .html">the golden cocoon”</a> is a silent melodrama featuring an election, jilted lovers, and extortion. the <a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/record/ ">ruth cross novel it’s based on</a> went public domain this year. the film will join it there in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> investigative journalist ida tarbell was born today in . her <em>history of standard oil</em> helped break up that trust in , but her <em>life of elbert h. gary</em> wrote more admiringly of his chairmanship of us steel. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> harold ross was born on this day in . he was the first editor of the new yorker, which he established in coöperation with his wife, jane grant. after ninety-five years, the magazine’s first issues are set to join the public domain in fifty-six days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> “sweet georgia brown” by ben bernie &amp; maceo pinkard (lyrics by kenneth casey) is a jazz standard, the theme tune of the harlem globetrotters, and a song often played in celebration. one thing we can celebrate in days is it joining the public domain. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> today i hiked on the appalachian trail. it was completed in , but parts are much older. walter collins o’kane’s <em>trails and summits of the white mountains</em>, published in when the at was more idea than reality, goes public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> in sinclair lewis’ <em>arrowsmith</em>, a brilliant medical researcher deals with personal and ethical issues as he tries to find a cure for a deadly epidemic. the novel has stayed relevant well past its publication, and joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> john marquand was born today in . he’s known for his spy stories and satires, but an early novel, <em>the black cargo</em>, features a sailor curious about a mysterious payload on a ship he’s been hired onto. it joins the us public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> the first world war, whose armistice was years ago today, cast a long shadow. among the many literary works looking back to it is ford madox ford’s novel <em>no more parades</em>, part of his “parade’s end” tetralogy. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> anne parrish was born on this day in . in , <em><a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/parrish/dream/dream.html">the dream coach</a></em>, co-written with her brother, got a newbery honor , and her novel <em>the perennial bachelor</em> was a best-seller. the latter book joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> in “the curse of the golden cross”, g. k. chesterton’s father brown once again finds a natural explanation to what seem to be preternatural symbols &amp; events. as of today, friday the th, the story is exactly weeks away from the us public domain. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> the pop standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yes_sir% c_that's_my_baby_(song)">“yes sir, that’s my baby”</a> was the baby of walter donaldson (music) and gus kahn (lyrics). it’s been performed by many artists since its composition, and in days, this baby steps out into the public domain. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> marianne moore, born on this day in , had a long literary career, including editing the influential modernist magazine <em>the dial</em> from on. in days, all issues of that magazine <a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/cinfo/thedial">will be fully in the public domain</a>. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> george s. kaufman, born today in , wrote or directed a play in every broadway season from till . in days, several of his plays join the public domain, including his still-performed comedy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_butter_and_egg_man">“the butter and egg man”</a><a href="https://t.co/f v ikyhdp?amp= " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">.</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> <em>shen of the sea</em> was a newbery-winning collection of stories presented as “chinese” folktales, but written by american author arthur bowie chrisman. praised when first published, seen more as appropriation later, it’ll be appropriable itself in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jacques_maritain">jacques maritain</a> was a french catholic philosopher who influenced the universal declaration of human rights. his book on reformers (luther, descartes, and rousseau) joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> prevailing views of history change a lot over years. the pulitzer history prize went to a book titled “the war for southern independence”. the last volume of edward channing’s <em>history of the united states</em>, it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> alfred north whitehead’s <em>science and the modern world</em> includes a nuanced discussion of science and religion differing notably from many of his contemporaries’. (<a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehead/#reli">a recent review of it</a>.) it joins the us public domain in weeks.</p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> algonquin round table member <a href="https://amsaw.org/amsaw-ithappenedinhistory- -benchley.html">robert benchley</a> tried reporting, practical writing, &amp; reviews, but soon found that humorous essays &amp; stories were his forte. one early collection, <em>pluck and luck</em>, joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> i’ve often heard people coming across a piano sit down &amp; pick out hoagy carmichael’s “heart and soul”. he also had other hits, one being “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/washboard_blues">washboard blues</a>“. his original piano instrumental version becomes public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> harpo marx, the marx brothers mime, was born today in . in his oldest surviving film, <a href="https://marx-brothers.org/watching/film/too_many_kisses.htm">“too many kisses”</a> he does “speak”, but silently (like everyone else in it), without his brothers.<a href="https://t.co/vokxo yvrs?amp= " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"></a> it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> in <em>the man nobody knows</em>, bruce barton likened the world of jesus to the world of business. did he bring scriptural insight to management, or subordinate christianity to capitalism? it’ll be easier to say, &amp; show, after it goes public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> before <a href="https://virgilthomson.org/about/biography/">virgil thomson</a> (born today in ) was well-known as a composer, he wrote a music column for <em>vanity fair</em>. his first columns, and the rest of <a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/cinfo/vanityfair"><em>vanity fair</em> for </a>, join the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> “each moment that we’re apart / you’re never out of my heart / i’d rather be lonely and wait for you only / oh how i miss you tonight” those staying safe by staying apart this holiday might appreciate this song, which joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> (the song, “oh, how i miss you tonight” is by benny davis, joe burke, and mark fisher, was published in , and performed and recorded by many musicians since then, some of whom are mentioned in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oh,_how_i_miss_you_tonight">this wikipedia article</a>.) </p> <p><strong><strong><strong>november</strong></strong> :</strong> feminist author <a href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/katharine-susan-anthony- /">katharine anthony</a>, born today in , was best known for her biographies. her biography of catherine the great, which drew extensively on the empress’s private memoirs, joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>november</strong> :</strong> tonight in “barn dance” (soon renamed “grand ole opry”) debuted in nashville. most country music on it &amp; similar shows then were old favorites, but there were new hits too, like “the death of floyd collins”, which joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> (the song, with words by andrew jenkins and music by john carson, was in the line of other disaster ballads that were popular in the s. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/floyd_collins">this particular disaster</a> had occurred earlier in the year, and became the subject of song, story, drama, and film.)</p> <p><strong>november :</strong> as many folks get ready for christmas, many christmas-themed works are also almost ready to join the public domain in days. one is <em>the holly hedge, and other christmas stories</em> by temple bailey. <a href="https://writingnorthidaho.blogspot.com/ / /it-is-bad-enough-to-be-poor-on.html">more on the book &amp; author</a>. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>november :</strong> in john maynard keynes published <em>the economic consequences of sterling parity</em> objecting to winston churchill returning the uk to the gold standard. that policy ended in ; the book’s us copyright lasted longer, but will finally end in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>december :</strong> du bose heyward’s novel <em>porgy</em> has a distinguished legacy of adaptations, including a broadway play, and gershwin’s opera “porgy and bess”. when the book joins the public domain a month from now, further adaptation possibilities are limitless. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> in dorothy black’s <em>romance — the loveliest thing</em> a young englishwoman “inherits a small sum of money, buys a motor car and goes off in search of adventure and romance”. first serialized in ladies’ home journal, it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> joseph conrad was born on this day in , and died in , leaving unfinished his napoleonic novel <em>suspense</em>. but it was still far enough along to get serialized in magazines and published as a book in , and it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> ernest hemingway’s first us-published story collection <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/in_our_time_(short_story_collection)"><em>in our time</em></a> introduced his distinctive style to an american audience that came to view his books as classics of th century fiction: it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> libertarian author rose wilder lane helped bring her mother’s “little house” fictionalized memoirs into print. before that, she published biographical fiction based on the life of jack london, called <em>he was a man</em>. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> indiana naturalist and author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene_stratton-porter" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">gene stratton-porter</a> died on this day in . her final novel, <em>the keeper of the bees</em>, was published the following year, and joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://literarycornercafe.blogspot.com/ / /book-review-classics-keeper-of-bees-by.html">one review</a>. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> willa cather was born today in . her novel <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_professor% s_house">the professor’s hous</a>e</em> depicts s cultural dislocation from a different angle than f. scott fitzgerald’s better-known <em>great gatsby</em><a href="https://t.co/vgfdrnlqgv?amp= " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">.</a> it too joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> the <a href="http://sfsymphony.org/data/event-data/program-notes/s/sibelius-symphony-no- -in-c-major,-opus- ">last symphony</a> published by finnish composer jean sibelius (born on this day in ) is described in the grove dictionary as his “most remarkable compositional achievement”. it joins the public domain in the us in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> when the habsburg empire falls, what comes next for the people &amp; powers of vienna? the novel <em>old wine</em>, by phyllis bottome (wife of the local british intelligence head) depicts a society undergoing rapid change. it joins the us public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> <a href="http://lewisbrowne.org">lewis browne</a> was “a world traveler, author, rabbi, former rabbi, lecturer, socialist and friend of the literary elite”. his first book, <em>stranger than fiction: a short history of the jews</em>, joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> in , john scopes was convicted for teaching evolution in tennessee. books explaining the science to lay audiences were popular that year, including henshaw ward’s <a href="https://ncse.ngo/evolution-john-doe-part- "><em>evolution for john doe</em></a>. it becomes public domain in weeks. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> philadelphia artist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jean_leon_gerome_ferris">jean leon gerome ferris</a> was best known for his “pageant of a nation” paintings. three of them, “the birth of pennsylvania”, “gettysburg, ”, and “the mayflower compact”, join the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> <em>the queen of cooks, and some kings</em> was a memoir of london hotelier rosa lewis, as told to mary lawton. her life story was the basis for the bbc and pbs series <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_duchess_of_duke_street">“the duchess of duke street”</a>. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> today we’re celebrating new films being added to the national film registry. in days, we can also celebrate more registry films joining the public domain. one is <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_clash_of_the_wolves">the clash of the wolves</a></em>, starring rin tin tin. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/etsu_inagaki_sugimoto">etsu inagaki sugimoto</a>, daughter of a high-ranking japanese official, moved to the us in an arranged marriage after her family fell on hard times. her memoir, <em>a daughter of the samurai</em>, joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> <em>on the trail of negro folk-songs</em> compiled by dorothy scarborough assisted by ola lee gulledge, has over songs. scarborough’s next of kin (not gulledge, or any of their sources) renewed its copyright in . but in days, it’ll be free for all. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> virginia woolf’s writings have been slowly entering the public domain in the us. <a href="https://everybodyslibraries.com/ / / /public-domain-day-advent-calendar- -in-the-orchard-by-virginia-woolf/">we’ve had the first part of her <em>mrs. dalloway</em> for a while</a>. the complete novel, and her first <em>common reader</em> essay collection, join it in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lovers_in_quarantine">lovers in quarantine</a></em> with harrison ford sounds like a movie made for , but it’s actually a silent comedy (with a different harrison ford). it’ll be ready to go out into the public domain after a -day quarantine. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_rainey">ma rainey</a> wrote, sang, and recorded many blues songs in a multi-decade career. two of her songs becoming public domain in days are “shave ’em dry” (written with william jackson) &amp; “army camp harmony blues” (with hooks tilford). <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> for years we’ve celebrated <a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=wharton% c% edith% c% % d ">the works of prize-winning novelist edith wharton</a> as her stories join the public domain. in days, <em>the writing of fiction</em>, her book on <strong>how</strong> she writes her memorable tales, will join that company. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> albert payson terhune, born today in , raised and wrote about dogs he kept at what’s now <a href="https://waynetownship.com/terhune-park.html">a public park in new jersey</a>. his book about wolf, who died heroically and is buried there, will also be in the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> in the s it seemed buster keaton could do anything involving movies. <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/go_west_( _film)">go west</a></em>, a feature film that he co-wrote, directed, co-produced, and starred in, is still enjoyed today, and it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> in days, not only will theodore dreiser’s massive novel <em>an american tragedy</em> be in the public domain, but so will a lot of the raw material that went into it. much of it is in <a href="https://twitter.com/upennlib">@upennlib</a>‘s <a href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/ead/detail.html?id=ead_upenn_rbml_mscoll ">special collections</a>. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click"> #publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> johnny gruelle, born today in , created the raggedy ann doll, and a series of books sold with it that went under many christmas trees. two of them, <em>raggedy ann’s alphabet book</em> and <em>raggedy ann’s wishing pebble</em>, join the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> written in hebrew by joseph klausner, translated into english by anglican priest herbert danby, <em>jesus of nazareth</em> reviewed jesus’s life and teachings from a jewish perspective. it made a stir when published in , &amp; joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> “it’s a travesty that this wonderful, hilarious, insightful book lives under the inconceivably large shadow cast by the great gatsby.” a <a href="https://keepingupwiththepenguins.com/gentlemen-prefer-blondes-anita-loos/">review of anita loos’s <em>gentlemen prefer blondes</em></a>, also joining the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong><strong>december</strong> :</strong> “on revisiting <em>manhattan transfer</em>, i came away with an appreciation not just for the breadth of its ambition, but also for the genius of its representation.” a <a href="https://londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/ / /the-rambunctious-protagonist">review</a> of the john dos passos novel becoming public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>december :</strong> all too often legal systems and bureaucracies can be described as “kafkaesque”. the kafka work most known for that sense of arbitrariness and doom is <em>der prozess</em> (the trial), reviewed <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/franz-kafkas-the-trial-its-funny-because-its-true/">here</a>. it joins the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>december :</strong> <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chocolate_kiddies_ _european_tour">chocolate kiddies</a></em>, an african american music and dance revue that toured europe in , featured songs by duke ellington and jo trent including “jig walk”, “jim dandy”, and “with you”. they join the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p><strong>december :</strong> lon chaney starred in of the top-grossing movies of . <em>the phantom of the opera</em> has long been in the public domain due to copyright nonrenewal. <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_unholy_three_( _film)">the unholy three</a></em>, which was renewed, joins it in the public domain in days. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a> (if you’re wondering why some of the other big film hits of haven’t been in this countdown, in many cases it’s also because their copyrights weren’t renewed. or they weren’t actually copyrighted in .)</p> <p><strong>december :</strong> “…you might as well live.” dorothy parker published “resumé” in , and ultimately outlived most of her algonquin round table-mates. this poem, and her other <a href="https://dorothyparker.com/ / /public-domain- .html"> writing for periodicals</a>, will be in the public domain tomorrow. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/publicdomaindaycountdown?src=hashtag_click">#publicdomaindaycountdown</a></p> <p></p> <p> </p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 john mark ockerbloom 	 ed summers: opinionated 	 https://inkdroid.org/ / / /opinionated/ 	 <p> i’ve never really been a huge fan of the <a href="https://basecamp.com/books/getting-real">basecamp philosophy</a> of software development–especially since the <a href="https://www.theverge.com/ / / / /basecamp-political-speech-policy-controversy">no-politics</a> fiasco. calling it a <em>philosophy</em> is probably giving it a lot more credit than it deserves, since it largely seems to be thinly veiled marketing. </p> <p> but i’ll admit to having liked one idea that they promulgated since the early days of ruby on rails: <strong>that software should be <a href="https://basecamp.com/gettingreal/ . -make-opinionated-software">opinionated</a>.</strong> </p> <p> <a href="https://basecamp.com/gettingreal/ . -make-opinionated-software"><img class="img-responsive" src="https://inkdroid.org/images/opinionated.png" /></a> </p> <p> the hero narrative of the individual software developer or software user having an opinion and voicing it through the design or use of some software seems wrongheaded. software is made and used by people in groups, whether that group is realized and cultivated or not. </p> <p> however the basic idea here that software expresses opinions, and for designers and users to consciously express those opinions is a useful way to to think about design. </p> <p> but the thing <em>your app should take sides</em> really gets wrong is the suggestion that it’s possible for an app not to express opinions–as if one could do otherwise, and that some kind of neutrality is possible. </p> <p> software <em>always</em> takes sides, and expresses opinions–and often embodies <em>multiple </em>opinions in several arguments or controversies, rather than just one. </p> <p> the question is, do you understand the opinions it is expressing, and the decisions that are being made to express them? how can these decisions be negotiated as a group that includes the designers and users of the software? hint: it works best when there is significant overlap between the two. </p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 jonathan rochkind: logging uri query params with lograge 	 https://bibwild.wordpress.com/ / / /logging-uri-query-params-with-lograge/ 	 <p>the <a href="https://github.com/roidrage/lograge">lograge</a> gem for taming rails logs by default will lot the <code>path</code> component of the uri, but leave out the query string/query params. </p> <p>for instance, perhaps you have a url to your app <code>/search?q=libraries</code>. </p> <p>lograge will log something like:</p> <p><code>method=get path=/search format=html</code>…</p> <p>the <code>q=libraries</code> part is completely left out of the log. i kinda want that part, it’s important. </p> <p>the lograge readme <a href="https://github.com/roidrage/lograge#what-it-doesnt-do">provides instructions for “logging request parameters”</a>, by way of the params hash. </p> <p>i’m going to modify them a bit slightly to: </p> <ul><li>use the more recent <code>custom_payload</code> config instead of <code>custom_options</code>. (i’m not certain <a href="https://github.com/roidrage/lograge/issues/ ">why there are both</a>, but i think mostly for legacy reasons and newer custom_payload? is what you should read for?)</li><li>if we just put <code>params</code> in there, then a bunch of ugly <code>&lt;actioncontroller::parameters</code> show up in the log if you have nested hash params. we could fix that with <code>params.to_unsafe_h</code>, but…</li><li>we should really use <code>request.filtered_parameters</code> instead to make sure we’re not logging anything that’s been filtered out with <a href="https://blog.saeloun.com/ / / /rails- -adds-activesupport-parameter-filter.html">rails config.filter_parameters</a>. (thanks <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ruby/comments/oy h /logging_uri_query_params_with_lograge/h pu /">/u/ezekg on reddit</a>). this also converts to an ordinary hash that isn’t actioncontroller::parameters, taking care of previous bullet point. </li><li>(it kind of seems like lograge readme could use a pr updating it?)</li></ul> <div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: ruby; title: ; notranslate"> config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| exceptions = %w(controller action format id) params: controller.request.filtered_parameters.except(*exceptions) end </pre></div> <p>that gets us a log line that might look something like this:</p> <div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: ruby; title: ; notranslate">method=get path=/search format=html controller=searchcontroller action=index status= duration= . view= . db= . params={"q"=&gt;"foo"} </pre></div> <p>ok. the <code>params</code> hash isn’t exactly the same as the query string, it can include things not in the url query string (like controller and action, that we have to strip above, among others), and it can in some cases omit things that are in the query string. it just depends on your routing and other configuration and logic.</p> <p>the params hash itself is what default rails logs… but what if we just log the actual url query string instead? benefits:</p> <ul><li>it’s easier to search the logs for actually an exact specific known url (which can get more complicated like <code>/search?q=foo&amp;range% byear_facet_isim% d% bbegin% d= &amp;source=foo</code> or something). which is something i sometimes want to do, say i got a url reported from an error tracking service and now i want to find that exact line in the log. </li><li>i actually like having the exact actual url (well, starting from path) in the logs. </li><li>it’s a lot simpler, we don’t need to filter out controller/action/format/id etc. </li><li>it’s actually a bit more concise? and part of what i’m dealing with in general using lograge is trying to reduce my bytes of logfile for papertrail!</li></ul> <p>drawbacks?</p> <ul><li>if you had some kind of <em>structured</em> log search (i don’t at present, but i guess could with <a href="https://documentation.solarwinds.com/en/success_center/papertrail/content/kb/how-it-works/json-search.htm">papertrail features</a> by switching to json format?), it might be easier to do something like “find a /search with q=foo and source=ef without worrying about other params)</li><li>to the extent that params hash can include things not in the actual url, is that important to log like that?</li><li>….?</li></ul> <p>curious what other people think… am i crazy for wanting the actual url in there, not the params hash?</p> <p>at any rate, it’s pretty easy to do. note we use <code>filtered_path</code> rather than <code>fullpath</code> to again take account of rails parameter filtering, and <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ruby/comments/oy h /logging_uri_query_params_with_lograge/h pu /">thanks again /u/ezekg</a>: </p> <div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: ruby; title: ; notranslate"> config.lograge.custom_payload do |controller| { path: controller.request.filtered_path } end </pre></div> <p>this is actually overwriting the default path to be one that has the query string too:</p> <pre class="wp-block-preformatted">method=get path=/search?q=libraries format=html ...</pre> <p>you could of course add a different key <code>fullpath</code> instead, if you wanted to keep <code>path</code> as it is, perhaps for easier collation in some kind of log analyzing system that wants to group things by same path invariant of query string. </p> <p>i’m gonna try this out!</p> <h >meanwhile, on lograge…</h > <p>as long as we’re talking about lograge…. based on commit history, history of issues and pull requests… the fact that ci isn’t currently running (<a href="https://www.theregister.com/ / / /travis_ci_pricng/">travis.org</a> grr) and <a href="https://github.com/roidrage/lograge/blob/master/.travis.yml#l -l ">doesn’t even try to test on rails . </a>+ (although lograge seems to work fine)… one might worry that lograge is currently un/under-maintained…. no comment on a <a href="https://github.com/roidrage/lograge/issues/ ">gh issue filed in may asking about project status</a>. </p> <p>it still seems to be one of the more popular solutions to trying to tame rails kind of out of control logs. it’s mentioned for instance in docs from <a href="https://documentation.solarwinds.com/en/success_center/papertrail/content/kb/configuration/configuring-centralized-logging-from-ruby-on-rails-apps.htm?cshid=pt-configuration-configuring-centralized-logging-from-ruby-on-rails-apps#lograge">papertrail</a> and <a href="https://www.honeybadger.io/blog/ruby-logger-lograge/">honeybadger</a>, and many many other blog posts. </p> <p>what will it’s future be? </p> <p>looking around for other possibilties, i found <a href="https://github.com/reidmorrison/semantic_logger">semantic_logger</a> (<a href="https://github.com/reidmorrison/rails_semantic_logger">rails_semantic_logger</a>). it’s got similar features. it seems to be much more maintained. it’s got a respectable number of github stars, although not nearly as many as lograge, and it’s not featured in blogs and third-party platform docs nearly as much. </p> <p>it’s also a bit more sophisticated and featureful. for better or worse. for instance mainly i’m thinking of how it tries to improve app performance by moving logging to a background thread. this is neat… and also can lead to a whole new class of <a href="https://github.com/reidmorrison/rails_semantic_logger/issues/ ">bug, mysterious warning, or configuration burden</a>. </p> <p>for now i’m sticking to the more popular lograge, but i wish it had ci up that was testing with rails . , at least! </p> <p>incidentally, trying to get rails to log more compactly like both lograge and rails_semantic_logger do… is somewhat more complicated than you might expect, as demonstrated by the code in both projects that does it! especially semantic_logger is hundreds of lines of somewhat baroque code split accross several files. a refactor of logging around rails (i think?) to use <code>activesupport::logsubscriber</code> made it <em>possible</em> to customize rails logging like this (although i think both lograge and rails_semantic_logger still do some monkey-patching too!), but in the end didn’t make it all that easy or obvious or future-proof. this may discourage too many other alternatives for the initial primary use case of both lograge and rails_semantic_logger — turn a rails action into <em>one</em> log line, with a structured format. </p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 jrochkind 	 hangingtogether: a research roadmap for building a national finding aid network (nafan) 	 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /vrkjahrheey/ 	 <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignleft size-full is-resized"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /abstracts_natl_finding_aid.png"><img alt="graphic for the nafan project: a stylized magnifying glass and web browser superimposed over a map of the united states" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /abstracts_natl_finding_aid.png" width=" " /></a></figure></div> <p>i had the opportunity to develop and lead the oclc project team in the user research design phase for the imls-funded project (grant number lg- -ols- ), <em>building a national finding aid network</em> (nafan). we are collaborating on this project with our colleagues at the california digital library and the university of virginia. for additional details about the project, please refer to the <a href="https://www.oclc.org/research/areas/user-studies/national-finding-aid-network.html#:~:text=building% a% national% finding% aid% network% (nafan)% c% is% a,access% to% descriptions% of% archival">project web page</a> and the <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">november , hanging together blog post</a> written by my colleague merrilee proffitt. other research includes conducting an evaluation of finding aid data quality, described in a <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">july , hanging together blog post</a> by bruce washburn.</p> <p>the oclc project team developed a mixed methods approach to learn about individuals who use aggregated archival descriptions. the intent is to identify who uses these descriptions, why they use them, and what preferences they have for discovery and access.</p> <p>we also are interested in learning from archive, museum, and library staff about how they create and publish archival descriptions. we want to identify and discuss the opportunities and challenges these staff experience when describing archival materials, sharing archival description on the web, and participating in or not participating in finding aid aggregations.</p> <p>as you will see below, this methodology is designed to capture information about the use, design and management of the current archival aggregation ecosystem, currently comprised of separate websites. findings from this research will inform the design of the future nafan platform. it aims to serve the needs for both users and contributors to create a meaningful, inclusive and low-barrier pathway for access to archival collections.</p> <h ><strong>why archival user research is important</strong></h > <p>prior to developing the research questions and design, we reviewed the literature identifying studies related to aggregations of archival description which represent the holdings of multiple institutions. we recognized a gap in the literature. while there was research about user interaction with individual finding aids and the discovery systems of individual institutions, there was no research specifically identifying the users of aggregations and their research needs. additionally, although <a href="https://doi.org/ . /rusq. n . ">some work has addressed the information-seeking behaviors and research practices of scholars using primary sources</a>, it primarily has focused on historians and other academic researchers in the humanities. however, <a href="https://purl.stanford.edu/hk dn ">recent work on archival user personas at multiple institutions</a> indicate that users of archives are not only scholars, but also genealogists, local historians, and enthusiast researchers; k- educators; and a range of researchers using archives for their professional and creative work in fields such as journalism, documentary filmmaking, fiction writing; as well as public services librarians and archivists.</p> <h ><strong>what we want to learn from the nafan research</strong></h > <p>based on the gaps in the identification of users of archive aggregators and the documented archival user personas, we decided to survey and subsequently interview users of aggregated archival description as well as the archive, museum, and library staff who provide description for archive collections. building on questions outlined in <a href="https://confluence.ucop.edu/pages/viewpage.action?pageid= ">the final report from the first phase of the nafan project</a>, we prioritized a set of research questions to address the key issues that we believe are foundational to informing the other phases of the research for the formulation of technical and system requirements for modeling a national archival finding aid network.</p> <p><em>research questions: users of</em><em> aggregated </em><em>archival description </em><em></em></p> <ol type=" "><li>who are the current users of aggregated archival description?<ul><li>do current user types align with the persona types and needs identified in recent archival persona work (i.e., what characteristics are present vs. not)?   </li></ul></li><li>why are the current users trying to discover and access archival collections via aggregation of archival description?   </li><li>how are current users discovering and accessing aggregations of archival description? <ul><li>what are the benefits and challenges users face when searching archival description in aggregation?   </li></ul></li></ol> <p><em>research questions: staff who provide description for archival collections</em><em></em></p> <ol type=" "><li>what are the enabling and constraining factors that influence whether organizations describe the archival collections in their care?  </li><li>what are the enabling or constraining factors that influence whether organizations contribute to an aggregation of archival description?  </li><li>what value does participation in an archival aggregation service bring to organizations?   </li><li>what is the structure and extent of consistency across the body of metadata records in current aggregations of archival description?<ul><li>can that body of metadata records support user needs identified in findings from the user research phase of the study?<ul><li>if so, how? if not, what are the gaps?  </li></ul></li></ul></li></ol> <h ><strong>why the data collection tools were selected to answer our research questions</strong></h > <p>to develop a more complete picture of the users and creators of archival description, we used a mixed methods approach for data collection and analysis. our research design includes a pop-up survey and individual semi-structured interviews with users of aggregated archival description and focus group interviews with archive, museum, and library staff who provide description for archive collections.</p> <p>the pop-up survey provides a broad overview of the demographics, rationale, and content and format preferences for using aggregated archival description while the semi-structured individual interviews provide more in-depth information on the hows and whys for using them. the focus group interviews with archivists enabled us to identify the challenges and opportunities experienced when contributing to archival aggregation services as well as their perceptions of their users’ needs and expectations.</p> <p><em>focus group interviews</em>: ten virtual focus group interviews, with approximately five participants each for a total of participants were conducted with archivists. the participants worked in institutions where the archives staff either currently contribute to an aggregation or in institutions where the archives staff currently do not contribute to an aggregation. although focus group interview data cannot be generalized to an entire population, we used this methodology to identify archivists’ needs, expectations, and perceptions of contributing to and using aggregated archival description.</p> <p>the focus group interview data were digitally recorded and transcribed for content analysis of themes. the responses to the questions will be coded based on emerging themes and a comparative analysis of the responses will be calculated. the findings will be used for identifying contributor needs in relation to finding aid aggregations and evaluating the quality of existing finding aid data; technical assessments of potential systems to support network functions and formulating system requirements for a minimum viable national finding aid network; and community building, sustainability planning, and governance modeling to support subsequent phases of the project.</p> <p><em>user pop-up survey: </em>a pop-up survey was implemented on nafan partner aggregation websites from march to may , to gather demographic data and information about why and how individuals use finding aid aggregations, as well as their preferred format types. it was designed and implemented using surveymonkey software and included both open-ended and fixed response questions. there were , completed and usable survey responses, providing a convenience sampling frame for this phase of the project. the pop-up survey data are being analyzed using descriptive statistics and a comparative analysis of the responses from the different types of users identified in the demographic data that we collected.  </p> <p><em>user semi-structured interviews:</em> all respondents of the pop-up survey were invited to participate in a virtual, - minute, one-on-one semi-structured interview that includes guided open-ended questions that are asked in the same order during each interview. the respondents were offered a $  gift card, if they volunteered, were invited, and completed the interview. we are in the process of identifying  users who indicated they are interested in participating in the interviews and who represent the different user types and demographics of the pop-up survey respondents. these interviews will provide more detailed information about how and why individuals use finding aid aggregations.</p> <p>the data collected from the individual semi-structured interviews will be digitally recorded and transcribed for coding and analysis. descriptive statistics and a comparative analysis of the responses in the demographic data collected during the individual semi-structured interview sessions will be calculated. a codebook will be developed from the themes emerging from the interviews and the transcribed responses to the open-ended questions will be coded in the nvivo software using the codebook. following coding, we will gather samples of the answers and calculate inter-coder reliability to ensure consistency across the corpus of data.</p> <h ><strong>what’s next in nafan research</strong></h > <p>oclc research will begin conducting the individual semi-structured interviews with users of aggregated archival description. these data will be analyzed, as will the data from the user pop-up survey and the archive, museum, and library staff focus group interviews. we will continue to share our findings and we welcome your feedback.</p> <p><em><strong>acknowledgements: </strong>i want to thank my project team colleagues, chela scott weber, lesley langa, brooke doyle, brittany brannon, merrilee proffitt, and janet mason for their assistance with the focus group interview and survey data collection and analysis and to chela, lesley, and merrilee for their review of this blog post.</em></p> <p>the post <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= " rel="nofollow">a research roadmap for building a national finding aid network (nafan)</a> appeared first on <a href="https://hangingtogether.org" rel="nofollow">hanging together</a>.</p> <div class="feedflare"> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:yil auoc za"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=yil auoc za" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:d dqb pkexk"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:d dqb pkexk" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:-btjwof_dhi"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:-btjwof_dhi" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:v_sglipbpwu"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:v_sglipbpwu" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:qj idk rits"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=qj idk rits" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:l gmwitksz "><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=l gmwitksz " /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:gin vfwoqvq"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=vrkjahrheey:ek yxhmaak:gin vfwoqvq" /></a> </div><img alt="" height=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /vrkjahrheey" width=" " /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 lynn silipigni connaway 	 jez cope: mxadm: a small cli matrix room admin tool 	 https://erambler.co.uk/blog/introducing-mxadm/ 	 <p>i’ve enjoyed learning <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/">rust</a> (the programming language) recently, but having only really used it for <a href="https://erambler.co.uk/blog/day- ">solving programming puzzles</a> i’ve been looking for an excuse to use it for something more practical.</p> <p>at the same time, i’ve been using and learning about <a href="https://matrix.org">matrix</a> (the chat/messaging platform), and running some small rooms there i’ve been a bit frustrated that some pretty common admin things don’t have a good user interface in any of the available clients.</p> <p>so…</p> <p>i decided to write a little command-line tool to do a few simple tasks, and it’s now released as <code>mxadm</code>! it’s on <a href="https://crates.io">crates.io</a>, so if you have rust and <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/">cargo</a> available, installing it is as simple as running <code>cargo install mxadm</code>.</p> <p>i’ve only taught it to do a few things so far:</p> <ul> <li>list your joined rooms</li> <li>add/delete a room alias</li> <li>tombstone a room (i.e. redirect it to a new room)</li> </ul> <p>i’ll add more as i need them, and i’m open to suggestions too.</p> <p>it uses <a href="https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-rust-sdk">matrix-rust-sdk, the matrix client-server sdk for rust</a>, which is built on the lower-level <a href="https://www.ruma.io/">ruma</a> library, along with <a href="https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow">anyhow</a> for error handling. the kind folks in the <a href="https://matrix.to/#/#matrix-rust-sdk:matrix.org">#matrix-rust-sdk:matrix.org</a> have been particularly kind in helping me get started using it.</p> <p>more details from:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://tildegit.org/petrichor/mxadm">source code on tildegit</a></li> <li><a href="https://crates.io/crates/mxadm/">mxadm on crates.io</a></li> <li><a href="https://lib.rs/crates/mxadm">mxadm on lib.rs</a></li> </ul> <p>suggestions, code reviews, pull requests all welcome, though it will probably take me a while to act on them. enjoy!</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 eric lease morgan: searching project gutenberg at the distant reader 	 http://sites.nd.edu/emorgan/ / /searching-project-gutenberg-at-the-distant-reader/ 	 <p><img align="right" alt="flowers" src="http://sites.nd.edu/emorgan/files/ / /flowers.jpeg" />the venerable <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">project gutenberg</a> is a collection of about , transcribed editions of classic literature in the public domain, mostly from the western cannon. a subset of about , project gutenberg items has been cached locally, indexed, and made available through a website called the <a href="https://distantreader.org/gutenberg">distant reader</a>. the index is freely for anybody and anywhere to use. this blog posting describes how to query the index.</p> <p>the index is rooted in a technology called <a href="https://solr.apache.org">solr</a>, a very popular indexing tool. the index supports simple searching, phrase searching, wildcard searches, fielded searching, boolean logic, and nested queries. each of these techniques are described below:</p> <ul> <li><strong>simple searches</strong> – enter any words you desire, and you will most likely get results. in this regard, it is difficult to break the search engine.</li> <li><strong>phrase searches</strong> – enclose query terms in double-quote marks to search the query as a phrase. examples include: <code>"tom sawyer"</code>, <code>"little country schoolhouse"</code>, and <code>"medieval europe"</code>.</li> <li><strong>wildcard searches</strong> – append an asterisk (*) to any non-phrase query to perform a stemming operation on the given query. for example, the query <code>potato</code>* will return results including the words potato and potatoes.</li> <li><strong>fielded searches</strong> – the index has many different fields. the most important include: author, title, subject, and classification. to limit a query to a specific field, prefix the query with the name of the field and a colon (:). examples include: <code>title:mississippi</code>, <code>author:plato</code>, or <code>subject:knowledge</code>.</li> <li><strong>boolean logic</strong> – queries can be combined with three boolean operators: ) and, ) or, or ) not. the use of and creates the intersection of two queries. the use of or creates the union of two queries. the use of not creates the negation of the second query. the boolean operators are case-sensitive. examples include: <code>love and author:plato</code>, <code>love or affection</code>, and <code>love not war</code>.</li> <li><strong>nested queries</strong> – boolean logic queries can be nested to return more sophisticated sets of items; nesting allows you to override the way rudimentary boolean operations get combined. use matching parentheses (()) to create nested queries. an example includes <code>(love not war) and (justice and honor) and (classification:bx or subject:"spiritual life")</code>. of all the different types of queries, nested queries will probably give you the most grief.</li> </ul> <p>becase this index is a full text index on a wide variety of topics, you will probably need to exploit the query language to create truly meaningful results.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 life of a librarian 	 david rosenthal: stablecoins part 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /stablecoins-part- .html 	 i wrote <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /stablecoins.html"><i>stablecoins</i></a> about tether and its "magic money pump" seven months ago. a lot has happened and a lot has been written about it since, and some of it explores aspects i didn't understand at the time, so below the fold at some length i try to catch up.<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><br /><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tuycmqlkqcu/x tw v ti/aaaaaaaageo/ vutixdypbuzfnrbfhs ivpgs_xyjg jwclcbgasyhq/s /btc k.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tuycmqlkqcu/x tw v ti/aaaaaaaageo/ vutixdypbuzfnrbfhs ivpgs_xyjg jwclcbgasyhq/w -h /btc k.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /number-go-up-new-bitcoin-peak-exactly-three-years-after-the-last-whats-happening-here/">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>in the postscript to <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /stablecoins.html"><i>stablecoins</i></a> i quoted david gerard's account of the december <sup>th</sup> <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /number-go-up-new-bitcoin-peak-exactly-three-years-after-the-last-whats-happening-here/">pump that pushed btc over $ k</a>:<br /><blockquote>we saw about <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /tether-is-too-big-to-fail-the-entire-crypto-industry-utterly-depends-on-it/"> million tethers being lined up</a> on binance and huobi in the week previously. these were then deployed en masse.<br /><br />you can see the pump starting at : utc on december. btc was $ , . on coinbase at : utc. notice the very long candles, as bots set to sell at $ , sell directly into the pump. </blockquote>in btc had dropped from around $ . k on march <sup>th</sup> to under $ k on march <sup>th</sup>. it spiked back up on march <sup>th</sup>, then gradually rose to just under $ k by october <sup>th</sup>.<br /><br /><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hoc nkjpkc/yqxsio cxai/aaaaaaaagdg/awp -sty dcjwta fmbjnbhnlw p nnqclcbgasyhq/s /tethermarketcap.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hoc nkjpkc/yqxsio cxai/aaaaaaaagdg/awp -sty dcjwta fmbjnbhnlw p nnqclcbgasyhq/w -h /tethermarketcap.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/tether/">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>during that time tether issuance went from $ . b to $ . b, an increase of over % with large jumps on four occasions:<br /><ol> <li>march - <sup>th</sup>: $ . b = $ . b to $ . b (a weekend)</li> <li>may - <sup>th</sup> $ . b = $ . b to $ . b</li> <li>july <sup>th</sup>- <sup>st</sup> $ . b = $ . b to $ b (a weekend)</li> <li>august - <sup>th</sup> $ . b = $ b to $ . b (a weekend)</li></ol><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-wruyrsidoz /yqxtczg i/aaaaaaaagdo/sgvb qfl k tm xvdcxkvt _ddlwowpaclcbgasyhq/s /btc-price.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-wruyrsidoz /yqxtczg i/aaaaaaaagdo/sgvb qfl k tm xvdcxkvt _ddlwowpaclcbgasyhq/w -h /btc-price.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>then both btc and usdt really took off, with btc peaking april <sup>th</sup> at $ . k, and usdt issuing more than $ b. btc then started falling. tether continued to issue usdt, peaking days later on may <sup>th</sup> after nearly another $ b at $ . b. issuance slowed dramatically, peaking days later on june <sup>th</sup> at $ . b when btc had dropped to $$ . k, % of the peak. since then usdt has faced gradual redemptions; it is now down to $ , b.<br /><br />what on earth is going on? how could usdt go from around $ b to around $ b in just over a year?<br /><h >tether</h ><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tlarfdnkhh /yqbaqbnxpvi/aaaaaaaagd /b ygfhnj glfa sqqznt- jb yrttgclcbgasyhq/s /stablecoinmktshare.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tlarfdnkhh /yqbaqbnxpvi/aaaaaaaagd /b ygfhnj glfa sqqznt- jb yrttgclcbgasyhq/w -h /stablecoinmktshare.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://muellerberndt.medium.com/is-tether-a-black-swan- b c">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>in <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what"><i>crypto and the infinite ladder: what if tether is fake?</i></a>, the first of a two-part series, fais kahn asks the same question:<br /><blockquote>tether (usdt) is the most used cryptocurrency in the world, reaching volumes significantly higher than bitcoin. each coin is supposed to be backed by $ , making it “stable.” and yet no one knows if this is true.<br /><br />even more odd: in the last year, usdt has exploded in size even faster than bitcoin - going from $ b in market cap to over $ b in less than a year. this includes $ b of new supply - a straight line up - <i>after</i> the new york attorney general accused <a href="https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/ /attorney-general-james-ends-virtual-currency-trading-platform-bitfinexs-illegal">tether of fraud</a>. </blockquote>i and many others have considered a scenario in which the admitted fact that usdt is <i>not</i> backed -for- by usd causes a "run on the bank". among the latest is <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= "><i>taming wildcat stablecoins</i></a> by gary gorton and jeffery zhang. zhang is one of the federal reserve's attorney, but who is gary gorton? izabella kaminska explains:<br /><blockquote>over the course of his career, gary gorton has gained a reputation for being something of an experts’ expert on financial systems. despite being an academic, this is in large part due to what might be described as his practitioner’s take on many key issues.<br /><br />the yale school of management professor is, for example, best known for a highly respected (albeit still relatively obscure) theory about the role played in bank runs by <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b b -a a- fb- - f e f e">information-sensitive</a> assets.<br />...<br />the two authors make the implicit about stablecoins explicit: however you slice them, dice them or frame them in new technology, in the grand scheme of financial innovation stablecoins are actually nothing new. what they really amount to, they say, is another form of information sensitive private money, with stablecoin issuers operating more like unregulated banks.<br /></blockquote><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">gorton and zhang write</a>:<br /><blockquote>the goal of private money is to be accepted at par with no questions asked. this did not occur during the free banking era in the united states—a period that most resembles the current world of stablecoins. state-chartered banks in the free banking era experienced panics, and their private monies made it very hard to transact because of fluctuating prices. that system was curtailed by the national bank act of , which created a uniform national currency backed by u.s. treasury bonds. subsequent legislation taxed the state-chartered banks’ paper currencies out of existence in favor of a single sovereign currency. </blockquote>unlike me, kahn is a "brown guy in fintech", so he is better placed to come up with answers than i am. for a start, he is skeptical of the usdt <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">"bank run" scenario</a>:<br /><blockquote>the unbacked scenario is what concerns investors. if there were a sudden drop in the market, and investors wanted to exchange their usdt for real dollars in tether’s reserve, that could trigger a “bank run” where the value dropped significantly below one dollar, and suddenly everyone would want their money. that could trigger a full on collapse.<br /><br />but when that might actually happen? when bitcoin falls in the frequent crypto bloodbaths, users actually buy tether - fleeing to the safety of the dollar. this actually drives tether’s price up! the only scenario that could hurt is when bitcoin goes up, and tether demand drops.<br /><br />but hold on. it’s extremely unlikely tether is simply creating tokens out of thin air - at worst, there may be some fractional reserve (they themselves admitted at one point it was only % backed) that is split between usd and bitcoin.<br /><br />the ny ag’s statement that tether had “no bank anywhere in the world” strongly suggests some money being held in crypto (tether has stated this is true, but less than %), and tether’s own bank says they use bitcoin to hold customer funds! that means in the event of a tether drop/bitcoin rise, they are hedged.<br /><br />tether’s own terms of service say users may not be redeemed immediately. forced to wait, many users would flee to bitcoin for lack of options, driving the price up again. </blockquote>kahn agrees with <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /stablecoins.html">me</a> that tether may have a <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">magic "money" pump</a>:<br /><blockquote>it’s possible tether didn’t have the money at some point in the past. and it’s just as possible that, with the massive run in bitcoin the last year tether now has more than the $ b they claim!<br /><br />in that case tether would seem to have constructed a perfect machine for printing money. (and america has a second central bank.) </blockquote>of course, the recent <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /graphing-chinas-cryptocurrency-crackdown.html">massive run down</a> in bitcoin will have caused the "machine for printing money" to start running in reverse.<br /><br />matt levine listened to an interview with tether's cto paolo ardoino and general counsel stuart hoegner, and is <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/ - - /money-stuff-private-equity-firm-got-rich-making-private-equity-firms-rich">skeptical about tether's backing</a>:<br /><blockquote>tether is a stablecoin that we have talked about around here <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ - - /things-got-weird-for-stablecoin-tether?sref= kjvnqnu">because</a> it was sued by the new york attorney general for lying about its reserves, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/ - - /money-stuff-don-t-pay-gambling-debts-by-insider-trading?sref= kjvnqnu">and because</a> it subsequently <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/ - - /money-stuff-don-t-pay-gambling-debts-by-insider-trading?sref= kjvnqnu">disclosed its reserves</a> in a format that satisfied basically no one. tether now says that its reserves consist mostly of commercial paper, which apparently makes it one of the largest commercial paper holders in the world. there is a fun game among <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/ - - /the-weekly-fix-bonds-treasuries-payrolls-crypto-tether?sref= kjvnqnu">financial journalists</a> and other <a href="https://twitter.com/patio /status/ ">interested observers</a> who try to find anyone who has actually traded commercial paper with tether, or any of its actual holdings. the game is hard! as far as i know, no one has ever won it, or even scored a point; i have never seen anyone publicly identify a security that tether holds or a counterparty that has traded commercial paper with it. </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tsm c e/ykrqfcfvqji/aaaaaaaagrs/jahlerprdcgktmbpbm-i_ _s pya xgcpcbgayycw/s /tether-reserves-breakdown- - - - x .png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tsm c e/ykrqfcfvqji/aaaaaaaagrs/jahlerprdcgktmbpbm-i_ _s pya xgcpcbgayycw/w -h /tether-reserves-breakdown- - - - x .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">usdt reserve disclosure<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>levine contrasts tether's reserve disclosure with that of another instrument that is supposed to maintain a stable value, a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/ - - /money-stuff-private-equity-firm-got-rich-making-private-equity-firms-rich">money market fund</a>:<br /><blockquote>here is <a href="https://am.jpmorgan.com/us/en/asset-management/adv/products/jpmorgan-prime-money-market-fund-morgan- a #/portfolio">the website</a> for the jpmorgan prime money market fund. if you click on the tab labeled “portfolio,” you can see what the fund owns. the first item alphabetically is $ million face amount of asset-backed commercial paper issued by alpine securitization corp. and maturing on oct. . its cusip — its official security identifier — is xmg . there are certificates of deposit at big banks, repurchase agreements, even a little bit of non-financial commercial paper. ... you can see exactly how much (both face amount and market value), and when it matures, and the cusip for each holding.<br /><br />jpmorgan is not on the bleeding edge of transparency here or anything; this is just how money market funds work. you disclose your holdings. </blockquote><h >binance</h >but the big picture is that usdt pumped $ b into cryptocurrencies. where did the demand for the $ b come from? in my view, some of it comes from whales accumulating dry powder to use in <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">pump-and-dump schemes</a> like the one illustrated above. but kahn has <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">two different suggestions</a>. first:<br /><blockquote>one of the well-known uses for usdt is “shadow banking” - since real us dollars are highly regulated, opening an account with binance and buying usdt is a straightforward way to get a dollar account.<br /><br />the ceo of usdc himself admits in this coindesk article: “in particular in asia where, you know, these are dollar-denominated markets, they have to use a shadow banking system to do it...you can’t connect a bank account in china to binance or huobi. so you have to do it through shadow banking and they do it through tether. and so it just represents the aggregate demand. investors and users in asia – it’s a huge, huge piece of it.” </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rniajl qoiw/yqbamzoyiri/aaaaaaaagdw/w xynyrmp i musdnmmm_ k wbzrtrqclcbgasyhq/s /derivativesbiz.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rniajl qoiw/yqbamzoyiri/aaaaaaaagdw/w xynyrmp i musdnmmm_ k wbzrtrqclcbgasyhq/w -h /derivativesbiz.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/ cbd - fd- c c-b ab- bca b b ">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">second</a>:<br /><blockquote>binance also hosts a massive perpetual futures market, which are “cash-settled” using usdt. this allows traders to make leveraged bets of x margin or more...which, in laymen’s terms, is basically a speculative casino. that market alone provides around ~$ b of daily volume, where users deposit usdt to trade on margin. as a result, binance is by far the biggest holder of usdt, with $ b sitting in its wallet. </blockquote>wikipedia describes "perpetual futures" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/perpetual_futures">thus</a>:<br /><blockquote>in finance, a <b>perpetual futures contract</b>, also known as a <b>perpetual swap</b>, is an agreement to non-optionally buy or sell an asset at an unspecified point in the future. perpetual futures are cash-settled, and differ from regular futures in that they lack a pre-specified delivery date, and can thus be held indefinitely without the need to roll over contracts as they approach expiration. payments are periodically exchanged between holders of the two sides of the contracts, long and short, with the direction and magnitude of the settlement based on the difference between the contract price and that of the underlying asset, as well as, if applicable, the difference in leverage between the two sides </blockquote>in <a href="https://muellerberndt.medium.com/is-tether-a-black-swan- b c"><i>is tether a black swan?</i></a> bernhard mueller goes into more detail about binance's market:<br /><blockquote>according to <a href="https://wallet.tether.to/richlist">tether’s rich list</a>, billion tron usdt are held by binance alone. the list also shows . b usdt in huobi’s exchange wallets. that’s almost b usdt held by two exchanges. considering those numbers, the value given by cryptoquant appears understated. a more realistic estimate is that ~ % of the tether supply ( . b usdt) is located on centralized exchanges.<br /><br />interestingly, only a small fraction of those usdt shows up in spot order books. one likely reason is that a large share is sitting on wallets to collateralize derivative positions, in particular perpetual futures. the cex futures market is essentially a casino where traders bet on crypto prices with insane amounts of leverage. and it’s a massive market: futures trading on binance alone <a href="https://www.coingecko.com/en/exchanges/derivatives">generated $ billion in volume over the last hours</a>. it’s important to understand that <a href="https://www.binance.com/en/support/faq/ ">usdt perpetual futures implementations</a> are % usdt-based, including collateralization, funding and settlement. prices are tied to crypto asset prices via clever incentives, but in reality, usdt is the only asset that ever changes hands between traders. this use-case generates significant demand for usdt. </blockquote>why is this "massive perpetual futures market" so popular? <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">kahn provides answers</a>:<br /><blockquote>that crazed demand for margin trading is how we can explain one of the enduring mysteries of crypto - how users can get . % interest on their holdings when banks offer less than %. </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-lgilgcvs ao/yqbslyrlmzi/aaaaaaaagea/vqapmb_ifwseze ojhtpeuloh jmdt xqclcbgasyhq/s /thistrade.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-lgilgcvs ao/yqbslyrlmzi/aaaaaaaagea/vqapmb_ifwseze ojhtpeuloh jmdt xqclcbgasyhq/w -h /thistrade.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.coindesk.com/first-mover-how-a-defi-trader-made-an- -profit-in-minutes-slinging-stablecoins">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>the high interest is possible <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/crypto-and-the-infinite-ladder-what">because</a>:<br /><blockquote>the massive supply of usdt, and the host of other dollar stablecoins like usdc, pax, and dai, creates an arbitrage opportunity. this brings in capital from outside the ecosystem seeking the “free money” making trades <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/first-mover-how-a-defi-trader-made-an- -profit-in-minutes-slinging-stablecoins">like this</a> using a combination of x leverage and and . % variance between stablecoins to generate an % profit in just a few seconds. if you’re only holding the bag for a minute, who cares if usdt is imaginary dollars? </blockquote>rollicking good times like these attract the attention of regulators, as amy castor reported on july <sup>nd</sup> in <a href="https://amycastor.com/ / / /binance-a-crypto-exchange-running-out-places-to-hide/"><i>binance: a crypto exchange running out of places to hide</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>binance, the world’s largest dark crypto slush fund, is struggling to find corners of the world that will tolerate its lax anti-money laundering policies and flagrant disregard for securities laws. </blockquote>as a result, laurence fletcher, eva szalay and adam samson report that <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/ cbd - fd- c c-b ab- bca b b "><i> hedge funds back away from binance after regulatory assault </i></a>:<br /><blockquote>the global regulatory pushback “should raise red flags for anyone keeping serious capital at the exchange”, said ulrik lykke, executive director at ark , adding that the fund has “scaled down” exposure.<br />...<br />lykke described it as “especially concerning” that the recent moves against binance “involve multiple entities from across the financial sphere”, such as banks and payments groups. </blockquote>this leaves some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serious_money">serious money</a> looking for an off-ramp from usdt to fiat. these are <a href="https://muellerberndt.medium.com/is-tether-a-black-swan- b c">somewhat scarce</a>:<br /><blockquote>if usdt holders on centralized exchanges chose to run for the exits, usd/usdc/busd liquidity immediately available to them would be relatively small. ~ billion usdt held on exchanges would be matched with perhaps ~ billion in fiat currency and usdc/busd </blockquote>this, and the addictive nature of "a casino ... with insane amounts of leverage", probably account for the relatively small drop in usdt market cap since june <sup>th</sup>. amy castor reported july <sup>th</sup> on another reason in <a href="https://amycastor.com/ / / /binance-fiat-off-ramps-keep-closing-reports-of-frozen-funds-what-happened-to-catherine-coley/"><i>binance: fiat off-ramps keep closing, reports of frozen funds, what happened to catherine coley?</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>binance customers are becoming trapped inside of binance — or at least their funds are — as the fiat exits to the world’s largest crypto exchange close around them. you can almost hear the echoes of doors slamming, one by one, down a long empty corridor leading to nowhere.<br /><br />in the latest bit of unfolding drama, binance told its customers today that it had disabled withdrawals in british pounds after its key payment partner, clear junction, ended its business relationship with the exchange.<br />...<br />there’s a lot of unhappy people on <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/binanceus/">r/binanceus</a> right now complaining their withdrawals are frozen or suspended — and they can’t seem to get a response from customer support either.<br />...<br />binance is known for having “maintenance issues” during periods of heavy market volatility. as a result, margin traders, unable to exit their positions, are left to watch in horror while the exchange seizes their margin collateral and liquidates their holdings. </blockquote>and it isn't just getting money out of binance that is getting hard, as <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /news-el-salvador-binance-vs-malaysia-goldman-sachs-non-blockchain-etf-virgil-griffith/"><i>david gerard reports</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>binance is totally not insolvent! they just won’t give anyone their cryptos back because they’re being super-compliant. kyc/aml laws are very important to binance, especially if you want to get your money back after suspicious activity on your account — such as pressing the “withdraw” button. please send more kyc. [<a href="https://www.binance.com/en/support/announcement/ df c b da c cc cd a ">binance</a>] </blockquote>issues like these tend to attract the attention of the mainstream press. on july <sup>rd</sup> the <i>new york times</i>' eric lipton and ephrat livni profiled sam bankman-fried of the ftx exchange in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/crypto-billionaires.html"><i>crypto nomads: surfing the world for risk and profit</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>the highly leveraged form of trading these platforms offer has become so popular that the overall value of daily purchases and sales of these derivatives far surpasses the daily volume of actual cryptocurrency transactions, industry data analyzed by <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/ . / . ">researchers</a> at carnegie mellon university shows.<br />...<br />ftx alone has one million users across the world and handles as much as $ billion a day in transactions, most of them derivatives trades.<br /><br />like their customers, the platforms compete. mr. bankman-fried from ftx, looking to out promote bitmex, moved to offer up to times leverage on derivatives trades. mr. zhao from binance then bested them both by <a href="https://twitter.com/binance/status/ ">taking it to </a>. </blockquote>then on the <sup>th</sup>, as the regulators' seriousness sank in, the same authors reported <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/cryptocurrency-ftx-high-risk-trade.html"><i>leaders in cryptocurrency industry move to curb the highest-risk trades</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>two of the world’s most popular cryptocurrency exchanges announced on sunday that they would curb a type of high-risk trading that has been blamed in part for sharp fluctuations in the value of bitcoin and the casino-like atmosphere on such platforms globally.<br /><br />the first move came from the exchange, ftx, which said it would reduce the size of the bets investors can make by lowering the amount of leverage it offers to times from times. leverage multiplies the traders’ chance for not only profit, but also loss.<br />...<br />about hours later, changpeng zhao [cz], the founder of binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, echoed the move by ftx, announcing that his company had already started to limit leverage to times for new users and it would soon expand this limit to other existing clients. </blockquote>early the next day, tom schoenberg, matt robinson, and zeke faux reported for bloomberg that <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/ - - /tether-executives-said-to-face-criminal-probe-into-bank-fraud"><i>tether executives said to face criminal probe into bank fraud</i></a>:<br /><blockquote> u.s. probe into tether is homing in on whether executives behind the digital token committed bank fraud, a potential criminal case that would have broad implications for the cryptocurrency market.<br /><br />tether’s pivotal role in the crypto ecosystem is now well known because the token is widely used to trade bitcoin. but the justice department investigation is focused on conduct that occurred years ago, when tether was in its more nascent stages. specifically, federal prosecutors are scrutinizing whether tether concealed from banks that transactions were linked to crypto, said three people with direct knowledge of the matter who asked not to be named because the probe is confidential.<br /><br />federal prosecutors have been circling tether since at least . in recent months, they sent letters to individuals alerting them that they’re targets of the investigation, one of the people said. </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-uzi _dhvxc /yqljxaclali/aaaaaaaagec/xcjvsdmvt gefzqpcach jesivvbdl egclcbgasyhq/s / -usd-spike.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-uzi _dhvxc /yqljxaclali/aaaaaaaagec/xcjvsdmvt gefzqpcach jesivvbdl egclcbgasyhq/w -h / -usd-spike.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /tether-criminally-investigated-by-justice-department-when-the-music-stops-podcast/">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>once again, david gerard pointed out the <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /tether-criminally-investigated-by-justice-department-when-the-music-stops-podcast/">obvious market manipulation</a>:<br /><blockquote>this week’s “number go up” happened several hours before the report broke — likely when the bloomberg reporter contacted tether for comment. btc/usd futures on binance spiked to $ , , and the btc/usd price on coinbase spiked at $ , shortly after.<br /><br />here’s the one-minute candles on coinbase btc/usd around : utc ( am bst on this chart) on july — the price went up $ , in three minutes. you’ve never seen something this majestically organic </blockquote>and so did amy castor in <a href="https://amycastor.com/ / / /the-dojs-criminal-probe-into-tether-what-we-know/"><i>the doj’s criminal probe into tether — what we know</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>last night, before the news broke, bitcoin was pumping like crazy. the price climbed nearly %, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-btc-price-tops- -for-the-first-time-in-nearly- -weeks.html">topping $ , </a>. on coinbase, the price of btc/usd went up $ , in three minutes, a bit after : utc. <br /><br />after a user placed a large number of buy orders for bitcoin perpetual futures denominated in tethers (usdt) on binance — an unregulated exchange struggling with <a href="https://amycastor.com/ / / /binance-italy-lithuania-hong-kong-all-issue-warnings-brazil-director-quits/">its own banking issues</a> — the btc/usdt perpetual contract hit a high of $ , at around : utc on the exchange.<br /><br />bitcoin pumps are a good way to get everyone to ignore the impact of bad news and focus on <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /the-origin-of-number-go-up-in-bitcoin-culture/">number go up</a>. “hey, this isn’t so bad. bitcoin is going up in price. i’m rich!” </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/--j gpsidehs/yqbgxlqsbai/aaaaaaaagei/hihaboji c wc-c nbxwvn b-ua kmwclcbgasyhq/s /spotvsfuture.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/--j gpsidehs/yqbgxlqsbai/aaaaaaaagei/hihaboji c wc-c nbxwvn b-ua kmwclcbgasyhq/w -h /spotvsfuture.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/crypto-billionaires.html">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>as shown in the graph, the perpetual futures market is at least an order of magnitude larger than the spot market upon which it is based. and as we saw for example on december <sup>th</sup> and july <sup>th</sup>, the spot market is heavily manipulated. <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">pump-and-dump schemes</a> in the physical market are very profitable, and connecting them to the casino in the futures market with its insane leverage can juice profitability enormously.<br /><h >tether and binance</h >fais kahn's second part, <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/bitcoins-end-tether-binance-and-the/comments"><i>bitcoin's end: tether, binance and the white swans that could bring it all down</i></a>, explores the mutual dependency between tether and binance:<br /><blockquote>there are $ b tokens for usdt in circulation, much of which exists to fuel the massive casino that is the perpetual futures market on binance. these complex derivatives markets, which are <a href="https://www.cftc.gov/pressroom/pressreleases/ - ">illegal</a> to trade in the us, run in the <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/">tens of billions</a> and help drive up the price of bitcoin by generating the <a href="https://blockworks.co/the-basis-trade-in-bitcoin/">basis trade</a>.<br /></blockquote>the <a href="https://blockworks.co/the-basis-trade-in-bitcoin/">"basis trade"</a>:<br /><blockquote>involves buying a commodity at spot (taking a long position) and simultaneously establishing a short position through derivatives like options or futures contracts </blockquote><a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/bitcoins-end-tether-binance-and-the/comments">kahn continues</a>:<br /><blockquote>for binance to allow traders to make such crazy bets, it needs collateral to make sure if traders get wiped out, binance doesn’t go bankrupt. that collateral is now an eye-popping $ b, having grown from $ b in february and $ b in may:<br /><br />but for that market to work, binance needs usdt. and getting fresh usdt is a problem now that the exchange, which has always been known for its relaxed approach to following the laws, is under heavy scrutiny from the <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/ - - /binance-probed-by-u-s-as-money-laundering-tax-sleuths-bore-in">us department of justice and irs</a>: so much so that their only us dollar provider, silvergate bank, <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/silvergate-bank-to-discontinue-binance-usd-deposits-withdrawals">recently terminated their relationship</a>, suggesting major concerns about the legality of some of binance’s activities. this means users can no longer transfer us dollars from their bank to binance, which were likely often used to fund purchases of usdt.<br /><br />since that shutdown, the linkages between binance, usdt, and the basis trade are now clearer than ever. in the last month, the issuance of usdt has completely stopped:<br /><br />likewise, futures trading has fallen significantly. this confirms that most of the usdt demand likely came from leveraged traders who needed more and more chips for the casino. meanwhile, the basis trade has completely <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/ - - /bitcoin-s-money-printing-machine-breaks-down-as-futures-collapse">disappeared</a> at the same time.<br /><br />which is the chicken and which is the egg? did the massive losses in bitcoin kill all the craziest players and end the free money bonanza, or did binance’s banking troubles choke off the supply of dollars, ending the game for everyone? either way, the link between futures, usdt, and the funds flooding the crypto world chasing free money appears to be broken for now. </blockquote>this is a <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/bitcoins-end-tether-binance-and-the/comments">problem for binance</a>:<br /><blockquote>right now tether is binance’s $ b problem. at this point, binance is holding so much tether the exchange is far more dependent on usdt’s peg staying stable than it is on any of its banking relationships. if that peg were to break, binance would likely see capital flight on a level that would wreak untold havoc in the crypto markets<br />...<br />regulators have been increasing the pace of their enforcements. in other words, they are getting pissed, and the bitmex founders going to jail is a <a href="https://news.bitcoin.com/bitmex-criminal-charges-prison/">good example</a> of what might await.<br /><br />binance has been doing all it can to avoid scrutiny, and you have to award points for creativity. the exchange was based in malta, until malta decided binance had “no license” to operate there, and that malta did not have jurisdiction to regulate them. as a result, cz began to claim that binance “<a href="https://www.coindesk.com/binance-doesnt-have-a-headquarters-because-bitcoin-doesnt-says-ceo">doesn’t have</a>” a headquarters. <br /><br />wonder why? perhaps to avoid falling under anyone’s direct jurisdiction, or to avoid a paper trail?<br /><br />cz went on to only reply that he is based in “asia.” given what china did to <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/georgecalhoun/ / / /the-sad-end-of-jack-ma-inc/?sh= d b c a">jack ma</a> recently, we can empathize with a desire to stay hidden, particularly when unregulated exchanges are a key rail for evading china’s <a href="https://twitter.com/patio /status/ ?lang=en">strict capital controls</a>. any surprise that the cfo <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/binances-chief-finance-exec-has-abruptly-left-the-company">quit</a> last month?<br /></blockquote>but it is also a <a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/bitcoins-end-tether-binance-and-the/comments">problem for tether</a>:<br /><blockquote>here’s what could trigger a cascade that could bring the exchange down and much of crypto with it: the doj and irs crack down on binance, either by filing charges against cz or pushing biden and congress to give them the death penalty: full on sanctions. this would lock them out of the global financial system, cause withdrawals to skyrocket, and eventually drive them to redeem that $ b of usdt they are sitting on.<br /><br />and what will happen to tether if they need to suddenly sell or redeem those billions?<br /><br />we have no way of knowing. even if fully collateralized, tether would need to sell <a href="https://www.fitchratings.com/research/fund-asset-managers/stablecoins-could-pose-new-short-term-credit-market-risks- - - ">billions in commercial paper</a> on short notice. and in the worst case, the peg would break, wreaking absolute havoc and crushing crypto prices. </blockquote><a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/bitcoins-end-tether-binance-and-the/comments">alternatively</a><br /><blockquote> it’s possible that regulators will move as slow as they have been all along - with one country at a time <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /cryptocurrency-exchange-binance-banned-by-uk-regulator.html">unplugging binance</a> from its banking system until the exchange eventually shrinks down to be less of a systemic risk than it is. </blockquote>that's my guess — it will become increasingly difficult either to get usd or cryptocurrency out of binance's clutches, or to send them fiat, as banks around the world realize that doing business with binance is going to get them in trouble with their regulators. once customers realize that binance has become a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/roach_motel">roach motel</a>" for funds, and that about % of usdt is locked up there, things could get quite dynamic.<br /><br /><a href="https://startupsandecon.substack.com/p/bitcoins-end-tether-binance-and-the/comments">kahn concludes</a>:<br /><blockquote>everything around binance and tether is murky, even as these entities two dominate the crypto world. tether redemptions are accelerating, and binance is in trouble, but why some of these things are happening is guesswork. and what happens if something happens to one of those two? we’re entering some uncharted territory. but if things get weird, don’t say no one saw it coming. </blockquote><h >policy responses</h >gorton and zhang argue that the modern equivalent of the "free banking" era is fraught with too many risks to tolerate. david gerard provides an overview of the era in <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /stablecoins-through-history-michigan-bank-commissioners-report- /"><i>stablecoins through history — michigan bank commissioners report, </i></a>:<br /><blockquote>the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wildcat_banking">wildcat banking</a> era, more politely called the “free banking era,” ran from to . banks at this time were free of federal regulation — they could launch just under state regulation.<br /><br />under the gold standard in operation at the time, these state banks could issue notes, backed by specie — gold or silver — held in reserve. the quality of these reserves could be a matter of some dispute.<br /><br />the wildcat banks didn’t work out so well. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_bank_act">national bank act</a> was passed in , establishing the united states national banking system and the office of the comptroller of the currency — and taking away the power of state banks to issue paper notes. </blockquote>gerard's account draws from a report of michigan's state banking commissioners, <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id= pquaaaayaaj&amp;lpg=pa &amp;dq=% bank% commissioners% % report.% &amp;pg=pa #v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>documents accompanying the journal of the house of representatives of the state of michigan</i>, pp. – </a>, which makes clear that tether's lack of transparency as to its reserves isn't original. banks were supposed to hold "specie" (money in the form of coin) as backing <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /stablecoins-through-history-michigan-bank-commissioners-report- /">but</a>:<br /><blockquote>the banking system at the time featured barrels of gold that were carried to other banks, just ahead of the inspectors </blockquote>for example, the <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id= pquaaaayaaj&amp;lpg=pa &amp;dq=% bank% commissioners% % report.% &amp;pg=pa #v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">commissioners reported that</a>:<br /><blockquote>the farmers’ and mechanics’ bank of pontiac, presented a more favorable exhibit in point of solvency, but the undersigned having satisfactorily informed himself that a large proportion of the specie exhibited to the commissioners, at a previous examination, as the bona fide property of the bank, under the oath of the cashier, had been borrowed for the purpose of exhibition and deception; that the sum of ten thousand dollars which had been issued for “exchange purposes,” had not been entered on the books of the bank, reckoned among its circulation, or explained to the commissioners. </blockquote>gorton and zhang summarize the <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">policy choices thus</a>:<br /><blockquote>based on historical lessons, the government has a couple of options: ( ) transform stablecoins into the equivalent of public money by (a) requiring stablecoins to be issued through fdic- insured banks or (b) requiring stablecoins to be backed one-for-one with treasuries or reserves at the central bank; or ( ) introduce a central bank digital currency and tax private stablecoins out of existence. </blockquote>their suggestions for how to implement the first option <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">include</a>:<br /><ul><li>the interpretation of section of the glass-steagall act, under which "it is unlawful for a non-bank entity to engage in deposit-taking"</li><li>the interpretation of title viii of the dodd-frank act, under which the financial stability oversight council could "designate stablecoin issuance as a <i>systemic payment activity</i>". this "would give the federal reserve the authority to regulate the activity of stablecoin issuance by any financial institution."</li><li>congress could pass legislation that requires stablecoin issuers to become fdic-insured banks or to run their business out of fdic-insured banks. as a result, stablecoin issuers would be subject to regulations and supervisory activities that come along with being an fdic-insured bank.</li></ul>alternatively, the second option would <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">involve</a>:<br /><blockquote>congress could require the federal reserve to issue a central bank digital currency as a substitute to privately produced digital money like stablecoins<br />...<br />the question then becomes whether policymakers would want to have central bank digital currencies coexist with stablecoins or to have central bank digital currencies be the only form of money in circulation. as discussed previously, congress has the legal authority to create a fiat currency and to tax competitors of that uniform national currency out of existence. </blockquote>they regard the key attribute of an instrument that acts as money to be that it is accepted at face value "no questions asked" (nqa). thus, based on history <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ">they ask</a>:<br /><blockquote>in other words, should the sovereign have a monopoly on money issuance? as shown by revealed preference in the table below, the answer is yes. the provision of nqa money is a public good, which only the government can supply. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-ajquzkiz sg/yqc-zj-_t i/aaaaaaaageq/wrymin orlogb nnjl qpf lkjh s hgclcbgasyhq/s /table .png" style="margin-left: em; margin-right: em;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-ajquzkiz sg/yqc-zj-_t i/aaaaaaaageq/wrymin orlogb nnjl qpf lkjh s hgclcbgasyhq/w -h /table .png" width=" " /></a></div></blockquote> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 digital library federation: building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward 	 https://www.diglib.org/building-a-transatlantic-digital-scholarship-skills-exchange-for-research-libraries-moving-forward/ 	 <p><span style="font-weight: ;">there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s </span><a href="https://youtu.be/ hvcqnovtg "><span style="font-weight: ;">digital scholarship network</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s </span><a href="https://youtu.be/gpewxr ke_y"><span style="font-weight: ;">data and digital scholarship</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> (dds) working group are continuing to foster a partnership aimed at building transatlantic collaborations and connections. the two groups have had a series of conversations, and we have now hosted two joint meetings. at an </span><a href="https://www.diglib.org/building-a-transatlantic-digital-scholarship-skills-exchange-for-research-libraries/"><span style="font-weight: ;">april </span></a> <a href="https://www.rluk.ac.uk/building-a-transatlantic-digital-scholarship-skills-exchange-for-research-libraries/"><span style="font-weight: ;">event</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, we divided into small groups to share ideas about the potential collaborative future of our two groups.  then we conducted a follow-up expressions of interest survey in april-may . </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">in response to the april event and the expressions of interest survey, we hosted a second event on july , at which we launched a beta skills exchange directory, and we offered a series of tailored “skills conversations.” </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">this post provides more detail on the july event and plans for next steps in our transatlantic collaboration.</span></p> <h ><span style="font-weight: ;">july event</span></h > <p><span style="font-weight: ;">one of the main takeaways from the first event in april was that participants appreciated being able to meet colleagues both from the uk and us so we were keen to facilitate this again and started the july event with or small group “meet and greets”. participants enjoyed the serendipity of these meetings and individual connections have already been made. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">the second part of the event was more structured and aimed to build on the information we had gathered from the </span><a href="https://www.diglib.org/building-a-transatlantic-digital-scholarship-skills-exchange-for-research-libraries/"><span style="font-weight: ;">expressions of interest survey</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. from this survey we were able to identify key areas of digital scholarship skills that colleagues were most keen to develop and could match these with colleagues who were willing to share their expertise in these areas by facilitating curated conversations. the areas identified were:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">artificial intelligence and machine learning </span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">tools for digital scholarship </span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">planning and managing a digital scholarship centre </span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">assessment and metrics</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">the success of these curated conversations was dependent on the experts being willing to share their knowledge and we are grateful to carol chiodo (harvard library), alexandra sarkozy (wayne state university),  sarah melton (boston college), kirsty lingstadt (university of edinburgh), eleonora gandolfi (university of southampton), gavin boyce (university of sheffield) and matt philips (university of southampton) for being so willing to participate and share their experiences so openly. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">in these breakout sessions the experts talked about their services and how they developed skills for mins each and then participants who had signed up for the session were able to ask follow up questions. dsn and dds partners acted as moderators in each breakout session and we were impressed with how informative and interactive the sessions were. if you weren’t able to make it to the july event, each session documented the conversation in a </span><a href="https://osf.io/vgax /"><span style="font-weight: ;">shared notes document</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">these interactive sessions are core for the success of a skills exchange but the finale of this event was the launch of the skills directory – a dynamic resource through which colleagues from both groups can share their skills and expertise with one another. </span></p> <h ><span style="font-weight: ;">transatlantic skills directory</span></h > <p><span style="font-weight: ;">participants were introduced to the directory (designed by stephanie jesper and susan halfpenny at university of york) and shown how to search (via the google sheets filter function) to identify colleagues with varying levels of expertise across skills areas relating to digital scholarship activities within research libraries. the directory includes the names and contact details of colleagues who are willing to share their skills and expertise around a skills area, and the means through which they are willing to do so (e.g. one-on-one conversation, contributing to a training session etc). due to the potential demand on colleagues the directory is only available to dsn and dds members but a recording of the introduction to the directory from the session is available</span><a href="https://youtu.be/cvbniytvjly"> <span style="font-weight: ;">here</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">.</span></p> <p> </p> <p><img alt="screenshot of the rluk/dds skills directory" class="alignleft size-full wp-image- " height=" " src="https://www.diglib.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/ / / /rluk-dds-directory.png" width=" " /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">the success of the directory depends on colleagues signing up to share their skills and after the demonstration participants were given time to register their own skills – the group were impressed by the response. as we write this, colleagues have registered in the directory, offering more than skills between them. however, we still need more and encourage members of rluk dsn and dlf dds to register their skills. we need your expertise to make this a success! we also encourage members to make good use of the directory to learn new skills or move forward with digital scholarship services and would be keen to hear of any contacts made via the directory.</span></p> <h ><span style="font-weight: ;">next steps</span></h > <p><span style="font-weight: ;">these events and tools have helped us learn more about our colleagues on both sides of the atlantic, and rluk dsn and dlf dds look forward to continuing this partnership. please check out the shared meeting notes, resources, and other materials available on our </span><a href="https://osf.io/eyth /"><span style="font-weight: ;">open science framework site</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. we plan to host more joint events to support networking and idea-generation, and we will continue to expand the directory with more colleagues who are interested in exchanging skills.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">thanks to everyone involved in arranging these events and the directory and of course to everyone who participates in the skills exchange!</span><span style="font-weight: ;"><br /> </span></p> <h ><span style="font-weight: ;">colleagues leading this work</span></h > <p><b>beth clark</b><span style="font-weight: ;">, associate director, digital scholarship &amp; innovation, london school of economics, and rluk dsn member.</span></p> <p><b>sara mannheimer</b><span style="font-weight: ;">, associate professor, data librarian, montana state university, and dlf dds co-convener.</span></p> <p><b>jason clark</b><span style="font-weight: ;">, professor, lead for research informatics, montana state university, and dlf dds co-convener.</span></p> <p><b>susan halfpenny</b><span style="font-weight: ;">, head of digital scholarship &amp; innovation, university of york, and rluk dsn member.</span></p> <p><b>matt greenhall</b><span style="font-weight: ;">, deputy executive director, rluk</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">thanks go to </span><b>gayle schechter </b><span style="font-weight: ;">(program associate, clir/dlf), </span><b>louisa m. kwasigroch</b><span style="font-weight: ;"> (director, outreach and engagement at clir and interim dlf senior program officer), </span><b>kirsty lingstadt</b><span style="font-weight: ;"> (deputy director, university of edinburgh and rluk dsn co-convener), </span><b>eleonora gandolfi</b><span style="font-weight: ;"> (head of digital scholarship and innovation, university of southampton and rluk dsn co-convener), </span><b>stephanie jesper</b><span style="font-weight: ;"> (teaching &amp; learning advisor, university of york), and </span><b>melanie cheung</b><span style="font-weight: ;"> (rluk executive assistant).</span></p> <p>the post <a href="https://www.diglib.org/building-a-transatlantic-digital-scholarship-skills-exchange-for-research-libraries-moving-forward/" rel="nofollow">building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.diglib.org" rel="nofollow">dlf</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 gayle 	 open knowledge foundation: register your interest: open knowledge justice programme community meetups 	 https://blog.okfn.org/ / / /register-your-interest-open-knowledge-justice-programme-community-meetups/ 	 <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /community.png?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /community.png?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></p> <p><strong>what’s this about?</strong></p> <p>the open knowledge justice programme is kicking off a series of free, monthly community meetups to talk about <a href="https://www.thejusticeprogramme.org/publicimpactalgorithms">public impact algorithms</a>.</p> <p>register <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/ faipqlscdvam -mv-n vfzct dlnsoyw co jzqojscpqzdjxz jbfg/viewform">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>who is this for?</strong></p> <p>do you want to learn more about <a href="https://www.thejusticeprogramme.org/publicimpactalgorithms">public impact algorithms</a>?</p> <p>would you like to know how to spot one, and how they might affect the clients you represent?</p> <p>do you work in government, academia, policy-making or civil society – and are interested in learning how to deploy a <a href="https://www.thejusticeprogramme.org/publicimpactalgorithms">public impact algorithm</a> fairly?</p> <p><strong>tell me more</strong></p> <p>whether you’re a new to tech or a seasoned pro, join us once a month to share your experiences, listen to our guest speakers and ask our data expert questions on this fast changing issue.</p> <p><em>= = = = =<br /> when? lunch time every second thursday of the month – starting september th .<br /> how? register your interest <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/ faipqlscdvam -mv-n vfzct dlnsoyw co jzqojscpqzdjxz jbfg/viewform">here</a><br /> = = = = =</em></p> <p>more info: <a href="http://www.thejusticeprogramme.org/community">www.thejusticeprogramme.org/community</a></p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 james hamilton 	 journal of web librarianship: #powerinnumbers: how digital libraries use collaborative social media campaigns to promote collections 	 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/ . / . . ?ai= dl&mi=co bk&af=r 	 . <br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 kyle h. goedert 	 oclc dev network: planned maintenance for the classify application, august 	 http://www.oclc.org/content/developer/worldwide/en_us/news/ /classify-aug- .html 	 <p>oclc will be performing maintenance on the experimental classify api on august.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 karen coombs 	 digital library federation: dlf digest: august 	 https://www.diglib.org/dlf-digest-august- / 	 <p><img alt="dlf digest" class="size-full wp-image- aligncenter" height=" " src="https://www.diglib.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/ / / /dlf-digest.png" width=" " /></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: ;">a monthly round-up of news, upcoming </span></i><a href="https://www.diglib.org/groups/"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">working group</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;"> meetings and events, and </span></i><a href="https://www.clir.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">clir</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;"> program updates from the </span></i><a href="https://www.diglib.org/"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">digital library federation</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. </span></p> <hr /> <h ><span style="font-weight: ;">this month’s news:</span></h > <ul> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">the </span><a href="https://wiki.diglib.org/pedagogy" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf digital library pedagogy group</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> invites all interested digital pedagogy practitioners to contribute to a literacy- and competency-centered </span><a href="https://dlfteach.pubpub.org/dlfteach-toolkits" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">#dlfteach toolkit</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, an online, open resource focused on lesson plans and concrete instructional strategies. for additional information, see the </span><a href="https://dlfteach.pubpub.org/dlfteach-toolkit- -cfp" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">cfp</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. if you are interested in contributing a lesson to the toolkit and/or being a peer reviewer, please complete the </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/ k npvrnrq vlo mlpn dm c k nu_ealwuer fupy/viewform?edit_requested=true" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">intent to contribute form</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. proposals are due by september , . questions can be sent to </span><a href="mailto:dlfteach.toolkit @gmail.com"><span style="font-weight: ;">dlfteach.toolkit @gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">.</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">on august , all twitter updates about clir’s </span><a href="https://www.clir.org/recordings-at-risk/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">recordings at risk</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> and </span><a href="https://www.clir.org/hiddencollections/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">digitizing hidden collections</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> grants and grantees will move to one account, @clirgrants. make sure to follow the </span><a href="https://twitter.com/clirhc" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">@clirhc</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> twitter account so you’ll be ready once it transitions to @clirgrants!</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">registration for the </span><a href="https://forum .diglib.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;"> dlf forum and affiliated events</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> opens soon. </span><a href="https://clir.informz.net/clir/pages/dlfforumnews " rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">subscribe to the dlf forum newsletter</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> for the latest updates on this fall’s virtual events. </span></li> </ul> <h ><span style="font-weight: ;">this month’s dlf group events:</span></h > <h ><i><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf digital library pedagogy group – #dlfteach twitter chat</span></i></h > <p><b>tuesday, august , pm et/ pm pt; </b><span style="font-weight: ;">participate on </span><a href="https://twitter.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">twitter</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> using the hashtag </span><a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=% dlfteach" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">#dlfteach</span></a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">join the dlf digital library pedagogy group for this month’s twitter chat on building stronger community engagement for open source. twitter chat details, instructions, and archives of past #dlfteach chats are available on the </span><a href="https://wiki.diglib.org/pedagogy:outreach:twitter" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf wiki</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">.</span></p> <h ><span style="font-weight: ;">this month’s open dlf group meetings:</span></h > <p><span style="font-weight: ;">for the most up-to-date schedule of dlf group meetings and events (plus ndsa meetings, conferences, and more), make sure to bookmark the </span><a href="https://www.diglib.org/opportunities/calendar/"><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf community calendar</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. can’t find meeting call-in information? email us at </span><a href="mailto:info@diglib.org"><span style="font-weight: ;">info@diglib.org</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. </span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf-aig metadata assessment working group: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=mgvndhr m nzow xztu czyybnfyz tqbhvfmjaymta mdvumtcxntawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">thursdays, august &amp; , : pm et/ : am pt</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf-aig cultural assessment working group: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=mm wadixbmxpm dme cjh mzvwyja dg fmjaymta mdlumtcwmdawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">monday, august , pm et/ am pt</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf-aig cost assessment working group: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=ynayadbobg zhq mzbtbwwznmn odh ymnfmjaymta mdlumtkwmdawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">monday, august , pm et/ pm pt</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf digital accessibility working group: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=yxaxdmjybnqzdxm m q mwvrcwjkmtu ajdfmjaymta mtfumtgwmdawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">wednesday, august , pm et/ am pt</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf digital accessibility working group-education &amp; advocacy subgroup: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=nhfham zwi dgfnow xnjnrdgxmnzfkz vfmjaymta mdlumtcwmdawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">monday, august , pm et/ am pt</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf committee for equity &amp; inclusion: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=awjsnhj a flawvhzju cjy ytk b t bwtfmjaymta mtlumtkwmdawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">thursday, august , pm et/ pm pt</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf museums cohort: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=njzmywl b tibmwxdxy mdrvynr zjznajzfmjaymta mjvumtgwmdawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">wednesday, august , pm et/ am pt</span></a></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><b>dlf-aig user experience working group: </b><a href="https://www.google.com/calendar/event?eid=n ztmnm zmrocgntdgdjdhy dgsymhznamnfmjaymta mjdumtgwmdawwiaxbmxxawhizghzy e cjducgu m nvnjzra bn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: ;">friday, august , pm et/ am pt</span></a></li> </ul> <p><i><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf groups are open to all, regardless of whether or not you’re affiliated with a </span></i><a href="https://www.diglib.org/about/members/"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf member institution</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;">. learn more about our working groups and how to get involved on the </span></i><a href="https://www.diglib.org/groups/"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf website</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;">. interested in starting a new working group or reviving an </span></i><a href="https://www.diglib.org/groups/past/"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">older one</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;">? need to schedule an upcoming working group call? check out the </span></i><a href="https://wiki.diglib.org/working_with_team_dlf"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">dlf organizer’s toolkit</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;"> to learn more about how team dlf supports our working groups, and send us a message at </span></i><a href="mailto:info@diglib.org"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">info@diglib.org</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;"> to let us know how we can help. </span></i></p> <p>the post <a href="https://www.diglib.org/dlf-digest-august- /" rel="nofollow">dlf digest: august </a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.diglib.org" rel="nofollow">dlf</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 gayle 	 digital library federation: arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation 	 https://www.diglib.org/arabic-translations-available-of-the- -levels-of-digital-preservation/ 	 <p>the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s qirab project (<a href="http://thesaurus-islamicus.org/index.htm">http://thesaurus-islamicus.org/index.htm</a>).</p> <p>translations for the levels of digital preservation matrix and implementation guide were completed.</p> <p>links to these documents are found on the levels of digital preservation osf site (<a href="https://osf.io/qgz /">https://osf.io/qgz /</a>).</p> <p>if you would be interested in translating the levels of digital preservation v . into another language please contact us at ndsa.digipres@gmail.com.</p> <div dir="rtl"> <h >الترجمات العربيَّة لمستويات الحفظ لعام والوثائق المرتبطة بها</h > <p>يسرُّ الاتحاد الوطني للإشراف الرقمي أن يُعلنَ عن صدور ترجمة باللغة العربيَّة لوثائق مستويات الحفظ الرقمي لعام ، نفَّذها زملاؤنا من مشروع «قِرَاب» التابع لجمعية المكنز الإسلامي.</p> <p>(<a href="http://thesaurus-islamicus.org/index.htm">http://thesaurus-islamicus.org</a>)</p> <p> </p> <p>وقد اكتملت التَّرجمات الخاصة بمصفوفة ودليل تنفيذ مستويات الحفظ الرقمي.</p> <p>علمًا أنه يمكن الوصولُ إلى تلك الوثائق من خلال مستويات الحفظ الرقمي لعام في الموقع الإلكتروني الخاص بمؤسسة أوبن ساينس فريم ورك (osf).</p> <p>(<a href="https://osf.io/qgz /">https://osf.io/qgz </a>)</p> <p>وفي حالة اهتمامكم بترجمة الإصدار الثاني من مستويات الحفظ الرقمي إلى لغةٍ أخرى، يُرجى التواصلُ معنا عبر عنوان البريد الإلكتروني التالي: ndsa.digipres@gmail.com</p> </div> <p>the post <a href="https://www.diglib.org/arabic-translations-available-of-the- -levels-of-digital-preservation/" rel="nofollow">arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.diglib.org" rel="nofollow">dlf</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 kussmann 	 lorcan dempsey: presentation: two metadata directions 	 https://www.lorcandempsey.net/presentation-two-metadata-directions/ 	 <h id="conference">conference</h ><img alt="presentation: two metadata directions" src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /kazak.png" /><p>i was pleased to deliver a presentation at the eurasian academic libraries conference - , organized by the nazarbayev university library and the association of university libraries in the republic of kazakhstan. thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and support. i was asked to talk about metadata and to mention oclc developments. the conference topic was: <em>contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment.</em></p><p>further information here:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://nu.kz.libguides.com/ealc- /home"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="presentation: two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://libapps-eu.s .amazonaws.com/apps/common/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">nazarbayev university libguides at nazarbayev university</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="presentation: two metadata directions" src="https://libapps-eu.s .amazonaws.com/accounts/ /images/logo_ealc_ .jpg" /></div></a></figure><h id="topic">topic</h ><p>i spoke about two trends in metadata developments: entification and pluralization. each of these is important and i provided an example under each head of a related initiative at oclc. </p><p>i discuss these trends in more detail in a recent blog entry, which recapitulated and extends the material presented at the conference:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/metadata-directions/"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">two metadata directions in libraries</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">metadata practice is evolving. i discuss two important trends here: entification and pluralization.</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="presentation: two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/favicon.png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">lorcandempsey.net</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">lorcan</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="presentation: two metadata directions" src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /sydneyairport .jpg" /></div></a></figure><h id="additional-materials">additional materials</h ><p>the slides as presented are here:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://figshare.com/articles/presentation/kazak_pptx/ "><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">kazak.pptx</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">this is a presentation about trends in metadata, focusing on two important issues. the first is entification, moving from strings to things. the second is pluralization, as we seek to better represent the diversity of perspectives, experiences and memories. it discusses an oclc initiative associated…</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="presentation: two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://websitev -p-eu.figstatic.com/assets-v /da b de c df d afff c fcedb eec e efd d/static/media/favicon- . d .png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">figshare</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="presentation: two metadata directions" src="https://s -eu-west- .amazonaws.com/pfigshare-u-previews/ /thumb.png" /></div></a></figure><p>the conference organizers have made a video of the sessions available. here is the video for day two, which should begin as i begin speaking. move back to see more of the presentations. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"></figure><p>as we prepared the video, i did reflect on the future of conferences and conference-going. clearly, much to work through here, and we are certainly seeing new and engaging online and hybrid experiences. in writing the accompanying blog entry, i finished with this observation:</p><blockquote>the pandemic is affecting how we think about work travel and the design of events, although in as yet unclear ways. one pandemic effect, certainly, has been the ability to think about both audiences and speakers differently. it is unlikely that i would have attended this conference had it been face to face, however, i readily agreed to be an online participant. // <a href="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/metadata-directions/">two metadata directions</a></blockquote> 	 - - t : : + : 	 lorcan 	 lucidworks: how to increase ecommerce conversion rates with signals 	 https://lucidworks.com/post/improve-ecommerce-conversions-and-customer-interactions-with-signals/ 	 <p>signals are powerful indicators of what customers want. here's how brands can use signals with machine learning models to improve conversion.</p> <p>the post <a href="https://lucidworks.com/post/improve-ecommerce-conversions-and-customer-interactions-with-signals/" rel="nofollow">how to increase ecommerce conversion rates with signals</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lucidworks.com" rel="nofollow">lucidworks</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 sanjay mehta 	 david rosenthal: economics of evil revisited 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /economics-of-evil-revisited.html 	 eight years ago i wrote <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /economics-of-evil.html"><i>economics of evil</i></a> about the <a href="https://www.theringer.com/ / / / /google-reader-ode-end-of-the-good-internet">death of google reader</a> and google's habit of leaving its <strike>customers</strike> users in the lurch. in the comments to the post i started keeping track of accessions to <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/visuel/ / / /google-memorial-le-petit-musee-des-projets-google-abandonnes_ _ .html"><i>le petit musée des projets google abandonnés</i></a>. so far i've recorded at least dead products, an average of more than a year. two years ago ron amadeo wrote about the problem this causes in <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/ / /googles-constant-product-shutdowns-are-damaging-its-brand/"><i>google’s constant product shutdowns are damaging its brand</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>we are days into the year, and so far, google is racking up an unprecedented body count. if we just take the official shutdown dates that have already occurred in , a google-branded product, feature, or service has died, on average, about every nine days. </blockquote>below the fold, some commentary on <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/ / /google-cloud-offers-a-model-for-fixing-googles-product-killing-reputation/">amadeo's latest report from the killing fields</a>, in which he detects a little remorse.<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><br />belatedly, someone at google seems to have realized that repeatedly suckering people into using one of your products then cutting them off at the knees, in some cases with <a href="https:// to google.com/ / / /google-one-today-donation-killed/">one week's notice</a>, can reduce their willingness to use your other products. and they are trying to do something about it, as amadeo writes in <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/ / /google-cloud-offers-a-model-for-fixing-googles-product-killing-reputation/"><i>google cloud offers a model for fixing google’s product-killing reputation</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>a google division with similar issues is google cloud platform, which asks companies and developers to build a product or service powered by google's cloud infrastructure. like the rest of google, cloud platform has a reputation for instability, thanks to quickly deprecating apis, which require any project hosted on google's platform to be continuously updated to keep up with the latest changes. google cloud wants to address this issue, though, with a new "<a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/inside-google-cloud/new-api-stability-tenets-govern-google-enterprise-apis">enterprise api</a>" designation. </blockquote>what google means by "<a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/inside-google-cloud/new-api-stability-tenets-govern-google-enterprise-apis">enterprise api</a>" is:<br /><blockquote> our working principle is that no feature may be removed (or changed in a way that is not backwards compatible) for as long as customers are actively using it. if a deprecation or breaking change is inevitable, then the burden is on us to make the migration as effortless as possible. </blockquote>they then have <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/inside-google-cloud/new-api-stability-tenets-govern-google-enterprise-apis">this caveat</a>:<br /><blockquote>the only exception to this rule is if there are critical security, legal, or intellectual property issues caused by the feature. </blockquote>and go on to explain <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/inside-google-cloud/new-api-stability-tenets-govern-google-enterprise-apis">what should happen</a>:<br /><blockquote> customers will receive a minimum of one year’s notice of an impending change, during which time the feature will continue to operate without issue. customers will have access to tools, docs, and other materials to migrate to newer versions with equivalent functionality and performance. we will also work with customers to help them reduce their usage to as close to zero as possible. </blockquote>this sounds good, but does anyone believe if google encountered "critical security, legal, or intellectual property issues" that meant they needed to break customer applications they'd wait a year before fixing them?<br /><br />amadeo <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/ / /google-cloud-offers-a-model-for-fixing-googles-product-killing-reputation/">points out that</a>:<br /><blockquote>despite being one of the world's largest internet companies and basically defining what modern cloud infrastructure looks like, google isn't doing very well in the cloud infrastructure market. analyst firm <a href="https://www.canalys.com/newsroom/global-cloud-market-q ">canalys</a> puts google in a distant third, with percent market share, behind microsoft azure ( percent) and market leader amazon web services ( percent). rumor has it (according to a report from <a href="https://www.theinformation.com/articles/google-brass-set- -as-deadline-to-beat-amazon-microsoft-in-cloud">the information</a>) that google cloud platform is facing a deadline to beat aws and microsoft, or it will risk losing funding.</blockquote>the linked story from <a href="https://www.theinformation.com/articles/google-brass-set- -as-deadline-to-beat-amazon-microsoft-in-cloud">actually says</a>:<br /><blockquote> while the company has invested heavily in the business since last year, google wants its cloud group to outrank those of one or both of its two main rivals by </blockquote>on canalys numbers, the "and" target to beat (aws plus azure) has happy customers forming % of the market. so there is % of the market up for grabs. if google added every single one of them to its % they still wouldn't beat a target of "both". adding six times their customer base in years isn't a realistic target.<br /><br />even the "or" target of azure is unrealistic. since google's market share has been static while azure's has been growing slowly. catching up in the years remaining would involve adding % of google's current market share. so <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/visuel/ / / /google-memorial-le-petit-musee-des-projets-google-abandonnes_ _ .html" rel="nofollow"><i>le petit musée</i></a> better be planning to enlarge its display space to make room for a really big new exhibit in .<br /><br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 digital library federation: call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee 	 https://www.diglib.org/call-for-nominations-to-the-ndsa-coordinating-committee/ 	 <p><span style="font-weight: ;">ndsa will be electing three members to its </span><a href="https://ndsa.org/about/leadership/"><span style="font-weight: ;">coordinating committee</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> (cc) this year, with terms starting in january . cc members serve a three year term, participate in a monthly call, and meet at the annual </span><a href="https://ndsa.org/conference/"><span style="font-weight: ;">digital preservation conference</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. the coordinating committee provides strategic leadership to the organization in coordination with group co-chairs. ndsa is a diverse community with a critical mission, and we seek candidates to join the cc that bring a variety of cultures and orientations, skills, perspectives and experiences, to bear on leadership initiatives. working on the cc is an opportunity to contribute your leadership for the community as a whole, while collaborating with a wonderful group of dynamic and motivated professionals. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">if you are interested in joining the ndsa coordinating committee (cc) or want to nominate another member, please complete the </span><a href="https://forms.gle/zzvk z azabis y "><span style="font-weight: ;">nomination form</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> by </span><b> : pm edt friday, august , </b><span style="font-weight: ;">, which asks for the name, e-mail address, brief bio/candidate statement (nominee-approved), and ndsa-affiliated institution of the nominee. we particularly encourage and welcome nominations of people from underrepresented groups and sectors. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">as members of the ndsa, we join together to form a consortium of more than partnering organizations, including businesses, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, professional associations and universities, all engaged in the long-term preservation of digital information. committed to preserving access to our national digital heritage, we each offer our diverse skills, perspectives, experiences, cultures and orientations to achieve what we could not do alone. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">the cc is dedicated to ensuring a strategic direction for ndsa, to the advancement of ndsa activities to achieve community goals, and to further communication among digital preservation professionals and ndsa member organizations. the cc is responsible for reviewing and approving ndsa membership applications and publications; updating eligibility standards for membership in the alliance, and other strategic documents; engaging with stakeholders in the community; and working to enroll new members committed to our core mission. more information about the duties and responsibilities of cc members can be found at the </span><a href="https://ndsa.org/about/leadership/"><span style="font-weight: ;">ndsa’s leadership page</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">we hope you will give this opportunity serious consideration and we value your continued contributions and leadership in our community.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">any questions can be directed to </span><a href="mailto:ndsadigipres@gmail.com"><span style="font-weight: ;">ndsadigipres@gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. </span><span style="font-weight: ;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">thank you,</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">nathan tallman, vice chair<br /> </span><span style="font-weight: ;">on behalf of the ndsa coordinating committee</span></p> <p>the post <a href="https://www.diglib.org/call-for-nominations-to-the-ndsa-coordinating-committee/" rel="nofollow">call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.diglib.org" rel="nofollow">dlf</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 nathan tallman 	 duraspace news: fedora migration paths and tools project update: july 	 https://duraspace.org/fedora-migration-paths-and-tools-project-update-july- / 	 <p><span style="font-weight: ;">this is the latest in a series of monthly updates on the fedora migration paths and tools project – please see </span><a href="https://duraspace.org/fedora-migration-paths-and-tools-project-update-may- /"><span style="font-weight: ;">the previous post</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> for a summary of the work completed up to that point. this project has been </span><a href="https://www.imls.gov/grants/awarded/lg- -ols- "><span style="font-weight: ;">generously funded by the imls</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">we completed some final performance tests and optimizations for the university of virginia pilot. both the migration to their aws server and the fedora . indexing operation were much slower than anticipated, so the project team tested a number of optimizations, including:</span></p> <ol> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">adding more processing threads</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">increasing the size of the server instance </span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">using a separate and larger database server </span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">using locally attached flash storage</span></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">fortunately, these improvements made a big difference; for example, ingest speed was increased from . resources per second to . resources per second. in general, this means that institutions with specific performance targets can use a combination of parallel processing and increased computational resources. feedback from this pilot has been incorporated into the <a href="https://wiki.lyrasis.org/display/fedora x/migrate+to+fedora+ ">migration guide</a>, updates to the </span><a href="https://github.com/fcrepo -exts/migration-utils"><span style="font-weight: ;">migration-utils</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> to improve performance, updates to the </span><a href="https://github.com/fcrepo-exts/fcrepo-aws-deployer"><span style="font-weight: ;">aws-deployer</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> tool to provide additional options, and improvements to the </span><a href="https://github.com/fcrepo-exts/fcrepo-migration-validator"><span style="font-weight: ;">migration-validator</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> to handle errors.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">the whitman college team has begun their production migration using </span><a href="https://github.com/mjordan/islandora_workbench"><span style="font-weight: ;">islandora workbench</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. initial benchmarking has shown that running workbench from the production server rather than locally on a laptop achieves much better performance, so this is the recommended approach. the team is working collection-by-collection using csv files and a tracking spreadsheet to keep track of each collection as it is ingested and ready to be tested. they have also developed a quality control checklist to make sure everything is working as intended – we anticipate doing detailed checks on the first few collections and spot checks for subsequent collections.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">as we near the end of the pilot project phase of the grant work we are focused on documentation for the migration toolkit. we plan to complete a draft of this documentation over the summer, after which this draft will be shared with the broader community for feedback. we will organize meetings in the fall to provide opportunities for community members to provide additional feedback on the toolkit and make suggestions for improvements.</span></p> <p>the post <a href="https://duraspace.org/fedora-migration-paths-and-tools-project-update-july- /" rel="nofollow">fedora migration paths and tools project update: july </a> appeared first on <a href="https://duraspace.org" rel="nofollow">duraspace.org</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david wilcox 	 hangingtogether: how well does ead tag usage support finding aid discovery? 	 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /bzb j mm ug/ 	 <p>in november, <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">we shared </a><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">information</a><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= "> with you</a> about the building a national finding aid network project (nafan). this is a two-year research and demonstration project to build the foundation for a (us) national archival finding aid network. oclc is engaged as a partner in the project, leading qualitative and quantitative research efforts. this post will gives some details on just one of those research strands, <strong><em>evaluation of finding aid data quality</em></strong>.</p> <p>in considering building a nationwide aggregation of finding aids, looking at the potential raw materials that will make up that resource helps us to both scope the network’s functionality to the finding aid data​ and to lay the groundwork for data remediation and expanded network features.​</p> <p>we have two main research questions when approaching the finding aid data quality:</p> <ul><li>what is the structure and extent of consistency across finding aid data in current aggregations?</li><li>can that data support the needs to be identified in the user research phase of the study? if so, how? if not, what are the gaps?</li></ul> <h >about the research aggregation</h > <p>twelve nafan partners made their finding aids available to the project for quantitative analysis, producing a total of over thousand documents. the finding aids were provided in the encoded archival description (ead) format. ead is an xml-based standard for describing collections of archival materials.  </p> <p>as a warning to the reader: this post delves deeply into ead elements and attributes and assumes at least a passing knowledge of the encoding standard. for those wishing to learn more about the definitions and structure, we recommend the official ead website or the less official but highly readable and helpful <a href="https://eadiva.com/">eadiva</a> site.”</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /aggregation-treemap- .png"><img alt="a treemap visualization of finding aid sources in the nafan research aggregation" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /aggregation-treemap- - x .png" width=" " /></a><em>a treemap visualization of finding aid sources in the nafan research aggregation.</em></figure> <p>this treemap visualizes the relative proportion of the finding aid aggregation from the partners: </p> <ul><li>archival resources in wisconsin</li><li>archives west</li><li>arizona archives online (aao)</li><li>black metropolis research consortium (bmrc)</li><li>chicago collections consortium</li><li>connecticut’s archives online (cao)</li><li>empire archival discovery cooperative (empireadc)</li><li>online archives of california (oac)</li><li>philadelphia area archival research portal (paarp)</li><li>rhode island archives and manuscripts online (riamco)</li><li>texas archival resources online (taro)</li><li>virginia heritage</li></ul> <p>​though a few of the partners provided much of the content, the aggregation is a very good mix from a wide variety of united states locales and institution types.​</p> <h >dimensions for analysis</h > <p>this analysis continues work carried out previously, including a ead tag analysis that oclc worked on with a different aggregation of ead documents, based on about , finding aids drawn from oclc’s <a href="https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid">archivegrid</a> discovery system. ​you can check out that previous study, “<a href="https://journal.code lib.org/articles/ " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">thresholds for discovery: ead tag analysis in archivegrid, and implications for discovery systems</a>” published in code lib journal issue .</p> <p>oclc’s analysis looked at ead tag and attribute usage from a discovery perspective. for that study, we identified five high-level features that were often present in archival discovery systems.  ​</p> <ul><li><strong>search:</strong> all discovery systems have a keyword search function; many also include the ability to search by a particular field or element.​</li><li><strong>browse:</strong> many discovery systems include the ability to browse finding aids by title, subject, dates, or other facets.​</li><li><strong>results display: </strong>once a user has done a search, the results display will return portions of the finding aid to help with further evaluation.​</li><li><strong>sort:</strong> once a user has done a search, they may have the option to reorder the results.​</li><li><strong>facet:</strong> once a user has done a search, they may have the option to narrow the results to only include results that fall within certain facets.​</li></ul> <p>the analysis used that framework of high-level discovery features to select ead elements and attributes that, if present, could be accessed, indexed, and displayed.​</p> <p>this is the categorization of ead elements and attributes that the study found to be relevant for supporting discovery system features.  ​</p> <ul><li>dates​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /unitdate/">unitdate</a>​</li><li>extent data​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /extent/">extent</a>​</li><li>collection title sources​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /unittitle/">unittitle</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /titleproper/">titleproper</a>/@type=filing​</li><li>content tags in <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /dsc/">dsc</a>​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /corpname/">corpname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /famname">famname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /function/">function</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /genreform">genreform</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /geogname/">geogname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /name/">name</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /occupation/">occupation</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /persname/">persname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /subject/">subject</a>​</li><li>content tags in <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /origination/">origination​</a>: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /corpname/">corpname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /famname/">famname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /name/">name</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /persname/">persname</a>​</li><li>content tags in <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /controlaccess/">controlaccess</a>​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /corpname/">corpname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /famname/">famname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /function/">function</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /geogname/">geogname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /name/">name</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /occupation/">occupation</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /persname/">persname</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /subject/">subject​</a></li><li>material type​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /controlaccess/">controlaccess</a>/<a href="https://eadiva.com/ /genreform/">genreform</a>​</li><li>repository​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /repository/">repository​</a></li><li>notes​: <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /abstract/">abstract</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /bioghist/">bioghist</a>, <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /scopecontent/">scopecontent​</a></li></ul> <p>for example, dates could potentially be utilized as search terms, or leveraged for for browsing or sorting. they may also be important for disambiguating similarly named collections in displays.  ​similarly, material types, represented by form and genre terms, could be important for narrowing a large result using a facet.​</p> <p>(thank you to <a href="https://eadiva.com/ /" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">eadiva</a> for providing the excellent tag library that is linked to from the ead elements names above.) </p> <p>the question then was, how often are these key elements and attributes used?​</p> <h ><strong>defining thresholds for discovery</strong>​</h > <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /image.png"><img alt="a table showing the thresholds of ead tag usage for discovery" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /image.png" width=" " /></a><em>a table showing the thresholds of ead tag usage for supporting discovery.</em></figure> <p>we should preface this by saying that it is difficult to predefine thresholds for the level of usage of an element at which it becomes more or less useful for discovery. ​is an element that is used % of the time still useful but one that is used % not?​</p> <p>oclc’s study developed these thresholds after evaluating the ead aggregation.​ the absence of an element does not directly lead to a breakdown in a discovery system. it is more like a gradual decay of its effectiveness. ​</p> <p>although we used these levels as a reference point in the study, we recognized that correlating usage with discovery is an artificial construct. ​</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /tagusage-comparison.png"><img alt="a table comparing ead tag usage in and " class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /tagusage-comparison.png" width=" " /></a><em>a table comparing ead tag usage in and .</em></figure> <p>the above figure shows a comparison of the usage thresholds from the study (right), compared with the same tag analysis applied to the nafan corpus in (left).​</p> <p>you will notice that there are some elements that we have added for analysis in the study, thanks to input from the expanded project team and the advisory board which is reviewing / providing input into work. this input has helped to breathe new life into old research.​</p> <p>​the findings of the study were decidedly mixed. some important elements were at the high or complete thresholds.  but many elements that are necessary for discovery interfaces were at medium or low use. though the nafan ead aggregation is a different corpus of data provided by different contributing institutions at a different time, the ead tag analysis for it hasn’t changed the picture very much.  ​</p> <p>a few elements have moved from the high threshold to complete, and a few from medium to high. and we found that there was mostly low-level use of content tags in origination and control access.​ apart from that, the study’s appraisal of how well ead supports the typical features of discovery systems could be considered mostly unchanged.​ this may be due in part to the relatively static nature of ead finding aids. once written and published, some documents may not receive further updates and improvements. it is not uncommon to find ead documents in this aggregation that were published several years ago and have not been updated since.</p> <p>looking back on the conclusions of the study suggests that its cautionary forecast about underutilization of ead to support discovery has proven to be accurate, while the study’s vision of the promise and potential for improving ead encoding has yet to be fulfilled.​</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p>if the archival community continues on its current path, then the potential of the ead format to support researchers or the public in discovery of material will remain underutilized. minimally, collection descriptions that are below the thresholds for discovery will hinder their discovery efforts and maximally will remain hidden from view.​</p><p>perhaps with emerging evidence about the corpus of ead, continued discussion of practice, recognition of a need for greater functionality, and shared tools both to create new ead documents and improve existing encoding, we can look forward to further increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of ead encoding and develop a practice of ead encoding that pushes collection descriptions across the threshold of discovery.</p><cite><a href="https://journal.code lib.org/articles/ " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">thresholds for discovery: ead tag analysis in archivegrid, and implications for discovery systems</a></cite></blockquote> <h >more research opportunities</h > <p>though replicating the ead tag analysis was an important step to confirm what we previously understood about the content and character of ead finding aids, it only scratched the surface of what’s left to learn.​ while oclc’s qualitative research is still being carried out and its findings won’t be available until later in the project, we can pursue other quantitative research right now to learn more about the nafan finding aid aggregation.​</p> <p>here are some of the areas that we’re investigating:​</p> <ul><li>what is the linking potential of the nafan ead finding aids?​</li><li>what is the completeness and consistency of the description of collections’ physical characteristics and genre?​</li><li>are content element values associated with controlled vocabularies, or can they be?​</li><li>is institutional contact information in ead finding aids consistent and reliable? ​</li><li>how do ead finding aids inform researchers about access to, use of, and reuse of materials in the described collections?​</li></ul> <p>there are many possible avenues for research, but we want to be truly informed by the focus groups and researcher interviews before investing additional effort.​</p> <p>the first area of investigation noted here about finding aid links to digital content correlates with early findings from oclc’s nafan pop-up survey which show that, for many users, only digitized materials would be of interest.   ​</p> <p>investigating the linking potential of the aggregated finding aids could help answer several questions, including:​</p> <ul><li>what is the average number of external links per finding aid?​</li><li>what ead elements and attributes are most frequently used for external links?​</li><li>what types of digital objects are linked?​</li><li>how many relative urls are present, that rely on the finding aid to be accessed within its local context?​</li><li>what percentage of external links still resolve?​</li></ul> <p>oclc will be investigating these areas and publishing findings over the coming months.​ please get in touch with us if you’d like to discuss this work in more detail.​</p> <p>the post <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= " rel="nofollow">how well does ead tag usage support finding aid discovery?</a> appeared first on <a href="https://hangingtogether.org" rel="nofollow">hanging together</a>.</p> <div class="feedflare"> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:yil auoc za"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=yil auoc za" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:d dqb pkexk"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:d dqb pkexk" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:-btjwof_dhi"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:-btjwof_dhi" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:v_sglipbpwu"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:v_sglipbpwu" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:qj idk rits"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=qj idk rits" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:l gmwitksz "><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=l gmwitksz " /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:gin vfwoqvq"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=bzb j mm ug:sr o wssq k:gin vfwoqvq" /></a> </div><img alt="" height=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /bzb j mm ug" width=" " /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 bruce washburn 	 open knowledge foundation: applications for the coact open calls on gender equality (july st, - september th, ) are open! 	 https://blog.okfn.org/ / / /applications-for-the-coact-open-calls-on-gender-equality-july- st- -september- th- -are-open/ 	 <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /picture .png?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /picture .png?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></p> <p>coact is launching a call for proposals, inviting civil society initiatives to apply for our cascading grants with max. . euro to conduct citizen social science research on the topic of gender equality. a maximum of four ( ) applicants will be selected across three ( ) different open calls. applications from a broad range of backgrounds are welcome, including feminist, lgtbq+, none-binary and critical masculinity perspectives.</p> <p>eligible organisations can apply until september th, , : pm gmt. all information for submitting applications is available here: <a href="https://coactproject.eu/opencalls/">https://coactproject.eu/opencalls/</a></p> <p>if selected, coact will support your work by</p> <ul> <li>providing funding for your project ( months max), alongside dedicated activities, resources and tools</li> <li>providing a research mentoring program for your team. in collaborative workshops you will be supported to co-design and explore available tools, working together with the coact team to achieve your goals.</li> <li>connecting you to a community of people and initiatives, tackling similar challenges and contributing to common aims. you will have the opportunity to discuss your projects with the other grantees and, moreover, will be invited to join coact´s broader citizen social science network.</li> </ul> <p>you should apply if you:</p> <ul> <li>are an ongoing citizen social science project looking for support, financial and otherwise, to grow and become sustainable;</li> <li>are a community interested in co-designing research to generate new knowledge about gender equality topics, broadly defined;</li> <li>are a not-for-profit organization focusing on community building, increasing the visibility of specific communities, increasing civic participation, and being interested in exploring the use of citizen social science in your work.</li> </ul> <p>read more about the open calls here: <a href="https://coactproject.eu/opencalls/">https://coactproject.eu/opencalls/</a></p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 meg foulkes 	 ed summers: altair 	 https://inkdroid.org/ / / /altair/ 	 <figure style="width: px; margin-right: px; float: left;"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:altair.jpg"><img src="https://inkdroid.org/images/altair.jpg" style="width: px;" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:altair.jpg">Звезда Альтаир</a> </figure> <p>we use airtable quite a bit at $work for building static websites. it provides a very well designed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/no-code_development_platform">no-code</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/low-code_development_platform">low-code</a> environment for creating and maintaining databases. it has an easy to use, beautifully documented, api which makes it simple to use your data in many different settings, and also to update the data programmatically, if that’s needed.</p> <p>airtable is a product, which means there is polished documentation, videos, user support, and helpful people keeping the lights on. but airtable also have a fiendishly inventive marketing and sales department who are quite artful at designing their <a href="https://baserow.io/pricing">pricing</a> scheme with the features that will get you in the door, and the features that will act as pressure points to drive you to start paying them money … and then more money.</p> <p>of course, it’s important to pay for services you use on the web…it helps sustain them, which is good for everyone. but tying a fundamental part of your infrastructure to the whims of a company trying to maximize its profits sometimes has its downsides, which normally manifest over time. wouldn’t it be nice to be able to pay for a no-code database service like airtable that had more of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/platform_cooperative">platform-cooperative</a> mindset, where the thing being sustained was the software, the hardware <em>and</em> an open participatory organization for managing them? i think this approach has real value, especially in academia and other non-profit and activist organizations, where the focus is not endless growth and profits.</p> <p>i’ve run across a couple open source alternatives to airtable and thought i would just quickly note them down here for future self in case they are ever useful. caveat lector: i haven’t actually tried either of them yet, so these are just general observations after quickly looking at their websites, documentation and their code repositories.</p> <h id="nocodb">nocodb</h > <p><a href="https://www.nocodb.com/">nocodb</a> is a typescript/vue web application that has been designed to provide an interface for an <em>existing</em> database such as mysql, postgresql, sqlite, sqlserver, . i suspect you can also use it to create new databases too, but the fact that it can be used with multiple database backends distinguishes it from the next example. the idea is that you will deploy nocodb on your own infrastructure (using docker or installing it into a nodejs environment). they also provide a one click heroku installer. it has token based rest and graphql apis for integration with other applications. all the code is covered by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gnu_affero_general_public_license">gnu agpl </a> license. it seems like nocodb is tailored for gradual introduction into an already existing database ecosystem, which is good for many people.</p> <h id="baserow">baserow</h > <p><a href="https://baserow.io/">baserow</a> is a python/django + vue + postgresql application that provides airtable like functionality in a complete application stack. so unlike nocodb, baserow seems to want to manage the database entirely. while this might seem like a limitation at first i think it’s probably a good thing, since postgresql is arguably the best open source relational database out there in terms of features, support, extensibility and scalability. the fact that nocodb supports so many database backends makes me worry that it might not take full advantage of each, and it may be more difficult to scale. perhaps the nocodb folks see administering and tuning the database as an orthogonal problem to the one they are solving. having an application that uses one open source database, and uses it well seems like a plus. but that assumes that there are easy ways to import existing data.</p> <p>while the majority of the baserow code is open source with an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mit_license">mit expat</a> license, they do have some code that is designated as premium with a separate <a href="https://gitlab.com/bramw/baserow/-/blob/develop/premium/license">baserow premium edition license</a> that requires you to get a key to deploy. it’s interesting that <a href="https://gitlab.com/bramw/baserow/-/tree/develop/premium/backend/src/baserow_premium">the premium code</a> appears to be open in the gitlab, and that they are relying on people to do right by purchasing a key if they use it. or i guess it’s possible that the runtime requires a valid key to be in place for premium features? their <a href="https://baserow.io/pricing">pricing</a> also has a hosted version if you don’t want to deploy the application stack yourself, which is “free for now”, implying that it won’t be in the future, which makes sense. but it’s kind of strange to have to think about the hosting costs and the premium costs together. having the json and xml export be a premium feature seems a bit counter-intuitive, unless it’s meant to be a way to quickly extract money as people leave the platform.</p> <h id="governance">governance</h > <p>anyway these are some general quick notes. if i got anything wrong, or you know of other options in this area of open source, no-code databases please <a href="mailto:ehs@pobox.com">let me know</a>. if i ever get around to trying either of these i’ll be sure to update this post.</p> <p>to return to this earlier idea of a platform-coop that supported these kinds of services i think we don’t see that idea present in either nocodb or baserow. it looks like baserow was started by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/bram-wiepjes-a a /">bram wiepjes</a> in the netherlands in , and that it is being set up as a profitable company. nocodb also appears to be a for profit startup. what would it look like to structure these kinds of software development projects around a co-operative governance? another option is to deploy and sustain these open source technologies as part of a separate co-op, which is actually how i found out about baserow, through the <a href="https://coopcloud.tech/">co-op cloud</a> matrix chat. one downside to this approach is that all the benefits of having an participatory decision making process accrue to the people who are running the infrastructure, and not to the people designing and making the software. unless of course there is overlap in membership between the co-op and the software development.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 hangingtogether: social interoperability: getting to know all about you 	 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /fs_ ffdeq k/ 	 <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignleft size-large is-resized"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /mihai-surdu- h ph_jp ha-unsplash-scaled.jpg"><img alt="" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /mihai-surdu- h ph_jp ha-unsplash- x .jpg" width=" " /></a>photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@mihaisurdu?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditcopytext">mihai surdu</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/conversation?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditcopytext">unsplash</a></figure></div> <p>building and sustaining productive cross-campus partnerships in support of the university research enterprise is both <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">necessary and fraught with challenges</a>. social interoperability – <strong>the creation and maintenance of working relationships across individuals and organizational units that promote collaboration, communication, and mutual understanding</strong> – is the key to making these partnerships work. there are <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">strategies and tactics for building social interoperability</a> – can you use them to learn more about an important campus stakeholder and potential partner in research support services?</p> <p>this was the challenge we posed to participants in the third and final session of the joint oclc-liber online workshop <a href="https://libereurope.eu/article/building-strategic-relationships-to-advance-open-scholarship-at-your-institution-workshop-series-on-social-interoperability/">building strategic relationships to advance open scholarship at your institution</a>, based on the findings of the recent oclc research report <a href="https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/ /oclcresearch-social-interoperability-research-support.html"><em>social interoperability in research support: cross-campus partnerships and the university research enterprise</em>.</a> this three-part workshop brought together a dynamic group of international participants to examine the challenges of working across the institution, identify tools for cross-unit relationship building, and develop plans for increasing their own social interoperability.</p> <p>in this post, we share insights and perspectives from the workshop’s final session: “making your plan for developing cross-functional relationships at your institution.” in the first two sessions, we learned why social interoperability is important, and how it can be developed into a skill set we can use in our work. in the third session, we explored how, as library professionals, we can use our social interoperability skill set to reach out to other parts of the campus.</p> <p><strong>the library as campus partner</strong></p> <p>the session began with a reminder of the important role the library plays as a stakeholder and partner in the delivery of research support services, with recognized expertise in areas such as metadata, licensing/vendor negotiations, and bibliometrics/research impact. at the same time, the library often occupies a distinct space in terms of the perspective it brings to its mission, such as a strong preference for “free” and “open” solutions. <strong>given this unique blend of skills and values, the library is often viewed as a trusted and “agnostic” partner on campus</strong>, as we heard from our interviewees for our <em>social interoperability</em> report.</p> <p>but we also heard from our interviewees about several sources of frustration encountered when working with the library. for example, some campus stakeholders described how, in their experience, the library did not focus enough on the “bottom line”, or moved too slowly in comparison to the needs and workflows of researchers. during the session, we conducted a quick poll of the workshop participants, asking them to put themselves in the role of a different campus stakeholder and consider how that unit would describe the library in one word or phrase. the results were revealing: while the top responses included “supportive”, “helpful”, “competent”, and “expert”, “slow” was also a frequent choice, and other responses included “friendly but not fully relevant”, “opaque”, and “reactive not proactive”.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / / - - _ - - .png"><img alt="social interoperability: one word or phrase to describe the library" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / / - - _ - - - x .png" width=" " /></a></figure> <p>the important takeaway was that in building cross-campus relationships, library professionals need to take into account, and in some cases, shift, how the library is perceived by potential collaborative partners, rather than relying on self-perceptions. while unflattering characterizations of the library may be based on misinformation, unfamiliarity, or differing priorities, they can still impede the development of productive working relationships (see the <em>social interoperability</em> <a href="https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/ /oclcresearch-social-interoperability-research-support.html">report</a> for more on the library as a campus partner).</p> <p><strong>learn about your partners</strong></p> <p>our breakout discussions were motivated by an enormously valuable resource shared by colleagues at rutgers university-new brunswick libraries. developed as part of a strategic planning initiative, the resource is a questionnaire that the library used to structure conversations with their stakeholders across campus. the purpose of the questionnaire was to learn about the library’s stakeholders: their goals, their challenges, their needs. consequently, almost all of the questions focused on the stakeholder’s priorities and interests; it is only toward the end of the questionnaire that library services are mentioned. this helped elicit the context that the library needed to align its work with the needs of stakeholders (see the <em>social interoperability</em> <a href="https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/ /oclcresearch-social-interoperability-research-support.html">report</a> for the full questionnaire) .</p> <p>the first discussion placed our participants in the role of discovering information about a hypothetical campus partner, using the rutgers questionnaire as a guide. this discussion elicited some good advice on how to approach prospective campus partners and learn about them. for example, in considering how to break the ice and learn about colleagues in campus it, several participants suggested initiating a discussion of general it-related topics, such as network security or new technologies. another participant suggested that a careful review of unit web sites would help in gathering information about prospective campus partners. while the pandemic has certainly introduced challenges in connecting to colleagues around campus, it has also sometimes made it easier: as one person pointed out, more people are attending inter-departmental meetings because it is easier to join a zoom meeting than to be physically present at a particular location on campus.</p> <p>discovering information about other units on campus is not without challenges, as many of our workshop participants shared in the discussions. for example, several participants reported that it was sometimes difficult to pinpoint who to connect with, or even to identify the hierarchy of the unit. while direct, interpersonal contact usually helped in forming relationships, campus units with high staff turnover – such as the it unit – made this problematic. and sometimes the information you discover about another unit’s responsibilities and needs may make forming successful partnerships even more daunting – for example, when it is clear that the other unit’s priorities do not easily mesh with those of the library. by way of illustration, some participants observed that university communications teams often seem remote from the library, and do not adequately relay information about the library and its activities. but as one person noted, it is a challenge for them to communicate everything, and currently, outreach to students and covid-related information are understandably their priorities.</p> <p>but participants also told many stories of how <strong>discovering more about their colleagues around campus helped create actionable opportunities for the library</strong>. often, it was as simple as discovering how library skills and capacities matched up to the needs of other units. for example, one participant described how units in the area of academic affairs valued input from the library in regard to accreditation processes. others talked about the fact that mandates aimed at promoting open science have started to have more “teeth”, with compliance receiving greater scrutiny. this creates a stronger demand for library expertise in areas such as data management plans. several participants mentioned that they have learned that rising interest in inter-disciplinary, “grand challenge” projects has created a need for project support capacities that the library can provide. and hearing from other campus units and departments about their need to better document productivity and output creates opportunities for library staff to initiate conversations about tools such as orcid that help advance that goal.</p> <p><strong>what do your campus partners know about you?</strong></p> <p>in one of the breakout discussions, a participant observed that they did not know very much about what their university communications team did. but, the participant continued, this probably means that the communications staff probably did not know much about what the library does!</p> <p>in the second set of breakout discussions, participants once again utilized the rutgers script as a frame as they considered what other campus units might say about how the library and its services contribute toward their work. one participant noted that the script questions were particularly useful for bringing out misconceptions about what the library can and cannot do. in the course of the discussions, several themes emerged from participants’ experiences of how the library is perceived across campus.</p> <p>first, it was clear that <strong>campus stakeholders often do not have a clear picture of the expertise and capacities of today’s academic library</strong>. participants noted, for example, that stakeholders often are unaware that the library can help with every aspect of the research cycle. much more effort is needed to raise awareness about the library’s role in the university research enterprise. one participant observed that at their university, the library provides good data management support, but it took a lot of work to make researchers see this expertise. another person related a similar experience, remarking that library participation in cross-campus projects requires a lot of energy and communication – not least because many campus stakeholders are not fully aware of what the library can do. or, as one participant pointed out, stakeholders may utilize library services without realizing it is the library that is providing them.</p> <p>another theme touched on the need to establish a clear boundary around library services within the broader university service eco-system. one participant remarked that the library provides many services, but some of them are also offered by other campus units. for example, if a researcher needs data storage services, should they go to campus it, or to the library? one participant described a circular process whereby the library receives a technical question and passes it to the it unit, which then passes it back to the library for resolution. participants also noted that as the library takes on new, emerging roles beyond its traditional functions, there is a tendency to “step on toes” and awaken territorial instincts in other campus units. but some participants also pointed out synergies that could be leveraged. a good example is that both the library and the it unit face budgetary challenges. when requests are received for support that neither unit can provide, but for which there is a clear need, they can collaborate to build a case for additional resources to address the gap.</p> <p>finally, workshop participants noted a shared need to elevate the perception of the library’s capabilities across campus. participants shared examples they have encountered of outdated or even indifferent perceptions of the library and its services: “important but not essential to research office day-to-day business”; “the office of the vice provost would not think of many areas that the library supports in the university research enterprise”; “the library buys the books”; “seen as useful, but difficult to get them to see things the library should take the lead on”; “not seen as thought leaders or a source for answers, but as service providers.” several participants cautioned against the library being seen strictly in an administrative support role in cross-unit initiatives; one person observed that the library’s responsibility to manage article processing charges (apcs) reinforces a perception as “book keeper” or “note-taker”. library staff are often included in projects only after funding is received, rather than being included as a partner as the project is being developed.</p> <p>how to counteract these perceptions? participants emphasized the need for a “negotiation” process to ease the tension between what is expected from libraries and what libraries can offer. in short, libraries must learn to say “no” when necessary. other campus units often expect a great deal from libraries, and <strong>library staff must strike a difficult balance between doing as much as possible to advance the interests of other units while at the same time preserving clear goals and advocating for library-related priorities</strong>. as one person noted, “there is so much education to be done” to dispel the notion that libraries are useful only for administrative support. libraries must break down and re-build these expectations. to do this, library staff need to be more proactive, rather than reactive, in their cross-campus partnerships. more openness across units is also needed, and libraries can set a good example in promoting transparency. and because, as one participant put it, “our services are not always top of mind”, library staff should work with the university communications team, as well as influential faculty and administrators, “to get our message across.”</p> <p><strong>how do you feel about cross-unit partnerships now?</strong></p> <p>we concluded the workshop by asking participants to select one word to describe their current feelings about the prospect for cross-campus partnerships at their institution, in light of what they learned over the three sessions. we were gratified to see that the top response was “optimistic”! and indeed, with careful attention to the importance and need for social interoperability, and the techniques and practices we discussed to build it in the campus environment, library staff can be optimistic that their campus partnerships will be successful, and that the full value proposition of the library will be better understood and utilized across the university research enterprise.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / / - - _ - - .png"><img alt="social interoperability: how do you feel about cross-campus collaboration" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / / - - _ - - - x .png" width=" " /></a></figure> <p><em>special thanks to all of our workshop participants for sharing their insights through lively and enlightening discussions, and to our colleagues at liber for working with us to make the workshop a success (a great example of social interoperability in action!)</em></p> <p>the post <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= " rel="nofollow">social interoperability: getting to know all about you</a> appeared first on <a href="https://hangingtogether.org" rel="nofollow">hanging together</a>.</p> <div class="feedflare"> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:yil auoc za"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=yil auoc za" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:d dqb pkexk"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:d dqb pkexk" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:-btjwof_dhi"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:-btjwof_dhi" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:v_sglipbpwu"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:v_sglipbpwu" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:qj idk rits"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=qj idk rits" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:l gmwitksz "><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=l gmwitksz " /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:gin vfwoqvq"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=fs_ ffdeq k: seukgikjum:gin vfwoqvq" /></a> </div><img alt="" height=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /fs_ ffdeq k" width=" " /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 brian lavoie 	 david rosenthal: yet another dna storage technique 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /yet-another-dna-storage-technique.html 	 <table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-gvqdhbehbcs/yp slljzypi/aaaaaaaagdu/qayc nmeukq o rsjicnswiyspl cgmwclcbgasyhq/s /pegs.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-gvqdhbehbcs/yp slljzypi/aaaaaaaagdu/qayc nmeukq o rsjicnswiyspl cgmwclcbgasyhq/w -h /pegs.jpg" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/dna-lite-brite-is-a-promising-way-to-archive-data-for-decades-or-longer- ">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="https://doi.org/ . /s - - -y"><i>an alternative approach to nucleic acid memory</i></a> by george d. dickinson <i>et al</i> from boise state university describes a fundamentally different way to store and retrieve data using dna strands as the medium. will hughes <i>et al</i> have an accessible summary in <a href="https://theconversation.com/dna-lite-brite-is-a-promising-way-to-archive-data-for-decades-or-longer- "><i>dna ‘lite-brite’ is a promising way to archive data for decades or longer</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>we and our colleagues have developed a way to store data using pegs and pegboards made out of dna and retrieving the data with a microscope – a molecular version of the <a href="https://shop.hasbro.com/en-us/product/lite-brite-ultimate-classic:a fda-bde - - a- a e">lite-brite toy</a>. our prototype stores information in patterns using dna strands spaced about nanometers apart. </blockquote>below the fold i look at the details of the technique they call digital nucleic acid memory (dnam).<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><br />the traditional way to use dna as a storage medium is to encode the data in the sequence of bases in a synthesized strand, then use sequencing to retrieve the data. <a href="https://doi.org/ . /s - - -y">instead</a>:<br /><blockquote>dnam uses advancements in super-resolution microscopy (srm) to access digital data stored in short oligonucleotide strands that are held together for imaging using dna origami. in dnam, non-volatile information is digitally encoded into specific combinations of single-stranded dna, commonly known as staple strands, that can form dna origami nanostructures when combined with a scaffold strand. when formed into origami, the staple strands are arranged at addressable locations ... that define an indexed matrix of digital information. this site-specific localization of digital information is enabled by designing staple strands with nucleotides that extend from the origami. </blockquote><h >writing</h >in dnam, writing their character message "data is in our dna!\n" involved encoding it into -bit fountain code droplets then synthesizing two different types of dna sequences:<br /><ul><li><b>origami</b>: there is one origami for each bits of data to be stored. it forms a x matrix holding a bit index, the bits of droplet data, bits of parity, bits of checksum, and orientation bits. each of the cells thus contains a unique, message-specific dna sequence.</li><li><b>staples</b>: there is one staple for each of the x matrix cells, with one end of the strand matching the matrix cell's sequence, and the other indicating a or a by the presence or absence of a sequence that binds to the flourescent dna used for reading.</li></ul>when combined, the staple strands bind to the appropriate cells in the origami, labelling each cell as a or a .<br /><h >reading</h >the key difference between dnam and traditional dna storage techniques is that dnam reads data <i>without</i> sequencing the dna. instead, it uses optical microscopy to identify each <a href="https://theconversation.com/dna-lite-brite-is-a-promising-way-to-archive-data-for-decades-or-longer- ">"peg" (staple strand) in each matrix cell as either a or a </a>: <blockquote>the patterns of dna strands – the pegs – light up when fluorescently labeled dna bind to them. because the fluorescent strands are short, they rapidly bind and unbind. this causes them to blink, making it easier to separate one peg from another and read the stored information. </blockquote>the difficulty in doing so is that the pegs are on a <a href="https://theconversation.com/dna-lite-brite-is-a-promising-way-to-archive-data-for-decades-or-longer- "> nanometer grid</a>:<br /><blockquote>because the dna pegs are positioned closer than half the wavelength of visible light, we used <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/features/ / /superresolution-microscopy">super-resolution microscopy</a>, which circumvents the <a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/ - -limits-of-resolution-the-rayleigh-criterion/">diffraction limit</a> of light. </blockquote>the technique is called "dna-points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (dna-paint)". the process to <a href="https://doi.org/ . /s - - -y">recover the character message was</a>:<br /><blockquote> , frames from a single field of view were recorded using dna-paint (~ origami identified in  µm<sup> </sup>). the super-resolution images of the hybridized imager strands were then reconstructed from blinking events identified in the recording to map the positions of the data domains on each origami ... using a custom localization processing algorithm, the signals were translated to a  ×  grid and converted back to a -bit binary string — which was passed to the decoding algorithm for error correction, droplet recovery, and message reconstruction ... the process enabled successful recovery of the dnam encoded message from a single super-resolution recording. </blockquote><h >analysis</h >the first thing to note is that whereas traditional dna storage techniques are volumetric, dnam like hard disk or tape is areal. it will therefore be unable to match the extraordinary data density potentially achievable using the traditional approach. <a href="https://theconversation.com/dna-lite-brite-is-a-promising-way-to-archive-data-for-decades-or-longer- ">dnam claims</a>:<br /><blockquote>after accounting for the bits used by the algorithms, our prototype was able to read data at a density of gigabits per square centimeter. </blockquote>current hard disks have an areal density of <a href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/ /seagates-roadmap- -tb-hdds"> . tbit/inch<sup> </sup></a>, or about gbit/cm<sup> </sup>, so for a prototype this is good but not revolutionary, the areal density is set by the nm grid space, so it may not be possible to greatly reduce it. hard disk vendors have <a href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/ /seagates-roadmap- -tb-hdds">demonstrated gbit/cm<sup> </sup></a> and have roadmaps to around gbit/cm<sup> </sup>.<br /><br />dnam's writing process seems more complex than the traditional approach, so is unlikely to be faster or cheaper. the read process is likely to be both faster and cheaper, because dna-paint images a large number of origami in parallel, whereas sequencing is sequential (duh!). but, as <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /cost-reducing-writing-dna-data.html">i have written</a>, the big barrier to adoption of dna storage is the low bandwidth and high cost of writing the data.<br /><br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 eric lease morgan: searching cord- at the distant reader 	 http://sites.nd.edu/emorgan/ / /searching-cord- -at-the-distant-reader/ 	 <p>this blog posting documents the query syntax for an index of scientific journal articles called cord- .</p> <p><img align="right" alt="flower" src="http://sites.nd.edu/emorgan/files/ / /flower.jpeg" /><a href="https://allenai.org/data/cord- ">cord- </a> is a data set of scientific journal articles on the topic of covid- . as of this writing, it includes more than , items. this data set has been harvested, pre-processed, indexed, and made available as <a href="https://distantreader.org/cord">a part of the distant reader</a>. access to the index is freely available to anybody and everybody.</p> <p>the index is rooted in a technology called <a href="https://solr.apache.org">solr</a>, a very popular indexing tool. the index supports simple searching, phrase searching, wildcard searches, fielded searching, boolean logic, and nested queries. each of these techniques are described below:</p> <ul> <li><strong>simple searches</strong> – enter any words you desire, and you will most likely get results. in this regard, it is difficult to break the search engine.</li> <li><strong>phrase searche</strong>s – enclose query terms in double-quote marks to search the query as a phrase. examples include: <code>"waste water"</code>, <code>"circulating disease"</code>, and <code>"acute respiratory syndrome"</code>.</li> <li><strong>wildcard searches</strong> – append an asterisk (*) to any non-phrase query to perform a stemming operation on the given query. for example, the query <code>virus*</code> will return results including the words virus and viruses.</li> <li><strong>fielded searches</strong> – the index has many different fields. the most important include: <em>authors</em>, <em>title</em>, <em>year</em>, <em>journal</em>, <em>abstract</em>, and <em>keywords</em>. to limit a query to a specific field, prefix the query with the name of the field and a colon (:). examples include: <code>title:disease</code>, <code>abstract:"cardiovascular disease"</code>, or <code>year: </code>. of special note is the keywords field. keywords are sets of statistically significant and computer-selected terms akin to traditional library subject headings. the use of the keywords field is a very efficient way to create a small set of very relevant articles. examples include: <code>keywords:mrna</code>, <code>keywords:ribosome</code>, or <code>keywords:china</code>.</li> <li><strong>boolean logic</strong> – queries can be combined with three boolean operators: ) and, ) or, or ) not. the use of and creates the intersection of two queries. the use of or creates the union of two queries. the use of not creates the negation of the second query. the boolean operators are case-sensitive. examples include: <code>covid and title:sars</code>, <code>abstract:cat* or abstract:dog*</code>, and <code>abstract:cat* not abstract:dog*</code></li> <li><strong>nested queries</strong> – boolean logic queries can be nested to return more sophisticated sets of articles; nesting allows you to override the way rudimentary boolean operations get combined. use matching parentheses (()) to create nested queries. an example includes <code>((covid and title:sars) or abstract:cat* or abstract:dog*) not year: </code>. of all the different types of queries, nested queries will probably give you the most grief.</li> </ul> 	 - - t : : + : 	 life of a librarian 	 tara robertson: strategic and effective storytelling with data 	 https://tararobertson.ca/ /strategic-and-effective-storytelling-with-data/ 	 <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/tararobertson.ca/wp-content/uploads/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . -am.png"><img alt="vertical bar graph with bars: first bar: women in tech globally . %, women in leadership roles, underrepresented minorities . %" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/tararobertson.ca/wp-content/uploads/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . -am.png?resize= % c " width=" " /></a></p> <p>i was delighted to speak at <a href="http://datasciencebydesign.org/events">data science by design’s creator conference</a>. dsxd is a community of researchers, educators, artists, computer <span class="il">scientists who conference organizers described as curious, dynamic, creative and interdisciplinary. i chose to talk about the challenge of communicating about diversity metrics in a way that informs and inspires your audience to want to push for change using mozilla’s last <a href="https://blog.mozilla.org/careers/mozilla-diversity-inclusion- -results/">external diversity disclosure</a> as an example. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">here are important things to keep in mind when storytelling using data:</span></p> <ol> <li><span style="font-weight: ;">understand who your audience is</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">share the context of the data with your audience</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">think about how you want your audience to feel  (and what you want them to do) after seeing the data </span></li> </ol> <h >audience</h > <p><span style="font-weight: ;">as this was an external disclosure it is obvious that one audience was people outside mozilla. transparency about dei metrics is table stakes for companies that say they care about these things. it’s also an important part of a company’s employer brand, especially for younger workers. when </span><span style="font-weight: ;">i’ve been interested in a job, i’m checking to see if companies are sharing their diversity metrics, what photos they use to illustrate who works there, what diversity in senior leadership looks like and how they’re telling the story of what their culture is like. when i see stories of free beer fridays, ping pong tables and “a work hard play hard” culture, i am much less interested in applying. i don’t drink alcohol, i don’t like ping pong, and i value work-life balance.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">equally important to me was the internal audience at mozilla. we had done a lot of internal systems work including redesigning our hiring process, removing meritocracy from our governance and leadership structures, and improving accessibility internally by live captioning all company meetings being more intentional about accessibility at events. i wanted people to see that all of these projects laddered up to measurable change. i wanted them to see progress and feel proud of all of our hard work. </span></p> <h >context</h > <p><span style="font-weight: ;">a few years ago this is something i would have said: </span></p> <blockquote><p><span style="font-weight: ;">by the end of , representation of women in technical roles was . %.</span></p></blockquote> <p>this would prompt many questions from people, including:</p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">is this any good? </span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">how do we compare to other companies?</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">how do we compare to the labor market?</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">what does our pipeline look like?</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">are we getting better or worse?</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">what do you mean by technical role? is a data analyst a technical role? what about a data scientist? </span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">context is so important! </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">i decided to add an explainer video to the disclosure to help people understand the context. in addition, the video starts with the big picture context on </span><b>why</b><span style="font-weight: ;"> we were invested in d&amp;i at mozilla: </span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">from the the individual experience of feeling like you belong</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">to being directly connected to the mission “to make the internet open and accessible for all”</span></li> <li style="font-weight: ;"><span style="font-weight: ;">as well as the business case on innovation and performance. </span></li> </ul> <h >emotion</h > <p><span style="font-weight: ;">taking a data-driven approach is necessary in an engineering organization–most people want to see and understand the numbers. for the last diversity disclosure i prepared, i saw the opportunity to try and tell </span><span style="font-weight: ;">a story that could connect to people’s heads and hearts. </span></p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/tararobertson.ca/wp-content/uploads/ / /emotion-wheel-v - .jpg" style="color: # ;"><img alt="a rainbow-colored, watercolor &quot;emotion wheel&quot;-- a circle divided into six pie-like wedges. each wedge has a core emotion written in the center and related emotions written in a middle and outer layer. the top wedge is yellow with &quot;joy&quot; at the center. moving clockwise, the next wedge is orange with &quot;genius&quot; at the center-- then red with &quot;anger&quot; at the center-- the bottom wedge is blue with &quot;sad&quot; at the center-- then purple with &quot;fear at the center&quot; and finally green with &quot;disgust&quot; at the center. " class="aligncenter size-large wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/tararobertson.ca/wp-content/uploads/ / /emotion-wheel-v - .jpg?resize= % c " width=" " /></a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">i wanted them to feel <em>something</em>, whether that was pride at the progress we’d made, or frustration that we weren’t making change quickly enough. my ideal outcome was to pique people’s curiosity and have them ask “what can i do to make mozilla a diverse and inclusive inclusive place?”. my worst case scenario is that people heard this update and thought “meh, whatever”.</span></p> <p>here’s the minute video:</p> <p></p> <p><a href="http://meritillustration.com/">drew merit</a> is the illustrator who brought this idea to life.</p> <p>i’d love examples from your work, or examples that you’ve seen out in the wild where people have used data to tell a story that inspires the audience to take action.</p> <h ></h > <p>the post <a href="https://tararobertson.ca/ /strategic-and-effective-storytelling-with-data/" rel="nofollow">strategic and effective storytelling with data</a> appeared first on <a href="https://tararobertson.ca" rel="nofollow">tara robertson consulting</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 tara robertson 	 ed summers: untitled 	 https://inkdroid.org/ / / /untitled/ 	 <p>several years ago someone in our neighborhood was moving out of the area and was giving away their old piano. we figured out a way to get it to our house, and it has sat (still untuned) in a corner of our living room ever since.</p> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/inkdroid/ /in/datetaken/" title=" - - _ - - "><img alt=" - - _ - - " height=" " src="https://live.staticflickr.com/ / _ e ec_z.jpg" width=" " /></a> <p>the kids have sporadically taken piano lessons, and the various teachers who have heard it have all been polite not to comment on its current state. mostly it just sits there, part table, part decoration, until someone stops by to play a little tune.</p> <p>it’s interesting to hear the kids develop little signature riffs that they play while walking by the piano in the morning, or sometimes before going to bed. here’s a short untitled little tune that maeve regularly plays, almost like a little prayer, or memory:</p> <audio controls="controls"> <source src="/audio/ -piano.mp " /> </audio> 	 - - t : : + : 	 lucidworks: how to capture chatbots’ untapped potential 	 https://lucidworks.com/post/how-to-capture-chatbots-untapped-potential/ 	 <p>shoppers are turning to chatbots for more than customer service. here's how to make your chatbot the intelligent, well-rounded conversational app that consumers expect. </p> <p>the post <a href="https://lucidworks.com/post/how-to-capture-chatbots-untapped-potential/" rel="nofollow">how to capture chatbots’ untapped potential</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lucidworks.com" rel="nofollow">lucidworks</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 katie florez 	 hangingtogether: reimagine descriptive workflows: meeting the challenges of inclusive description in shared infrastructure 	 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /ldsx fnbsig/ 	 <p>in a <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">previous blog post</a>, i told you about our <a href="https://www.oclc.org/research/areas/community-catalysts/reimagine-descriptive-workflows.html">reimagine descriptive workflows project</a>, and the path we took to get there. in that post, i shared the three objectives we have in this project.</p> <ul><li><strong>convene a conversation of community stakeholders </strong>about how to address the systemic issues of bias and racial inequity within our current collection description infrastructure.</li><li><strong>share with libraries</strong> the need to build more inclusive and equitable library collections.</li><li><strong>develop a community agenda </strong>to help clarify issues for those who do knowledge work in libraries, archives, and museums; prioritize areas for attention from these institutions; and provide guidance for those national agencies and suppliers.</li></ul> <h >coming together</h > <p>in this post, i’m going to fill you in on the reimagine descriptive workflows convening we held in june. our virtual meeting took place in june ( – in north america, - in australia &amp; new zealand). fifty-nine people from the us, canada, australia, and new zealand attended the meeting, which was designed and co-facilitated by <a href="https://www.shiftcollective.us/">shift collective</a>. </p> <p>prior to the convening, the project team met twice with the advisory group, who helped shape the following goals for the event:</p> <ul><li>create a safe space to share and connect honestly as humans</li><li>lay the foundations for relationship building and repair</li><li>building a basis for reciprocal relationships between communities and centers of power</li><li>inspire radical thinking to rebuild a more just metadata infrastructure</li><li>start building a concrete roadmap for change in the sector and keep conversation going</li></ul> <p>the project team identified potential participants through a consultative process and via self nomination. we prioritized attendance for those who had demonstrated leadership working in the area of “just descriptions.” we also prioritized the attendance of bipoc colleagues, as well as others with lived experiences as members of underrepresented groups. all participants were offered a stipend to acknowledge and partially compensate in recognition of the valuable time, labor, and expertise they would bring to the event.</p> <p>the reimagine descriptive workflows meeting was held, as so many are in these times, via zoom. recognizing that <a href="https://hbr.org/ / /how-to-combat-zoom-fatigue">virtual meeting fatigue is real</a> (and that our group included participants from the middle of australia all the way to the east coast of north america) we met between two and three hours each day. for meeting organizers this presented a challenge – how to structure the time together so that people could connect with one another as humans and build connections and trust, but also produce concrete outputs that would help move the conversation forward.</p> <p>in order to help foster connections and build community, asante salaam (who i think of as the shift team’s minister of culture!) helped to create a unique set of “cultural infusions” for participants, bringing in artists, musicians, a chef, and a poet and fostering conversations to give us an encounter with local flavor and culture from just some of the communities we were connecting with. it was not the same as being able to share a meal or gallery walk with others, but, for me, her efforts created a communal experience that supported the opportunity to connect with others outside of the official convening agenda.</p> <p>to help establish the space we would share for three days, the meeting hosts put forward the following agreements.</p> <ul><li>share the space, step forward/step back</li><li>listen and share bravely</li><li>listen for understanding</li><li>sense and speak your feelings</li><li>use “i” statements</li><li>discomfort is not the same as harm</li><li>no alphabet soup (don’t use acronyms and insider language without explaining it)</li><li>be kind to yourself and others</li><li>take care of your needs</li></ul> <p>although we were together as the full group at the beginning and end of each day, and for our “cultural infusions,” most time was spent in smaller groups of five to six people, each supported by a guide. the guides took notes on behalf of the group and offered timekeeping support and gentle moderation when needed. notes were kept in miro (an ever-expanding online whiteboard and collaboration space). here is an example of one of the discussion groups’ miro board at the conclusion of the convening. thanks to shift team member, tayo medupin, who put a lot of effort and artistic touches into the design of these boards – it made me feel like i was in a distinctive space as opposed to a characterless virtual room.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /miro.png"><img alt="" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /miro.png" width=" " /></a><em>screen capture: notes from one discussion group</em></figure> <h >composting, weeding, and seeding</h > <p>the topic for the first day was “composting: what is driving us forward?” during this day we worked through prompts such as… why is taking this journey together meaningful? where is our abundance, and what assets should we bring with us? what stories and experiences of positive change will we build upon? what must be acknowledged?</p> <p>on day two, the topic was “weeding: what is holding us back?” here, participants were given time to draw a map or diagram of what a just, anti-racist and equitable descriptive workflow would look like. prompts included calling out systemic, technical or procedural, social, cultural or personal blockers that might exist to implementing that workflow.</p> <p>between the second and third days, tayo medupin, together with other members of the shift team, worked her miro magic, collecting notes from the various discussion groups and mapping them to eleven design challenges. on the final day of the convening the small groups explored the topic “seeding: opportunities for change?” and adopted a design challenge, using the time to explore questions related to the challenge. because of the limited amount of time we had to spend together, the small groups were only able to dig into a few of these.</p> <h ><strong>reimagine descriptive workflows design challenges </strong></h > <p>[<em>note: these are in draft form and have received little review. we are sharing to give a sense of meeting outcomes</em>.]</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /design-challenges.png"><img alt="" class="wp-image- " height=" " src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /design-challenges.png" width=" " /></a><em>screen capture: notes from discussions mapped to design challenges</em></figure> <p><strong>are we done yet?</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we’re trying to catalog and describe a world which is dynamic, fluid, complex and evolving over time in a cataloging culture that rewards the singular, definitive, and static.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a cataloging culture that embraces the long-term view, valuing and rewarding evolution, deepening, enrichment and progress over the concept of ‘complete’?</p> <p><strong>stop and learn</strong> <strong>(connecting with communities)</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we’re trying to slow down and involve communities in our workflows in equitable ways within a cataloging culture that pushes us to speed up and to spend and value time / resource in ways that can be at odds with slowing down and equitable collaboration.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a cataloging culture that demonstrably values community engagement by making it accepted and even expected to slow down and invest our time and money in this way?</p> <p><strong>in it for the long haul</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we have been and will be trying to create just metadata description across multiple generations. we are currently riding a wave of socio-political interest and prioritization that may or may not last.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions for / support the foundations for a resilient (anti-fragile) system of actors and activity pushing towards just metadata description that will be able to survive the generation to come?</p> <p><strong>context</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we are trying to redress hundreds of years of white supremacist colonial describing at scale in a system that is judged and valued on the legacy descriptions and language we can still see right now.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a mutuality of understanding about where we are in the journey and what road is left ahead?</p> <p><strong>common definitions</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we are trying to work towards a just, equitable, anti-racist, anti-oppressive approach, but are we working within a common understanding of what this means and should/could look like in the sector?</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions for / support the creation of share visions and definitions of ‘good’ held by those working towards just description?</p> <p><strong>change culture</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we’re often trying to make changes within organizational structures and cultures that can feel resistant or challenging to change.</p> <p><strong>opportunity: </strong>how might we create the conditions for / support individuals, teams and collectives to help shape and reshape the cultures of our core institutions to ready them for this long and hard period of change?</p> <p><strong>connected abundance</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we’re trying to change a huge legacy system often in our silos, in isolation, experiencing scarcity and without the clout of a network of others also making strides in the fight.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions / support the growth of a thriving and resilient network of people, groups and organizations sharing the energy, bravery, resource, ideas, information and rest needed for the sector to transform?</p> <p><strong>power to change</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we’re trying to change a huge legacy system in our own ways but many of us in our work, teams, institutions and sector do not feel we have the power and agency to make the necessary change</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions / support the growth of a sector where everyone feels the power and agency to drive forward the necessary change?</p> <p><strong>liberating the liberators</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: there are pockets of the future in the present in smaller institutions and in individuals who are pioneering just, anti-oppressive approaches, but they are often hampered by scale, visibility, recognition and reward.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions / support the growth and progress of our system liberators to help them to create and scale the changes and cultures we need to transform us?</p> <p><strong>third horizon</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we’re trying to create just, equitable, anti-racist and anti-oppressive descriptions within a structure and worldview of describing which is conceptually unjust, inequitable, racist and oppressive.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions for / support a radical rethink of the very concept of cataloging and metadata description, to lay the foundations for an approach that will better serve us for the next years?</p> <p><strong>feedback culture</strong></p> <p><strong>insight</strong>: we’re trying to create just metadata description in a culture that doesn’t currently prioritize, demand, embrace or leave space for external feedback.</p> <p><strong>opportunity:</strong> how might we create the conditions for / support a move towards a cataloging culture that demands, priorities and creates room for external / community feedback?</p> <h ><strong>thanks and gratitude</strong></h > <p>an important output of the reimagine descriptive workflows project was the construction of a novel online convening that helped to support a brave space for productive and honest conversations about the challenges and solutions around inclusive and anti-racist description. this convening was the mudsill, setting the stage for everything to come. for seven hours of meeting, many, many more were put into the planning.</p> <p>first and foremost, we want to thank our advisory group, which has really been at the heart of this project. we are grateful to this amazing group which not only brings their substantial professional perspectives but also their network connections and their lived experiences in this space. this group devoted heart and dedication, doing this work on top of their very busy professional and personal lives. stacy allison-cassin, jennifer baxmeyer, dorothy berry, kimberley bugg, camille callison, lillian chavez, trevor a. dawes, jarret martin drake, bergis jules, cellia joe-olsen, katrina tamaira, damien webb.</p> <p>we were gratified that nearly every person who was invited to the meeting not only accepted our invitation but came to the meeting and shared experiences and ideas. convening attendees added so much by contributing, preparing, and being present. they made this so much more than another zoom meeting. audrey altman, jill annitto, heidy berthoud, kelly bolding, stephanie bredbenner, itza carbajal, may chan, alissa cherry, sarah dupont, maria estorino, sharon farnel, lisa gavell, marti heyman, jay holloway, jasmine jones, michelle light, sharon leon, koa luke, christina manzella, mark matienzo, rachel merrick, shaneé yvette murrain, lea osborne, ashwinee pendharkar, treshani perera, nathan putnam, keila zayas ruiz, holly smith, gina solares, michael stewart, katrina tamaira, diane vizine-goetz, bri watson, beacher wiggins, and pamela wright.</p> <p>many thanks also to the team at shift collective that helped to design and facilitate the meetings: gerry himmelreich, jennifer himmelreich, lynette johnson, tayo medupin, asante salaam, and jon voss. an oclc team also contributed to the planning and implementation: rachel frick, bettina huhn, nancy lensenmayer, mercy procaccini, merrilee proffitt, and chela scott weber.</p> <p>finally, a big thank you to the andrew w. mellon foundation for co-investing alongside oclc. this seed funding made this convening possible.</p> <h ><strong>next steps</strong></h > <p>the eleven design challenges barely scratch the surface of everything that was covered at the meeting. the project team still has hours of transcripts and other meeting outputs to dig through. we’ll be using those outputs to construct a draft community agenda, as we promised at the outset of this project. we will make that draft available for broad community comment before publishing. we will also be using the community agenda to structure conversations with library leaders and other stakeholders – we believe it is important in socializing this work to get a sense of how those with power and access to purse strings see their role in implementing this work. and, of course we will be doing work internal to oclc to consider our own role in the vision that this community has created.</p> <p>as we consider our next steps, we are taking seriously our responsibilities as stewards of this conversation. although preliminary feedback from the meeting was overwhelmingly positive, many attendees expressed a yearning to be able to connect, or continue to connect and learn from one another. we are considering how best to nurture that seed so that it can grow.</p> <p><em>thanks to marti heyman</em>, <em>andrew pace, mercy procaccini, and chela weber who reviewed and improved this blog post.</em></p> <p>the post <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= " rel="nofollow">reimagine descriptive workflows: meeting the challenges of inclusive description in shared infrastructure</a> appeared first on <a href="https://hangingtogether.org" rel="nofollow">hanging together</a>.</p> <div class="feedflare"> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :yil auoc za"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=yil auoc za" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :d dqb pkexk"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :d dqb pkexk" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :-btjwof_dhi"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :-btjwof_dhi" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :v_sglipbpwu"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :v_sglipbpwu" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :qj idk rits"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=qj idk rits" /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :l gmwitksz "><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?d=l gmwitksz " /></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?a=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :gin vfwoqvq"><img border=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/hangingtogetherorg?i=ldsx fnbsig: og h_kbwp :gin vfwoqvq" /></a> </div><img alt="" height=" " src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/hangingtogetherorg/~ /ldsx fnbsig" width=" " /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 merrilee proffitt 	 lucidworks: activate conference : call for submissions 	 https://lucidworks.com/post/activate-conference- -call-for-submissions/ 	 <p>the annual activate conference continues virtually in , and submissions for speakers are now open. </p> <p>the post <a href="https://lucidworks.com/post/activate-conference- -call-for-submissions/" rel="nofollow">activate conference : call for submissions</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lucidworks.com" rel="nofollow">lucidworks</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 naomi ghilea 	 in the library, with the lead pipe: dismantling the evaluation framework 	 https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/ 	 <figure class="wp-block-image"><img alt="" src="https://lh .googleusercontent.com/oss oetbpuh amniw okq edem edqfg_bd-qm upyztebhmvggv om knaxdtjstrg m hnosbumqjvqog-tsc ss gygdkmemxrgxia qy nijcli llh mlwbmwgwewi y" /></figure> <p>(<em>atharva tulsi, unsplash, <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua</a></em>)</p> <p>by <a href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/author/alaina-bull/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">alaina c. bull</a>, <a href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/author/margy-macmillan/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">margy macmillan</a>, and <a href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/author/alison-head/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">alison j. head</a></p> <h ><strong>in brief</strong></h > <p><em>for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on.</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator" /> <h ><strong> . introduction</strong></h > <p>arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today.</p> <p>in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / "> </a></sup>, a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/"> </a></sup>; and, in many cases, sift<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/"> </a></sup>, another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate"> </a></sup> </p> <p>in this article, we introduce the idea of <em>proactivity </em>as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become <em>experts</em> in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust.</p> <h ><strong> . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation</strong></h > <p>mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources.</p> <p>craap debuted in <sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / "> </a></sup> when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.”<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in ."> </a></sup></p> <p>when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when <em>you found information</em>, before the dramatic shift to <em>information finding you</em>. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to <em>evaluate their users</em> to determine what information they should receive, rather than <em>users evaluating what information they found</em>.</p> <p>since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/"> </a></sup> as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.”<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit."> </a></sup> we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then.</p> <p>when<em> </em>mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,”<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com"> </a></sup> developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic.</p> <p>sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach,<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - "> </a></sup> and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich,<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/"> </a></sup> director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic. </p> <p>crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf "> </a></sup> and decide what to believe<sup> </sup>and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= "> </a></sup> and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system. </p> <p>our proposed next step, what we call <em>proactive evaluation</em>, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an <em>agent</em>, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as <em>the agent that is acting on the individual it finds. </em></p> <h ><strong> .  information with agency</strong></h > <p>thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction.</p> <p>research from pil,<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study"> </a></sup> and elsewhere,<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . "> </a></sup> indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency.</p> <p>when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.”<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit."> </a></sup></p> <p>this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, <em>infect</em> the system.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - ."> </a></sup> subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php "> </a></sup> the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand<em> </em>the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions. </p> <p>that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach <em>proactive evaluation.</em></p> <h ><strong> . proactive evaluation</strong></h > <p>what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy.</p> <p>once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from <em>reactive evaluation, </em>that is<em>, </em>“here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to <em>proactive evaluation, </em>“because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.”</p> <p>what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist. </p> <p class="has-text-align-center"> <strong>a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation</strong></p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td>reactive</td><td></td><td>proactive</td></tr><tr><td><strong>understanding of information</strong></td></tr><tr><td>individual objects you find</td><td>→</td><td>networked objects that find you</td></tr><tr><td><strong>understanding of evaluation</strong></td></tr><tr><td>intrinsic (to the object)</td><td>→</td><td>contextual (within the network)</td></tr><tr><td>user is the agent</td><td>information is the agent→</td><td>both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship</td></tr><tr><td><strong>how/what we teach</strong></td></tr><tr><td>closed yes/no questions with defined answers</td><td>→</td><td>open questions</td></tr><tr><td>binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)</td><td>→</td><td>contextual continua (useful for topic <em>x</em> in circumstance <em>y</em> if complemented by <em>z</em>)</td></tr><tr><td>student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)</td><td>→</td><td>student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes</td></tr><tr><td>evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics</td><td>→</td><td>evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources</td></tr><tr><td>craap</td><td>sift→</td><td>into the unknown</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <p>as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - ."> </a></sup> to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - ."> </a></sup></p> <p>students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - ."> </a></sup> applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information.</p> <p>to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students. <br /></p> <p>an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., "> </a></sup> does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example? </p> <p>for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit."> </a></sup> providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains.</p> <p>students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar.</p> <p>gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html "> </a></sup> understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement.</p> <p>building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure.<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. "> </a></sup> developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not.</p> <p>as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control.</p> <p>admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy.</p> <p>reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation.</p> <h ><strong> . into the unknown</strong></h > <p>reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.  </p> <p>but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”<sup><a class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" href="https://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /dismantling-evaluation/#footnote_ _ " id="identifier_ _ " title="association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework"> </a></sup> </p> <p>both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing. </p> <p>the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom.</p> <p>we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging. </p> <p>returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in. </p> <p>the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors.</p> <h ><strong> . looking ahead </strong></h > <p>in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems.</p> <p>for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach. </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator" /> <h ><strong>acknowledgements</strong></h > <p>we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by <em>in the library with the lead pipe</em>: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator" /> <h ><strong>references </strong></h > <p>“framework for information literacy for higher education.” . <em>association of college and research libraries</em>. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework.</p> <p>“information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . <em>association of college and research libraries</em>. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf.</p> <p>bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” <em>columbia journalism review</em>, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php.</p> <p>blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” <em>loex quarterly</em> , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / .</p> <p>breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” <em>the harvard kennedy school misinformation review</em> , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - .</p> <p>brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” <em>cognitive research: principles and implications</em> ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - .</p> <p>caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. <em>hapgood</em> (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/.</p> <p>———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/.</p> <p>———. <em>web literacy for student fact-checkers</em>, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/.</p> <p>dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” <em>ryerson review of journalism</em>, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/.</p> <p>fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” <em>inside higher ed</em>, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate.</p> <p>foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” <em>library assessment conference</em>, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= .</p> <p>freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in <em>critical issues in education: an anthology of readings</em>, – . sage, .</p> <p>haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” <em>information, communication and society</em>, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . .</p> <p>head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study.</p> <p>head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf.</p> <p>maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” <em>electronic frontier foundation</em>, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- .</p> <p>meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” <em>libraries and the academy</em> , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . .</p> <p>reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/.</p> <p>seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. <em>kevin seeber</em> (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/.</p> <ol class="footnotes"><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” <em>loex quarterly</em> no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / </li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” <em>kevin seeber</em> [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], <em>project information literacy</em>, smart talk interview, no. ,<a href="https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/"> (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/</a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, <em>inside higher education</em>,<a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate"> (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate</a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. <a href="https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / ">https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / </a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">association of college and research libraries, <em>information literacy competency standards for higher education</em>, ( ), <a href="https://alair.ala.org/handle/ / ">https://alair.ala.org/handle/ / </a>  note: these standards were rescinded in .</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” <em>hapgood</em>, (june , ): <a href="https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/">https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/</a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit.</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book <em>web literacy for student fact-checkers</em>,<a href="https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com"> (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com</a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” <em>cognitive research: principles and implications, </em>( ) ( ), - , <a href="https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ">https://doi.org/ . /s - - - </a>; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” <em>the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, </em>( ), ( ) - , <a href="https://doi.org/ . /mr- - ">https://doi.org/ . /mr- - </a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. ,<a href="https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/"> (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/</a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, <em>how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians</em>, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - ,<a href="https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf"> https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf</a> </li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” <em> library assessment conference,</em>( ):<a href="https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= "> https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= </a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, <em>information literacy in the age of algorithms</em>, project information literacy research institute,<a href="https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study"> (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study</a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” <em>information, communication and society</em>, ahead-of-print,<a href="https://doi.org/ . / x. . "> https://doi.org/ . / x. . </a></li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit.</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - .</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ):<a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- "> https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- </a>; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” <em>ryerson review of journalism, </em>(may , ): <a href="https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/">https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/</a>; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” <em>columbia journalism review,</em><a href="https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php">(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php</a> </li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). <em>critical issues in education: an anthology of readings</em>, sage, ( ), - .</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - .</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - .</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., </li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit.</li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” <em>pil provocation series</em>, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ): <a href="https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html"> https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html</a> </li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” <em>portal: libraries and the academy </em> , no. ( ): - ,<a href="https://doi.org/ . /pla. . "> https://doi.org/ . /pla. . </a>, p. </li><li class="footnote" id="footnote_ _ ">association of college and research libraries , <em>framework for information literacy for higher education</em> ( ) <a href="http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework">http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework</a></li></ol> 	 - - t : : + : 	 alaina c. bull 	 open knowledge foundation: welcome livemark – the new frictionless data tool 	 https://blog.okfn.org/ / / /welcome-livemark-the-new-frictionless-data-tool/ 	 <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /frictionless-color-full-logo.jpg?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /frictionless-color-full-logo.jpg?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></p> <p>we are very excited to announce that a new tool has been added to the frictionless data toolkit: <a href="https://frictionlessdata.io/blog/ / / /livemark/">livemark</a>. </p> <p><strong>what is frictionless? </strong></p> <p>frictionless data is a set of specifications for data and metadata interoperability, accompanied by a collection of software libraries that implement these specifications, and a range of best practices for data management. the project is funded by the <a href="https://sloan.org">sloan foundation</a> and <a href="https://theodi.org">open data institute</a>. </p> <p>learn more about frictionless data <a href="https://frictionlessdata.io">here</a>. </p> <p><strong>what is livemark? </strong></p> <p>livemark is a great tool that allows you to publish data articles very easily, giving you the possibility to see your data live on a working website in a blink of an eye.</p> <p><strong>how does it work?</strong></p> <p>livemark is a python library generating a static page that extends markdown with interactive charts, tables, scripts, and much much more. you can use the frictionless framework as a <code>frictionless</code> variable to work with your tabular data in livemark.</p> <p>livemark offers a series of useful features, like automatically generating a table of contents and providing a scroll-to-top button when you scroll down your document. you can also customise the layout of your newly created webpage.</p> <p><strong>how can you get started?</strong></p> <p>livemark is very easy to use. we invite you watch this great demo by developer evgeny karev:</p> <p></p> <p>you can also have a look at the <a href="https://frictionlessdata.github.io/livemark/">documentation on github</a></p> <p><strong>what do you think?</strong></p> <p>if you create a site using livemark, please let us know! frictionless data is an open source project, therefore we encourage you to give us feedback. let us know your thoughts, suggestions, or issues by joining us in our community chat on <a href="https://discord.com/invite/sewv av">discord</a> (opens new window) or by opening an issue in the <a href="https://github.com/frictionlessdata/livemark">github repo</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 james hamilton 	 samvera: take a virtual tour of samvera repositories 	 https://samvera.org/ / / /take-a-virtual-tour-of-samvera-repositories/ 	 <p>the <a href="https://samvera.org/samvera-open-source-repository-framework/take-a-tour-of-active-samvera-repositories/">samvera repository online tour</a> provides an overview of a range of samvera-based digital repositories and their collections at institutions across the us and uk. click through to explore how samvera technologies allow institutions and organizations to organize and provide access to diverse materials — from oral histories and historic photographs, to student projects and research data. </p> <p>the tour was planned by the samvera marketing working group and created using <a href="http://storymap.knightlab.com/">storymapjs</a> by lafayette college libraries student workers grayce walker, deja jackson, and khaknazar shyntassov. a huge thanks to them, as well as to charlotte nunes at lafayette college libraries digital scholarship services for coordinating the work.</p> <p>if you’d like to include your samvera-based repository on the tour, simply <a href="https://forms.gle/siwpitqhrb w la ">fill out this form</a>.</p> <p>the post <a href="https://samvera.org/ / / /take-a-virtual-tour-of-samvera-repositories/" rel="nofollow">take a virtual tour of samvera repositories</a> appeared first on <a href="https://samvera.org" rel="nofollow">samvera</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 heather greer klein 	 david rosenthal: alternatives to proof-of-work 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /alternatives-to-proof-of-work.html 	 the designers of peer-to-peer consensus protocols such as those underlying cryptocurrencies face three distinct problems. they need to prevent:<br /><ul><li>being swamped by a multitude of <i>sybil</i> peers under the control of an attacker. this requires making peer participation expensive, such as by proof-of-work (pow). pow is problematic because it has a <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /cryptocurrencys-carbon-footprint.html">catastrophic carbon footprint</a>.</li><li>a rational <i>majority</i> of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this is thought to be achieved by <i>decentralization</i>, that is a network of so many peers acting independently that a conspiracy among a majority of them is highly improbable. decentralization is problematic because in practice all successful cryptocurrencies are effectively centralized.</li><li>a rational <i>minority</i> of peers from conspiring to obtain inappropriate benefits. this requirement is called <i>incentive compatibility</i>. this is problematic because it requires very careful design of the protocol.</li></ul>in the rather long post below the fold i focus on some potential alternatives to pow, inspired by jeremiah wagstaff's <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ v u_xevf sbz y lemxi qfqirstl/view"><i>subspace: a solution to the farmer’s dilemma</i></a>, the white paper for a new blockchain technology.<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><br />careful design of the economic mechanisms of the protocol can in theory ensure incentive compatibility, or as <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/ . ">ittay eyal and emin gun sirer express it</a>:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">the best strategy of a rational minority pool is to be honest, and a minority of colluding miners cannot earn disproportionate benefits by deviating from the protocol </blockquote>they showed in that the bitcoin protocol was not incentive-compatible, but this is in principle amenable to a technical fix. unfortunately, ensuring decentralization is a much harder problem.<br /><h >decentralization</h >vitalik buterin, co-founder of ethereum, wrote in <a href="https://medium.com/@vitalikbuterin/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a c b a "><i>the meaning of decentralization</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>in the case of blockchain protocols, the mathematical and economic reasoning behind the safety of the consensus often relies crucially on the uncoordinated choice model, or the assumption that the game consists of many small actors that make decisions independently. </blockquote>the internet's basic protocols, tcp/ip, dns, smtp, http are all decentralized, and yet the actual internet is heavily centralized around a few large companies. centralization is an emergent behavior, driven not by technical but by economic forces. w. brian arthur described these forces before the web took off in his book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/increasing-returns-dependence-economics-cognition/dp/ "><i>increasing returns and path dependence in the economy</i></a>.<br /><br />similarly, the blockchain protocols are decentralized but ever since the bitcoin blockchain has been centralized around - large mining pools. <a href="https://medium.com/@vitalikbuterin/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a c b a ">buterin wrote</a>:<br /><blockquote>can we really say that the uncoordinated choice model is realistic when % of the bitcoin network’s mining power is well-coordinated enough to show up together at the same conference? </blockquote>this is perhaps the greatest among the <a href="https://smile.amazon.com/attack- -foot-blockchain-contracts-ebook/dp/b cpp /ref=sr_ _ ">multiple failures of satoshi nakamoto's goals</a> for bitcoin. the economic forces driving this centralization are the same as those that centralized other internet protocols. i explored how they act to centralize p p systems in 's <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html"><i>economies of scale in peer-to-peer networks</i></a>. i argued that an incentive-compatible protocol wasn't adequate to prevent centralization. the simplistic version of the argument was:<br /><ul><li>the income to a participant in an incentive-compatible p p network should be linear in their contribution of resources to the network.</li><li>the costs a participant incurs by contributing resources to the network will be less than linear in their resource contribution, because of the economies of scale.</li><li>thus the proportional profit margin a participant obtains will increase with increasing resource contribution.</li><li>thus the effects described in brian arthur's increasing returns and path dependence in the economy will apply, and the network will be dominated by a few, perhaps just one, large participant.</li></ul>and i <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html">wrote</a>:<br /><blockquote>the advantages of p p networks arise from a diverse network of small, roughly equal resource contributors. thus it seems that p p networks which have the characteristics needed to succeed (by being widely adopted) also inevitably carry the seeds of their own failure (by becoming effectively centralized). bitcoin is an example of this. </blockquote>my description of the <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html">fundamental problem</a> was:<br /><blockquote>the network has to arrange not just that the reward grows more slowly than the contribution, but that it grows more slowly than the cost of the contribution to any participant. if there is even one participant whose rewards outpace their costs, brian arthur's analysis shows they will end up dominating the network. herein lies the rub. the network does not know what an individual participant's costs, or even the average participant's costs, are and how they grow as the participant scales up their contribution.<br /><br />so the network would have to err on the safe side, and make rewards grow very slowly with contribution, at least above a certain minimum size. doing so would mean few if any participants above the minimum contribution, making growth dependent entirely on recruiting new participants. this would be hard because their gains from participation would be limited to the minimum reward. it is clear that mass participation in the bitcoin network was fuelled by the (unsustainable) prospect of large gains for a small investment. </blockquote>the result of limiting reward growth would be a blockchain with limited expenditure on mining which, as we see with the <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-classic-blockchain-subject-to-yet-another- -attack">endemic % attacks</a> against alt-coins, would not be secure. but without such limits, economies of scale mean that the blockchain would be dominated by a few large mining pools, so would not be decentralized and would be vulnerable to insider attacks. note that in june the ghash.io mining pool alone had more than <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ /jun/ /bitcoin-currency-destroyed- -attack-ghash-io"> % of the bitcoin mining power</a>.<br /><br />but the major current problem for bitcoin, ethereum and cryptocurrencies in general is not vulnerability to % attacks. participants in these "trustless" systems trust that the mining pools are invested in their security and will not conspire to misbehave. events have shown that this <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html">trust is misplaced</a> as applied to smaller alt-coins. trustlessness was one of nakamoto's goals, another of the failures. but as regards the major cryptocurrencies this trust is plausible; everyone is making enough golden eggs to preserve the life of the goose.<br /><h >alternatives to proof-of-work</h >the major current problem for cryptocurrencies is that their <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /cryptocurrencys-carbon-footprint.html">catastrophic carbon footprint</a> has attracted attention. david gerard <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /bitcoin-myths-immutability-decentralisation-and-the-cult-of- -million/">writes</a>:<br /><blockquote>the bit where proof-of-work mining uses a country’s worth of electricity to run the most inefficient payment system in human history is finally coming to public attention, and is probably bitcoin’s biggest public relations problem. normal people think of bitcoin as this dumb nerd money that nerds rip each other off with — but when they hear about proof-of-work, they get angry. externalities turn out to matter. </blockquote>yang xiao <i>et al</i>'s <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/ . "><i>a survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks</i></a> is very useful. they:<br /><blockquote>identify five core components of a blockchain consensus protocol, namely, block proposal, block validation, information propagation, block finalization, and incentive mechanism. a wide spectrum of blockchain consensus protocols are then carefully reviewed accompanied by algorithmic abstractions and vulnerability analyses. the surveyed consensus protocols are analyzed using the five-component framework and compared with respect to different performance metrics. </blockquote>their "wide spectrum" is comprehensive as regards the variety of pow protocols, and as regards the varieties of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/proof_of_stake">proof-of-stake</a> (pos) protocols that are the leading alternatives to pow. their coverage of other consensus protocols is less thorough, and as regards the various protocols that defend against sybil attacks by wasting storage instead of computation it is minimal.<br /><br />the main approach to replacing pow with something equally good at preventing sybil attacks but less good at cooking the planet has been pos, but a recent entrant using proof-of-time-and-space (i'll use potas since the acronyms others use are confusing) to waste storage has attracted considerable attention. i will discuss pos in general terms and two specific systems, chia (potas) and subspace (a hybrid of potas and pos).<br /><h >proof-of-stake</h >in pow as implemented by nakamoto, the probability of a winning the next block is proportional to the number of otherwise useless hashes computed — nakamoto thought by individual cpus but now by giant mining pools driven by warehouses full of mining asics. the idea of pos is that the resource being wasted to deter sybil attacks is the cryptocurrency itself. in order to mount a % attack the attacker would have to control more of the cryptocurrency that the loyal peers. in vanilla pos the probability of winning the next block is proportional to the amount of the cryptocurrency "staked", i.e. effectively escrowed and placed at risk of being "slashed" if the majority concludes that the peer has misbehaved. it appears to have been first proposed in by <a href="https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic= . ">bitcointalk user quantummechanic</a>.<br /><br />the first cryptocurrency to use pos, albeit as a hybrid with pow, was <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/ / /wary-of-bitcoin-a-guide-to-some-other-cryptocurrencies/ /">peercoin in </a>. there have been a number of pure pos cryptocurrencies since, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardano_(blockchain_platform)">cardano from </a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/algorand_(cryptocurrency_platform)">algorand from </a> but none have been very successful.<br /><br />ethereum, the second most important cryptocurrency, understood the <a href="https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/what-proof-of-stake-is-and-why-it-matters- ">need to replace pow in </a> and started work in . but as vitalik buterin <a href="https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /slasher-ghost-developments-proof-stake/">then wrote</a>:<br /><blockquote>over the last few months we have become more and more convinced that some inclusion of proof of stake is a necessary component for long-term sustainability; however, actually implementing a proof of stake algorithm that is effective is proving to be <a href="https://blog.ethereum.org/ / / /stake/">surprisingly complex</a>.<br /><br />the fact that ethereum includes a turing-complete contracting system complicates things further, as it makes certain kinds of collusion much easier without requiring trust, and creates a large pool of stake in the hands of decentralized entities that have the incentive to vote with the stake to collect rewards, but which are too stupid to tell good blockchains from bad. </blockquote>buterin was right about making "certain kinds of collusion much easier without requiring trust". in <a href="http://hackingdistributed.com/ / / /on-chain-vote-buying/"><i>on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos</i></a> philip daian and co-authors show that "smart contracts" provide for untraceable <i>on-chain</i> collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous. it is obviously much harder to prevent bad behavior in a turing-complete environment. seven years later ethereum is still working on the transition, which they currently don't expect to be complete for <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /news-stopping-ransomware-china-hates-miners-ecuador-cbdc-history-nfts-still-too-hard-to-buy/">another months</a>:<br /><blockquote>shocked to see that the timeline for ethereum moving to eth and getting off proof-of-work mining has been put back to late … about months from now. this is mostly from delays in getting sharding to work properly. vitalik buterin says that this is because the ethereum team isn’t working well together. [<a href="https://tokenist.com/buterin-explains-why-ethereum- - -upgrade-wont-arrive-until-late- /"><i>tokenist</i></a>] </blockquote>skepticism about the schedule for eth is well-warranted, as julia magas writes in <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/when-will-ethereum- - -fully-launch-roadmap-promises-speed-but-history-says-otherwise"><i>when will ethereum . fully launch? roadmap promises speed, but history says otherwise</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>looking at how fast the relevant updates were implemented in the previous versions of ethereum roadmaps, it turns out that the planned and real release dates are about a year apart, at the very minimum. </blockquote>are there other reasons why pos is so hard to implement safely? bram cohen's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= zlcgt fvz ">talk at stanford</a> included a <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">critique of pos</a>:<br /><blockquote><ul><li>its threat model is weaker than proof of work.</li><li>just as proof of work is in practice centralized around large mining pools, proof of stake is centralized around large currency holdings (which were probably acquired much more cheaply than large mining installations).</li><li>the choice of a quorum size is problematic. "too small and it's attackable. too large and nothing happens." and "unfortunately, those values are likely to be on the wrong side of each other in practice."</li><li>incentivizing peers to put their holdings at stake creates a class of attacks in which peers "exaggerate one's own bonding and blocking it from others."</li><li>slashing introduces a class of attacks in which peers cause others to be fraudulently slashed.</li><li>the incentives need to be strong enough to overcome the risks of slashing, and of keeping their signing keys accessible and thus at risk of compromise.</li><li>"defending against those attacks can lead to situations where the system gets wedged because a split happened and nobody wants to take one for the team"</li></ul></blockquote>cohen seriously under-played pos's centralization problem. it isn't just that the <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /gini-coefficients-of-cryptocurrencies.html">gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies</a> are extremely high, but that this is a self-reinforcing problem. because the rewards for mining new blocks, and the fees for including transactions in blocks, flow to the hodl-ers in proportion to their hodl-ings, whatever gini coefficient the systems starts out with will always increase. as i wrote, <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /blockchain-briefing-for-dod.html">cryptocurrencies are</a>:<br /><blockquote>a mechanism for transferring wealth from later adopters, called suckers, to early adopters, called geniuses. </blockquote>pos makes this "ratchet" mechanism much stronger than pow, and thus renders them much more vulnerable to insider % attacks. i discussed one such high-profile attack by justin sun of tron on the steemit blockchain in <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proof-of-stake-in-practice.html"><i>proof-of-stake in practice </i></a>:<br /><blockquote>one week later, on march <sup>nd</sup>, tron arranged for exchanges, including huobi, binance and poloniex, to stake tokens they held on behalf of their customers in a <a href="https://www.theblockcrypto.com/post/ /tron-steem-takeover-crypto-exchanges-governance-reversal-soft-fork-blockchain"> % attack</a>:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">according to the list of accounts powered up on march. , the three exchanges collectively put in over million steem power (sp).<br /><br />with an overwhelming amount of stake, the steemit team was then able to unilaterally implement hard fork . to regain their stake and vote out all top community witnesses – server operators responsible for block production – using account @dev as a proxy. in the current list of steem witnesses, steemit and tron’s own witnesses took up the first slots. </blockquote>although this attack didn't provide tron with an immediate monetary reward, the long term value of retaining effective control of the blockchain was vastly greater than the cost of staking the tokens. i've been pointing out that the high <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /gini-coefficients-of-cryptocurrencies.html">gini coefficients of cryptocurrencies</a> means proof-of-stake centralizes control of the blockchain in the hands of the whales since 's <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /why-decentralize.html"><i>why decentralize?</i></a> quoted vitalik buterin pointing out that a realistic scenario was:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">in a proof of stake blockchain, % of the coins at stake are held at one exchange. </blockquote>or in this case three exchanges cooperating. </blockquote>note that economic analyses of pos, such as <a href="https://dx.doi.org/ . /ssrn. "><i>more (or less) economic limits of the blockchain</i></a> by joshua gans and neil gandal, assume economically rational actors care about the iliquidity of staked coins and the foregone interest. but true believers in <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /the-origin-of-number-go-up-in-bitcoin-culture/">"number go up"</a> have a long-term perspective similar to sun's. the eventual progress of their coin "to the moon!" means that temporary, short-term costs are irrelevant to long-term hodl-ers.<br /><br />jude c. nelson <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id= ">amplifies the centralization point</a>:<br /><blockquote>pow is open-membership, because the means of coin production are not tied to owning coins already. all you need to contribute is computing power, and you can start earning coins at a profit.<br /><br />pos is closed-membership with a veneer of open-membership, because the means of coin production are tied to owning a coin already. what this means in practice is that no rational coin-owner is going to sell you coins at a fast enough rate that you'll be able to increase your means of coin production. put another way, the price you'd pay for the increased means of coin production will meet or exceed the total expected revenue created by staking those coins over their lifetime. so unless you know something the seller doesn't, you won't be able to profit by buying your way into staking.<br /><br />overall, this makes pos <i>less</i> resilient and <i>less</i> egalitarian than pow. while both require an up-front capital expenditure, the expenditure for pos coin-production will meet or exceed the total expected revenue of those coins at the point of sale. so, the system is only as resilient as the nodes run by the people who bought in initially, and the only way to join later is to buy coins from people who want to exit (which would only be viable if these folks believed the coins are worth less than what you're buying them for, which doesn't bode well for you as the buyer). </blockquote>nelson <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id= ">continues</a>:<br /><blockquote>pow requires less proactive trust and coordination between community members than pos -- and thus is better able to recover from both liveness and safety failures -- precisely because it both ( ) provides a computational method for ranking fork quality, and ( ) allows anyone to participate in producing a fork at any time. if the canonical chain is %-attacked, and the attack eventually subsides, then the canonical chain can eventually be re-established in-band by honest miners simply continuing to work on the non-attacker chain. in pos, block-producers have no such protocol -- such a protocol cannot exist because to the rest of the network, it looks like the honest nodes have been slashed for being dishonest. any recovery procedure necessarily includes block-producers having to go around and convince people out-of-band that they were totally not dishonest, and were slashed due to a "hack" (and, since there's lots of money on the line, who knows if they're being honest about this?). </blockquote>pos conforms to <a href="https://biblehub.com/kjv/mark/ .htm"><i>mark : </i></a>:<br /><blockquote>for he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath. </blockquote>in section vi(e) yang xiao <i>et al</i> identify the following types of <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/ . ">vulnerability in pos systems</a>:<br /><ol><li><i>costless simulation</i>:<br /><blockquote>literally means any player can simulate any segment of blockchain history at the cost of no real work but speculation, as pos does not incur intensive computation while the blockchain records all staking history. this may give attackers shortcuts to fabricate an alternative blockchain. </blockquote>it is the basis for attacks through . </li><li><i>nothing at stake</i><blockquote>unlike a pow miner, a pos minter needs little extra effort to validate transactions and generate blocks on multiple competing chains simultaneously. this “multi-bet” strategy makes economical sense to pos nodes because by doing so they can avoid the opportunity cost of sticking to any single chain. consequently if a significantly fraction of nodes perform the “multi-bet” strategy, an attacker holding far less than % of tokens can mount a successful double spending attack. </blockquote>the defense against this attack is usually "slashing", forfeiting the stake of miners detected on multiple competing chains. but slashing, as <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">cohen</a> and <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id= ">nelson</a> point out, is in itself a consensus problem. </li><li><i>posterior corruption</i><blockquote>the key enabler of posterior corruption is the public availability of staking history on the blockchain, which includes stakeholder addresses and staking amounts. an attacker can attempt to corrupt the stakeholders who once possessed substantial stakes but little at present by promising them rewards after growing an alternative chain with altered transaction history (we call it a “malicious chain”). when there are enough stakeholders corrupted, the colluding group (attacker and corrupted once-rich stakeholders) could own a significant portion of tokens (possibly more than %) at some point in history, from which they are able to grow an malicious chain that will eventually surpass the current main chain. </blockquote>the defense is <a href="https://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~franklin/ecs / /ijsn_survey_final.pdf">key-evolving cryptography</a>, which ensures that the past signatures cannot be forged by the future private keys. </li><li><i>long-range attack</i> as introduced by buterin:<br /><blockquote>foresees that a small group of colluding attackers can regrow a longer valid chain that starts not long after the genesis block. because there were likely only a few stakeholders and a lack of competition at the nascent stage of the blockchain, the attackers can grow the malicious chain very fast and redo all the pos blocks (i.e. by costless simulation) while claiming all the historical block rewards. </blockquote>evangelos deirmentzoglou <i>et al</i>'s<a href="https://doi.org/ . /access. . "><i> a survey on long-range attacks for proof of stake protocols</i></a> provides a useful review of these attacks. even if there are no block rewards, only fees, a variant long-range attack is possible as described in <a href="https://eprint.iacr.org/ / .pdf"><i>stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains</i></a> by peter gazi <i>et al</i>, and by shijie zhang and jong-hyouk lee in <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/ . / . "><i>eclipse-based stake-bleeding attacks in pos blockchain systems</i></a>.<br /></li><li><i>stake-grinding attack</i><br /><blockquote>unlike pow in which pseudo-randomness is guaranteed by the brute-force use of a cryptographic hash function, pos’s pseudo-randomness is influenced by extra blockchain information—the staking history. malicious pos minters may take advantage of costless simulation and other staking-related mechanisms to bias the randomness of pos in their own favor, thus achieving higher winning probabilities compared to their stake amounts </blockquote></li><li><i>centralization risk</i> as discussed above:<br /><blockquote>in pos the minters can lawfully reinvest their profits into staking perpetually, which allows the one with a large sum of unused tokens become wealthier and eventually reach a monopoly status. when a player owns more than % of tokens in circulation, the consensus process will be dominated by this player and the system integrity will not be guaranteed. </blockquote>there are a number of papers on this problem, including <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= "><i>staking pool centralization in proof-of-stake blockchain network</i></a> by ping he <i>et al</i>, <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/ . / - - - - _ "><i>compounding of wealth in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies</i></a> by giulia fanti <i>et al</i>, and <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/ . / - - - - _ "><i>stake shift in major cryptocurrencies: an empirical study</i></a> by rainer stütz <i>et al</i>. but to my mind none of them suggest a realistic mitigation.<br /></li></ol>these are not the only problems from which pos suffers. two more are:<br /><ul><li><i>checkpointing</i>. long-range and related attacks are capable of rewriting almost the entire chain. to mitigate this, pos systems can arrange for consensus on <i>checkpoints</i>, blocks which are subsequently regarded as canonical forcing any rewriting to start no earlier than the following block. <a href="https://www.benthamsgaze.org/ / / /winkle-a-decentralised-checkpointing-for-proof-of-stake/"><i>winkle – decentralised checkpointing for proof-of-stake</i></a> is:<br /><blockquote>a decentralised checkpointing mechanism operated by coin holders, whose keys are harder to compromise than validators’ as they are more numerous. by analogy, in bitcoin, taking control of one-third of the total supply of money would require at least keys, whereas only mining pools control more than half of the hash power </blockquote>it is important that consensus on checkpoints is achieved through a <i>different</i> mechanism than consensus on blocks. to over-simplify, winkle piggy-backs votes for checkpoints on transactions; a transaction votes for a block with the number of coins remaining in the sending account, and with the number sent to the receiving account. a checkpoint is final once a set proportion of the coins have voted for it. for the details, see <a href="https://eprint.iacr.org/ / .pdf"><i>winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems</i></a> by sarah azouvi <i>et al</i>. </li><li><i>lending</i>. in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/ . "><i>competitive equilibria between staking and on-chain lending</i></a>, tarun chitra demonstrates that it is:<br /><blockquote>possible for on-chain lending smart contracts to cannibalize network security in pos systems. when the yield provided by these contracts is more attractive than the inflation rate provided from staking, stakers will tend to remove their staked tokens and lend them out, thus reducing network security. ... our results illustrate that rational, non-adversarial actors can dramatically reduce pos network security if block rewards are not calibrated appropriately above the expected yields of on-chain lending. </blockquote>i believe this is part of a fundamental problem for pos. the token used to prevent a single attacker appearing as a multitude of independent peers can be lent, and thus the attacker can borrow a temporary majority of the stake cheaply, for only a short-term interest payment. preventing this increases implementation complexity significantly.</li></ul>in summary, despite pos' potential for greatly reducing pow's environmental impact and cost of defending against sybil attacks, it has a major disadvantage. it is significantly more complex and thus its attack surface is much larger, especially when combined with a turing-complete execution environment such as ethereum's. it therefore needs more defense mechanisms, which increase complexity further. buterin and the ethereum developers realize the complexity of the implementation task they face, which is why their responsible approach is taking so long. currently ethereum is the only realistic candidate to displace bitcoin, and thus reduce cryptocurrencies' carbon footprint, so the difficulty of an industrial-strength implementation of pos for ethereum . is a major problem.<br /><h >proof-of-space-and-time</h >back in i wrote about bram cohen's potas system, <a href="https://www.chia.net/">chia</a>, in <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html"><i>proofs of space</i></a> and <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /chia-network.html"><i>chia network</i></a>. instead of wasting computation to prevent sybil attacks, chia wastes storage. chia's "space farmers" create and store "plots" consisting of large amounts of otherwise useless data. the technical details are described in <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/ tmrib lgi qfkknaxukobhrmwbvlgl f esbdr_ xze/edit"><i>chia consensus</i></a>. they are comprehensive and impressively well thought out.<br /><br />because, like bitcoin, chia is wasting a real resource to defend against sybil attacks it lacks many of pos' vulnerabilities. nevertheless, the chia protocol is significantly more complex than bitcoin and thus likely to possess additional vulnerabilities. for example, whereas in bitcoin there is only one role for participants, mining, the chia protocol involves three roles:<br /><ul><li><i>farmer</i>, "farmers are nodes which participate in the consensus algorithm by storing plots and checking them for proofs of space."</li><li><i>timelord</i>, "timelords are nodes which participate in the consensus algorithm by creating proofs of time".</li><li><i>full node</i>, which involves "broadcasting proofs of space and time, creating blocks, maintaining a mempool of pending transactions, storing the historical blockchain, and uploading blocks to other full nodes as well as wallets (light clients)."</li></ul><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-xr sr_rwwfo/yote-lfolci/aaaaaaaagbq/ jovlgm nseh hetuknemlismhbkvbvqclcbgasyhq/s /chiachains.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-xr sr_rwwfo/yote-lfolci/aaaaaaaagbq/ jovlgm nseh hetuknemlismhbkvbvqclcbgasyhq/s /chiachains.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/ tmrib lgi qfkknaxukobhrmwbvlgl f esbdr_ xze/edit">figure </a></td></tr></tbody></table>another added complexity is that the chia protocol maintains three chains (challenge, reward and foliage), plus an evanescent chain during each "slot" (think bitcoin's block time), as shown in the <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/ tmrib lgi qfkknaxukobhrmwbvlgl f esbdr_ xze/edit">document's figure </a>. the document therefore includes a range of <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/ tmrib lgi qfkknaxukobhrmwbvlgl f esbdr_ xze/edit">attacks and their mitigations</a> which are of considerable technical interest.<br /><br />cohen's praiseworthy objective for chia was to avoid the massive power waste of pow <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">because</a>:<br /><blockquote>"you have this thing where mass storage medium you can set a bit and leave it there until the end of time and its not costing you any more power. dram is costing you power when its just sitting there doing nothing". </blockquote>alas, cohen was <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">exaggerating</a>:<br /><blockquote>a state-of-the-art disk drive, such as <a href="https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/product-content/barracuda-fam/barracuda-new/en-us/docs/ c.pdf">seagate's tb barracuda pro</a>, consumes about w spun-down in standby mode, about w spun-up idle and about w doing random k reads. </blockquote>which is what it would be doing much of the time while "space farming". clearly, potas uses energy, just much less than pow. reporting on cohen's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= zlcgt fvz ">talk at stanford</a> i <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">summarized</a>:<br /><blockquote>cohen's vision is of a posp/vdf network comprising large numbers of desktop pcs, continuously connected and powered up, each with one, or at most a few, half-empty hard drives. the drives would have been purchased at retail a few years ago. </blockquote>my main criticism in those posts was cohen's naiveté about <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /chia-network.html">storage technology, the storage market and economies of scale</a>:<br /><blockquote>there would appear to be three possible kinds of participants in a pool:<br /><ul><li>individuals using the spare space in their desktop pc's disk. the storage for the proof of space is effectively "free", but unless these miners joined pools, they would be unlikely to get a reward in the life of the disk. </li><li>individuals buying systems with cpu, ram and disk solely for mining. the disruption to the user's experience is gone, but now the whole cost of mining has to be covered by the rewards. to smooth out their income, these miners would join pools. </li><li>investors in data-center scale mining pools. economies of scale would mean that these participants would see better profits for less hassle than the individuals buying systems, so these investor pools would come to dominate the network, replicating the bitcoin pool centralization. </li></ul>thus if chia's network were to become successful, mining would be dominated by a few large pools. each pool would run a vdf server to which the pool's participants would submit their proofs of space, so that the pool manager could verify their contribution to the pool.<br /><br />the emergence of pools, and dominance of a small number of pools, has nothing to do with the particular consensus mechanism in use. thus i am skeptical that alternatives to proof of work will significantly reduce centralization of mining in blockchains generally, and in chia network's blockchain specifically. </blockquote>as i was writing the <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">first of these posts</a>, <a href="https://techcrunch.com/ / / /chia-vs-bitcoin/">techcrunch reported</a>:<br /><blockquote>chia has just raised a $ . million seed round led by angellist’s naval ravikant and joined by andreessen horowitz, greylock and more. the money will help the startup build out its <a href="https://techcrunch.com/ / / /chia-network-cryptocurrency/">chia coin and blockchain powered by proofs of space and time</a> instead of bitcoin’s energy-sucking proofs of work, which it plans to launch in q . </blockquote>even in the naiveté persisted, as chia pitched the idea that <a href="https://www.chia.net/ / / /so-you-want-to-be-a-space-farmer.en.html">space farming on a raspberry pi</a> was a way to make money. it still persists, as chia's president reportedly claims that <a href="https://techmonitor.ai/leadership/sustainability/bitcoin-and-the-environment">"recyclable hard drives are entering the marketplace"</a>. but when chia coin actually <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chia-coins-initially-high-prices-could-cause-a-storage-shortage">started trading in early may </a> the reality was nothing like cohen's vision:<br /><ul><li><a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chia-coins-initially-high-prices-could-cause-a-storage-shortage">as</a> <a href="https://www.techradar.com/news/this-new-cryptocurrency-could-potentially-cause-an-ssd-or-hard-drive-shortage">everyone</a> <a href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/hard-drive-ssd-shortages-imminent-if-new-cryptocurrency-blooms">predicted</a>, the immediate effect was to create a massive shortage of the ssds needed to create plots, and the hard drives needed to store them. even <a href="https://www.theregister.com/ / / /interview_gene_hoffman/">gene hoffman</a>, chia's ceo, admitted that <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/ -bitcoin-rival-chia-destroyed-hard-disc-supply-chains-says-its-boss/"><i>bitcoin rival chia 'destroyed' hard disc supply chains, says its boss</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>chia, a cryptocurrency intended to be a “green” alternative to bitcoin has instead caused a global shortage of hard discs. gene hoffman, the president of chia network, the company behind the currency, admits that “we’ve kind of destroyed the short-term supply chain”, but he denies it will become an environmental drain. </blockquote>the result of the spike in storage prices was a <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/ -bitcoin-rival-chia-destroyed-hard-disc-supply-chains-says-its-boss/">rise in the vendors stock</a>:<br /><blockquote>the share price of hard disc maker western digital has increased from $ at the start of the year to $ , while competitor seagate is up from $ to $ over the same period. </blockquote>to give you some idea of how rapidly chia has consumed storage in the two months since launch, it is around % of the rate at which the <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /library-of-congress-storage.html">entire industry produced hard disk in </a>.<br /> <br /></li> <li><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-jvgptrghuwo/ypyfbeuqc i/aaaaaaaagck/hxrf xkvpzavquymyzesbnwb zrhlbrvqclcbgasyhq/s /chiapools- .png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-jvgptrghuwo/ypyfbeuqc i/aaaaaaaagck/hxrf xkvpzavquymyzesbnwb zrhlbrvqclcbgasyhq/w -h /chiapools- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://miningpoolstats.stream/chia">chia pools</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="https://miningpoolstats.stream/chia">mining pools</a> arose. as i write the network is storing . eb of otherwise useless data, of which one pool, <tt><a href="https://ihpool.com/statistics/chia">ihpool.com</a></tt> is managing . eb, or . %. unlike bitcoin, the next two pools are much smaller, but large enough so that the top four pools have % of the space. the network is slightly more decentralized than bitcoin has been since , and for reasons discussed below is less vulnerable to an insider % attack.<br /> <br /></li> <li><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hwqhx h_t m/ypyfkl tbri/aaaaaaaagco/jzrnxfz ozma xrcsy_wsluj kmg_frvwclcbgasyhq/s /chia- .png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hwqhx h_t m/ypyfkl tbri/aaaaaaaagco/jzrnxfz ozma xrcsy_wsluj kmg_frvwclcbgasyhq/w -h /chia- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.coinbase.com/price/chia-network">chia "price"</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> the <a href="https://www.coinbase.com/price/chia-network">"price" of chia coin</a> collapsed, from $ . at the start of trading to $ . sunday before soaring to $ . as i write. each circulating xch corresponds to about tb. the investment in "space farming" hardware vastly outweighs, by nearly <i>six times</i>, the market cap of the cryptocurrency it is supporting.<br /> <br /></li><li>the "space farmers" are earning $ . m/day, or about $ /tb/year. a tb internal drive is currently about $ on amazon, so it will be about a months before it earns a profit. the drive is only <a href="https://shop.westerndigital.com/en-ie/products/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-sata- - -hdd#wd efbx">warranted for years</a>. but note that the <a href="https://shop.westerndigital.com/en-ie/products/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-sata- - -hdd#wd efbx">warranty is limited</a>:<br /><blockquote>supports up to tb/yr workload rate workload rate is defined as the amount of user data transferred to or from the hard drive. </blockquote>using the drive for "space farming" would likely void the warranty and, just as pow does to gpus, burn out the drive long before its warranted life. if you have two years, the $ investment theoretically earns a % return before power and other costs.<br /> <br /> </li><li>but the hard drive isn't the only cost of space farming. in order to become a "space farmer" in the first place you need to create plots containing many gigabytes of otherwise useless cryptographically-generated data. you need lots of them; the probability of winning your share of the $ . m/day is how big a fraction of the nearly eb you can generate and store. the eb is growing rapidly, so the quicker you can generate the plots, the better your chance in the near term. to do so in finite time you need in addition to the hard drive a large ssd at extra cost. using it for plotting will <a href="https://wccftech.com/galax-warns-ssd-cryptocurrency-mining-chia-coin-will-void-warranty/">void its warranty</a> and burn it out in as little as <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /news-everybody-hates-chia-defi -rugpull-china-versus-mining-china-versus-crypto/">six weeks</a>. and you need a powerful server running flat-out to do the cryptography, which both rather casts doubt on how much less power than pow chia really uses, and increases the payback time significantly.<br /><br /> </li><li>in my <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">first chia post</a> i predicted that "space farming" would be dominated by huge data centers such as amazon's. sure enough, <a href="https://www.theblockcrypto.com/linked/ /amazon-aws-chia-crypto-mining">wolfie zhao reported</a> on may <sup>th</sup> that:<br /><blockquote>technology giant amazon has rolled out a solution dedicated to chia crypto mining on its aws cloud computing platform.<br /><br />according to a campaign page on the amazon aws chinese site, the platform touts that users can deploy a cloud-based storage system in as quickly as five minutes in order to mine xch, the native cryptocurrency on the chia network. </blockquote>two weeks later <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /news-everybody-hates-chia-defi -rugpull-china-versus-mining-china-versus-crypto/">david gerard reported</a> that:<br /><blockquote>the page disappeared in short order — but an <a href="https://archive.is/ f l ">archive</a> exists. </blockquote>because chia mining trashes the drives, something else i pointed out in my <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /proofs-of-space.html">first chia post</a>, storage services are banning users who think that renting something is a license to destroy it. in any case, tb of amazon's s reduced redundancy storage costs $ . /day, so it would be hard to make ends meet. cheaper storage services, such as <a href="https://wasabi.com/cloud-storage-pricing/">wasabi at $ . /day</a> are at considerable risk from chia.<br /><br /> </li><li>although this isn't an immediate effect, as <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/ / / /cryptocurrency-chia-waste-resources-bitcoin/">david gerard writes</a>, because creating chia plots wears out ssds, and chia farming wears out hard disks:<br /><blockquote>chia produces vast quantities of e-waste—rare metals, assembled into expensive computing components, turned into toxic near-unrecyclable landfill within weeks. </blockquote></li></ul>miners are incentivized to join pools because they prefer a relatively predictable, frequent flow of small rewards to very infrequent large rewards. the way pools work in bitcoin and related protocols is that the pool decides what transactions are in the block it hopes to mine, and gets all the pool participants to work on that block. thus a pool, or a conspiracy among pools, that had % of the mining power would have effective control over the transactions that were finalized. because they make the decision as to which transactions happen, nicholas weaver argues that <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /mining-is-money-transmission.html">mining pools are money transmitters</a> and thus <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/how-start-disrupting-cryptocurrencies-mining-money-transmission">subject to the aml/kyc rules</a>. but in <a href="https://www.chia.net/ / / /pools-in-chia.html">chia pools work differently</a>:<br /><blockquote>first and foremost, even when a winning farmer is using a pool, they themselves are the ones who make the transaction block - not the pool. the decentralization benefits of this policy are obvious. </blockquote>the potential future downside is that while bitcoin miners in a pool can argue that aml/kyc is the responsibility of the pool, chia farmers would be responsible for enforcing the aml/kyc rules and subject to bank-sized penalties for failing to do so.<br /><br />in bitcoin the winning pool receives and distributes both the block reward and the (<a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /cryptocurrencys-carbon-footprint.html">currently much smaller</a>) transaction fees. over time the bitcoin block reward is due to go to zero and the system is intended to survive on fees alone. alas, <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/work .pdf">research</a> has <a href="http://randomwalker.info/publications/mining_ccs.pdf">shown</a> that a fee-only bitcoin system is insecure.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.chia.net/ / / /pools-in-chia.html">chia does things differently in two ways</a>. first:<br /><blockquote>all the transaction fees generated by a block go to the farmer who found it and not to the pool.<br /><br />trying to split the transaction fees with the pool could result in transaction fees being paid ‘under the table’ either by making them go directly to the farmer or making an anyone can spend output which the farmer would then pay to themselves. circumventing the pool would take up space on the blockchain. it could also encourage the emergence of alternative pooling protocols where the pool makes the transaction block which is a form of centralization we wish to avoid. </blockquote>the basic argument is that in bitcoin the % conspiracy is n pools where in chia it is m farmers (m ≫ n). chia are confident that <a href="https://github.com/chia-network/chia-blockchain/wiki/pooling-faq">this is safe</a>:<br /><blockquote>this ensures that even if a pool has % netspace, they would also need to control all of the farmer nodes (with the % netspace) to do any malicious activity. this will be very difficult unless all the farmers (with the % netspace) downloaded the same malicious chia client programmed by a bram like level genius. </blockquote>i'm a bit less confident because, like ethereum, chia has a turing-complete programming environment. in <a href="http://hackingdistributed.com/ / / /on-chain-vote-buying/"><i>on-chain vote buying and the rise of dark daos</i></a> philip daian and co-authors showed that "smart contracts" provide for untraceable on-chain collusion in which the parties are mutually pseudonymous. although their conspriacies were much smaller, similar techniques might be the basis for larger attacks on blockchains with "smart contracts".<br /><br /><a href="https://www.chia.net/ / / /pools-in-chia.html">second</a>:<br /><blockquote>this method has the downside of reducing the smoothing benefits of pools if transaction fees come to dominate fixed block rewards. that’s never been a major issue in bitcoin and our block reward schedule is set to only halve three times and continue at a fixed amount forever after. there will alway be block rewards to pay to the pool while transaction fees go to the individual farmers. </blockquote>so unlike the austrian economics of bitcoin, chia plans to reward farming by inflating the currency indefinitely, never depending wholly on fees. in bitcoin the pool takes the whole block reward, but the way <a href="https://www.chia.net/ / / /pools-in-chia.html">block rewards work is different too</a>:<br /><blockquote>fixed block rewards are set to go / to the pool and / to the farmer. this seems to be a sweet spot where it doesn’t reduce smoothing all that much but also wipes out potential selfish mining attacks where someone joins a competing pool and takes their partials but doesn’t upload actual blocks when they find them. those sort of attacks can become profitable when the fraction of the split is smaller than the size of the pool relative to the whole system. </blockquote>last i checked ihpool.com had almost % of the total system.<br /><br />rational economics are not in play here. "space farming" makes sense only at scale or for the most dedicated believers in <a href="https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/ / / /the-origin-of-number-go-up-in-bitcoin-culture/">"number go up"</a>. others are <a href="https://twitter.com/shokunin_studio/status/ ">less than happy</a>:<br /><blockquote>so i tested this chia thing overnight. gave it gb plot and two cpu threads. after hours it consumed gb temp space, didn’t sync yet, cpu usage is always %+. estimated reward time is months. this isn’t green, already being centralised on large waste producing servers. </blockquote>the problem for the "number go up" believers is that the "size go up" too, by about half-an-exabyte a day. as the network grows, the chance that your investment in hardware will earn a reward goes down because it represents a smaller proportion of the total. unless "number go up" much faster than "size go up", your investment is depreciating rapidly not just because you are burning it out but because its cost-effectiveness is decaying. and as we see, "size go up" rapidly but "number go down" rapidly. and economies of scale mean that return on investment in hardware will go up significantly with the proportion of the total the farmer has. so the little guy gets the short end of the stick even if they are in a pool.<br /><br />chia's technology is extremely clever, but the economics of the system that results in the real world don't pass the laugh test. chia is using nearly a billion dollars of equipment being paid for by inflating the currency at a rate of currently / billion dollars a year to process transactions at a rate around five billion dollars a year, a task that could probably be done using a conventional database and a raspberry pi. the only reason for this profligacy is to be able to claim that it is "decentralized". it <i>is</i> more decentralized than pow or pos systems, but over time economies of scale and free entry will drive the reward for farming in fiat terms down and mean that small-scale farmers will be squeezed out.<br /><br />the chia "price" chart suggests that it might have been a "list-and-dump" scheme, in which a z and the other vcs incentivized the miners to mine and the exchanges to list the new cryptocurrency so that the vcs could dump their hodl-ings on the muppets seduced by the hype and escape with a profit. note that a z just raised a <i>$ . b fund</i> dedicated to pouring money into similar schemes. this is enough to fund <i> chia-sized ventures!</i> (david gerard aptly calls andreesen horowitz "the softbank of crypto") they wouldn't do that unless they were making big bucks from at least some of the ones they funded earlier. chia's sensitivity about their pr led them to hurl <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/ / /chia-cryptocurrency-started-bittorrent-creator-bram-cohen-engaging-obnoxiously-bogus-trademark-bullying.shtml">bogus legal threats</a> at the leading <a href="https://thechiaplot.net/blog/">chia community blog</a>. neither is a good look. <h >subspace</h >as we see, the chia network has one huge pool and a number of relatively miniscule pools. in <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ v u_xevf sbz y lemxi qfqirstl/view"><i>subspace" a solution to the farmer's dilemma</i></a>, wagstaff describes the "farmer's dilemma" thus:<br /><blockquote>observe that in any poc blockchain a farmer is, by-definition, incentivized to allocate as much of its scarce storage resources as possible towards consensus. contrast this with the desire for all full nodes to reserve storage for maintaining both the current state and history of the blockchain. these competing requirements pose a challenge to farmers: do they adhere to the desired behavior, retaining the state and history, or do they seek to maximize their own rewards, instead dedicating all available space towards consensus? when faced with this farmer’s dilemma rational farmers will always choose the latter, effectively becoming light clients, while degrading both the security and decentralization of the network. this implies that any poc blockchain would eventually consolidate into a single large farming pool, with even greater speed than has been previously observed with pow and pos chains. </blockquote>subspace proposes to resolve this using a <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ v u_xevf sbz y lemxi qfqirstl/view">hybrid of pos and potas</a>:<br /><blockquote>we instead clearly distinguish between a permissionless farming mechanism for block production and permissioned staking mechanism for block finalization. </blockquote><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ v u_xevf sbz y lemxi qfqirstl/view">wagstaff describes it thus</a>:<br /><blockquote><ol><li>to prevent farmers from discarding the history, we construct a novel poc consensus protocol based on proofs-of-storage of the history of the blockchain itself, in which each farmer stores as many provably-unique replicas of the chain history as their disk space allows.</li><li>to ensure the history remains available, farmers form a decentralized storage network, which allows the history to remain fully-recoverable, load-balanced, and efficiently-retrievable.</li><li>to relieve farmers of the burden of maintaining the state and preforming [sic] redundant computation, we apply the classic technique in distributed systems of decoupling consensus and computation. farmers are then solely responsible for the ordering of transactions, while a separate class of executor nodes maintain the state and compute the transitions for each new block.</li><li>to ensure executors remain accountable for their actions, we employ a system of staked deposits, verifiable computation, and non-interactive fraud proofs.</li></ol></blockquote>separating consensus (potas) and computation (pos) has interesting effects:<br /><ul><li>like chia, the only function of pools is to smooth out farmer's rewards. they do not compose the blocks. pools will compete on their fees. economics of scale mean that the larger the pool, the lower the fees it can charge. so, just like chia, subspace will end up with one, or only a few, large pools.</li><li>like chia, if they can find a proof, farmers assemble transactions into a block which they can submit to executors for finalization. subspace shares with chia the property that a % attack requires m farmers not n pools (m ≫ n), assuming of course no supply chain attack or abuse of "smart contracts".</li><li>subspace uses a <a href="http://dx.doi.org/ . / . ">lockss-like</a> technique of electing a random subset of executors for each finalization. because any participant can unambiguously detect fraudulent execution, and thus that the finalization of a block is fraudulent, the opportunity for bad behavior by executors is highly constrained. a conspiracy of executors has to hope that no honest executor is elected.</li></ul>like chia, the technology is extremely clever but there are interesting economic aspects. as regards farmers, <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ v u_xevf sbz y lemxi qfqirstl/view">wagstaff writes</a>:<br /><blockquote>to ensure the history does not grow beyond total network storage capacity, we modify the transaction fee mechanism such that it dynamically adjusts in response to the replication factor. recall that in bitcoin, the base fee rate is a function of the size of the transaction in bytes, not the amount of btc being transferred. we extend this equation by including a multiplier, derived from the replication factor. this establishes a mandatory minimum fee for each transaction, which reflects its perpetual storage cost. the multiplier is recalculated each epoch, from the estimated network storage and the current size of the history. the higher the replication factor, the cheaper the cost of storage per byte. as the replication factor approaches one, the cost of storage asymptotically approaches infinity. as the replication factor decreases, transaction fees will rise, making farming more profitable, and in-turn attracting more capacity to the network. this allows the cost of storage to reach an equilibrium price as a function of the supply of, and demand for, space. </blockquote>there are some issues here:<br /><ul><li>the assumption that the market for fees can determine the "perpetual storage cost" is problematic. as i first showed <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /talk-at-pda .html">back in </a>, the endowment needed for <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /economic-model-of-long-term-storage.html">"perpetual storage"</a> depends very strongly on two factors that are inherently unpredictable, the future rate of decrease of media cost in $/byte (kryder rate), and the future interest rate. the invisible hand of the market for transaction fees cannot know these, it only knows the current cost of storage. nor can subspace management know them, to set the "mandatory minimum fee". thus it is likely that fees will significantly under-estimate the "perpetual storage cost", leading to problems down the road.</li><li>the assumption that those wishing to transact will be prepared to pay at least the "mandatory minimum fee" is suspect. cryptocurrency fees are notoriously volatile because they are based on a blind auction; when no-one wants to transact a "mandatory minimum fee" would be a deterrent, when everyone wants to fees are unaffordable. <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/work .pdf">research</a> has <a href="http://randomwalker.info/publications/mining_ccs.pdf">shown</a> that if fees dominate block rewards systems become unstable.</li></ul>wagstaff's paper doesn't seem to describe how block rewards work; i assume that they go to the individual farmer or are shared via a pool for smoother cash flow. i couldn't see from the paper whether, like chia, subspace intends to avoid depending upon fees.<br /><br />as regards <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ v u_xevf sbz y lemxi qfqirstl/view">executors</a>:<br /><blockquote>for each new block, a small constant number of executors are chosen through a stake-weighted election. anyone may participate in execution by syncing the state and placing a small deposit. </blockquote>but the chance that they will be elected and gain the reward for finalizing a block and generating an execution receipt (er) depends upon how much they stake. the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ v u_xevf sbz y lemxi qfqirstl/view">mechanism for rewarding executors</a> is:<br /><blockquote>farmers split transaction fee rewards evenly with all executors, based on the expected number of ers for each block.<sup> </sup> for example, if executors are elected, the farmer will take half of the all transaction fees, while each executor will take / . a farmer is incentivized to include all ers which finalize execution for its parent block because doing so will allow it to claim more of its share of the rewards for its own block. for example, if the farmer only includes out of expected ers, it will instead receive / (not / ) of total rewards, while each of the executors will still receive / . any remaining shares will then be escrowed within a treasury account under the control of the community of token holders, with the aim of incentivizing continued protocol development. </blockquote>although the role of executor demands significant resources, both in hardware and in staked coins, these rewards seem inadequate. every executor has to execute the state transitions in every block. but for each block only a small fraction of the executors receive only, in the example above, / of the fees. note also footnote :<br /><blockquote> we use this rate for explanatory purposes, while noting that in order to minimize the plutocratic nature of pos, executor shares should be smaller in practice. </blockquote>so wagstaff expects that an executor will receive only a small fraction of a small fraction of / of the transaction fees. even supposing the stake distribution among executors was small and even, unlikely in practice, for the random election mechanism to be effective there need to be many times executors. for example, if there are executors, and executors share / of the fees, each can expect around . % of the fees. bitcoin currently runs with fees less than % of the block rewards. if subspace had the same split in my example executors as a class would expect around . % of the block rewards, with farmers as a class receiving % of the block rewards plus . % of the fees.<br /><br />there is another problem — the notorious volatility of transaction fees set against the constant cost of running an executor. much of the time there would be relatively low demand for transactions, so a block would contain relatively few transactions that each offered the mandatory minimum fee. unless the fees, and especially the mandatory minimum fee, are large relative to the block reward it isn't clear why executors would participate. but fees that large would risk the instability of fee-only blockchains.<br /><br />there are two other roles in subspace, verifiers and full nodes. as regards incentivizing verifiers:<br /><blockquote>we rely on the fact that all executors may act as verifiers at negligible additional cost, as they are already required to maintain the valid state transitions in order to propose new ers. if we further require them to reveal fraud in order to protect their own stake and claim their share of the rewards, in the event that they themselves are elected, then we can provide a more natural solution to the verifier’s dilemma. </blockquote>as regards incentivizing full nodes, wagstaff isn't clear.<br /><blockquote>in addition to executors, any full node may also monitor the network and generate fraud proofs, by virtue of the fact that no deposit is required to act as verifier. </blockquote>as i read the paper, full nodes have similar hardware requirements as executors but no income stream to support them unless they are executors too.<br /><br />overall, subspace is interesting. but the advantage from a farmer's point of view of subspace over chia is that their whole storage resource is devoted to farming. everything else is not really significant, and all this would be dominated by a fairly small difference in "price". add to that the fact that chia has already occupied the market niche for new potas systems, and has high visibility via bram cohen and a z, and the prospects for subspace don't look good. if subspace succeeds, economies of scale will have two effects:<br /><ul><li>large pools will dominate small pools because they can charge smaller fees.</li><li>large farmers will dominate small farmers because their rewards are linear in the resource they commit, but their costs are sub-linear, so their profit is super-linear. this will likely result in the most profitable, hassle-free way for smaller consumers to participate being investing in a pool rather than actually farming.</li></ul><h >conclusion</h >the overall theme is that permissionless blockchains have to make participating in consensus expensive in some way to defend against sybils. thus if you are expending an expensive resource economies of scale are an unavoidable part of sybil defense. if you want to be "decentralized" to avoid % attacks from insiders you have to have some really powerful mechanism pushing back against economies of scale. i see three possibilities, either the blockchain protocol designers:<br /><ol><li>don't understand why successful cryptocurrencies are centralized, so don't understand the need to push back on economies of scale.</li><li>do understand the need to push back on economies of scale but can't figure out how to do it. it is true that figuring this out is incredibly difficult, but their response should be to say "if the blockchain is going to end up centralized, why bother wasting resources trying to be permissionless?" not to implement something they claim is decentralized when they know it won't be.</li><li>don't care about decentralization, they just want to get rich quick, and are betting it will centralize around them.</li></ol>in most cases, my money is on # . at least both chia and subspace have made efforts to defuse the worst aspects of centralization.<br /><br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 open knowledge foundation: open data day – read the report 	 https://blog.okfn.org/ / / /open-data-day- -read-the-report/ 	 <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /untitled-presentation- .jpg?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /untitled-presentation- .jpg?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a><br /> = = = = = = =</p> <p><em>we are really pleased to share with you our <a href="https://blog.okfn.org/files/ / /open-data-day- -odd- -report- .pdf">report on open data day </a></em>. </p> <p>= = = = = = =</p> <p>we wrote this report for the open data day funding partners – <a href="https://news.microsoft.com/opendata/">microsoft</a>, <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/foreign-commonwealth-development-office">uk foreign, commonwealth and development office</a>, <a href="https://www.mapbox.com/">mapbox</a>, <a href="https://www.gfdrr.org/en">global facility for disaster reduction and recovery</a>, <a href="https://idatosabiertos.org/en/">latin american open data initiative</a>, <a href="https://www.open-contracting.org/">open contracting partnership</a> and <a href="https://www.datopian.com/">datopian</a>.</p> <p>but we also decided to publish it here so that everyone interested in open data day can learn more about the open data day mini-grant scheme – and the impact of joining open data day as a funding partner.</p> <p>= = = = = = =</p> <p><em>highlights from the report include:</em></p> <ul> <li><em>a list of the countries that received mini-grants in </em> <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></p></li> <p> <em>	</em></p><em> </em><li><em>a breakdown of the mini-grants by world bank region. it’s notable that most of the open data day mini-grants were distributed to sub-saharan africa and latin america &amp; the caribbean. no mini-grants were sent to north america or the middle east &amp; north africa. if you would like to help us reach these two regions in open data day – please do email us at <a href="mailto:opendataday@okfn.org">opendataday@okfn.org</a></em> <p><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></p></li> <p> 	<em></em></p><em> </em><li><em>a chart showing % of mini-grants went to lower, lower middle or upper middle income countries (by world bank lending group). we think this is probably about the right kind of distribution.</em><br /> <a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></li> <p> 	<em></em></p><em> </em><li><em>eleven case studies demonstrating the impact of the open data day mini-grant programme. </em><a href="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?ssl= "><img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image- " height=" " src="https://i .wp.com/blog.okfn.org/files/ / /screen-shot- - - -at- . . .png?resize= % c &amp;ssl= " width=" " /></a></li> </ul> <p>= = = = = = =</p> <p><em>to find out more, you can download the report <a href="https://blog.okfn.org/files/ / /open-data-day- -odd- -report- .pdf">here</a> </em></p><em> </em><p><em>please do email us at <a href="mailto:opendataday@okfn.org">opendataday@okfn.org</a></em> if you would like a high resolution copy. </p> <p>= = = = = = =</p> <p>if you would like to learn more about open data day, please visit <a href="https://opendataday.org">www.opendataday.org</a>, join the <a href="https://groups.google.com/g/open-data-day">open data day forum</a> or visit the <a href="https://blog.okfn.org">open knowledge foundation blog</a>, where we regularly post articles about open data day. </p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 james hamilton 	 david rosenthal: graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /graphing-chinas-cryptocurrency-crackdown.html 	 below the fold an update to last thursday's <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /chinas-cryptocurrency-crackdown.html"><i>china's cryptocurrency crackdown</i></a> with more recent graphs.<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><br />mckenzie sigalos reports that <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-mining-difficulty-drops-after-hashrate-collapse-in-china-.html"><i>bitcoin mining is now easier and more profitable as algorithm adjusts after china crackdown</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>china had long been the epicenter of bitcoin miners, with past estimates indicating that <a href="https://cbeci.org/mining_map"> %</a> to <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s - - - .pdf"> %</a> of the world's bitcoin mining happened there, but a government-led crackdown has effectively banished the country's crypto miners.<br /><br />"for the first time in the bitcoin network's history, we have a complete shutdown of mining in a targeted geographic region that affected more than % of the network," said darin feinstein, founder of blockcap and core scientific.<br /><br />more than % of the hashrate – the collective computing power of miners worldwide – has dropped off the network since its market peak in may. </blockquote><table align="center" cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rzrfsbixrsy/yom xkriuyi/aaaaaaaagay/yottrl -ngmo- nd nillvmzuinqo_h qclcbgasyhq/s /hashrate- .png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-rzrfsbixrsy/yom xkriuyi/aaaaaaaagay/yottrl -ngmo- nd nillvmzuinqo_h qclcbgasyhq/w -h /hashrate- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blockchain.com/charts/hash-rate">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>here is the hashrate graph. it is currently . th/s, down from a peak of . th/s, so down . % from the peak and trending strongly down. we may not have seen the end of the drop. this is <i>good</i> news for bitcoin.<br /><br />the result is that the bitcoin system <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-mining-difficulty-drops-after-hashrate-collapse-in-china-.html">slowed down</a>:<br /><blockquote>typically, it takes about minutes to complete a block, but feinstein told cnbc the bitcoin network has slowed down to - to -minute block times. </blockquote>and thus, as shown in the difficulty graph, the bitcoin algorithm <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-mining-difficulty-drops-after-hashrate-collapse-in-china-.html">adjusted the difficulty</a>: <blockquote>this is precisely why bitcoin re-calibrates every blocks, or about every two weeks, resetting how tough it is for miners to mine. on saturday, the bitcoin code automatically made it about % less difficult to mine – a historically unprecedented drop for the network – thereby restoring block times back to the optimal -minute window. </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hejr zxviro/yoc ufwi zi/aaaaaaaagz /sidctfwfljmy m gu pdlumyxviwxq mgclcbgasyhq/s /difficulty- .png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-hejr zxviro/yoc ufwi zi/aaaaaaaagz /sidctfwfljmy m gu pdlumyxviwxq mgclcbgasyhq/w -h /difficulty- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blockchain.com/charts/difficulty">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>it went from a peak of . t to . t, a drop of . %. this is <i>good</i> news for bitcoin, as <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-mining-difficulty-drops-after-hashrate-collapse-in-china-.html">sigalos writes</a>:<br /><blockquote>fewer competitors and less difficulty means that any miner with a machine plugged in is going to see a significant increase in profitability and more predictable revenue.<br /><br />"all bitcoin miners share in the same economics and are mining on the same network, so miners both public and private will see the uplift in revenue," said kevin zhang, former chief mining officer at greenridge generation, the first major u.s. power plant to begin mining behind-the-meter at a large scale.<br /><br />assuming fixed power costs, zhang estimates revenues of $ per day for those using the latest-generation bitmain miner, versus $ per day prior to the change. longer-term, although miner income can fluctuate with the price of the coin, zhang also noted that mining revenues have dropped only % from the bitcoin price peak in april, whereas the coin's price has dropped about %. </blockquote><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-ik iqssnau /yom x _kgti/aaaaaaaagac/yu evj ebjcz dtbkyxlojbtillyvgi_wclcbgasyhq/s /minersrevenue- .png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-ik iqssnau /yom x _kgti/aaaaaaaagac/yu evj ebjcz dtbkyxlojbtillyvgi_wclcbgasyhq/w -h /minersrevenue- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blockchain.com/charts/miners-revenue">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>here is the miners' revenue graph. it went from a peak of $ . m/day on april <sup>th</sup> to a trough of $ . m/day on june <sup>th</sup>, a drop of . %. it has since bounced back a little, so this is <i>good</i> news for bitcoin, if not quite as good as zhang thinks. obviously, the trough was before the decrease in difficulty, which subsequently resulted in . btc rewards happening more frequently than before and thus increased miners' revenue somewhat.<br /><br />have you noticed how important it is to check the numbers that the hodl-ers throw around?<br /><br />matt novak <a href="https://gizmodo.com/bitcoin-plunges-as-chinas-sichuan-province-pulls-plug-o- ">reported on june <sup>st</sup></a> that:<br /><blockquote> miners in china are now looking to sell their equipment overseas, and it appears many have already found buyers. cnbc’s <a href="https://twitter.com/onlyyoontv/status/ ">eunice yoon</a> tweeted early monday that a chinese logistics firm was shipping , lbs ( , kilograms) of crypto mining equipment to an unnamed buyer in maryland for just $ . per kilogram. </blockquote>and sigalos <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-mining-difficulty-drops-after-hashrate-collapse-in-china-.html">adds details</a>:<br /><blockquote>of all the possible destinations for this equipment, the u.s. appears to be especially well-positioned to absorb this stray hashrate. cnbc is told that major u.s. mining operators are already signing deals to patriate some of these homeless bitmain miners.<br /><br />u.s. bitcoin mining is booming, and has venture capital flowing to it, so they are poised to take advantage of the miner migration, arvanaghi told cnbc.<br /><br />"many u.s. bitcoin miners that were funded when bitcoin's price started rising in november and december of means that they were already building out their power capacity when the china mining ban took hold," he said. "it's great timing." </blockquote>and, as always, the hodl-ers ignore economies of scale and hold out <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/ / / /bitcoin-mining-difficulty-drops-after-hashrate-collapse-in-china-.html">hope for the little guy</a>:<br /><blockquote>but barbour believes that much smaller players in the residential u.s. also stand a chance at capturing these excess miners.<br /><br />"i think this is a signal that in the future, bitcoin mining will be more distributed by necessity," said barbour. "less mega-mines like the + megawatt ones we see in texas and more small mines on small commercial and eventually residential spaces. it's much harder for a politician to shut down a mine in someone's garage." </blockquote>it is <i>good</i> news for bitcoin that more of the mining power is in the us where the us government could suppress it by, for example, declaring that <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /mining-is-money-transmission.html"><i>mining is money transmission</i></a> and thus that pools needed to adhere to the aml/kyc rules. doing so would place the poor little guy in a garage in a dilemma — mine on his own and be unlikely to get a reward before their rig was obsolete, or join an illegal pool and risk their traffic being spotted.<br /> <br /><b>update:</b><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />the malaysian government's crackdown is an example to the world. andrew hayward reports that <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/ kv /police-destroy- -bitcoin-miners-with-big-ass-steamroller-in-malaysia"><i>police destroy , bitcoin miners with big ass steamroller in malaysia</i></a>.<br /><br /> <br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 ted lawless: automatically extracting keyphrases from text 	 http://lawlesst.github.io/notebook/constellate-keyphrases.html 	 i've posted an explainer/guide to how we are automatically extracting keyphrases for constellate, a new text analytics service from jstor and portico. we are defining keyphrases as up to three word phrases that are key, or important, to the overall subject matter of the document keyphrase is often used interchangeably with keywords, but we are opting to use the former since it's more descriptive we did a fair amount of reading to grasp prior art in this area, extracting keyphrases is a long standing research topic in information retrieval and natural language processing, and ended up developing a custom solution based on term frequency in the constellate corpus if you are interested in this work generally, and not just the constellate implementation, burton dewilde has published an excellent primer on automated keyphrase extraction. more information about constellate can be found here. disclaimer: this is a work-related post i don't intend to speak for my employer, ithaka 	 - - t : : + : 	 ted lawless 	 david rosenthal: venture capital isn't working 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /venture-capital-isnt-working.html 	 i was an early employee at three vc-funded startups from the s and s. all of them ipo-ed and two (sun microsystems and nvidia) made it into the list of the top us companies by market capitalization. so i'm in a good position to appreciate jeffrey funk's must-read <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/"><i>the crisis of venture capital: fixing america’s broken start-up system</i></a>. funk starts:<br /><blockquote> despite all the attention and investment that silicon valley’s recent start-ups have received, they have done little but lose money: uber, lyft, wework, pinterest, and snapchat have consistently failed to turn profits, with uber’s cumulative losses exceeding $ billion. perhaps even more notorious are bankrupt and discredited start-ups such as theranos, luckin coffee, and wirecard, which were plagued with management failures, technical problems, or even outright fraud that auditors failed to notice.<br /><br />what’s going on? there is no immediately obvious reason why this generation of start-ups should be so financially disastrous. after all, amazon incurred losses for many years, but eventually grew to become one of the most profitable companies in the world, even as enron and worldcom were mired in accounting scandals. so why can’t today’s start-ups also succeed? are they exceptions, or part of a larger, more systemic problem? </blockquote>below the fold, some reflections on funk's insightful analysis of the "larger, more systemic problem".<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><br /><a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">funk introduces his argument thus</a>:<br /><blockquote>in this article, i first discuss the abundant evidence for low returns on vc investments in the contemporary market. second, i summarize the performance of start-ups founded twenty to fifty years ago, in an era when most start-ups quickly became profitable, and the most successful ones rapidly achieved top- market capitalization. third, i contrast these earlier, more successful start-ups with silicon valley’s current set of “unicorns,” the most successful of today’s start-ups. fourth, i discuss why today’s start-ups are doing worse than those of previous generations and explore the reasons why technological innovation has slowed in recent years. fifth, i offer some brief proposals about what can be done to fix our broken start-up system. systemic problems will require systemic solutions, and thus major changes are needed not just on the part of venture capitalists but also in our universities and business schools. </blockquote><h >is there a problem?</h >funk's argument that there is a problem can be summarized thus:<br /><ul><li>the returns on vc investments over the last two decades haven't matched the golden years of the proceeding two decades.</li><li>in the golden years startups made profits.</li><li>now they don't.</li></ul><h >vc returns are sub-par</h ><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-u tyxls dqg/yimcpo-osui/aaaaaaaagok/st q ft jtwrq yshq eqtr u sjwvmoqclcbgasyhq/s /vc-returns.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-u tyxls dqg/yimcpo-osui/aaaaaaaagok/st q ft jtwrq yshq eqtr u sjwvmoqclcbgasyhq/w -h /vc-returns.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a>source</a></td></tr></tbody></table>this graph from a <a> morgan stanley report</a> shows that during the s the returns from vc investments greatly exceeded the returns from public equity. but since then the median vc return has been below that of public equity. this doesn't reward investors for the much higher risk of vc investments. the weighted average vc return is slightly above that of public equity because, as <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">funk explains</a>:<br /><blockquote>a small percentage of investments does provide high returns, and these high returns for top-performing vc funds persist over subsequent quarters. although this data does not demonstrate that select vcs consistently earn solid profits over decades, it does suggest that these vcs are achieving good returns. </blockquote>it was always true that vc quality varied greatly. i discussed the advantages of working with great vcs in <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /kai-lis-fast-keynote.html"><i> kai li's fast keynote</i></a>:<br /><blockquote><b>work with the best vc funds</b>. the difference between the best and the merely good in vcs is at least as big as the difference between the best and the merely good programmers. at nvidia we had two of the very best, sutter hill and sequoia. the result is that, like kai but unlike many entrepreneurs, we think vcs are enormously helpful. </blockquote>one thing that was striking about working with sutter hill was how many entrepreneurs did a series of companies with them, showing that both sides had positive experiences.<br /><br /><h >startups used to make profits</h ><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tr jdci kg/yihnzkxvu i/aaaaaaaagpi/qsupvrwhl g se teyimtcbaifs rlqclcbgasyhq/s /funk-figure .png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: em;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-tr jdci kg/yihnzkxvu i/aaaaaaaagpi/qsupvrwhl g se teyimtcbaifs rlqclcbgasyhq/s /funk-figure .png" /></a>before the dot-com boom, there used to be a rule that in order to ipo a company, it had to be making profits. this was a good rule, since it provided at least some basis for setting the stock price at the ipo. <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">funk writes</a>:<br /><blockquote>there was a time when venture capital generated big returns for investors, employees, and customers alike, both because more start-ups were profitable at an earlier stage and because some start-ups achieved high market capitalization relatively quickly. profits are an important indicator of economic and technological growth, because they signal that a company is providing more value to its customers than the costs it is incurring.<br /><br />a number of start-ups founded in the late twentieth century have had an enormous impact on the global economy, quickly reaching both profitability and top- market capitalization. among these are the so-called faanmg (facebook, amazon, apple, microsoft, netflix, and google), which represented more than percent of the s&amp;p’s total market capitalization and more than percent of the increase in the s&amp;p’s total value at one point—in other words, the most valuable and fastest-growing compa­nies in america in recent years. </blockquote>funk's table shows the years to profitability and years to top- market capitalization for companies founded between and . i'm a bit skeptical of the details because, for example, the table says it took sun microsystems years to turn a profit. i'm pretty sure sun was profitable at its ipo, years from its founding.<br /><br />note funk's stress on achieving profitability quickly. an important silicon valley philosophy used to be:<br /><ul><li>success is great!</li><li>failure is ok.</li><li>not doing either is a <i>big problem</i>.</li></ul>the reason lies in the silicon valley mantra of "fail fast". most startups fail, and the costs of those failures detract from the returns of the successes. minimizing the cost of failure, and diverting the resource to trying something different, is important.<br /><br /><h >unicorns, not so much</h ><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-e-jloqvcbva/yinnkealisi/aaaaaaaagos/yry zvzz ziod okk saf xs fdgz ugclcbgasyhq/s /funk- - x .jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: em;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-e-jloqvcbva/yinnkealisi/aaaaaaaagos/yry zvzz ziod okk saf xs fdgz ugclcbgasyhq/w -h /funk- - x .jpg" width=" " /></a>what are these unicorns? <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/unicorn_(finance)">wikipedia tells us</a>:<br /><blockquote>in business, a unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at over $ billion. the term was coined in by venture capitalist aileen lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures. </blockquote>back in unicorns were indeed rare, but as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/unicorn_(finance)">wikipedia goes on to point out</a>:<br /><blockquote>according to cb insights, there are over unicorns as of october . </blockquote>unicorns are breeding like rabbits, but the picture funk paints is <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">depressing</a>:<br /><blockquote>in the contemporary start-up economy, “unicorns” are purportedly “disrupting” almost every industry from transportation to real estate, with new business software, mobile apps, consumer hardware, internet services, biotech, and ai products and services. but the actual performance of these unicorns both before and after the vc exit stage contrasts sharply with the financial successes of the previous generation of start-ups, and suggests that they are dramatically overvalued.<br /><br />figure shows the profitability distribution of seventy-three unicorns and ex-unicorns that were founded after and have released net income and revenue figures for and/or . in , only six of the seventy-three unicorns included in figure were profitable, while for , seven of seventy were. </blockquote>hey, they're startups, right? they just need time to become profitable. <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">funk debunks</a> that idea too:<br /><blockquote>furthermore, there seems to be little reason to believe that these unprofitable unicorn start-ups will ever be able to grow out of their losses, as can be seen in the ratio of losses to revenues in versus the founding year. aside from a tiny number of statistical outliers ... there seems to be little relationship between the time since a start-up’s founding and its ratio of losses to revenues. in other words, age is not correlated with profits for this cohort. </blockquote>funk goes on to note that <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">startup profitability once public</a> has declined dramatically, and appears inversely related to ipo valuation:<br /><blockquote>when compared with profitability data from decades past, recent start-ups look even worse than already noted. about percent of the unicorn start-ups included in figure were profitable, much lower than the percent of start-ups founded in the s that were profitable, according to jay ritter’s analysis, and also below the overall percentage for start-ups today ( percent). thus, not only has profitability dramatically dropped over the last forty years among those start-ups that went public, but today’s most valuable start-ups—those valued at $ billion or more before ipo—are in fact less profitable than start-ups that did not reach such lofty pre-ipo valuations. </blockquote>funk uses <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">electric vehicles and biotech</a> to illustrate startup over-valuation:<br /><blockquote>for instance, driven by easy money and the rapid rise of tesla’s stock, a group of electric vehicle and battery suppliers—canoo, fisker automotive, hyliion, lordstown motors, nikola, and quantumscape—were valued, combined, at more than $ billion at their listing. likewise, dozens of biotech firms have also achieved billions of dollars in market capitalizations at their listings. in total, set a new record for the number of companies going public with little to no revenue, easily eclipsing the height of the dot-com boom of telecom companies in . </blockquote>the alphaville team have been maintaining a <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/ ndqrn zldcx_- hg outf pmornzppoooqmmr twvvy/edit#gid= ">spreadsheet of the ev bubble</a>. they determined that there was no way these companies' valuations could be justified given the size of the potential market. jamie powell's april <sup>th</sup> <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/ c ac - a - ad -beca-de cf be cf "><i>revisiting the ev bubble spreadsheet </i></a> celebrates their assessment:<br /><blockquote>at pixel time the losses from their respective peaks from all of the electric vehicle, battery and charging companies on our list total some $ bn of market capitalisation, or a fall of just under per cent. ouch. </blockquote><h >what is causing the problem</h >this all looks like too much money chasing too few viable startups, and too many me-too startups chasing too few total available market dollars.<br /><br />funk starts his analysis of the causes of poor vc returns by pointing to the obvious one, one that applies to any successful investment strategy. its returns will be eroded over time by the <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">influx of too much money</a>:<br /><blockquote>there are many reasons for both the lower profitability of start-ups and the lower returns for vc funds since the mid to late s. the most straightforward of these is simply diminishing returns: as the amount of vc investment in the start-up market has increased, a larger proportion of this funding has necessarily gone to weaker opportunities, and thus the average profitability of these investments has declined. </blockquote>but the effect of too much money is even more corrosive. i'm a big believer in bill joy's law of startups — "success is inversely proportional to the amount of money you have". too much money allows hard decisions to be put off. taking hard decisions promptly is key to "fail fast".<br /><br />nvidia was an example of this. the company was founded in one of silicon valley's recurring downturns. we were the only hardware company funded in that quarter. we got to working silicon on a $ . m a round. think about it — each of our vcs invested $ . m to start a company currently valued at $ , m. despite delivering ground-breaking performance, as i discussed in <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /hardware-io-virtualization.html"><i>hardware i/o virtualization</i></a>, that chip wasn't a success. but it did allow jen-hsun huang to raise another $ . m. he down-sized the company by / and got to working silicon of the highly successful second chip with, iirc, <i>six weeks' money left in the bank</i>.<br /><br />funk then discusses a <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">second major reason for poor performance</a>:<br /><blockquote>a more plausible explanation for the relative lack of start-up successes in recent years is that new start-ups tend to be acquired by large incumbents such as the faamng companies before they have a chance to achieve top market capitalization. for instance, youtube was founded in and instagram in ; some claim they would be valued at more than $ billion each (pre-lockdown estimates) if they were independent companies, but instead they were acquired by google and facebook, respectively. in this sense, they are typical of the recent trend: many start-ups founded since were subsequently acquired by faamng, including new social media companies such as github, linkedin, and whatsapp. likewise, a number of money-losing start-ups have been acquired in recent years, most notably deepmind and nest, which were bought by google. </blockquote>but he fails to note the cause of the rash of acquisitions, which is clearly the total <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /lack-of-anti-trust-enforcement.html"><i>lack of anti-trust enforcement</i></a> in the us. as with too much money, the effects of this lack are more pernicious than at first appears. again, nvidia provides an example.<br /><br />just like the founders and vcs of sun, when we started nvidia we knew that the route to an ipo and major return on investment involved years and several generations of product. so, despite the limited funding and with the full support of our vcs, we took several critical months right at the start to design an architecture for a family of successive chip generations based on <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /hardware-io-virtualization.html"><i>hardware i/o virtualization</i></a>. by ensuring that the drivers in application software interacted only with virtual i/o resources, the architecture decoupled the hardware and software release cycles. the strong linkage between them at sun had been a consistent source of schedule slip.<br /><br />the architecture also structured the implementation of the chip as a set of modules communicating via an on-chip network. each module was small enough that a three-person team could design, simulate and verify it. the restricted interface to the on-chip network meant that, if the modules verified correctly, it was highly likely that the assembled chip would verify correctly.<br /><br />laying the foundations for a long-term product line in this way paid massive dividends. after the second chip, nvidia was able to deliver a new chip generation every months like clockwork. months after we started nvidia, we knew over other startups addressing the same market. only one, ati, survived the competition with nvidia's -month product cycle.<br /><br />vcs now would be hard to persuade that the return on the initial time and money to build a company that could ipo years later would be worth it when compared to lashing together a prototype and using it to sell the company to one of the faanmgs. in many cases, simply recruiting a team that could credibly promise to build the prototype would be enough for an "aqui-hire", where a faanmg buys a startup not for the product but for the people. building the foundation for a company that can ipo and make it into the top- market cap list is no longer worth the candle.<br /><br />but funk argues that the major <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">cause of lower returns is this</a>:<br /><blockquote>overall, the most significant problem for today’s start-ups is that there have been few if any new technologies to exploit. the internet, which was a breakthrough technology thirty years ago, has matured. as a result, many of today’s start-up unicorns are comparatively low-tech, even with the advent of the smartphone—perhaps the biggest technological breakthrough of the twenty-first century—fourteen years ago. ridesharing and food delivery use the same vehicles, drivers, and roads as previous taxi and delivery services; the only major change is the replacement of dispatchers with smartphones. online sales of juicers, furniture, mattresses, and exercise bikes may have been revolutionary twenty years ago, but they are sold in the same way that amazon currently sells almost everything. new business software operates from the cloud rather than onsite computers, but pre- start-ups such as amazon, google, and oracle were already pursuing cloud computing before most of the unicorns were founded. </blockquote>remember, sun's slogan in the mid s was "the network <i>is</i> the computer"!<br /><br /><table cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-temj zomn-q/uvr xbufexi/aaaaaaaacsi/lgd zyyj zc igz_ c nfa yhgxtyk dacpcbgayycw/s /nv .png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-temj zomn-q/uvr xbufexi/aaaaaaaacsi/lgd zyyj zc igz_ c nfa yhgxtyk dacpcbgayycw/w -h /nv .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk sg_ ice">virtua fighter on nv </a></td></tr></tbody></table>in essence, funk argues that succssful startups out-perform by being quicker than legacy companies to exploit the productivity gains made possible by a technological discontinuity. nvidia was an example of this, too. the technological discontinuity was the transition of the pc from the isa to the pci bus. it wasn't possible to do d games over the isa bus, it lacked the necessary bandwidth. the increased bandwidth of the first version of the pci bus made it just barely possible, as nvidia's first chip demonstrated by running <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk sg_ ice">sega arcade games at full frame rate</a>. the advantages startups have against incumbents include:<br /><ul><li>an experienced, high-quality team. initial teams at startups are usually recruited from colleagues, so they are used to working together and know each other's strengths and weaknesses. jen-hsun huang was well-known at sun, having been the application engineer for lsi logic on sun's first sparc implementation. the rest of the initial team at nvidia had all worked together building graphics chips at sun. as the company grows it can no longer recruit only colleagues, so usually experiences what at sun was called the "bozo invasion".</li><li>freedom from backwards compatibility constraints. radical design change is usually needed to take advantage of a technological discontinuity. reconciling this with backwards compatibility takes time and forces compromise. nvidia was able to ignore the legacy of program i/o from the isa bus and fully exploit the direct memory access capability of the pci bus from the start.</li><li>no cash cow to defend. the ibm-funded andrew project at cmu was intended to deploy what became the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ibm_ _rt">ibm pc/rt</a>, which used the romp, an ibm risc cpu competing with sun's sparc. the romp was so fast that ibm's other product lines saw it as a threat, and insisted that it be priced not to under-cut their existing product's price/performance. so when it finally launched, its price/performance was much worse than sun's sparc-based products, and it failed.</li></ul><a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">funk concludes this section</a>:<br /><blockquote>in short, today’s start-ups have targeted low-tech, highly regulated industries with a business strategy that is ultimately self-defeating: raising capital to subsidize rapid growth and securing a competitive position in the market by undercharging consumers. this strategy has locked start-ups into early designs and customer pools and prevented the experimentation that is vital to all start-ups, including today’s unicorns. uber, lyft, doordash, and grubhub are just a few of the well-known start-ups that have pursued this strategy, one that is used by almost every start-up today, partly in response to the demands of vc investors. it is also highly likely that without the steady influx of capital that subsidizes below-market prices, demand for these start-ups’ services would plummet, and thus their chances of profitability would fall even further. in retrospect, it would have been better if start-ups had taken more time to find good, high-tech business opportunities, had worked with regulators to define appropriate behavior, and had experimented with various technologies, designs, and markets, making a profit along the way. </blockquote>but, if the key to startup success is exploiting a technological discontinuity, and there haven't been any to exploit, as funk argues earlier, taking more time to "find good, high-tech business opportunities" wouldn't have helped. they weren't there to be found.<br /><br /><h >how to fix the problem?</h >funk quotes charles duhigg skewering the <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/ / / /how-venture-capitalists-are-deforming-capitalism">out-dated view of vcs</a>:<br /><blockquote>for decades, venture capitalists have succeeded in defining themselves as judicious meritocrats who direct money to those who will use it best. but examples like wework make it harder to believe that v.c.s help balance greedy impulses with enlightened innovation. rather, v.c.s seem to embody the cynical shape of modern capitalism, which too often rewards crafty middlemen and bombastic charlatans rather than hardworking employees and creative businesspeople. </blockquote>and:<br /><blockquote>venture capitalists have shown themselves to be far less capable of commercializing breakthrough technologies than they once were. instead, as recently outlined in the new yorker, they often seem to be superficial trend-chasers, all going after the same ideas and often the same entrepreneurs. one managing partner at softbank summarized the problem faced by vc firms in a marketplace full of copycat start-ups: “once uber is founded, within a year you suddenly have three hundred copycats. the only way to protect your company is to get big fast by investing hundreds of millions.” </blockquote>vcs like these cannot create the technological discontinuities that are the key to <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">adequate returns on investment in startups</a>:<br /><blockquote>we need venture capitalists and start-ups to create new products and new businesses that have higher productivity than do existing firms; the increased revenue that follows will then enable these start-ups to pay higher wages. the large productivity advantages needed can only be achieved by developing breakthrough technologies, like the integrated circuits, lasers, magnetic storage, and fiber optics of previous eras. and different players—vcs, start-ups, incumbents, universities—will need to play different roles in each in­dustry. unfortunately, none of these players is currently doing the jobs required for our start-up economy to function properly. </blockquote><h >business schools</h >success in exploiting a technological discontinuity requires understanding of, and experience with, the technology, its advantages and its limitations. but funk points out that business schools, not being engineering schools, need to devalue this requirement. instead, they <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">focus on "entrepreneurship"</a>:<br /><blockquote>in recent decades, business schools have dramatically increased the number of entrepreneurship programs—from about sixteen in to more than two thousand in —and have often marketed these programs with vacuous hype about “entrepreneurship” and “technology.” a recent stanford research paper argues that such hype about entrepreneurship has encouraged students to become entrepreneurs for the wrong reasons and without proper preparation, with universities often presenting entrepreneurship as a fun and cool lifestyle that will enable them to meet new people and do interesting things, while ignoring the reality of hard and demanding work necessary for success. </blockquote>one of my abiding memories of nvidia is tench coxe, our partner at sutter hill, perched on a stool in the lab playing the "road rash" video game about am one morning as we tried to figure out why our first silicon wasn't working. he was keeping an eye on his investment, and providing a much-needed calming influence.<br /><br />focus on entrepreneurship means focus on the startup's business model not on its technology:<br /><blockquote>a big mistake business schools make is their unwavering focus on business model over technology, thus deflecting any probing questions students and managers might have about what role technological breakthroughs play and why so few are being commercialized. for business schools, the heart of a business model is its ability to capture value, not the more important ability to create value. this prioritization of value capture is tied to an almost exclusive focus on revenue: whether revenues come from product sales, advertising, subscriptions, or referrals, and how to obtain these revenues from multiple customers on platforms. value creation, however, is dependent on technological improvement, and the largest creation of value comes from breakthrough technologies such as the automobile, microprocessor, personal computer, and internet commerce. </blockquote>the key to "capturing value" is extracting value via monopoly rents. the way to get monopoly rents is to subsidize customer acquisition and buy up competitors, until the customers have no place to go. this doesn't create any value. in fact once the monopolist has burnt through the investor's money they find they need a return that can only be obtained by raising prices and holding the customer to ransom, destroying value for everyone.<br /><br />it is true a startup that combines innovation in technology with innovation in business has an advantage. once more, nvidia provides an example. before starting nvidia, jen-hsun huang had run a division of lsi logic that traded access to lsi logic's fab for equity in the chips it made. based on this experience on the supplier side of the fabless semiconductor business, one of his goals for nvidia was to re-structure the relationship between the fabless company and the fab to be more of a win-win. nvidia ended up as one of the most successful fabless companies of all time. but note that the innovation didn't affect nvidia's basic business model — contract with fabs to build gpus, and sell them to pc and graphics board companies. a business innovation combined with technological innovation stands a chance of creating a big company; a business innovation with no technology counterpart is unlikely to.<br /><br /><h >research</h >funk assigns much blame for the lack of breakthrough technologies to universities:<br /><blockquote>university engineering and science programs are also failing us, because they are not creating the breakthrough technologies that america and its start-ups need. although some breakthrough technologies are assembled from existing components and thus are more the responsibility of private companies—for instance, the iphone—universities must take responsibility for science-based technologies that depend on basic research, technologies that were once more common than they are now. </blockquote>note that funk accepts as a <i>fait accompli</i> the <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /the-death-of-corporate-research-labs.html">demise of corporate research labs</a>, which certainly used to do the basic research that led not just to funk's examples of "semiconductors, lasers, leds, glass fiber, and fiber optics", but also, for example, to packet switching, and operating systems such as unix. as i did three years ago in <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /falling-research-productivity.html"><i>falling research productivity</i></a>, he points out that increased government and corporate funding of university research has resulted in <a href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/ / /the-crisis-of-venture-capital-fixing-americas-broken-start-up-system/">decreased output of breakthrough technologies</a>:<br /><blockquote>many scientists point to the nature of the contemporary university research system, which began to emerge over half a century ago, as the problem. they argue that the major breakthroughs of the early and mid-twentieth century, such as the discovery of the dna double helix, are no longer possible in today’s bureaucratic, grant-writing, administration-burdened university. ... scientific merit is measured by citation counts and not by ideas or by the products and services that come from those ideas. thus, labs must push papers through their research factories to secure funding, and issues of scientific curiosity, downstream products and services, and beneficial contributions to society are lost. </blockquote>funk's analysis of the problem is insightful, but i see his ideas for fixing university research as simplistic and impractical:<br /><blockquote>a first step toward fixing our sclerotic university research system is to change the way we do basic and applied research in order to place more emphasis on projects that may be riskier but also have the potential for greater breakthroughs. we can change the way proposals are reviewed and evaluated. we can provide incentives to universities that will encourage them to found more companies or to do more work with companies. </blockquote>funk clearly doesn't understand how much university research is <i>already</i> funded by companies, and how long attempts to change the reward system in universities have been crashing into the rock comprised of senior faculty who achieved their position through the existing system.<br /><br />he is more enthusiastic but equally misled about how basic research in corporate labs could be revived:<br /><blockquote>one option is to recreate the system that existed prior to the s, when most basic research was done by companies rather than universities. this was the system that gave us transistors, lasers, leds, magnetic storage, nuclear power, radar, jet engines, and polymers during the s and s. ... unlike their predecessors at bell labs, ibm, ge, motorola, dupont, and monsanto seventy years ago, top university scientists are more administrators than scientists now—one of the greatest mis­uses of talent the world has ever seen. corporate labs have smaller administrative workloads because funding and promotion depend on informal discussions among scientists and not extensive paperwork. </blockquote>not understanding the underlying causes of the demise of corporate research labs, funk reaches for the time-worm nostrums of right-wing economists, "tax credits and matching grants":<br /><blockquote>we can return basic research to corporate labs by providing much stronger incentives for companies—or cooperative alliances of companies—to do basic research. a scheme of substantial tax credits and matching grants, for instance, would incentivize corporations to do more research and would bypass the bureaucracy-laden federal grant process. this would push the management of detailed technological choices onto scientists and engineers, and promote the kind of informal discussions that used to drive decisions about technological research in the heyday of the early twentieth century. the challenge will be to ensure these matching funds and tax credits are in fact used for basic research and not for product development. requiring multiple companies to share research facilities might be one way to avoid this danger, but more research on this issue is needed. </blockquote>in last year's <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /the-death-of-corporate-research-labs.html"><i>the death of corporate research labs</i></a> i discussed a really important paper from a year earlier by arora <i>et al</i>, <a href="https://static .squarespace.com/static/ d b be a e /t/ d ac b ae b d / /c .pdf"><i>the changing structure of american innovation: some cautionary remarks for economic growth</i></a>, which funk does not cite. <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /the-death-of-corporate-research-labs.html">i wrote</a>:<br /><blockquote>arora <i>et al</i> point out that the rise and fall of the labs coincided with the <a href="https://static .squarespace.com/static/ d b be a e /t/ d ac b ae b d / /c .pdf">rise and fall of anti-trust enforcement</a>:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">historically, many large labs were set up partly because antitrust pressures constrained large firms’ ability to grow through mergers and acquisitions. in the s, if a leading firm wanted to grow, it needed to develop new markets. with growth through mergers and acquisitions constrained by anti-trust pressures, and with little on offer from universities and independent inventors, it often had no choice but to invest in internal r&amp;d. the more relaxed antitrust environment in the s, however, changed this status quo. growth through acquisitions became a more viable alternative to internal research, and hence the need to invest in internal research was reduced. </blockquote>lack of anti-trust enforcement, <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /the-optimists-telescope-review.html">pervasive short-termism</a>, driven by wall street's focus on quarterly results, and management's focus on manipulating the stock price to maximize the value of their options <a href="https://static .squarespace.com/static/ d b be a e /t/ d ac b ae b d / /c .pdf">killed the labs</a>:<br /><blockquote>large corporate labs, however, are unlikely to regain the importance they once enjoyed. research in corporations is difficult to manage profitably. research projects have long horizons and few intermediate milestones that are meaningful to non-experts. as a result, research inside companies can only survive if insulated from the short-term performance requirements of business divisions. however, insulating research from business also has perils. managers, haunted by the spectre of xerox parc and dupont’s “purity hall”, fear creating research organizations disconnected from the main business of the company. walking this tightrope has been extremely difficult. greater product market competition, shorter technology life cycles, and more demanding investors have added to this challenge. companies have increasingly concluded that they can do better by sourcing knowledge from outside, rather than betting on making game-changing discoveries in-house. </blockquote></blockquote>it is pretty clear that "tax credits and matching grants" aren't the fix for the fundamental anti-trust problem. not to mention that the idea of "requiring multiple companies to share research facilities" in and of itself raises serious ant-trust concerns. after such a good analysis, it is disappointing that funk's recommendations are so feeble.<br /><br />we have to add inadequate vc returns and a lack of startups capable of building top- companies to the long list of problems that only a major overhaul of anti-trust enforcement can fix. lina khan's <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/ / / / /lina-khan-ftc-commissioner-nomination-biden-administration">nomination to the ftc</a> is a hopeful sign that the biden adminstration understands the urgency of changing direction, but biden's <a href="https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/ -ryan-grim-explains-contenders-for-doj-antitrust-position">hesitation about nominating the doj's anti-trust chief</a> is not.<br /><br /><b>update:</b> michael cembalest's <a href="https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-wm-aem/global/pb/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/private-equity-food-fight.pdf"><i>food fight: an update on private equity performance vs public equity markets</i></a> has a lot of fascinating information about private equity in general and venture capital in particular. his graphs comparing moic (multiple of invested capital) and irr (internal rate of return) across vintage years support his argument that:<br /><blockquote> we have performance data for venture capital starting in the mid- s, but the period is so distorted by the late ’s boom and bust that we start our vc performance discussion in . in my view, the massive gains earned by vc managers in the mid- s are not relevant to a discussion of vc investing today. as with buyout managers, vc manager moic and irr also tracked each other until after which a combination of subscription lines and faster distributions led to rising irrs despite falling moics. <b>there’s a larger gap between average and median manager results than in buyout, indicating that there are a few vc managers with much higher returns and/or larger funds that pull up the average relative to the median</b>. </blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-cjc a khw c/ypsmuzvlwii/aaaaaaaagcu/ htmj _r g fm jz sqdscekpxcyeebjqclcbgasyhq/s /cembalest- .png" style="margin-left: em; margin-right: em;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-cjc a khw c/ypsmuzvlwii/aaaaaaaagcu/ htmj _r g fm jz sqdscekpxcyeebjqclcbgasyhq/w -h /cembalest- .png" width=" " /></a></div><br />the gap is pretty big:<br /><blockquote> <b>vc managers have consistently outperformed public equity markets when looking at the “average” manager.</b> but to reiterate, the gap between average and median results are substantial and indicate outsized returns posted by a small number of vc managers. <b>for vintage years to , the median vc manager actually underperformed the s&amp;p pretty substantially</b>. </blockquote>another of cembalest's fascinating graphs addresses this question:<br /><blockquote> one of the other “food fight” debates relates to pricing of venture-backed companies that go public. in other words, do venture investors reap the majority of the benefits, leaving public market equity investors “holding the bag”? <b>actually, the reverse has been true over the last decade when measured in terms of total dollars of value creation accruing to pre- and post-ipo investors: post-ipo investor gains have often been substantial.</b></blockquote> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-t dtg wcklq/ypsmezy tfi/aaaaaaaagcy/wfujgnvd-eg kzd_ elornyywwuwdfwtqclcbgasyhq/s /pe-vs-public.png" style="margin-left: em; margin-right: em;"><img border=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-t dtg wcklq/ypsmezy tfi/aaaaaaaagcy/wfujgnvd-eg kzd_ elornyywwuwdfwtqclcbgasyhq/s /pe-vs-public.png" width=" " /></a></div><br />to show this:<br /><blockquote> we analyzed all us tech, internet retailing and interactive media ipos from to . we computed the total value created since each company’s founding, from original paid-in capital by vcs to its latest market capitalization. we then examined how total value creation has accrued to pre- and post-ipo investors . sometimes both investor types share the gains, and sometimes one type accrues the vast majority of the gains. pre-ipo investors earn the majority of the pie when ipos collapse or flat-line after being issued, and post-ipo investors reap the majority of the pie when ipos appreciate substantially after being issued.<br /> <br /> there are three general regions in the chart. as you can see, the vast majority of the ipos analyzed resulted in a large share of the total value creation accruing to public market equity investors; nevertheless, there were some painful exceptions (see lower left region on the chart). </blockquote><br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 david rosenthal: a modest proposal about ransomware 	 https://blog.dshr.org/ / /a-modest-proposal-about-ransomware.html 	 <a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-vfr yixxvb /youjpvcbvni/aaaaaaaagbg/jxlfg ngz y xdcj efkgipxbergcfscgclcbgasyhq/s /revil-ransomware-blog.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: em; margin-left: em;"><img border=" " height=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-vfr yixxvb /youjpvcbvni/aaaaaaaagbg/jxlfg ngz y xdcj efkgipxbergcfscgclcbgasyhq/w -h /revil-ransomware-blog.jpg" width=" " /></a>on the evening of july <sup>nd</sup> the revil ransomware gang exploited a -day vulnerability to launch a supply chain attack on customers of kaseya's virtual system administrator (vsa) product. the timing was perfect, with most system administrators off for the july <sup>th</sup> long weekend. by the <sup>th</sup> alex marquardt reported that <a href="https://www.cnn.com/ / / /tech/kaseya-ransomware-attack-businesses-affected/index.html"><i>kaseya says up to , businesses compromised in massive ransomware attack</i></a>. revil, which had previously extorted $ m from meat giant jbs, announced that for the low, low price of only <a href="https://thehackernews.com/ / /revil-used- -day-in-kaseya-ransomware.html">$ m they would provide everyone with a decryptor</a>.<br /><br />the us government's pathetic response is to tell the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ /jul/ /kaseya-ransomware-attack-us-sweden">intelligence agencies to investigate</a> and to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/biden-putin-ransomware-russia.html">beg putin to crack down on the ransomware gangs</a>. good luck with that! it isn't his problem, because the gangs write their software to avoid encrypting systems that have <a href="https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/diving-deeper-into-the-kaseya-vsa-attack-revil-returns-and-other-hackers-are-riding-their-coattails/">default languages from the former ussr</a>.<br /><br />i've writtten before (<a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /unstoppable-code.html">here</a>, <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /mempool-flooding.html">here</a>, <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /mining-is-money-transmission.html">here</a>) about the importance of disrupting the cryptocurrency payment channel that enables ransomware, but it looks like the ransomware crisis has to get a great deal worse before effective action is taken. below the fold i lay out a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/a_modest_proposal">modest proposal</a> that could motivate actions that would greatly reduce the risk.<br /><span><a name="more"></a></span><br />it turns out that the vulnerability that enabled the revil attack didn't meet the strict definition of a -day. gareth corfield's <a href="https://www.theregister.com/ / / /kaseya_dutch_vulnerability/"><i>white hats reported key kaseya vsa flaw months ago. ransomware outran the patch</i></a> explains:<br /><blockquote> rewind to april, and the dutch institute for vulnerability disclosure (divd) had <a href="https://csirt.divd.nl/ / / /kaseya-limited-disclosure/#english">privately reported</a> seven <a href="https://csirt.divd.nl/cases/divd- - /">security bugs</a> in vsa to kaseya. four were fixed and patches released in april and may. three were due to be fixed in an upcoming release, version . . .<br /> <br /> unfortunately, one of those unpatched bugs – cve- - , a credential-leaking logic flaw discovered by divd's wietse boonstra – was exploited by the ransomware slingers before its fix could be emitted. </blockquote>divd praised <a href="https://csirt.divd.nl/ / / /kaseya-case-update- /">kaseya's response</a>:<br /><blockquote>once kaseya was aware of our reported vulnerabilities, we have been in constant contact and cooperation with them. when items in our report were unclear, they asked the right questions. also, partial patches were shared with us to validate their effectiveness.<br /><br />during the entire process, kaseya has shown that they were willing to put in the maximum effort and initiative into this case both to get this issue fixed and their customers patched. they showed a genuine commitment to do the right thing. unfortunately, we were beaten by revil in the final sprint, as they could exploit the vulnerabilities before customers could even patch. </blockquote>but if kaseya's response to divd's disclosure was praisworthy, it turns out it was the exception. in <a href="https://www.engadget.com/kaseya-warned-of-security-flaws-before-ransomware- .html"><i>kaseya was warned about security flaws years ahead of ransomware attack</i></a> by j., fingas reports that:<br /><blockquote> the giant ransomware attack against kaseya might have been entirely avoidable. former staff talking to bloomberg claim they warned executives of "critical" security flaws in kaseya's products several times between and , but that the company didn't truly address them. multiple staff either quit or said they were fired over inaction.<br /><br />employees reportedly complained that kaseya was using old code, implemented poor encryption and even failed to routinely patch software. the company's virtual system administrator (vsa), the remote maintenance tool that fell prey to ransomware, was supposedly rife with enough problems that workers wanted the software replaced.<br /><br />one employee claimed he was fired two weeks after sending executives a -page briefing on security problems. others simply left in frustration with a seeming focus on new features and releases instead of fixing basic issues. kaseya also laid off some employees in in favor of outsourcing work to belarus, which some staff considered a security risk given local leaders' partnerships with the russian government.<br /> ...<br /> the company's software was reportedly used to launch ransomware at least twice between and , and it didn't significantly rethink its security strategy. </blockquote>to reiterate:<br /><ul><li>the july <sup>nd</sup> attack was apparently <i>at least the third time</i> kaseya had infected customers with ransomware!</li><li>kaseya outsourced development to belarus, a country where <i>ransomware gangs have immunity</i>!.</li><li>kaseya <i>fired security whistleblowers</i>!</li></ul>the first two incidents didn't seem to make either kaseya or its customers re-think what they were doing. clearly, the only reason kaseya responded to divd's warning was the threat of public disclosure.<br /><br />without effective action to change this attitude the ransomware crisis will definitely result in what stephen diehl calls <a href="https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/ransomware.html"><i>the oncoming ransomware storm</i></a>:<br /><blockquote> imagine a hundred new stuxnet-level exploits every day, for every piece of a equipment in public works and health care. where every day your check your phone for the level of ransomware in the wild just like you do the weather. entire cities randomly have their metro systems, water, power grids and internet shut off and on like a sudden onset of bad cybersecurity “weather”.<br /><br />or a time in business in which every company simply just allocates a portion of its earnings upfront every quarter and pre-pays off large ransomware groups in advance. it’s just a universal cost of doing business and one that is fully sanctioned by the government because we’ve all just given up trying to prevent it and it’s more efficient just to pay the protection racket. </blockquote>to make things worse, companies can insure against the risk of ransomware, essentially paying to avoid the hassle of maintaining security. insurance companies can't price these policies properly, because they can't do enough underwriting to know, for example, whether the customer's backups actually work and whether they are offline enough so the ransomware doesn't encrypt them too.<br /><br />in <a href="https://www.theregister.com/ / / /rusi_cyber_insurance_report/"><i>cyber insurance model is broken, consider banning ransomware payments, says think tank</i></a> gareth corfield reports on the royal united services institute's (rusi) latest report, <a href="https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/occasional-papers/cyber-insurance-and-cyber-security-challenge"><i>cyber insurance and the cyber security challenge</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>unfortunately, rusi's researchers found that insurers tend to sell cyber policies with minimal due diligence – and when the claims start rolling in, insurance company managers start <a href="https://www.theregister.com/ / / /ransomware_claims_feature/">looking at ways to escape</a> an unprofitable line of business.<br />...<br />rusi's position on buying off criminals is unequivocal, with [jason] nurse and co-authors jamie maccoll and james sullivan saying in their report that the uk's national security secretariat "should conduct an urgent policy review into the feasibility and suitability of banning ransom payments." </blockquote>the fundamental problem is that neither the software vendors nor the insurers nor their customers are taking security seriously enough because it isn't a big enough crisis yet. the solution? take control of the crisis and make it big enough that security gets taken seriously.<br /><br />the us always claims to have the best cyber-warfare capability on the planet, so presumably they could do ransomware better and faster than gangs like revil. the us should use this capability to <i>mount ransomware attacks against us companies</i> as fast as they can. victims would see, instead of a screen demanding a ransom in monero to decrypt their data, a screen saying:<br /><div style="background-color: #fff c ; margin-left: px; margin-right: px; padding-bottom: px; padding-left: px; padding-right: px; padding-top: px; padding: px;"><b>us government cybersecurity agency</b><br /><br />patch the following vulnerabilities immediately!<br /><br />the cybersecurity agency (csa) used some or all of the following vulnerabilities to compromise your systems and display this notice:<br /><ul><li>cve- -xxxxx</li><li>cve- -yyyyy</li><li>cve- -zzzzz</li></ul>three days from now if these vulnerabilities are still present, the csa will encrypt your data. you will be able to obtain free decryption assistance from the csa once you can prove that these vulnerabilities are no longer present. </div>if the victim ignored the notice, three days later they would see:<br /><div style="background-color: #fff c ; margin-left: px; margin-right: px; padding-bottom: px; padding-left: px; padding-right: px; padding-top: px; padding: px;"><b>us government cybersecurity agency</b><br /><br />the cybersecurity agency (csa) used some or all of the following vulnerabilities to compromise your systems and encrypt your data:<br /><ul><li>cve- -xxxxx</li><li>cve- -yyyyy</li><li>cve- -zzzzz</li></ul>once you have patched these vulnerabilities, click <a href="https://www.example.com">here</a> to decrypt your data<br /><br />three days from now if these vulnerabilities are still present, the csa will re-encrypt your data. for a fee you will be able to obtain decryption assistance from the csa once you can prove that these vulnerabilities are no longer present. </div>the program would start out fairly gentle and ramp up, shortening the grace period to increase the impact.<br /><br />the program would motivate users to keep their systems up-to-date with patches for disclosed vulnerabilities, which would not merely help with ransomware, but also with botnets, data breaches and other forms of malware. it would also raise the annoyance factor customers face when their supplier fails to provide adequate security in their products. this in turn would provide reputational and sales pressure on suppliers to both <a href="https://blog.dshr.org/ / /securing-software-supply-chain.html">secure their supply chain</a> and, unlike kaseya, prioritize security in their product development.<br /><br />of course, the program above only handles disclosed vulnerabilities, not the -days revil used. there is an <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/ / / /world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html">flourishing trade in -days</a>, of which the nsa is believed to be a major buyer. the supply in these markets is increasing, as dan goodin reports in <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/ / /solarwinds-hackers-used-an-ios- -day-to-steal-google-and-microsoft-credentials/"><i>ios zero-day let solarwinds hackers compromise fully updated iphones</i></a>:<br /><blockquote>in the first half of this year, google’s project zero vulnerability research group has recorded zero-day exploits used in attacks— more than the total number from . the growth has several causes, including better detection by defenders and better software defenses that require multiple exploits to break through.<br /><br />the other big driver is the increased supply of zero-days from private companies selling exploits.<br /><br />“ -day capabilities used to be only the tools of select nation-states who had the technical expertise to find -day vulnerabilities, develop them into exploits, and then strategically operationalize their use,” the google researchers wrote. “in the mid-to-late s, more private companies have joined the marketplace selling these -day capabilities. no longer do groups need to have the technical expertise; now they just need resources.”<br /><br />the ios vulnerability was one of four in-the-wild zero-days google detailed on wednesday.<br />...<br />based on their analysis, the researchers assess that three of the exploits were developed by the same commercial surveillance company, which sold them to two different government-backed actors. </blockquote>as has been true since the cold-war era and the "crypto wars" of the s when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/export_of_cryptography_from_the_united_states#cold_war_era">cryptography was considered a munition</a>, the us has prioritized attack over defense. the nsa routinely <a href="https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/ / / /eff-sues-nsa-over-hoarding-of-zero-days/">hoards -days</a>, preferring to use them to attack foreigners rather than disclose them to protect us citizens (and others). this short-sighted policy has led to several disasters, including the <a href="https://threatpost.com/questions-linger-as-juniper-removes-backdoored-dual_ec-rng/ /">juniper supply-chain compromise</a> and <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/notpetya-cyberattack-ukraine-russia-code-crashed-the-world/">notpetya</a>. <a href="https://www.wyden.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ % wyden% booker% letter% to% nsa% re% solarwinds% juniper% hacks.pdf">senators wrote to the head of the nsa</a>, and the <a href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/eff-sues-nsa-director-national-intelligence-zero-day-disclosure-process">eff sued the director of national intelligence</a>, to obtain the nsa's policy around -days:<br /><blockquote>since these vulnerabilities potentially affect the security of users all over the world, the public has a strong interest in knowing how these agencies are weighing the risks and benefits of using zero days instead of disclosing them to vendors, </blockquote>it would be bad enough if the nsa and other nations' security services were the only buyers of -days. but the $ m revil received from jbs buys a lot of them, and if each could net $ m they'd be a wonderful investment. forcing ransomware gangs to use -days by getting systems up-to-date with patches is good, but the gangs will have -days to use. so although the program above should indirectly reduce the supply (and thus increase the price) of -days by motivating vendors to improve their development and supply chain practices, something needs to be done to reduce the impact of -days on ransomware.<br /><br />the colonial pipeline and jbs attacks, not to mention the multiple hospital chains that have been disrupted, show that it is just a matter of time before a ransomware attack has a major impact on us gdp (and incidentally on us citizens). in this light, the idea that nsa should stockpile -days for possible future use is counter-productive. at any time -days in the hoard might leak, or be independently discovered. in the past the fallout from this was limited, but no longer; they might be used for a major ransomware attack. is the national security agency's mission to secure the united states, or to have fun playing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/team_america% a_world_police"><i>team america: world police</i></a> in cyberspace?<br /><br />unless they are immediately required for a specific operation, the nsa should disclose -days it discovers or purchases to the software vendor, and once patched, add them to the kit it uses to run its "ransomware" program. to do less is to place the us economy at risk.<br /><br /><b>ps</b>: david sanger reported tuesday that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/russia-hacking-ransomware-revil.html?searchresultposition= "><i>russia’s most aggressive ransomware group disappeared. it’s unclear who disabled them.</i></a>:<br /><blockquote> just days after president biden demanded that president vladimir v. putin of russia shut down ransomware groups attacking american targets, the most aggressive of the groups suddenly went off-line early tuesday.<br /> ...<br /> a third theory is that revil decided that the heat was too intense, and took the sites down itself to avoid becoming caught in the crossfire between the american and russian presidents. that is what another russian-based group, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /world/europe/ransomware-russia-darkside.html">darkside</a>, did after the ransomware attack on colonial pipeline, ...<br /><br />but many experts think that darkside’s going-out-of-business move was nothing but digital theater, and that all of the group’s key ransomware talent will reassemble under a different name. </blockquote>this is by far the most likely explanation for revil's disappearance, leaving victims unable to pay. the same day, bogdan botezatu and radu tudorica reported that <a href="https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/trickbot-activity-increases-new-vnc-module-on-the-radar"><i>trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar</i></a>:<br /><blockquote> the trickbot group, which has infected millions of computers worldwide, has recently played an active role in disseminating ransomware.<br /> <br />we have been reporting on notable developments in trickbot’s lifecycle, with highlights including the analysis in of one of its modules used to <a href="https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/new-trickbot-module-bruteforces-rdp-connections-targets-select-telecommunication-services-in-us-and-hong-kong">bruteforce rdp connections</a> and an analysis of its <a href="https://www.bitdefender.com/blog/labs/trickbot-is-dead-long-live-trickbot">new c infrastructure</a> in the wake of the massive crackdown in october .<br /><br />despite the takedown attempt, trickbot is more active than ever. in may , our systems started to pick up an updated version of the vncdll module that trickbot uses against select high-profile targets. </blockquote>as regards the "massive crackdown", ravie lakshmanan <a href="https://thehackernews.com/ / /trickbot-malware-returns-with-new-vnc.html">notes</a>:<br /><blockquote> the botnet has since survived <a href="https://thehackernews.com/ / /trickbot-linux-variants-active-in-wild.html">two takedown attempts</a> by microsoft and the u.s. cyber command, </blockquote><b>update:</b><br /><table align="center" cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-dw k ggyv y/ypr cle i/aaaaaaaagce/qa fzpiojsi pjrpuusbw -vuif h_onwclcbgasyhq/s /ransomwareproportion.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-dw k ggyv y/ypr cle i/aaaaaaaagce/qa fzpiojsi pjrpuusbw -vuif h_onwclcbgasyhq/s /ransomwareproportion.png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ritholtz.com/wp-content/uploads/ / /anatomy.png">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />via <a href="https://ritholtz.com/ / /sunday-am-reads- /">barry ritholtz</a> we find this evidence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/willie_sutton#% sutton's_law% ">willie sutton's law</a> in action. when asked "why do you rob banks?", sutton replied "because that's where the money is."<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding=" " cellspacing=" " class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-uxncsx k e/ypseufnkpii/aaaaaaaagcm/uoayqhtjusaf qlpyorb _ q k_ gloaclcbgasyhq/s /ransompayments- .png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border=" " src="https:// .bp.blogspot.com/-uxncsx k e/ypseufnkpii/aaaaaaaagcm/uoayqhtjusaf qlpyorb _ q k_ gloaclcbgasyhq/s /ransompayments- .png" width=" " /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ransomwhe.re/">source</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />and, thanks to <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/ransomware-this-new-ransom-tracker-reveals-how-much-bitcoin-gangs-have-been-paid/?ftag=tre- - aaa b&amp;bhid=% b% external_id% d&amp;mid=% b% message_id% d&amp;cid=% b% contact_id% d&amp;eh=% b% cf_emailhash% d">jack cable</a>, there's now <a href="https://ransomwhe.re/">ransomwhe.re</a>, which tracks ransomware payments in real time. it suffers a bit from incomplete data. because it depends upon tracking bitcoin addresses, it will miss the increasing proportion of demands that insist on monero.<br /><br /> 	 - - t : : + : 	 david. (noreply@blogger.com) 	 hugh rundle: top big library ideas in history 	 https://www.hughrundle.net/top- -big-library-ideas-in-history/ 	 <p>glam blog club has the first in a new approach to themes this month - <em>top five big...</em>. i'm also taking a new approach, with some shitty drawings to spice things up. i hope you enjoy.</p> <h > - found in translation (academy of gondishapur, persia)</h > <p>the academy of gondishapur (modern day iran) was centred around a library of medical books from around the world known to persia, and a school of talented translators to make it all readable in persian.</p> <p><img alt="apologies shahanshah, we have not found the cure for gout" src="https://www.hughrundle.net/images/ / -big-things/gondishapur.png" /></p> <h > - oppression through "standards" (library of congress, united states of america)</h > <p>most libraries in the anglosphere use <em>library of congress subject headings</em> or variations based on them, for classifying knowledge. it's pretty ridiculous for a primary school library in fiji to organise knowledge according to the worldview of american politicians, but it sure is effective soft power.</p> <p><img alt="say chad, let's do cultural imperialism" src="https://www.hughrundle.net/images/ / -big-things/loc.png" /></p> <h > - shelve it like you stole it (library of alexandria)</h > <p>the ptolomies wanted their library to have a copy of every book in the known world. woe betide anyone foolish enough to turn up with a boatload of books.</p> <p><img alt="we keep the original, they get the copy" src="https://www.hughrundle.net/images/ / -big-things/alexandria.png" /></p> <h > - give communists somewhere to write (british library, london)</h > <p>world champion grump and famous communist karl marx washed up in london after he was thrown out of everywhere else in europe. the british library famously became the place he wrote most of his world-changing book <em>capital</em>.</p> <p><img alt="karl marx at the library" src="https://www.hughrundle.net/images/ / -big-things/marx.png" /></p> <h > - read in the bath (baths of trajan, rome)</h > <p>the enormous baths of trajan in ancient rome were commissioned by emperor trajan and included several cold and hot baths, a swimming pool, sports stadium, and two libraries (greek, and latin).</p> <p><img alt="a great idea for trajan" src="https://www.hughrundle.net/images/ / -big-things/trajan.png" /></p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 hugh rundle 	 lucidworks: lucidworks experts weigh in on the power of connected experiences 	 https://lucidworks.com/post/lucidworks-experts-on-connected-experiences/ 	 <p>our team shared their thoughts on the five critical elements of creating a connected experience that delights customers, empowers employees, and enhances the experience for both. </p> <p>the post <a href="https://lucidworks.com/post/lucidworks-experts-on-connected-experiences/" rel="nofollow">lucidworks experts weigh in on the power of connected experiences</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lucidworks.com" rel="nofollow">lucidworks</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 dev bhat 	 digital library federation: catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd 	 https://www.diglib.org/catching-up-with-past-ndsa-innovation-awards-winners-epadd/ 	 <p><i><span style="font-weight: ;">nominations are now being accepted for the </span></i><a href="https://ndsa.org/groups/excellence-awards/"><i><span style="font-weight: ;">ndsa excellence awards</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: ;">.</span></i></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">in , </span><a href="https://library.stanford.edu/projects/epadd"><span style="font-weight: ;">epadd</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> won the ndsa innovation award in the project category. at that time, this project was an undertaking to develop free and open-source computational analysis software that facilitates screening, browsing, and access for historically and culturally significant email collections. the software incorporates techniques from computer science and computational linguistics, including natural language processing, named entity recognition, and other statistical machine-learning associated processes. </span><a href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/glynn-edwards"> <span style="font-weight: ;">glynn edwards</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> accepted the award on behalf of the project. she is currently the assistant director in the department of special collections &amp; university archives at stanford university and kindly took a few minutes to help us catch up on where the project stands today.</span></p> <p><b>what have you been doing since receiving an ndsa innovation award in ?</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">we completed two additional phases of software development for epadd. </span><a href="https://library.stanford.edu/projects/epadd/about/imls-phase- "> <span style="font-weight: ;">phase </span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, funded by the institute of museum &amp; library studies (imls) national leadership grant (nlg) and </span><a href="https://library.stanford.edu/projects/epadd/about/andrew-w-mellon-foundation-phase- "> <span style="font-weight: ;">phase </span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, funded by the andrew w. mellon foundation. these rounds of development focused on adding new features and functionality to the software to support the appraisal, processing, discovery, and delivery of email collections of historic value. our project team also changed before this third phase with sally debauche, our new digital archivist, taking over project management full-time for months. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">before phase launched in january with harvard library as our official partner, jessica smith, ian gifford, and jochen farwer from the university of manchester contacted us about their own independent project to redevelop aspects of epadd. they created a prototype version of epadd that would display a full-text email archive in the discovery module, allowing users to view an email collection online. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">meetings with the harvard team, represented by tricia patterson &amp; stephen abrams, progressed to the proposal of ceasing the redevelopment of their in-house email processing and preservation software,</span> <a href="https://preservation.library.harvard.edu/harvard-librarys-email-archiving-system-eas"><span style="font-weight: ;">eas</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, and instead collaborating with us to add specific preservation functionality to epadd. at this stage, we brought the team from the university of manchester into those discussions to help us shape the requirements for a new version of epadd with greater support for preservation workflows. concurrently with our phase grant, our three institutions began working on a joint grant proposal for</span> <a href="https://library.stanford.edu/projects/epadd/about/eabcc-phase- "><span style="font-weight: ;">phase </span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> of epadd’s software development, funded by the university of illinois’s</span> <a href="https://emailarchivesgrant.library.illinois.edu/"><span style="font-weight: ;">email archives: building capacity and community (ea:bcc) re-grant program</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, supported by the andrew w. mellon foundation. we have been meeting together for the past year as we document requirements, identify roles and responsibilities for each of our units to carry out this work. for this phase of the project, we have contracted with an independent software development team,</span> <a href="https://sartography.com/"><span style="font-weight: ;">sartography</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, to implement changes to the software, while retaining epadd’s original development team to ensure consistency in our approach.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">internally at stanford, we continue to use epadd as our production tool for appraising, processing, and delivering email archives at stanford. our digital archives team, sally debauche &amp; annie schweikert, have presented on the software to our group of curators and have been in contact with them about appraising and processing new acquisitions. annie &amp; sally have processed several new email collections, including the</span> <a href="https://epadd.stanford.edu/epadd/collection-detail?collection=epadd% archive% of% ted% nelson-discovery"><span style="font-weight: ;">ted nelson email archive</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;"> and the</span> <a href="https://epadd.stanford.edu/epadd/collection-detail?collection=epadd% archive% of% don% knuth-discovery"><span style="font-weight: ;">don knuth email archive</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">. we have also launched a new multi-institutional online epadd discovery website at</span> <a href="http://epadd.org"><span style="font-weight: ;">epadd.org</span></a><span style="font-weight: ;">, featuring the archive of literary critic and historical theorist,</span> <span style="font-weight: ;"><a href="https://epadd.stanford.edu/epadd/collection-detail?collection=epadd% archive% of% hayden% white-discovery">hayden white</a></span><span style="font-weight: ;">, from the uc santa cruz archives. to accompany the site, we have created</span> <span style="font-weight: ;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/ u hxh ms c bs m uyuxk m ebfpgd yiwccosm dk/edit">documentation about contributing to the discovery site</a></span><span style="font-weight: ;">. </span></p> <p><b>what did receiving the ndsa award mean to you?</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">beyond the recognition of our colleagues, it raised the profile of the epadd software which garnered more users and interest. this greater following gave us the impetus for our third grant from the mellon foundation and allowed us to create a more stable program that can be used as a production tool for email archives.</span></p> <p><b>what efforts/advances/ideas of the last few years have you been impressed with or admired in the field of data stewardship and/or digital preservation?</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">there has been a lot of development in the field since we started with the epadd project. but i have been very impressed with the <a href="https://www.softwarepreservationnetwork.org/emulation-as-a-service-infrastructure/">eaasi project</a> (emulation), for which stanford serves as a node host. this project will be a game changer for our stakeholders across the university and beyond, as well as colleagues throughout the library who use this platform to provide access to legacy software and files that rely on unique and outdated software.</span></p> <p><b>how has the epadd project evolved since you won the innovation award?</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">i included a lot of this in # above – but i would add that the raised profile and increased interest and use of epadd, has brought dedicated partners. the stanford-harvard-manchester partnership began during our third grant and has increased exposure of epadd+ (as we now refer to it) and with the greater involvement from colleagues at each institution has allowed the larger team to focus on different aspects of running and managing the project. one exciting outcome is the commitment of more software testers and greater input from a wider community.</span></p> <p><b>what do you currently see as some of the biggest challenges in email assessment and preservation?</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: ;">while i am still hoping for a more holistic way to search across all types of archival content, i think that sustainability is one of the major issues facing open-source software development projects. the cost of bug-fixes and updates with new versions of underlying programs might not always be inordinate, but securing dedicated funding is not simple and is often very time consuming. even more difficult is getting concrete buy-in for funds needed to pay developers to create significant enhancements. we are excited to see the progress from the</span> <span style="font-weight: ;"><a href="https://wiki.lyrasis.org/display/itav/it+takes+a+village+in+practice">it takes a village in practice</a></span><span style="font-weight: ;"> project that aims to provide guidance to open-source software development projects on sustainability. we are engaged in beta testing for the tools that they are developing, and it will be very interesting to see how they can be of service to the broader community.</span></p> <p>the post <a href="https://www.diglib.org/catching-up-with-past-ndsa-innovation-awards-winners-epadd/" rel="nofollow">catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd</a> appeared first on <a href="https://www.diglib.org" rel="nofollow">dlf</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 ggraf 	 lucidworks: the good, the bad and the ugly: a history of customer service 	 https://lucidworks.com/post/the-history-of-customer-service/ 	 <p>customer service has a wild history rooted in the boom of innovation that came with the industrial revolution. the ebbs and flows of the industry are closely tied to the economic crests and troughs of american consumerism as a whole. join us on the journey.</p> <p>the post <a href="https://lucidworks.com/post/the-history-of-customer-service/" rel="nofollow">the good, the bad and the ugly: a history of customer service</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lucidworks.com" rel="nofollow">lucidworks</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 jenny gomez 	 samvera: calls for proposals – samvera connect online 	 https://samvera.org/ / / /calls-for-proposals-samvera-connect- -online/ 	 <p>the program committee is pleased to announce its call for proposals (cfp) of workshops, presentations/panels, lightning talks, and posters for <a href="https://samvera.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/samvera/pages/ / +samvera+connect">samvera connect online</a>. the online conference <strong>workshops will be held october th - th with plenary presentations october th – nd.</strong></p> <p>connect online programming is intended to serve the needs of attendees from throughout our community, from potential adopters to expert samverans, in many roles including developers, managers, sysops, metadata librarians, and others who are interested in samvera technologies and community activities.</p> <p><strong>workshops:</strong><a href="https://forms.gle/w cy t rshd s e " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><strong> </strong><strong>submission form</strong></a> open through sunday, august th,  </p> <p>the workshops form includes the option to <a href="https://forms.gle/w cy t rshd s e " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">request a workshop</a> on a specific topic that you would like to attend. the program committee will use these suggestions to solicit workshops from the community.</p> <p><strong>presentations and panels:</strong><a href="https://forms.gle/u yb em ctiwdfs " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><strong> </strong><strong>submission form</strong></a> open through tuesday, august st, </p> <p><strong>lightning talks:</strong><a href="https://forms.gle/ iua pwy r wceqt " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><strong> </strong><strong>submission form</strong></a> open through thursday, september th, </p> <p><strong>virtual posters:</strong><a href="https://forms.gle/cz qqk p jha dz " rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><strong> </strong><strong>submission form</strong></a> open through thursday, september th, </p> <p>you may find it helpful to refer to the <a href="https://samvera.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/samvera/pages/ /samvera+connect+ +workshops" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">workshop program</a>, <a href="https://samvera.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/samvera/pages/ /samvera+connect+ +program" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">presentation/lightning talk program</a>, and <a href="https://samvera.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/samvera/pages/ /posters" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">posters</a> from last year’s online conference.</p> <p>the post <a href="https://samvera.org/ / / /calls-for-proposals-samvera-connect- -online/" rel="nofollow">calls for proposals – samvera connect online</a> appeared first on <a href="https://samvera.org" rel="nofollow">samvera</a>.</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 heather greer klein 	 casey bisson: b c b is the new b b 	 https://maisonbisson.com/post/b c b-is-the-new-b b/ 	 the most recent stackoverflow developer survey shows % of developers prefer to use a free trial as a way to research a new service. forrester research reported that % of b b buyers prefer self-service buying online. and a harvard business review study found “that [b b] customers are, on average, % of the way through the [purchase] process before they engage with supplier sales reps.” because of this, b b sales require internal advocates—called mobilizers—that can build consensus around purchase decisions. 	 - - t : : + : 	 lorcan dempsey: two metadata directions 	 https://www.lorcandempsey.net/metadata-directions/ 	 <div class="u-bg-white u-border u-border-radius u-p- l-boxtext "><img alt="two metadata directions" src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /sydneyairport .jpg" /><p>this short piece is based on a presentation i delivered by video to the <a href="https://nu.kz.libguides.com/ealc- /home">eurasian academic libraries conference - </a>, organized by the nazarbayev university library and the association of university libraries in the republic of kazakhstan. thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and for encouragement as i prepared the presentation and blog entry. i was asked to talk about metadata and to mention oclc developments. the conference topic was: <i>contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment.</i></p></div><h id="the-growing-role-and-value-of-metadata">the growing role and value of metadata</h ><p>libraries are very used to managing metadata for information resources - for books, images, journal articles and other resources. metadata practice is rich and varied. we also work with geospatial data, archives, images, and many other specialist resources. authority work has focused on people, places and things (subjects). archivists are concerned about evidential integrity, context and provenance. and so on. </p><p>in the network environment, general metadata requirements have continued to evolve in various ways: </p><p><strong>information resource diversification</strong>. we want to discover, manage or otherwise interact with a progressively broader range of resources, research data, for example, or open educational resources. </p><p><strong>resource type diversification</strong>. however, we are also increasingly interested in more resource types than informational alone. the network connects together many entities or types of resource in new ways, and interaction between these entities requires advance knowledge, often provided by metadata, to be efficient. workflows tie people, applications and devices together to get things done. to be effective, each of these resources needs to be described. social applications like strava tie together people, activities, places, and so on. scholarly engines like google scholar, semantic scholar, scopus or dimensions tie together research outputs, researchers, funders, and institutions. the advance knowledge required for these workflows and environments to work well is provided by metadata and so we are increasingly interested in metadata about a broad range of entities. </p><p><strong>functional diversification</strong>. we want to discover, manage, request or buy resources. we also want to provide context about resources, ascertain their validity or integrity over time, determine their provenance. we want to compare resources, collect data about usage, track and measure. we want to make connections between entities, understand relationships, and actually create new knowledge. we do not just want to find individual information resources or people, we want to make sense of networks of people, resources, institutions, and so on and the relations between them. </p><p><strong>source diversification.</strong>  i have <a href="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/orweblog/four-sources-of-metadata-about-things/">spoken about</a> four sources of metadata in the past. versions of these are becoming more important, but so is how they are used together to tackle the growing demands on metadata in digital environments. </p><ol><li><em>professional.</em> our primary model of metadata has been a <em>professional</em> one, where librarians, abstract writers, archivists and so on are the primary source. libraries have streamlined metadata creation and provision for acquired resources. many libraries, archives and others, devote professional attention and expertise to unique resources - special collections, archives, digitised and born-digital materials, institutional research outputs, faculty profiles, and so on. </li><li><em>community.</em>  i described the second as crowdsourced, and certainly the collection of contributions in this way has been of importance, in digital projects, community initiatives and in other places. however, one might extend this to a broader <em>community</em> source. the subject of the description or the communities from which the resources originate are an increasingly important source. this is especially the case as we pluralize description as i discuss further below.  an interesting example here is <a href="https://localcontexts.org/">local contexts</a> which works with collecting institutions and indigenous communities and "provides a new set of procedural workflows that emphasize vetting content, collaborative curation, ethical management and sustained outreach practices within institutions."</li><li><em>programmatically promoted.</em> the programmatic promotion of metadata is becoming increasingly important. we will see more algorithmically generated metadata, as natural language processing, entity recognition, machine learning, image recognition, and other approaches become more common. this is especially the case as we move towards more entity-based approaches where the algorithmic identification of entities and relationships across various resources becomes important. at the same time, we are more aware of the need for <a href="https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/ /oclcresearch-responsible-operations-data-science-machine-learning-ai.html">responsible operations</a>, where dominant perspectives also influence construction of algorithms and learning sets. </li><li><em>intentional.</em> a fourth source is intentional data, or usage data, data about how resources are downloaded, cited, linked and so on. this may be used to rate and rank, or to refine other descriptions. again, appropriate use of this data needs to be responsibly managed. </li></ol><p><strong>perspective diversification.</strong> a purported feature of much <em>professional</em> metadata activity has been neutral or objective description. however, we are aware that to be &amp;aposneutral&amp;apos can actually mean to be aligned with dominant perspectives. we know that metadata and subject description have very often been partial, harmful or unknowing about the resources described, or have continued obsolescent or superseded perspectives, or have not described resources or people in ways that a relevant community expects or can easily find. this may be in relation to race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, or other contexts. this awareness leads directly into the second direction i discuss below, pluralization. it also highlights the increasing reliance on <em>community</em> perspectives. it is important to understand context, cultural protocols, community meanings and expectations, through more reciprocal approaches. and as noted above, use of <em>programmatically promoted</em> or <em>intentional </em>data needs to be responsibly approached, alert to ways in which preferences or bias can be present.</p><p>so we want to make metadata work harder, but we also need more metadata and more types of metadata. metadata helps us to work in network environments. </p><p>a more formal definition of metadata might run something like: "schematized assertions about a resource of interest." however, as we think about navigating increasingly digital workflows and environments, i like to think about metadata in this general way:</p><blockquote>data which relieves a potential user (whether human or machine) of having to have full advance knowledge of the existence or characteristics of a resource of potential interest in the environment.</blockquote><p>metadata allows applications and users to act more intelligently, and this becomes more important in our increasingly involved digital workflows and environments. </p><p>given this importance, and given the importance of such digital environments to our working, learning and social lives, it also becomes more important to think about how metadata is created, who controls it, how it is used, and how it is stewarded over time. metadata is about both value and values. </p><p>in this short piece, and in the presentation on which it is based, i limit my attention to two important directions. certainly, this is a part only of the larger picture of evolving metadata creation, use and design in libraries and beyond. </p><h id="two-metadata-directions">two metadata directions</h ><p>i want to talk about two important directions here. </p><ol><li>entification. </li><li>pluralization.</li></ol><h id="entification-strings-and-things">entification: strings and things</h ><p>google popularized the notion of moving from &amp;aposstrings&amp;apos to &amp;aposthings&amp;apos when it introduced the google <a href="https://www.blog.google/products/search/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not/">knowledge graph</a>. by this we mean that it is difficult to rely on string matching for effective search, management or measurement of resources. strings are ambiguous. what we are actually interested in are the &amp;aposthings&amp;apos themselves, actual entities which may be referred to in different ways. </p><p>entification involves establishing a singular identity for &amp;aposthings&amp;apos so that they can be operationalized in applications, gathering information about those &amp;aposthings,&amp;apos and relating those &amp;aposthings&amp;apos to other entities of interest. </p><p>research information management and the scholarly ecosystem provide a good example of this. this image shows a variety of entities of interest in a research information management system. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-image" height=" " src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /image- .png" width=" " /></figure><p>these include researchers, research outputs, institutions, grants and other entities. relationships between these include affiliation (researcher to institution), collaborator (researcher to researcher), authorship (researcher to research output), and so on. we want to know that the professor who got this grant is the same one as the one who teaches this course or published that paper. </p><p>these identities could be (and are) established within each system or service. so, this means that a research information management system does not only return strings that match a text search. it can facilitate the prospecting of a body of institutional research outputs, a set of scholars, a collection of labs and departments, and so on, and allow links to related works, scholars and institutions to be made. </p><p>similarly, a scholarly engine like scopus, or semantic scholar, or dimensions will bring together scholarly entities and offer access to a more or less rich network of results. of course, in this case, the metadata may be under less close control. typically, they will also be using metadata sourced in the four ways i described above, as &amp;aposprofessionally created&amp;apos metadata works with metadata contributed by, say, individual researchers, as entities may be established and related programmatically, and as usage data helps organize resources. </p><p>wikidata is an important resource in this context, as a globally addressable identity base for entities of all types. </p><p>of course one wants to work with entities across systems and services. researchers move between institutions, collaborate with others, cite research outputs, and so on. one may need to determine whether an identity in one context refers to the same entity as an identity in another context. so important entity backbone services have emerged which allow entities to be identified across systems and services by assigning globally unique identifiers. these include orcid for researchers, doi for research outputs, and the emerging <a href="https://ror.org/">ror</a> for institutions. </p><p>these initiatives aim to create a singular identity for resources, gather some metadata about them, and make this available for other services to use. so a researcher may have an orcid, for example, which is associated with a list of research outputs, an affiliation, and so on. this orcid identity may then be used across services, supporting global identification and contextualization. </p><p>here, for example, is a profile generated programmatically by dimensions (from digital science) for my colleague lynn connaway. it aims to generate a description, but then also to recognize and link to other entities (e.g. topics, institutions, or collaborators). again, the goal is to present a profile, and then to allow us to prospect a body of work and its connections. it pulls data from various places. we are accustomed to this more generally now with knowledge cards in google (underpinned by google&amp;aposs knowledge graph). </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-image" height=" " src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /image- .png" width=" " /></figure><p>of course, this is not complete, and there has been some interesting discussion about improved use of identifiers from the scholarly entity backbone services. meadows and jones <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/ / / /making-the-case-for-a-pid-optimized-world/">talk about</a> the practical advantages to scholarly communication of a &amp;apospid-optimized world.&amp;apos (pid=persistent identifier.)</p><p>in these systems and services, the entities i have been talking about will typically be nodes in an underlying knowledge graph or ontology.  </p><blockquote>today, kgs are used extensively in anything from search engines and chatbots to product recommenders and autonomous systems. in data science, common use cases are around adding identifiers and descriptions to data of various modalities to enable sense-making, integration, and explainable analysis.  [...]<br /><br />a knowledge graph organises and integrates data according to an ontology, which is called the schema of the knowledge graph, and applies a reasoner to derive new knowledge. knowledge graphs can be created from scratch, e.g., by domain experts, learned from unstructured or semi-structured data sources, or assembled from existing knowledge graphs, typically aided by various semi-automatic or automated data validation and integration mechanisms. // <a href="https://www.turing.ac.uk/research/interest-groups/knowledge-graphs">the alan turing institute</a></blockquote><p>the knowledge graph may be internal to a particular service (google for example) or may be used within a domain or globally. again, wikidata is important because it publishes its underlying knowledge graph and can be used to provide context, matches, and so on for other resources. </p><p>the library of congress, other national libraries, oclc ,and others now manage entity backbones for the library community, sometimes rooted in traditional authority files. there is a growing awareness of the usefulness of entity-based approaches and of the importance of identifiers in this context. </p><p>in this way, it is expected that applications will be able to work across these services. for example, an orcid identity may be matched with identifiers from other services, viaf for example, to provide additional context or detail, or wikidata to provide demographic or other data not typically found in bibliographic services. </p><p>in this way, we can expect to see a decentralized infrastructure which can be tied together to achieve particular goals. </p><h id="pluralizing-description">pluralizing description</h ><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">“nobody should be compelled to us a slur to search a catalogue” - <a href="https://twitter.com/mentionthewar?ref_src=twsrc% etfw">@mentionthewar</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/dcdc ?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc% etfw">#dcdc </a></p>— david prosser (@rluk_david) <a href="https://twitter.com/rluk_david/status/ ?ref_src=twsrc% etfw">june , </a></blockquote> </figure><p>systems of description are inevitably both explicitly and implicitly constructed within particular perspectives. metadata and subject description have long been criticized for embodying dominant perspectives, and for actively shunning or overlooking the experiences, memories or expectations of parts of the communities they serve. they may also contain superseded, obsolescent or harmful descriptions. </p><p>libraries have spoken about "knowledge organization" but such a phrase has to reckon with two challenges. first, it is acknowledged that there are different  knowledges. </p><blockquote>the tk labels support the inclusion of local protocols for access and use to cultural heritage that is digitally circulating outside community contexts. the tk labels identify and clarify community-specific rules and responsibilities regarding access and future use of traditional knowledge. this includes sacred and/or ceremonial material, material that has gender restrictions, seasonal conditions of use and/or materials specifically designed for outreach purposes. // local contexts, <a href="https://localcontexts.org/labels/traditional-knowledge-labels/">[traditional knowledge] labels</a></blockquote><p>second, knowledge may be contested, where it has been constructed within particular power relations and dominant perspectives. </p><blockquote>others described “the look of horror” on the face of someone who has been told to search using the term “indians of north america.” students — indigenous as well as settler—who work with the collections point out to staff the many incorrect or outdated terms they encounter. // <strong><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">towards respectful and inclusive description</a></strong></blockquote><p>my research library partnership colleagues <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">carried out a survey</a> on equity, diversity and inclusion in . while it is interesting to note the mention of archival description as among the most changed features, there was clearly a sense that metadata description and terminologies required attention, and there was an intention to address these next.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-image" height=" " src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /image- .png" width=" " /></figure><p>such work may be retrospective, including remediation of existing description by linking to or substituting more appropriate descriptions. and there is certainly now a strong prospective focus, working on pluralizing description, on decentering dominant perspectives to respectfully and appropriately describe resources. </p><p>this work has been pronounced in australia, new zealand and canada, countries which recognize the need to address harmful practices in relation to indigenous populations. in early , my rlp colleagues interviewed library staff from institutions in australia, new zealand, canada and the us to talk about respectful and inclusive description:</p><blockquote>of those interviewed, no one felt they were doing an adequate job of outreach to communities. several people weren’t even sure how to go about connecting with stakeholder communities. some brought up the possibility of working with a campus or community-based indigenous center. these organizations can be a locus for making connections and holding conversations. a few working in a university setting have found strong allies and partners to advocate for increased resources in faculty members of the indigenous studies department (or similar unit). those with the most developed outreach efforts saw those activities as being anchored in exchanges that originated at the reference desk, such as when tribal members came into the library to learn something about their own history, language or culture using materials that are stewarded by the library. engaging with these communities to understand needs offers the opportunity to transform interactions with them from one-time transactions to ongoing, meaningful relationships.  learning how indigenous community members use and relate to these materials can decenter default approaches to description and inspire more culturally appropriate ways. some institutions have developed fellowships to foster increased use of materials by community members. // <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">towards respectful and inclusive description</a></blockquote><p>the murder of george floyd in the us caused a general personal, institutional and community reckoning with racism. this has extended to addressing bias in library collections and descriptions. </p><blockquote>materials in our collections, which comprise a part of the cultural and historical record, may depict offensive and objectionable perspectives, imagery, and norms. while we have control over description of our collections, we cannot alter the content. we are committed to reassessing and modifying description when possible so that it more accurately and transparently reflects the content of materials that are harmful and triggering in any way and for any reason.<br /><br />as librarians and archivists at nyu libraries, we are actively confronting and remediating how we describe our collection materials. we know that language can and does perpetuate harm, and the work we are undertaking centers on anti-oppressive practices. we are also making reparative changes, all to ensure that the descriptive language we use upholds and enacts our values of inclusion, diversity, equity, belonging, and accessibility. // nyu libraries, archival collections management, <a href="https://guides.nyu.edu/archival-collections-management/inclusive">statement on harmful language</a>. </blockquote><p>many individual libraries, archives and other organizations are now taking steps to address these issues in their catalogs. the national library of scotland has produced an interesting <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/ c fjqui nmajhghzao fxxubdbqx fjo/view">inclusive terminology</a> guide and glossary, which includes a list of areas of attention. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-image" height=" " src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /image.png" width=" " /></figure><p>of course, the two directions i have mentioned can be connected, as entification and linking strategies may offer ways of pluralizing description in the future:</p><blockquote>other magic included technical solutions, such as linked data solutions, specifically, mapping inappropriate terms to more appropriate ones, or connecting the numerous alternative terms with the single concept they represent. for example, preferred names and terms may vary by community, generation, and context—what is considered incorrect or inappropriate may be a matter of perspective. systems can also play a role: the discovery layers should have a disclaimer stating that users may find terms that are not currently considered appropriate. terms that are known to be offensive terms could be blurred out (with an option to reveal them). // <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">towards respectful and inclusive description</a></blockquote><h id="oclc-initiatives">oclc initiatives</h ><p>now i will turn to discuss one important initiative oclc has under each of these two directions. </p><h id="entification-at-oclc-towards-a-shared-entity-management-infrastructure">entification at oclc: towards a shared entity management infrastructure</h ><p></p><blockquote>for linked data to move into common use, libraries need reliable and persistent identifiers and metadata for the critical entities they rely on. this project [semi] begins to build that infrastructure and advances the whole field // lorcan dempsey </blockquote><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-image" height=" " src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /image.png" width=" " /></figure><p>oclc has long worked with entification in the context of several linked data initiatives. viaf (the virtual international authority file) has been foundational here. this brings together name authority files from national libraries around the world, and establishes a singular identity for persons across them. it adds bibliographic and other data for context. and it matches to some other identifiers. viaf has become an important source of identity data for persons in the library community. </p><p>project passage is also an important landmark. in this project we worked with wikibase to experiment with linked data and entification at scale. my colleague andrew pace provides an overview of the lessons learned:</p><div class="u-bg-white u-border u-border-radius u-p- l-boxtext "><ul><li>the building blocks of wikibase can be used to create structured data with a precision that exceeds current library standards.</li><li>the wikibase platform enables user-driven ontology design but raises concerns about how to manage and maintain ontologies.</li><li>the wikibase platform, supplemented with oclc’s enhancements and stand-alone utilities, enables librarians to see the results of their effort in a discovery interface without leaving the metadata-creation workflow.</li><li>robust tools are required for local data management. to populate knowledge graphs with library metadata, tools that facilitate the import and enhancement of data created elsewhere are recommended.</li><li>the pilot underscored the need for interoperability between data sources, both for ingest and export.</li><li>the traditional distinction between authority and bibliographic data disappears in a wikibase description.</li></ul></div><p>these initiatives paved the way for semi (shared entity management infrastructure). supported by the andrew w. mellon foundation, semi is building the infrastructure which will support oclc&amp;aposs production entity management services. the goal is to have infrastructure which allows libraries to create, manage and use entity data at scale. the initial focus is on providing infrastructure for work and person entities. it is advancing with input from a broad base of partners and a variety of data inputs, and will be released for general use in . </p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-image" height=" " src="https://www.lorcandempsey.net/content/images/ / /image- .png" width=" " /></figure><h id="pluralization-at-oclc-towards-reimagining-descriptive-workflows">pluralization at oclc: towards reimagining descriptive workflows</h ><p>oclc recognizes its important role in the library metadata environment and has been reviewing its own vocabulary and practices. for example, it has deprecated the term &amp;aposmaster record&amp;apos in favor of &amp;aposworldcat record.&amp;apos</p><p>it was also recognized that there were multiple community and institutional initiatives which were proceeding independently and that there would be value in a convening to discuss shared directions.</p><p>accordingly, again supported by the andrew w mellon foundation, oclc, in consultation with <a href="https://www.shiftcollective.us/collective">shift collective</a> and an advisory group of community leaders, is developing a program to consider these issues at scale. the following activities are being undertaken over several months:</p><div class="u-bg-white u-border u-border-radius u-p- l-boxtext"><ul><li>convene a conversation of community stakeholders about how to address the systemic issues of bias and racial equity within our current collection description infrastructure.</li><li>share with member libraries the need to build more inclusive and equitable library collections and to provide description approaches that promote effective representation and discovery of previously neglected or mis-characterized peoples, events, and experiences.</li><li>develop a community agenda that will be of great value in clarifying issues for those who do knowledge work in libraries, archives, and museums, identifying priority areas for attention from these institutions, and providing valuable guidance for those national agencies and suppliers.</li></ul></div><p>it is hoped that the community agenda will help mobilize activity across communities of interest, and will also provide useful input into oclc development directions.</p><h id="find-out-more-resources-to-check-out">find out more .. resources to check out</h ><p>the oclc research library partners metadata managers focus group is an important venue for discussion of metadata directions and community needs. this report synthesizes six years ( - ) of discussion, and traces how metadata services are evolving:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/ /oclcresearch-transitioning-next-generation-metadata.html"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">transitioning to the next generation of metadata</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description"></div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.oclc.org/apps/settings/wcm/designs/oclc/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">oclc</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">oclc</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="two metadata directions" src="https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/images/publications/ /oclcresearch-transitioning-next-generation-metadata.png" /></div></a></figure><p>this post brings together a series of international discussions about the report and its ramifications for services, staffs and organization. </p><figure class="kg-card kg-embed-card"><blockquote class="wp-embedded-content"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/?p= ">next-generation metadata and the semantic continuum</a></blockquote> </figure><p>for updates about oclc&amp;aposs semi initiative, see here:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.oclc.org/en/worldcat/oclc-and-linked-data/shared-entity-management-infrastructure.html"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">worldcat - shared entity management infrastructure | oclc</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">learn more about how oclc is developing a shared</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.oclc.org/apps/settings/wcm/designs/oclc/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">oclc</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="two metadata directions" src="https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/logos/oclc/og_image_oclc.png" /></div></a></figure><p>for more about about reimagining descriptive workflows, see here:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.oclc.org/research/areas/community-catalysts/reimagine-descriptive-workflows.html"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">reimagine descriptive workflows</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">oclc has been awarded a grant from the andrew w. mellon foundation to convene a diverse group of experts, practitioners, and community members to determine ways to improve descriptive practices, tools, infrastructure and workflows in libraries and archives. the multi-day virtual convening is part of…</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.oclc.org/apps/settings/wcm/designs/oclc/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">oclc</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="two metadata directions" src="https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/news/releases/social/reimagine-descriptive-workflows.png" /></div></a></figure><p>the project passage summary and report is here:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/ /oclcresearch-creating-library-linked-data-with-wikibase-project-passage.html"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">creating library linked data with wikibase: lessons learned from project passage</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">the oclc research linked data wikibase prototype (“project passage”) provided a sandbox in which librarians from us institutions could experiment with creating linked data to describe resources—without requiring knowledge of the technical machinery of linked data. this report provides an overview…</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://www.oclc.org/apps/settings/wcm/designs/oclc/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">oclc</span><span class="kg-bookmark-publisher">oclc</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="two metadata directions" src="https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/logos/oclc/og_image_oclc.png" /></div></a></figure><p><strong>acknowledgements:</strong> thanks to my colleagues john chapman, rachel frick, erica melko, andrew pace and merrilee proffitt for providing material and/or advice as i prepared the presentation and this entry. again, thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and for encouragement along the way. for more information about the conference, check out these pages:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-bookmark-card"><a class="kg-bookmark-container" href="https://nu.kz.libguides.com/ealc- /home"><div class="kg-bookmark-content"><div class="kg-bookmark-title">nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home</div><div class="kg-bookmark-description">nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home</div><div class="kg-bookmark-metadata"><img alt="two metadata directions" class="kg-bookmark-icon" src="https://libapps-eu.s .amazonaws.com/apps/common/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png" /><span class="kg-bookmark-author">nazarbayev university libguides at nazarbayev university</span></div></div><div class="kg-bookmark-thumbnail"><img alt="two metadata directions" src="https://libapps-eu.s .amazonaws.com/accounts/ /images/logo_ealc_ .jpg" /></div></a></figure><p><strong>picture:</strong> i took the feature picture at sydney airport, australia (through a window). the pandemic is affecting how we think about work travel and the design of events, although in as yet unclear ways. one pandemic effect, certainly, has been the ability to think about both audiences and speakers differently. it is unlikely that i would have attended this conference had it been face to face, however, i readily agreed to be an online participant. </p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 lorcan 	 lita: blog archive 	 https://litablog.org/ / /blog-archive/ 	 <p>the lita blog will now function as an archive of posts by the <a href="http://www.lita.org/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">library and information technology association</a> (lita), formerly a division of the american library association (ala). <a href="http://www.ala.org/core/">lita is now a part of core</a>, but was previously the leading organization reaching out across types of libraries to provide education and services for a broad membership of systems librarians, library technologists, library administrators, library schools, vendors, and others interested in leading edge technology and applications for librarians and information providers.</p> <p>are you interested in becoming involved with core or the core news blog? <a href="https://alacorenews.org/">core news</a> has more information!</p> 	 - - t : : + : 	 jessica d. gilbert redman digital preservation conference dlf 	 about 	overview 	 	calendar 	faq 	foundational principles 	leadership 	strategic plan 	 membership 	join the ndsa 	member orientation 	members 	 groups 	overview 	working group schedule 	 	interest groups 	content 	infrastructure 	standards and practices 	 	active working groups 	communications and publications 	conference program 	excellence awards 	fixity survey 	levels of preservation 	membership task force 	staffing survey 	 publications 	overview 	 	levels of preservation 	ndsa agenda 	 	osf repository 	 conference 	digipres conference 	past digipres conferences 	 news digital preservation conference about the ndsa and digital preservation the ndsa is a consortium of organizations committed to the long-term preservation and stewardship of digital information and cultural heritage, for the benefit of present and future generations. digital preservation will be a crucial venue for intellectual exchange, community-building, development of good practices, and national-level agenda-setting in the field, helping to chart future directions for both the ndsa and digital stewardship. the ndsa strives to create a safe, accessible, welcoming, and inclusive event, and operates under the dlf forum’s code of conduct. digipres organizing committee 	tricia patterson, harvard university ( chair) 	jes neal, williams college ( vice-chair, chair) 	rachel appel, university of pennsylvania libraries 	heather barnes, wake forest university 	moriah caruso, university of washington libraries 	chelsea denault, michigan digital preservation network 	stacey erdman, arizona state university 	angela fritz, wisconsin historical society 	deirdre joyce, syracuse university 	alex kinnaman, virginia tech university libraries 	monique lassere, houghton library at harvard university 	ruby lorraine martinez, university of illinois at urbana-champaign 	krista oldham, clemson 	patrice-andre “max” prud’homme, oklahoma state university 	thomas pulhamus, university of delaware 	aliya reich, clir/dlf 	amy rudersdorf, avp 	kim schroeder, wayne state university 	beth shields, oregon state university 	kristen weischedel, iit 	lauren work, university of virginia library (communications liaison) 	frederick zarndt, global connexions digipres call for proposals the digital preservation call for proposals closed on may , . you can review the cfp here. calendar and past meetings future events: for the latest on upcoming events, see our ndsa calendar. more events relevant to the ndsa’s mission are to be found on the dlf community calendar. past meetings: an archive of digital preservation meetings from - can be found on the past digital preservation conference page. ndsa 	 about 	 members 	 groups 	 calendar social 	 twitter 	 itunes 	 youtube 	 news 	 linkedin contact ndsa c/o clir union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: ndsa@diglib.org ndsa the ndsa is proudly hosted by the digital library federation at clir. all content on this site is available for re-use under a cc by-sa . international license. dlf view this page on github posts | mark a. matienzo skip to content w c svg main navigation menu 	 about 	 now 	 posts 	 notes 	 music 	 projects 	 publications 	 presentations 	 press posts 	 on sourcery, or the enclosure(?) of remote access publish date: april , tags: 	 archives 	 labor 	 new enclosures 	 technology by mark a. matienzo in this post, i try to unpack some of my concerns around sourcery as raised in my society of california archivists keynote, and how they relate to the visibility of archival labor, austerity, and enclosure. 	 iah forecast - disquiet junto project publish date: february , tags: 	 music 	 black tent by mark a. matienzo an experiment with recording a new single using vcv rack and reaper based on a compositional prompt. i ended up recording two tracks. 	 perfecting a favorite: oatmeal chocolate chip cookies publish date: november , tags: 	 recipes 	 food by mark a. matienzo i have a horrible sweet tooth, and i absolutely love oatmeal chocolate chip cookies. i tend to bake as a means to cope with stress, and of course, more often then that means making these cookies. after making many iterations, i’ve settled upon this recipe as the ultimate version to which all compare. (read more …) 	 in memoriam and appreciation of rob casson ( - ) publish date: october , tags: 	 code lib 	 personal by mark a. matienzo the world lost one of its brightest and most charming lights earlier this week, rob casson. many of us knew rob through the code lib community and conferences and his work at miami university libraries. we miss his generosity, patience, sense of humor, and genuine kindness. those of us who got the chance to socialize with him also remember his passion for music, and some of us were even lucky to see live shows in the evenings between conference sessions and other social activities. on sunday, october at : pm pacific/ : pm eastern, those of us who knew him through code lib and the world of libraries are encouraged to gather to share our memories of him and to appreciate his life and work. please join me and my co-organizers, mike giarlo and declan fleming on zoom (registration required). robert casson (robcasson), jan - sep . photo: declan fleming. (read more …) 	 first sota activation publish date: september , tags: 	 ham radio by mark a. matienzo about a month ago, i got my ham radio license, and soon after i got pretty curious about summits on the air (sota), an award scheme focused on safe and low impact portable operation from mountaintops. while i like to hike, i’m arguably a pretty casual hiker, and living in california provides a surprising number of options within minutes driving time for sota newbies. (read more …) 	 optimizing friction publish date: august , tags: 	 indieweb 	 music 	 plan 	 food by mark a. matienzo over and in response to the last few months, i’ve been reflecting about intentionality, and how i spend my time creating things. i have tried to improve the indiewebbiness of my site, and understanding what it means to “scratch my own itch”. this resonates particularly lately because it’s leading me to mull over which parts should be hard and easy. unsurprisingly, much of that is personal preference, and figuring out how i want to optimize from the perspective of user experience. friction in ux can be a powerful tool, part of what i’m trying to find is where i want to retain friction as it helps me remain intentional. (read more …) 	 a hugo shortcode for embedding mirador publish date: july , tags: 	 iiif 	 hugo by mark a. matienzo i spent a little time over the last day or so trying to bodge together a shortcode for hugo to embed an instance of mirador. while it’s not quite as simple (or full-featured) as i’d like, it’s nonetheless a starting point. the shortcode generates a snippet of html that gets loaded into hugo pages, but (unfortunately) most of the heavy lifting is done by a separate static page that gets included as an <iframe/> within the page. that page parses url parameters to pass some of the parameters when mirador gets instantiated. getting a consistent way to load multiple iiif manifests, either into comparison view or for populating a resource list also needs some work, which also led me to grapple with thinking through the iiif content state api spec, which will require some more attention, too. (read more …) 	 besieged publish date: july , tags: 	 personal by mark a. matienzo i have spent the last four and a half months feeling like everything is slipping from my grasp – personally, professionally, and in between. the torpor of life under a pandemic and a world wracked with pain has led me to feel like i am stuck in slowly-drying glue. planning too far ahead seems nearly pointless. and yet, every day, we are asked to undertake haruspicy, to speculate about how our organizations and ourselves should respond to the remaining uncertainty, ideally with precision. the world keeps turning and we are asked to keep up, while taking care of family members, grieving our losses, or dealing with other challenges amplified by the present circumstances. at the same time, i feel myself slowing down, or at least to continue trying to slow down. i have not read anything more substantial than an article since february, despite getting a stack of books out of the library in preparation for more time at home. the cognitive load of mailing packages can sometimes be too much. (read more …) 	 comments on revisions to saa statement on diversity and inclusion publish date: february , tags: 	 archives 	 saa 	 dei by mark a. matienzo the saa council has issued a call for comments on the saa statement on diversity and inclusion. as noted in the announcement, the revision includes changes to expand the statement to cover equity as well. comments are open on the revisions until march , , and what follows are the comments that i’ve submitted. (read more …) 	 books read, january-february publish date: february , tags: 	 reading by mark a. matienzo i’m trying to do a better job tracking what i’ve been reading. here’s a start. (read more …) « prev next » invert colors: feed · navigate by years or tags the rambunctious protagonist · london review bookshop skip to content	sign in 	basket 	menu london review bookshop 	books 	 events 	 podcasts & video 	 cake shop 	 about us 	blog search close 	 home 	 books 	 events 	 podcasts & video 	 cake shop 	 about us 	 	 	 	 	 blog 	 sign in 	contact us march the rambunctious protagonist posted by jonathan carr share on facebook share on twitter share by email i came across john dos passos’ novel manhattan transfer, set in new york in the early s, when i was in my own early twenties. it is not an easy book to read. the pace is frenetic, its construction fragmentary with frequent narrative shifts and a changing cast of characters. but on that first reading, as i saw intratextual connections developing, i began to sense the presence of an overarching story to which each episode might be contributing. whatever that story was, it wasn’t linear, logical or obvious. about one thing, though, i was sure. dos passos had channelled many of my own responses to the city on a visit i had made there a few years earlier. young and naïve, i had been overwhelmed by new york’s unceasing rush and noise, by its immense scale, and by that uniquely urban sensation of being lonely and alone among a multitude of strangers. although dos passos had written about a different age, many essentials of city life remained constant. indeed, his novel struck me as an attempt to cram the whole metropolis, in one go, between the covers of a single book. more recently, i have been wondering how he did it, and what may have inspired him. to address the second question first, i have a chance to refer to some statistics i’ve always found remarkable about the pace at which we became a predominantly urban species. there we were, millennia of mostly rural existence behind us, when the industrial revolution took off. in the century or so that followed, the majority of people in the western world decamped to the newly burgeoning cities. in the case of britain, about per cent of the population were classified as urban dwellers in ; by , that had risen to almost percent. the nineteenth century, in other words, witnessed the most rapid, widespread displacement and migration of people in our country’s history. the same was true in america. new york grew over the same period from roughly , to . million inhabitants. and what voracious beasts those cities were, in terms of both the resources and people they consumed. no wonder, then, that anglo-american fiction wanted to engage with the biggest societal revolution in its history. i was reared on many nineteenth and early twentieth century novels set in urban locations that were invariably depicted as unpleasant places, plagued by sickness, stink and congestion, and by discomfiting contrasts between life in the mansions and the survival of the fittest in the slums. new arrivals to the city were gullible, vulnerable and quickly disillusioned. theirs were tales of unfulfilled dreams and lives marked by misfortune and unhappiness. to take london – the city that in both fiction and life i know best – i was jostled in dickens’ crowds from an early age, and forced to shiver in his fog, drizzle and mud. the worlds of arthur morrison and george gissing were equally miserable places and although there was temporary respite to be found in, say, the more elegant london locales of virginia woolf’s mrs dalloway, with big ben chiming in the background, imperial monuments standing proud (and the traffic at piccadilly circus standing still), the london of those times was rarely portrayed in a positive light. it was a norm that would persist. from a later period, for example, comes an image about the commuter’s life in the work of patrick hamilton that i have never forgotten. his london is a “crouching monster”, its vital organs comprising a spiral of train lines that ingests suburban workers in the morning and spits them out at night. i don’t think that any of these writers, though, captured the essence of the growing, changing city in quite the way that dos passos did. nor, probably, was that their intention. it has often been argued that dickens’ london emerges in some works as a character in its own right. the same has also been said, with more weight i think, of th century paris in the hands of balzac, whose intent as the self-appointed ‘secretary of society’ in la comedie humaine, seems closer to what dos passos aimed for in manhattan transfer. balzac’s work is a vast and unruly creation that, for all its faults, portrays a paris that seethes with energy. dos passos’s new york also seethes with energy. on revisiting manhattan transfer, i came away with an appreciation not just for the breadth of its ambition, but also for the genius of its representation. this is a novel in which you are not merely plunged into the maelstrom of a growing city, but trapped inside. there is no escape from its dangerous rowdy streets, its leaning tenement buildings and dust-choked construction sites, its trains and trolley cars, steamrollers and fire engines, its immigrants and drifters, its cheats crooks and speculators, its parade of people whose lives are imbued by the need to make a buck; and all this is filtered through an endless cacophony of voices, a meld of languages and accents that, while telling interrupted stories of individual lives, creates an ensemble that is one of the best representations of a city as the main character i have ever read. dos passos’ new york is a rambunctious protagonist who grows up too fast, assuming a complexity that resists simplistic interpretation. it is also a persona that encompasses many aspects of our species’ urban journey, from the kind of bewilderment and loneliness i experienced on my first visit to new york through to the noise and confusion that marks the lives of so many citizens in the world today. jonathan carr is the author of ‘make me a city’, published by scribe (£ . ). latest podcasts & video listen jack underwood and raymond antrobus: not even this listen olivia laing and katherine angel: everybody see all podcasts & video latest from the blog see more blog posts june an extract from ‘a wo/man of no importance’ by juliet jacques march jam today, jam tomorrow february ‘we wait, we watch.’: an extract from marie ndiaye’s self portrait in green see more blog posts close 	 books events podcasts & video search menu lrb store get your back issues, binders and most importantly, your tote bags here subscribe to the lrb get issues for £ and read the world’s best writing – from the world’s best writers. sign up to our newsletter for bookshop, events and cake shop news straight to your inbox full name[*] email address[*] you can read our data protection policy here sign up bury place, london, wc a jl books@lrbshop.co.uk + ( ) 	 	 	 	 	 books 	 events 	 podcasts & video 	 cake shop 	 about us 	 privacy policy 	 terms & conditions 	 faq bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: software development at royal danish library | a peekhole into the life of the software development department at the royal danish library 	 		 			 								 					 						software development at royal danish library 					 				 				a peekhole into the life of the software development department at the royal danish library 									 						 					 								 			 								skip to content 					home 	about 	net archive search 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 	 		← older posts 		 	 	 			 			solrwayback . release! what’s it all about? part  			 				posted on february , by thomasegense			 					 				 in this blog post i will go into the more technical details of solrwayback and the new version . release. the whole frontend gui was rewritten from scratch to be up to date with web-applications expectations along with many new features implemented in the backend. i recommend reading the frontend blog post first. the frontend blog post has beautiful animated gifs demonstrating most of the features in solrwayback. live demo of solrwayback you can access a live demo of solrwayback here. thanks to national széchényi library of hungary for providing the solrwayback demo site! back in … the open source solrwayback project was created in as an alternative to the existing webarchive frontend applications at that time. at the royal danish library we were already using blacklight as search frontend. blacklight is an all purpose solr frontend application and is very easy to configure and install by defining a few properties such as solr server url, fields and facet fields. but since blacklight is a generic solr-frontend it had no special handling of the rich datastructure we had in solr. also the binary data such as images and videos are not in solr, so integration to the warc-file repository can enrich the experience and make playback possible, since solr has enough information to work as cdx server also. another interesting frontend was the shine frontend. it was custom tailored for the solr index created with warc-indexer and had features such as trend analysis (n-gram) visualization of search results over time. the showstopper was that shine was using an older version the play-framework and the latest version of the play-framework was not backwards compatible to the maintained branch of the play-framework. upgrading was far from trivial and would require a major rewrite of the application. adding to that, the frontend developers had years of experience with the larger more widely used pure javascript-frameworks. the weapon of choice by the frontenders for solrwayback was the vue js framework. both solrwayback . and the new rewritten solrwayback . had the frontend developed in vue js. if you have skills in vue js and interest in solrwayback your collaboration will be appriciate 🙂 warc-indexer. where the magic happens! warc-files are indexed into solr using the warc-indexer. the warc-indexer reads every warc record,extracts all kind of information and splits this into up to different fields. it uses tika to parse all the different mime types that can be encountered in warc-files. tika extract the text from html, pdf, excel, word documents etc. it also extracts metadata from binary documents if present. the metadata can include created/modified time, title, description, author etc. for images meta-data it can also width/height or exif information such as latitude/longitude. the binary data themselves are not stored in solr but for every record in the warc-file there is a record in solr. this also includes empty records such as http (moved) with information about the new url. warc-indexer. paying the price up front… indexing a large amount of warc-files require massive amounts of cpu, but is easily parallelized as the warc-indexer takes a single warc-file as input. indexing tb ( . m warc files) of warc-files took months using cpus to give an idea of the requirements. when the existing collection is indexed, it is easier to keep up with the incremental growth of the collection. so this is the drawback when using solrwayback on large collections: the warc-files have to be indexed first. solr provides multiple ways of aggregating data, moving common netarchive statistics tasks from slow batch processing to interactive requests. based on input from researchers, the feature set is continuously expanding with aggregation, visualization and extraction of data. due to the amazing performance of solr, the query is often performed in less than seconds in a collection with billion ( * ⁹) documents and this includes facets. the search results are not limited to html pages where the freetext is found, but every document that matches the search query. when presenting the results each document type has custom display for that mime-type. html results are enriched with showing thumbnail images from page as part of the result, images are shown directly, and audio and video files can be be play directly from the results list with an in-browser player or downloaded if the browser does not support that format. solr. reaping the benefits from the warc-indexer the solrwayback java-backend offers a lot more than just sending queries to solr and returning them to the frontend. methods can aggregate data from multiple solr queries or directly read warc entries and return the processed data in a simple format to the frontend. instead of re-parsing the warc files, which is a very tedious task, the information can be retreived from solr, and the task can be done in seconds/minutes instead of weeks. see the frontend blog post for more feature examples. wordcloud generating a wordcloud image is done by extracting text from random html pages from the domain and generate a wordcloud from the extracted text. interactive linkgraph by extracting domains that links to a given domain(a) and also extract outgoing links from that domain(a) you can build a link-graph. repeating this for new domains found gives you a two-level local linkgraph for the domain(a). even though this can be s of seperate solr-queries it is still done in seconds on a large corpus. clicking a domain will highlight neighbors in the graph. (try demo:interactive linkgraph) large scale linkgraph extraction of massive linkgraphs with up to k domains can be done in hours. link graph example from the danish netarchive. the exported link-graph data was rendered in gephi and made zoomable and interactive using graph presenter. the link-graphs can be exported fast as all links (a href) for each html-record are extracted and indexed as part of the corresponding solr document. image search freetext search can be used to find html documents. the html documents in solr are already enriched with image links on that page without having to parse the html again. instead of showing the html pages, solrwayback collects all the images from the pages and shows them in a google like image search result. under the assumption that text on the html page relates to the images, you can find images for can match the query. if you search for “cats” in html pages , the results found will mostly likely show pictures of cats. the pictures could not be found by just searching for the image documents if no meta data (or image-name) has “cats” as part of it. cvs stream export you can export result sets with millionsof documents to a csv file. instead of exporting all possible solr fields for each result, you can custom pick which fields to export. this csv export has been used by several researchers at the royal danish library already and gives them the opportunity to use other tools, such as rstudio, to perform analysis on the data. the national széchényi library demo site has disabled csv export in the solrwayback configuration, so it can not be tested live. warc corpus extraction besides csv export, you can also export a result to a warc-file. the export will read the warc-entry for each document in the resultset and copy the warc-header+ http-header + payload and create a new warc-file with all results combined. extract a sub-corpus this easy has already shown to be extremely useful for researchers. examples includes extracting of a domain for a given date range, or query with restriction to a list of defined domains. this export is a - mapping from the result in solr to the entries in the warc-files. solrwayback can also perform an extended warc-export which will include all resources(js/css/images) for every html page in the export. the extended export ensures that playback will also work for the sub-corpus. since the exported warc file can become very large, you can use a warc splitter tool or just split up the export in smaller batches by adding crawl year/month to the query etc. the national széchényi library demo site has disabled warc export in the solrwayback configuration, so it can not be tested live. solrwayback playback engine solrwayback has a built-in playback engine, but using it is optional and solrwayback can be configured to use any other playback engine that uses the same api in url for playback “/server/<date>/<url>” such as pywb. it has been a common misunderstanding that solrwayback forces you to use the solrwayback playback engine. the demo at national széchényi library has configured pywb as alternative playback engine. clicking the icon next to the titel for a html result will open playback in pywb instead of solrwayback. playback quality the playback quality of solrwayback is an improvement over openwayback for the danish netarchive, but not as good as pywb. the technique used is url-rewrite just as pywb does, and replaces urls according to the html specification for html-pages and css files. however , solrwayback does not replace links generated from javascript yet, but this is most likely to be improved in a next major release. it has not been a priority since the content for the the danish netarchive is harvested with heritrix and the dynamic javascript resources are not harvested by heritrix. this is only a problem for absolute links, ie. starting with http://domain/… since all relative url paths will be resolved automatically due to the url playback api. relative links that refer to the root of the playback-server will also be resolved by the solrwaybackrootproxy application which has this sole purpose. it calculates the correct url from the http-referer tags and redirect back into solrwayback. the absolute url from javascript (or dynamic javascript) can result in live leaks. this can be avoided by a http proxy or just adding a white list of urls to the browser. in the danish citrix production environment, live leaks are blocked by sandboxing the enviroment. improving playback is in the pipeline. the solrwayback playback has been designed to as authentic as possible without showing a fixed toolbar in top of the browser. only a small overlay is included in the top left corner, that can be removed with a click, so that you see the page as it was harvested. from playback overlay you can open the calendar and an overview of the resources included by the html page along with their timestamps compared to the main html page, similar to the feature provided by the archive.org playback engine. the url replacement is done up front and fully resolved to an exact warc file and offset. an html page can have of different resources on the page and each of them require an url lookup for the version nearest to the crawl time of the html page. all resource lookups for a single html page are batched as a single solr query, which both improves performance and scalability. solrwayback and scalability for scalability, it all comes down to the scalability of solrcloud, which has proven without a doubt to be one of the leading search technologies and is still rapidly improving for each new version. storing the iindexes on ssd gives substantial performance boosts as well but can be costly. the danish netarchive has solr servers running in a solrcloud setup. one of the servers is master and the only one that recieve requests. the solr master has an empty index but is responsible for gathering the data from the other solr-services. if the master server also had an index there would be an overhead. of the solr servers have a gb index with an average of ~ m documents while the last servers currently has an empty index, but it makes expanding the collections easy without any configuration changes. even with billion documents, the query response times are sub seconds. the result query and the facet query are seperate simultaneous calls and its advantage is that the result can be rendered very fast and the facets will finish loading later. for very large results in the billions, the facets can take seconds or more, but such queries are not realistic and the user should be more precise in limiting the results up front. building new shards building of new shards (collection pieces) is done outside the production enviroment and moved into one of the empty solr servers when the index reaches ~ gb. the index is optimized before it is moved, since no more data will be written to it that would undo the optimization. this will also give a small performance improvement in query times. if the indexing was done directly into the production index, it would also impact response times. the separation of the production and building environment has spared us from dealing with complex problems we would have faced otherwise. it also makes speeding up the index building trivial by assigning more machines/cpu for the task and creating multiple indexes at once. you can not keep indexing into the same shard forever as this would cause other problems. we found the sweet spot at that time to be ~ gb index size and it could fit on the gb ssds that were available to us when the servers were built. the size of the index also requires more memory of each solr server and we have allocated gb memory to each. for our large scale webarchive we keep track of which warc files has been indexed using archon and arctica. archon is the central server with a database and keeps track of all warc files and if they have been index and into which shard number. arctika is a small workflow application that starts warc-indexer jobs and query arctika for next warc file to process and return the call when it has been completed. solrwayback – framework solrwayback is a single java web application containing both the vue frontend and java backend. the backend has two rest service interfaces written with jax-rs. one is responsible for services called by the vue frontend and the other handles playback logic. solrwayback software bundle solrwayback comes with an out of the box bundle release. the release contains a tomcat server with solrwayback, a solr server and workflow for indexing. all products are configured. all that is required is unzipping the zip file and copying the two property-files to your home-directory. add some warc-files yourself and start the indexing job. try: solrwayback software bundle 			 			 										 	 			 									 						posted in open source, solr, visualization, web					 					| 				 								 					tagged iipc, solr, solrwayback, webarchiving				 				| 				 				 comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			solrwayback . release! what’s it all about? 			 				posted on february , by jesper lauridsen			 					 				 so, it’s finally here! solrwayback . was released december th, after an intense development period. in this blog post, we’ll give you a nice little overview of the changes we made, some of the improvements and some of the added functionality that we’re very proud of having released. so let’s dig in! a small intro – what is solrwayback really? as the name implies, solrwayback is a fusion of discovery (solr) and playback (wayback) functionality. besides full-text search, solr provides multiple ways of aggregating data, moving common net archive statistics tasks from slow batch processing to interactive requests. based on input from researchers the feature set is continuously expanding with aggregation, visualization and extraction of data. solrwayback relies on real time access to warc files and a solr index populated by the ukwa webarchive-discovery tool. the basic workflow is: 	amass a collection of warcs (using heritrix, wget, archiveit…) and put them on live storage 	analyze and process the warcs using webarchive-discovery. depending on the amount of warcs, this can be a fairly heavy job: processing ½ petabyte of warcs at the royal danish library took + cpu-years 	index the result from webarchive-discovery into solr. for non-small collections, this means solrcloud and solid state drives. a rule of thumb is that the index takes up about - % of the size of the compressed warcs 	connect solrwayback to the warc storage and the solr index a small visual illustration of the components used for solrwayback. live demo try live demo provided by national széchényi library, hungary. (thanks!) helicopter view: what happend to solrwayback we decided to give the solrwayback a complete makeover, making the interface more coherent, the design more stylish, and the information architecture better structured. at first glance, not much has changed apart from an update on the color scheme, but looking closely, we’ve added some new functionality, and grouped some of the existing features in a new, and much improved, way. the new interface of solrwayback. the search page is still the same, and after searching you’ll still see all the results lined in a nice single column. we’ve added some more functionality up front, giving you the opportunity to see the warc header for a single post, as well as selecting an alternative playback engine for the post. some of the more noticeable reworks and optimizations are highlighted in the section below. faster loadtimes we’ve done some work under the hood too, to make the application run faster. a lot of our call to the backend has been reworked to be individual calls, only being requested at need. this means, that facet calls are now made as a separate call to the backend instead of being being called with a query. so when you’re paging results, we only request the results – giving us a faster response, since the facets stay the same. the same principle has been applied to loading images and individual post data. gui polished as mentioned, we’ve done some cleanup in the interface, making it easier to navigate. the search field has been reworked, to service the many needs. it will expand if the query is line separated (do so by shift+enter), making large and complex queries much easier to manage. we’ve even added context sensitive help, so if you’re making queries with boolean operators or similar, solrwayback tell you if their syntax is correct. we’ve kept the most used features upfront, with image and url search readily available from the get go. the same goes for the option to group the search results to avoid url duplicates. below the line are some of of the other features not directly linked to the query field, but nice to have upfront. searching with an uploaded file, searching by gps and the toolbox containing a lot of the different tools that can help gain insight into the archive, by generating wordclouds or link graphs, searching through the ngram interface and much more. the nifty helper when making complex queries for solrwayback. image searching by location rethought we’re reworked the way to search and look through the results when searching by gps coordinates. we’ve made it easy to search for a specific location, and we’ve grouped the results so that they are easier to interpret. the new and improved location search interface. images intentionally blurred. zooming into the map will expand the places where images are clustered. furthermore, we realize that sometimes the need is to look through all the images regardless of their exact position, so we’ve made a split screen that can expand either way, depending on your needs. it’s still possible to do do a new search based on any of the found images in the list. elaborated export options we’ve added a more functionality to the export options. it’s possible to export both fields from the full search result and the raw warc records for the search result, if enabled in the settings. you can even decide the format of your export and we’ve added an option to select exactly which fields in the search result you want exported – so if you want to leave out some stuff, that is now possible! quickly move through your archive the standard search ui is pretty much as you are accustomed to but we made an effort to keep things simple and clean as well as facilitating in depth research and tracking of subject interests. in the search results you get a basic outline of metadata on each post. you can narrow your search with the provided facet filters. when expanding a post you get access to all metadata and every field has a link if you which to explore a particular angle related to your post. so you can quickly navigate the archive by starting wide, filtering and afterwards do a specific drill down and find related material. visualization of search result by domain we’ve also made it very easy to quickly get a overview of the results. when clicking the icon in the results headline, you get a complete overview of the different domains in the results, and how big of a portion of the search result they amount for to each year. this is a very neat way to get a overview of the results, and the relative distribution by year. the toolbox with quick access from right under the search box we have gathered toolbox with utilities for further data exploration. in the following we will give you a quick tour of the updates and new functionality in this section. linkgraph, domain stats and wordcloud linkgraph. domain stats. wordcloud. we reworked the linkgraph, the wordcloud and the domain stats components a little, adding some more interaction to the graph and domain stats, and polished the interface for all of them a little. for the linkgraph, it is now possible to highlight certain sections within the graph, making it much easier to navigate the sometimes rather large cluster, and looking at connections you find relevant. these tools now provide a easy and quick way to gain a deeper insight in specific domains and what content they hold. ngram we are so pleased to finally be able to supply a classical ngram search tool complete with graphs and all. in this version you are able to search through the entire html content of your archive and see how the results are distributed over time (harvest time). you can even do comparisons by providing several queries sequentially and see how they compare. on every graph the datapoint at each year is clickable and will trigger a search for the underlying results which is a very handy feature for checking the context and further exploring underlying data. oh and before we forget – if things get a little crowded in the graph area you can always click on the nicely colored labels at the top of the chart and deselect/select each query. the ngram interface. the evolution of the blink tag. if the html content isn’t really your thing but your passion lays within the html tags themselves we got you covered. just flip the radio button under the search box over to html-tags in html-pages and you will have all same features listed above but now the underlying data will be the html tags themselves. as easy as that you will finally be able to get answers to important questions like ‘when did we actually start to frown upon the blink tag?’ the export functionality for ngram. gephi export the possibilty to export a query, in a format that can be used in gephi, is still present in the new version of solrwayback.  this will allow you to create some very nice visual graphs that can help you explore how exactly a collection of results are tied together. if you’re interested in this, feel free to visit the labs website about gephi graphs, where we’ve showcasted some of the possiblities of using gephi. tools for the playback solrwayback comes with a build in playback engine, but can be configured to use another playback engine such as pywb. the solrwayback playback viewer shows a small toolbar overlay on the page that can be opened or hidden. when the toolbar is hidden the page is display without any frame/top-toolbar etc. to show the page exactly as it was harvested. the menu when you access the individual search results. when you have clicked a specific result, you’re taking to the harvested resource. if it is a website, you will be shown a menu to the right, giving you some more ways to analyse the resource.  this menu is hidden in the left upper corner when you enter, but can be expanded by clicking on it. the harvest calendar will give you a very smooth overview of the harvest times of the resource, so you can easily see when, and how often, the resource has been harvest in the current index. this gives you an excellent opportunity to look at your index over time, and see how a website evolved. the date harvest calendar module. the pwid option lets you export the harvest resource metadata, so you can share what’s in that particular resource in a nice and clean way. the pwid standard is an excellent way to keep track of, and share ressources between researchers, so a list of the exact dataset is preserved – along with all the resources to go with it view page resources gives you a clean overview of the contents of the harvested page, along with all the resources. we’ve even added a way to quickly see the difference between the first and the last harvested resource on the page, giving you a quick hint of the contents and if they are all from the same period. you can even see a preview of the page here and download the individual resources from the page, if you wish. customization of your local solrwayback instance we’ve made it possible to customize your installation, to fit your needs. the logo can be changed, the about text can be changed, and you can even customize your search guidelines, if you need to. this makes sure, that you have a chance to make instance your own in some way – making sure that people can recognize when they are using your instance of solarwayback, and it can now reflect your organisation and the people who is contributing to it. the future of the solrwayback this is just the beginning for solrwayback. further down the road, we hope to add even more functionality that can help you dig deeper into the archives. one of our main goals is to provide you with the tools necessary to understand and analyse the vast amounts of data, that lies in most of the archives that solrwayback is designed for. we already have a few ideas as to what could be useful, but if you have any suggestions for tools that might be helpful, feel free to reach out to us. and a teaser: thomas egense is currently writing a blog post that focuses on the more technical aspects of solrwayback. stay tuned! 							 	 			 									 						posted in frontend, web					 					| 				 				 				 comments 							 		 		 	 	 			 			which type bug? 			 				posted on june , by toke eskildsen			 					 				 a light tale of bug hunting an out of memory problem with solrcloud. the setup and the problem at the royal danish library we provide full text search for the danish netarchive. the heavy lifting is done in a single collection solrcloud made up of shards (for a total of tb / billion documents). all queries are issued to a solr instance with an empty shard, with the sole responsibility of aggregating responses from the real shards. one of the frontends is solrwayback, which is a javascript application backed by a middle layer acting as an advanced proxy; issuing searches, rewriting html, doing streaming exports and so. the problem this time was that the aggregating solr node occasionally crashed with an out of memory error, where occasionally means that it sometimes took months to crash, sometimes days. clues and analysis 	access to the netarchive search is strictly controlled, so there were no chance of denial of service or fimilar foul play. 	log analysis showed modest activity (a maximum of concurrent searches) around the time of the latest crash. 	the queries themselves were run-of-the-mill, but the crashing queries themselves were not logged, as solr only logs the query when is has been completed, not when it starts. 	the garbage collection logs showed that everything was a-ok, right up til the time when everything exploded in progressively longer collections, culminating in a second stop-the-world and no heap space left. heap graph with stop-the-world gc as red triangles, courtesy of gceasy.io should be simple to pinpoint, right? and (plot twist) for once it was! of course we chased the usual red herrings, but ultimately “dissect the logs around the problematic time slots” won the day. pop quiz: what is wrong with the log entries below? (meticulously unearthed from too many nearly-but-not-fully-similar entries and with timestamps adjusted to match graph-timezone). ) - - : : . info (qtp - ) [c:ns s:shard r:core_node x:ns _shard _replica_n ] o.a.s.c.s.request [ns _shard _replica_n ] webapp=/solr path=/select params={q=facebook.com&facet.field=domain&facet.field=content_type_norm&facet.field=type&facet.field=crawl_year&facet.field=status_code&facet.field=public_suffix&hl=on&indent=true&fl=id,score,title,hash,source_file_path,source_file_offset,url,url_norm,wayback_date,domain,content_type,crawl_date,content_type_norm,type&start= &q.op=and&fq=record_type:response+or+record_type:arc&fq=domain:"facebook.com"+and+crawl_year:" "&rows= &wt=json&facet=true&f.crawl_year.facet.limit= } hits= status= qtime= ) - - : : . info (qtp - ) [c:ns s:shard r:core_node x:ns _shard _replica_n ] o.a.s.c.s.request [ns _shard _replica_n ] webapp=/solr path=/select params={q=facebook.com&facet.field=domain&facet.field=content_type_norm&facet.field=type&facet.field=crawl_year&facet.field=status_code&facet.field=public_suffix&hl=on&indent=true&fl=id,score,title,hash,source_file_path,source_file_offset,url,url_norm,wayback_date,domain,content_type,crawl_date,content_type_norm,type&start= &q.op=and&fq=record_type:response+or+record_type:arc&fq=domain:"facebook.com"+and+crawl_year:" "&rows= &wt=json&facet=true&f.crawl_year.facet.limit= } hits= status= qtime= ) - - : : . info (qtp - ) [c:ns s:shard r:core_node x:ns _shard _replica_n ] o.a.s.c.s.request [ns _shard _replica_n ] webapp=/solr path=/select params={q=facebook.com&facet.field=domain&facet.field=content_type_norm&facet.field=type&facet.field=crawl_year&facet.field=status_code&facet.field=public_suffix&hl=on&indent=true&fl=id,score,title,hash,source_file_path,source_file_offset,url,url_norm,wayback_date,domain,content_type,crawl_date,content_type_norm,type&start= &q.op=and&fq=record_type:response+or+record_type:arc&fq=domain:"facebook.com"+and+crawl_year:" "&rows= &wt=json&facet=true&f.crawl_year.facet.limit= } hits= status= qtime= ) - - : : . info (qtp - ) [c:ns s:shard r:core_node x:ns _shard _replica_n ] o.a.s.c.s.request [ns _shard _replica_n ] webapp=/solr path=/select params={q=facebook.com&facet.field=domain&facet.field=content_type_norm&facet.field=type&facet.field=crawl_year&facet.field=status_code&facet.field=public_suffix&hl=on&indent=true&fl=id,score,title,hash,source_file_path,source_file_offset,url,url_norm,wayback_date,domain,content_type,crawl_date,content_type_norm,type&start= &q.op=and&fq=record_type:response+or+record_type:arc&fq=domain:"facebook.com"+and+crawl_year:" "&rows= &wt=json&facet=true&f.crawl_year.facet.limit= } hits= status= qtime= ) - - : : . info (qtp - ) [c:ns s:shard r:core_node x:ns _shard _replica_n ] o.a.s.c.s.request [ns _shard _replica_n ] webapp=/solr path=/select params={q=facebook.com&facet.field=domain&facet.field=content_type_norm&facet.field=type&facet.field=crawl_year&facet.field=status_code&facet.field=public_suffix&hl=on&indent=true&fl=id,score,title,hash,source_file_path,source_file_offset,url,url_norm,wayback_date,domain,content_type,crawl_date,content_type_norm,type&start= &q.op=and&fq=record_type:response+or+record_type:arc&fq=domain:"facebook.com"+and+crawl_year:" "&rows= &wt=json&facet=true&f.crawl_year.facet.limit= } hits= status= qtime= if your answer was “hey, what’s up with start!?” then you are now officially a big search analyst. your badge will arrive shortly. for those not catching it (that included me for a long time): 	a search is issued with a query for facebook material from with the parameters start= &rows= (corresponding to page in a ui which shows results/page). response time is seconds. 	the same query is repeated, this time with start= &rows= . if the intent was to go to page in the ui, we would expect start= &rows= . response time is seconds. 	the query is changed to facebook material from , still with start= &rows= . seems like someone’s url hacking. response time is ½ seconds. 	same query as in # , but now with start= &rows= . response time jumps to seconds. 	the query is changed to facebook material from , with the previous start= &rows= intact. response time jumps to seconds. locating the error time to inspect the code responsible for the paging: if (this.start + < this.totalhits) { this.start = this.start + ; } seems innocent enough and when we tested by pressing “next” a few times in solrwayback, it did indeed behave exemplary: start= , start= , start= and so on. looking further down we encounter this nugget: /* method used on creation, reload and route change to get query parameters */ getqueryparams:function(){ this.myquery = this.$route.query.query; this.start= this.$route.query.start; this.filters = this.$route.query.filter; ... a quick appliance of console.log(typeof this.start) in the right place tells us that when the ui page is reloaded, which happens when the url is changed by hand, the type of this.start becomes a string! loosely typed languages is a taste not acquired by your humble author. back to the code for skipping to the next page: this.start = this.start + ; if this.start is to begin with and if it is a string, we suddenly have " " + , which javascript handles by casting the number to the string : " " + " " = " ". that translates to page instead of page , which of course is not what the user wants, but how does it become a memory problem? solrcloud internals and the smoking gun the solrcloud for netarchive search is a distributed one (remember the shards?), so when documents starting at position are needed, the master must request start= &rows= document representations from each shard, sort them and deliver documents - . for our setup that means holding up to * = million document representations in memory. the master node has one job and this it it, so it handles the load. yes, it bumps heap requirements temporarily with a gigabyte or two, but that’s okay. it still delivers the result in seconds. so what happens when the user presses next again? yes, " " + = " ". that’s a factor right there, as we move decimal places. and master has -xmx= g… fortunately the logged request only matched million documents, so the master solr got by with a gb bump to the heap (the first spike in the graph) at that time. knowing what to look for (start=xxxx, where xxxx is at least digits), it is simple to find the last relevant log entry before the crash: grep "start=[ - ][ - ][ - ][ - ]" solr.log. - - : : . info (qtp - ) [c:ns s:shard r:core_node x:ns _shard _replica_n ] o.a.s.c.s.request [ns _shard _replica_n ] webapp=/solr path=/select params={q=twitter.com&facet.field=domain&facet.field=content_type_norm&facet.field=type&facet.field=crawl_year&facet.field=status_code&facet.field=public_suffix&hl=on&indent=true&fl=id,score,title,hash,source_file_path,source_file_offset,url,url_norm,wayback_date,domain,content_type,crawl_date,content_type_norm,type&start= &q.op=and&fq=record_type:response+or+record_type:arc&fq=domain:"twitter.com"+and+content_type_norm:"html"+and+crawl_year:" "&rows= &wt=json&facet=true&f.crawl_year.facet.limit= } hits= status= qtime= here we have start= and million hits. the aggregating solr died minutes later. $ says that the request that crashed the master solr was for the same query, but with start= . as document representations * shards equals million document representations, the master jvm might have survived with -xmx= g. if not for the huge amount of tiny objects overloading the garbage collector. fixes and take aways easy fix of course: cast this.start in the javascript layer to integer and enforce an upper limit for start & rows in the middle layer for good measure. for next time we’ve learned to 	closely examine slow queries (captain obvious says hello) 	keep gc-logs a few restarts back (we only had the current and the previous one to start with) 	plot the gc pauses to see if there are spikes that did not crash the jvm (trivial to do with gceasy.io), then inspect the request logs around the same time as the spikes 							 	 			 									 						posted in eskildsen, solr					 					| 				 								 					tagged bughunting, memory				 				| 				 				leave a comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			touching encouraged (an ongoing story) 			 				posted on october , by toke eskildsen			 					 				 a recurring theme at kb labs is to show a lot of pixels. by chance we got our hands on a k touch-sensitive display, capable of showing a non-trivial amount of said pixels on a non-trivial surface area. our cunning plan is to 	adapt some of the labs products to work on the display 	put the display somewhere in the public area of the library 	watch people swoon when they delve into beautiful cultural heritage data this post is intended to be a diary of sorts, journaling what we learn. coincidental activation ( - - ) we have talked about experimenting with interactive large displays for years. with emphasis on talked. it took someone with youthful initiative to actually do something: max odsbjerg pedersen discovered a usable & unused display and promptly sent us a video showing him using a labs product on the display. days later he brokered a loan agreement and days later we verified that no one questions two people removing a large display, as long as it is transported in a cardboard box. adding heavy box moving to résumé fair warning ( - - ) the software development department has a – not entirely undeserved – reputation of being loose cannons that tend to muck about in ways that unexpectedly affects other departments. to atone for blunders past and primarily because it really is the most constructive practice, representatives of the cultural heritage and the communications departments were duly informed about the initiated process and invited to participate in discussion hereof. in other words: we met them at lunch as usual and said “hey, we’ve got this nifty idea …”, to which they answered “sounds good!”. what have we got? ( - - ) the display is a ″ samsung flᴉp. its internal software seems focused on providing a digital flip-over with some connectivity possibilities? it does not have a build-in web browser, but connecting it to a windows machine is exceedingly easy. we will just have to duct tape a laptop to its back or something to that effect. it was a pleasant surprise to discover that the excellent tool openseadragon works perfectly out of the box with multi touch on desktop browsers: tap, double tap, drag, pinch & spread. well, as long as you are not a lazy developer that still use a pre- version of openseadragon where pinching is wonky *cough*. adapt, by which we mean “remove stuff” ( - - ) three kb labs products, which would benefit from a large display, were selected: at the core they are all web pages using openseadragon and as such, adaptation mostly meant removing features and interface elements. a simple navigational area was added to switch between the products and the poc mark i alpha was born: best viewed on a ″ tablet or larger. secure, by which we mean “fail” ( - - ) since the whole thing is intended for public display & interaction, we want to make sure the users stay on the designated pages. a developer navigating one of the designated pages pressing f switches to full screen with no navigational bar in chrome and the end users does not have access to the keyboard, so problem solved? our boss bjarne andersen passed by, stopped and played with the presentations. it took him minutes to somehow activate right-click and presto, the box was cracked. thanks boss! well, chrome has a designated kiosk mode: simply add -kiosk as an argument and all is taken care off. at least until co-worker kim christensen discovers that there is a handy swipe-from-a-vertical-edge gesture that opens the windows menu and other elements. cracked again. thanks kim! disabling swipe gestures did not seem possible without admin rights, which we do not have on the current computer. there seems to be a windows kiosk mode that also requires admin rights. oh well, maybe monday? weekend calls. broken windows and tweaks ( - - ) colleague thomas egense brought a private windows laptop to work (no worries, we only connect those to the eduroam network). 	it would not connect to the large display. reboot. 	it did connect to the display in k, but not to wifi. reboot. 	it did connect to wifi, but would no longer connect to the display. reboot. 	same. reboot. 	same. give up. 	actively avoid defenestrating the laptop. drink coffee. at least it went a little better when colleague gry vindelev elstrøm stopped by. she suggested adding some sort of map overlay, so that the users would not get lost in the big collages? and of course openseadragon delivers again: seconds and a reload later the wish were granted: openseadragon with navigator overlay gry’s other wish: to have visual-similarity spatial grouping of the maps collection is both valid and entirely possible to fulfill. buuut it is not a second job and the touch screen project is a side project, so that idea was filed under when we find the time. and then they were two ( - - ) heroic display digger max odsbjerg pedersen phoned in and said he had found a twin display lying around. he’ll put it up somewhere at au library, nobel park, mirroring the display we’re working with at the reoyal danish library, aarhus. thank you, max. you do realize we’re at the early proof on concept stage, right? go ahead is a given ( - - ) gitte bomholt christensen deals with the public space at the library. she visited to take a look at the project. her first question was if we should put the display on a movable stand or if a wall mount were better. we’ll take that as a “yes, we’ll go forward with this experiment”. soon they will be five ( - - ) early in the day miniboss katrine hofmann gasser asked for requirements for extra touch displays. later in the day, miniboss katrine hofmann gasser had ordered extra touch displays. damn, people! what happened to the concept of testing a minimum viable product followed by iterative improvement? the hunt for k ( - - ) the afternoon was not free (they never are), but at least it was not bogged down with other stuff. so what about upping the resolution from hd to k? how hard can that be? yeah, trips to operations and different computers produced the new knowledge that passive displayport → hdmi cables have trouble delivering the goods. native hdmi . handles k though: admittedly at hz only, but that works well enough when the interface reflects finger movements directly. the only situation where the hz is noticeable is when the user pans by flinging. gridified tsne ( - - ) running image collections through a trained network and positioning them according to their visual similarity is one of those “the future is now”-things. one favourite is pix-plot which produces an interactive d-visualization. but the touch screen is meant for large images and pix-plot is not made to display those. plotting directly to d does not solve the problem: a bit hard to enjoy all the images when they cover each other a marriage between pix-plot and the existing zoomable grid-based layout was proposed. some hacking later with the tools ml a & rasterfairy and… yeah, kinda-sorta? as can be seen on the screenshot below, there are definitely areas of similar images, but there are also multiple areas that looks like they should be collapsed into one. something’s off, but that will have to be solved later. there’s definitely some grouping there. and groups that looks suspiciously similar there are no image duplicates – we checked! frontpage material ( - - ) thomas egense wanted something else on the large touch screen, so he extracted all frontpages from the danish newspaper berlingske tidende, available from mediestream (of course he cheated and took an internal shortcut). it is quite an old newspaper, so “all” means , pages. rendering k fairly-high-res images is no technical problem, but as our scans are greyscale the result was somewhat bland and extremely cumbersome to navigate with intention. a sea of grey thankfully newspaper frontpages do possess one singular reliable piece of metadata: the date of the paper. adding an ugly date picker was easy enough and presto! intuitive navigation of the primary navigational axis for the material. proper tsne ( - - ) a breakthrough discovery was made today: if you clumsily swap the x and y axis for the coordinates, but keep the calculated width and height, when you plot gridified data, the result is … less good. corollary: if you un-swap said axes the result looks much better! as demonstrated by these before and after images: sorry about doing this on a not-fully-public-yet dataset (the awesome “anskuelsesbilleder” at au library, emdrup): we can only show the scaled-down versions of the properly gridified tsne layout, but they should convey the gist. maybe machines can label our stuff? ( - - ) since machine learning was great at positioning images according to visual similarity (or rather a mix of visual similarity and content similarity), maybe use it to automatically label our material? well, not so much with the collection of anskuelsesbilleder: the network (imagenet) is great for labelling photographies but poor for drawings: “binder”, “web site”, “envelope” and “jigsaw puzzle” were recurring and absolutely wrong guesses. again, sorry for not being allowed to show the images. hopefully later, when the rights has been cleared, ok? ideas aplenty ( - - ) karen williams was the nearest innocent bystander to show the latest experiment with the large touch screen and she upped the ante, asking for drive-by crowd-sourcing capabilities and visualization of sound. so much untapped potential in this! organisations gotta organise ( - - ) one does not simply walk down a put a touch screen on the wall. it is hard to have patience with a new toy in hand, but it is understandable that a mix of people from different departments must participate on something that involves display of cultural heritage data in the public areas of the library. unfortunately it will be nearly weeks before said mix of people are able to meet and determine how to go about the project. deep breath. inner peace. tempus fugit. pong detour ( - - ) annual christmas party time! and jesper lauridsen did not miss the oportunity that a big touch screen presented. he whipped up a multi-ball pong game where the balls were the faces of the people at the party. will you be hitting your colleague with a bat or let said colleague fall into oblivion? great success and nobody spilled beer on the touch table! and no, sorry, not allowed to show it due to the face thing. privacy and all. last details finished in the real hardware department by leet hacker jesper proper public tsne ( - - ) the image classification → tsne → rasterfairy → juxta chain is our new golden hammer, and the next collection to hits were our maps & atlases collection. given that the network was never trained explicitly for the minute differences in maps, it went surprisingly well. and this time we’re allowed to show the result: don’t just sit there! try it yourself secure, by which we mean “nearly succeed” ( - - ) there was a meeting with the right people and it took all of ½ minute to decide that yes, the large tablet should definitely be displayed in the public areas. then it took minutes to hammer out the details: the plan is to mount in on wheels and move it around to see where it works best. progress! the afternoon was spend trying to make the big screen less easy to hack. it is driven by an ubuntu . box using google chrome as the browser. as discovered earlier, chrome has a “kiosk” mode, which disables right click, the address bar and more. easy! the real problem was ubuntu itself: it has tablet support, meaning clever swipe gestures that activates program selection, unmaximizes windows, shows an on screen keyboard and other goodies. goodies meaning baddies, when trying to build a display kiosk! most of the solution was to use the disable gestures extension (and reboot to get the full disablement), but the on screen keyboard (activated by swiping in from the bottom of the screen) is apparently hard baked into the system (block caribou did not help us). we might have to uninstall it completely. to be continued 							 	 			 									 						posted in eskildsen, visualization					 					| 				 				 				leave a comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			docvalues jump tables in lucene/solr  			 				posted on march , by toke eskildsen			 					 				 lucene/solr is about to be released. among a lot of other things is brings lucene- , written by your truly with a heap of help from adrien grand. lucene- introduces jump-tables for docvalues, is all about performance and brings speed-ups ranging from worse than baseline to x, extremely dependent on index and access pattern. this is a follow-up post to faster docvalues in lucene/solr +. the previous post contains an in-depth technical explanation of the docvalues mechanisms, while this post focuses on the final implementation. docvalues? whenever the content of a field is to be used for grouping, faceting, sorting, stats or streaming in solr (or elasticsearch or lucene, where applicable), it is advisable to store it using docvalues. it is also used for document retrieval, depending on setup. docvalues in lucene : linked lists lucene shifted the api for docvalues from random access to sequential. this meant smaller storage footprint and cleaner code, but also caused the worst case single value lookup to scale linear with document count: getting the value for a docvalued field from the last document in a segment required a visit to all other value blocks. the linear access time was not a problem for small indexes or requests for values for a lot of documents, where most blocks needs to be visited anyway. thus the downside of the change was largely unnoticeable or at least unnoticed. for some setups with larger indexes, it was very noticeable and for some of them it was also noticed. for our netarchive search setup, where each segments has m documents, there was a severe performance regression: - x for common interactive use. text book optimization: jump-tables the lucene docvalues structure behaves as a linked list of data-nodes, with the specializations that it is build sequentially and that it is never updated after the build has finished. this makes it possible to collect the node offsets in the underlying index data during build and to store an array of these offsets along with the index data. with the node offsets quickly accessible, worst-case access time for a docvalue entry becomes independent of document count. of course, there is a lot more to this: see the previously mentioned faster docvalues in lucene/solr + for details. one interesting detail for jump-tables is that they can be build both as a cache on first access (see lucene- ) and baked into the index-data (see lucene- ). i much preferred having both options available in lucene, to get instant speed up with existing indexes and technically superior implementation for future indexes. alas, only lucene- was deemed acceptable. best case test case our netarchive search contains solr collections, each holding m documents in gb of index data. each collection is shard, merged down to segment and never updated. most fields are docvalues and they are heavily used for faceting, grouping, statistics, streaming exports and document retrieval. the impact of lucene- should be significant. in netarchive search, all collections are searched together using an alias. for the tests below only a single collection was used for practical reasons. there are three contenders: 	unmodified solr collection, using solr . . rc . codename solr . in this setup, jump-tables are not active as solr . . rc , which includes lucene- , only supports index-time jump-tables. this is the same as solr behaviour. 	solr collection upgraded to solr , using solr . . rc . codename solr r . in this setup, jump-tables are active and baked into the index data. this is the expected future behaviour when solr is released. 	solr collection, using lucene/solr at git commit point d f a b ab eda e c b a fc. codename solr l . during lucene- (search time jump tables) development, the implementation was committed to master. this was later reverted, but the checkout allow us to see what the performance would have been if this path had been chosen. test hardware is a puny -core i desktop with gb of ram, a tb rpm drive and a tb ssd. about gb of ram free for disk cache. due to time constraints only the streaming export test has been done on the spinning drive, the rest is ssd only. streaming exports 	premise: solr’s export function is used by us to extract selected fields from the collection, typically to deliver a csv-file with urls, mime types, file sizes etc for a corpus defined by a given filter. it requires docvalues to work. 	dv-problem: the current implementation of streaming export in solr does not retrieve the field values in document order, making the access pattern extremely random. this is absolute worst case for sequential docvalues. note that solr- will hopefully remedy this at some point. the test performs a streaming export of fields for , documents in the m index. the same export is done times, to measure the impact of caching. curl '<solr>/export?q=text:hestevogn&sort=id+desc& fl=content_type_ext,content_type_served,crawl_date,content_length' 		run seconds	run seconds	run seconds	run seconds 	solr spin	 	 	 	 	solr r spin	 	 	 	 	solr l spin	 	 	 	 	solr ssd	 	 	 	 	solr r ssd	 	 	 	 	solr l ssd	 	 	 	 observation: both solr r and solr l vastly outperforms solr . on a spinning drive there is a multi-minute penalty for run after which the cache has been warmed. this is a well known phenomenon. faceting 	premise: faceting is used everywhere and it is a hard recommendation to use docvalues for the requested fields. 	dv-problem: filling the counters used when faceting is done in document order, which works well with sequential access as long as the jumps aren’t too long: small result sets are relatively heavier penalized than large result sets. simple term-based searches with top- faceting on fields of varying type and cardinality: domain, crawl_year, public_suffix, content_type_norm, status_code and host. reading the graphs: all charts in this blog post follows the same recipe: 	x-axis is hit count (aka result set size), y-axis is response time (lower is better) 	hit counts are bucketed by order of magnitude and for each magnitude, boxes are shown for the three contenders: blue boxes are solr , pink are solr r and green are solr l 	the bottom of a box is the percentile, the top is the percentile. the black line in the middle is the median. minimum response time for the bucket is the bottom spike, while the top spike is percentile 	maximum response times are not shown as they tend to jitter severely due to garbage collection observation: modest gains from jump-tables with both solr rc and solr l . surprisingly the gains scale with hit count, which should be investigated further. grouping 	premise: grouping is used in netarchive search to collapse multiple harvests of the same url. as with faceting, using docvalues for grouping fields are highly recommended. 	dv-problem: as with faceting, group values are retrieved in document order and follows the same performance/scale logic. simple term-based searches with grouping on the high-cardinality (~ m unique values) field url_norm. observations: modest gains from jump-tables, similar to faceting. sorting 	premise: sorting is a basic functionality. 	dv-problem: as with faceting and grouping, the values used for sorting are retrieved in document order and follows the same performance/scale logic. this tests performs simple term-based searches with sorting on the high-cardinality field content_length. observations: modest gains from jump-tables. contrary to faceting and grouping, performance for high hit counts are the same for all setups, which fits with the theoretical model. positively surprising is that the theoretical overhead of the jump-tables does not show for higher hit counts. document retrieval 	premise: content intended for later retrieval can either be stored explicitly or as docvalues. doing both means extra storage, but also means that everything is retrieved from the same stored (and compressed) blocks, minimizing random access to the data. for the netarchive search at the royal danish library we don’t double-store field data and nearly all of the retrievable fields are docvalues. 	dv-problem: getting a search result is a multi-step process. early on, the top-x documents matching the query are calculated and their ids are collected. after that the ids are used for retrieving document representations. if this is done from docvalues, it means random access linear to the number of documents requested. simple term-based relevance ranked searches for the top- matching documents with core fields: id, source_file_s, url_norm, host, domain, content_type_served, content_length, crawl_date and content_language. observations: solid performance improvement with jump-tables. production request 	premise: the different functionalities are usually requested in combination. at netarchive search a typical request uses grouping, faceting, cardinality counting and top- document retrieval. 	dv-problem: combining functionality often means that separate parts of the index data are accessed. this can cause cache thrashing if there is not enough free memory for disk cache. with sequential docvalues, all intermediate blocks needs to be visited, increasing the need for disk cache. jump-tables lowers the number of storage requests and are thus less reliant on cache size. simple term-based relevance ranked searches for the top- matching documents, doing grouping, faceting, cardinality and document retrieval as described in the tests above. observations: solid performance improvement with jump tables. as with the previous analysis of search-time jump tables, utilizing multiple docvalues-using functionality has a cocktail effect where the combined impact is larger than the sum of the parts. this might be due to disk cache thrashing. overall observations & conclusions 	the effect of jump tables, both with solr . . rc and lucene- , is fairly limited; except for export and document retrieval, where the gains are solid. 	the two different implementations of jump tables performs very similar. do remember that these tests does not involve index updates at all: as lucene- is search-time, it does have a startup penalty when indexes are updated. for a the large segment index tested above, the positive impact of jump tables is clear. furthermore there is no significant slow down for higher hit counts with faceting/grouping/statistics, where the jump tables has no positive impact. before running these tests, it was my suspicion that the search-time jump tables in lucene- would perform better than the baked-in version. this showed not to be the case. as such, my idea of combining the approaches by creating in-memory copies of some of the on-storage jump tables has been shelved. missing performance testing is never complete, it just stops. some interesting thing to explore could be 	spinning drives 	concurrent requests 	raw search speed with rows= 	smaller corpus 	variations of rows, facet.limit and group.limit 	kibana and similar data-visualization tools 							 	 			 									 						posted in eskildsen, hacking, low-level, lucene, performance, solr, uncategorized					 					| 				 				 				 comments 							 		 		 	 	 			 			faster docvalues in lucene/solr  + 			 				posted on october , by toke eskildsen			 					 				this is a fairly technical post explaining lucene- and its implications on lucene, solr and (qualified guess) elasticsearch search and retrieval speed. it is primarily relevant for people with indexes of m+ documents. teaser we have a solr setup for netarchive search at the royal danish library. below are response times grouped by the magnitude of the hitcount with and without the lucene patch. grouping on url_norm, cardinality stats on url_norm, faceting on fields and retrieval of all stored & docvalued fields for the top- documents in our search result. as can be seen, the median response time with the patch is about half that of vanilla solr. the % percentile shows that the outliers has also been markedly reduced. long explanation follows as to what the patch does and why indexes with less than m documents are not likely to see the same performance boost. lucene/solr (birds eye) lucene is a framework for building search engines. solr is a search engine build using lucene. lucene, and thereby solr, is known as an inverted index, referring to the terms⟶documents structure that ensures fast searches in large amounts of material. as with most things, the truth is a little more complicated. fast searches are not enough: quite obviously it also helps to deliver a rich document representation as part of the search. more advanced features are grouping, faceting, statistics, mass exports etc. all of these have in common that they at some point needs to map documents⟶terms. lucene indexes are logically made up of segments containing documents made up of fields containing terms (or numbers/booleans/raws…). fields can be 	indexed for searching, which means terms⟶documents lookup 	stored for document retrieval 	docvalues for documents⟶terms lookup stored and docvalues representations can both be used for building a document representation as part of common search. stored cannot be used for grouping, faceting and similar purposes. the two strengths of stored are 	compression, which is most effective for “large” content. 	locality, meaning that all the terms for stored fields for a given document are stored together, making is low-cost to retrieve the content for multiple fields. whenever grouping, faceting etc. needs the documents⟶terms mapping, it can either be resolved from docvalues, which are build for this exact purpose, or by un-inverting the indexed terms. un-inversion costs time & memory, so the strong recommendation is to enable docvalues for grouping, faceting etc. docvalues in lucene/solr + (technical) so the mission is to provide a documents⟶terms (and numbers/booleans/etc) lookup mechanism. in lucene/solr , & this mechanism had a random access api, meaning that terms could be requested for documents in no particular order. the implementation presented some challenges and from lucene/solr this was changed to an iterator api (see lucene- ), meaning that terms must be resolved in increasing document id order. if the terms are needed for a document with a lower id that previously requested, a new iterator must be created and the iteration starts from the beginning. most of the code for this is available in lucene docvaluesproducer and indexeddisi. digging into it, the gains from the iterative approach becomes apparent: besides a very clean implementation with lower risk of errors, the representation is very compact and requires very little heap to access. indeed, the heap requirement for the search nodes in netarchive search at the royal danish library was nearly halved when upgrading from solr to solr . the compact representation is primarily the work of adrian grand in lucene- and lucene- . when reading the wall of text below, it helps to mentally view the structures as linked lists: to get to a certain point in the list, all the entries between the current entry and the destination entry needs to be visited. docvalues sparseness and packing it is often the case that not all documents contains terms for a given field. when this is case, the field is called sparse. a trivial representation for mapping documents⟶terms for a field with or long values per document would be an array of long[#documents_in_segment], but this takes up bytes/document, whether the document has a value defined or not. lucene- optimizes sparse values by using indirection: first step is to determine whether a document has a value or not. if it has a value, an index into a value-structure is derived. the second step is to retrieve the value from the value-structure. indeddisi takes care of the first step: for each docvalues field, documents are grouped in blocks of documents. each block starts with meta-data stating the block-id and the number of documents in the block that has a value for the field. there are types of blocks: 	empty: documents in the block has a term. 	sparse: - documents in the block has a term. 	dense: - documents in the block has a term. 	all: documents in the block has a term. step . : block skipping to determine if a document has a value and what the index of the value is, the following pseudo-code is used: while (blockindex < docid/ ) {   valueindex += block.documents_with_values_count block = seektoblock(block.nextblockoffset) blockindex++} if (!block.hasvalue(docid% )) {  // no value for docid return } valueindex += block.valueindex(docid% ) unfortunately it does not scale with index size: at the netarchive at the royal danish library, we use segments with m values (not a common use case), which means that , blocks must be iterated in the worst case. introducing an indexvalue cache solves this and the code becomes valueindex = valuecache[docid/ ] block = seektoblock(offsetcache[docid/ ]) if (!block.hasvalue(docid% ) {  // no value for docid return } valueindex += block.valueindex(docid% ) the while-loop has been removed and getting to the needed block is constant-time. step . : block internals determining the value index inside of the block is trivial for empty and all blocks. sparse is a list of the documentids with values that is simply iterated (this could be a binary search). this leaves dense, which is the interesting one. dense blocks contains a bit for each of its documents, represented as a bitmap = long[ ]. getting the value index is a matter of counting the set bits up to the wanted document id: inblockid = docid% while (inblockindex < inblockid/ ) { valueindex += total_set_bits(bitmap[inblockindex++]) } valueindex += set_bits_up_to(bitmap[inblockindex], inblockid% ) this is not as bad as it seems as counting bits in a long is a single processor instruction on modern cpus. still, doing of anything to get a value is a bit much and this worst-case is valid for even small indexes. this is solved by introducing another cache: rank = char[ ] (a char is bytes): inblockid = docid% valueindex = rank[inblockid/ ] inblockindex = inblockid/ * while (inblockindex < inblockid/ ) { valueindex += total_set_bits(bitmap[inblockindex++]) } valueindex += set_bits_up_to(bitmap[inblockindex], inblockid% ) worst-case it reduced to a rank-cache lookup and summing of the bits from longs. now that step : value existence and value index has been taken care of, the value itself needs to be resolved. step : whole numbers representation there are different types of values lucene/solr: strings, whole numbers, floating point numbers, booleans and binaries. on top of that a field can be single- or multi-valued. most of these values are represented in a way that provides direct lookup in lucene/solr , but whole numbers are special. in java whole numbers are represented in a fixed amount of bytes, depending on type: byte for byte, bytes for short or char, bytes for integer and bytes for long. this is often wasteful: the sequence [ , , , ] could be represented using only bits/value. the sequence [ , , , ] could also be represented using only bits/value if it is known that the greatest common divisor is ⁷. the list of tricks goes on. for whole numbers, lucene/solr uses both the smallest amount of bits required by packedints for a given sequence as well as greatest common divisor and constant offset. these compression techniques works poorly both for very short sequences and for very long ones; lucene- splits whole numbers into sequences of numbers. getting the value for a given index is a matter of locating the right block and extracting the value from that block: while (longblockindex < valueindex/ ) { longblock = seektolongblock(longblock.nextblockoffset) longblockindex++ } value = longblock.getvalue(valueindex% ) this uses the same principle as for value existence and the penalty for iteration is also there: in our m documents/segment index, we have numeric fields where most values are present. they have , blocks each, which must be all be visited in the worst case. the optimization is the same as for value existence: introduce a jump table. longblock = seektolongblock(longjumps[valueindex/ )) value = longblock.getvalue(valueindex% ) value retrieval becomes constant time. theoretical observations 	with a pure iterative approach, performance goes down when segment size goes up and the amount of data to retrieve goes up slower than index size. the performance slowdown only happens after a certain point! as long as the gap between the docids is small enough to be within the current or the subsequent data chunk, pure iteration is fine. consequently, the requests that involves lots of monotonically increasing docid lookups (faceting, sorting & grouping for large result sets) fits the iterative api well as they needs data from most data blocks. requests that involves fewer monotonically increasing docid lookups (export & document retrieval for all requests, faceting, sorting & grouping for small result sets) fits poorly as they result in iteration over data blocks that do not provide any other information than a link to the next data block. 	as all the structures are storage-backed, iterating all data blocks – even when it is just to get a pointer to the next block – means a read request. this is problematic, unless there is plenty of ram for caching: besides the direct read-time impact, the docvalues structures will hog the disk cache. with this in mind, it makes sense to check the patch itself for performance regressions with requests for a lot of values as well as test with the disk cache fully warmed and containing the structures that are used. alas, this has to go on the to-do for now. tests hardware & index testing was done against our production netarchive search. it consists of collections, accessed as a single collection using solr’s alias mechanism. each collection is roughly m documents / gb of index data optimized to segment, each segment on a separate ssd. each machine has gb of ram with about gb free for disk cache. there are machines, each serving collections (except the last one that only serves at the moment). this means that ~ % of total index size is disk cached. methodology 	queries were constructed by extracting terms of varying use from the index and permutating them for simple - term queries 	all tests were against the full production index, issued at times when it was not heavily used 	queries were issued single-threaded, with no repeat queries 	all test setups were executed times, with a new set of queries each time 	the order of patch vs. sans-patch tests was always patch first, to ensure that any difference in patch favour was not due to better disk caching how to read the charts all charts are plotted with number of hits on the x-axis and time on the y-axis. the x-axis is logarithmic with the number of hits bucketed by magnitude: first bucket holds all measurements with - hits, second bucket holds those with - hits, the third holds those with - hits and so forth. the response times are displayed as box plots where 	upper whisker is the % percentile 	top of the box is % percentile 	black bar is % percentile (the median) 	bottom of the box is % percentile 	lower whisker is minimum measured time each bucket holds boxes 	test run , patch enabled 	test run , vanilla solr 	test run , patch enabled 	test run , vanilla solr test run is discarded to avoid jitter from cache warming. ideally the boxes from run should be the same as for run . however, as the queries are always new and unique, an amount of variation is to be expected. important note : the y-axis max-value changes between some of the charts. document retrieval there seems to be some disagreement as to whether the docvalues mechanism should ever be used to populate documents, as opposed to using stored. this blog post will only note that docvalues are indeed used for this purpose at the royal danish library and let it be up to the reader to seek more information on the matter. there are about fields in total in netarchive search, with the vast majority being docvalued string fields. there are numeric docvalued fields. retrieval of top- documents with all field values observation: response times for patched (blue & green) are markedly lower than vanilla (ping & orange). the difference is fairly independent of hit count, which matches well with the premise that the result set size is constant at documents. grouping grouping on the string field url_norm field is used in netarchive search to avoid seeing too many duplicates. to remove the pronounced difference caused by document retrieval, only the single field url_norm is requested for only group with document. grouping on url_norm observation: the medians for patched vs. vanilla are about the same, with a slight edge to patched. the outliers (the top t of the boxes) are higher for vanilla. faceting faceting is done for fields of varying cardinality. as with grouping, the effect of document retrieval is sought minimized. faceting on fields domain, crawl_year, public_suffix, content_type_norm, status_code, host observation: patched is an improvement over vanilla up to m+ hits. sorting in this test, sorting is done descending on content_length, to locate the largest documents in the index. as with grouping, the effect of document retrieval is sought minimized. sorting on content_length observation: patched is a slight improvement over vanilla. cardinality in order to provide an approximate hitcount with grouping, the cardinality of the url_norm field is requested. as with grouping, the effect of document retrieval is sought minimized. hyperloglog cardinality on url_norm observation: too much jitter to say if patch helps here. numeric statistics statistics (min, max, average…) on content_length is a common use case in netarchive search. as with grouping, the effect of document retrieval is sought minimized. numeric statistics on content_length observation: patched is a slight improvement over vanilla. cocktail effect, sans document combining faceting, grouping, stats and sorting while still minimizing the effect of document retrieval. faceting on fields, grouping on url_norm, stats on content_length and sorting on content_length observation: patched is a clear improvement over vanilla. production request combination the solrwayback front end for netarchive search commonly use document retrieval for top- results, grouping, cardinality and faceting. this is the same chart as the teaser at the top, with the addition of test run . grouping on url_norm, cardinality stats on url_norm, faceting on fields and retrieval of all stored & docvalued fields for the top- documents in our search result. observation: patched is a pronounced improvement over vanilla. the combination of multiple docvalues using request parameters is interesting as the effect of the patch on the whole seems greater than the sum of the individual parts. this could be explained by cache/io saturation when using vanilla solr. whether the cause, this shows that it is important to try and simulate real-world workflows as close as possible. overall observations 	for most of the performance tests, the effect of the lucene- patch vs. vanilla is pronounced, but limited in magnitude 	besides lowing the median, there seems to be a tendency for the patch to reduce outliers, notably for  grouping 	for document retrieval, the patch improved performance significantly. separate experiments shows that export gets a similar speed boost 	for all the single-feature tests, the active parts of the index data are so small that they are probably cached. coupled with the limited improvement that the patch gives for these tests, it indicates that the patch will in general have little effect on systems where the full index is is disk cache 	the performance gains with the “production request combination” aka the standard requests from our researchers, are very high future testing 	potential regression for large hit counts 	max response times (not just percentile ) 	concurrent requests 	io-load during tests 	smaller corpus 	export/streaming 	disk cache influence want to try? there is a patch for solr trunk at lucene- and it needs third party validation from people with large indexes. i’ll port it to any solr .x-version requested and if building solr is a problem, i can also compile it and put it somewhere. hopefully it will be part of solr at some point. update : patch overhead and status currently the patch is search-time only. technically is could also be index-time by modifying the codec. for a single index in the netarchive search setup, the patch adds seconds to first search-time and mb of heap out of gb allocated for the whole solr. the seconds is in the same ballpark (this is hard to measure) as a single unwarmed search with top- document retrieval. the patch is ported to solr . . and used in production at the royal danish library. it is a debug-patch, meaning that the individual optimizations can be enabled selectively for easy performance comparison. see the lucene- jira-issue for details. 							 	 			 									 						posted in eskildsen, hacking, low-level, lucene, performance, solr					 					| 				 				 				 comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			prebuild big data word vec dictionaries 			 				posted on july , by thomasegense			 					 				                   prebuild and trained word vec dictionaries ready for use two different prebuild big data word vec dictionaries has been added to loar (library open access repository) for download. these dictionaries are build from the text of , e-books from project gutenberg and . . danish newspaper pages. . of the gutenberg e-books are english, but over different languages are present in the dictionaries. even though they are different languages the word vec algorithm did a good job of separating the different languages so it is almost like different word vec dictionaries. the text from the danish newspapers is not public available so you would not be able to build this dictionary yourself. a total of gb of raw text went into building the dictionary, so it is probably the largest word vec dictionary build on a danish corpus. since the danish newspapers suffer from low quality ocr, many of words in the dictionary are misspellings. using this dictionary it was possible to fix many of the ocr errors due the nature of the word vec algorithm, since a given word appears in similar contexts despite its misspellings and is identified by its context. (see https://sbdevel.wordpress.com/ / / /automated-improvement-of-search-in-low-quality-ocr-using-word vec/) download and more information about the word vec dictionaries: download   online demo of the two corpora: word vec demo             							 	 			 									 						posted in uncategorized					 					| 				 				 				leave a comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			solrwayback software bundle has been released 			 				posted on may , by thomasegense			 					 				the solrwayback software bundle can be used to search and playback archived webpages in warc format. it is an out of the box solution with index workflow, solr and tomcat webserver and a free text search interface with playback functionality. just add your warc to a folder and start the index job. the search interface has additional features besides freetext search. this includes: 	image search similar to google images 	search by uploading a file. (image/pdf etc.) see if the resource has been harvested and from where. 	link graph showing links (ingoing/outgoing) for domains using the d javascript framework. 	raw download of any harvested resource from the binary arc/warc file. 	export a search resultset to a warc-file. streaming download, no limit of size of resultset. 	an optional built in socks proxy can be used to view historical webpages without browser leaking resources from the live web. see the github page for screenshots of solrwayback and scroll down to the install guide try it out. link: solrwayback     							 	 			 									 						posted in uncategorized					 					| 				 				 				leave a comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			visualising netarchive harvests 			 				posted on march , by nielskristianhansenskovmand			 					 				  an overview of website harvest data is important for both research and development operations in the netarchive team at det kgl. bibliotek. in this post we present a recent frontend visualisation widget we have made. from the solrwayback machine we can extract an array of dates of all harvests of a given url. these dates are processed in the browser into a data object containing the years, months, weeks and days to enable us to visualise the data. futhermore the data is given an activity level from - . the high-level overview seen below is the year-month graph. each cell is coloured based on the activity level relative to the number of harvests in the most active month. for now we use a linear calculation so gray means no activity, activity level is - % of the most active month, and level is - % of the most active month. as github fans, we have borrowed the activity level colouring from the user commit heat map.   we can visualise a more detailed view of the data as either a week-day view of the whole year, or as a view of all days since the first harvest. clicking one of these days reveals all the harvests for the given day, with links back to solrwayback to see a particular harvest.   in the graph above we see the days of all weeks of as vertical rows. the same visualisation can be made for all harvest data for the url, as seen below (cut off before , for this blog post).   there are both advantages and disadvantages to using the browser-based data calculation. one of the main advantages is a very portable frontend application. it can be used with any backend application that outputs an array of dates. the initial idea was to make the application usable for several different in-house projects. drawbacks to this approach is, of course, the scalability. currently the application processes . dates in about - seconds on the computer used to develop the application (a quad core intel i ). the application uses the frontend library vuejs and only one other dependency, the date-fns library. it is completely self-contained and it is included in a single script tag, including styles. ideas for further development. we would like to expand this to also include both: 	multiple urls, which would be nice for resources that have changed domain, subdomain or protocol over time, e.g. the url http://pol.dk, http://www.pol.dk and https://politiken.dk could be used for the danish newspaper politiken. 	domain visualisation for all urls on a domain. a challenge here will of course be the resources needed to process the data in the browser. perhaps a better calculation method must be used – or a kind of lazy loading. 							 	 			 									 						posted in blogging, solr, web					 					| 				 								 					tagged frontend, solrwayback				 				| 				 				leave a comment 							 		 		 	 	 			 			solrwayback machine 			 				posted on february , by thomasegense			 					 				another ‘google innovation week’ at work has produced the solrwayback machine. it works similar to the internet archive: wayback machine (https://archive.org/web/) and can be used to show harvested web content (warc files).  the danish internet archive has over billion harvested web objects and takes petabyte of storage. the solrwayback engine require you have indexed the warc files using the warc-indexer tool from british library. (https://github.com/ukwa/webarchive-discovery/tree/master/warc-indexer). it is quite fast and comes with some additional features as well: 	 image search similar to google images 	 link graphs showing  links (ingoing/outgoing) for domains using the d javascript framework. 	 raw download of any harvested resource from the binary arc/warc file. unfortunately  the collection is not available for the public so i can not show you the demo. but here is a few pictures from the solrwayback machine. solrwayback at github: https://github.com/netarchivesuite/solrwayback/ 							 	 			 									 						posted in uncategorized					 					| 				 				 				 comment 							 		 		 	 				 					← older posts 					 				 			 		 		 						 			 			 				 				 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 			 	 				archives 					february 	june 	october 	march 	october 	july 	may 	march 	february 	november 	july 	march 	january 	november 	october 	september 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	september 	may 	march 	february 	january 	november 	october 	september 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 			 	 				meta 					register 	log in 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 					software development at royal danish library				 							 			 								blog at wordpress.com. 			 		 	 		 		 	 	 		 			 				 					 						software development at royal danish library					 				 				 					create a free website or blog at wordpress.com. 				 			 		 				 		 		 					 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 				 		 cyber insurance and the cyber security challenge | royal united services institute we detect you are using a browser which is no longer supported. for the best experience, please upgrade to the latest version of google chrome. menu explore our researcheventsnews & commentmembershipaboutcontactlog in 	explore our research 	events 	news & comment 	membership 	about 	contact log in connect with us 	explore our research 	publications 	occasional papers occasional papers cyber insurance and the cyber security challenge jamie maccoll, dr jason r. c. nurse and james sullivan june long read download pdf( kb) main image credit courtesy of brian jackson / adobe stock cyber risk poses a complicated and growing challenge for governments, businesses and consumers. this paper explores cyber insurance’s potential contribution to solving this problem. governments and businesses are struggling to cope with the scale and complexity of managing cyber risk. over the last year, remote working, rapid digitalisation and the need for increased connectivity have emphasised the cyber security challenge. as the pursuit of approaches to prevent, mitigate and recover from malicious cyber activity has progressed, one tool that has gained traction is cyber insurance. if it can follow the path of other insurance classes, it could play a significant role in managing digital risk. this paper explores whether cyber insurance can incentivise better cyber security practices among policyholders. it finds that the shortcomings of cyber insurance mean that its contribution to improving cyber security practices is more limited than policymakers and businesses might hope. although several means by which cyber insurance can incentivise better cyber security practices are identified, they have significant limitations. interviewees from across government, industry and business consistently stated that the positive effects of cyber insurance on cyber security have yet to fully materialise. while some mature insurers are moving in the right direction, cyber insurance as a whole is still struggling to move from theory into practice when it comes to incentivising cyber security. keywords topics	cyber security and resilience 	cyber strategy research groups	cyber projects	incentivising cybersecurity through cyber insurance written by jamie maccoll research analyst cyber view profile dr jason r. c. nurse associate fellow view profile james sullivan director, cyber research cyber view profile main image credit courtesy of brian jackson / adobe stock written byjamie maccoll research analyst cyber view profile dr jason r. c. nurse associate fellow view profile james sullivan director, cyber research cyber view profile reading options download pdf( kb) print this page share this page reading options download pdf( kb) print this page explore our related content stay up to date with rusi receive updates on publications and events from rusi straight into your inbox. sign up connect with us explore rusi 	topics 	regions 	research groups & experts 	publications popular links 	events 	news & comment 	membership 	about 	contact us 	appeal for whitehall 	rusi library 	support rusi as an independent institution, we produce evidence-based research, publications and events on defence, security and international affairs to help build a safer uk and a more secure, equitable and stable world. cookie policyprivacy policyethics statementevents ts&csmembership ts&cslegalcopyright rusi registered charity (no. ) archivegrid about archivegrid | how to search | contact us | include your collections archivegrid search for collections, people, organizations, places, events, and more search find archives near you united states alabama alabama department of archives and historyauburn universitybirmingham public library - archives and manuscriptssamford university librarythe university of west alabama - julia s. tutwiler librarytroy university - troy campus libraryuniversity of alabama - w.s. hoole special collections libraryuniversity of alabama, birmingham - mervyn h. sterne libraryuniversity of north alabama - archives and special collectionsuniversity of south alabama - the doy leale mccall rare book and manuscript library alaska alaska resources library and information servicesalaska state library - historical collectionsanchorage museum - atwood resource center sealaska heritage institute archivesuniversity of alaska anchorage, alaska pacific university consortium libraryuniversity of alaska, fairbanks arizona arizona historical society - library and archivesarizona state library, archives and public recordsarizona state museum library and archivesarizona state university librarieslowell observatory librarymesa public librarymuseum of northern arizonanorthern arizona university - cline libraryphoenix public library - arizona roomphoenix seminary librarypima community college postal history foundation - peggy j. slusser memorial philatelic librarysharlot hall museum archives and librarythe heard museum libraryu.s. department of the interior libraryuniversity of arizonauniversity of arizona - center for creative photography arkansas arkansas state archivesarkansas state university - dean b. ellis librarycentral arkansas library system - butler center for arkansas studiescrystal bridges museum of american art libraryharding university - brackett libraryouachita baptist university - riley-hickingbotham libraryuniversity of arkansas for medical sciences - historical research centeruniversity of arkansas, fayetteville - david w. mullins libraryuniversity of arkansas, little rock - center for arkansas history and cultureuniversity of central arkansas - torreyson librarywilliam f. laman public library california academy of motion picture arts and sciences - margaret herrick libraryafrican american museum and library at oakland, oakland public libraryagua caliente cultural museumalameda county law libraryalbany public library - historical collectionamerican bookbinders museumamerican jewish university - ostrow libraryanaheim public library - anaheim heritage centerarchive of american televisionautry national center - museum of the american westberkeley public library - berkeley history roombook club of californiacalifornia academy of sciencescalifornia historical society - north baker research librarycalifornia institute of technology - archives and special collectionscalifornia institute of the artscalifornia judicial center librarycalifornia maritime academy librarycalifornia museum of photographycalifornia polytechnic state university - san luis obispocalifornia state archivescalifornia state library - california history roomcalifornia state library - sutro librarycalifornia state polytechnic university, pomona - special collections and archivescalifornia state railroad museum - library and collectionscalifornia state university - san bernardinocalifornia state university, channel islands california state university, chico - special collectionscalifornia state university, dominguez hills - department of archives and special collectionscalifornia state university, east baycalifornia state university, fresno - special collections research centercalifornia state university, fullerton - paulina june and george pollak librarycalifornia state university, long beachcalifornia state university, northridge - oviatt librarycenter for mennonite brethren studies - archivescenter for the study of political graphicschapman university - frank mt. pleasant library of special collections and archivescharles m. schulz museum and research centerchula vista public library - john rojas local history roomclaremont collegesclaremont school of theology - special collectionscomputer history museumcovina public librarydominican sisters of san rafael archivesfresno city and county historical society archivesfresno county free libraryfresno pacific university - hiebert libraryfuller theological seminary - david allan hubbard librarygay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender historical societygetty research instituteglendale public library - special collections roomgo for broke national education centergolden gate national recreation area - alcatraz island finding aidsgolden gate university - school of law librarygraduate theological union - special collections and archivesharrison memorial libraryhistorical sites society of arcata libraryhistory san joseholocaust center of northern california archiveshumboldt state university - special collectionshuntington library, art collections, and botanical gardensintel museum archivesj. craig venter institute archivesjapanese american national museumjet propulsion laboratory library and archiveskern county libraryla foundation - sports librarylabor archives and research centerloma linda university - del e. webb memorial librarylos angeles contemporary archivelos angeles county metropolitan transportation authoritylos angeles county museum of artlos angeles maritime museumlos angeles public libraryloyola marymount universitymarin county free librarymill valley public librarymills college - f.w. olin librarymission viejo librarymojave desert archivesmonterey park bruggemeyer librarymonterey public library - archivesmuseum of performance and designnasa ames research centernatural history museum foundation, los angeles countyone national gay and lesbian archivesoakland museumoakland public libraryoccidental college libraryorange public libraryoxnard public librarypacific basin institute at pomona collegepalos verdes public librarypasadena historical museumpasadena public librarypepperdine university - payson librarypoint loma nazarene university - ryan librarypomona public libraryredwood city public library - local history collectionrichmond public libraryriverside public libraryslac national accelerator laboratory - archives, history and records officesacramento archives and museum collection centersacramento county public law librarysacramento public librarysaint mary's college - saint albert hallsan bernardino public librarysan bruno public librarysan diego air and space museum library and archivessan diego city clerk's archivessan diego history centersan diego natural history museumsan diego state universitysan francisco maritime national historical parksan francisco museum of modern artsan francisco public librarysan francisco state university - j. paul leonard librarysan francisco theological seminarysan joaquin county museumsan joaquin valley library systemsan jose public library - local history collectionsan jose state university - sourisseau academy for state and local historysan jose state university - special collections and archivessan mateo public librarysanta ana public librarysanta barbara botanic gardensanta barbara historical museum - gledhill librarysanta barbara trust for historic preservation - presidio research centersanta clara city librarysanta clara county archivessanta clara universitysequoia & kings canyon national parksshasta county librarysherman library and gardenssierra madre public library - local history collectionsociety of california pioneerssonoma county librarysonoma state university - schulz librarysons of the revolution in the state of california - american heritage librarysouthern california library for social studies and researchstanford university stanford university - archive of recorded soundstanford university - hoover institution library and archivesstanford university - medical history centerstanford university -- manuscripts divisionstanford university law school - robert crown law librarysutter county libraryuniversity of california, berkeleyuniversity of california, berkeley - bancroft libraryuniversity of california, berkeley - environmental design archivesuniversity of california, berkeley - institute of governmental studiesuniversity of california, berkeley - magnes collection of jewish art and lifeuniversity of california, berkeley - museum of vertebrate zoologyuniversity of california, berkeley - school of law libraryuniversity of california, davis - shields libraryuniversity of california, irvineuniversity of california, irvine - critical theory archiveuniversity of california, irvine - southeast asian archiveuniversity of california, irvine - special collectionsuniversity of california, irvine - university archivesuniversity of california, los angeles - charles e. young research libraryuniversity of california, los angeles - chicano studies research centeruniversity of california, los angeles - ethnomusicology archiveuniversity of california, los angeles - louise m. darling biomedical libraryuniversity of california, los angeles - william andrews clark memorial libraryuniversity of california, riversideuniversity of california, riverside - special collections and university archivesuniversity of california, riverside - water resources collections and archivesuniversity of california, san diegouniversity of california, san francisco - archives and special collectionsuniversity of california, san francisco medical center at mount zion - h.m. fishbon memorial libraryuniversity of california, santa barbara - architecture and design collection, art, design and architecture museumuniversity of california, santa barbara - cheadle center for biodiversity and ecological restorationuniversity of california, santa barbara - davidson libraryuniversity of california, santa cruzuniversity of san francisco - gleeson libraryuniversity of southern california - doheny libraryuniversity of the pacific - william knox holt memorial libraryvisual communications archives and media resource librarywatsonville public librarywhittier college - wardman library special collections and archiveswhittier public librarywriters guild foundationyolo county archivesyosemite national park archivesyuba county library colorado colorado college - tutt librarycolorado school of mines - arthur lakes librarycolorado state university - archives and special collections departmentcolorado state university - pueblo librarydenver museum of nature and science - alfred m. bailey library and archivesdenver public library douglas county history research centereagle valley library district - eagle public libraryfort lewis college - center of southwest studieshistory coloradoiliff school of theology - ira j. taylor library‎jefferson county public librarynational wildlife research center librarypikes peak library district - special collectionsregis university librarysteelworks center of the westthe cable center - barco libraryus air force academyuniversity of colorado - archives and special collectionsuniversity of colorado, boulderuniversity of denver - penrose libraryuniversity of northern colorado - archival services department connecticut bibliomationcentral connecticut state university - elihu burritt libraryconnecticut college - charles e. shain libraryconnecticut historical societyconnecticut state librarygodfrey memorial libraryjewish historical society of greater hartfordkent memorial librarylitchfield historical societymashantucket pequot museum and research centermystic seaport museumprimary source mediatrinity college - watkinson library university of connecticut - homer babbidge libraryuniversity of connecticut - meskill law libraryuniversity of connecticut - thomas j. dodd research centeruniversity of hartford archives and special collectionswesleyan university - olin memorial librarywestern connecticut state university - archives and special collectionswood memorial library and museumyale peabody museum of natural historyyale universityyale university - beinecke rare book and manuscript libraryyale university - divinity school libraryyale university - harvey cushing / john hay whitney medical libraryyale university - irving s. gilmore music libraryyale university - lewis walpole libraryyale university - lillian goldman library at the yale law schoolyale university - manuscripts and archivesyale university - oral history of american musicyale university - yale center for british art rare books and manuscriptsyale university - yale center for british art, institutional archivesyale university arts library delaware delaware art museum - helen farr sloan library and archiveshagley museum and library - archival collectionsuniversity of delaware - hugh m. morris librarywinterthur museum, garden, and library district of columbia american university - bender librarycatholic university of america - the american catholic history research center and university archivesdistrict of columbia public librarydumbarton oaks research library and collection, trustees for harvard universityfolger shakespeare librarygeorge washington universitygeorgetown universitygeorgetown university - law librarylibrary of congress - national union catalog of manuscript collectionslibrary of congress - research and reference servicesnational defense university librarynational gallery of artnational geographic society librarynational museum of women in the artsnaval history and heritage command - operational archivessmithsonian - anacostia community museumsmithsonian - national museum of african american history and culturesmithsonian - national museum of african artsmithsonian american art museumsmithsonian center for folklife and cultural heritagesmithsonian institution - archives of american artsmithsonian institution - archives of american gardenssmithsonian institution - freer and sackler archivessmithsonian institution - national museum of american historysmithsonian institution archivessmithsonian librariessmithsonian national portrait gallerysociety of the cincinnati archivesunited states holocaust memorial museumunited states marine band - library and archiveswesley theological seminary libraryworld bank group archives florida anton brees carillon library - bok tower gardensave maria university - canizaro librarybarry universityflorida atlantic university - boca raton campus, s.e. wimberly libraryflorida historical society libraryflorida international university - green library, modesto a. maidique campusflorida state university - institute on wwii and the human experienceflorida state university - special collections departmentjacksonville universityjohn and mable ringling museum of art librarymanatee county public library systemmote marine laboratory - arthur vining davis library and archivesnew college of florida - jane bancroft cook librarynorthwest regional library systemnova southeastern university - alvin sherman libraryrollins college - olin librarystate archives of floridastate library of floridathe revs instituteuniversity of central florida libraries - special collections and university archivesuniversity of florida - george a. smathers librariesuniversity of florida - levin college of law libraryuniversity of miami - otto g. richter libraryuniversity of north florida - special collectionsuniversity of south florida - special and digital collectionsuniversity of west florida libraries georgia arthur moore methodist museum, library, and archiveathens regional library systematlanta history centeratlanta housing - archivesatlanta university center - robert w. woodruff libraryatlanta-fulton public library system - special collectionschattahoochee valley libraries - archivescity of savannah - research library and municipal archivescolumbia theological seminary - john bulow campbell librarycolumbus state university - simon schwob memorial libraryeast georgia state collegeemory university - manuscript, archives, and rare book collectionemory university - pitts theology library archives and manuscripts departmentgeorgia archivesgeorgia historical society - library and archivesgeorgia institute of technology - archives and records managementgeorgia southern university - zach s. henderson librarygeorgia state university - special collections and archivesjefferson county library systemkennesaw state university - horace w. sturgis librarylive oak public librariesmercer university - jack tarver librarymorris museum of art - center for the study of southern artoglethorpe universityphysician assistant history societytoccoa falls college - seby jones libraryuniversity of georgia - alexander campbell king law libraryuniversity of georgia - richard b. russell library for political research and studiesuniversity of georgia - special collections librariesuniversity of west georgia - irvine sullivan ingram libraryvaldosta state university - odum library guam university of guam - robert f. kennedy memorial library hawaii university of hawai'i at manoa - hamilton library idaho boise state university - albertsons librarybrigham young university, idaho - david o. mckay libraryidaho state university - department of special collections and university archiveslatah county historical societyuniversity of idaho illinois abraham lincoln presidential library and museumamerican hospital association resource centerart institute of chicago - ryerson and burnham libraries augustana college - thomas tredway libraryaurora university - charles b. phillips librarybilly graham centerbradley university - cullom-davis librarybrethren historical library and archivescatholic theological union - bechtold librarycenter for research libraries (crl)chicago film archiveschicago history museumchicago public library - special collections divisionchicago state university - douglas librarychicago-kent college of lawcolumbia college chicagocolumbia public librarycooperative computer services (ccs)depaul university - john t. richardson libraryeastern illinois university - booth libraryevangelical lutheran church in america libraryida public library - local history roomillinois heartland library systemillinois state archivesillinois state library - gwendolyn brooks buildingillinois state university - milner libraryillinois wesleyan university - ames libraryknox college - seymour librarylewis university librarylincoln libraryloyola university chicago - cudahy/lewis librarymacmurray college - archives and special collectionsmadison county circuit clerk's officenewberry librarynorth central college - oesterle librarynorth park university - brandel librarynortheastern illinois universitynorthern illinois university - founders memorial librarynorthwestern university parkland collegepeoria public librarypritzker military libraryrockford public libraryschool of the art institute of chicago - john m. flaxman librarysouthern illinois university, carbondale - special collections research centersouthern illinois university, edwardsville - lovejoy libraryspertus institute of jewish studies - asher librarythe historymakersuniversity of chicago - special collections research centeruniversity of illinois urbana champaignuniversity of illinois at chicago - special collections and university archivesuniversity of illinois at springfield - brookens libraryurbana free librarywestern illinois universitywheaton college - buswell librarywheaton college - marion e. wade center indiana allen county public library - genealogy centeranabaptist mennonite biblical seminaryanderson university - nicholson libraryball state university - bracken libraryconcordia theological seminary - walther librarydepauw universityearlham college - lilly libraryfranklin college - b.f. hamilton librarygoshen college - mennonite historical libraryhanover college - agnes brown duggan libraryindiana historical society - smith memorial libraryindiana state library - manuscripts and rare booksindiana universityindiana university - archives of african american music and cultureindiana university - archives of traditional musicindiana university - center for the study of history and memoryindiana university - folklore collectionindiana university - latin american music centerindiana university - liberian collectionsindiana university - lilly libraryindiana university - moving image archiveindiana university - political papersindiana university archivesindiana university purdue university indianapolis - ruth lilly special collections and archivesindiana university school of dentistry - special collectionsindiana university school of law libraryindiana university, south bend - franklin d. schurz libraryindianapolis museum of artjohnson county public library - historical roomkinsey institute for research in sex, gender, and reproductionknox county public librarymclean county museum of historymorrisson-reeves libraryplainfield-guilford township public library - local history and genealogypurdue university - virginia kelly karnes archives and special collections research centerst. joseph county public librarythe great american songbook foundationuniversity of indianapolis - krannert memorial libraryuniversity of notre dame - hesburgh librarywabash college - lilly library iowa carnegie stout public librarygrinnell college - burling libraryiowa state university - parks libraryloras college librarystate historical society of iowastate historical society of iowa - libraries and special collectionsuniversity of iowauniversity of iowa - law libraryuniversity of northern iowa - rod library kansas central kansas library systemkansas city, kansas public librarykansas state historical societykansas state university - hale librarypittsburg state university - leonard h. axe libraryuniversity of kansas - kenneth spencer research librarywichita public library - local history collectionwichita state university - special collections and university archives kentucky asbury theological seminary - b.l. fisher libraryberea college - special collections and archivescentre college - grace doherty libraryeastern kentucky university - crabbe libraryfilson historical societykentucky department for libraries and archiveskentucky historical societykentucky state archives guide projectmorehead state university - camden-carroll librarynorthern kentucky university - w. frank steely librarysouthern baptist theological seminary - boyce centennial librarytransylvania university - j. douglas gay jr./frances carrick thomas libraryuniversity of kentuckyuniversity of louisville - dwight anderson music libraryuniversity of louisville, archives and special collectionswestern kentucky university louisiana louisiana state university - special collectionslouisiana state university law center libraryloyola university new orleans - monroe librarymcneese state university - frazar memorial librarynew orleans historic collection - williams research centernew orleans public librarynicholls state university, ellender - ellender memorial librarysouthern university and a&m college - john b. cade librarytulane university - amistad research centertulane university - louisiana research collectiontulane university - the latin american libraryuniversity of louisiana at lafayette - edith garland dupre libraryxavier university of louisiana - library resource center maine bates college - edmund s. muskie archives and special collections librarybates college - george and helen ladd librarybowdoin college - george j. mitchell department of special collections and archivescolby college - miller librarymaine maritime academy - nutting memorial librarymaine state librarynortheast historic filmuniversity of maine - raymond h. fogler libraryuniversity of new england - jack s. ketchum library maryland american institute of physics - niels bohr library and archivesbaltimore museum of art - archives and manuscripts collectionshoward university - moorland spingarn research centerhoward university law libraryjohns hopkins medical institutions - william h. welch medical libraryjohns hopkins university - milton s. eisenhower librarymaryland center for history and culturemaryland state archives - special collectionsmcdaniel college - hoover librarymontgomery county public librariesmount saint mary's university - phillips librarynational agricultural librarynational federation of the blind - jacobus tenbroek librarynational library of medicine - history of medicine divisionnational museum of the american indian archive centernational oceanic and atmospheric administration (noaa) - central librarypeabody institute of the johns hopkins university - arthur friedheim music librarysaint mary's college of marylandsalisbury university - edward h. nabb research center for delmarva history and culturesmithsonian - human studies film archivessmithsonian - national anthropological archivestowson university - albert s. cook libraryu.s. national archives and records administrationuniversity of baltimore - special collectionsuniversity of marylanduniversity of maryland - archives and manuscriptsuniversity of maryland - health sciences and human services libraryuniversity of maryland, baltimore county - albin o. kuhn library and gallery massachusetts american antiquarian societyamerican congregational association - congregational library and archiveamerican textile history museum - osborne libraryamherst collegeberklee college of music - stan getz libraryboston athenaeumboston college - john j. burns libraryboston college librariesboston conservatory - albert alphin libraryboston public library - special collectionsboston symphony orchestraboston university - howard gotlieb archival research center boston university school of theology - archivesbrandeis university - robert d. farber university archives and special collectionscape libraries automated materials sharing (clams)central/western massachusetts automated resource sharing (c/w mars)city of boston - archives and recordsclark university - robert hutchings goddard librarycommonwealth of massachusetts state archivesconcord public libraryemerson collegegordon college - jenks librarygordon-conwell theological seminary - goddard librarygreenfield community collegehampshire collegeharvard divinity school - manuscripts and archivesharvard film archiveharvard musical associationharvard universityharvard university - arnold arboretumharvard university - baker libraryharvard university - countway library of medicineharvard university - economic botany library of oakes amesharvard university - environmental science and public policy archivesharvard university - ernst mayr library of the museum of comparative zoologyharvard university - farlow reference library of cryptogamic botanyharvard university - fine arts libraryharvard university - frances loeb libraryharvard university - fung libraryharvard university - grey herbarium libraryharvard university - harvard university archivesharvard university - harvard yenching libraryharvard university - houghton libraryharvard university - loeb music libraryharvard university - massachusetts eye and ear infirmaryharvard university - murray research archiveharvard university - peabody museum of archaeology and ethnologyharvard university - schlesinger libraryharvard university - theodore roosevelt collectionharvard university - tozzer libraryharvard university - ukrainian research institute reference libraryharvard university - widener libraryharvard university art museums archivesharvard university law school - historical and special collectionshistoric deerfield libraryhistoric new englandmarine biological laboratory, woods hole oceanographic institution (mblwhoi) librarymartha's vineyard museummassachusetts historical societymassachusetts institute of technology - institute archives and special collectionsminuteman library networkmonroe c. gutman library, harvard graduate school of education, harvard universitymount holyoke college - archives and special collectionsmuseum of fine arts, boston new england conservatory of music - harriet m. spaulding librarynew england historic genealogical societynorman rockwell museum - archives and librarynortheastern university - archives and special collections departmentold colony library networkold sturbridge village research librarypeabody essex museum - phillips libraryroxbury community college - archives and special collectionssimmons college - beatley librarysisters of notre dame de namur new england archivessmith college - neilson librarysocial law libraryspringfield college, babson libraryspringfield technical community collegestate library of massachusettssterling and francine clark art institutesuffolk universitytufts university - digital collections and archivesuniversity of massachusettsuniversity of massachusetts boston - healey libraryuniversity of massachusetts, dartmouth - claire t. carney librarywellesley collegewilliams college - sawyer library michigan alpena county george n. fletcher public libraryandrews university - james white libraryarchives of michigancentral michigan university - clarke historical librarycranbrook center for collections and researchdetroit institute of arts - research library & archivesdetroit public library - special collectionseastern michigan universityflint public librarygerald r. ford library grand rapids public library - grand rapids history and special collections departmentgrand valley state university - special collections and university archivesjackson district librarykettering university - scharchburg archiveslibrary of michiganmarquette regional history centermichigan state university - special collectionsmichigan state university - university archives and historical collectionsmichigan state university libraries - main librarymichigan technological university - j.r. van pelt and opie librarynorthern michigan university - lydia m. olson libraryoakland university - kresge libraryproquest information and learningpublic libraries of saginawthe henry ford - benson ford research centeru.s. geological survey - great lakes science center libraryuniversity of michigan - bentley historical libraryuniversity of michigan - special collections libraryuniversity of michigan - william l. clements libraryuniversity of michigan librariesuniversity of michigan, flint - frances willson thomson librarywayne state university - walter p. reuther librarywayne state university library system - special collectionswestern michigan university minnesota american craft councilgustavus adolphus college - folke bernadotte memorial libraryhennepin county library - james k. hosmer special collectionsluther seminary archivesmacalester college - dewitt wallace libraryminnesota historical societyminnesota state universityminnesota state university, mankato university archivesminnesota state university, moorhead - livingston lord librarysaint cloud state university - the miller centersaint john's university - alcuin libraryselco southern minnesota historical centerst. catherine university - archives and special collectionsthe bakken museum libraryuniversity of minnesota - charles babbage instituteuniversity of minnesota - law libraryuniversity of minnesota - twin citiesuniversity of st. thomas - o'shaughnessy-frey library mississippi millsaps college - millsaps-wilson librarymississippi state university - university libraries - special collectionsreformed theological seminary librariesuniversity of mississippi - archives and special collectionsuniversity of southern mississippi - cook libraryuniversity of southern mississippi - special collections missouri community of christ library and archivesconception abbey and seminary librarycovenant theological seminary - j. oliver buswell jr. librarykansas city public librarykenrick-glenn seminary - souvay librarylinda hall library of science - engineering and technologymid-continent public librarymissouri botanical garden - peter h. raven librarymissouri state university - meyer librarynelson-atkins museum of artnorthwest missouri state university - b.d. owens librarysaint louis art museum - richardson memorial librarysaint louis university - special collectionssoutheast missouri state university - kent libraryst. louis community collegest. louis public librarystate historical society of missouritruman presidential library and museumtruman state university - pickler memorial libraryuniversity of central missouri - james c. kirkpatrick libraryuniversity of missouri - columbia librariesuniversity of missouri, columbia - university archivesuniversity of missouri, kansas city - miller nichols libraryuniversity of missouri, st. louiswashington university - bernard becker medical librarywashington university in st. louis montana montana historical society - research center archivesmontana state university - special collections and archivesuniversity of montana - maureen and mike mansfield libraryyellowstone national park - yellowstone heritage and research center nebraska american historical society of germans from russiaarchives & special collections, university of nebraska-lincolnhistory nebraskalincoln city librarynebraska wesleyan university - cochrane-woods libraryperu state collegeuniversity of nebraska omaha - dr. c.c. and mabel l. criss library nevada nevada historical societynevada museum of artnevada state library and archivesuniversity of nevada, las vegas librariesuniversity of nevada, reno - mathewson igt knowledge center new hampshire dartmouth college - rauner special collections librarykeene state college - wallace e. mason librarynew hampshire historical societynew hampshire state library - new hampshire automated information systemplymouth state university - lamson libraryuniversity of new hampshire - law libraryuniversity of new hampshire, durham - dimond library new jersey chester library - local history departmentdrew university - rose memorial libraryinstitute for advanced study - the shelby white and leon levy archives centermontclair state university - harry a. sprague librarymorris county librarymorristown and morris township public librarynew jersey historical societynew jersey state librarynewark public libraryprinceton theological seminary libraryprinceton universityrutgers university - institute of jazz studiesrutgers university librariesseton hall universitystockton universitythe college of new jerseyukrainian history and education centerunited methodist church archiveswestminster choir college of rider university - talbott librarywilliam paterson university - archives and special collections new mexico fray angelico chavez history libraryinstitute of american indian arts - librarymuseum of new mexiconational hispanic cultural centernew mexico highlands university - donnelly librarynew mexico institute of mining and technology - skeen librarynew mexico state librarynew mexico state university - archives and special collections centeruniversity of new mexico - health sciences library and informatics centeruniversity of new mexico - school of law libraryuniversity of new mexico - zimmerman librarywestern new mexico university - j. cloyd miller library new york alfred state suny college of technology - hinkle memorial libraryamerican institute of physics - public centeramerican jewish joint distribution committeeamerican museum of natural historybard collegebard college - bard graduate centerbard college - center for curatorial studies librarybinghamton university - special collections, preservation and university archivesbrian sutton-smith library and archives of playbrooklyn historical societybrooklyn museumbrooklyn public librarybuffalo history museumbuffalo state college - e.h. butler librarybuffalo and erie county public library - special collectionscapital district library councilcenter for jewish historycitizens housing and planning council - archives and librarycold spring harbor laboratory library and archivescolgate university - everett needham case librarycollege of saint rose library - neil hellman librarycollege of staten island, cunycolumbia universitycolumbia university - avery librarycolumbia university - burke theological library archivescolumbia university - c.v. starr east asian librarycolumbia university - rare book and manuscript librarycolumbia university law school - arthur w. diamond law librarycolumbia university medical center - archives and special collectionscolumbia university teachers college - gottesman librariescornell university - division of rare and manuscript collectionscornell university - kheel center for labor-management documentation cornell university - weill cornell medical college archivescornell university librarieseast midwood jewish centerfashion institute of technology - special collections and fit archivesfranklin d. roosevelt presidential libraryfrick collection and frick art reference librarygeneral theological seminary - st. mark's librarygeorge eastman museumgrolier clubhamilton college - archiveshartwick college stevens - german libraryhobart and william smith colleges - warren hunting smith libraryholy trinity orthodox seminary libraryicahn school of medicine at mount sinai - gustave l. and janet w. levy libraryinternational center of photographyithaca college libraryjewish theological seminary of america librarykurt weill foundationmetropolitan museum of art - watson librarymorgan library and museum - pierpont morgan librarymuseum of modern artnational baseball hall of famenew york academy of medicinenew york botanical garden - luesther t. mertz librarynew york city department of records and information servicesnew york public librarynew york school of interior designnew york society librarynew york state archivesnew york state historical associationnew york state historical documentsnew york state library - manuscripts and special collectionsnew york university - fales librarynew york university archivesnew york university librariesnew-york historical societyonondaga county public librarypioneer library systempolytechnic institute of nyu - bern dibner libraryport washington public librarypratt institute archivesputnam county archivesqueens college - benjamin rosenthal libraryqueens libraryray johnson estate archivesrensselaer polytechnic institute - archives and special collectionsrochester institute of technology - wallace memorial libraryrochester museum and science centerrochester public libraryrockefeller archive centersuny college at plattsburgh - special collectionssuny college at potsdam - f.w. crumb memorial librarysuny maritime college - stephen b. luce librarysuny oswego - penfield librarysuny upstate medical university - archives and special collectionssaint bonaventure university - friedsam memorial librarysamuel h. kress foundationsarah lawrence college - archivesst. lawrence university - owen d. young librarystate university of new york (suny) at geneseo - milne librarystate university of new york albanystony brook university librariessuffolk county public librariessyracuse university - special collections research center and university archivesthe college at brockport - drake memorial librarythe cooper union for the advancement of science and art - the irwin s. chanin school of architecture archivethe history center in tompkins countythe juilliard school - lila acheson wallace librarythe new school archives and special collections and kellen design archivesthe sage colleges librariestrinity wall street - archivesunion college - schaffer libraryunited states military academyuniversity club of new york libraryuniversity at buffalo, state university of new yorkuniversity at buffalo, state university of new york - robert l. brown history of medicine collectionuniversity at buffalo, state university of new york - archivesuniversity at buffalo, state university of new york - law libraryuniversity at buffalo, state university of new york - poetry collectionuniversity at buffalo, state university of new york - rare and special booksuniversity of rochesteruniversity of rochester medical center - edward g. miner libraryuniversity of rochester, eastman school of music - sibley music libraryvassar collegewagner college - horrmann libraryweill cornell medical college, oskar diethelm library - dewitt wallace institute for the history of psychiatrywestchester county archiveswhitney museum of american artwildlife conservation society library and archivesyeshiva university - mendel gottesman library north carolina appalachian state university - belk librarybaker and taylorcharlotte mecklenburg librarydavidson college - archives & special collectionsduke university - david m. rubenstein rare book and manuscript libraryduke university - medical center archivesdurham county library - north carolina collectioneast carolina university - joyner libraryelon university - carol grotnes belk libraryfayetteville state university - charles w. chesnutt libraryforest history societyhigh point university - smith librarymercy heritage center, sisters of mercy of the americasmint museum library and archivesmoravian music foundationnew hanover county public librarynorth carolina state university north carolina state university - moise a. khayrallah center for lebanese diaspora studiesouter banks history centerpfeiffer university - mary fisher floyd archives and special collections salem college - dale h. gramley librarysoutheastern baptist theological seminary librarystate library of north carolinauniversity of mount olive - moye libraryuniversity of north carolina school of the arts - semans libraryuniversity of north carolina at chapel hilluniversity of north carolina at chapel hill - health sciences libraryuniversity of north carolina at greensborouniversity of north carolina, asheville - ramsey libraryuniversity of north carolina, charlotte - j. murrey atkins libraryuniversity of north carolina, wilmington - william randall librarywake forest university - z. smith reynolds librarywestern carolina university - hunter library north dakota minot state university - gordon b. olson librarynorth dakota state librarynorth dakota state universitystate historical society of north dakota state archivesuniversity of north dakota - elwyn b. robinson department of special collections ohio akron-summit county public libraryashland university - ashland university archivesbowling green state universitybowling green state university - browne popular culture librarycase western reserve university - kelvin smith librarycincinnati art museum - mary r schiff library and archivescincinnati history library and archives - cincinnati museum centercincinnati and hamilton county public librarycleveland institute of music - robinson music librarycleveland museum of art - ingalls librarycleveland museum of natural history - harold t. clark librarycleveland public librarycleveland state university - michael schwartz librarycoe college - archivesdayton metro libraryhebrew union college, ohiokent state university - special collections and archiveslloyd library and museummalone universitymarietta college - legacy librarymassillon public librarymiami university - walter havighurst special collectionsoclc libraryoberlin collegeohio history connectionohio state universityohio state university - billy ireland cartoon library and museumohio state university - health sciences libraryohio university - alden libraryohio wesleyan university - l.a. beeghly libraryotterbein university - courtright memorial libraryrock and roll hall of fame and museum - library and archivesrutherford b. hayes presidential centerstate library of ohiothe college of wooster - andrews librarytoledo museum of art - reference libraryu.s. court of appeals for the sixth circuit libraryunited theological seminary - o'brien libraryuniversity of akron - bierce libraryuniversity of cincinnati - langsam libraryuniversity of dayton - roesch libraryuniversity of toledoursuline college - ralph m. besse librarywalsh universitywestern reserve historical societywilmington college - peace resource center librarywilmington college - s. arthur watson librarywright state university - special collections and archivesxavier universityyoungstown state university - william f. maag jr. library oklahoma american organ institute archives and librarycarl albert center - congressional and political collectionscarl albert center - julian p. kanter political commercial archivenational cowboy and western heritage museumnortheastern state university, tahlequah campus - john vaughan libraryoklahoma christian university - tom and ada beam libraryoklahoma historical society - research centeroklahoma state university - edmon low libraryoklahoma university - robert m. bird health sciences librarysamuel roberts noble foundation librarythe city of oklahoma city - office of the city clerkuniversity of central oklahoma - chambers libraryuniversity of oklahoma - bizzell memorial libraryuniversity of tulsa - mcfarlin librarywoody guthrie center archives oregon central oregon community collegegeorge fox university - murdock learning resource centerkboo community radiolane community collegelewis and clark collegemount angel abbey libraryoregon health and science universityoregon historical society research libraryoregon institute of technologyoregon state archivesoregon state library - special collectionsoregon state university libraries - special collections and archives research centerpacific universityportland state university reed college - special collections and archivessouthern oregon university - lenn and dixie hannon libraryuniversity of oregonuniversity of oregon - archives of northwest folklorewestern oregon universitywillamette university pennsylvania allegheny college - lawrence lee pelletier libraryamerican philosophical societyathenaeum of philadelphiabalch institute for ethnic studies librarybryn athyn college - swedenborg librarybryn mawr collegebucknell university - ellen clarke bertrand librarycarnegie library of pittsburghcarnegie mellon university archivescarnegie museum of natural history archiveschatham university - jennie king mellon librarychester county historical society librarycollege of physicians of philadelphiacurtis institute of music - john de lancie librarydickinson college - waidner-spahr librarydrexel universityduquesne university - gumberg libraryeaston area public libraryedinboro university of pennsylvania - baron-forness libraryelizabethtown college - high libraryfree library of philadelphiafree library of philadelphia - rare book departmentgeneva college - mccartney librarygerman society of pennsylvania - joseph horner librarygettysburg college - musselman librarygloria naylor archivegratz college - tuttleman libraryhaverford college - quaker and special collectionshistorical society of pennsylvaniaindependence seaport museumindiana university of pennsylvaniajuniata college - l.a. beeghly library - archives and special collectionsla salle university - connelly librarylafayette college - special collections and college archiveslancaster county historical society - archiveslehigh university - linderman librarylibrary company of philadelphiamillersville university - mcnairy librarymontgomery county community collegemoravian archivesmuhlenberg college - trexler libraryorgan historical society - american organ archivespenn state harrisburg librarypennsylvania historical and museum commission's division of archives and manuscriptspennsylvania state university librariespew charitable trusts libraryphiladelphia museum of artpittsburgh theological seminary - clifford e. barbour librarypresbyterian historical societyrosenbach museum and librarysaint vincent collegesaint vincent college, the foster and muriel mccarl coverlet galleryscience history institute - the donald f. and mildred topp othmer library of chemical historyscranton public library - albright memorial library senator john heinz history centerstate library of pennsylvaniaswarthmore college - friends historical libraryswarthmore college - peace collectiontemple university - law librarytemple university - special collections research centerthe barnes foundation - archives, libraries, and special collectionsus army heritage and education centeruniversity of pennsylvania - barbara bates center for the study of the history of nursinguniversity of pennsylvania - rare book and manuscript libraryuniversity of pennsylvania archivesuniversity of pennsylvania law school archivesuniversity of pennsylvania, center for advanced judaic studiesuniversity of pittsburghuniversity of scrantonvillanova university - falvey memorial librarywest chester university - francis harvey green librarywilliam way lgbt community center puerto rico universidad de puerto rico, río piedras - university of puerto rico, río piedrasuniversity of puerto rico - law library rhode island brown university - haffenreffer museum of anthropologybrown university - john carter brown librarybrown university - john hay librarybrown university libraryprovidence college - phillips memorial libraryprovidence public libraryredwood library and athenaeumrhode island historical societyrhode island school of design - fleet libraryroger williams university libraryu.s. naval war collegeuniversity of rhode island south carolina charleston library societyclemson university - robert muldrow cooper librarycollege of charleston - marlene and nathan addlestone librarycolumbia international university - g. allen fleece libraryfrancis marion university - james a rogers library furman university - duke librarygreenville county library system - south carolina roommedical university of south carolina librarysouth carolina department of archives and historysouth carolina historical societysouth carolina state university - miller f. whittaker libraryuniversity of south carolina university of south carolina upstatewinthrop university - dacus library south dakota black hills state university - e.y. berry library-learning centerdakota wesleyan university - archives and manuscript collectionsnorthern state university - williams librarysouth dakota state historical society archivessouth dakota state university - hilton m. briggs libraryuniversity of south dakota tennessee chattanooga public librarycountry music hall of fame and museum - frist library and archiveeast tennessee state university - archives of appalachiaknox county public library system - knox county archiveslincoln memorial university - abraham lincoln library and museumlincoln memorial university - carnegie-vincent librarysewanee: the university of the south - dupont librarysouthern adventist university - mckee librarysouthern baptist historical library and archivestennessee state library and archivestennessee state universitytennessee technical university - angelo and jeanette volpe libraryuniversity of tennessee at chattanoogauniversity of tennessee at knoxvilleuniversity of tennessee at martin - paul meek libraryvanderbilt university - jean and alexander heard libraryvanderbilt university - jean and alexander heard library - history of medicine collectionsvanderbilt university medical center - eskind biomedical library texas abilene christian university - milliken special collections and archivesamon carter museumangelo state university - porter henderson libraryaustin presbyterian theological seminaryaustin public library - austin history centerbaylor university - central libraries rare books and special collectionschambers county library systemdallas museum of art - mayer librarydallas public library - texas/dallas history and archives divisiondallas theological seminary - turpin librarydaughters of the republic of texas librarydenton public libraryfort worth libraryhardin-simmons university - richardson libraryhouston academy of medicine – john p. mcgovern historical collections and research centerhouston public library - houston metropolitan research centerlamar university - mary and john gray librarymuseum of fine arts, houston old jail art center - robert e. nail, jr. archivesrice universitysam houston state university - newton gresham librarysan antonio college library - moody learning centersan antonio public librarysan jacinto museum of history - herzstein librarysouthern methodist universitysouthern methodist university - bridwell librarysouthern methodist university - degolyer librarysouthern methodist university - underwood law librarysouthwestern baptist theological seminary - roberts librarysouthwestern university - special collectionsst. edward's university - archives and special collectionsstephen f. austin state university - east texas research centersul ross state university - archives of the big bend tarleton state university - dick smith librarytexas a&m university - cushing memorial library and archivestexas christian universitytexas general land office - archives and recordstexas state library and archivestexas state university, san marcostexas tech university - southwest collection/special collections librarytexas tech university - the vietnam center and archivetexas woman's university - the woman's collectionthe history center, dibolltyrrell historical libraryuniversity of houstonuniversity of houston, clear lake - alfred r. neumann libraryuniversity of north texas libraryuniversity of north texas music libraryuniversity of saint thomas - doherty libraryuniversity of texas - truman g. blocker jr., history of medicine collectionsuniversity of texas librariesuniversity of texas at arlingtonuniversity of texas at austin - alexander architectural archiveuniversity of texas at austin - benson latin american collectionuniversity of texas at austin - center for american historyuniversity of texas at austin - h.j. lutcher stark center for physical culture and sportsuniversity of texas at austin - harry ransom centeruniversity of texas at austin - tarlton law libraryuniversity of texas at dallas - mcdermott libraryuniversity of texas at el pasouniversity of texas at san antonio utah brigham young university - harold b. lee librarybrigham young university - l. tom perry special collectionsbrigham young university law school - howard w. hunter law libraryfamilysearch - family history librarysouthern utah universityuniversity of utah - j. willard marriott libraryuniversity of utah - james e. faust law libraryutah state archives and records serviceutah state historical societyutah state university - merrill-cazier libraryweber state university - stewart librarywestminster college - giovale library vermont middlebury college - davis family librarynorwich university - kreitzberg librarysaint michael's college libraryuniversity of vermont - bailey/howe libraryvermont historical society virginia albemarle charlottesville historical society - charlottesville-albemarle history collectionalexandria library - special collections central intelligence agency librarychesapeake and ohio historical societycollege of william and mary - special collections research centercolonial williamsburg - special collectionsgeorge mason university - special collections research centergunston hall - library and archiveshampden-sydney college - bortz libraryhollins university - wyndham robertson libraryjames madison university - special collectionsjames monroe museum and memorial librarylibrary of virginialongwood university - janet d. greenwood librarylynchburg public librarymount vernon - the fred w. smith national library for the study of george washingtonnational air and space museum archivesnational center for state courtsnorfolk public libraryold dominion university - special collectionsradford university - archives and special collectionsrandolph macon college archivesregent university - law libraryrichard bland college libraryroanoke public library - special collectionsthe mariners' museum librarythomas balch libraryu.s. geological survey - clarence king libraryunion presbyterian seminary - william smith morton libraryuniversity of richmond - boatwright memorial libraryuniversity of virginiauniversity of virginia - albert and shirley small special collections libraryuniversity of virginia health system - historical collections and servicesuniversity of virginia school of law - special collectionsvalentine richmond historical centervirginia beach public libraryvirginia commonwealth university - cabell libraryvirginia commonwealth university - tompkins mccaw libraryvirginia historical societyvirginia institute of marine science - hargis libraryvirginia military institute archivesvirginia museum of fine arts archivesvirginia state university - special collections and archivesvirginia tech - special collectionsvirginia theological seminary - bishop payne libraryvirginia union university - archives and special collectionswashington and lee university - special collections and archiveswashington and lee university school of law - lewis f. powell, jr. archiveswytheville community college - f.b. kegley library washington central washington university - brooks libraryeastern washington state historical society - northwest museum of arts and cultureeastern washington university - archives and special collectionsgonzaga university - foley center librarymuseum of flight - archivesmuseum of history and industrypacific lutheran university - special collections and archives departmentseattle municipal archivesseattle pacific university seattle public library - special collectionsseattle university - a. a. lemieux librarysouth puget sound community collegespokane public library - ned m. barnes northwest roomthe evergreen state collegeuniversity of puget sound - collins memorial libraryuniversity of washingtonuniversity of washington - gallagher law librarywashington state librarywashington state university - holland librarywestern washington universitywestern washington university - heritage resourceswhitman collegewhitworth universityyakima valley libraries west virginia marshall university - john deaver drinko libraryohio county public libraryshepherd university - ruth scarborough librarywest virginia university - west virginia and regional history center wisconsin alverno college libraryamerican geographical society library - archivescarroll university - todd wehr memorial librarycenter for the study of upper midwestern culturescircus world museum - robert l. parkinson library and research centerlacrosse public library - archives and local historylawrence university - seeley g. mudd librarymarquette university - john p. raynor librarymilwaukee public libraryripon college - lane librarysaint francis seminary - salzmann libraryuniversity of wisconsin - milwaukee, librariesuniversity of wisconsin - plattevilleuniversity of wisconsin, eau claire - special collections and archivesuniversity of wisconsin, green bay - cofrin libraryuniversity of wisconsin, la crosse - murphy libraryuniversity of wisconsin, madison - archives and special collectionsuniversity of wisconsin, madison - slis laboratory libraryuniversity of wisconsin, parkside - archives and area research centeruniversity of wisconsin, river falls - chalmer davee libraryuniversity of wisconsin, stoutuniversity of wisconsin-madison - ebling libraryviterbo universitywinnefox library systemwisconsin historical society library and archiveswisconsin veterans museum research center wyoming buffalo bill center of the west - mccracken research libraryuniversity of wyoming - american heritage centeruniversity of wyoming - william r. coe librarywyoming state archives australia australian capital territory national gallery of australia research librarynational library of australianational library of australia manuscripts new south wales art gallery of new south wales - research library and archivestate library of new south wales - dixson libraryuniversity of sydney queensland central queensland universitystate library of queenslandthe university of queensland library south australia state library of south australia victoria australian science archives projectstate library of victoriauniversity of melbourne - baillieu library west australia state library of western australia canada alberta university of albertauniversity of calgary library british columbia simon fraser universityuniversity of british columbia archivesuniversity of victoria - mcpherson library manitoba university of manitoba - elizabeth dafoe library newfoundland and labrador memorial university of newfoundland - queen elizabeth ii library nova scotia dalhousie university - killam memorial library ontario gananoque public libraryingenium - canada's museums of science and innovationlibrary and archives canadamcmaster university - mills memorial librarynational gallery of canadatoronto public librarytrent universityuniversity of guelphuniversity of toronto - thomas fisher rare book libraryuniversity of waterloovictoria university - e.j. pratt librarywilfrid laurier university library quebec canadian centre for architecturecanadian museum of civilization library (bibliothèque du musée canadien des civilisations)laval university library (bibliothèque de l'université laval)mcgill universityuniversité de montréal saskatchewan university of regina other countries about archivegrid archivegrid includes over million records describing archival materials, bringing together information about historical documents, personal papers, family histories, and more. with over , archival institutions represented, archivegrid helps researchers looking for primary source materials held in archives, libraries, museums and historical societies. if you'd like to see your collections included in archivegrid or have questions about the archivegrid project, please get in touch with us. looking for digital content? some collection descriptions include links to images, sound recordings, or other online materials. you can narrow your search results to those that have links to digital content by adding " has_links: " to your search. for example: influenza has_links: recent additions 	alpena county george n. fletcher public library 	nevada historical society 	weber state university - stewart library 	gloria naylor archive 	world bank group archives 	tulane university - the latin american library 	juniata college - l.a. beeghly library - archives and special collections 	stanford university -- manuscripts division 	university of texas at austin - h.j. lutcher stark center for physical culture and sports 	longwood university - janet d. greenwood library 	slac national accelerator laboratory - archives, history and records office 	dominican sisters of san rafael archives 	lincoln library 	yale university - oral history of american music 	yale university - yale center for british art, institutional archives 	university of hong kong 	san francisco museum of modern art 	indiana university of pennsylvania 	xavier university 	golden gate national recreation area - alcatraz island finding aids 	pratt institute archives 	florida state university - institute on wwii and the human experience 	vanderbilt university - jean and alexander heard library - history of medicine collections 	southern minnesota historical center 	minnesota state university, mankato university archives 	university at buffalo, state university of new york - robert l. brown history of medicine collection 	university at buffalo, state university of new york - rare and special books 	cleveland state university - michael schwartz library 	institute of american indian arts - library 	montclair state university - harry a. sprague library about archivegrid | how to search | contact us | include your collections | privacy policy | terms of use © - oclc, inc. the archivegrid website uses http "cookies" to provide an improved user experience. but you don't need to have cookies enabled to use archivegrid. none web literacy for student fact-checkers – simple book production 	 		 			 		 		 			 			 			 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 	skip to content 	 	 		 			 				 										 						 									 			 			 				toggle menu 				 						home 	read 	sign in 	 	 		search in book: 		 	 	 		 		search 	 				 			 		 			 	 	 	 				 			book title: web literacy for student fact-checkers		 					subtitle: ...and other people who care about facts. 							author: mike caulfield 				 							 									 												 					 			license: 						 			creative commons attribution 		 		 						 				read book			 						 				 			 contents 		 			show all contents 			hide all contents 		 			web literacy for student fact checkers 	acknowledgments 	updated resources for 	i. four moves and a habit 	 . why this book? 	 . four moves 	 . building a fact-checking habit by checking your emotions 	ii. look for previous work 	 . how to use previous work 	 . fact-checking sites 	 . wikipedia 	iii. go upstream 	 . go upstream to find the source 	 . identifying sponsored content 	 . activity: spot sponsored content 	 . understanding syndication 	 . tracking the source of viral content 	 . tracking the source of viral photos 	 . using google reverse image search 	 . filtering by time and place to find the original 	 . activity: trace viral photos upstream 	iv. read laterally 	 . what "reading laterally" means 	 . evaluating a website or publication's authority 	 . basic techniques: domain searches, whois 	 . activity: evaluate a site 	 . stupid journal tricks 	 . finding a journal's impact factor 	 . using google scholar to check author expertise 	 . how to think about research 	 . finding high quality secondary sources 	 . choosing your experts first 	 . evaluating news sources 	 . what makes a trustworthy news source? 	 . national newspapers of record 	 . activity: expert or crank? 	 . activity: find top authorities for a subject 	v. field guide 	 . verifying twitter identity 	 . activity: verify a twitter account 	 . using the wayback machine to check for page changes 	 . finding out when a page was published using google 	 . citation rates 	 . using google books to track down quotes 	 . understanding astroturf 	 . searching tv transcripts with the internet archive 	 . treating google's "snippets" with suspicion 	 . using buzzsumo to find highly viral stories 	 . finding out who owns a domain 	 . avoiding confirmation bias in searches 	 . promoted tweets 	 . finding old newspaper articles 	 . using the facebook live map to find breaking coverage 	vi. accessibility 	 . image descriptions 	 . "fact-checking sites" image descriptions 	 . "how to use previous work" image descriptions 	 . "go upstream to find the source" image descriptions 	appendix 	how digipo defines a "fact" 		 	book information 	 		 		 			 				author 									 												mike caulfield 					 							 						 				license 				 web literacy for student fact-checkers by michael a. caulfield is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license, except where otherwise noted. 			 					 			 	 		click for more information 	 	 		metadata 		 			 						title 	web literacy for student fact-checkers 										 								author 	 							mike caulfield								 												 								license 	 							 web literacy for student fact-checkers by michael a. caulfield is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license, except where otherwise noted. 								 												 								publisher 	 							self-published								 												 								publication date 	 							january , 								 									 		 			 	 		click for more information 	 	 	 		 			 								 					 				 			 			 								powered by pressbooks 					guides and tutorials 	|contact 			 			 				 					 					pressbooks on youtube 				 				 					 						 					 				pressbooks on twitter 			 		 	 five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians how students engage with news project information literacy october , | the news study report c o n t e n t s t h e n e w s s t u d y r e p o r t introduction five research takeaways conclusion recommendations leading thinkers methods about pil the news study report | october , introduction a s soon as their days begin, news finds them. a cnn alert flashes across a smartphone screen, a tap to a feedly icon pumps out a steady flow of top stories, and a facebook check brings up a meme with a satirical twist on a congressional debate. in an early morning class, an instructor uses a breaking news story from the new york times to start a discussion on election meddling, and over lunch, two friends pore over news of a school shooting. for many college students in america today, the news is an overwhelming hodgepodge of headlines, posts, alerts, tweets, visuals, and conversations that stream at them throughout the day. while some stories come from news sites students choose to follow, other content arrives uninvited, tracking the digital footprints that many searchers inevitably leave behind. but news consumption for most students is not entirely random or passive. in the course of any given day, some may take a deep dive into a story that piques their interest. they may spend hours googling a topic to learn more. others will explore a current controversy and may get different sides of an argument from a youtube clip and then validate information with a search of a mainstream and reliable news site, trying to figure out what’s credible, what’s true. most recognize that engaging with news requires effort to assemble, evaluate, and interpret news content as it’s delivered in the st century. although many make this extra effort, others do not. news plays a critical role in helping students navigate and understand the world, engage with social and learning communities, and participate in a democracy, but few studies have examined how college-age students find and use news. today, choices for news are profuse and objective coverage is increasingly mixed in with a deluge of poorer-quality online content and misinformation, making the need to understand news access and engagement behaviors even more urgent. in the small but growing pool of research literature, two studies stand out. there is the much-discussed study from of college students and their inability to differentiate “fake news” from "real news.” the following year, the knight foundation conducted qualitative research on how young people find, verify, and ultimately, trust, the news. many questions remain, however, as to what role news plays in students’ lives and how they stay current, if they can, in a world where news never rests. three questions guided this research study: . how do students conceptualize what constitutes “news” and how do they keep up, if they can? . how do students interact with and experience news when using social media networks? . how do students determine the currency, authority, and credibility of news content they encounter from both traditional news sites and new media sites? project information literacy (pil), a national research institute, investigated these questions in a mixed-methods study conducted during and . a sample of , respondents returned an online survey administered at u.s. colleges, universities, and community colleges. thirty-seven follow-up telephone interviews and write-in responses to an open-ended question from more than , survey respondents provided qualitative data about their opinions and perspectives. a computational analysis of twitter data from survey respondents and a larger twitter panel of more than , college-age persons provided observational data about news sharing behaviors. , . sam wineburg, sarah mcgrew, joel breakstone, and teresa ortega, "evaluating information: the cornerstone of civic online reason," stanford history education group (november , ): https://purl.stanford.edu/fv yt . mary madden, amanda lenhart, and claire fontaine, “how youth navigate the news landscape,” knight foundation (march , ): https://www.knightfoundation.org/reports/how-youth-navigate-the-news-landscape https://purl.stanford.edu/fv yt https://www.knightfoundation.org/reports/how-youth-navigate-the-news-landscape the news study report | october , the purpose of this study was to better understand the preferences, practices, and motivations of young news consumers, while focusing on what students actually do, rather than what they do not do. as a demographic group, college students are an important subset of the adult cohort of news consumers. to a large extent, the news habits young adults have today will determine the future of news production. understanding how journalism will fulfill its role in the service of democracy rests on a deeper knowledge of how young people gather, assess, and critically engage with news now and what role news plays in their lives. most significantly, this study’s findings suggest the news diet of young news consumers is both multi-modal and multi- social; news comes from their peers and professors about as much as from social media platforms during a given week. most students know a free press is essential in a democracy, and, yet, the deep political polarization occurring in this country has made them suspicious of biased reporting. some question the proliferation of “fast news” — oversimplified and fragmentary coverage spewed across social media platforms. and, for many, engaging with news has become hard work, requiring students to evaluate everything they hear or read for truth and objectivity, whether it’s from a facebook post, a conversation with a friend, or a news tweet on their smartphones. findings in this report are presented as five research takeaways, rich in quantitative and qualitative details. these takeaways are meant to inform readers about the practices, challenges, workarounds, and frustrations of young news consumers. they are also the basis for six actionable recommendations for journalists, educators, and librarians, as well as other stakeholders in the information industries, as they grapple with the challenge of credibility in the current media environment, and consider possibilities for making today’s students more effective and efficient news consumers. to explore the implications of this study’s findings, a small group of leading thinkers in education, libraries, media research, and journalism, provided concise commentaries that are featured at the end of this report.  . since twitter has an api and user data is accessible (and facebook does not), we are using twitter data in our computational analysis. . data from the large-panel twitter dataset was provided courtesy of the lazer lab, northeastern university, where kenny joseph, ph.d., the data scientist for this research study, was employed as a post-doctoral student during / . the news study report | october , five research takeaways . prior research from project information literacy found survey respondents (n = , ) enrolled at u.s. colleges and universities had searched for personal news in the previous six months more than for anything else. alison j. head and michael b. eisenberg, "how college students use the web to conduct everyday life research," first monday, , , (april ), http://firstmonday.org/article/view/ / . the phrase “pathways to news” was used by the american press institute in its report on millennials and news seeking, “millennials’ nuanced paths to news and information,” american press institute (march , ): https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and- information/ and by pew research center in their report about news seeking: amy mitchell, jeffrey gottfried, michael barthel, and elisa shearer, “the modern news consumer,” pew research center (july , ): http://www.journalism.org/ / / /pathways-to-news/. similarly, the phrase is used in this report to avoid confusion with terms like “platforms” and “sources” to describe students’ methods of getting news. . only % of the respondents had gotten news from two or fewer pathways to news in the preceding week. takeaway # : there are many pathways to news — not only on social media. news is woven into the fabric of college students’ lives. it often arrives in a variety of ways at a moment’s notice from a news feed, a facebook post, or in a conversation with a classmate. more than two-thirds ( %) of the survey respondents had received news during the past week from five of the pathways to news listed in figure . not all of these methods for receiving news, however, were used with equal frequency. among respondents, the most common way of getting news was discussions with peers ( %) whether face-to-face or online via text, email, or direct messaging on social media. many had also become aware of news stories in college classes; seven in said that in the past week they had learned of news in their discussions with instructors or professors. figure : how students got their news from different pathways percentages are calculated per category based on the total number of respondents that provided an answer. http://firstmonday.org/article/view/ / https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ http://www.journalism.org/ / / /pathways-to-news/ the news study report | october , like so many other young news consumers today, almost all of the students in this study ( %) had picked up news during the last week from social media. about three-quarters ( %) had gotten news from their accounts at least once a day. in this richly social realm, students logged on to find their feeds included a jumble of bite-sized headlines and images and videos from friends, interest groups, traditional media institutions, or all content distributed by algorithms, i.e., computer programs that govern information flows. in the words of one social and behavioral sciences major, “i get all my news from social media. when i hear about news from people, i’ve already heard about it from my feed, people are like my secondary news sources.” when asked specifically which social media networks they had gotten news from during the last week, seven in ( %) students said facebook (figure ). almost half as many of the same respondents ( %) had gotten news from the social network behemoth at least once a day. social media networks primarily featuring visual multimedia (still and moving images) also had some draw; at least half of the respondents cited youtube ( %), instagram ( %) or snapchat ( %) as frequent pathways to news in the past week. to a lesser degree, students had gotten headlines or links to news stories through twitter ( %), while far fewer ( %) had received news on this platform on a daily basis. looking across these different platforms, the findings suggest that young news consumers are “multi-social” in their access and pathways to news on social media. nearly two-thirds ( %) said they got news last week from three of the social media platforms listed in figure . this finding speaks to the likely scenario that young adults have diverse pathways to news, and choose from a diverse menu of items that they regard as newsworthy. in other words, no one social media company’s algorithm or curation strategy appears to entirely dominate the total news experience of most young news consumers. figure : social media networks as pathways to news percentages are calculated per category based on the total number of respondents that provided an answer. the news study report | october , . katerina eva matsa, “fewer americans rely on tv news: what type they watch varies by who they are,” pew research center (january , ): http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/ / / / fewer-americans-rely-on-tv-news-what-type-they-watch-varies-by-who-they-are/; laura hazard owen, “here’s who gets news from tv: the elderly again, pew finds (again),” nieman lab, harvard university (january , ): http://www.niemanlab.org/ / /heres-who-gets-news-from-tv-the-elderly-pew- finds-again/ . the pew research center has reported that % of americans and older had listened to a podcast during the past week, “audio and podcasting sheet,” pew research center (july , ): http:// www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/ in stark contrast, very few survey respondents ( . %) had not received news from any one of the nine social media platforms listed in figure during the preceding week. some had never signed up for a social media account. once they were in college, though, such abstainers learned they were at a “disadvantage,” since they were unfamiliar with news from social media their classmates and professors discussed. others were adamantly opposed to using social media; as one interviewee put it, “news on facebook is like junk food for the brain.” but news gathering did not end with peer and class discussions or social media. three-quarters of the respondents ( %) had received news from online newspaper sites in the last week, with far fewer ( %) getting news from print newspapers or magazines. in their comments, students mentioned using a stable of the same news sites that were a mix of traditional outlets, such as the new york times, the washington post, or cnn, and news packaged for a web-centric audience, such as buzzfeed or politico. some had read news stories on sites such as these after learning about news items on social media; others turned to news sites to track local news about their town. almost half ( %) had received news from television in the last week, whether it was real-time programming or segments posted on youtube or elsewhere on the web. this finding confirms prior research about the decline of younger adults watching news programming, a go-to for students only a couple of decades ago. even fewer ( %) had received news from radio news broadcasts. some students ( %) received news from podcasts in the preceding week. while podcast usage may seem low compared to the other pathways to news listed in figure , listening to podcasts came in substantially higher in this study than recent studies have reported. in their interviews and comments, students mentioned tuning in while commuting to and from campus and listening to shows, such as “embedded,” “democracy now!” or “pod save america.” podcasts, such as these, let students dig deeper into stories, both their context and implications. in the words of one student, an arts and humanities major, “it’s almost like the mainstream media lies by omission, so i prefer to listen to podcasts, especially shows on npr, which are the most credible news sources.” in focus: news in the classroom http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/ / / /fewer-americans-rely-on-tv-news-what-type-they-watch-varies-by-who-they-are/ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/ / / /fewer-americans-rely-on-tv-news-what-type-they-watch-varies-by-who-they-are/ http://www.niemanlab.org/ / /heres-who-gets-news-from-tv-the-elderly-pew-finds-again/ http://www.niemanlab.org/ / /heres-who-gets-news-from-tv-the-elderly-pew-finds-again/ http://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/ http://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/ multimodal and multi-social two major trends emerged from takeaway # . first, the survey findings challenge the simplistic and pervasive opinion that today’s students are “news-less.” instead, students in the sample reported receiving news from a range of different pathways to news on a weekly basis. second, the interviews and comments suggest that the common experience with news involves engaging with intertwined layers, sometimes with variations on the same story popping up in multiple pathways and platforms. as one student, a social and behavioral sciences major, said during an interview: news finds me through alerts on my phone and on social media. like today, trump announced he wasn’t going to meet with kim jong-un and i got a lot of alerts about that. there was a cnn alert and once i opened facebook it notified me too. sometimes if i have time in the morning i’ll watch “cbs this morning,” and occasionally, i’ll look at my facebook updates. today, i had at least five different posts about the same trump story on facebook. i also read the washington post and the new york times and the boston globe, because it has news about local politics that i’m interested in. as such sentiment suggests, and the survey findings confirm, many students have a news diet that is distinctly “multimodal.” their news is a blend of headlines, stories, and video clips from social media networks, smartphone alerts, and online news sites, as well as from discussions with friends, classmates, and professors. likewise, they are “multi- social” in their access to news on social media, getting their news weekly from several social media platforms rather than just one. this portrait of today’s young news consumer is revealing. it describes news seeking as an activity that involves both online and face-to-face interactions. some students said they had heard about news through exchanges with professors, and actively dug deeper after class to learn more about a topic on their own or to complete an assignment. others said they had compared snippets of a news story posted on social media with a more detailed account they had found online with a google search that linked to news sites. they often clicked a link to a mainstream news site they trusted and “considered reliable,” such as the new york times or the washington post, and others, to validate the stories they heard or read, searched youtube for footage or used snopes, an independent and reliable fact-checking site. still others said they cross-referenced news they thought was credible with a site that had different political leanings from their own, like fox news, breitbart news network, or the huffington post. in doing so, students were consciously choosing to explore different sides of the same news story. students like these often claimed that a multi-step verification process was necessary given the threat of misinformation in today’s political climate, when the country is deeply divided between those who support the president and those who do not. the news study report | october , . of course, not all young people attend college or university, and the authors of this report acknowledge the limits to the demographics of this study's cohort. however, it is worth noting that about two-thirds of this generation now enter post-secondary education of some sort in the united states after high school: “college enrollment and work activity of recent high school and college graduates summary,” u.s. bureau of labor statistics (april , ): https://www.bls.gov/news.release/hsgec.nr .htm. in this study’s exploratory analysis of high school seniors (n = ), this percentage was higher, with % saying they planned to attend college right after graduation. . mark mellman, “the young and the newsless,” the hill, , (january , ): http://thehill.com/opinion/mark-mellman/ -mark-mellman-the-young-and-the- newsless. however, two research studies have disproven this claim, see: op. cit “millennials’ nuanced paths to news and information,” in how millennials get news, american press institute (march , ): https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ . the researchers for this study acknowledge that the survey sample was self-selected and students who did not follow or care about the news may have decided not to take the survey. . it is important to note that the political composition of this study’s sample, however, did not mirror the country as a whole. more of the respondents — % — identified as liberal or very liberal; % said they were moderate; % said they were conservative or very conservative. judging from students’ comments and interviews their political affiliations were not necessarily set in stone. as one student summed it up, “i grew up republican but identify socially as a democrat, but i still have a lot to learn and prefer not to strongly identify as any one thing until i fully educate myself.” https://www.bls.gov/news.release/hsgec.nr .htm http://thehill.com/opinion/mark-mellman/ -mark-mellman-the-young-and-the-newsless http://thehill.com/opinion/mark-mellman/ -mark-mellman-the-young-and-the-newsless https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ the news study report | october , notwithstanding their efforts, students still found the pathways to news they used were vulnerable to bias, misinformation, and a blurring of opinion and facts. one student, a political science major, recalled how a mainstream news site focused on “trump coming to save blue-collar coal miners and the coal industry,” but when she explored further she found that the coal industry was suffering long-term economic problems for many reasons. most young news consumers, like this one, knew they needed to invest time in critically evaluating, assembling, and interpreting news from different pathways to news in order to get the full story. as one student majoring in life and physical sciences summed it up, “i spend more time trying to find an unbiased site than i do reading the news i find.” . antonis kalogeropoulos and nic newman, “i saw the news on facebook: brand attribution when accessing news from distributed environments,” reuters institute for study of journalism, university of oxford ( ): https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/i-saw-news-facebook-brand-attribution-when-accessing-news- distributed-environments; amy mitchell, jeffrey gottfried, elisa shearer, and kristine lu, “how americans encounter, recall and act upon digital news,” pew research center (february , ): http://www.journalism.org/ / / /how-americans-encounter-recall-and-act-upon-digital-news/ takeaway # : news knows no personal boundaries, so students follow selectively. students live in a world where news never sleeps. whether passively or actively engaging with news, students, like so many of the rest of us, are inundated with a stream of print and video snippets, many from questionable and ambiguous pathways to news whose sources they cannot identify or recall. the sample of students in this study was no different — more than two-thirds ( %) said the sheer amount of news available to them was overwhelming, and half ( %) agreed it was difficult to identify the most important news stories on any given day. most students were frustrated by the fire hose of news that they found — and that found them — on their mobile devices. in an interview, for instance, a biochemistry major described being so “shocked” by a news alert on her phone about north korea’s missile testing that she and her lab partner immediately stopped their experiment to read the news. another student, a life and physical sciences major, said she resented the intrusive news posting on her facebook account: news interrupts my life a lot, especially when i’m on facebook and i’m looking at friends’ pictures and enjoying myself and then there's videos about violence in gaza and i think, “oh god, i can't avoid news!” i've read that news like this can desensitize us and we have to compartmentalize all these images that are just thrown up on social media; i just wish there were more warnings or you could choose to view it or not. very few students ( %) in this study reported that they did not follow news. as a junior at a large public university advised: “a low-information diet is incredibly beneficial if you are trying to remain focused on goals — news is stressful and has little impact on the day-to-day routines — use it for class assignments, avoid it otherwise.” while a few students like this one practiced news abstinence, such students were rare. keeping up out of necessity, many more students said they had developed strategies and techniques for navigating the news landscape and managing the onslaught of a never-ending news cycle. during the interviews, students said they relied on news digests to keep current, such as the skimm, buzzfeed’s “top five,” or updates provided by snapchat, apple news, or “smart” devices like the amazon echo. news digests, they said, were trusted gatekeepers that filtered and identified the most important stories (at least as identified by the providers) and kept them aware of what was happening in the world around them, in case news came up in discussions with friends or in class. as a senior majoring in social and behavioral sciences explained: a digest of top news stories is definitely in our formula of what makes a good news source, since we often just feel so inundated with all the information that's available on the web — all the different news sources we can go to. but to have news in a small, simple, digestible form where if you're interested in a story you can go and read more https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/i-saw-news-facebook-brand-attribution-when-accessing-news-distributed-environments https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/i-saw-news-facebook-brand-attribution-when-accessing-news-distributed-environments http://www.journalism.org/ / / /how-americans-encounter-recall-and-act-upon-digital-news/ the news study report | october , about it and if you're not you just go to the next item. digests are a more accessible format and allows you to consume the news and feel like you've gotten a full, -degree understanding about what's going on in the world in a very short amount of time without having to thumb through some newspaper or get lost on google looking for the top stories of the day, like the new york times does a morning briefing — i try to read that every day. students, as a whole, were interested in a range of news topics, but most ignored stories that did not serve their individual needs or interests on some level. more than anything, survey respondents had read updates about the traffic and weather ( %) during the preceding week, with two-thirds ( %) of the same students checking this information at least once a day (figure ). . the news topics listed in figure have been adopted and modified, with thanks, from “millennials’ nuanced paths to news and information,” in how millennials get news, american press institute (march , ): https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ figure : news topics students engaged with during the past week percentages are calculated per category based on the total number of respondents that provided an answer. https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ the news study report | october , . throughout our pre-study focus groups, students in each discussion brought up political memes as “news” that they engaged with and followed. while this definition did not comport with our original survey plans, we revised our survey to collect data about which topics students considered “newsworthy,” so we could better understand how they defined news today. we acknowledge that political satire has been around forever. some years ago, aristophanes ridiculed athenian leaders and their conduct of the peloponnesian war. benjamin franklin was, perhaps, one of this country’s first popular satirists. see chapter , “news parody, satire, remix,” in adrienne russell, networked: a contemporary history of news in transition, polity: cambridge, . . “most important problem ,” gallup ( ): https://news.gallup.com/ poll/ /most-important-problem.aspx nearly as many respondents had followed news about national government and politics ( %), while more than half ( %) had checked on political news at least once a day. roughly eight in students took in political memes ( %), humorous images, videos, or text, because they appreciated the amplifying quality of satire about certain political events. at the same time, students had followed stories on crime and public safety ( %), international issues ( %), local news about their town ( %), or environmental and natural disasters ( %). as one student explained: i’m looking for news that really affects me, that’s what i seek out, that’s what prompts me to click a link. when i see something about planned parenthood is trending, that's something that as a woman, is important to me, so i'll want to read more about it. if i see something like a global crisis or something like the flint water issue, i'll read more stuff that shows how i can help because that's important to me, too. but i don’t care about sports, they're just boring, it's not necessary to know. during the months when this survey was administered, many students were interested in coverage about race and immigration ( %) — and so were many others outside of this study’s sample. a gallup survey found more americans had identified “dissatisfaction with government/poor leadership,” “immigration/illegal aliens,” and “race relations/racism” as the most important problems facing the united states. together, these findings help to explain why so many respondents agreed with statements that news was “information useful to me in my life” ( %) and that “[news] helps me understand the world” ( %). at the in focus: the dynamics of the political news cycle * op. cit “millennials’ nuanced paths to news and information,” in how millennials get news, american press institute (march , ): https:// www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials- paths-to-news-and-information/ † thomas e. patterson, “news coverage of donald trump’s first days,” faculty research working paper series, rwp - , harvard kennedy school (september ): https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/news-coverage-donald-trumps- first- -days. https://news.gallup.com/poll/ /most-important-problem.aspx https://news.gallup.com/poll/ /most-important-problem.aspx https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/news-coverage-donald-trumps-first- -days https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/news-coverage-donald-trumps-first- -days the news study report | october , same time, students often looked for news related to their academic interests. education majors, for instance, appear to view education news more frequently than students majoring in other fields. more than half of the education majors ( %) had viewed news on schools and education once or twice a day, while less than a third of math majors ( %) had read about the same topics over the past several days. one explanation in the interest in following education and schools may be increased coverage about gun violence and schools; many students mentioned school shootings in their interviews. but the trend of students keeping up with news related to their majors was consistent beyond event-driven and breaking news stories. for instance, more than two-fifths of the computer science majors ( %) had gotten news about science and technology on a daily basis in the preceding week, while arts and humanities ( %) or education majors ( %) had viewed stem stories far less often. one of the more intriguing results from the survey was the lower percentage of respondents — % — that had followed sports news in the preceding week, relative to how much respondents followed other news topics listed in figure . notably, a higher percentage of males ( %) in the sample followed sports than did females ( %), which supports the popular stereotype of more males being avid sports fans. an explanation for the relatively low percentage of sports news fans may be that interest in traditional sports coverage is experiencing a downturn. in the follow-up interviews, both male and female participants said they did not follow sports news so they could conserve time to use elsewhere in their busy lives. as one student stated, “i just don't have time, but say i do have extra minutes, i'm going to look up news about pressing issues beyond my major about foreign policy news rather than sports." others said they followed sports news only when a championship was happening, like the world cup, olympics, super bowl, or nba finals; others followed humorous things that had happened on the playing field or sports controversies that overlapped with news about politics, race, or social justice. as a female student enrolled at a private college said: i'll watch the super bowl but mostly for the commercials. the only time i'll really engage with sports news is when it's not really about sports, so like the nfl players kneeling during the national anthem. but that's more of a political protest than sports, so that's probably why i find it interesting. . according to one study’s results, males were twice as likely as females to be involved in and interested in sports. part of the reason is that of sports open to males, only were also played by women around the globe. see robert o. deaner and brandt a. smith, “sex differences in sports across gender in societies,” cross-cultural research, , - ( ): http://www .gvsu.edu/deanerr/deaner% &% smith% % sex% differences% in% sports% across% % societies.pdf . dan singer, “we are wrong about millennial sports fans,” mckinsey and company (october, ): https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/media-and-entertainment/ our-insights/we-are-wrong-about-millennial-sports-fans; alex evans and gil moran, “l.e.k. sports survey — digital engagement part one: sports and the ‘millennial problem’” (march , ): https://www.lek.com/sites/default/files/insights/pdf-attachments/ _sports_survey_part_ a.pdf defining news broadly it is clear from the findings presented in takeaway # that this generation of young news consumers defines “news content” more broadly than previous generations. prior to the web, news was divided into distinct categories of newsprint and straight network broadcasts. news placement was vetted by journalists to reflect its importance, with the biggest stories of the day telegraphed with larger fonts and headlines that are “above the fold” in print newspapers. but on the web, stories of all kinds can show up anywhere and information and news are all mixed together. light features rotate through prominent spots on the "page" with the same weight as breaking news, sports coverage, and investigative pieces, even on mainstream news sites. advertorial "features" and opinion pieces are not always clearly identified in digital spaces. http://www .gvsu.edu/deanerr/deaner% &% smith% % sex% differences% in% sports% across% % societies.pdf http://www .gvsu.edu/deanerr/deaner% &% smith% % sex% differences% in% sports% across% % societies.pdf https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/media-and-entertainment/our-insights/we-are-wrong-about-millennial-sports-fans https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/media-and-entertainment/our-insights/we-are-wrong-about-millennial-sports-fans https://www.lek.com/sites/default/files/insights/pdf-attachments/ _sports_survey_part_ a.pdf the news study report | october , students’ engagement with news content reflected this anything-goes news landscape in the st century. on the whole, in interviews and comments, they mentioned an assortment of topics that qualified as being newsworthy to them: kim jong- un’s missile testing, political memes, daily traffic and weather reports, the “march for our lives,” and roseanne barr's racist tweets. while many college students appeared, on one level, to be idealistic about the role of news in society, it was revealing to learn what types of political news they engaged with on social media. in the preceding week, most students ( %) had viewed a political meme — humorous images, satirical videos, or pieces of text that often connect a current event with pop culture. for many, political memes provided a much-needed dose of humor in the midst of news about the world’s serious problems and tumultuous times. . the story about roseanne barr broke in may when we were conducting follow-up interviews, not when we were administering the survey. . we acknowledge that political satire has been around forever. some years ago, aristophanes ridiculed athenian leaders and their conduct of the peloponnesian war. benjamin franklin was, perhaps, one of this country’s first popular satirists. see chapter , “news parody, satire, remix,” in adrienne russell, networked: a contemporary history of news in transition, polity: cambridge ( ). . adrienne russell, networked: a contemporary history of news in transition (cambridge: polity, ); jeffrey c. alexander, elizabeth butler breese, and maria luengo (eds.), the crisis of journalism reconsidered: democratic culture, professional codes, digital futures, cambridge: cambridge university press ( ). a collection of widely circulated memes in were inspired by a photo of donald trump and angela merkel at the g summit in quebec in june (photograph: jesco denzel/afp/getty images. used with permission, getty images). as one student, a health sciences major, explained, “political memes, while crudish, begin important conversations.” others considered memes a natural springboard for “researching fact vs. fiction or opinion vs. reality.” still others, though far fewer, avoided political memes all together since they saw they as dangerous and powerful weapons for spreading misinformation. whatever their motivations, many students considered political memes “newsworthy” on some level. these findings suggest satire is an integral part of the college students’ lives, as reflected in many students’ comments referencing stephen colbert, john oliver, and trevor noah, and their late night shows. some students recognized, however, that not everyone appreciates satire in the era of alternative facts. in the words of one political science major, “my grandmother, and most adults her age, think news is something very serious; she really doesn’t appreciate the humor as much as someone my age does.” takeaway # : tension exists between idealized views of journalism and a distrust of news. a new vernacular of media terms, from “tweets” and “likes” to “citizen journalism” and “clickbait,” exemplify how dramatically news distribution has changed in just a decade, or two. but this change is not only in how news is spread, but also in how it is reported. technological changes have come to news production at a time of shrinking newsrooms. there are fewer reporters and diminished newsroom capacity. moreover, these changes are all happening precisely at a moment of increased scrutiny from the white house and political factions questioning the veracity, relevance, and possible journalistic bias of news coverage. the news study report | october , despite this profound shift within the news industry, the long-standing core principles of journalism — truth, accuracy, independence and fairness — resonated with students in this study. most survey respondents agreed that news was important in a democracy ( %), while another three-fifths agreed that following the news is a civic responsibility ( %). as one science major explained: the news makes people talk about what is going on in life, and even fake news creates conversations! talking is the hallmark of democracy, and the news makes people talk about important issues. who would speak for the community and marginalized groups if the news wasn’t present? people should follow the news, they should know what is going on in the world. when asked what constitutes “news,” about two-thirds agreed with statements that news “consists of objective reporting of facts” ( %) and is “factual stories that grab my interest” ( %) (figure ). in their interviews and comments, some students discussed the importance of knowing “good from bad news sources,” while others said they looked for news from “trusted sources” with an established history of reporting news in “a decently fair way.” these findings suggest many college students have a strong allegiance to an idealized version of journalism. and because of this perspective, one distinctly revealing thread running throughout this study was the persistent dissatisfaction students had with the quality of news available to them. during the interviews, one student’s comment captured the ambivalence that many others expressed about the quality of today’s news: “it is really hard to know what is real in today's society; there are a lot of news sources and it is difficult to trust any of them.” figure : how students define the role of news in their lives responses of “strongly agree” and “somewhat agree” have been conflated into a category for “agree.” percentages calculated per category, based on the total of number of respondents that provided an answer. the news study report | october , exploring this topic in the follow-up interviews and survey write-in comments, several factors, as students described them, drove a significant minority’s distrust of the news. more than anything, students mentioned the “fake news” phenomenon in their comments and interviews, particularly its far-reaching impact on people’s ability to distinguish truthful and accurate news coverage from misinformation and outright lies. a few referenced “fake news” as being part of an agenda linked to spurious comments made by the white house about journalists being the “enemy of the people.” many more echoed similar concerns saying they “took news with a grain of salt.” some ( %) said they agreed that the threat of “‘fake news’ had made them distrust the credibility of any news.” almost half ( %) lacked confidence with discerning “real news” from “fake news,” and only % said they were “very confident” that they could detect “fake news.” while many acknowledged that “fake news” is not new, and propaganda and misinformation have always been a component of news content since the early days of journalism, many mentioned other forces at work eroding the quality of news today during their interviews and write-in comments. . for purposes of this study, “fake news” is defined as patently untrue and made-up news created with the intention of deceiving others, often for monetary or political gains, or both. we recognize that the term “fake news” is highly problematic. but we use it because the term is commonly used in public discourse and its wide usage affects the attitudes of news consumers, even if its definition is politically fraught and imprecise from a social scientific perspective. . for an example of trump’s ongoing criticism of the press, see philip rucker, “trump accuses ‘very unpatriotic’ journalists of putting the ‘lives of many’ in peril,” washington post (july , ): https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-says-he-called-media-enemy-of-the-people-in-meeting-with-ny-times- publisher/ / / /fec adee- - e - c- fa d _story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=. b c d social media backlash beyond “fake news,” some students were highly critical of an increasing avalanche of news that appeals to news consumers’ emotions rather than conveying credible facts. some questioned the technologies that enabled, even encouraged, the rapid spread of lower quality online content and misinformation. as one student majoring in business administration explained: the pace of news has definitely changed and it began with the presidential election. people were throwing out opinions as fact, left and right, about clinton and trump. thousands of comments would appear within minutes of the pictures or videos that were posted online about both candidates. we saw how fast social media can work in that arena and how it can really divide people, too. people unfriended friends and got into terrible fights because of the posts. it got so crazy and people talked about things they might not normally talk about, like abortion and politics. other students voiced their concerns about getting their news from social media platforms, and they recognized the limitations of the likes of facebook or twitter as a news delivery system. there was considerable distrust of news items posted on social media as they were incomplete and disembodied from the originating source. almost three-fourths of the survey sample ( %) agreed that without knowing the source of the news — where a news item originated — they could not trust a news item. when making decisions about credibility, students were far more likely to use the media source as a proxy for quality rather than the individual journalist. as one arts and humanities major said in an interview, “the fact that people consider news on social media as news is the most troubling fact, i mean nine times out of ten, a headline is only designed for ‘clickbait’ for ad revenue — i don’t use or trust news on social media.” and as another student in an occupational training program put it, there is “a blur between credible and opinionated sources, making social media a strong platform for spreading opinion and entirely false news.” still others critiqued the pace of the news cycle or what one student called, “fast news.” fast news, according to one first- year student, was the minimalist presentation of news and information on social media that oversimplifies and omits critical information while feeding to the spread of fragmentary news coverage: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-says-he-called-media-enemy-of-the-people-in-meeting-with-ny-times-publisher/ / / /fec adee- - e - c- fa d _story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=. b c d https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-says-he-called-media-enemy-of-the-people-in-meeting-with-ny-times-publisher/ / / /fec adee- - e - c- fa d _story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=. b c d the news study report | october , we live in this time where our attention spans are even less. think of snapchat: we look at an image about the news for seconds and then it's gone. instagram stories? you can find something and it disappears in hours. vine started out by posting seven-second videos. people expect things to be funny really fast or interesting really fast, and same with news — teenagers want news that's quickly interesting, quickly eye catching. that's so detrimental to news and the culture of news right now. it takes time to be well-informed and to get the whole story. fast news oversimplifies. it cuts out a lot of the important details, especially when news coverage tries to be like a social media post. at the same time, other students were dissatisfied with an increased bias in news reporting. while two-thirds ( %) of the respondents agreed with the statement that “journalists make mistakes but generally try to get their news stories correct,” many were still suspicious of news organizations that injected bias into stories solely for profit; as one student said in a write-in comment, “their end goal is selling advertising.” many of the students who were interviewed said they gave little credence to journalists. most had little regard for bylines or who individual journalists were, and almost half of the survey respondents ( %) agreed that journalists deliberately inserted bias into their stories. as one student said in a write-in comment, “it’s the umbrella organization that gives the news legitimacy. i don’t really care about who’s writing the story.” another said, “i never pay attention to the specific author of a news story, but i definitely avoid sites like fox news.” as a matter of recourse, some students in the study “read the news laterally,” meaning they used sources elsewhere on the internet to compare versions of a story in an attempt to verify its facts, bias, and ultimately, its credibility. when they were deciding whether to share news sources on social media, more than a third of the sample said they first compared news with different sources ( %) or read or viewed an entire news story from start to end ( %). as one student, a film major, said during an interview: † ‡ † ‡ in focus: previewing next-gen news consumers . for a discussion of lateral reading, see pages - of sam wineburg and sarah mcgrew, “lateral reading: reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information,” stanford history education group work paper no. -a (october , ): http://dx.doi.org/ . /ssrn. https://digiday.com/media/ -things-learned-snapchat-discover/ https://www.recode.net/ / / / /snapchat-discover-redesign-algorithm-traffic-publishers https://www.recode.net/ / / / /snapchat-discover-redesign-algorithm-traffic-publishers https://techcrunch.com/ / / /teens-favoring-snapchat-and-instagram-over-facebook-says-emarketer/ https://techcrunch.com/ / / /teens-favoring-snapchat-and-instagram-over-facebook-says-emarketer/ http://dx.doi.org/ . /ssrn. the news study report | october , i really don’t trust any news source and that is why i talk to my peers and professors to see what others think and to see if it might be a bogus story or not. people have to fact check and not accept or trust one news source as the end-all-be-all, they need to create their own view of the news. no news source is entirely credible but i think you can piece it together if you pull from enough different news sources. for most students, the traditional journalistic values still mattered, although many distrust certain pathways to news, particularly social media. when students struggled with these conflicting viewpoints, news content was all the more complicated for them to process — and made engaging with news more work than a leisurely pastime. when looking more deeply at why today’s students were dissatisfied with journalism, three primary factors emerged from the takeaway # data. first, the ongoing presence of a so-called “fake news” phenomenon and cases of misinformation and outright lies threatened many students’ ability to tell “fake” from “real” news, and contributed to their distrust of news content. second, the rise of fast news was considered a particularly pernicious influence on the quality of news available today. third, students expressed concerns about news organizations injecting bias into coverage and playing on news consumers’ emotions as a way to increase profits. as a whole, the findings suggest that many students felt betrayed with news falling short of their ideals; they lamented that their trust in news had been eroded. in one student’s words: “i don’t trust the news anymore. it all fills an agenda — that’s a fact.” . manuel castells, "communication, power and counter-power in the network society." international journal of communication, , - ( ): http://ijoc.org/ index.php/ijoc/article/view/ / . as mentioned, because twitter has an api and user data are accessible (unlike facebook), we are using twitter data in our computational analysis. while twitter handles were collected from survey respondents, a subset of were twitter users who had shared news at some time since they had an account; twitter users ( %) were “non-sharers.” we acknowledge that twitter’s user base is smaller and less generally representative of the population than that of facebook. yet twitter’s user base does highly skew toward ages - , which is exactly the target demographic of our study. see aaron smith and monica anderson, “social media use in ,” pew research center (march , ): http://www.pewinternet.org/ / / /social-media-use-in- / takeaway # : students share news on social media as stewards of what’s important to know. growing up with the ability to share and broadcast on social media is a characteristic that distinguishes this generation from others before them. young news consumers are the first generation of students who have spent all of their adult lives with the full power of mass self-communication and with the speed, ease, wide choices, and socially optimized and shareable content afforded by contemporary social media. at colleges and universities throughout the country, campuses are filled with students empowered, and sometimes perplexed, by their individual broadcast capacity and multifarious channels for access and engagement. while most college students get a lot, though not all, of their news from social media, how they engage and share news from social media platforms is less known. data from twitter accounts provided voluntarily by survey respondents (n = ) and from a larger panel dataset (n = , ) were analyzed in this study to measure and contextualize how college students consumed and shared news. these data have the advantage of allowing for observation-based insights, and therefore greater context, generated independently of the self-reported survey results. in this study, almost three-fifths of the survey respondents ( %) said they had shared or retweeted news in the preceding week about one of the topics listed in figure , and almost a quarter ( %) had shared news on a daily basis from social media. these results suggest just how broad and common the practice of sharing news may be, but the data also cast some http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/ / http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/ / http://www.pewinternet.org/ / / /social-media-use-in- / the news study report | october , doubt on the prevalent stereotype of all students sharing dozens of news items a day. there are many who abstain, even if that is not the majority pattern. . notably, the differences between their sharing activity on social media in the past week — % — and high percentage of students who identified discussions with peers as a pathway to news ( %). it may be that as these discussions with peers are less public and one-to-one, so they involve less risk than sharing news through social media as one-to-many broadcasts. in our survey questions, we did not differentiate between peer-to-peer messaging apps that are tied to social media platforms, such as facebook messenger and whatsapp, and social media more generally. we acknowledge, however, a rise in the sharing of news through messaging apps. see nic newman, “news in social media and messaging apps,” kantar media/reuters institute for the study of journalism (september ): https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/ files/ - /km% risj% news% in% social% media% and% messaging% apps% report% _ .pdf percentages are calculated per category based on the total number of respondents that provided an answer. figure : news topics students shared on social media during the past week https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ - /km% risj% news% in% social% media% and% messaging% apps% report% _ .pdf https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ - /km% risj% news% in% social% media% and% messaging% apps% report% _ .pdf the news study report | october , more than anything, students in this study had shared political memes ( %) and news about national politics ( %) in the preceding week. news on schools and education ( %) and lifestyle/hobbies ( %) were also shared. fewer students had shared news about entertainment and celebrities ( %), local news ( %), race and immigration ( %), or sports ( %). drilling down beyond the general level, results suggest that certain individual and demographic factors may have shaped and influenced sharing behavior for the students in this study. there were variations associated with political affiliation and gender. for example, in the survey data, respondents who identified as liberals shared twice as much news ( %) than did conservatives ( %) during the past week. when looking at the data from twitter accounts provided by survey respondents, specifically, at the top news sites shared by females (n = ) and males (n = ), clear gender differences emerged. first, more females ( %) than males ( %) shared news on twitter. second, more females shared news from sites such as buzzfeed.com, huffingtonpost.com, abcradio.com, or eonline.com. more males shared news from politico.com, twitch.tv, nba.com, or economist.com. overall, females shared more celebrity and entertainment news, while males shared more gaming and sports news. . in this computational analysis of gender and sharing behaviors, the timeframe of students’ news sharing behavior is from the time they had first signed up for a twitter account through may . the analysis considered students that had shared at least one news link during this timeframe. the total n for this analysis is females (n = ) and males (n = ) with the remaining % of the respondents identifying at “other.” . one of the most central complex tasks in this analysis has been defining “news” in order to examine sharing behavior on the social media platform. of course, social media platforms, such as twitter, allow for all forms of content to circulate. to identify news sites, pil researchers hand-coded a list of randomly generated sites. krippendorff’s alpha (kalpha), the most rigorous means of testing intercoder reliability, was used to test the consistency of reviewers’ coding decisions. these results were used to verify a classification based on the sites indexed by google news, which curates verified news sites. this allowed for focusing on news sites and volume shared with higher accuracy. . notably, these findings confirm respondents’ behaviors for following sports news during the last week, i.e., when respondents were asked about whether they followed sports news in the past week, more males ( %) had than females ( %). sharing and sharing alike sharing on social media can involve young people in the public sphere in a variety of robust ways. most notably, sharing can allow networks of friends to be more aware of one another’s political and social values than they might otherwise be — or want to be. when students were asked why survey respondents shared news, their motives varied: one survey respondent shared news to entertain, provoke, and shape the views of his peers; another shared news to have a voice about larger causes in the world (figure ). the news study report | october , responses of “strongly agree” and “somewhat agree” have been conflated into a category for “agree.” percentages are calculated per category, based on the total of number of respondents that provided an answer. importantly, more than half ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of; nearly half ( %) said they agreed that sharing news gives them a voice about a larger cause. about one-third ( %) agreed that sharing news gives them an opportunity to change the views of their friends and followers. yet, as altruistic as these reasons may sound, some students were suspicious about such motivations for sharing news. as one life and physical sciences major summed it up in an interview: “these students share information to reinforce existing viewpoints that make them feel right — even if it’s not true.” of course, other motives were present as well for sharing: a quarter of respondents ( %) said they shared to entertain their friends or just entertain themselves ( %); almost one in five ( %) said they shared to provoke responses from others. fewer than a third of those surveyed ( %) said they shared news as a way of defining their online presence; few reported being very conscious or intentional about their self-presentation and construction of identity in this regard. more frequently, sharing is seen as a form of service to others, and based on the interviews, some students saw themselves as policing the truth in the public sphere. in the words of one physical sciences major, "i don’t know if other people are good about detecting fake news, like on facebook, people just share anything, even something that has no backing, they don’t even take a minute to see if it is true, or not.” while sharing news may foster a sense of agency and power, it also may be accompanied by reputational risk. given many students’ admitted lack of confidence in being able to evaluate true from false news, the potential for embarrassment remains real. as one student, a life and physical sciences major, explained, “i have fallen victim to fake news before and my friends will have to say, 'oh, that's not true. you have to read this other story that proves that's fake. you're being ridiculous.' and i've felt stupid, but it happens.” figure : why students share news items the news study report | october , another student, enrolled in an occupational training program, said: there have been multiple times when i thought the news was reliable and believed them, only to find out it was not accurate. i am not one to overshare my beliefs and opinions on social media, unlike most people. not being able to distinguish whether news is accurate or not is a part of why i do not share on my social media platforms. some respondents, though not all, did evaluate the veracity of news they shared on social media. more ( %) said they checked to see how current an item was, while % read the complete story before sharing and % checked the url to see where a story originated (figure ). fewer read comments about a post ( %) or looked to see how many times an item was tweeted or shared ( %). figure : how students evaluate breaking news they share responses of “always,” often,” and “sometimes” have been conflated into a category for “use.” percentages are calculated per category, based on the total of number of respondents that provided an answer. far fewer checked to see how many times a news item they thought about sharing had been liked ( %), took a screenshot of the page to show someone for advice ( %), or checked on for a hashtag ( %). this is not to say that a few students did not try to get better about critically scrutinizing the validity of news. an arts and humanities major said: i think looking for news for academic purposes has influenced how i look at news for personal use. i’ve started looking at dates and sources much more, as well as recognizing what sites tend to have biased news, like huffpost vs. breitbart. after doing assignments that require research, i’ve developed some methods of determining whether a source is credible and before i believe it or share it online. . danah boyd, “why youth (heart) social network sites: the role of networked publics in teenage social life,” in david buckingham, ed., youth, identity, and digital media, the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation series on digital media and learning, berkman center research publication no. - , mit press, cambridge, ma ( ): https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= ; john palfrey and urs gasser, born digital: understanding the first generation of digital natives, ny: basic books ( ). the news study report | october , in the absence of comparable studies of other demographics, it cannot be said whether college students are evaluating more or less than other age groups. but what is clear from the data presented in takeaway # is sharing news is a widespread practice among many young people. while it is not constant or consistent for every member of this young cohort, it is a surprisingly common practice, a kind of baseline dimension of the cultural milieu among young persons. from the beginning of the rise of social media, one of the central research questions has revolved around motivations and self-understandings as they relate to sharing behavior and interactive exchanges in networks, among the largely younger cohort of platform users. the data presented in takeaway # give a strong indication of why young persons share news and what they expect from sharing. they often see sharing as a way of informing their network and circulating things of interest that they believe others should be aware of; at the same time, many see sharing news as linked to a form of agency in the public sphere, a way of “having a voice” in larger issues. news content in its many forms, therefore, is both a kind of currency and a form of fuel. news fuels networked activity and thereby the formation of social capital, fostering mutual recognition, knowledge, and discussion. for young persons, news is a vital tool of social exchange and community building. in focus: patterns of sharing https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= the news study report | october , figure : which news sites the large-scale panel of twitter users shared n = , twitter users from existing large-scale panel of college-age persons. the news study report | october , figure : the news sites college-age twitter users from this study shared n = , twitter users from voluntary subset of this study’s survey sample. takeaway # : traditional standards for evaluating news are increasingly problematic. currency and authority are two of the most pressing issues in our “post-truth” times. in the era of "alternative facts," misinformation, “fake news,” partisan attacks on the mainstream press, and volatile news cycles, many students in this study, like so many news consumers, were challenged by evaluating news content for the different uses in their lives. . in a pew research poll, % of us adults said that “made-up news” caused a “great deal of confusion” about the facts of current events. michael barthel, amy mitchell, and jesse holcomb, “many americans believe fake news is sowing confusion,” pew research center (december , ): http://www.journalism.org/ / / /many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion/ http://www.journalism.org/ / / /many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion/ the news study report | october , . this percentage — % — was derived by dividing of the explicit comments about differences between academic and personal use that were made by the total sample of college respondents (n = , ) that answered the open-ended question in the survey. when survey respondents were asked about which sources they relied on for news for particular purposes, their responses were revealing. findings suggested a gulf between students’ academic and personal news-seeking habits (figure ). the majority of students relied on library databases ( %) and professors ( %) to fulfill academic assignment requirements, while for everyday needs, social media networks ( %) or relatively newer media sources ( %), such as buzzfeed or politico, were more popular. figure : sources of news for fulfilling academic vs. personal needs percentages are calculated per category, based on the total number of respondents that provided an answer. fewer students relied on news from print newspapers ( %), news apps ( %), or radio broadcasts ( %) for academic assignments; even fewer used news from social media networks ( %), or non-traditional sources like buzzfeed or reddit ( %). when it came to getting news for their personal lives, very few used library databases ( %), but a fair number did rely on television ( %) or radio ( %) broadcasts. according to the interviews and write-in comments, students had lower standards for getting news for use in their personal lives than they did for finding news for academic assignments. in the words of one life and physical sciences student, “i don’t typically look for news in my daily life, it kinda pops up on my computer sometimes and if it has a good interesting title, i read it.” the results from the survey suggest students who know what is demanded from them academically, used library databases to meet the expectations of their professors. in the open-ended survey question, more than % of the survey respondents referenced using different strategies for personal and academic news gathering. in the words of a survey respondent, a business major, “often for school assignments, i use library databases to find news stories, and for personal use, i tend to go the less time-consuming way and just use what is right in front of me, such as social media and news apps.” despite the implied ease of using social media for staying up to date, the chronology of news stories could be difficult for students to verify on the open web compared to neatly organized library databases. when students got for the latest news the news study report | october , . for a general discussion of the standards for assessing the information quality of research sources, see u.c. berkeley’s libguide, “evaluating resources” http:// guides.lib.berkeley.edu/evaluating-resources . david weigel, “how breaking news broke the news,” slate (april , ): http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/ / / cable_tv_and_the_internet_have_destroyed_the_meaning_of_breaking_news_.html in focus: what’s a librarian to do? for personal or academic use, some found it daunting to figure out when a source was first published, a traditional step most took for evaluating information quality commonly taught to students in information literacy workshops, guides, or during high school. the frequent presentation of old news as breaking news was a further source of confusion. the -hour cable news programs from stations such as cnn compounded these problems. stories were repeated without much updating, although they were treated like breaking news at the top of every hour. for study participants, as for most web users, there was an assumption that everything posted on social media or on cable news had to be brand new, when in many cases it was not. a political science major summed it up during an interview: i'm overwhelmed by the news that comes out during the day and then i realize that the morning news and evening news, well, they are still showing the same story. it's like journalists are repeating themselves, i mean the news outlets have identified that these are the stories people are going to read and listen to, so they just keep repeating it. i get that it's about ratings and stuff, but it annoys me, i already heard this, i just want to hear new things! — — — — determining authority for many students, the traditional standard of authority was equally vexing. on the surface, three-quarters of the respondents ( %) agreed they trusted sources produced by traditional outlets with professional journalists more than social media sites that allowed anyone to post news. and, further, when a news source was well-defined and known, like the new york times or washington post, or explicitly recommended by their professors or librarians, determining authority and assigning trust was fairly automatic for many students. http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/evaluating-resources http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/evaluating-resources http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/ / /cable_tv_and_the_internet_have_destroyed_the_meaning_of_breaking_news_.html http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/ / /cable_tv_and_the_internet_have_destroyed_the_meaning_of_breaking_news_.html the news study report | october , . see findings and the discussion about the role of instructors as research coaches on pp. - of alison j. head and michael b. eisenberg, “lessons learned: how college students seek information in the digital age,” project information literacy, passage studies research report (december , ): http://www.projectinfolit.org/ uploads/ / / / / /pil_fall _finalv_yr _ _ v .pdf and pp. - of alison j. head, “learning the ropes: how freshmen conduct course research once they enter college,” project information literacy, passage studies research report (december , ): http://www.projectinfolit.org/uploads/ / / / / / pil_ _freshmenstudy_fullreportv .pdf . this result of % is based on , students responses to question in the survey instrument. . kristin page hocevar, andrew j. flanagin, and miriam j. metzger, “social media self-efficacy and information evaluation online,“ computers in human behavior, , - ( ): https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt d x x /qt d x x .pdf professors are key influencers in their students’ lives, according to this study’s findings and previous research. almost two -thirds of the survey respondents ( %) said they depended on news stories their professors recommended for academic assignments, and % relied on professors’ news suggestions in their personal lives. unsurprisingly, some students said they deferred to a professor’s recommendation for the reward — the good grade — they would get in return. in the words of one arts and humanities major in a write-in comment on the survey: “i tend to trust whatever news sources that my professors assign or trust, regardless of these source’s political affiliations or perceived biases.” but there were others who said they distrusted sources that came up in class and were recommended by a professor. they dismissed these news sources as being “too liberal” and “slanted,” citing the huffington post and the new york times as examples. others questioned “big media” and the reliability on mainstream newspapers, whether perceived as liberal or conservative. as one student said during an interview, “the washington post tends to have great reporting but it’s owned by amazon which is strange, and thinking about these giant media conglomerates, how accurate can their business reporting be if jeff bezos is at the top?” still other students trusted their own abilities to critically evaluate news they had found online. the findings suggest these students had far more self-efficacy in social media environments. some students were confident they could navigate the digital news landscape, often far better than their professors, whom they saw as out-of-touch. in the words of one business administration major: professors often believe that news that comes from print sources or large media outlets tend to be more reliable. while this may have been true previously, there are some lesser known or smaller creators, like those on youtube or vigilant "civilians," that have quickly become either more reliable or diverse in their reporting, and these sources should be considered more seriously in course assignments, though it should be asked, by professors, that students think critically about the source and try to use multiple sources from any platform. not all students agreed with assessments like this one about the use of social media for academic assignments. these students questioned the legitimacy of who had posted a news story, what viewpoints were represented, and what expertise that author had about a given subject. such attributes and dimensions, they felt, were rarely defined with any transparency with regard to news on social media. according to one arts and humanities student: it’s tragic because with the internet and social media we have an incredible platform where we can get to more people and more people can get involved if they want to be involved, or become reporters, but what this does is it takes away from legitimate news sources, legitimate journalists, and established news sources. the quality of news is diluted, everyone twists news and manipulates it and then redistributes it, and though we get a lot more quantity on social media, we get a lowering of quality and credibility because anyone can post news. clearly, the data presented in takeaway # indicate that there is little crossover between most students’ academic and personal news-seeking habits. these findings challenge the view that there is direct transferability between the traditional standards for evaluating information in academic contexts and evaluating news from the open web. moreover, the findings suggest professors, and even some librarians, may be sorely outdated in their ability to coach students with acquiring the http://www.projectinfolit.org/uploads/ / / / / /pil_fall _finalv_yr _ _ v .pdf http://www.projectinfolit.org/uploads/ / / / / /pil_fall _finalv_yr _ _ v .pdf http://www.projectinfolit.org/uploads/ / / / / /pil_ _freshmenstudy_fullreportv .pdf http://www.projectinfolit.org/uploads/ / / / / /pil_ _freshmenstudy_fullreportv .pdf https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt d x x /qt d x x .pdf the news study report | october , . while we have grouped different social media platforms together in this comment, and elsewhere in the paper, based on students comments about “social media,” we acknowledge individual platforms are unique unto themselves. . alison j. head and michael b. eisenberg, "how today's college students use wikipedia for course-related research," first monday, , (march ): http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/ self-efficacy and skills they need for navigating news on the web since so much of students’ news now come from volatile environments on social platforms – facebook, snapchat, instagram, reddit, and twitter. a decade ago, educators and librarians needed to accept the fact that students use wikipedia, and they use it effectively for getting explanatory context and further readings about topics for their courses. educators and librarians are at a similar crossroads today. students’ practice of getting news from social media will only continue once they graduate. it is why students must be better prepared for navigating and critically evaluating news in a social media environment. http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/ the news study report | october , conclusion o ur report represents one of the largest and most comprehensive studies of youth media engagement, participation, and evaluation in the digital age. we received responses from nearly , college students and a select group of high school students from across the united states, and followed up with interviews. we examined the twitter activity of a sizable sample of our survey respondents, and used computational techniques to compare our survey-based dataset with the sharing behaviors of tens of thousands of other young adults on twitter. this research was conducted in the wake of the u.s. election, when the world was consumed by talk of misinformation and “fake news,” and when media and political polarization were particularly acute. it must be acknowledged though that “news content” covers much more than politics and national debates; certainly the students we surveyed incorporated a wide variety of topics into their daily and weekly news routines. they recognized that news is a vital element in how people understand the world, prioritize their time and resources, and participate in a democracy. crucially, news helps to socialize citizens in particular ways — conditioning habits, values, learning, and civic responsibilities. importantly, we found today’s students are “multimodal” news consumers on a daily basis. about two-thirds of the students in our survey got their news, headlines, briefings, and stories, from five pathways to news; not all of those pathways were through social media. their news access, consumption, and engagement strategies are complicated, often confounding prevailing expectations and employing idiosyncratic and hybrid methods: a bit of news from social media. a radio broadcast here or there. a feed from a professional organization on facebook. a class discussion. and a dash of satirical memes that flit across digital platforms. students are frequently “multi-social” as well, engaging with news on a variety of online platforms and sharing media from one social platform to another. while we did not measure news readership as it occurred, we used direct observation methods to analyze a large comparative dataset of news shares on twitter generated independently of self-reported survey results. counter to stereotypes, not all young people regularly share news on their social network sites; about a third do not share at all. yet, for nearly all, their news environment is constantly influenced by a broad mix of social cues and digital nudges from peers, professional media organizations, marketers, internet platforms, algorithmic recommendation engines within applications, and countless unknown online networks. as one student summed up the ubiquity of news in the st century, “it’s harder to not stay current, than to stay current.” we believe this is one of the first studies to examine how students engage with so-called “fast news” — news that simplifies news content in the era of sociotechnical expediency. news content, as the majority of students described it, is no longer a cohesive report divided into distinct sections with headings signaling what’s most important, as generations before may have experienced it. without some help from news digests, most students are often faced with determining the relative importance of stories on their own. further, they must construct their own context and meaning as news is frequently delivered as a fragmentary mixture of bits and pieces in an endless stream. for many of today's young news consumers, engaging with news may feel like being on a scavenger hunt. many know they need to invest the time and critical thinking to assemble, evaluate, and interpret news as it is delivered today. news in the digital age also invites interaction: comments, likes, shares, and sentiment signaling, all in full view of peers, and often parents and professors as well. engaging with news, as they see it, takes a certain amount of effort. as mentioned, this reality left one student saying, “i spend more time trying to find an unbiased site than i do reading the news i find.” many students exert effort to find reliable, high-quality news about topics that have piqued their interest. persistence is their watchword. a way forward the news study report | october , it is heartening to learn that some, although not all, students in our study demonstrated solid strategies to counter the glut of information they encounter. many say they read across content producers to obtain a more complete story. they often fact-check, they discuss, they seek guidance from professors they trust, and they work hard to refine their news choices to those they consider trusted and reliable. they tune out weekly sports and instead wait for the championships. they follow and share political memes because they appreciate satire. they take in news about race and immigration and high school shootings because these news items are relevant to their social and learning communities and have a direct impact on their lives. of course, not all students take the time to process and interpret the news, but many do. it is clear that young news consumers are trying to develop know-how and savvy about this new, always-on world that they have inherited — this “attention economy” — which is focused on marketing to them, harvesting their personal data and their clicks, and sending them an avalanche of disparate news and information whether they want it or not. while these news habits offer grounds for optimism, the way forward demands those involved in the media, education, and information sectors be more intentional in helping this new generation understand how to navigate the changing news environment. this help requires leveraging the knowledge and tactics these students already have and helping them refine and adapt their skills to different needs and emerging media. we must recognize the well-documented, strong connection between news media and the quality of civic life. we must not forget the rich connection between news seeking and learning. this study found that traditional journalism values still matter to young adults, although many distrust today’s news. the future of democracy in the united states is less likely to be bright if this distrust deepens and we see a generation that is increasingly fragmented, without common spaces for facts to be shared and shared realities to be conveyed. . walter lippmann, public opinion, new york: harcourt ( ); maxwell e. mccombs, and donald l. shaw, "the agenda-setting function of mass media," public opinion quarterly, , , - ( ): http://dx.doi.org/ . / ; shanto iyengar and donald r. kinder, news that matters: television and american opinion, chicago, il: university of chicago press ( ). http://dx.doi.org/ . / the news study report | october , recommendations i n the final section of this report, we present six recommendations to front-line professionals — educators, journalists, and librarians as well as those involved with social media platforms — whose work is dedicated to truth-seeking. we offer strategies, curricula, and services that are intended to empower young news consumers. the recommendations we offer deliberately overlap, and if instituted together, will exponentially increase in their power and purpose. our recommendations are drawn from the study’s findings and from our discussion with leading thinkers in education, libraries, and journalism, conducted for this study as a half-day workshop. included are concise commentaries submitted by each of these leading thinkers. . the workshop “way forward in a factual recession” was held at harvard graduate school of education on august , . statements ( - words) from leading thinkers about how issues to address in the way forward are available in this report following the recommendations. . “talking with kids about news,” public broadcasting system ( ): http://www.pbs.org/parents/talkingwithkids/news/ . see for example, the news literacy project, ( ): https://newslit.org/; center for news literacy, stony brook university school of journalism ( ): https:// www.centerfornewsliteracy.org/; “poynter receives $ million from google to lead program teaching teens to tell fact from fiction online,” poynter institute (march , ): https://www.poynter.org/news/poynter-receives- -million-google-lead-program-teaching-teens-tell-fact-fiction-online . circle, the center for information and research on civic learning & engagement ( ): https://civicyouth.org/ . youth & participatory politics network ( ): https://ypp.dmlcentral.net/ recommendation # : teach students “knowledge in action” skills early on and throughout their education. navigating the difficult terrain of today’s ever-widening news space requires negotiation and seasoned evaluation skills. more than half of the college students in our study ( %) lacked the confidence to recognize “fake news”; more than one- third ( %) agreed that “fake news” had made them distrust the credibility of all news. as many survey respondents acknowledged, the ability to navigate the news landscape is critical in a democracy. this skill, however, takes time to develop. in this recommendation, we highlight the need to introduce information competencies to students as early as kindergarten and throughout their formal education and into college (should they attend). it would also be useful to work with public libraries and integrate other resources, such as pbs, on programming for parents on how to talk to young children about the news to build news literacy, and to ingrain informed news consumption as lifelong habit, not just for academic purposes. several other organizations and research projects are working to develop materials supporting education for news literacy. high school librarians and teachers, and their college counterparts need to work together to better understand the strengths of students and support the transfer and extension of that knowledge in higher education. opening up these collaborative conversations to those in public libraries and educational organizations can enrich programs that develop engagement with news across a range of experienced front-line professionals. organizations like circle, the center for information and research on civic learning & engagement and the youth & participatory politics network, are already researching and improving how youth engage with information in the service of democracy. although our study focused on college students, we cannot forget that many high school graduates do not continue their formal education, and that learning how to engage effectively with news is not necessary only in the classroom. news savvy matters in the workplace, personal life, and once schooling ends. to this end, we recommend that librarians, educators and other partners make a concerted effort to teach what we call knowledge in action and the skills that make it work. this concept means supporting both the skills to examine questions http://www.pbs.org/parents/talkingwithkids/news/ https://newslit.org/ https://www.centerfornewsliteracy.org/ https://www.centerfornewsliteracy.org/ https://www.poynter.org/news/poynter-receives- -million-google-lead-program-teaching-teens-tell-fact-fiction-online https://civicyouth.org/ https://ypp.dmlcentral.net/ the news study report | october , but also a deeper set of mental habits and intellectual frameworks that can guide efficient credibility testing and evaluation for a wide array of information types. fact-checking must take place at “internet speed,” meaning online search engines, lateral checking, peer-guided inquiries through discussion on social media and quick evaluation of credibility. more strategically, librarians and educators need be more explicit about the “sociology of knowledge,” or understanding how facts and knowledge, and specifically news, are produced from an institutional perspective in contemporary society. we need to equip students with a healthy skepticism about news and the dangers of misinformation. at the same time, we need to accompany that skepticism with a more affirmative set of tools for acknowledging well-grounded information to steer them away from cynicism, and the distrust of all news that we saw in some survey responses. how does a credible, authoritative organization, journalist, or researcher approach questions? what are examples? how can we inspect sources of information from these perspectives? and how can we support students in understanding that facts may be contingent, that understandings of the world can change in response to new information? students need to be able to assess information through the framework of uncertainty — without being paralyzed by it — with credibility increasing as more authoritative sources on the web are found to confirm information. to improve the way we teach about news, we need to integrate current research findings from the many social scientists around the country who have entered this debate over misinformation and draw on the cognitive science behind news reception to better understand news engagement. drawing on the literature of the scholarship of teaching and learning (sotl), communications, neuroscience, sociology, and other disciplines, we need to bring together and strengthen an evidence-based understanding of learning and news to inform teaching across the college curriculum, and beyond it in k- and public settings. . barbara fister, “from schooled skepticism to informed trust,” library babel fish, inside higher ed (february , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library- babel-fish/schooled-skepticism-informed-trust . briony swire, adam j. berinsky, stephan lewandowsky, and ullrich kh ecker, "processing political misinformation: comprehending the trump phenomenon," royal society open science, , , ( ): http://dx.doi.org/ . /rsos. ; david m.j. lazer, matthew a. baum, yochai benkler, adam j. berinsky, kelly m. greenhill, filippo menczer, miriam j. metzger, brendan nyhan, gordon pennycook, david rothschild, michael schudson, steven a. sloman, cass r. sunstein, emily a. thorson, duncan j. watts, and jonathan l. zittrain, "the science of fake news," science , ( ): http://dx.doi.org/ . /science.aao ; p. takis metaxas, "technology, propaganda, and the limits of human intellect," ( ): https://repository.wellesley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article= &context=scholarship . “writing across the curriculum clearinghouse,” ( ): https://wac.colostate.edu/ . see for example, nancy l. malcolm, "analyzing the news: teaching critical thinking skills in a writing intensive social problems course," teaching sociology , , - ( ): https://dx.doi.org/ . / x ; billy mcclune and ruth jarman, "encouraging and equipping students to engage critically with science in the news: what can we learn from the literature?" studies in science education , , - ( ): https://dx.doi.org/ . / . . recommendation # : integrate news discussions into the classroom. the classroom is an influential incubator for discussing news and interpreting current events. seven in respondents to our survey said they had learned of news in discussions with professors during the preceding week. despite the instructional value of news, follow-up interviews with students showed news is often randomly covered in courses without any specific integrative plan. if there is one significant change educators and librarians working in higher education could make in response to the findings of this study, it would be to implement a more unifying approach in the classroom that would enable students to learn more deliberately about the relevance of news. there is promise in following the model of a program already in place on many college campuses: “writing across the curriculum.” this program encourages students to develop skills for writing across all their classes, not just in composition courses. similarly, a “news across the curriculum” project could broaden student engagement with news, and encourage students to build connections between their news practices and their academic work, while situating news in the disciplines https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/schooled-skepticism-informed-trust https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/schooled-skepticism-informed-trust http://dx.doi.org/ . /rsos. http://dx.doi.org/ . /science.aao https://repository.wellesley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article= &context=scholarship https://wac.colostate.edu/ https://dx.doi.org/ . / x https://dx.doi.org/ . / . . the news study report | october , and linking theory and textbooks to current events. several studies have shown the efficacy of such an approach for building critical thinking and disciplinary knowledge. in this study, students importantly identified “a spark” between learning and news. this is when they were able to “tie together” and “connect” everything they had learned from their classes and apply it to the news or understand how things worked in their world. often, to their surprise, students discovered what they learned in their classes gave them a certain amount of authority when identifying and evaluating the gaps in news coverage. for example, a political science major said she knew what happens when a bill passes into law, which she recognized as a missing detail in a news story. a biochemistry major said she knew scientists worked painstakingly to discover cures, and even though a news headline claimed a miracle cure for cancer had been discovered, she knew that this could not be true. these realizations help to link to students’ construction of themselves as learned people, as experts, critical to their development as students, self-efficacy with news processing, and in their growth within a discipline. there is nothing like the power of personal modeling, and teachers are trusted sources whose lessons can be memorable across a lifetime. students are hungry, we believe, for good models of engagement with news. they want to talk about news, both their frustrations and their longings for what they need from news providers. accordingly, educators need to be more explicit about what a good “information diet” looks like, the drawbacks of being “always on,” and, most of all, what habits a discerning news consumer practices. classroom educators across the curriculum should demonstrate how they vet and sort information in their discipline. how do professors themselves approach novel assertions of fact? how do they keep up with issues of interest? how do they review questions in their discipline? how do educators and librarians respond to information they know to be misleading? educators should make their own processes visible and explicit to students and not assume students will just develop their own methods or transfer skills developed in one course to another. . similar work is described in “decoding the disciplines” ( ): http://decodingthedisciplines.org/ . amy jankowski, alyssa russo, and lori townsend, "‘it was information based’: student reasoning when distinguishing between scholarly and popular sources," in the library with the lead pipe (may , ): http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /it-was-information-based/ . see for example leah graham and p. takis metaxas, "of course it's true; i saw it on the internet!: critical thinking in the internet era," communications of the acm , , - ( ): http://cs.wellesley.edu/~pmetaxas/criticalthinking.pdf . “framework for information literacy for higher education," association of college & research libraries, american library association (february , ): http:// www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework recommendation # : reconsider how we teach evaluation. our study demonstrates that college students have absorbed instruction on evaluating the packages that information comes in, e.g., books, library databases, or websites. but, perhaps they do this too well. some survey respondents said they only used news for academic assignments that came from peer-reviewed sources or news from .edu/.gov sites. but these field markers for quality that many faculty and librarians teach for evaluating textual scholarly information do not readily transfer to news sources. not only is it unrealistic to expect students to check news and factual assertions using the same processes they are often taught in traditional research methods courses, those processes are often counterproductive in assessing news for use in different situations, in their personal lives, the workplace, and after graduation. evaluating content by surface features has been problematic for some time; students need new skills focusing on evaluation of content that are useful when the traditional markers of quality are absent. they need to be able to transfer these competencies to situations and the next wave of new media that will inevitably emerge in their lifetimes. the acrl framework for information literacy for higher education points in the direction of deeper engagement with evaluating content, but librarians and other faculty need to extend the application of its frames to students’ use of the news beyond academic work. along with the critical reasoning and knowledge-in-action cognitive skills, we also need to help students http://decodingthedisciplines.org/ http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/ /it-was-information-based/ http://cs.wellesley.edu/~pmetaxas/criticalthinking.pdf http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework the news study report | october , master tools to manage information in ways that focus on quality, whether that is understanding how algorithms work or using filters deliberately to shape their experience of news more effectively. we need to teach them the basics of turning down the constant flow of information along with things as easy as re-evaluating the feeds and notifications they have originally set on their ubiquitous mobile devices. the good news is that students have an assortment of skills for engaging with news already that educators and librarians can build on. many students in our survey said they used lateral checking, and deliberately sought out news from a variety of political viewpoints, countries, and genres. some of those surveyed reported using digests from credible news organizations to get quick daily hits of top news to stay current, or using documentaries or podcasts to dig deeper into stories that intrigued them. validating these skills and providing more information on how news works, from production and optimization for algorithms to impact on audiences, can help students develop an insider’s understanding of the news supporting their choices for where to spend their attention, time, and effort. journalism and communication educators could be particularly helpful by explaining the typical methods employed for professional newsgathering, the verification techniques used, and ethical codes that professional journalists follow. it is useful to discuss the ethics of journalism with students in the context of their role as content producers on social media. the economic aspects of news also have a place in their college education, with discussion of new models like crowdfunding that demand direct participation. gaining a more holistic understanding of news is likely to give students a heightened sense of agency as participants in the news culture. again, some aspects of the acrl framework, such as “information has value,” “information creation as a process,” and “authority as constructed and contextual,” integrate very well with these ideas but have yet to be broadly applied to news as an information source. a useful starting point might be to identify young “super-users” of news and collaborate with them to develop pathways into the news for their peers. sotl research points to the benefits of working with students as partners in these endeavors. recommendation # : bring the value of context back to news coverage. more than two-thirds of the survey sample ( %) were overwhelmed by the amount of news they received each day. about half ( %) agreed that it was difficult to tell what the most important news story of a given day was. the students we interviewed were frustrated by news coverage that treats far too many stories like breaking news, whether they warrant it or not. we concluded that most young news consumers were not inept at news gathering. rather, they had little experience with differentiating news online that was opinion, breaking news, or features, a necessary skill for succeeding at critical news comprehension. at the tactical level, there are likely many small things that could be tested with younger audiences to help them better orient themselves to the crowded news landscape. for example, some news organizations are more clearly identifying different types of content such as editorials, features, and backgrounders/news analysis. more consistent and more obvious use of these typological tags would help all news consumers, not just youth, and could also travel with content as it is posted and shared in social media. news organizations should engage more actively with younger audiences to see what might be helpful. when news began moving into the first digital spaces in the early s, pro-web journalists touted the possibilities of hypertext links that would give news consumers the context they needed. within a couple of years, hypertext links slowly began to disappear from many news stories. today, hypertext links are all but gone from most mainstream news stories. . tanya michelle lubicz-nawrocka, "students as partners in learning and teaching: the benefits of co-creation of the curriculum,” international journal for students as partners, , , - ( ): https://mulpress.mcmaster.ca/ijsap/article/download/ / . “the trust project,” santa clara university markkula center for applied ethics ( ): https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/journalism-ethics/programs/the-trust- project/ https://mulpress.mcmaster.ca/ijsap/article/download/ / https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/journalism-ethics/programs/the-trust-project/ https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/journalism-ethics/programs/the-trust-project/ the news study report | october , . given the production routines and software used in many newsrooms, editors may need to remember to add a link to a digital web version of a story, based on a reporter’s earlier draft version that contained relevant links. . jacqueline marino, robert gutsche jr., and susan jacobson, "scrolling for a story: how millennials interact with longform journalism on mobile devices," white paper for donald w. reynolds journalism institute, university of missouri (july , ): http://www.rjionline.org/downloads/scrolling-for-story . qifan zhang, “explaining the news builds audience for it,” (february , ): http://projects.nyujournalism.org/newsliteracy /topics/explainer-journalism/; john hudak, “shining light on explanatory journalism’s impact on media, democracy, and society,” fixgov blog, brookings institute (february , ): https:// www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/ / / /shining-light-on-explanatory-journalisms-impact-on-media-democracy-and-society/ . susan jacobson, jacqueline marino, and robert e. gutsche jr., "the digital animation of literary journalism," journalism , , - ( ): http:// www.robertgutschejr.com/wp-content/uploads/ / /journalism- -jacobson- - .pdf; for an example of a longform news story about the plight of homeless people in the california wine country, see meg mcconahey and erik castro, “broken: a year in the life of steve and michelle,” the press democrat (september , ): https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/ - /broken . vicki krueger, “how solutions journalism makes your reporting stronger,” (august , ): https://www.poynter.org/news/how-solutions-journalism-makes-your- reporting-stronger . see the reflections of participants in “the way forward in a factual recession” discussion that follows this recommendations section. see also laura saunders, rachel gans-boriskin, and lisa hinchliffe, “know news: engaging across allied professions to combat misinformation,” simmons college ( ): http://slis.simmons.edu/blogs/ disinformation/files/ / /white-paper.pdf . an attempt for increased transparency between news producer and news consumer is the documentary, “the fourth estate,” directed by veteran filmmaker liz garbus, that took an inside look at news production at the new york times during the first year of trump’s presidency. for one review of the series, see megan garber, “the humans of the new york times,” the atlantic (june , ): https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/ / /the-fourth-estate-in-the-age-of-bad- faith/ / and yet an editor’s first question to a reporter is often, “have we covered that story before?” and if so, “what happened last?” as news stories travel across social media platforms, embedded links to contextualizing information could ensure that stories retain their connection to deeper contexts. news organizations need to provide the stories that give as much of the complete picture as possible, so that consumers have the context they crave and rarely get once they leave a news site and delve into a google search to find out more. putting related links at the bottom of stories can be helpful, but it is no panacea. so far, there are encouraging responses to this challenge from news organizations, including the development of “explanatory journalism,” and multimedia long-form journalism. the increase in long-form journalism, in audio, video, and text also allows for greater depth of coverage and reduces the fragmentation factor that some of the students in our survey lamented. “solutions journalism’ is another promising trend that answers some of the respondents’ sense of helplessness in the face of the barrage of crisis coverage. these new forms of journalism connect to possibilities for educators and librarians. assignments that encourage students to build context around an ongoing story through content curation in blogs, or class news projects, or that bring together multiple aspects of a story in different media, from different perspectives may provide useful practice in assembling knowledge from fragmented information. students could complete research assignments in the solutions or explanatory journalism genres, and explore alternative media like podcasts or infographics as formats of expression. these are some ideas for bringing news into the classroom where, we found, students often hear about news and learn how to critically evaluate sources and their coverage. more cross-disciplinary conversations among journalists, librarians, and educators may yield more innovative ways of combining their expertise. recommendation # : journalists need to continue embracing new forms of storytelling and new audience engagement strategies. as the advertising-supported model has collapsed and the news industry has contracted, many core assumptions of media are being reconsidered. one such assumption is the proper relationship between producer and consumer; between journalist and audience. many successful experiments are being tried, particularly by nonprofit and public media, that http://www.rjionline.org/downloads/scrolling-for-story http://projects.nyujournalism.org/newsliteracy /topics/explainer-journalism/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/ / / /shining-light-on-explanatory-journalisms-impact-on-media-democracy-and-society/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/ / / /shining-light-on-explanatory-journalisms-impact-on-media-democracy-and-society/ http://www.robertgutschejr.com/wp-content/uploads/ / /journalism- -jacobson- - .pdf http://www.robertgutschejr.com/wp-content/uploads/ / /journalism- -jacobson- - .pdf https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/ - /broken https://www.poynter.org/news/how-solutions-journalism-makes-your-reporting-stronger https://www.poynter.org/news/how-solutions-journalism-makes-your-reporting-stronger http://slis.simmons.edu/blogs/disinformation/files/ / /white-paper.pdf http://slis.simmons.edu/blogs/disinformation/files/ / /white-paper.pdf https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/ / /the-fourth-estate-in-the-age-of-bad-faith/ / https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/ / /the-fourth-estate-in-the-age-of-bad-faith/ / . see adriana gallardo, “how we collected nearly , stories of maternal harm,” propublica (march , ): https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-collected- nearly- - -stories-of-maternal-harm . carrie brown-smith, “transparency finally takes off,” nieman lab predictions for journalism (december ): http://www.niemanlab.org/ / / transparency-finally-takes-off/ . “youth movement: gen z boasts the largest, most diverse media users yet,” nielsen (july , ): http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/ /youth- movement-gen-z-boasts-the-largest-most-diverse-media-users-yet.html; william h. frey, “u.s. white population declines and generation ‘z-plus’ is minority white, census shows” (june , ): https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/ / / /us-white-population-declines-and-generation-z-plus-is-minority-white-census-shows/ . shakuntala banaji and bart cammaerts, “citizens of nowhere land: youth and news consumption in europe,” journalism studies, , , - ( ): https:// dx.doi.org/ . / x. . the news study report | october , enlist news consumers in two-way dialogue around particular issues and areas of concern. these often have a strong social media engagement component and produce a multi-part series. such new journalistic models have the potential to facilitate better learning to provide opportunities for meaningful participation, including providing venues for “audiences” to tell their own stories and to highlight issues they believe are important. new models may also provide greater space for journalistic transparency in terms of sources and methods. younger news consumers are often eager to participate and, per our survey findings, to have a voice on world issues. such audience-engaged storytelling models can build trust, allowing a window into the media organization and the work of individual journalists who co-create stories. educators might indeed focus classroom attention on this emerging space: how to be an effective and productive citizen co-creator and critic of news stories, whether through direct crowdsourced participation in stories or through critical “hashtag activism” and the like on social media, when stories are incomplete, badly framed, or just not what they should be. another issue highlighted by our survey is that audiences prefer news that is presented as visuals over news that is presented as text, and use platforms such as instagram, youtube, and snapchat. visual media leave powerful impressions, and while they can persuade, inspire, and provoke very readily, they often leave less room for nuance. given this set of factors and conditions, we recommend that news organizations find ways to incorporate expressions of uncertainty in visual media. highlighting what is not known, or not known for certain, may facilitate a more authentic relationship between consumer and media outlet. being open about a lack of complete knowledge may appeal to a generation that has clearly grown skeptical of the pretense of media authority, and that is often confused by an online environment pervaded by misinformation. finally, and perhaps most profoundly, if the mainstream news industry wants to maintain its audience, it needs to reconsider the news it produces, who is involved in that production, and how it represents many groups in an increasingly diverse society. there must be a wider range of stories. news must be relevant to groups that have not traditionally seen themselves represented accurately in media. the demographics of the united states are changing rapidly, and traditional news agendas must be strongly reconsidered in light of a more diverse population. news media must become more sensitive to their portrayals of these groups through stories and images, and more attuned to their menu of coverage. at the moment, most stories of youth outside of sports coverage are not flattering, particularly as they relate to non-white communities. this is an old story — media criticism of this issue has been going on since the s — and it is frustrating that the needle has not moved more in mainstream media. professional news media now competes with a sea of other media, including user-generated content, much of which focuses on negative events and produces plenty of negative emotions. news organizations must rethink the balance between focusing on negative disruptions, which will always take place, and stories that can educate and spotlight what works well. https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-collected-nearly- - -stories-of-maternal-harm https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-collected-nearly- - -stories-of-maternal-harm http://www.niemanlab.org/ / /transparency-finally-takes-off/ http://www.niemanlab.org/ / /transparency-finally-takes-off/ http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/ /youth-movement-gen-z-boasts-the-largest-most-diverse-media-users-yet.html http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/ /youth-movement-gen-z-boasts-the-largest-most-diverse-media-users-yet.html https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/ / / /us-white-population-declines-and-generation-z-plus-is-minority-white-census-shows/ https://dx.doi.org/ . / x. . https://dx.doi.org/ . / x. . the news study report | october , recommendation # : we need to pressure social media companies to do much more to empower young news consumers. our study’s findings suggest that most young news consumers feel overwhelmed by the volume of news and many feel they are unable to discern true from false news. some are captive in the filter bubble their keystrokes and behind-the-scenes algorithms have both helped to create. social media companies such as facebook and twitter have been contemplating important changes to help fight “fake news” and to grapple with issues such as extreme partisanship. we say much more should be done to empower young news consumers in the social sphere where they get much of their news. different ideas should be considered to address the underlying challenges faced by young news consumers, who are still developing their critical thinking and evaluation abilities. many young news consumers themselves would appreciate more controls in their online environment that allow for greater access to high quality, trustworthy sources. of course, it should be said that older generations matter, too, and are afflicted by the same problems with misinformation, and they may even be more naïve and susceptible to fake news or hoaxes in some cases. but younger consumers are in a formative, preparatory stage with respect to information evaluation, therefore warranting more careful thinking on the part of companies. first, social media companies should be helping educators by supporting the development of more courses and tools that promote analytical thinking and reasoning about online news, which research shows are vital in fighting the spread of misinformation. for example, the organization first draft, which works on issues of verification and misinformation, as well as the poynter institute, have useful learning resources. social media companies should be heavily supporting the development of sophisticated curricula, written by educators, that complement traditional news literacy courses. ultimately, students need to be armed with more rigorous intellectual frameworks for interpreting news on social media platforms. second, social media companies should pay special attention to younger users in terms of their algorithmic approach to serving up information. the common practices of filtering and personalization, based on personal data collection, already mean that online platforms are targeting individuals based on various traits, including age. greater concern for younger users with regard to news might at least be one factor considered in tuning such algorithms. for younger news consumers, algorithmic recommendations from social media companies should emphasize, to the extent possible, edited news digests once or twice a day, with the occasional addition of breaking news and items from professional fact-checking organizations, such as factcheck and politifact, instead. the edited news digest should draw upon reliable sources from the spectrum of political journalism, and it should avoid grouping celebrity news and other “soft” forms of news with hard news. these recommendations could be facilitated with the help of professional news outlets. news companies should give young news consumers the sense that they are able to get enough depth on a news story, and not that they need to keep digging to get to the bottom of an infinite network of connections, which often lead down “rabbit holes” of questionable information. such practices of providing greater depth could help news organizations that want to position themselves as a quality, journalistic choice. . nicco mele, david lazer, matthew baum, nir grinberg, lisa friedland, kenneth joseph, will hobbs, and carolina mattsson, “combating fake news: an agenda for research and action” (may ): https://web.northeastern.edu/nulab/wp-content/uploads/ / /combating-fake-news-agenda-for-research.pdf; a relevant passage in the report from this session is: “beyond this, certain characteristics of people are associated with greater likelihood of sharing fake news: older and more extreme individuals on the political spectrum appear to share fake news more than others” (pg. ). . gordon pennycook and david g. rand, "lazy, not biased: susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning," cognition (in press ): https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= . “first draft,” shorenstein center on media, politics, and public policy, john f. kennedy school of government, harvard ( ): https://firstdraftnews.org/en/education/ learn/; tina dyakon, “google news lab partners with poynter’s international fact-checking network,” (october , ): https://www.poynter.org/news/google-news-lab- partners-poynters-international-fact-checking-network . claire wardle and hossein derakhshan, “information disorder: toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking,” council of europe (october, ): http://www.theewc.org/content/download/ / /file/information% disorder.pdf https://web.northeastern.edu/nulab/wp-content/uploads/ / /combating-fake-news-agenda-for-research.pdf https://papers.ssrn.com/sol /papers.cfm?abstract_id= https://firstdraftnews.org/en/education/learn/ https://firstdraftnews.org/en/education/learn/ https://www.poynter.org/news/google-news-lab-partners-poynters-international-fact-checking-network https://www.poynter.org/news/google-news-lab-partners-poynters-international-fact-checking-network http://www.theewc.org/content/download/ / /file/information% disorder.pdf the news study report | october , ultimately, social media platforms should behave as responsible news aggregators. their machine learning algorithms should support this role. machine learning models should be trained to better align with the news judgment of major, credible news organizations, even if they still tailor content somewhat toward personal relevance. any such targeted interventions by social media companies should be wholly transparent to younger users, with clear choices presented to opt out, or change settings and degrees of filtering. labeling of content also needs to be much better. "native advertising" should be marked clearly as a form of advertisement — and not presented as “news.” social media companies should downplay click-bait titles and include subtitles that more clearly explain news articles. further, technology is allowing for images and videos to be manipulated with increasing sophistication. composite images should be clearly marked as such, as should “deepfake” videos, where facial images and voices may be used to impersonate real people. this is not only important for the software companies that enable such creations, but also for social media companies that distribute such content. finally, social media companies should consider identifying labels relating to websites themselves. promising experiments such as newsguard, which is employing journalists to rank content based on reliability, might help in the creation of better identifying labels. such practices should not, of course, be seen as serving as a substitute for empowering young news consumers with their own analytical skills. . michelle a. amazeen and bartosz w. wojdynski, “the effects disclosure format on native advertising recognition and audience perceptions of legacy and online news publishers,” journalism (in press ): https://open.bu.edu/bitstream/handle/ / /final% approved% manuscript.pdf?sequence= &isallowed=y . “restoring trust and accountability,” newsguard ( ): https://www.newsguardtech.com/ https://open.bu.edu/bitstream/handle/ / /final% approved% manuscript.pdf?sequence= &isallowed=y https://www.newsguardtech.com/ the news study report | october , leading thinkers t o explore the implications of this study’s findings, we brought together a small group of leading thinkers in education, libraries, media research, and journalism, for a half-day workshop at harvard graduate school of education (hgse) on august , . participants were invited to share and discuss what they thought was essential for “the way forward” in the “post-truth era,” specific to our time, technologies, and the information habits of today’s young news consumers. as a final step in the workshop, each participant was asked to submit a reflection responding to this prompt: if the challenge in a democracy is to encourage today’s young adults to be engaged and effective news consumers, what is one place — in structures, behaviors, understandings, or values — for change, and what needs to change? way forward reflections and responses michelle a. amazeen assistant professor of mass communication, boston university bio: http://www.bu.edu/com/profile/michelle-amazeen/ i see firsthand from my students how few of them understand that we live in a commercially supported media environment and that the vast majority of the media content they encounter — including news — is influenced by advertising. whether it’s the vloggers they watch on youtube, the posts they see on instagram, or the news they get from apps, much of this content is designed to cultivate advertiser-friendly audiences. and because so many people of every age are ignoring, skipping, and blocking commercials, the media content itself is increasingly blurring into an amalgam of content and advertising. today, one of the fastest-growing types of advertising is what’s called “native advertising.” these are ads that masquerade as entertainment (as seen on buzzfeed) or worse, news. screen grabs of native advertisements in (from clockwise upper left) the new york times, buzzfeed, forbes, and vox. although these ads are supposed to have clear and conspicuous disclosures, my research shows that the overwhelming majority of people does not notice the disclosures or do not understand what they mean. adoption of native advertising by nearly every legacy news publisher contributes to the declining trust in news media. comments from my research participants also show they equate native advertising with the fake news crisis. indeed, whether it’s native advertising http://www.bu.edu/com/profile/michelle-amazeen/ the news study report | october , camouflaged as journalism or macedonian teenagers publishing sensational stories on fake news sites, the content was created to draw audience attention to make a profit rather than serve the public interest. moreover, as recent research by maha rafi atal has shown, publishers who compromise the divide between news and advertising are less likely to offer investigative business coverage in their reporting. although it remains to be seen whether college students care that their favorite youtuber or twitch streamer may be a paid influencer, they won’t care that our journalism is being commercialized if they don’t understand this. journalism in the service of commercialism is no path to democracy. . maha rafi atal, “the cultural and economic power of advertisers in the business press,” journalism, , , - (september , ): https:// doi.org/ . / joe blatt senior lecturer in education faculty director, technology, innovation, and education program, harvard graduate school of education bio: https://www.gse.harvard.edu/faculty/joseph-blatt if the challenge in a democracy is to encourage today’s young adults to be engaged and effective news consumers… this framing of the challenge is excellent — except for the last word. thanks to social media in all its forms, including blogs, memes, and videos, young people are increasingly becoming sources of news as well as consumers. this makes it all the more essential that everyone learn the key attributes of honest news, including accuracy, authenticity, and potential bias. to make such learning ubiquitous and effective, educators need to take news literacy to heart as a goal at every level of schooling. elementary grade teachers can introduce the key concepts as part of compiling the daily classroom newsletter. when middle school students begin writing research papers, their teachers can highlight the parallels between research standards and responsible reporting. high school teachers can take advantage of students’ interest in creating social media posts, snap videos, and college admissions portfolios to focus lessons directly on the cornerstones of news. finally, college classes can incorporate discussions of these values, and their appearance or absence in both formal and informal sources. instructors across the curriculum should participate in this work, recognizing that cultivating robust citizenship in a democracy is both a responsibility and a benefit for everyone. it doesn’t take a lot of imagination to see how these ideas could be made relevant in history, literature, and political science courses, but with a little creativity the same could be true for science, language, and arts courses. education may initially seem like a weak lever for addressing the challenge of news…but preparing young people for informed and engaged participation in democratic decision-making should be one of the principal goals of learning, in all institutions and at home. meredith clark assistant professor, media studies, university of virginia bio: https://mediastudies.virginia.edu/people/mdc j in reviewing the overlines from the way forward report, i’m mindful that researchers, educators, and media professionals consider a life cycle approach to understanding the information seeking and sharing behaviors of younger news consumers. terms like “digital natives,” and even the “digital divide” have given us a false sense of belief that these news consumers are somehow different, totally removed from the media ecosystems of the previous generation. they are not. instead, the observed and self-reported news consumption and sharing behaviors reflected in this report represent a single spiral in the infinite relationship between the public and our “need to know.” in my estimation, it is a downward turn that began with news media’s unwillingness to create truly inclusive, culturally competent coverage of diverse communities a https://doi.org/ . / https://doi.org/ . / https://www.gse.harvard.edu/faculty/joseph-blatt https://mediastudies.virginia.edu/people/mdc j the news study report | october , generation ago, fraying the connection between the news industry and the respondents’ parents and grandparents. this gap contributed to an incrementally waning sense of trust in media among the very individuals who would first influence the study respondents’ early news consumption behaviors, which contributes to the shift reported herein. it’s imperative to apply a critical analysis of how race, gender, and power (in all its manifestations — from newsroom staffing to source selection to issue framing) have worked to further erode trust among marginalized communities. fifty years ago, the authors of the kerner commission warned us that our sense of civic cohesion was splitting along racial lines, and that the journalism industry’s failure to actively recruit, train, and promote black news workers actively contributed to the problem. today, the industry has made minimal progress in creating more inclusive newsrooms, a curiously self-limiting choice, as the country’s demographics have grown far more complex than the black-white binary. diverse stories are left untold, and diverse voices are distorted to serve the interest of mainstream media’s elite (and usually white) power brokers. all of these shortcomings accelerated the growing trust gap between younger generations of would-be readers, viewers, and listeners, creating an opportunity for technological change to fill the void with voices from their peers on social media, and media sources that were more attuned to their news and information needs. this transition presents both challenge and opportunity as we (researchers, educators, and media professionals) are compelled to think about the emergent behaviors in younger populations of news consumers, and to adapt our approaches to delivering news and information in meaningful ways that keep pace with the social, economic, political and technological demands they will face in the years ahead. catherine d’ignazio assistant professor of data visualization and civic media, emerson college bio: http://www.kanarinka.com/about/bio/ i have three short thoughts to offer on youth, news and democracy. first, let's all stop beating the drum of "fake news" because it is only serving to amplify a right wing political agenda to undermine the credibility of centrist and center-left media organizations. "fake news" is itself a propaganda strategy, and we need to name it as such rather than treating it as a legitimate subject of inquiry or curriculum. instead, we might teach about propaganda or media manipulation in an environment where information travels quickly and emotionally, and there is financial value to attention. second, let's cultivate youth as community storytellers and ethical attention-shifters. youth should not (only) consume the news, but rather create the news themselves so that they may understand the role that news can play in framing important issues and holding power to account in their communities. in the act of creating the news, there are many important questions to navigate about information ethics and ecosystems: who chooses and frames the news? whose stories do not get told in the news? how do we verify a statistic or vet a quote? what is the best platform or format to tell a particular story? how do we establish authentic relationships with people in our community? and when youth tell their own stories, about their own communities, us older people should trust that they might look different and feel different to how we have defined news in the past. based on some of the findings in this research study, news created by youth might be more visual, more emotional, more cross-platform, more advocacy-oriented or intentionally empowering. and that might be a really good thing. http://www.kanarinka.com/about/bio/ the news study report | october , as an academic librarian, i worry higher education focuses too much on helping young people become students and too little on preparing students to be informed citizens. we spend lots of time helping undergraduates learn how to find, read, and evaluate scholarship, but little on how to keep up with events or understand how news is created, circulated, and acted upon. the responsibility for broadening our focus belongs to all of us — librarians, faculty in the disciplines, and staff. we need less research on information seeking and more on information encountering behavior. we need to develop a better understanding of networked information channels and how people engage with them. we need to help bridge the space between what scholars and scientists know and how knowledge is created, remixed, and circulated beyond the academy. we need to rethink what we mean by “information literacy” and make developing informed and active citizenship a priority across our campuses. this will require redesign of curricular and co-curricular programs, faculty and staff development, and the reorientation of library programs from focusing on how an academic library works to how information works in and on society. structurally, we’ll have to reposition rewards systems away from increased productivity in a discipline toward socially responsible applications of disciplinary knowledge and from student success to the empowerment of our graduates to act as free human beings prepared to engage ethically with our world. kei kawashima-ginsberg director, center for information & research on civic learning & engagement (circle), part of the jonathan m. tisch college of civic life at tufts university bio: https://civicyouth.org/about-circle/contact-information-and-staff-biographies/ we need to broaden and strengthen pipelines into all levels of the journalism profession, so that people who produce news are more diverse and representative of the world we live in. current news media can disengage a large proportion of potential news consumers because they do not see representation of their communities. among many things that should change, i focus on two types of pipelines because i think they are necessary. first is journalism education. the programs should continue to recruit students of racially, ideologically and economically diverse backgrounds. but they should also consider integrating a teaching hospital model of journalism education, which would get students to connect with the communities they write about early on and build a habit of infusing community voice in news. second, however, is more far-reaching and it has to do with how we prepare all of our educators, k- , and value certain types of student competencies. core characteristics of engaged and effective news consumers are, in my view: ) curiosity about the people and world around themselves; and ) a capability to ask and then systematically answer important questions. educators of course must learn how changing news affects all of us and help students navigate sources. but more importantly, i think preparation for educators of the future must center on building curious learners and equipping them with tools to solve problems. news is an incredibly powerful tool — but only if people want to know (curiosity), and think they matter (agency). curiosity and agency aren’t taught but rather, built over time through values expressed in how students are expected to learn, how their voice matters in their classrooms and school, and how we define achievements. i believe educators can make this shift, one classroom at a time, but eventually in all classrooms. barbara fister academic librarian and professor, gustavus adolphus college inside higher education’s “library babel fish” blog bio: https://barbarafister.net/ https://civicyouth.org/about-circle/contact-information-and-staff-biographies/ https://barbarafister.net/ the news study report | october , elementary and secondary education plays an important role in preparing college students who are engaged and effective news consumers by fostering the necessary information literacy skills that students of all ages need to analyze and evaluate news. in order to develop these skills, k- educators need support and training to both understand the ways in which young people engage with news — particularly within the digital sphere — and gain teaching strategies and tools for addressing media literacy within all disciplines. many of the technologies that young people use to consume news, as described in this report, are often missing from the k - classroom. professional development programs that focus on evaluating new information technologies, digital platforms, ways to assess the credibility of news can be effective ways to provide teachers with the tools they need to seamlessly integrate information literacy instruction within their curriculum and prepare students for the type of digital media they encounter on a daily basis. programs that also offer models of engaging students as creators of the news, such as community storytellers and experiences interacting with journalists, can help educators develop a classroom culture that values student voice and participation in news. there are a growing number of resources available to k- educators addressing these topics and professional development opportunities can be a vehicle to connect teachers to these materials and model best practices for developing effective news consumers at all grade-levels. ann marie gleeson program director, primary source bio: https://www.primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/ann-marie-gleeson there is no doubt we’re experiencing an information crisis that is proving to be a destructive force in our society. i believe that student engagement in curriculum development needs to be at the forefront of educational reform. ideally, student engagement can occur in a variety of age-appropriate ways. students should be able to craft educational reform in tandem with their educators in order to see that their or others’ methods of information consumption are unsound structurally. as a practicing librarian and education graduate school faculty member, i would value seeing a media literacy curriculum that continued across the k- educational continuum. to me, this media literacy curriculum would integrate information literacy and digital literacy to include, and also challenge, students’ notions of the information ecosystem as it evolves. this curriculum would be extended beyond traditional schools or classrooms to reach into and within communities, providing students and their teachers with high-impact experiential learning opportunities. for instance, service learning or problem- based learning curriculum could foster students’ involvement in the improvement of access to factual information within their communities, while also at the same time engage the community in knowledge-sharing practices. if only a connected and rigorously assessed infrastructure of student-educator-community learning were encouraged then perhaps the trustworthiness of information within our complex society would be better? alex hodges academic librarian, library administrator, member of the faculty of education, harvard university bio: http://orcid.org/ - - - https://www.primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/ann-marie-gleeson http://orcid.org/ - - - the news study report | october , a friend asks me, “did you know that only % of eligible voters turned out at the primaries?” "how do you know?” i ask. the answer is likely: “i saw it on facebook (or instagram)” or “my friend (posted it).” it seems harder and harder for us to notice, let alone remember the originating source (nytimes, politico, buzzfeed, breitbart, etc.) of digital information. many platforms we use, like facebook, offer the same real estate to any source. if i were to identify one place for change, it would be to get students to pay more attention to noticing and remembering the originating source. if only this happened, we would have a chance at a better response to “how do you know?” is the source an imposter site? is it reputable and known for checking its facts? at a minimum, students’ critical evaluation skills would be activated, and better still might be put to deeper levels of discernment. my parents remember exactly two questions from their entire college experience. they remember that asking these questions clears up the lion’s share of miscommunications and misunderstandings. the questions are “how do you know?” and “what do you mean?” mary minow - fellow, berkman center for internet and society, harvard university bio: https://www.imls.gov/about-us/national-museum-and-library-services-board/mary-minow even the most conscientious young adult will read inaccurate information and will ultimately need to change their mind. while people typically reduce their belief in the misinformation immediately after corrections have been presented, they “re -believe” in the initial misconception as time passes. the reason that corrections don’t last is unlikely to be solely due to memory, nor solely due to the biases connected to our ideological beliefs — but we still don’t know in what proportions to place the blame. if we could better tease apart the processes of belief and memory, we could help young people to process corrective information. if memory is mostly to blame, we could place more importance on the repetition of corrections to improve recollection. if it is mostly belief, we could place more energy upon designing corrections that either teach students about their biases, or don’t confront them head on. if only we could all process corrections better — and knew which corrections to place our faith in — we would be a more well informed democracy. briony swire-thompson postdoctoral fellow, lazer lab/network science institute, northeastern university bio: https://brionyswire.com/ if we agree that a core challenge for the health of our democracy is preparing today’s young adults to be effectively engaged with the news, then we cannot ignore the [current] news study’s finding that % of college students get news from social media daily. this finding has implications for multiple stakeholder groups, including youth and their educators and parents, for platform designers, and for news creators. young people need to understand the features of social media platforms that influence the news they do — and do not — see on their newsfeeds. content on social apps is shareable, scalable, and participatory; youth therefore need support in practices from responsible and effective news circulation to emily weinstein postdoctoral fellow, harvard graduate school of education bio: http://www.pz.harvard.edu/who-we-are/people/emily-weinstein https://www.imls.gov/about-us/national-museum-and-library-services-board/mary-minow https://brionyswire.com/ http://www.pz.harvard.edu/who-we-are/people/emily-weinstein the news study report | october , constructive dialogue with peers and feedback to elites. platform developers must recognize that their design choices are not value neutral. they need to be vigilant about the ways their platforms are vulnerable to attacks from those who seek interference in democratic processes. news creators are tasked with developing content suitable for snapchat and instagram stories, and navigating the realities of divided attention from viewers who engage with news coverage intertwined with social and entertainment content. social media can provide an opportunity for news engagement: most young people already get news daily through these platforms. our challenges, then, are to consider ( ) how to support young people in developing skills and dispositions required for effective engagement with online news and ( ) how to design content, delivery channels, and platforms in ways that support democratic processes. this transition presents both challenge and opportunity as we (researchers, educators, and media professionals) are compelled to think about the emergent behaviors in younger populations of news consumers, and to adapt our approaches to delivering news and information in meaningful ways that keep pace with the social, economic, political and technological demands they will face in the years ahead. the news study report | october , methods t he findings in this report are based on data about young adults’ news consumption habits and preferences. the data were collected in three phases between october and october and consist of ( ) a large-scale online survey of u.s. college students (n = , ), ( ) follow-up telephone interviews with a subset of the college survey sample (n = ), ( ) a computational analysis of twitter activity from survey respondents who shared their screen names (n = ), and ( ) a computational analysis of an existing subset of college-age individuals in a panel dataset from the lazer lab at northeastern university’s network science institute (n = , ). three questions guided this study: . how do students conceptualize what constitutes “news” and how do they keep up, if they can? . how do students interact with and experience news when using social media networks? . how do students determine the currency, authority, and credibility of the news content they encounter from both traditional news sites and new media sites? in this study, news was defined to study participants as “events happening all around the world,” and it was noted that “news is more widely available to us than ever before.” as researchers, our general working definition relied on broad meanings relating to the spectrum of information in this domain, running fully from hard to soft news: hard news has been defined as “coverage of breaking events involving top leaders, major issues, or significant disruptions in the routines of daily life”; soft news is “typically more sensational, more personality-centered, less time-bound, more practical, and more incident-based than other news.” our premise in designing and conducting the study was that “news” encompasses a wide spectrum, and then we sought to see how our survey respondents themselves defined and engaged with news. in phase , between february , and april , , the pil team deployed an online survey to full-time undergraduates enrolled in the current term at u.s. colleges and universities. the institutional sample was selected for their regional diversity, students’ demographic variation, and whether they were located in red or blue states (figure ). a total of , undergraduates completed surveys from the , invitations that were sent, yielding a total response rate of %. . an exploratory sample of high school seniors enrolled in six u.s. high schools was included as a point of comparison with the college student sample. these high school students participated in the online survey (n = ), follow-up interviews (n = ), and computational analysis of twitter activity and shares (n = ). the discussion of methods in this report focuses on the college sample; more details about the high school sample, and their survey data, is available in the user guide for the public survey dataset for this study. . this study defines traditional news outlets, such as the new york times and washington post, while examples of new media sites include politico or buzzfeed. . thomas e. patterson, “doing well and doing good,” shorenstein center ( ): https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/ / / soft_news_and_cricial_journalism_ .pdf . using the presidential election results, % of the institutional sample was located in red (republican) states [i.e., belmont university (tn), oklahoma state university (ok), university of alaska (ak), university of texas at austin (tx), and university of michigan (mi)], and % were from blue (democratic) states [i.e., brandeis university (ma), depaul university (il), saint mary’s college of california (ca), wellesley college (ma), california state university maritime academy (ca), and john tyler community college (va)]. (source: wikipedia entry: “united states presidential election, ,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/united_states_presidential_election_ .) https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /soft_news_and_critical_journalism_ .pdf https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/ / /soft_news_and_critical_journalism_ .pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/united_states_presidential_election_ the news study report | october , the survey collected quantitative data about the pathways of news students relied on, the role social media sharing played in news dissemination, and how they defined the role of news in their lives. the survey response categories were informed by exploratory focus groups we held with students in preparation for this study and pilot testing. the final survey instrument consisted of questions and took respondents an average of to minutes to complete. the survey respondents in this study were years of age or older and currently registered as full-time students at one of the colleges in the sample. the sample had roughly equal representation from first-year ( %), second-year ( %), third- year ( %) and fourth-year students ( %). nearly two-thirds of the sample ( %) was female, which is consistent with pil’s past studies. the most common major for respondents was arts and humanities ( %) and the least common was mathematics. far more respondents— %—identified as being liberal or very liberal, % as moderate, and % as conservative or very conservative. . students from green river community college (wa), harvard university (ma), ucla, university of nebraska, and california state university participated in our exploratory focus groups during spring and fall terms of . appendix , table : institutional sample appendix , table : description of survey respondents . respondents were able to choose double majors, which accounts for the high number of responses. due to rounding, percentages may not total %. totals reported in this table are based on the number of respondents that answered each of the demographic questions. the news study report | october , in phase , between january , , and may , , a computational analysis of social media data from twitter was conducted to analyze data from direct observation on how college students consume and share news. the analysis was based on students in our sample who had ever shared at least one link on twitter. these data had the advantage of allowing for observational insights, comparisons, perspectives, and context about our study group that were generated independently of the self-reported survey results in our study. in phase , between may , , and june , , telephone interviews were conducted with survey respondents in the college sample (n = ), who had volunteered to participate in follow-up interviews. the telephone interviews consisted of three questions that were used to collect qualitative data about the news gathering practices of recent graduates. the twitter data we used came from two sources: ( ) an existing subset of college-age individuals in a large-scale panel dataset from the lazer lab at northeastern university’s network science institute (n = , ), and ( ) a smaller dataset from this study’s survey respondents who shared their twitter screen names (n = ). the timeframe for news shares from the existing dataset was between may , , and may , , while the timeframe for news shares from the smaller dataset from the survey respondents was since they had signed up for a twitter account. one of the most central complex tasks in this analysis has been defining “news” in order to examine sharing behavior on the social media platform. social media platforms, such as twitter, allow for all forms of content to circulate. to identify news sites, pil researchers hand-coded a list of randomly generated sites. krippendorff’s alpha (kalpha), the most rigorous means of testing intercoder reliability was used to test the reviewers’ intercoder reliability. these results were used to verify a classification based on the sites indexed by google news, which curates verified news sites. this allowed for focusing on news sites and volume of information shared with higher accuracy. . jon marcus, “why men are the new college minority,” the atlantic (august , ): https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/ / /why-men-are-the-new- college-minority/ / .in an exploratory analysis of gender by following sports news (takeaway ), we used “raking,” a post-stratification weighting procedure for adjusting the sample weights in a survey so that the adjusted weights add up to known population totals, in this case, of gender on college campuses. there are challenges associated with any research method. we took steps to avoid or minimize them. to enhance the reliability of this study’s survey results, the survey instrument was pilot-tested with students matching our selection criteria but who were not eligible for the study sample. we made small revisions to the wording and layout of questions before administering the survey, based on the comments from the pilot test. we shortened the amount of time it took to complete the survey from - minutes to - minutes by improving the layout and flow of the survey and tightening the wording of survey questions. the script for the follow-up interviews was also pilot-tested with six students who were ineligible for the study sample but met its demographic qualifications. based on their comments, we changed some of the wording to improve the clarity of the questions. we fully acknowledge the limits to the range of participants represented in our survey and problems with the generalizability of their experiences to the larger student population is skewed. the pil survey sample, in particular, does not reflect the gender balance of college undergraduates nationwide. according to recent statistics from the u.s. department of education, in an estimated % of college graduates was female. for males, the comparable figure is %. in comparison, the survey sample for our study was % female and % male. the study design of this research collected self-reported quantitative and qualitative data from students about their news- seeking habits and preferences, using an online survey and follow-up interviews. data scientists on the team used direct methodological limitations https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/ / /why-men-are-the-new-college-minority/ / https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/ / /why-men-are-the-new-college-minority/ / the news study report | october , observation data for conducting a computational analysis of twitter data associated with the survey respondents and the larger twitter panel of more than , college-age persons. while mixed method approach was used with triangulated results, a limitation of these data is their ability to determine the depth of students’ engagement with news items. it is unclear from these methods whether they read all or part of articles, or watched all or just some of news videos, or just skimmed the headlines as they scrolled. another limitation was survey questions asking respondents which pathways to news they had followed in the preceding week and news that had occurred during this timeframe (february , , and april , ), which students may have been more or less apt to follow, given their interests. among the key stories were a shooting at a alabama high school on march , the death of world-renowned scientist, stephen hawking on march , the “march for our lives” on march , teacher walkouts in oklahoma, colorado, and arizona during april to protest low wages, and the “national student walkout” on april to protest gun violence. for these reasons, the pil findings from our survey are limited. the findings cannot be generalized to a larger population in our sample, or beyond. instead of drawing conclusions about the population of college students at large, we have conducted an analytical study. while fully acknowledging that further research is required to confirm our findings, especially in terms of generalizing to the full college population, the data we have collected, the response rates, and the data analysis applied and reported have shown consistent responses and fairly robust relationships. we have also found, as part of our ongoing research, that these relationships have been validated with different samples of students and have confirmed findings about news engagement from research conducted by the american press institute, pew research center, and knight foundation. as such, the data from this survey are informative about the respondents who did take the survey. the data provide a detailed snapshot of students and their news-seeking behaviors, habits, and preferences that provide directions for further inquiry in qualitative and quantitative studies from a variety of disciplines. . leading researchers have found that the activity of reading in general has changed. see for example maryanne wolf, “skim reading is the new normal. the effect on society is profound,” the guardian (august , ): https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ /aug/ /skim-reading-new-normal-maryanne-wolf . for related studies, see: “millennials’ nuanced paths to news and information,” american press institute (march , ): https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/ publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/; pew research center in their report about news seeking: amy mitchell, jeffrey gottfried, michael barthel, and elisa shearer, “the modern news consumer,” and mary madden, amanda lenhart, and claire fontaine, “how youth navigate the news landscape,” knight foundation (march , ): https://www.knightfoundation.org/reports/how-youth-navigate-the-news-landscape; jacqueline marino, robert gutsche jr., and susan jacobson, “scrolling for a story: how millennials interact with longform journalism on mobile devices,” white paper for donald w. reynolds journalism institute, university of missouri (july , ): https://www.rjionline.org/downloads/scrolling-for-story/ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ /aug/ /skim-reading-new-normal-maryanne-wolf https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/millennials-paths-to-news-and-information/ https://www.knightfoundation.org/reports/how-youth-navigate-the-news-landscape https://www.rjionline.org/downloads/scrolling-for-story/ the news study report | october , about pil p roject information literacy (pil) is a nonprofit research institute in the san francisco bay area that studies what it is like to be a student in the digital age. in a series of groundbreaking scholarly research studies, pil has investigated how high school, college students, and recent graduates utilize research skills, information competencies, and strategies for completing course work and solving information problems in their everyday lives and the workplace. research findings and recommendations from pil studies have informed and influenced the thinking and practices of diverse constituencies from all over the world from those in higher education, public libraries, newspapers, and the workplace. projectinfolit.org @projectinfolit preferred citation format: alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians,” project information literacy research institute. (october , ), http://www.projectinfolit.org/uploads/ / / / / /newsreport.pdf. abstract: this report presents findings about how a sample of u.s. college students gathers information and engages with news in the digital age. included are results from an online survey of , respondents and telephone interviews with participants from u.s. colleges and universities selected for their regional, demographic, and red/blue state diversity. a computational analysis was conducted of twitter data associated with the survey respondents and a larger twitter panel of more than , college-age persons. findings indicated two-thirds of the survey respondents received news from at least five pathways to news during a given week with peers, social media, professors, and online newspapers most commonly used. news was overwhelming for two-thirds of the respondents ( %), so they were selective about what they read or viewed, following topics meeting their immediate needs, i.e., weather and traffic reports, news about national politics, or political memes that appealed to their appreciation of satire. some % shared news on social media during the past week, often to pass on information they thought friends and followers should know. most students defined news content broadly and no longer see news as a cohesive, authoritative report as prior generations may have defined it. many invested time and critical thinking to assemble, compare, and interpret news across sources. social media and the open web make traditional standards of evaluation increasingly problematic. while most believed in the core principles of journalism, and considered news necessary in a democracy ( %), many students were dissatisfied with the quality of news available today when media and political polarization were particularly acute. distrust of news stemmed, in part, from the rise of “fast news” — oversimplified and fragmented news snippets released throughout a day — and the “fake news” phenomenon; only % felt very confident they could tell “fake news” from “real news.” six recommendations are included for educators, journalists, and librarians working to make students effective news consumers. to explore the implications of this study’s findings, concise commentaries from leading thinkers in education, libraries, media research, and journalism are included. about the news study the news study research report has a creative commons (cc) license of “cc by-nc-sa . .” this license allows others to share, copy, adapt, and build upon the survey data non-commercially, as long as the source — project information literacy — is credited and users license their new creations under the identical terms. the news study report | october , the john s. and james l. knight foundation and a grant from the association of college and research libraries (acrl), the largest division of the american library association, have generously funded this research on students and news consumption with support from snell library and the college of arts and media design (camd), both at northeastern university, and harvard graduate school of education (hgse). principal investigator alison j. head, ph.d., project information literacy, executive director, alison@projectinfolit.org co-investigators john wihbey, assistant professor, journalism and new media, northeastern university, j.wihbey@northeastern.edu p. takis metaxas, ph.d., professor, computer science, wellesley college, pmetaxas@wellesley.edu margy macmillan, senior researcher, project information literacy, margymac@gmail.com dan cohen, ph.d., vice provost for information collaboration and dean of the libraries, northeastern university, d.cohen@northeastern.edu research analysts alaina bull, first year experience librarian, the university of washington tacoma erica defrain, ph.d., assistant professor, social sciences librarian, university of nebraska-lincoln libraries kirsten hostetler, instruction and outreach faculty, central oregon community college neeley silberman, adjunct assistant professor, saint mary’s college of california michele van hoeck, dean of libraries, california state university maritime academy computational analysis kenny joseph, ph.d., post doctoral research fellow, lazer lab, the network science institute, northeastern university david nasatir, ph.d., visiting professor, u.c. berkeley, sociology (retired) graphic design and data analytics steven braun, data analytics and visualization specialist, northeastern university libraries, digital scholarship group, snell library kirsten hostetler, instruction and outreach faculty, central oregon community college editing jena gaines meg mcconahey funding support the news study research team the news study report | october , pil research fellows elizabeth berman, assistant library director and head of research & instruction and the digital design studio, tufts university bridget peery, masters of arts program, graduate school of journalism and new media, northeastern university with thanks to the research liaisons in the institutional survey sample doreen bradley, university of michigan laura hibbler, brandeis university pat kreitz and sarah vital, saint mary’s college of california p. takis metaxas and pamela taylor, wellesley college jenny mills, belmont university deborah mole, university of alaska anchorage michele ostrow, university of texas at austin terry taylor and scott walter, depaul university matt upson, oklahoma state university michele van hoeck, california state university maritime academy sharon weiner and miles keller, john tyler community college none take a virtual tour of samvera repositories - samvera 	 		 							 				 					skip to content 	skip to sidebar navigation region 	 		 			 				 			 		 		 			 					about samvera 	samvera is community sourced software for repository solutions 	philosophy 	governance 	samvera code of conduct and anti-harassment policy 	 annual report (pdf download) 	all annual reports 	interest and working groups 	faq 	samvera privacy policy 	licensing 	what is samvera? 	samvera is an open source repository framework 	samvera community overview (pdf download) 	technology white paper (pdf download) 	applications & demos 	technology stack 	why use samvera? 	samvera is flexible and extensible 	the samvera community 	community support 	sustainability 	who uses samvera? 	samvera repository tour 	samvera partners 	partner prospectus (pdf download) 	partner contribution model (pdf download) 	samvera adopters 	community framework 	samvera user profiles 	case study: emory university 	case study: avalon at the university of houston 	getting started 	general documentation 	installation from github 	communication 	service providers 	news & events 	samvera connect 	news & events 	samvera calendar 	samvera twitter page 	search 	 			 			samvera.org 		 	 					 						close 						 							 								 									search for: 									 								 								 							 						 					 						 	 			 				 				 						 		 		home » news & events » take a virtual tour of samvera repositories 		take a virtual tour of samvera repositories 		 	posted on july , - news 	 					 				 the samvera repository online tour provides an overview of a range of samvera-based digital repositories and their collections at institutions across the us and uk. click through to explore how samvera technologies allow institutions and organizations to organize and provide access to diverse materials — from oral histories and historic photographs, to student projects and research data.  the tour was planned by the samvera marketing working group and created using storymapjs by lafayette college libraries student workers grayce walker, deja jackson, and khaknazar shyntassov. a huge thanks to them, as well as to charlotte nunes at lafayette college libraries digital scholarship services for coordinating the work. if you’d like to include your samvera-based repository on the tour, simply fill out this form. 	 						 	 				 			« previous post		 		 					 	 						 		 													 	 	 					 		 	sidebar navigation 			 		links 	contact us 	join samvera’s community mailing list 	join samvera’s technical mailing list 	samvera wiki home page 	samvera on github 	rss feed for this site 		 		news & events 			 					take a virtual tour of samvera repositories 									 	 					calls for proposals – samvera connect online 									 	 					announcing our partnership with oasis open 									 	 					watch samvera virtual connect 									 	 					registration now open for samvera virtual connect, april – 									 		 recent tweets 			tweets by samverarepo 		 	 	 		 		 			 					 									 						if you want to go far, go together. 						 							contact us 						 	 					 				 	 			 			 					 									 						samvera partners 						 															 									boston public library 	columbia university 	cornell university 	cosector, university of london 	data curation experts 	digital repository of ireland 	duke university 	emory university 	indiana university 							 							 									lafayette college 	northwestern university 	notch 	oregon state university 	penn state university 	princeton university library 	stanford university 	tufts university 	ubiquity press 	 							 							 									university of california, santa barbara 	university of california, san diego 	university of cincinnati 	university of houston 	university of hull 	university of michigan 	university of notre dame 	university of oregon 	university of utah 	 							 							 									university of virginia 	university of york 	washington university in st louis 	wgbh boston 	yale university 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 					 						 							 								 							 						 						this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 					 					 					 						 							 								© samvera. 								 									 										samvera twitter 										samvera github 										samvera wiki 									 								 							 						 					 					 				 			 		 		 	 working with team dlf - dlf wiki 	 	 	 	 	working with team dlf 	 		from dlf wiki 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			“reach out to dlf staff and former leaders to find out as much information [as you can]. they are your best resource when first getting started.” —cristela garcia-spitz 	“dlf is amazing—don’t hesitate to reach out to them if you have an idea!”—elizabeth joan kelly 	“they email back so fast. it’s wild.”—rachel appel the digital library federation is purposefully lightly staffed. this means that we welcome your creative thinking about the best ways to get things done—no process or system is set in stone, and you are not required to use technologies we offer or work to a certain timeline in order to get our support. (we are also allergic to red tape.) contents 	 how we can help 	 do i have to be a member? does our project have to be "official?" 	 contacting dlf 	 . scheduling meetings on clir+dlf's zoom account 	 table of contents how we can help team dlf is always available to help with: 	forming new groups and initiatives, and discussing needed levels of dlf support 	facilitating collaborations with other dlf groups and committees, and making connections beyond the immediate dlf community, including (among others) to the ndsa 	creating editable pages on the dlf website and wiki, or creating and hosting other web resources 	communications and visual branding, including signal-boosting: promoting your group’s activities through dlf’s various social media channels, calendars, and lists 	setting up an email list, scheduling a conference call, or facilitating a twitter chat 	options for open access publications, both online and print, including through clir 	managing your data, with connections to dlf’s github and osf repositories 	planning and organizing an in-person meet-up at the annual dlf forum 	creating cross-pollinator opportunities to connect your conference or community to ours 	providing limited financial sponsorship or in-kind contributions to good causes 	brainstorming next steps for your group and consulting on ways to build and maintain momentum 	learning from each other, and answering any questions about dlf you may have! do i have to be a member? does our project have to be "official?" we happily support and amplify far more community-based activity than is represented elsewhere on this wiki or on our website. if you're doing great work that needs a boost but not a "home," don't hesitate to contact us. we won't co-opt or dlf-brand you. we also work with energized, committed teams regardless of the institutional affiliation of their participants. you don't have to be part of a dlf member organization to lead or join a working group. that said, everything team dlf does depends on the financial support of our members. if you are in a position to influence institutional membership decisions, we'd be extremely grateful for your advocacy! contacting dlf you can always reach individual staff members directly, but we encourage first contacts to the whole team, at info@diglib.org. scheduling meetings on clir+dlf's zoom account dlf working groups are encouraged to schedule their meetings on the clir+dlf zoom account. to set up your meeting, email staff at info@diglib.org with the following information: 	name of meeting 	date, time, and recurrence (if scheduling recurring meetings) 	whether your meeting needs to be recorded table of contents 	about dlf and the organizers' toolkit 	working with team dlf 	starting a new initiative or working group 	general facilitation and goal-setting 	facilitating for diversity and inclusion 	communications and consensus 	preventing and managing burnout 	gathering info/building enthusiasm 	planning an in-person meetup 	setting up year-round meetings 	planning virtual meetings and webinars 	talking and writing 	organizing and sharing your work 	in a nutshell retrieved from "https://wiki.diglib.org/index.php?title=working_with_team_dlf&oldid= " 		 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	 		personal tools 	 	 			log in 	request account 		 	 		 			 	 		namespaces 	 	 			page 	discussion 		 	 			 	 	 		variants 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			 	 		views 	 	 			read 	view source 	view history 		 	 			 	 	 		more 	 	 		 		 	 			 	 		search 	 	 		 			 			 			 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	 		navigation 	 	 			main page 	recent changes 	random page 	help 		 	 	 	 		tools 	 	 			what links here 	related changes 	special pages 	printable version 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 		 	 	 		related sites 	 	 			dlf website 	clir website 		 	 	 		 this page was last edited on january , at : . 	content is available under creative commons attribution unless otherwise noted. 		privacy policy 	about dlf wiki 	disclaimers 		 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. revil used -day in kaseya ransomware attack, demands $ million ransom follow us        subscribe to newsletter 	 home 	 newsletter 	 offers 	home 	data breaches 	cyber attacks 	vulnerabilities 	malware 	offers 	contact    resources 	thn store 	free ebooks 	freebies 	rss feeds about site 	about us 	our team 	jobs 	advertise with us contact/tip us  reach out to get featured—contact us to send your exclusive story idea, research, hacks, or ask us a question or leave a comment/feedback! follow us on social media       rss feeds  email alerts  telegram channel revil used -day in kaseya ransomware attack, demands $ million ransom july , ravie lakshmanan amidst the massive supply-chain ransomware attack that triggered an infection chain compromising thousands of businesses on friday, new details have emerged about how the notorious russia-linked revil cybercrime gang may have pulled off the unprecedented hack. the dutch institute for vulnerability disclosure (divd) on sunday revealed it had alerted kaseya to a number of zero-day vulnerabilities in its vsa software (cve- - ) that it said were being exploited as a conduit to deploy ransomware. the non-profit entity said the company was in the process of resolving the issues as part of a coordinated vulnerability disclosure when the july attacks took place. more specifics about the flaws were not shared, but divd chair victor gevers hinted that the zero-days are trivial to exploit. at least , businesses are said to have been affected by the attacks, with victims identified in no less than countries, including the u.k., south africa, canada, argentina, mexico, indonesia, new zealand, and kenya, according to eset. kaseya vsa is a cloud-based it management and remote monitoring solution for managed service providers (msps), offering a centralized console to monitor and manage endpoints, automate it processes, deploy security patches, and control access via two-factor authentication. revil demands $ million ransom active since april , revil (aka sodinokibi) is best known for extorting $ million from the meat-processor jbs early last month, with the ransomware-as-a-service business accounting for about . % of attacks on the public and private sectors in the first quarter of . the group is now asking for a record $ million ransom payment to publish a universal decryptor that can unlock all systems that have been crippled by file-encrypting ransomware. "on friday ( . . ) we launched an attack on msp providers. more than a million systems were infected. if anyone wants to negotiate about universal decryptor – our price is , , $ in btc and we will publish publicly decryptor that decrypts files of all victims, so everyone will be able to recover from attack in less than an hour," the revil group posted on their dark web data leak site. kaseya, which has enlisted the help of fireeye to help with its investigation into the incident, said it intends to "bring our saas data centers back online on a one-by-one basis starting with our e.u., u.k., and asia-pacific data centers followed by our north american data centers." on-premises vsa servers will require the installation of a patch prior to a restart, the company noted, adding it's in the process of readying the fix for release on july . cisa issues advisory the development has prompted the u.s. cybersecurity and infrastructure security agency (cisa) to issue an advisory, urging customers to download the compromise detection tool that kaseya has made available to identify any indicators of compromise (ioc), enable multi-factor authentication, limit communication with remote monitoring and management (rmm) capabilities to known ip address pairs, and place administrative interfaces of rmm behind a virtual private network (vpn) or a firewall on a dedicated administrative network. "less than ten organizations [across our customer base] appear to have been affected, and the impact appears to have been restricted to systems running the kaseya software," barry hensley, chief threat intelligence officer at secureworks, told the hacker news via email. "we have not seen evidence of the threat actors attempting to move laterally or propagate the ransomware through compromised networks. that means that organizations with wide kaseya vsa deployments are likely to be significantly more affected than those that only run it on one or two servers." by compromising a software supplier to target msps, who, in turn, provide infrastructure or device-centric maintenance and support to other small and medium businesses, the development once again underscores the importance of securing the software supply chain, while also highlighting how hostile agents continue to advance their financial motives by combining the twin threats of supply chain attacks and ransomware to strike hundreds of victims at once. "msps are high-value targets — they have large attack surfaces, making them juicy targets to cybercriminals," said kevin reed, chief information security officer at acronis. "one msp can manage it for dozens to a hundred companies: instead of compromising different companies, the criminals only need to hack one msp to get access to them all." found this article interesting? follow thn on facebook, twitter  and linkedin to read more exclusive content we post. share      share tweet share share  share on facebook share on twitter share on linkedin share on reddit share on hacker news share on email share on whatsapp share on facebook messenger share on telegram comments share  kaseya, malware, ransomware, ransomware attack, supply chain attack popular this week a critical random number generator flaw affects billions of iot devices it giant accenture hit by lockbit ransomware; hackers threaten to leak data hackers spotted using morse code in phishing attacks to evade detection microsoft warns of another unpatched windows print spooler rce vulnerability bugs in managed dns services cloud let attackers spy on dns traffic microsoft releases windows updates to patch actively exploited vulnerability comments latest stories other stories stamp out poor coding practices for good download 'the changing face of software security ' to find out how. learn how organizations cultivates world-class secure developers read a senior application security engineer's story of working on the front lines to maintain their enviable, first-class security program. how to mitigate printnightmare vulnerability – a guide for mitigating microsoft's print spooler vulnerability - printnightmare - for windows learn to code — online courses learn to code — get master bundle of online courses @ % off online courses and software ethical hacking - practical training courses + , lessons on latest techniques, forensics, malware analysis, network security and programming. + premium online courses with course certification, q/a webinars and lifetime access. cybersecurity certification training cisa, cism, cissp, pmi-rmp, and cobit certifications. comptia it certification training lifetime access to expert-led courses. cybersecurity newsletter — stay informed sign up for cybersecurity newsletter and get latest news updates delivered straight to your inbox daily. email follow us  , followers  , , followers  , followers  , subscribers  , followers about 	about us 	advertising 	editorial team 	contact pages 	rss feeds 	deals store 	privacy policy 	copyright policy deals 	exclusives 	hacking 	development 	android  rss feeds  contact us  telegram channel © the hacker news, . all rights reserved. literary machines literary machines digital libraries, books, archives 	archiviiify a short guide to download digitized books from internet archive and rehost on your own infrastructure using iiif with full-text search. 	pywb . - docker quickstart four years have passed since i first wrote of pywb: it was a young tool at the time, but already usable and extremely simple to deploy. since then a lot of works has been done by ilya kreymer (and others), resulting in all the new features available with the . release. also, some very big webarchiving initiatives have moved and used pywb in these years: webrecorder itself, rhizome, perma, arquivo pt in portugal, the italian national library in florence (italy), (others i’m missing). 	anonymous webarchiving webarchiving activities, as any other activity where an http client is involved, leave marks of their steps: the web server you are visiting or crawling will save your ip address in its logs (or even worse it can decide to ban your ip). this is usually not a problem, there are plenty of good reasons for a webserver to keep logs of its visitors. but sometimes you may need to protect your own identity when you are visiting or saving something from a website, and there a lot of sensitive careers that need this protection: activists, journalist, political dissidents. tor has been invented for this, and today offer a good protection to browse anonymously the web. can we also archive the web through tor? 	open bni il maggio viene annunciato il rilascio libero della bibliografia nazionale italiana (bni). viene apprezzata l’apertura di questo catalogo (anche se con i limiti dei soli pdf), e da profano di biblioteconomia faccio anche una domanda sull’effettivo caso d’uso della bni. il agosto viene annunciato il rilascio delle annate e anche in formato unimarc e marcxml. incuriosito dal catalogo inizio ad esplorarlo, per pensare a possibili trasformazioni (triple rdf) o arricchimenti con/verso altri dati (wikidata). 	epub linkrot linkrot also affects epub files (who would have thought! :)). how to check the health of external links in epub books (required tools: a shell, atool, pup, gnu parallel). 	skos nuovo soggettario, api e autocomplete come creare una api per un form con autocompletamento usando i termini del nuovo soggettario, con i sorted sets di redis e nginx+lua. 	serve deepzoom images from a zip archive with openseadragon vips is a fast image processing system. version higher than . can generate static tiles of big images in deepzoom format, saving them directly into a zip archive. 	a wayback machine (pywb) on a cheap, shared host for a long time the only free (i’m unaware of commercial ones) implementation of a web archival replay software has been the wayback machine (now openwayback). it’s a stable and mature software, with a strong community behind. to use it you need to be confident with the deploy of a java web application; not so difficult, and documentation is exaustive. but there is a new player in the game, pywb, developed by ilya kramer, a former internet archive developer. built in python, relatively simpler than wayback, and now used in a pro archiving project at rhizome. 	opendata dell’anagrafe biblioteche come usare gli opendata dell’anagrafe delle biblioteche italiane e disegnare su una mappa web gli indirizzi delle biblioteche. 	api json dell’opac sbn alcuni mesi fa è stata rilasciata da iccu una app mobile per consultare l’opac sbn. anche se graficamente poco accattivante l’app funziona bene, e trovo molto utili le funzioni di ricerca di un libro scansionando il codice a barre con la camera del telefonino, e la possibilità di bookmarkare dei preferiti. incuriosito dal funzionamento ho pensato di analizzarne il traffico http. altair toggle navigation inkdroid 	about 	bookmarks 	photos 	music 	software 	social 	talks 	 	 altair july , databases opensource coop Звезда Альтаир we use airtable quite a bit at $work for building static websites. it provides a very well designed no-code or low-code environment for creating and maintaining databases. it has an easy to use, beautifully documented, api which makes it simple to use your data in many different settings, and also to update the data programmatically, if that’s needed. airtable is a product, which means there is polished documentation, videos, user support, and helpful people keeping the lights on. but airtable also have a fiendishly inventive marketing and sales department who are quite artful at designing their pricing scheme with the features that will get you in the door, and the features that will act as pressure points to drive you to start paying them money … and then more money. of course, it’s important to pay for services you use on the web…it helps sustain them, which is good for everyone. but tying a fundamental part of your infrastructure to the whims of a company trying to maximize its profits sometimes has its downsides, which normally manifest over time. wouldn’t it be nice to be able to pay for a no-code database service like airtable that had more of a platform-cooperative mindset, where the thing being sustained was the software, the hardware and an open participatory organization for managing them? i think this approach has real value, especially in academia and other non-profit and activist organizations, where the focus is not endless growth and profits. i’ve run across a couple open source alternatives to airtable and thought i would just quickly note them down here for future self in case they are ever useful. caveat lector: i haven’t actually tried either of them yet, so these are just general observations after quickly looking at their websites, documentation and their code repositories. nocodb nocodb is a typescript/vue web application that has been designed to provide an interface for an existing database such as mysql, postgresql, sqlite, sqlserver, . i suspect you can also use it to create new databases too, but the fact that it can be used with multiple database backends distinguishes it from the next example. the idea is that you will deploy nocodb on your own infrastructure (using docker or installing it into a nodejs environment). they also provide a one click heroku installer. it has token based rest and graphql apis for integration with other applications. all the code is covered by a gnu agpl license. it seems like nocodb is tailored for gradual introduction into an already existing database ecosystem, which is good for many people. baserow baserow is a python/django + vue + postgresql application that provides airtable like functionality in a complete application stack. so unlike nocodb, baserow seems to want to manage the database entirely. while this might seem like a limitation at first i think it’s probably a good thing, since postgresql is arguably the best open source relational database out there in terms of features, support, extensibility and scalability. the fact that nocodb supports so many database backends makes me worry that it might not take full advantage of each, and it may be more difficult to scale. perhaps the nocodb folks see administering and tuning the database as an orthogonal problem to the one they are solving. having an application that uses one open source database, and uses it well seems like a plus. but that assumes that there are easy ways to import existing data. while the majority of the baserow code is open source with an mit expat license, they do have some code that is designated as premium with a separate baserow premium edition license that requires you to get a key to deploy. it’s interesting that the premium code appears to be open in the gitlab, and that they are relying on people to do right by purchasing a key if they use it. or i guess it’s possible that the runtime requires a valid key to be in place for premium features? their pricing also has a hosted version if you don’t want to deploy the application stack yourself, which is “free for now”, implying that it won’t be in the future, which makes sense. but it’s kind of strange to have to think about the hosting costs and the premium costs together. having the json and xml export be a premium feature seems a bit counter-intuitive, unless it’s meant to be a way to quickly extract money as people leave the platform. governance anyway these are some general quick notes. if i got anything wrong, or you know of other options in this area of open source, no-code databases please let me know. if i ever get around to trying either of these i’ll be sure to update this post. to return to this earlier idea of a platform-coop that supported these kinds of services i think we don’t see that idea present in either nocodb or baserow. it looks like baserow was started by bram wiepjes in the netherlands in , and that it is being set up as a profitable company. nocodb also appears to be a for profit startup. what would it look like to structure these kinds of software development projects around a co-operative governance? another option is to deploy and sustain these open source technologies as part of a separate co-op, which is actually how i found out about baserow, through the co-op cloud matrix chat. one downside to this approach is that all the benefits of having an participatory decision making process accrue to the people who are running the infrastructure, and not to the people designing and making the software. unless of course there is overlap in membership between the co-op and the software development. unless otherwise noted all the content here is licensed cc-by the code lib journal 		 			 				 					 				 				 						mission 	editorial committee 	process and structure 	code lib 				 				 					 						 							 							 						 					 				 			 			 				issue , - - 																		 					editorial: closer to than to 										edward m. corrado 					 						with the publication of issue , the code lib journal is now closer to issue than we are to issue . also, we are developing a name change policy. 					 				 																							 					adaptive digital library services: emergency access digitization at the university of illinois at urbana-champaign during the covid- pandemic 										kyle r. rimkus, alex dolski, brynlee emery, rachael johns, patricia lampron, william schlaack, angela waarala 					 						this paper describes how the university of illinois at urbana-champaign library provided access to circulating library materials during the covid- pandemic. specifically, it details how the library adapted existing staff roles and digital library infrastructure to offer on-demand digitization of and limited online access to library collection items requested by patrons working in a remote teaching and learning environment. the paper also provides an overview of the technology used, details how dedicated staff with strong local control of technology were able to scale up a university-wide solution, reflects on lessons learned, and analyzes nine months of usage data to shed light on library patrons’ changing needs during the pandemic. 					 				 																							 					assessing high-volume transfers from optical media at nypl 										michelle rothrock, alison rhonemus, and nick krabbenhoeft 					 						nypl’s workflow for transferring optical media to long-term storage was met with a challenge: an acquisition of a collection containing thousands of recordable cds and dvds. many programs take a disk-by-disk approach to imaging or transferring optical media, but to deal with a collection of this size, nypl developed a workflow using a nimbie autoloader and a customized version of kbnl’s open-source iromlab software to batch disks for transfer. this workflow prioritized quantity, but, at the outset, it was difficult to tell if every transfer was as accurate as it could be. we discuss the process of evaluating the success of the mass transfer workflow, and the improvements we made to identify and troubleshoot errors that could occur during the transfer. a background of the institution and other institutions’ approaches to similar projects is given, then an in-depth discussion of the process of gathering and analyzing data. we finish with a discussion of our takeaways from the project. 					 				 																							 					better together: improving the lives of metadata creators with natural language processing 										paul kelly 					 						dc public library has long held digital copies of the full run of local alternative weekly, washington city paper, but had no official status as a rights grantor to enable use. that recently changed due to a full agreement being reached with the publisher. one condition of that agreement, however, was that issues become available with usable descriptive metadata and subject access in time to celebrate the upcoming th anniversary of the publication, which at that time was in six months. one of the most time intensive tasks our metadata specialists work on is assigning description to digital objects. this paper details how we applied python’s natural language toolkit and openrefine’s reconciliation functions to the collection’s ocr text to simplify subject selection for staff with no background in programming. 					 				 																							 					choose your own educational resource: developing an interactive oer using the ink scripting language 										stewart baker 					 						learning games are games created with the purpose of educating, as well as entertaining, players. this article describes the potential of interactive fiction (if), a type of text-based game, to serve as learning games. after summarizing the basic concepts of interactive fiction and learning games, the article describes common interactive fiction programming languages and tools, including ink, a simple markup language that can be used to create choice based text games that play in a web browser. the final section of the article includes code putting the concepts of ink, interactive fiction, and learning games into action using part of an interactive oer created by the author in december of . 					 				 																							 					enhancing print journal analysis for shared print collections 										dana jemison, lucy liu, anna striker, alison wohlers, jing jiang, and judy dobry 					 						the western regional storage trust (west), is a distributed shared print journal repository program serving research libraries, college and university libraries, and library consortia in the western region of the united states. west solicits serial bibliographic records and related holdings biennially, which are evaluated and identified as candidates for shared print archiving using a complex collection analysis process. california digital library’s discovery & delivery west operations team (west-ops) supports the functionality behind this collection analysis process used by west program staff (west-staff) and members. for west, proposals for shared print archiving have been historically predicated on what is known as an ulrich’s journal family, which pulls together related serial titles, for example, succeeding and preceding serial titles, their supplements, and foreign language parallel titles. ulrich’s, while it has been invaluable, proves problematic in several ways, resulting in the approximate omission of half of the journal titles submitted for collection analysis. part of west’s effectiveness in archiving hinges upon its ability to analyze local serials data across its membership as holistically as possible. the process that enables this analysis, and subsequent archiving proposals, is dependent on ulrich’s journal family, for which issn has been traditionally used to match and cluster all related titles within a particular family. as such, the process is limited in that many journals have never been assigned issns, especially older publications, or member bibliographic records may lack an issn(s), though the issn may exist in an oclc primary record. building a mechanism for matching on issns that goes beyond the base set of primary, former, and succeeding titles, expands the number of eligible issns that facilitate ulrich’s journal family matching. furthermore, when no matches in ulrich’s can be made based on issn, other types of control numbers within a bibliographic record may be used to match with records that have been previously matched with an ulrich’s journal family via issn, resulting in a significant increase in the number of titles eligible for collection analysis. this paper will discuss problems in ulrich’s journal family matching, improved functional methodologies developed to address those problems, and potential strategies to improve in serial title clustering in the future. 					 				 																							 					how we built a spatial subject classification based on wikidata 										adrian pohl 					 						from the fall of to the beginning of a project had been carried out to upgrade spatial subject indexing in north rhine-westphalian bibliography (nwbib) from uncontrolled strings to controlled values. for this purpose, a spatial classification with around , entries was created from wikidata and published as skos (simple knowledge organization system) vocabulary. the article gives an overview over the initial problem and outlines the different implementation steps. 					 				 																							 					institutional data repository development, a moving target 										colleen fallaw, genevieve schmitt, hoa luong, jason colwell, and jason strutz 					 						at the end of , the research data service (rds) at the university of illinois at urbana-champaign (uiuc) completed its fifth year as a campus-wide service. in order to gauge the effectiveness of the rds in meeting the needs of illinois researchers, rds staff developed a five-year review consisting of a survey and a series of in-depth focus group interviews. as a result, our institutional data repository developed in-house by university library it staff, illinois data bank, was recognized as the most useful service offering by our unit. when launched in , storage resources and web servers for illinois data bank and supporting systems were hosted on-premises at uiuc. as anticipated, researchers increasingly need to share large, and complex datasets. in a responsive effort to leverage the potentially more reliable, highly available, cost-effective, and scalable storage accessible to computation resources, we migrated our item bitstreams and web services to the cloud. our efforts have met with success, but also with painful bumps along the way. this article describes how we supported data curation workflows through transitioning from on-premises to cloud resource hosting. it details our approaches to ingesting, curating, and offering access to dataset files up to tb in size–which may be archive type files (e.g., .zip or .tar) containing complex directory structures. 					 				 																							 					on the nature of extreme close-range photogrammetry: visualization and measurement of north african stone points 										michael j. bennett 					 						image acquisition, visualization, and measurement are examined in the context of extreme close-range photogrammetric data analysis. manual measurements commonly used in traditional stone artifact investigation are used as a starting point to better gauge the usefulness of high-resolution d surrogates and the flexible digital tool sets that can work with them. the potential of various visualization techniques are also explored in the context of future teaching, learning, and research in virtual environments. 					 				 																							 					optimizing elasticsearch search experience using a thesaurus 										emmanuel di pretoro, edwin de roock, wim fremout, erik buelinckx, stephanie buyle, véronique van der stede 					 						the belgian art links and tools (balat) (http://balat.kikirpa.be/) is the continuously expanding online documentary platform of the royal institute for cultural heritage (kik-irpa), brussels (belgium). balat contains over , images of kik-irpa’s unique collection of photo negatives on the cultural heritage of belgium, but also the library catalogue, pdfs of articles from kik-irpa’s bulletin and other publications, an extensive persons and institutions authority list, and several specialized thematic websites, each of those collections being multilingual as belgium has three official languages. all these are interlinked to give the user easy access to freely available information on the belgian cultural heritage. during the last years, kik-irpa has been working on a detailed and inclusive data management plan. through this data management plan, a new project hescida (heritage science data archive) will upgrade balat to balat+, enabling access to searchable registries of kik-irpa datasets and data interoperability. balat+ will be a building block of digilab, one of the future pillars of the european research infrastructure for heritage science (e-rihs), which will provide online access to scientific data concerning tangible heritage, following the fair-principles (findable-accessible-interoperable-reusable). it will include and enable access to searchable registries of specialized digital resources (datasets, reference collections, thesauri, ontologies, etc.). in the context of this project, elasticsearch has been chosen as the technology empowering the search component of balat+. an essential feature of this search functionality of balat+ is the need for linguistic equivalencies, meaning a term query in french should also return the matching results containing the equivalent term in dutch. another important feature is to offer a mechanism to broaden the search with elements of more precise terminology: a term like “furniture” could also match records containing chairs, tables, etc. this article will explain how a thesaurus developed in-house at kik-irpa was used to obtain these functionalities, from the processing of that thesaurus to the production of the configuration needed by elasticsearch. 					 				 																							 					pythagoras: discovering and visualizing musical relationships using computer analysis 										brandon bellanti 					 						this paper presents an introduction to pythagoras, an in-progress digital humanities project using python to parse and analyze xml-encoded music scores. the goal of the project is to use recurring patterns of notes to explore existing relationships among musical works and composers. an intended outcome of this project is to give music performers, scholars, librarians, and anyone else interested in digital humanities new insights into musical relationships as well as new methods of data analysis in the arts. 					 				 																																																																																																																																																																																							 			 				 					issn - 				 				 				 					 						 						 					 				 				 				 					current issue 							issue , - - 					previous issues 							issue , - - 	issue , - - 	issue , - - 	issue , - - 	older issues 				 				 					for authors 						call for submissions 	article guidelines 				 			 						 				log in 				this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . united states license. 			 			 		 		 		 	 andrew w. mellon foundation (phase ) | stanford libraries skip to main content secondary menu 	my account 	feedback you must have javascript enabled to use this form. subject * in a few words, what is your feedback about? message * your name * your email * leave this field blank menu search form search 	about	our values 	people 	hours 	blogs 	events, exhibits, workshops 	news 	departments & contacts 	support the libraries 	beyond 	libraries	academy hall (srwc) 	archive of recorded sound 	art & architecture (bowes) 	business 	classics 	david rumsey map center 	earth sciences (branner) 	east asia 	education (cubberley) 	engineering (terman) 	green 	hoover library & archives 	lathrop 	law (crown) 	marine biology (miller) 	medical (lane) 	music 	philosophy (tanner) 	sal & 	sal 	sal newark 	science (li and ma) 	slac 	special collections 	using the libraries	access & privileges 	borrow, renew, return 	connect to e-resources 	course reserves (searchworks) 	interlibrary borrowing 	hours 	print, copy, scan (the hub) 	access for persons with limited mobility 	special policies 	collections	collecting areas 	notable collections 	digital collections (searchworks) 	online exhibits (spotlight at stanford) 	research support	orientation 	research services 	search tools 	specialists 	guides 	projects & innovations 	workshops 	copyright reminder 	ask us	email a reference question 	chat with us 	give us feedback 	report a connection problem 	suggest a purchase (requires login) 	covid- you are here home » projects » epadd » andrew w. mellon foundation (phase ) andrew w. mellon foundation (phase ) 	epadd 	about	nhprc (phase ) 	imls (phase ) 	andrew w. mellon foundation (phase ) 	ea:bcc (phase ) 	download 	documentation 	community 	presentations & publications 	in the news andrew w. mellon foundation (phase ) menu about epadd phase development epadd phase began in january, and will be completed at the end of december, , by the staff of stanford university libraries in collaboration with partners from harvard university and the university of manchester. funding for epadd phase was provided through a grant from the andrew w. mellon foundation.   grant collaborators tricia patterson, digital preservation analyst, harvard university stephen abrams, head of digital preservation, harvard university ian gifford, library application development manager, university of manchester jochen farwer, application developer, university of manchester jessica smith, creative arts archivist, university of manchester   	hours 	my account 	ask us 	opt out of analytics 	system status 	staff login 	stanford home 	maps & directions 	search stanford 	emergency info 	terms of use 	privacy 	copyright 	trademarks 	non-discrimination 	accessibility © stanford university, stanford, california . literary corner cafe: book review - classics - the keeper of the bees by gene stratton-porter literary corner cafe all about books, literature, the writing process, publishing, book reviews, book recommendations, authors, authors' birthdays, book discussion. literary corner cafe loading... blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ▼  april ( ) 	book review - bloodroot by amy greene 	writing tips - learn from the pros! writing tips f... 	today in literary history - doris lessing publishe... 	book review - classics - the keeper of the bees by... 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) about me 	 literary corner cafe 	i edit both fiction and non-fiction and do a lot of web content writing. i'm back in school now, earning my master's degree, though not in english (i've switched my major).. the writing tips on this blog reflect my experience as an independent professional fiction editor. the book reviews reflect my love for reading and aren't always on the latest book. instead, the book reviews reflect what i love and what i'm reading now. i hope you can find a new book or author to love among them and i hope the writing tips will help aspiring novelists. i usually update my blog on sundays. "your life story would not make a good book. don't even try." —fran lebowitz ( -) us journalist/humorist note: all original content on this blog is copyright - literary corner cafe. if you'd like to quote or repost something, please send me an email. i usually allow it, with attribution. thank you. view my complete profile saturday, april , book review - classics - the keeper of the bees by gene stratton-porter gene (geneva) stratton-porter and this book, the keeper of the bees, are both sadly overlooked. the keeper of the bees is a classic. it’s a beautiful story, wonderfully written, and filled with characters so real, you think you might meet one of them yourself any day now. gene stratton-porter was brought up in the forests of indiana – when indiana had forests – before the trees were cut down for timber – and she was a lover of nature. the natural world plays such importance that is a character in all of her books, and in all of them you can find her belief that nature can heal us and teach us valuable lessons that we miss if we spend all our time in the city. this is a belief i feel very in tune with. my relatives, on both sides of my family, lived in the countryside, and i grew up spending summers in the country. i wouldn’t have traded that experience for anything. stratton-porter’s books are filled with everything in just the right amounts. they possess a quiet humor, but in no way are these books comedic; they contain tragedy, but the prevailing mood always remains one of optimism; they are filled with love, but in no way are they romances. they are, above all else, human, and they reflect the human condition. maybe that’s why it’s so easy to identify with them, for everyone i know who’s taken my suggestion and read gene stratton-porter, and most especially, the keeper of the bees, just falls in love with the book and wants more from this very special author. the keeper of the bees is stratton-porter’s last novel and is set in s california, the state she adopted as her home. the story revolves around jamie mcfarlane, a man of scottish descent, who has been sent to a california military hospital after being severely wounded in world war i. the hospital wants to send jamie away, to a rehabilitation camp, but jamie knows tuberculosis, not health, is running rampant at the camp, and he rebels. though he’s weak and without family, he leaves the hospital for parts unknown. at least he can die on a tranquil beach. or so he thinks. some people think we draw to us what we, ourselves are. a kind of “like begets like” sort of thing. and so it is with jamie. as luck – or destiny – would have it, he ends up at the door of the bee master, a man who is also trying to recover his health in the face of serious heart problems. the bee master needs to spend some time in the hospital, and even though jamie’s a stranger, the bee master asks him to take care of his beloved hives for him while he’s gone. at least jamie has youth on his side, something the bee master does not. and so jamie begins to learn about beekeeping, and also how to care for the beautiful flowers that surround the bee master’s lovely seaside home. the reader, by the way, will learn more about beekeeping in this lovely book than in most manuals on the subject, but don’t let that put you off. stratton-porter always makes it the most fascinating subject. as stratton-porter describes jamie’s initial lessons in beekeeping and gardening, readers can hear the surf as it crashes onto the sandy beach; they can smell the fresh salt air; they can see the beautiful blue flowers that grow in the bee master’s garden; they feel they can reach out and pluck a ripe tomato fresh from the vine; they can hear the hives humming and taste the sweet honey as soon as it’s made. stratton-porter’s writing is that immediate and that filled with sensory detail, something that’s very rare in books published today. jamie doesn’t jump right into all this beauty and tranquility and heal, both physically and spiritually. at least not immediately. in fact, one stormy night finds jamie on the beach, so distraught that he considers ending his life. instead, he meets a mysterious woman whose life is in worse shape than his, and who will be instrumental in his own restoration to health and wholeness. (it’s not a spoiler to reveal that jamie does return to health and wholeness; you only have to read two or three pages of this wonderful book to see how very life affirming it is.) there’s nothing about the keeper of the bees that isn’t just plain, old-fashioned wonderful. this is storytelling at its finest. storytelling. this book isn’t concerned with exploring some new form of experimental literature. it isn’t concerned with taking us off to worlds that only exist in the author’s imagination. it isn’t concerned with being “coy” or “cute.” yes, those things have their place, and with the exception of “coy” and “cute,” i, too, like most other readers, enjoy many different kinds of literature. if i had to choose one kind, however, it would be the realistic portrayals found in the keeper of the bees. stratton-porter seeks to illuminate the bonds that connect us all, that make us human, and she succeeds wonderfully. the people you meet in the keeper of the bees are the kind of people you’d probably like to get to know in real life. people you’d enjoy having as neighbors and friends. jamie, himself, is a wonderful, three-dimensional character. and then there’s the little scout. little scout is a character that might be frowned on today, as we’re unsure, for most of the book, whether little scout is a boy or a girl. all we know is that he/she is nothing short of delightful. little scout bubbles over with life. he/she runs a little faster, works a little harder, and loves a little better. and, in the last part of the book, we do find out whether little scout is a boy or a girl, but i won’t reveal the answer to that question here. if you want to know, and if you want to know what happens to little scout, you have to read the book. if i have one criticism of this book, it might be that stratton-porter could get a little “preachy” about things she felt were morally reprehensible, but she never overdoes it, and her strong morals never interfere with the story. the keeper of the bees manages to be a quintessentially american story, though really, the events this story depicts could have happened just about anywhere. i guess the difference lies in the fact that they would have been told in a different way if they would have happened in a different country. or maybe not. maybe the keeper of the bees is a story that could have happened to anyone, anywhere, at any time. maybe it’s that universal. this is a book to read and reread, to cherish, and to pass along to those we love, so they can read it, too. / recommended: absolutely. if you’re just looking for a heartwarming, wise, and wonderful story, this book can’t be beat. it’s life-affirming on every page. posted by literary corner cafe at : am labels: american novelists, classics, gene stratton-porter, the keeper of the bees no comments: post a comment newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) sites i love and hope you will, too 	culinary corner cafe what we're reading at literary corner cafe 	i'm finishing a master's degree, and my reading is devoted mostly to books related to that. i do hope to begin reading some fiction again soon, though. search results | the online books page the online books page search results you requested books by authors with the words "asquith", and with titles with the words "flying carpet". (exclude extended shelves) 	 asquith, cynthia, lady, - , ed.: the flying carpet (new york: c. scribner's sons, c ) (page images at hathitrust; us access only) item was found. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing additional items in the extended shelves: 	 asquith, cynthia, lady, - : the flying carpet. (new york, charles scribner's sons, [ ]), also by walter de la mare, hugh lofting, j. m. barrie, g. k. chesterton, a. a. milne, alfred noyes, and thomas hardy (page images at hathitrust; us access only) item was found. help with reading books -- report a bad link -- suggest a new listing home -- search -- new listings -- authors -- titles -- subjects -- serials books -- news -- features -- archives -- the inside story edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) obp copyrights and licenses. bitcoin and the environment: crypto's uncertain future - tech monitor back 	white papers 	home 	about us 	contact us 	newsletter   technology 	ai and automation 	cloud 	cybersecurity 	data 	data centre 	emerging technology 	hardware 	networks 	software   leadership 	digital transformation 	finance and procurement 	governance 	innovation 	strategy 	sustainability 	workforce   policy 	big tech 	digital economy 	education and employment 	geopolitics 	privacy and data protection   sign up for our newsletter menu  search leadership / sustainability 	 	related 	digital economy 	sustainability 	bitcoin 	cryptocurrency 	more 	florida 	north america crypto’s uncertain environmental future mining bitcoin requires vast amounts of electricity. could alternative models for creating cryptocurrency spare the environment? by greg noone   jul (last updated jul ) 	e-mail article 	share on linkedin 	share on twitter 	share on facebook the sound is spreading across britain. you can hear it emanating from spare bedrooms and outbuildings, low-slung warehouses and shipping containers dropped like dominos at the end of set-aside fields. it is high-pitched and steady, the tell-tale whine of hundreds of gpu fans, fighting to keep their mining rigs cool and guarantee a passive income for their owners. designed to mine ethereum and other, smaller cryptocurrencies, many of these rigs are supplied by joshua riddett. his business, easy crypto hunter, markets itself as the premier provider of altcoin mining rigs in the uk. riddett’s client base started as a solid base of property investors and high net-worth individuals wanting to dabble in crypto, but recently that has expanded out into renewable energy operators. “that’s actually where i’m off to today,” says riddett, about to set off on a long drive from manchester to a solar power plant near teesside. while many of easy crypto hunter’s customers simply plug their rigs directly into the grid, an increasing number rely on cheaper, greener power. “we’re on renewable energy sites as of today,” says riddett, with rigs hooked up to not only solar, and wind and hydropower solutions, but also anaerobic digestion plants built by farmers looking to diversify their holdings. 			 the provenance of the electricity used to mine bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is fast becoming a point of contention. (photo by lars hagberg/afp) riddett sees crypto mining as a new funding model for renewable power generation. government subsidies for new sites have dried up, he says, and hardly anyone will be driven to build more if they can’t make money from them. the prospect of running mining rigs off them will meet that need, spur the construction of more renewable energy sites, and help save the planet – and perhaps the financial system, too – in the bargain. “obviously that’s just a net positive for everybody involved,” says riddett. white papers from our partners dell technologies ways to get started with artificial intelligence and machine learning dell technologies deploying flexible data protection to support cloud workload placement dell technologies pcaas education eguide like most in the space, riddett believes that mining can and will become carbon neutral. that view is seemingly at odds with the model on which most cryptocurrencies operate, known as ‘proof of work’. in this model, new coins are minted by conducting highly complex calculations which require large amounts of electricity. this is especially true of the leading cryptocurrency, bitcoin, whose total consumption needs are regularly compared to that of nations such as belgium or bangladesh. bitcoin and the environment crypto proponents argue that, driven by the need for cheap electricity, mining is largely powered by renewable sources, such as (until recently) the excess power generated from renewable hydroelectric dams in china. the bitcoin mining council claims that roughly % of all bitcoin mining is powered by renewable sources. it is a figure that critics find hard to believe. that assessment, they say, relies on a mixture of unreliable surveys of the mining community and good-faith guesswork, and stands at odds with academic assessments that estimate bitcoin and the total hashing economy’s reliance on renewables at % and % respectively. it also ignores the impact mining has on displacing other users from using renewable power, says author and crypto sceptic david gerard. if “you push all these previous users of the renewables onto dirty electricity, you’ve had no effect,” he says. riddett says easy crypto hunter doesn’t mine bitcoin, less for its impact on the environment than its poor return on investment. but those qualms are propelling others to develop alternative models of crypto mining that consume less power. ultimately, though, the environmental burden that society is prepared to bear from cryptocurrencies will depend on the value they are perceived to contribute – a highly contentious matter. jason deane has his own mining operation, one that’s substantially larger than anything you might encounter on an english farm. “i now have a big bunch of asics sitting in siberia contributing to the bitcoin network,” explains the cryptocurrency consultant. otherwise known as application-specific integrated circuits, these custom chips are ideal for mining the cryptocurrency, but they run at high temperatures and noise levels. all the better, then, that they’re running off the excess power of an ex-soviet dam in the middle of nowhere. “the glorious tractor factory never got built, but the dam did,” says deane, “so there’s a huge amount of excess power which they want to offload somewhere.” this, he argues, is the ideal model for power generation in proof-of-work operations, and one that was mirrored until very recently in the global centre of mining activity, china. actual data confirming this energy mix, however, remains thin on the ground, with the bmc’s estimate constituting the first authoritative attempt from the mining community itself (and even then, only a slice of it) to state where it is getting its power from. even so, deane believes “we can expect that [estimate] to be reasonably accurate”. there are reasons for doubt, concedes deane, one being “that this is self-reported”. another is the great difficulty in measuring the impact of externalities, particularly in china. excess power from hydroelectric dams, for example, is not guaranteed all year round. before the recent government crackdown on bitcoin, miners would move their operations during the dry season towards xinjiang and its coal-burning power plants. “all of that has stopped now,” says deane. afraid of a shadow economy taking place beyond its control, the government has forced miners to shut down and scatter. eventually, these miners will relocate. in the meantime, says deane, more and more promising power prospects for operations are emerging, not only in a rising number of renewable and nuclear installations but other applications, like using stranded natural gas from oil installations that would otherwise be flared. this is all too hopeful for gerard. none of these arguments, he says, factor in the impact mining operations have in displacing people from access to renewable energy. “we saw this in…upstate new york [and] the pacific northwest, where there were large hydro dams,” he explains. “they’d use all the cheap electricity, and the local people were pushed onto the dirty electricity from outside it at twice the price.” in the end, says gerard, miners are ideologically driven by their fervour for decentralised finance into a parasitical scramble for cheap electricity, no matter where it comes from. “that’s how bitcoin mining works,” says the author. “it’s proof of waste.” chia: seeds of potential gene hoffman agrees – to an extent. proof of work, he says, was bitcoin’s original sin. that flaw, however, has been corrected in chia, a cryptocurrency that relies on so-called ‘proof of time and space’ to generate its new coins. using hard drives and ssds to mine instead of gpus and asics, says the president of the chia network, will help to usher in all the benefits of a secure, decentralised financial system without the exorbitant energy usage. mining chia is “somewhere between to , times more efficient for the same unit of security” than bitcoin, says hoffman. there have been side-effects. “they’ve trashed the hard disk market,” says gerard, who has publicly accused chia of not only spurring rapid increases in the price of hard drives and ssds after its initial introduction, but incentivising them to run the equipment so hard that it becomes depleted long before its normal shelf life and adding to the world’s growing pile of e-waste. hoffman concedes that chia’s introduction did warp supply chains, a situation that was exacerbated by the global chip shortage and a series of major corporate buy-ups of stock. but the early destruction of ssds is ultimately down to the quality of equipment miners chose to buy, he argues (“if you bought the $ , and not the $ , you’d never destroy it.”) since then, hoffman says, prices have stabilised and more recyclable hard drives are entering the marketplace. as for the accusations that chia’s invention is just another way for miners to consume electricity that would otherwise be used elsewhere, hoffman makes no apology. ultimately, this discounts the inherent benefits that crypto can and will bring to the economy. besides, all green technologies come with costs. “one of the concerns i have when people [say], ‘this isn’t green’ is, compared to what?” says hoffman. an electric car, for example, has more utility than a bicycle, but takes more energy to make. the banking sector’s use of hard drives dwarfs that of chia, he adds, but the cryptocurrency’s environmental credentials are “being compared to some theoretical zero.” proof of stake: the future of ethereum there is a third model of crypto mining that uses far less energy than either bitcoin or chia. so-called ‘proof of stake’ involves rewarding randomly chosen coin holders for verifying transactions on the network. to guard against their abusing this position, participants are required to ‘stake’ their own assets as security. several coins already run on proof-of-stake models, including cardano, algorand and celo. the second-largest cryptocurrency, ethereum, has long trailed its own switch from ‘proof of work’ to this model. last month, founder vitalik buterin announced that the cryptocurrency would finally complete this task in . crucially, proof-of-stake protocols don’t require hundreds of mining rigs to run. instead, all you need is a laptop. this move is crucial if crypto is to achieve its potential, argues zaki manian, co-founder of blockchain start-up iqlusion. “bitcoin doesn’t do all that much,” manian says, besides providing a novel investment asset. ethereum, by contrast, has fuelled the creation of an ecosystem of defi projects. supporters argue that the network is fast becoming the future of crypto. but if this innovation is to continue, says manian, ethereum must retreat from proof of work – and fast. as transactions grow larger, so do the so-called ‘gas fees’ miners earn for using their gpus to execute them. what’s more, “proof of work has no notion of finality,” says manian. any sophisticated financial system can only work if there are protections to make transactions immutable, protections that can be made stronger in proof of stake networks. “this is what has motivated the shift to proof of stake far more than the energy concerns,” says manian. but while its environmental credentials are strong, proof of stake faces a significant cultural block within the crypto community: the appointment of individual validators, critics argue, creates the kind of oligarchy of stakeholders that crypto was invented to eliminate. “the big thing about proof of stake is it means that whoever is the largest holder [of coins], they get all the fresh coins,” explains gerard. in ethereum’s case, qualified validators will have to hold eth, roughly equivalent to £ , at the time of writing. nevertheless, from an environmental standpoint at least, gerard would be glad if ethereum could pull off the switch. the only problem is the enormous technical challenges involved in making it happen, which is why “proof of stake has been months away since .” crypto supporters say mining draws on renewable sources, such as hydroelectric dams in china. but a recent crackdown on the country's bitcoin miners has sent them elsewhere. (photo by str/afp via getty images) what are cryptocurrencies worth? until that happens – and until more reliable data is acquired on when, where and how mining consumes electricity – the debate around crypto’s environmental future will remain nebulous. for many, the discussion has been defined by the personal prejudices of its participants from the very start: whether or not you believe that mining bitcoin, chia or ethereum can ever contribute any value to society. “i think the biggest problem in the whole industry is just a lack of education across the board,” says riddett. “if you ask the average person in the street what the fractional reserve banking system is, you’ll see nothing but a glazed look on their face. so, if you don’t understand the current system that we have, you can’t objectively analyse the problems of that system, and you can’t then realise the advantages that come from alternative systems.” the fact remains, however, that these benefits have yet to be realised across society at large. although trillions of dollars are now tied up in it, the prevailing mainstream narrative about crypto is one where growth is tied to speculating bubbles. until those wider benefits of decentralised finance emerge, and more reliable data emerges on its electricity usage, the energy debate around mining will remain a giant exposed flank for crypto’s reputation and, in time, its legal standing. read more: 	the case against bitcoin: why governments are cracking down on crypto join our newsletter want more on technology leadership? sign up for tech monitor's weekly newsletter, changelog, for the latest insight and analysis delivered straight to your inbox. sign up by clicking sign up, you agree with new statesman media group ltd (publisher of tech monitor) gdpr, privacy policy and terms and conditions. 	bitcoin 	cryptocurrency greg noone features writer greg noone is a feature writer for tech monitor. hot topics 	 here’s what we know about the global chip shortage 	 meet the ransomware gangs fuelling a global cybercrime spree 	 the (cable) war in the pacific 	linkedin 	twitter 	facebook navigating the horizon of business technology​ receive our newsletter data, insights and analysis delivered to you enter your job title business owner/co-owner ceo coo cfo cto chairperson non-exec director other c-suite managing director president/partner senior executive/svp or corporate vp or equivalent director or equivalent group or senior manager head of department/function manager non-manager retired other i consent to new statesman media group ltd (publisher of tech monitor) collecting my details provided via this form in accordance with the privacy policy. 	about us 	contact us 	newsletter 	our marketing solutions 	privacy policy 	terms and conditions © copyright new statesman media group ltd. monitor websites in our network 	capital monitor receive our newsletter data, insights and analysis delivered to you enter your job title business owner/co-owner ceo coo cfo cto chairperson non-exec director other c-suite managing director president/partner senior executive/svp or corporate vp or equivalent director or equivalent group or senior manager head of department/function manager non-manager retired other i consent to new statesman media group ltd (publisher of tech monitor) collecting my details provided via this form in accordance with the privacy policy. close join our newsletter industry leading data and analysis for the fdi community close pedagogy - dlf wiki 	 	 	 	 	pedagogy 	 		from dlf wiki 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 contents 	 dlf digital library pedagogy group 	 . get involved 	 . subgroups 	 . resources 	 . archived documentation dlf digital library pedagogy group the digital library pedagogy working group, also known as #dlfteach, is a grassroots community of practice formed thanks to practitioner interest following the dlf forum. we empower digital library practitioners to see themselves as teachers and equip teaching librarians to engage learners in how digital library technologies shape our knowledge infrastructure. the group is open to anyone interested in learning about or collaborating on digital library pedagogy. get involved 	join our google group. 	check in with us during #dlfteach office hours on slack every tuesday afternoon, - pm et. 	participate in a #dlfteach twitter chat. subgroups 	pedagogy:outreach 	pedagogy:professional development 	pedagogy:docc 	pedagogy:digital primary sources 	pedagogy:toolkit . cfp 	pedagogy:toolkit blog resources 	constructing digital praxis: pedagogy for digital collections ( forum workshop materials) archived documentation as digital library pedagogy projects conclude, they will be archived with the open science framework. retrieved from "https://wiki.diglib.org/index.php?title=pedagogy&oldid= " 		 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	 		personal tools 	 	 			log in 	request account 		 	 		 			 	 		namespaces 	 	 			page 	discussion 		 	 			 	 	 		variants 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			 	 		views 	 	 			read 	view source 	view history 		 	 			 	 	 		more 	 	 		 		 	 			 	 		search 	 	 		 			 			 			 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	 		navigation 	 	 			main page 	recent changes 	random page 	help 		 	 	 	 		tools 	 	 			what links here 	related changes 	special pages 	printable version 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 		 	 	 		related sites 	 	 			dlf website 	clir website 		 	 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at : . 	content is available under creative commons attribution unless otherwise noted. 		privacy policy 	about dlf wiki 	disclaimers 		 	 brown university library digital technologies brown university library digital technologies 	bundler . . and homeless accounts this week we upgraded a couple of our applications to ruby . and bundler . . and one of the changes that we noticed was that bundler was complaining about not being able to write to the /opt/local directory. turns out this problem shows up because the account that we use to run our application is &# ; continue reading bundler . . and homeless accounts 	upgrading from solr to solr a few weeks ago we upgraded the version of solr that we use in our discovery layer, we went from solr . to solr . . although we have been using solr .x in other areas of the library this was a significant upgrade for us because searching is the raison d&# ;être of our discovery layer &# ; continue reading upgrading from solr to solr 	pypi packages recently, we published two python packages to pypi: bdrxml and bdrcmodels. no one else is using those packages, as far as i know, and it takes some effort to put them up there, but there are benefits from publishing them. putting a package on pypi makes it easier for other code we package up to &# ; continue reading pypi packages 	new riamco website a few days ago we released a new version of the rhode island archival and manuscript collections online (riamco) website. the new version is a brand new codebase. this post describes a few of the new features that we implemented as part of the rewrite and how we designed the system to support them. the &# ; continue reading new riamco website 	deploying with shiv i recently watched a talk called &# ;containerless django &# ; deploying without docker&# ;, by peter baumgartner. peter lists some benefits of docker: that it gives you a pipeline for getting code tested and deployed, the container adds some security to the app, state can be isolated in the container, and it lets you run the exact &# ; continue reading deploying with shiv 	checksums in the bdr, we calculate checksums automatically on ingest (fedora provides that functionality for us), so all new content binaries going into the bdr get a checksum, which we can go back and check later as needed. we can also pass checksums into the bdr api, and then we verify that fedora calculates the &# ; continue reading checksums 	exporting django data we recently had a couple cases where we wanted to dump the data out of a django database. in the first case (&# ;tracker&# ;), we were shutting down a legacy application, but needed to preserve the data in a different form for users. in the second case (&# ;deposits&# ;), we were backing up some obsolete data before &# ; continue reading exporting django data 	searching for hierarchical data in solr recently i had to index a dataset into solr in which the original items had a hierarchical relationship among them. in processing this data i took some time to look into the ancestor_path and descendent_path features that solr provides out of the box and see if and how they could help to issue searches based &# ; continue reading searching for hierarchical data in solr 	monitoring passenger’s requests in queue over time as i mentioned in a previous post we use phusion passenger as the application server to host our ruby applications. a while ago upon the recommendation of my coworker ben cail i created a cron job that calls passenger-status every minutes to log the status of passenger in our servers.  below is a sample &# ; continue reading monitoring passenger&# ;s requests in queue over time 	looking at the oxford common filesystem layout (ocfl) currently, the bdr contains about tb of content. the storage layer is fedora , and the data is stored internally by fedora (instead of being stored externally). however, fedora is end-of-life. this means that we either maintain it ourselves, or migrate to something else. however, we don&# ;t want to migrate tb, and then have &# ; continue reading looking at the oxford common filesystem layout (ocfl) lizard people in the library | pil provocation series project information literacyprovocation series lizard people in the library as “research it yourself” becomes a rallying cry for promoters of outlandish conspiracy theories with real-world consequences, educators need to think hard about what’s missing from their information literacy efforts. epistemology by barbara fister february , tweet information systems that we use in our daily lives map the divisions that have become a fixture of american social life, exposing a topology of deep epistemological rifts. take qanon, for example. the rise of this multi-headed hydra of conspiracy theories that are factually absurd, yet are widely disseminated online and in public life, shows how a community was able to form itself around a radically divergent set of assumptions about how we know what is real. those assumptions were not a benign online eccentricity: they fomented violence, including an insurrectionist attack on the u.s. capitol — and on democracy itself. photo by pablo garcía saldaña on unsplash incubated on an obscure anonymous message board given to pranks, where irony and serious intent are hard to distinguish, qanon gained a passionate audience devoted to interpreting cryptic messages from a mysterious figure claiming to be deeply embedded in the american political establishment. with a fanbase growing around this gamified propaganda, it migrated to other social platforms, was promoted by president trump at his mass rallies and on twitter, had adherents elected to congress, parasitically attached itself to causes from child protection to anti-vax campaigns, and spread abroad. it grew explosively as it migrated across information networks, resisting attempts to suppress its reach. among its central beliefs: satanic cannabalistic pedophiles control much of the world, but president trump secretly battled the cabal and would triumph in an apocalyptic “storm.” it’s a “big-tent” movement that welcomes those who believe in alien abduction, that the moon landing was a hoax, and that shape-shifting reptilian aliens are running the government. though it seemed almost comically absurd to many observers, the movement’s potential for violence was made manifest when qanons joined neo-nazis, white supremacists, and armed militias to “storm the capitol” on january , , livestreaming an insurrection foretold in prophesy and planned in online forums to their fellow believers. how could such extravagantly counter-factual beliefs attract so many adherents and cause so much damage to democracy? divided reality in eli pariser popularized the idea that polarization was driven by what he called the “filter bubble,” attributing this bifurcation of realities to the work of social media companies that personalize what news and opinion we see, hiding from us information that doesn’t concur with our previous beliefs. since then, researchers (including pariser himself) have realized it’s a good deal more complicated than that. yochai benkler’s research on propaganda networks suggests the roots of our divided reality — what he terms our “epistemic crisis” — predate social media, influenced by the republican party’s courting of previously apolitical white evangelical voters, media deregulation and consolidation, the rise of talk radio and fox news, and more recently oann and newsmax. while the design of social media platforms feeds this split, it isn’t its cause. as the denouement of the presidential race presented voters with wildly different claims about the validity of election results, feeding an eruption of violence as congress convened to complete the work of the electoral college and confirm joe biden as president, many stunned observers demanded to know where we went wrong. how could so many people believe things that are obviously untrue? why don’t kids learn about this in school? shouldn’t being able to navigate information and separate truth from lies be a standard part of education? it is. it has been, for a long time. it clearly hasn’t worked. what went wrong? setting aside the fact that the people most likely to share misinformation haven’t been in a classroom for decades, most students in the past fifty years have received instruction under various names: media literacy, digital literacy, news literacy, information literacy, civic literacy, critical thinking, and the umbrella concept of metaliteracy. it’s constantly being reinvented to meet perceived crises of confidence, largely driven by the emergence of new technologies. but the present moment demands serious consideration of why decades of trying to make information literacy a universal educational outcome hasn’t prevented a significant portion of the population from fervidly embracing an elaborately populated world of disinformation while rejecting “mainstream media.” there are many reasons for this failure. the low social status of teachers and librarians, the lack of consistent instruction about information and media literacy across students’ educational experience, the diminishment of the humanities as a core element of general education, and the difficulty of keeping up with technological change and digital culture have all played a role. so does the fact that this kind of learning has no specific place in the curriculum. it’s everywhere, and nowhere. it’s everyone’s job, but nobody’s responsibility. in many cases, the people who care about it the most have had their jobs felled by the austerity axe. yet the question remains: given years of experience teaching students how to distinguish facts and sound reasoning from political fanfiction and profit-driven humbug, why are so many people unable or unwilling to recognize their claims are nonsense? why don’t they see that their knee jerk rejection of facts that don’t fit their preexisting beliefs puts democracy at risk? since the th century, librarians, media literacy advocates, and educators of all kinds have promoted independent research as a practice that develops in students critical thinking and a disposition to be curious and engaged. but students too often have been treated as naive information consumers who, if properly trained, can make more sophisticated shopping choices about what information they can use for a task. in the case of media literacy, learners are often positioned as audiences learning how to review media objects as savvy consumers, able to challenge media messages critically and reject those that prove to be faulty. but these canned classroom situations don’t necessarily transfer to more complex realities. we know from project information literacy’s lifelong learning study the vast majority of graduates feel the research they were asked to do in college failed to prepare them to ask questions of their own. after all, faculty were the ones defining what questions were worth asking and where legitimate answers could be found: in library databases, in the stacks, or in the textbook. while school-based efforts to promote information literacy typically are tied to producing information (college papers, digital projects, powerpoint slide decks), students are not invited to reflect on how information flows through and across platforms that shape and are shaped by participatory audiences and influencers. they aren’t learning much about how information systems (including radio, print journalism, academic and trade book publishing, television, youtube, facebook, instagram, etc.) make choices about which messages to promote and how those choices intersect with political messaging and the social engineering of interest groups. there’s a good chance their teachers haven’t learned much about this, either. the search for truth now that conspiracy theories have accelerated into the mainstream and competing versions of “truth” vie for attention, information literacy advocates must acknowledge that focusing on how to find and evaluate information is not sufficient and may, if taught ineffectively, actually be harmful. what happens in classrooms under the banner of information literacy has to include an understanding of information systems: the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems that shape our information environment, including the fact that these systems are social, influenced by the biases and assumptions of the humans who create and use them. otherwise, educators and students will make no progress in healing our current crisis of faith. while it may seem odd to use the phrase “crisis of faith,” we are experiencing a moment that exposes a schism between two groups: those who have faith there is a way to arrive at truth using practices based on epistemology that originated in the enlightenment, and those who believe events and experiences are portents to be interpreted in ways that align with their personal values. as francesca tripodi has demonstrated, many conservatives read the news using techniques learned through bible study, shunning secular interpretations of events as biased and inconsistent with their exegesis of primary texts such as presidential speeches and the constitution. the faithful can even acquire anthologies of president trump’s infamous tweets to aid in their study of coded messages. while people using these literacy practices are not unaware of mainstream media narratives, they distrust them in favor of their own research, tied to personal experience and a high level of skepticism toward secular institutions of knowledge. this opens up opportunities for conservative and extremist political actors and media to exploit the strong ties between the republican party and white evangelical christians. after all, qanon itself is something of a syncretic religion. while at its core it’s a st century reboot of a medieval anti-semitic trope (blood libel) it has shed some of its christian vestments to gain significant traction among non-evangelical audiences. “conspirituality,” a neologism coined in to describe the link between new age spirituality and conspiracy theory, is an accurate name for the strange pathways qanon takes into unexpected places. for example, yoga instructors who are instagram influencers have become a vector for qanon spread. social media companies have gained enormous wealth and influence by recommending paths of connections, incentivizing information production as a route to celebrity and wealth, and offering an infinite bazaar of consumer choice. this has made research easy — and opened the gate to a digital multiverse where the basic laws of knowledge vary widely but are in some ways eerily similar, especially in terms of the value of inquiry and evidence. it should give advocates of information literacy pause that, similar to the way the phrase “fake news” was appropriated to disparage mainstream journalism, the slogan “research it yourself” has become the empowering antidote to elitist expertise. do you really believe vaccines are dangerous? research it yourself. how can you believe the earth is flat or that alien lizards have infiltrated the halls of power? hang on, i can show you loads of evidence. those who spend their time in the library of the unreal have an abundance of something that is scarce in college classrooms: information agency. one of the powers they feel elites have tried to withhold from them is the ability to define what constitutes knowledge. they don’t simply distrust what the experts say, they distrust the social systems that create expertise. they take pleasure in claiming expertise for themselves, on their own terms. moreover, the internet gives them opportunities to create their own versions of scholarly societies, networked and engaged in building entire circulating libraries containing the fruits of their research. their superpower is knowing how the internet works, so they can in turn successfully work the internet, nurturing and amplifying their truth by exploiting the attention-seeking tools of social platforms, strategically harnessing their online skills to penetrate real-world systems of power. eventually mainstream media has no choice but to validate it through coverage, trying to balance viewpoints from an untenable position of neutrality. where do we go from here? years ago, in a trenchant critique of information literacy theory and practice, library and information science scholar christine pawley argued that we need to teach students “how information ‘works’” — not just how to find and select information as if it’s a market good to be produced and consumed, but rather to understand the social and economic contexts that influence how information is created and circulated. she further argued we need to make clear the role individuals and groups play in “actively shaping the world in ways that renders the producer-consumer dichotomy irrelevant.” pawley wrote this critique at the dawning of the st century, before web . promised a participatory social experience online and before facebook, twitter, and youtube played such a volatile role in our political culture. she was addressing librarians who were struggling to adapt their mental constructs to a world where information was going online, mapping what they previously told students about using print libraries to an emerging digital environment. a great deal has changed in the information environment since then, but too often what passes as information literacy continues to be instruction on how to satisfy the requirements of assignments that may explicitly forbid students from using information that doesn’t pass through traditional gatekeeping channels. it’s ironic that wikipedia, a social platform once demonized by educators as unreliable, now is a global avatar of strict adherence to a set of retro principles about how to properly establish and document information through objectivity, appealing to generally accepted facts, and references to authoritative sources. there’s no doubt it will be difficult to shift the information literacy narrative from emphasizing finding, evaluating, and using information in an academic setting to something that addresses a broader understanding of how information “works” these days. our information systems operate in a complex world in which messages take root in dark corners and spread rhizomatically through connections that are often hidden from view; a world in which power users discover hacks to trip up algorithmic systems in ways the authors of the algorithms failed to anticipate; a world in which the rules of the game change constantly even while the consequences of systems designed to share information virally pose a serious threat to democracy. it’s time for a thorough revamping of the purpose of inviting students to engage in inquiry as a civic practice. educators, including librarians who teach, will need to dive deeply within themselves to confront and clarify their own beliefs and assumptions about how they know what is real and what isn’t. it will take work. but there are some promising places to start. first, taking a leaf from an organization formed to advise journalists how to cover a divisive election, educators should consider ways to frame discussions of knowledge through the lens of democracy rather than through partisan political positions. this means being willing to take a strong stand on behalf of ethical research practices, the voices of qualified experts, and the value of information systems that judiciously vet and validate information, along with a willingness to clearly reject the notion that truth is simply a matter of political allegiance or personal choice. second, educators must be explicit about the ethical frameworks and daily practices of truth-seeking institutions such as science, scholarship, and journalism. social media platforms enact values that are firmly grounded in beliefs about individualism, capitalism and consumerism. educators must make it clear how those values differ from the pursuit of truth through other means. be humble about failures, but avoid allowing cynics to blur distinctions between the values and training of scientists, scholars, and journalists, and the values of social media corporations, television personalities, and internet influencers. third, as mr. rogers famously said, “look for the helpers.” there are likely people in educators’ circles who have a deep knowledge of intersecting information systems, or at least of parts of it. scholars have been studying these systems and documenting their findings for years. there’s no need to research it yourself. find the experts and develop communities to share ideas about teaching practice. fourth, the kids are alright. while they may not have much academic knowledge, and their technical understanding may be limited, among students in any given class there is likely to be a lot of knowledge about how information circulates through social media. some students may have significant experience in creating and measuring the reach of their own media messages. connecting what they’re learning in class to their lived experience online may encourage students to share what they know and are learning about information systems to their friends and families beyond academia. indeed, in focus groups conducted by project information literacy in for the algorithm study, college students expressed concern about whether younger people and the elders in their lives understood how social media platforms work and how to recognize disinformation. today’s students should be provided opportunities to learn from one another to not only share knowledge but compare their experiences with different information systems and knowledge traditions as educators explain their own disciplinary practices, articulating and arguing for the values that undergird them. for example, students could be asked to articulate their own practices online, their personal “code of ethics” as they navigate their social networks, and discuss those in comparison to codes of ethics from the society of professional journalists, the national press photographers association, or from disciplinary or professional societies. as the historian of science jacob bronowski wrote in , “there is no way of exchanging information that does not involve an act of judgement.” we’ve grown accustomed to many of those acts of judgement being made by algorithms that have a commercial goal in mind. students often assume that is the way of the world, that every exchange of information must be financialized in a red-hot, high-frequency attention market. while professionals don’t always live up to expectations, it can be illuminating for students to find out there are traditions and practices that aren’t entirely driven by a search for attention. they may even be surprised that their own motives for sharing information are more nuanced and ethical than social media platforms assume. it may be difficult, even impossible, to overcome an epistemological rift among americans, one that was deliberately pried even further apart during the trump years, culminating in a democracy-shaking insurrection, simply by changing how education approaches information literacy instruction. but it’s clear we need to come up with a better answer to the question, “why isn’t this something students learn in school?” read the author’s reflections on what inspired this essay discussion questions for reading groups read the atlantic magazine version (published february , ) sponsored by the university of illinois library* barbara fister is contributing editor for the pil provocation series and professor emerita, gustavus adolphus college. during - , she was pil’s scholar in residence. @bfister preferred citation format: barbara fister, february , , “lizard people in the library,” pil provocation series, ( ), project information literacy research institute, https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html. endnotes 	kevin roose (october , ), “what is qanon, the viral pro-trump conspiracy theory?” the new york times, https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-qanon.html 	“ facts about the qanon conspiracy,” (november , ), facttank, pew research center, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/ / / / -facts-about-the-qanon-conspiracy-theories/#more- 	helen lewis (september , ), “the joke’s on us,” the atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/ / /how-memes-lulz-and-ironic-bigotry-won-internet/ / 	e. j. dickson (october , ), “a timeline of trump’s qanon presidency,” rolling stone, https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/qanon-trump-timeline-conspiracy-theorists- / 	matthew rosenberg (november , ), “a qanon supporter is headed to congress,” the new york times, https://nyti.ms/ ga ow 	marianna spring and mike wendling (september , ), "how covid- myths are merging with the qanon conspiracy theory," bbc news, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending- 	emily rauhala and loveday morris (november , ), “in the united states, qanon is struggling. the conspiracy theory is thriving abroad,” washington post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/qanon-conspiracy-global-reach/ / / /ca - a - eb-a - acf b d_story.html 	sheera frenkel (october , ), “facebook amps up its crackdown on qanon,” the new york times, https://nyti.ms/ f fjb 	elizabeth dwoskin and isaac stanley-becker (october , ), “youtube joins silicon valley peers in preelection qanon clampdown,” the washington post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/ / / /youtube-qanon-crackdown/ 	ethan zuckerman (july , ), “qanon and the emergence of the unreal,” journal of design and science, ( ), https://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/tliexqdu/release/ 	molly osberg (october , ), “ million reasons to believe in lizard people,” vice, https://www.vice.com/en/article/ dmeb/the-lizards-are-coming 	marc-andré argentino (january , ), “qanon and the storm of the u.s. capitol: the offline effect of online conspiracy theories,” the conversation, https://theconversation.com/qanon-and-the-storm-of-the-u-s-capitol-the-offline-effect-of-online-conspiracy-theories- 	alec macgillis (january , ), "inside the capitol riot: what the parler videos reveal," propublica, https://www.propublica.org/article/inside-the-capitol-riot-what-the-parler-videos-reveal 	eli pariser (may , ), “beware online 'filter bubbles,'” ted talks, https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles 	elizabeth dubois and grant blank (january , ), “the echo chamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diverse media,” information, communication & society, ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . / x. . 	yochai benkler, rob faris, and hal roberts ( ), network propaganda: manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in american politics, oxford university press, https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/ . /oso/ . . /oso- 	“four hours of insurrection” (january , ), post reports, https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/four-hours-of-insurrection/ 	niraj chokshi (january , ), “older people shared fake news on facebook more than others in race, study says,” the new york times, https://nyti.ms/ rfctxh 	alison j. head (january , ), staying smart: how today’s graduates continue to learn once they complete college, project information literacy research institute, https://projectinfolit.org/publications/lifelong-learning-study/ 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), information literacy in the age of algorithms: student experiences with news and information, and the need for change, project information literacy research institute, pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/algorithm-study/pil_algorithm-study_ - - .pdf 	danah boyd (march , ), “you think you want media literacy...do you?” points, data & society, https://points.datasociety.net/you-think-you-want-media-literacy-do-you- cad af ec 	francesca tripodi (may ), “searching for alternative facts: analyzing scriptural inferences in conservative news practices,” data & society, https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/ / /data_society_searching-for-alternative-facts.pdf 	bob garfield (november , ), “extended version: the ancient heresy that helps us understand qanon [transcript of an interview with jeff sharlet],” on the media, https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/episodes/ancient-heresy-helps-us-understand-qanon-extended-version 	jutta haider and olof sundin (december , ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication & society, https://doi.org/ . / x. . 	charlotte ward and david voas (january , ), “the emergence of conspirituality,” journal of contemporary religion, ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . / . . 	kevin roose (september , ), “yoga teachers take on qanon,” the new york times, https://nyti.ms/ hyqvds 	alison j. head, steven braun, margy macmillan, jessica yurkofsky, and alaina c. bull (september , ), “the shape of news,” covid- : the first days of u.s. news coverage: lessons about the media ecosystem for librarians, educators, students, and journalists, project information literacy research institute, https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/covid -first- -days/shape-of-coronavirus-story/index.html 	tom nichols (september/october ), “how we killed expertise (and why we need it back),” politico magazine, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/ / / /how-we-killed-expertise- 	jen schradie ( ), the revolution that wasn’t: how digital activism favors conservatives, harvard university press. 	laiyla lalami (december , ), “‘bothsideism’ is poisoning america,” the nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/trump-impeachment-journalism/ 	christine pawley (october ), “information literacy: a contradictory coupling,” the library quarterly, ( ), - , https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 	alison j. head and michael b. eisenberg (march , ), “how today’s college students use wikipedia for course–related research,” first monday, ( ), https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/download/ / 	richard cooke (february , ), “wikipedia is the last best place on the internet,” wired, https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/ 	jessie daniels (april , ), “the algorithmic rise of the ‘alt right’,” contexts, ( ), - , https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/ . / 	recommendations for media covering the election (november ), election coverage and democracy network, https://mediafordemocracy.org/recommendations-for-media-covering-the- -u-s-presidential-election/ 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), information literacy in the age of algorithms, p. , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/algorithm-study/pil_algorithm-study_ - - .pdf 	society of professional journalists (november , ), spj code of ethics, https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp 	national press photographers association (n.d)., code of ethics, https://nppa.org/code-ethics 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), information literacy in the age of algorithms, pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/algorithm-study/pil_algorithm-study_ - - .pdf 	jacob bronowski ( ), the ascent of man. british broadcasting corporation, p. ( edition). home menu 		 							 click to search the website 	 		 			programs 		 			 				 					 						click to expand this navigation menu 					 				 				research 					 						economic 							institutions, behavior, & performance 					 	 						energy & environment 					 	 						sloan digital sky survey 					 	 						tabletop particle physics 					 			 	 				 click to expand this navigation menu 				 				higher education 					 						diversity, equity & inclusion in 							stem higher education 					 			 	 				 click to expand this navigation menu 				 				technology 					 						better software for science 					 	 						data & computational 							research 					 	 						exploratory grantmaking in technology 					 	 						scholarly communication 					 	 						universal access to knowledge 					 			 	 				 click to expand this navigation menu 				 				public understanding 					 						books 					 	 						film 					 	 						television 					 	 						radio 					 	 						theater 					 	 						new media 					 			 	 				new york city program 			 	 				 							 								click to expand this navigation menu 							 				 				completed programs 					 						anytime, anyplace learning 					 	 						barcode of life 					 	 						biosecurity 					 	 						census of marine life 					 	 						chemistry of indoor 							environments 					 	 						deep carbon observatory 					 	 						encyclopedia of life 					 	 						industry studies 					 	 						information 							about careers in science and technology 					 	 						making municipal governments more 							responsive to their citizens 					 	 						microbiology of the built 							environment 					 	 						outsourcing: impacts on the u.s. workforce 					 	 						professional science 							master's degree 					 	 						synthetic biology 					 	 						working longer 					 	 						workplace, workforce, and 							working families 					 			 	 	 		 			grants 		 			 				apply 			 	 				for grantees 			 	 				grants database 			 		 			sloan research fellowships 		 			 				about 			 	 				apply 			 	 				faq 			 	 				for current fellows 			 	 				past fellows 			 	 	 		 			about 		 			 				mission 			 	 				commitment to diversity, equity & inclusion 			 	 				alfred p. sloan jr. 			 	 				trustees 			 	 				staff 			 	 				careers 			 	 				documents 			 	 				 					 						click to expand this navigation menu 					 				 				press room 					 						press releases 					 	 						grantee news 					 	 						logos 					 			 	 				contact us 			 		 			home 		 	 	 	 		 			 			 		 	 	 		 			menu 		 					 				 	 		 	 	 	 			 				 click to search the website 		 	 	 		 						 	 	 	 					 				 					 				 			 					 				 					coded bias 				 			 					 				 					shutterstock 				 			 					 				 					radium girls 				 			 					 				 					 				 			 					 				 					nasa/sofia/lynette cook 				 			 			 	 		 			 				/ 			 			 				click to see next story 			 			 				click to see next story 			 		 	 			 			 				 					 						 							 								sloan research fellowships 							 							 								 									the fellowships recognize outstanding achievement and potential in early career scholars across seven fields. 								 								 									 								 							 							 								 							 						 					 				 			 		 			 			 				 					 						 							 								public understanding 							 							 								 									sloan-supported documentary “coded bias” available on netflix 								 								 									 								 							 							 								the feature-length film by shalini kantayya looks at the bias encoded in automated decision-making and machine-learning algorithms. 							 						 					 				 			 		 			 			 				 					 						 							 								diversity, equity & inclusion 							 							 								 									developing fair and objective promotion procedures 								 								 									 								 							 							 								the university of houston has received a $ , grant to examine the role of external review letters in the promotion and tenure process. 							 						 					 				 			 		 			 			 				 					 						 							 								public understanding of science 							 							 								 									sloan/nyu-winning film “radium girls” now available on netflix 								 								 									 								 							 							 								based on the true story of young women in the s who were poisoned while painting luminous watches at the u.s. radium factory. 							 						 					 				 			 		 			 			 				 					 						 							 								announcement 							 							 								 									the foundation responds to an evolving crisis 								 								 									 								 							 							 								 							 						 					 				 			 		 			 			 				 					 						 							 								sloan digital sky survey 							 							 								 									wind from supermassive black holes may help small galaxies thrive 								 								 									 								 							 							 								new scientist explains how supermassive black holes at the centers of large galaxies may clear the way for smaller satellite galaxies. 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 					 				about the foundation 			 							 				we fund research and education in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and economics 			 				 							 	 founded in by industrialist alfred p. sloan jr., the foundation is a not-for-profit grantmaking institution that supports high quality, impartial scientific research; fosters a robust, diverse scientific workforce; strengthens public understanding and engagement with science; and promotes the health of the institutions of scientific endeavor.  							 				read more 			 			 	 		 		programs 			our grantmaking is divided thematically across several broad subject areas related to science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and economics. 		 	 		 					 						 															 														 								research 							 						 					 				 	 					 						 															 														 								higher education 							 						 					 				 	 					 						 															 														 								technology 							 						 					 				 	 					 						 															 														 								public understanding 							 						 					 				 	 					 						 															 														 								new york city program 							 						 					 				 	 			 				 					 					 						completed programs 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 		sloan research fellowships 	 	 		these two-year fellowships honor outstanding early-career researchers in seven fields and have become one of the most prestigious and sought after awards available to young scholars. 	 		 			 				 			 		 	 			 									about 									apply 									for current fellows 									for past fellows 							 		 	 	 		 		 				 											 							 								 									grants 								 							 							 								policies, forms, and other resources for grantees and grantseekers 							 						 					 											 															apply 															what we do not fund 															the grant application process 															grant proposal guidelines 															grant forms 															for grantees 															grants database 													 									 			 	 				 											 							 								 									about 								 							 							 								who we are, what we believe, and how we govern and fund our activities. 							 						 					 											 															mission 															who was alfred p. sloan? 															trustees 															staff 															careers 															documents 															contact 													 									 			 	 	 		 		recent news 							see all 	 	 			 				 					the next big idea club 				 				 					brainscapes: the warped, wondrous maps written in your brain—and how they guide you 				 			 		 	 			 				 					lit hub 				 				 					the national book foundation’s newest initiative will celebrate books about science and technology. 				 			 		 	 			 				 					pecan street 				 				 					pecan street is expanding its residential energy research network to puerto rico 				 			 		 	 			 				 					broadway world 				 				 					manhattan theatre club announces six sloan playwriting commissions 				 			 		 	 			 				 					sci-news 				 				 					hubble space telescope sees interacting galaxy triplet 				 			 		 	 			 				 					astrobites 				 				 					galactic bars and faded stars 				 			 		 	 	home 	/ 	 							 	 	 	 					 				 					 				 			 					 				 					coded bias 				 			 					 				 					shutterstock 				 			 					 				 					radium girls 				 			 					 				 					 				 			 					 				 					nasa/sofia/lynette cook 				 			 			 	 		 			 				/ 			 			 				click to see next story 			 			 				click to see next story 			 		 	 			 			 				 					 						 							 								sloan research fellowships 							 							 								 									the fellowships recognize outstanding achievement and potential in early … 			 		 	 		 			programs 		 			 				 					 						click to expand this navigation menu 					 				 				research 					 						economic 							institutions, behavior, & performance 					 	 						energy & environment 					 	 						sloan digital sky survey 					 	 						tabletop particle physics 					 			 	 				 click to expand this navigation menu 				 				higher education 					 						diversity, equity & inclusion in 							stem higher education 					 			 	 				 click to expand this navigation menu 				 				technology 					 						better software for science 					 	 						data & computational 							research 					 	 						exploratory grantmaking in technology 					 	 						scholarly communication 					 	 						universal access to knowledge 					 			 	 				 click to expand this navigation menu 				 				public understanding 					 						books 					 	 						film 					 	 						television 					 	 						radio 					 	 						theater 					 	 						new media 					 			 	 				new york city program 			 	 				 							 								click to expand this navigation menu 							 				 				completed programs 					 						anytime, anyplace learning 					 	 						barcode of life 					 	 						biosecurity 					 	 						census of marine life 					 	 						chemistry of indoor 							environments 					 	 						deep carbon observatory 					 	 						encyclopedia of life 					 	 						industry studies 					 	 						information 							about careers in science and technology 					 	 						making municipal governments more 							responsive to their citizens 					 	 						microbiology of the built 							environment 					 	 						outsourcing: impacts on the u.s. workforce 					 	 						professional science 							master's degree 					 	 						synthetic biology 					 	 						working longer 					 	 						workplace, workforce, and 							working families 					 			 	 	 		 			grants 		 			 				apply 			 	 				for grantees 			 	 				grants database 			 		 			sloan research fellowships 		 			 				about 			 	 				apply 			 	 				faq 			 	 				for current fellows 			 	 				past fellows 			 	 	 		 			about 		 			 				mission 			 	 				commitment to diversity, equity & inclusion 			 	 				alfred p. sloan jr. 			 	 				trustees 			 	 				staff 			 	 				careers 			 	 				documents 			 	 				 					 						click to expand this navigation menu 					 				 				press room 					 						press releases 					 	 						grantee news 					 	 						logos 					 			 	 				contact us 			 		 			home 		 	 back up follow us 	 facebook 	 twitter © alfred p. sloan foundation 		 	we use cookies to analyze our traffic. please decide if you are willing to accept cookies from our website. decline accept × 		 					 <name> name | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<name> name 				 				 					<name> encodes the proper noun or noun phrase designation for an entity that is difficult to tag more specifically as <corpname>, <famname>, <geogname>, <persname>, or <title>. it should be used when a high degree of precision is not necessary but the name should still be tagged for access. it may be used within <bibref>, <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <origination>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, <repository>, and <unittitle>. names with major representation in the materials should be listed within <controlaccess> even if they are indicated elsewhere. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc fields. it is comparable to marc field when it is not from a controlled vocabulary. 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the name is being used informally within narrative text, etc. 	role – not required. may be used to designate the role which the name played in the collection, e.g. “compiler,” “creator,” “subject,” etc. 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the name. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary, e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <name> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. examples 	<bioghist> ... 	<p>from <date normal=" / "> to </date> the <famname normal="bell family">family</famname> lived in the <name>holland</name> house <geogname normal="hillsboro, oh">hillsboro, ohio</geogname>. ...</p> </bioghist> <bioghist> ... 	<p>from <date normal=" / "> to </date> the <famname normal="bell family">family</famname> lived in the <name>holland</name> house <geogname normal="hillsboro, oh">hillsboro, ohio</geogname>. ...</p> </bioghist> ead tag library entry for <name>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. harvard library's email archiving system (eas) | preservation services skip to main content 	main menu 	utility menu 	search 	 		 		 staff portal | harvard.edu 		 	 	 		 					 			 			 				 					 					 preservation services 					 					 	contact 	emergencies 	loan forms search 					 				 			 		 		 				 		 	digital collections	digital preservation repository	format migration 	email archiving 	vendor liaison 	video captioning 	web archiving 	physical collections	commercial library binding 	conservation treatment 	digitization	digitization prep 	emergency preparedness 	enclosures and rehousing 	environment and storage 	exhibitions and loans 	handling, transport, moves 	preservation review, assessment, survey 	technical analysis 	resources	forms 	guidelines 	preservation libraries 	research and publications 	training 	outreach 	about	take a tour 	units	collections care 	digital preservation 	media preservation 	preservation programs and outreach 	weissman preservation center 	blog 	events 	mission 	history 	contact	preservation liaisons 		 		 		 			 				 					 					 home / digital collections / email archiving / 													 															 									 harvard library's email archiving system (eas) 														 															 								 									 	harvard's email archiving system (eas) 	eas facilitates archival processing of email messages and attachments and automating the process of preservation packaging email collections and depositing them to harvard's preservation repository.  eas is available for use by harvard library curatorial units. for information on how to begin using eas or for technical supports, please visit the internal eas wiki. 	project history 	in march , an email working group at harvard submitted a report to the university library council (ulc) that identified email as essential to documenting modern life and business including scholarly communications and the operations of the university. head curators at the university then identified the capture and preservation of email as one of the highest priorities (along with web archiving) for born digital collections. 	in january , as a result of the report, the ulc funded an email archiving pilot project to create a pilot system that would handle ingest, archival processing, and long-term preservation in drs of email content. public delivery of email collections was intentionally not to be addressed as part of the pilot. 	having launched in may of , eas is now available for use by the core group of curators who were involved as development partners during the pilot project. initially, the project was a partnership between the harvard university library office for information systems (ois) and a number of curatorial partners from harvard library units. as the result of an organizational change, the project was moved to the new harvard library department of preservation services where the partnerships continued with the harvard university information technologies library technology systems (lts, previously ois) and continued with the curatorial partners from harvard library. 	the first curatorial partners joined in : 	 		countway library at harvard medical school 	 	 		harvard university archive 	 	 		schlesinger library at radcliffe institute for advanced study 	 	other curatorial partners joined in : 	 		loeb library at the graduate school of design 	 	 		harvard art museums archives 	 	the curators –composed of archivists, records managers, librarians and technologists – helped define the functional requirements and participated in system testing and feedback for improvements.  	system features (may release) 	eas integrates with other harvard library enterprise systems: 	 		eas works with wordshack for vocabulary control — so that multiple email addresses and names referring to an individual or institutional unit resolve to the same record. 	 	 		at the click of a mouse, email messages and attachments selected for long term preservation will be deposited to drs - harvard's digital repository service. 	 	eas features include: 	 		normalization to eml -- an open standard for preservation (an extension of imf rfc ) -- for long term preservation. 	 	 		summary views of the metadata associated with email or attachments within a result set. 	 	 		batch and item level processing options for archivists. 	 	drs was updated to interoperate with new eas features, including: 	 		long term preservation of email and attachments in a secure environment approved for sensitive data. 	 	 		capture of essential rights management information using premis. 	 	 		capture of significant events tracking to document deletions of email and attachments and format transformations such as the conversion of the native mail format to eml. 	 	  																																			 								 													 											 				 								 				 	email archiving	harvard library's email archiving system (eas) 	epadd+ 	program history 	presentations, publications, & reports 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 		 			 												 	https://www.instagram.com/harvardpreservation/ 	https://www.facebook.com/harvardpreservation/ 								 b e dbdee af e a cdfb 			 		 	admin login 	openscholar 		 	 copyright © the president and fellows of harvard college | privacy | accessibility | digital accessibility | report copyright infringement 		 algorithm study (january , ) – project information literacy 	 	 		skip to content 		 		 			 			 				 	 	project information literacy 	 	 	 		 	 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 			what is pil? 	about 	publications 	smart talk interviews 	videos 	practical pil 	 	 	 		algorithm study (january , ) 	 		 	 		 			 	 	 	 table of contents 	full report: information literacy in the age of algorithms: student experiences with news and information and the need for change 	executive summary 	additional assets from the report:	“life in the age of algorithms” infographic 	student focus group script 	faculty interview script 	further reading 	pinboard list of algorithm resources 	press release the algorithm study ( ) abstract this report presents findings about how college students conceptualize the ever-changing online information landscape, and navigate volatile and popular platforms that increasingly employ algorithms to shape and filter content. researchers conducted focus groups with undergraduates and interviewed faculty members to collect qualitative data from eight us colleges and universities from across the country. findings suggest that a majority of students know that popular websites, such as google, youtube, instagram, and facebook, use algorithms to collect massive amounts of their personal data, but still find sites too useful to abandon. many are indignant about websites that mine their clicks to sell them products, but resigned to the powers of an unregulated media environment. some students, however, used practical strategies to protect their privacy and “confuse algorithms,” learned more often from peers than in classes. an abundance of choice for online information left many skeptical and distrustful of news encountered on algorithm-driven platforms. while some students worried about the “creepy” way ads follow them around the internet, others were concerned that automated decision-making systems reinforce societal inequalities. ​discussions with students and faculty indicated that understanding and managing the torrent of information flowing through search engines and social media is rarely mentioned in the classroom, even in courses emphasizing critical thinking and information literacy. a critical review of a decade of research from project information (pil) about how students conduct course and everyday life research, and what that means for educators and librarians provides context to these new findings. four recommendations are provided for educators, librarians, administrators, and journalists working to promote truth and prepare students for a changing and challenged world. preferred citation format: alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study life in the age of algorithms media coverage 	podcast with barbara fister on everything you should know about algorithms ( mins.), never gallery ready, reframing culture, reclaiming voice, season , episode , january , . the algorithm study has a creative commons (cc) license of “cc by-ncsa . .” this license allows others to share, copy, adapt, and build upon the survey data non-commercially, as long as the source — project information literacy — is credited and users license their new creations under the identical terms. 	 			 		 	 		 		 		 			 					 	 		 						 pil does not track your interactions with our site. all of pil’s work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . international license. 		 		 	 		 						disclosures | contact us last updated on march , 		 		 	 	 	 			 		 		 	 		 			 	copyright © project information literacy — primer wordpress theme by godaddy 		 	 	 	 	 	 eu open data days - eu open data days - publications office of the eu 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				issn - footer 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	issn - x 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 navigation 	skip to content eu open data days - eu open data days 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				displaylogo 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 publications office of the european union 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				myportal 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		  sign in 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 		 			 				 	 	 law 	 european data 	 public procurement 	 eu publications 	 research & innovation 	 eu whoiswho 	 help 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 		 			 				 	 	 law 	 european data 	 public procurement 	 eu publications 	 research & innovation 	 eu whoiswho 	 help 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 eu open data days help 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 navigation 	 programme menu navigation 	 programme 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				breadcrumb 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage title banner 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 		 			 				 	 			 						 							 home 						 					 	 						 							 programme 						 					 	 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage title 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	eu open data days - shaping our future with open data 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage element in the middle 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	online from luxembourg to the world: the publications office of the european union is organising the first eu open data days data is a key asset for digital transformation. it is a building material for research and innovation,  personalised products and services, powerful new technologies and better decision-making. these translate into solutions to societal challenges that can improve and even save people’s lives, as the current pandemic demonstrates. open data is also freely available to generate value through reuse.  this unique online event will serve as a knowledge hub, bringing the benefits of open data and its reuse to the eu public sector, and through it to people and businesses. get inspired and discover the latest trends and most innovative solutions. register now!   the eu open data days comprise:    							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				eu open data days - schema 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage - date - decorative image 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	   							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				nested applications 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eu data viz-title of the card 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	eu dataviz – november 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				nested applications 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eudataviz-image 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eudataviz-text-right-side 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	the open data and data visualisation conference for public administration.  							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eudataviz-text-below 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	eu dataviz  addresses the needs of the eu’s public sector engaged in open data and data visualisation. it provides a platform to explore the latest trends in open data and data visualisation – a crucial tool to explore and explain complex information in a meaningful way.    							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eu datathon -title of the card 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	eu datathon november 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				nested applications 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eudatathon-image 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eudatathon-text-right-side 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	the eu open data competition. 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage-eudatathon-text-below 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	eu datathon allows the tech community to put into practice the open data produced by the eu institutions, agencies and bodies and to showcase its value. previous editions of eu datathon have shown that the potential of open data, combined with talent and creativity, is limitless!  							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				homepage - text below event cards 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	the eu open data days have a particular focus on the eu’s public sector and data enthusiasts. they are also relevant for policymakers, researchers, academia, private entities, students and citizens interested in the power of open data as a factor determining our future.    are you one of them? the eu open data days has a lot to offer you. do not miss the opportunity to participate in one or both events. stay tuned and follow @eu_opendata!   							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				eu odd- partner logos block 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	partners     							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				global - twitter feed 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	       							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				tools 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	tools 	eu vocabularies 	librarian services (opac) 	web tools 	eu web archive 	interinstitutional style guide 	publishing services 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				info corner 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	info corner 	news 	op newsletter 	eu apps 	accessible publishing 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				about us 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	about us 	who we are 	what we do 	procurement 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				follow us 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	follow us   	@eulawdatapubs 	@eupublications 	@eurlex 	@cordis_eu 	@eutenders 	@eu_opendata 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				stay connected 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 	facebook 	linkedin 	youtube 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				service toolbar - footer 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 		about us 	contact 	legal notices 	sitemap 	cookies 	top 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 		 	 none software development at royal danish library software development at royal danish library a peekhole into the life of the software development department at the royal danish library 	solrwayback . release! what’s it all about? part in this blog post i will go into the more technical details of solrwayback and the new version . release. the whole frontend gui was rewritten from scratch to be up to date with web-applications expectations along with many &# ; continue reading &# ; 	solrwayback . release! what’s it all about? so, it&# ;s finally here! solrwayback . was released december th, after an intense development period. in this blog post, we&# ;ll give you a nice little overview of the changes we made, some of the improvements and some of the added &# ; continue reading &# ; 	which type bug? a light tale of bug hunting an out of memory problem with solrcloud. the setup and the problem at the royal danish library we provide full text search for the danish netarchive. the heavy lifting is done in a single &# ; continue reading &# ; 	touching encouraged (an ongoing story) ongoing experiments with a large touch screen providing access to cultural heritage material continue reading &# ; 	docvalues jump tables in lucene/solr lucene/solr is about to be released. among a lot of other things is brings lucene- , written by your truly with a heap of help from adrien grand. lucene- introduces jump-tables for docvalues, is all about performance and brings speed-ups &# ; continue reading &# ; 	faster docvalues in lucene/solr + this is a fairly technical post explaining lucene- and its implications on lucene, solr and (qualified guess) elasticsearch search and retrieval speed. it is primarily relevant for people with indexes of m+ documents. teaser we have a solr setup for &# ; continue reading &# ; 	prebuild big data word vec dictionaries                    prebuild and trained word vec dictionaries ready for use two different prebuild big data word vec dictionaries has been added to loar (library open access repository) for download. these dictionaries are build from the text of , e-books from project gutenberg &# ; continue reading &# ; 	solrwayback software bundle has been released the solrwayback software bundle can be used to search and playback archived webpages in warc format. it is an out of the box solution with index workflow, solr and tomcat webserver and a free text search interface with playback functionality. &# ; continue reading &# ; 	visualising netarchive harvests &# ; an overview of website harvest data is important for both research and development operations in the netarchive team at det kgl. bibliotek. in this post we present a recent frontend visualisation widget we have made. from the solrwayback machine &# ; continue reading &# ; 	solrwayback machine another &# ;google innovation week&# ; at work has produced the solrwayback machine. it works similar to the internet archive: wayback machine (https://archive.org/web/) and can be used to show harvested web content (warc files).  the danish internet archive has over billion harvested &# ; continue reading &# ; shelley gullikson – usability and user experience in academic libraries. mine mostly. 	skip to content 	 		 							shelley gullikson 							usability and user experience in academic libraries. mine mostly. 					 		 			 				 				menu			 				about 		 	 	 		 	 		 		 						 				 	 		web librarians who do ux: access presentation 	 			 			 		 				 			october , ~ shelley			 ~ leave a comment					 				 		 this is the text (approximately) of my presentation from the virtual access conference on oct. , , “web librarians who do ux: we are so sad, we are so very very sad.” last year, i was doing interviews with library people who do user experience work and noticed that people who were primarily focused on the web had the most negative comments and fewest positive comments overall. it made me think of the song from scott pilgrim—the comic and the movie—“i am so sad, i am so very very sad.” so there’s the title.  and i’m saying “we are so sad” because i am also a web person who does ux work. and a lot of what i heard seemed familiar. i want to say that although the title and the visuals are based around a comic and comic book movie, i’m not trying to be flip. a lot of the people who i talked to were very open about being unhappy. not everyone was unhappy. but, there was a lot in common among the people who said they were struggling and those who were pretty positive. here are some quotes from people who were generally pretty positive : 	“how much can i do that no one will block me from doing?” 	“why am i really here then, if i’m just moving things around the page?” 	 [i keep feedback] “for promotion purposes but also not-being-sad purposes.” and from the not-so-positive : 	“you have all the people who have their own personal opinions… and you’re like “you’re violating every good norm of website development”… they think their opinion is just as good as anyone else’s opinion. … that can definitely demoralize you.” 	“i bounce back and forth between, for my own sanity’s sake, needing to be apathetic about it, saying ‘i can’t change this therefore i can’t be stressed about it’, and also on the other hand, caring that we have crappy stuff out there and wanting to improve it.” 	“it is what it is. there’s lots of other things to be disappointed by.” heartbreaking, right? so why is this the case? first  a tiny bit of background on the research project. the aim of the project was to look at how ux work is structured and supported in academic libraries and then to examine those supports within the context of the structures. i did hour-long semi-structured interviews with people in academic libraries from countries (canada, the us, the uk, sweden, and norway). these were library workers who do ux, so not necessarily librarians, and not necessarily people in ux positions. the people i’m talking about today focus mostly on the web in their jobs. the frustrations of web folks were particularly  striking because i didn’t ask a question about frustrations; i asked what supports were helpful to them and what would be helpful. admittedly, asking “what would be helpful” is going to bring up deficiencies, but i didn’t ask what supports were missing or what they found frustrating in their work. and again, the web folks talked more about frustrations and difficulties than participants who didn’t have a web focus. so let’s dig in a bit. why, specifically, are we so sad? first off, we have a tendency to want to think big! do more! 	“that’s what motivates me—the opportunity to really sit down, talk, observe, have a conversation with our users, how they approach the website, how they approach the research process, how they approach finding out about our services and how we in turn can better highlight our resources, how we can better highlight our collections, our services.” 	 “if i see people struggling with things, i want to make them better.” 	“i don’t want ux to be just a website thing. i don’t want people to think of it ‘oh, it’s just a web thing.’ i want it to be in everything.” 	“i just see lots of potential all the time. i see potential everywhere, the whole library. i see things we could do that would enhance things.” that doesn’t sound sad. there’s energy and excitement in those words! but contrast it with: 	“why am i really here then, if i’m just moving things around the page? i’m trying to get deeper. i’m trying to get a better understanding. it’s not just a matter of moving things around.” web people who do ux are, i think, well positioned—and perhaps uniquely positioned—to see big picture problems across the library. one participant told me they found that users were confused about the circulation section of the website because there were different policies underlying it; they could rewrite the web content but couldn’t do anything about the underlying spaghetti of policies. another said that users found the floor maps confusing but the maps reflected the language used on the library’s signage; they could put clear language on the website’s floor maps but couldn’t do anything about the signage in the building. so we see these problems and naturally want to solve them. we get excited about the potential to make more things better. and we chafe against having to think smaller and do less. which brings us to: lack of authority. lack of authority often comes up around those larger library issues. one participant put it this way: 	“the ux work is actually informing something else to happen. whether that’s a space being reorganized or a webpage being redesigned—the ux work is informing this other work. right? so it would be easier for me to do the ux work if i could actually do the work that it’s informing.” 	another person was even having problems at the research stage: [i’d like to] “have the authority and freedom to actively engage with users.” 	and someone else, in talking specifically about their web work said: “nobody tries to stop me.” the implication being that people try to stop them when they do other things. but for many participants there was a lack of authority even when dealing with the library website: 	“the web team doesn’t feel like they can really make changes without consult, consult, consult with everybody even though – even if, and even though – the web team has web expertise.” 	 “just because i’m our internal expert on this stuff doesn’t mean i can persuade everybody.” 	“there’s too much of a sense that these things have to be decided by consensus” 	“everyone feels… like they should have the right to declare how databases should work, how links should be configured, things like that.” 	[each library unit feels] “they have the right to do whatever they want with their content and their presentation. … i’m not their boss and they realize that.  i’m happy to draw up more guidelines and stuff like that but if i’m not allowed to enforce that… [it’s] hard to keep things together when you just have to go hat in hand to people and say ‘pretty please, stop breaking the guidelines.’” one participant described how having no authority for the one thing they were responsible for made them feel: “of course that has stymied my initiative, not to mention my disposition. my purpose even.” another frustration that came through was resistance from colleagues. a few comments have already touched on colleagues ignoring expertise but resistance comes through in other ways 	one participant described how they always approach a particular department: [i’m] “treading very slowly and carefully and choosing my words very carefully” 	another said: “are they deliberately killing the idea but trying to avoid being disagreeable about it but just letting it die from attrition, or do they really actually mean it when they say they agree with the idea in principle but just don’t want to be bothered to follow through? i don’t know – i can’t tell the difference.” these are things participants were told by their colleagues: 	a manager said that “staff felt unfairly targeted” by their work 	in opposing to changes to the website: “we have to keep it this way because we teach it this way” 	and similarly, “it’s our job to teach people how to use, not our job to make it easier to use.” so, not surprisingly, these kinds of things make us feel isolated. feelings of isolation come through in a few ways. some participants felt they were completely on their own when deciding where to focus their attention. this is one participant talking about being new in their position: 	“i remember asking for, if there were any focuses they wanted to focus on… they said ‘no, there’s nothing. we don’t have any direction for you to go in.” that lack of direction is often coupled with not having colleagues who do the same work: 	“it’s really me and up to me to figure out where to focus my attention by myself. so sometimes having someone to bounce ideas off of and talk things through with… would be nice.” and when no one else does what you do: 	“sometimes that’s a barrier, if i’m the ‘expert’ and other people don’t really know what i’m talking about.” so, isolation, having to think small and do less, resistance from colleagues, and lack of authority. yeah, no wonder we feel a bit sad. what are my take-aways? we need to find our people. ux folks who worked with groups of colleagues were more positive about their work. however, people who tried to do ux work with non-ux committees were even more negative than people who had no group at all. so we can’t just look for any people, they have to be the right people. i wrote an article about the larger project that was published in weave earlier this month and in it, one of my recommendations was to try to move beyond the website. but i want to say here that moving beyond the web is not a panacea. i talked to someone who had great success in ux for the website and other digital projects. they wanted to embed ux throughout the library and they had management support to do it. but after continued resistance from colleagues, they realized they couldn’t make it work, and decided to move to a completely different area of the library. which brings me to my next point. advocacy is important, absolutely, but when we’re not getting buy-in, we need look at next steps: do we need to change our tactics? would it be better to have someone else advocate on our behalf? do we need to wait for a change of leadership? or, as a few participants said, a few retirements? at a certain point, do we give up, or do we get out? because advocacy doesn’t always work. and if it’s not working , we shouldn’t keep banging our heads against the post, right? ultimately , i think we need to be clear about authority. we need to understand how authority works in our own library. not just who can block us and who can help, but are there organizational structures that confer some authority? is it better to chair a committee or a working group? for example. then, we need a clear understanding of what our own authority is within our organization. maybe we underestimate the authority we have. maybe not. but we need to be clear before we get to the next part. which is: we need to clearly understand our own tolerance for doing work that will never be acted on. the report that sits in a drawer. if our tolerance is low, if it’s upsetting to have our work ignored, then we need to stick very closely to our own sphere of authority. we have to dream within that sphere or burn out. “dream small or burn out” is an exceptionally grim note to end on.  but these frustrations are largely beyond one person’s control. if you’re feeling so very very sad because of some of these things, it’s not just you. the fact that these issues were common to web folks, regardless of how they seemed to feel about their work, suggests that these positions are prone to these kinds of frustrations. i wish i had some ideas for how to fix it! if you do,  please add them to the chat, tweet at me, email me (see contact info). i’ll gather it all in a blog post so it’s all in one spot. thanks. 			 	 			 				 	 		the tpl debacle: values vs people 	 				 			october , ~ shelley			 ~ comment					 				 		i can’t stop thinking about the situation at tpl. the short version is that the library has accepted a room rental from an anti-trans speaker, and despite outcry from trans people and their allies, despite a petition and a boycott by writers, despite their own policy on room rentals not allowing events that promote discrimination, they insist on letting the event proceed. some library associations are supporting them because librarians love being champions of intellectual freedom. many people have made cogent arguments about why tpl’s stance is wrong (see posts by fobazi ettarh, sam popowich, kris joseph). i agree. but there seemed to be more of a reason why the whole thing made me so sad. i’m writing because i think i’ve figured it out. in its two public statements on the matter, tpl has made sure to say that they “are supporters of the lgbtq s+ community.” they “are aware that the upcoming room rental event has caused anger and concern.” but the “community is asking us to censor someone because of the beliefs they hold and to restrict a group’s right to equitably access public space and we cannot do either. doing so would also weaken our ability to protect others’ rights to the same in the future.” fine. but they also said “while tpl encourages public debate and discussion about differing ideas, we also encourage those with opposing or conflicting viewpoints to respectfully challenge each other’s ideas and not the library’s democratic mandate to provide space for both.” that doesn’t sound super supportive. and at the board meeting held on october where the matter was discussed, it was clear they were more concerned with a respectful tone than with actually listening and understanding. reading how the trans women who spoke at that meeting felt about how they were treated was heartbreaking. so @torontolibrary is only letting of us into the room to speak or engage the board. they’ve moved most of our group into an overflow room. they had extra security guards and obviously have a plan for how they want to contain us. — runaway supernova (@gwenbenaway) october , i had to leave after i spoke. being forced to recount all of the transphobic violence that i face in daily life to the tpl board in a room of strangers and watch them stare silently at me as if i was subhuman was one of the worst experiences of my life. — runaway supernova (@gwenbenaway) october , i asked @vbowlestpl directly if she would say that trans women were women and she refused. i asked the entire board if they thought that i should use men’s restrooms and if they thought that would be safe. silence again. — runaway supernova (@gwenbenaway) october , no one on the @torontolibrary should serve this community, especially not @vbowlestpl , because regardless of their transphobic beliefs, they couldn’t even acknowledge my humanity in that moment. — runaway supernova (@gwenbenaway) october ,   i want to thank everyone that was there. i had to leave after i spoke, it was a lot to sit in front of people that barely seemed to care i was speaking. thank you all for your support and love both in the room and out of it. — niko stratis (@nikostratis) october , the tpl board and staff showed us their true colours and allegiances tonight. gwen was the only person to be called at time and that’s because she was asking them to treat her like a human. tonight was disgusting and dehumanizing. https://t.co/yauxcbk er — niko stratis (@nikostratis) october , the tpl board showed us who they are and who they support today. i feel awful, like i have never felt. that was dehumanizing, to throw my trauma out on a table to a sea of uncaring eyesx waiting to move to the next agenda item. i feel honestly sick to my stomach. https://t.co/lippmln rc — niko stratis (@nikostratis) october , it does not sound like these women were talking to “supporters” of their community. and that is what’s making me extra sad about the whole thing. not only is tpl choosing to value intellectual freedom more than they value trans people in their community, they are choosing to value intellectual freedom instead of valuing trans people in their community. it is not incompatible with upholding intellectual freedom to also acknowledge that it’s doing harm. tpl could reach out to the community and say “we know this event makes trans people feel unsafe. but we’re convinced that not allowing it to go forward will set a precedent for future decisions to shut down other events, possibly those that actively support trans people, and we cannot let that happen. we understand that this event will cause harm and undermine our relationships with lgbtq s+ people and your allies. what can we do to mitigate this harm?” it’s not as good as cancelling the event entirely, but at least it would show that tpl has been listening to its community. it would show that they have thought through the consequences of choosing values over people. it would show that they are not just “aware” of “anger and concern” but they understand the fears, risks, and harm their actions are causing. and of course, the community would have every right to tell them, no, there is nothing you can do to mitigate this harm. but that doesn’t mean tpl shouldn’t try. to not just say “we uphold intellectual freedom,” but to acknowledge exactly what that means in this particular case. i’m reminded of the saying that goes something like “your right to swing your arm ends when your fist meets my face.” tpl is insisting that they have the right to keep swinging. fine. but they have been told that their fist has already met the face of the trans community. the compassionate thing would be to offer first aid. but tpl is not interested. which, sadly, speaks volumes. it makes it crystal clear that they do not care about the trans community. it makes it crystal clear that they believe that the trans community and its allies are dispensable to their operations. the consequences of their decision (or, to be fair, their decision not to make a decision) are acceptable collateral damage; they are happy to make no attempt to mitigate any of it. if they really were supporters of the lgbtq s+ community, they would be supporting the lgbtq s+ community. in a way, it’s not surprising that the trans community is the group that so many librarians are choosing to not care about. being trans is simultaneously visible and invisible. a trans person may be visibly trans in that they do not present in the way that some might expect, but what makes them trans is inside them, not outside. what makes a person trans is in their heart and their mind. they know who they are *inside* in a way that cannot be seen by people who don’t know them (people who do know them can see how much happier they are when their outside gets closer to matching their inside). but to the outside eye, to the dispassionate eye, there is no evidence. and without evidence, their trans-ness can be seen as just a belief. and if it’s just a belief, well then, we can debate it. and we should debate it because, as librarians, we are champions of intellectual freedom. i so wish that we were champions of people instead. 			 	 			 				 	 		library workers and resilience: more than self-care 	 				 			october , ~ shelley			 ~ leave a comment					 				 		an article in the globe and mail this spring about resilience was a breath of fresh air—no talk about “grit” or bootstraps or changing your own response to a situation. it was written by michael ungar, the canada research chair in child, family, and community resilience at dalhousie university and leader of the resilience research centre there. the research shows that what’s around us is much more important than what’s inside us when it comes to dealing with stress. the article was adapted from ungar’s book, the now-published change your world: the science of resilience and the true path to success. i know, the title is a little cringey. and honestly, some of the book veers into self-help-style prose even as it decries the self-help industry. but on the whole, there is quite a lot that it interesting here. i was looking at it for an upcoming project on help-seeking, but it keeps coming to mind during discussions about self-care and burnout among library workers. ungar writes of the myth of the “rugged individual” who can persevere through their own determination and strength of character. we get fed a lot of stories about rugged individuals, but ungar has found that when you look closely at them, what you find instead are “resourced individuals”—people who have support from the people and environment around them. “resilience is not a do-it-yourself endeavor. striving for personal transformation will not make us better when our families, workplaces, communities, health care providers, and governments provide us with insufficient care and support.” (p. ) ungar is mostly focused on youth but also writes about workplaces, even though this is not his direct area of research. two passages in particular caught my eye: “every serious look at workplace stress has found that when we try and influence workers’ problems in isolation, little change happens. … most telling, when individual solutions are promoted in workplaces where supervisors do not support their workers… resilience training may actually make matters worse, not better.” (p. ) a now-removed article in school library journal explained how one library worker changed herself to deal with her burnout. the reaction to this article was swift and strong. many of us know that individual stories of triumph over adversity are bullshit, particularly when we have seen those same efforts fail in our own contexts. i have found it validating to find research backs that up. ungar does allow that there are times when changing oneself can work—either a) when stress is manageable and we already have the resources (if you can afford to take two weeks off to go to a meditation retreat, why not), or b) when there is absolutely nothing else you can do to change your environment or circumstances (your job is terrible but you can’t leave it and you’ve tried to do what you can to improve things, so sure take some time to meditate at your desk to get you through your day). but most of us live somewhere between perfectly-resourced and completely hopeless. so what needs to be fixed is our environment, not ourselves. i have noticed resilience has been coming up as a theme in my own university over the last year or so—workshops on becoming more resilient or fostering resilient employees. ungar says “to be resilient is to find a place where we can be ourselves and be appreciated for the contributions that we make.” that’s not something individuals can do by themselves. people in leadership positions would do well to better understand the research behind resilience rather than the self-help inspired, grit-obsessed, bootstraps version. workshops and other initiatives that focus on individuals will not fix anything. at best, they are resources for people who are already doing pretty well. at worst, they add to the burden of people already struggling by making them feel like their struggles are caused by their own insufficiency. anyway, these are just some thoughts based on a single book; i’m nowhere in the realm of knowledgeable on this subject. but i thought it might be helpful to share that there is research that backs up the lived experience of the many library workers who struggle in their organizations, despite their own best efforts.   			 	 			 				 	 		research projects: call for help 	 				 			june , ~ shelley			 ~ leave a comment					 				 		i’m on a year-long sabbatical as of july and excited to get started on a few different research projects. for two of the projects, i’m going to need some help from the uxlibs/libux community. in one of them, i want to look at love letters that users have written to academic libraries so i need people to send me love letters their users have written. in the other, i want to look at the different ways ux work is structured and supported in academic libraries so i need people who are willing to participate in an interview that will take around minutes. do you want to know more? read more about the love letters project. or, read more about the ux work project. i am happy to answer any and all questions: shelley.gullikson[at]carleton.ca or @shelley_gee on twitter, or in the comments below. thank you in advance for considering! and endless appreciation if you decide to help! 			 	 			 				 	 		uxlibsv: notes 	 				 			june , june , ~ shelley			 ~ comment					 				 		five years of uxlibs – hurrah! let’s dive straight in. barriers to ux design: andy priestner andy kicked off the conference with his address about why he thinks not many of us are moving beyond research reports when it comes to doing ux work in our libraries: 	we see research as the finish line. ux is about uncovering actionable insights, not about statistical significance 	we’re terrible at idea generation. we tend to get set on the first “safe” idea we come up with. 	we pursue perfection. instead, we should evolve services with our users. 	we’re too cautious. after talking with library directors, andy thinks library staff perceive less agency than we actually have; directors say they want their staff to try new things. 	we’re not agile enough. not everyone needs to be consulted before we can take action. 	issues around ownership and politics. there is uncertainty about where ux sits and the scope is misunderstood. 	ignoring the basics. ux is often perceived as innovation (and institutions love innovation) but ux can also be sorting out the basics. 	fear of failure. we overreact to negative comments. failure is not modeled; we may hear that it’s okay to fail but we don’t tend to see it. andy then gave some examples of projects where libraries created prototypes out of their ux research, and iterated to improve the design to actually meet user needs. leadership is key—my ux journey: anneli friberg anneli gave a very warm and personal keynote, talking about her experiences growing ux at her library. one of the things that stood out most for me was her explanation of how “the user perspective” is different from “the user’s perspective.” library workers often feel they have “the user perspective” because they spend so much time serving users. but anneli said that this “user perspective” is only ever the best guess of library workers, looking from the inside-out. “the user’s perspective” is outside-in; we walk along with our users to learn what they actually do, say, and feel. it’s not a guess. anneli showed us her version of a ux maturity model (created in swedish and translated into english). she talked about the importance of recognizing what kind of organization you work in and where you are in the maturity model. she spoke about the frustrations she encountered when her library was in the early stages of maturity and how it helped her to have an external network she could rely on for support. to get through the frustration of the early stages of ux maturity, you have to shape the culture of your library. anneli recommended leading this culture change by example. michael west has said “the core of leadership is compassion and kindness” and lays out four aspects of leadership: attending, understanding, empathizing, and helping. he describes “attending” as “listening with fascination,” which i really like as an idea. a few other interesting bits from anneli’s keynote: 	failure is success in progress 	do idea generation together with your users 	take pictures of how students are using the library so you can easily show needs and gaps (e.g. a student hanging their coat on shelved books points to the need for coat hooks!) 	lead by clearing the path (help remove barriers for others) anneli had some interesting and useful things to say about failure. she believes that having a project fail was an important step in moving her ux vision forward. her team did some research, found a problem, and wanted to try a solution. anneli was pretty sure it wouldn’t work, but didn’t discourage them. they launched the solution and, sure enough, it didn’t work as well as they’d hoped. but having the experience of a failure, they were able to move on and try other things. they saw that failure wasn’t the end of the world, that the important thing was to try something, learn, and move on to try something else. neurodiversity, universal design and secrets of the library: penny andrews penny started her plenary talk by defining what neurodiversity is and is not. she then talked about how neurodiverse people experience the library. and often it’s not good. libraries have a lot of unwritten rules and unspoken social norms, and this is very challenging for neurodiverse students. library staff often don’t want to be the police so we expect users to manage the space themselves. but this usually relies on those unspoken social norms. clarity of the rules and enforcement of those rules would help neurodiverse students. silent study spaces can be difficult because they are never actually silent. it’s easier to hear things like people chewing and keyboards clacking in silent areas. but often, silent areas are where individual study spaces are found. having individual spaces in non-silent areas could be helpful. penny told us that most neurodiverse students do not ask for individual accommodations, or else wait until their situation is completely unbearable. autistic students are most likely to drop out within their first year. but if they continue, they tend to have the highest marks. so, what can libraries do? 	be upfront with our information (not hide it under “services for disabled students”). library websites have so much information and no good way into it. 	related, be specific with our communications. don’t just say “we’re here to help!” but make it clear how and why to make a one-on-one appointment. 	use universal design and consider various people’s needs from the start, not as an add-on. we can’t do one-size-fits-all because of competing needs, but our designs can account for these competing needs. 	don’t depend on disability services as a liaison. not all students declare their disabilities so disability services won’t know what those students need. 	recruiting can be difficult. talk to people in the library who look like they’re not having a good time. go to special interest groups that might draw neurodiverse people (penny recommended something geek-related). regular recruiting methods often bring out the outliers who always want to join in and who don’t represent the majority of neurodiverse people. 	always go in assuming we know nothing. a little bit of knowledge (knowing one neurodiverse person) is worse than knowing nothing. neurodiverse people are a diverse group. after penny’s presentation, someone asked her if there were certain ux research methods that neurodiverse people found difficult. penny responded that ambiguous prompts—particularly things like “draw your research experience” or “build your ideal library”—tend to be difficult, as is anything with group work. definitely good things to keep in mind. tales of the unexpected: hannah fogg and lorraine noel both speakers talked about the experiences of having front-line staff engage in ux work at their libraries. hannah started off with the experience at angela ruskin university (aru). at aru, they didn’t want ux to be just for librarians, so they brought in andy priestner to do ux training for their frontline staff. as part of the training, the staff did mini ux projects using their newfound knowledge of ux research methods. having “mini” projects was meant to not overwhelm some staff who might be scared off by a big project, and at the same time not give free rein to others who would be tempted to be too ambitious. one of the projects hannah highlighted was a mapping exercise that showed users completely avoiding the print journals shelving (they diverged to one side or the other), so a decision was made to move those shelves out of that area of the library entirely. lorraine was up next to talk about the experience at huddersfield. they had seen what aru had done and wanted to replicate it, in hopes of professionalizing their front-line staff and enhancing the user experience. bryony ramsden led the workshops for huddersfield staff. attendance was mandatory and they also had to work in groups on a “modest ux project.” those groups had to include staff from at least two different areas of the library (i love that idea!), and each of the groups had a manager as a “guide on the side.” there were a lot of benefits to the huddersfield experience, but lorraine also mentioned that there was some initial resentment from staff, likely due to the mandatory nature of the project. hannah said that at aru, staff appreciated learning skills in project management that could help with their career progression. also, aru lost their ux expert and staff were happy to feel empowered to carry on the ux work on their own. passionate about floorplans: tim graves (i was excited about this session because floorplans are the bane of my existence. we get a lot of requests to make them fancier or add functionality, but keeping them up to date is a constant struggle. i finally resigned myself to walking through our floors three times a year, making any necessary corrections on printed versions of our maps so i can update the ones on the web. the maps posted in our building get updated by the campus facilities people and at times bear little resemblance to the web versions. argh!) anyway, tim also wanted to improve the floorplans on the website of the university of sussex. the library was receiving a lot of questions about how to find things in the library and tim thought that better floorplans on the website might help people better navigate to what they needed. first, he came up with a version based on printed floorplans, but they were too complex and not responsive on smaller screens. inspired by the london tube map, he created a simplified version, but discovered it was *too* abstracted from reality to be useful. the “just right” solution came after he did a lot of reading in the design literature (especially alberto savoia and jeanne liedtka & tim ogilvie) and started iterating his design with users. tim mentioned the usefulness of “pretotyping” a solution to see if it’s worth getting to the prototyping stage. a pretotype is essentially a very rough, low-fi prototype. it might be a good thing to keep in mind if you work with people who find it difficult to create quick and dirty prototypes. you could say “we don’t need a prototype yet, let’s just pretotype it!” even though *you* know a prototype can just be a rough sketch, they can think it’s a whole different (and new!) thing. you can see tim’s improved floorplans. and he said that he’s happy to share the code that drives them. you can contact tim at t.c.graves[at]sussex.ac.uk. appreciative inquiry workshop: kristin meyer appreciative inquiry is a method that helps people focus on solutions instead of problems, leads groups to action, and does so in a very positive way. i was really excited about this workshop because anything that kristin does always seems excellent. i was not disappointed. the workshop started with an introduction to appreciative inquiry and then kristin led us through a sped-up process of appreciate inquiry as we worked through an issue that’s been raised through ux research at her own library. the steps we took: 	connect to purpose: look at the big picture and why this problem is important. how could exploring this area benefit users? 	frame it and flip it: clearly state the problem so that everyone is on the same page. then, think about the desired state instead of the problem and come up with a question to help us explore what we desire for our users. 	dream of the ideal future: think about words and phrases that describe an ideal solution. how will success look and feel? 	ideate: we skipped this step in the workshop because it takes a lot of time. kristin mentioned her favourite ideation technique is brainwriting, described in the book gamestorming ( ). 	prototype internally: our colleagues may have good ideas and asking them for feedback can help build early buy-in. generative questions keep things positive: what do you like about this idea? how can we improve this idea? 	prototype with users: again, we skipped this step because we had no users to prototype with. i liked step , where we flipped the problem into a desired state. i’m guessing that thinking of “what do we want to happen” instead of “what do we want to stop” could help avoid the “solution” of putting up a sign or trying to curb behaviour with punitive measures. i also really like the idea of connecting to colleagues with generative questions, rather than asking for general feedback. andy may have said that not everyone needs to be consulted, but sometimes it’s important or useful to consult our colleagues. using generative questions would be a way to lessen the chances of hearing “that will never work” or “why don’t you do x instead?” advanced interview techniques: danielle cooper since i’m about to embark on a project that involves a lot of interviewing, i thought it made sense to make sure that i took advantage of any opportunity to improve my skills in this area. danielle has a lot of experience with interviewing users in her job at ithaka s+r. the short version of this workshop is that the best way to get better at interviewing is to keep doing it, so we spent most of the time in groups of taking turns being interviewer, interviewee, and observer. danielle gave us some practical tips as well. to probe for more information, from least obtrusive to most: 	silence 	non-verbal affirmation 	echoing the response 	affirmative neutral comments 	repeating or clarifying the interview question 	summarize and synthesize the answer 	simply saying “tell me more” if participants are not very forthcoming, you can try a variety of these probes. be willing to cut your losses and end the interview if you’re not getting any useful information. on the other hand, if participants are way too chatty, you can try the following: 	gentle inattention 	polite transitions 	graceful interruptions working in difficult environments: lessons from the world of civic design: suzanne chapman suzanne started her keynote with some examples of behaviour that many of us recognized from our workplaces. she then pointed out that these behaviours were from the simple sabotage field manual from the oss (predecessor to the cia), a document explaining to spies how to sabotage enemy organizations. she gave a quotation from a senior person in one of the organizations she’d worked in: “we are trying to do as much end user testing as possible without actually talking to users.” suzanne noted that ux maturity models, such as the one anneli showed in her keynote, are missing the part where humans are difficult and sabotage-y. she also noted that doing ux in libraries is extremely hard. but this work can be made easier if everyone can agree on specific guiding principles. she shared seven that she uses at the centre for civic design: 	do the most good for the most people who need it the most (italics mine). this goes beyond the / rule and looks at need rather than just numbers. 	delivery is the strategy. given the choice between culture change and “getting shit done,” they have chosen to let culture change come second. 	work lean, iterate quickly. sometimes this means doing the least shitty thing, but it always means that you should only make *new* mistakes. 	we use design to make things better. design means working your way through the problem in order to reach a solution, not just grabbing a solution. 	we design with users, not for them. this is similar to anneli’s message to take the “user’s perspective” rather than the “user perspective.” also, research is done with a goal of improvement, not just for learning. 	hire and empower great people. and there has to be agreement about what it means to be empowered; there should not be responsibility without authority. these principles may not resonate, or even be possible in your library. but going through the process of deciding what your library’s guiding principles are can be your anti-sabotage model. my web committee went through this process, based on guiding principles suzanne wrote while she was still working in libraries. the process was very helpful in making sure we really were on the same page. it’s also a useful document to show people coming on to the committee for the first time. it would definitely be *more* useful if it went beyond just our committee, but it’s something. if you’re interested, we’ve made our guiding principles public. uxvr: the potential of virtual reality to ux research: victor alfson victor spoke about a project he did at the black mountain library in stockholm. he asked users to create a great library for themselves using a vr headset, tilt brush (a d-painting app), and a d model of the existing library. he asked participants to narrate their actions, but also jumped in with questions. it’s a similar task to what you could do with pen and paper, but using vr gave a different angle. to recruit participants, victor asked the (possibly slighty creepy) question, “do you want to come down to the basement to try something cool?” / people that he asked agreed to participate! and once they were there, they stayed—for minutes on average— because the task was novel and engaging. victor found that participants were very candid in what they said, and he wondered if that was due to people feeling like they were in a private space. with the vr headset on, they were alone in the d library space, with victor’s disembodied voice occasionally asking them questions. so what did users draw and talk about? well, it was the usual things: food, noise, finding the right kind of space. but the insights were interesting. a few kids drew a mcdonalds in the library, and went on to say that they just wanted to be able to eat their snack without a librarian bugging them. one kid drew a vortex in the library that would take them directly to their home. victor asked further about this and found out that this kid had to take two buses and the metro to get home from the library. i wondered if this kind of thing would have come out in a pen-and-paper exercise, or if it was the technology that made the kid think about an amazing technological solution to their transportation problem. overall, victor said that it was very fun research for both him and the participants. and his library will be following up on some of the insights they gained, such as creating a new quiet study room for kids working on their homework. previously, these kids tried to find quiet nooks and crannies to work in, so both they and their needs were unseen by library staff. victor’s project brought them out of their quiet corners and gave them a new space of their own. a nice real-world result for this vr project. internships and ethnography: students researching students: claire browne claire spoke about using a student intern to carry out a ux project using a cultural probe to get to know the needs of taught postgraduate students at the university of birmingham. the university’s careers department was looking for meaningful student placements that showcased careers in higher education and gave students experience with project management and data analysis. it was a great fit with the library’s desire to expand their ux work. before the intern was hired, the library had to have the project go through ethics review and recruit participants ( in total). they had ideas for what they wanted in the cultural probe, but the intern, luke, was able to put his stamp on it, finalizing the tasks and adding notes and jokes to the participant diaries to keep their engagement up throughout the weeks of daily tasks. some of the tasks were: answering specific questions, writing a letter with advice to a student starting out, card sorting, a photo study showing their typical day, a love letter/break-up letter, and a cognitive map. all participants did every task, which seems to show that luke did a great job keeping everyone engaged. participants enjoyed the variety of tasks and provided a lot of rich information in the self-reflective tasks. luke gave a presentation to senior staff about his findings and they were very engaged with this year old telling them about the problems in their library. i want to know more about this; were they more engaged because he was an “outsider,” because he was a student, because he was young? related, claire mentioned that one of the benefits of having a student intern on this project was that he was not influenced by restraints or constraints felt by library staff; he saw only the user side. another benefit claire mentioned was that luke was able to engage with the student participants in a natural and informal way that she didn’t think would be possible for librarians. she thought the librarians would have been too formal or crossed the line into “cringey.” if you want to know more, luke wrote a report about the project and the techniques that were used in the cultural probe. love at first sight: consolidating first impressions: debbie phillips debbie also spoke about doing a cultural probe, this time at royal holloway and focused on the experience of new students in their first weeks on campus. the focus was not entirely on the library, as the project was a collaboration among the library, campus life, and internal communications. the campus life team were able to help with recruitment and students agreed to participate, though only actually finished all the tasks. still, since they were hoping for participants, this was a good result. i was struck that, like claire, debbie said they were “hoping for a good mix” of participants. both projects got a reasonable mix but missed out on representation from one or two groups. i think we often do generic recruitment when we want a mix, assuming that we should recruit from a wide group to get a wide range of participants. but if we want, for example, mature students or international students as part of the participant group, we really need to recruit them specifically in order to make sure of it. (i believe claire did make this point as something they would do differently next time.) some of the tasks in the cultural probe at royal holloway: diary questions ( questions from each of the teams plus some general ones), photo tasks, postcard to friends/family (participants could ask for it to be posted but no one did), campus map with emoji stickers to indicate how they felt about specific buildings or areas of campus. the library found they were surprised at how many students came to the library during their first visit to campus. they were also surprised at how few students attended their library induction. so, they’re planning to try to find ways to help students learn more about the library during that first campus visit, rather than waiting for induction. related, they also found that students expressed a preference for learning about campus prior to arrival, so the library will increase their communications ahead of arrivals week, rather than waiting until students are actually on campus. final thoughts i usually do a full post about my thoughts on the conference, but i don’t have a lot more to say. i had an amazing time, as usual, thanks to the wonderful group of people who come to this conference. in my professional life, uxlibs is my very favourite place. i’m about to head off on sabbatical (maybe you can help with some of my projects!), so i’m not going to immediately apply much of what i learned but i am already excited to do that when my leave is over. i realize that i’ve been emphasizing the research part of ux because research is actually part of my job description and, outside of the website, design and prototyping is not. i felt comfortable doing research beyond the scope of the website, but not finding a way to move that research into action. when i get back to work i hope i can figure out how to, as both keynotes exhorted: get shit done. 			 	 			 				 	 		website refresh: first round of iterative testing 	 				 			december , december , ~ shelley			 ~ leave a comment					 				 		as i mentioned in my last post, we’re doing a design refresh of our library website, with a goal to make it “beautiful.” as such, we’re not touching much of the organization. but of course we have to pay attention to not just how the information is categorized but also where it appears on the page. we learned that a few years back when we tried adding a “spotlight” feature near our library hours (tl;dr: people stopped being able to see the hours when other content shared the space). so we are firm believers that user testing and iterative design is vital in making sure we don’t make parts of our site invisible by moving elements around. after the results of our user research earlier in the fall, we came up with a design drawn from the sites that our users liked most that also worked within our current site structure. the layout was essentially the same, with three major changes: 	we pulled “quick links” out of the menu and put it in a box on the front page 	hours moved from a box on the side to a banner under the search box 	our help and chat button also moved to this banner we wanted to do user testing to make sure that users could: 	find today’s hours 	get to the full set of hours 	figure out how to access help or chat. we also asked them if there was anything they hated about the draft design. just to flag anything that could cause problems but that we weren’t specifically asking about. since we were doing this testing early in the process, we didn’t have a live site to show. our web developer, the fabulous kevin bowrin, built the mockup in drupal since he’s more comfortable in drupal than in photoshop, but it wasn’t on a public server. so we used a printed screenshot for this round of testing. the first version of the design had a grey banner and small text and it was clear after talking to a few users that visibility was a problem. we only talked to people, but only saw the hours and they were really squinting to make it out. finding when the library is open should be really really easy. we decided to increase the text size and remove the grey background. version this time, even fewer people saw the hours: out . since people didn’t see today’s hours, we couldn’t even get to the part where we tested whether they knew how to access the full set of hours. we decided to see if adding an “all hours →” link would help; perhaps by echoing the convention of the “view more →” links in other parts of the page, it would be clearer that this section was part of the content. nope. version again, quite quickly we saw that this section remained invisible. only person in saw it. one user noticed it later on and said that he’d thought that part of the website was just a heading so he ignored it. clearly, something was making people’s eyes just skip over this part of the website. we needed another approach. kevin and i talked about a few options. we decided to try making the section more visible by having library hours, help and chat, and quick links all there. kevin tweeted at me after i’d left for the day: “just dropped the latest iteration on your desk. i kinda hate it, but we’ll see what the patrons have to say!” i had a look the next morning. i also hated it. no point in even testing that one! a blurry photo of the hated, not-tested version we decided to put hours where the quick links box was, to see if that would be more visible. we moved chat down, trying to mimic the chat call-out button on the mcmaster library website. quick links were removed completely. we have some ideas, but they were never a vital part of the site so we can play with them later. success! most of the people we talked to saw the hours and almost all of them could get from there to the full set of hours. (i did this round of testing without a note-taker, thinking i could keep good enough track. “good enough?” yes. actual numbers? no.) the downside was that most people didn’t notice the help and chat link (not pictured here). however, i think we’ll really need to test that when we can show the site on a screen that people can interact with. the “always visible” nature of that button is hard to replicate with a print-out. i feel like we’re in a good enough place that we can start building this as more than just a mock-up. oh, and no one we talked to hated anything about the design. a low bar perhaps, but i’m happy that we cleared it. version we did all of this in one week, over afternoons. for version , kevin just added text to the screenshot so we could get it in front of people faster. quick iterating and testing is such a great process if you can make it work. next steps: menu interactions and interior pages. 			 	 			 				 	 		user research: beautiful websites? 	 				 			october , ~ shelley			 ~ comments					 				 		my university librarian has asked for a refresh of the library website. he is primarily concerned with the visual design; although he thinks the site meets the practical needs of our users, he would like it to be “beautiful” as well. eep! i’m not a visual designer. i was a little unsure how to even begin. i decided to attack this the way we attack other problems: user research! web committee created a set of guiding principles a few years back (based on suzanne chapman’s document). number one in that list is “start with user needs & build in assessment” so even though i was having difficulty wrapping my head around a beautiful website as a user need, it made sense to move forward as if it were. background how does one assess a beautiful website? i looked at a whole bunch of library websites to see which stood out as particularly beautiful and then discern what it was that made them so. let me tell you, “beautiful” is not a word that immediately leaps to mind when i look at library websites. but then i came across one site that made me give a little exclamation of disgust (no, i won’t tell you which one). it was busy, the colours clashed garishly, and it made me want to click away instantly—ugh! well. we might not be able to design a site that people find beautiful but surely we can design something that doesn’t make people feel disgusted. i had an idea then to show users a few different websites and ask them how they felt about the sites. beauty can mean different things to different people, but it does conjure a positive feeling. coming up with feeling words can be difficult for people, so i thought it might be easier for me to come up with a list they could choose from (overwhelming, calm, inspiring, boring, etc.). then i decided that it might be better to have users place the sites on a continuum rather than pick a single word for their feeling: is the page more calming or more stressful? is it more clear or more confusing? i came up with feelings described on a continuum, plus an overall 🙂 to 🙁. i wasn’t completely confident about this and assumed others had done work in this area, so i did some reading on emotions, aesthetics, and web design. (emotion and website design from the encyclopedia of human-computer interaction, nd ed.; aesthetics and preferences of web pages from behaviour & information technology ( ); assessing dimensions of perceived visual aesthetics of web sites from international journal of human-computer studies ( ); and measuring aesthetic emotions: a review of the literature and a new assessment tool from plos one ( ).) turns out my method was in line with the research in this area. and although the wording sometimes differed, the feelings i had come up with were all represented. onward! there had been some talk of the library website perhaps needing to mirror other carleton university websites a little more closely. however, there is not uniformity of design across carleton sites, so i wanted to show users a mix of those sites to get a sense of which designs were most pleasing. i also wanted to show a few different library sites to get a sense of which of those designs were most appealing to our users. i worked with web committee to come up with a list of library sites and carleton sites. there was no way i was going to ask someone to give us feedback on different websites; i decided a selection of was plenty for one person to work through. since i was looking mostly for visceral reactions, i didn’t think we needed a lot of people to see each site. if each site was viewed times (with our own library site as a baseline so we could measure improvement of the new design), we needed participants. that was three times what we often see for a single round of ux research, but still doable. method i planned a -minute process—longer than our usual processes where we test one or two things—and wanted to compensate students for this much of their time. that fell apart at the last minute and all i had was a box of halloween mini-chocolates so revamped the process to remove a few pre- and post- questions and cut the number of continuums from to ( feelings plus the overall positive/negative). that cut the time down to about minutes for most people, and i was comfortable with a -minutes-for-chocolate deal. so in the end, these are the continuums we asked people to use to label the sites: welcoming ↔ off-putting disorganized ↔ organized clear ↔ confusing up-to-date ↔ old-fashioned calming ↔ stressful useful ↔ useless inspiring ↔ discouraging ugly ↔ beautiful 🙂 ↔ 🙁 we set up in the lobby of the library and saw people over four time slots (each was - minutes long). there were participants instead of because the last person came with a friend who also wanted to participate. happily, the only person to have difficulty understanding what to do was one of these very last people we saw. he had such trouble that if he’d been the first person we’d seen, i likely would have reconsidered the whole exercise. but thankfully everyone else was quick to understand what we wanted. most people saw one carleton site, one library site, and then our own carleton library site. because we had more library sites than carleton sites, a few people saw two library sites then the carleton library site. i had planned out in advance which participant would see which sites, making sure that each site would be seen the same number of times and not always in the same order. participants looked at one site at a time on a tablet with a landscape orientation, so the sites looked similar to how they would look on a laptop. they filled out the continuum sheet for one site before looking at the next. they could refer back to the site as they completed the sheet. i had a note-taker on hand to keep track of the sites visited and to record any comments participants made about the sites (most people didn’t say much at all). partway through, i discovered a problem with the “up-to-date / old-fashioned” continuum. i was trying to get at whether the design felt old and stale or contemporary and up-to-date. but many people assumed we were referring to the information on the site being up-to-date. i thought that using “old-fashioned” rather than “outdated” would mitigate this, but no. so this was not a useful data point. usually with these kinds of processes, i have a sense of what we’re learning as we go. but with this one, i had very little idea until i started the analysis. so what did we find? results i had purposely not used a likert-type scale with numbers or labels on any of the mid-points. this was not quantitative research and i didn’t want users to try to put a number on their feelings. so, when it came time for analysis, i didn’t want to turn the continuum ratings into numbers either. i colour-coded the responses, with dark green corresponding to one end of the continuum, red to the other and yellow for the middle. i used light green and orange for less strong feelings that were still clearly on one side or the other. in determining what colour to code a mark, i looked at how the person had responded to all three sites. if all their marks were near the extremes, i used light green/orange for any mark tending toward the middle. if all their marks were clustered around the middle, i looked for their outer ranges and coded those as dark green/red (see examples in the image below). in this way, the coding reflected the relative feelings of each person rather than sticking to strict borders. two marks in the same place on the continuum could be coded differently, depending on how that user had responded overall. the circled mark on the left was coded light green even though it’s quite close to the end. the circled mark on the right was coded red even though it’s not very close to the end. after coding, i looked at the results for the 🙂 ↔ 🙁 continuum to get a sense of the general feeling about each site. i gave them all an overall assessment (bad, ugh, meh, or ok). no site got better than ok because none was rated in the green by everyone who saw it. then i looked at how often each was coded green, yellow, and red across all the continuums. unsurprisingly, those results corresponded to my bad/ugh/meh/ok rating; participants’ 🙂 / 🙁 ratings had been reflective of their overall feelings. our site ended up on the high end of “meh.” however, several participants made sure to say their ratings of our site were likely high because of familiarity, so we are really likely firmly in “meh” territory. now that i’d looked at the overall, i wanted to look at each of the continuums. what was our current site doing really well with? i was happy to see that our current site felt useful and organized to participants. “organized” is good because it means that i feel confident about keeping the structure of the site while we change the visual design. what did we need to improve? participants felt the site was discouraging and ugly. “discouraging” is something i definitely feel motivated to fix! and “ugly?” well, it helps me feel better about this project to make the site beautiful. more beautiful at least. after this, i looked at which sites did well on the aspects we needed to improve. for both the carleton sites and the library sites, the ones felt to be most inspiring and beautiful were the same ones that were rated highly overall. these same sites were most felt to be welcoming, clear, and calming. so these are the aspects that we’ll concentrate on most as we move through our design refresh. next steps now, web committee will take a closer look at the two library sites and two carleton sites that had the best feeling and see what specific aspects of those sites we’d like to borrow from. there’s no big time squeeze, as we’re aiming for a spring launch. lots of time for many design-and-test iterations. i’ll report back as we move forward. 			 	 			 				 	 		access : a ux perspective 	 				 			october , ~ shelley			 ~ leave a comment					 				 		i started my access conference experience with a meetup of library people interested in ux. there were only five of us, but we had good conversations about research ethics boards and ux research, about being a ux team of one, and about some of the projects we’ll be working on in the coming year. we also chatted about how we would like to communicate more regularly but how difficult it can be to sustain virtual communities. (canada is big. heck, even ontario is big.) it was nice to start off the conference with ux friends – old and new – and my focus stayed on the ux side of things throughout the conference so that’s what i want to write about here. on day , the first post-keynote presentation was all about ux. eka grguric talked about her experience one year in as ux librarian at mcgill. she gets brought into projects in her library as a ux consultant, and also supports others doing ux and user research in the library. she also offers training on ux research methods for interested library staff. her work is a combination of operational and project-based. she gave a bit of detail about two projects and her monthly operational tests to give us a flavour of the range of methods and processes she uses. next up was ken fujiuchi and joseph riggie from buffalo state college, who talked about extended reality, a combination of virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality technologies. they covered a few different topics (slides here), but what stood out for me was their mention of how user experiences will change as new interfaces become possible and there are new ways for people to interact with materials. they specifically mentioned oral histories moving from audio-only files to users being able to interact with a holographic image of a person who can tell stories but also answer questions. what’s good ux for oral history holograms? a few presentations also focused on what i see as ux for library staff. juan denzer spoke about a project being developed by a pair of students he’s supervising that aims to make it easier to manage exproxy configuration files (which can easily run to thousands of lines). having tried to troubleshoot stanzas in exproxy myself, i can definitely see how this could improve the ux for staff. however, as one of my table mates said, adding an application to manage a text file also adds overhead for whoever has to maintain and update that application. trade-offs! ruby warren from university of manitoba was fantastic in her description of a project that didn’t quite get off the ground in the six months she’d set aside to complete it. ruby had seen that distance students weren’t learning how to use the library in the same way in-person students were (e.g. no in-class visits from a librarian). she wanted to find a way to teach some basic il to these students and thought that an interactive fiction game would be a good thing to try. she had some great lessons learned (including “don’t do everything in the wrong order” and “plan for apathy”). one of my favourite things about ruby’s presentation was that she was upfront about her failures, including – as a ux person – not planning for user testing during development. it’s gutsy to get up in front of your peers and say that you forgot a basic tenet of your discipline because you were too excited about a project. so human but so hard. yay ruby! another key takeaway was not underestimating appeal when planning this kind of project. as someone who has a bard time seeing the appeal of library games, i appreciated hearing this. (i believe it’s possible, but i think it’s extremely difficult.) ruby’s slides are here. back to ux for staff (and users too, to some extent), calvin mah from simon fraser university spoke about his experience archiving their ils when his library moved from millennium to alma. some kinds of information were not migrated at all, but even the records that were migrated were not trusted by cataloguers; they wanted to be able to go back to the old records and compare. with these two situations – missing information plus untrusted information – it was decided to build an archival copy of the old system. i find this interesting. on the one hand, i can absolutely understand wanting to help staff feel comfortable with the new system by letting them know they still have the old information if they need it; the transition can be more gradual. but calvin noted that even though the information is getting stale, staff are still relying on it. so perhaps it’s more of a security blanket, and that’s not good. also, there was a good library nerd laugh when he said that some staff wanted the archival copy to behave like the old system: “respect the nd indicator non-filing characters skip!” something i see as having both staff and user ux implications is having contract work in library systems (probably everywhere, but in systems for sure). bobbi fox from harvard has been on many sides of this situation (as a contractor, as a person hiring the contractor, as a team member, as a person cleaning up after a contractor) and detailed many things to consider before, during, and after contract work in library it. too often, contract work results in projects that are difficult to maintain after the contractor has gone, if they are even completed at all. i really like that she specifically mentioned thinking about who is providing user support for the thing(s) the contractor is building, as separate from who is going to own/maintain the project going forward. and in talking about documentation, specifying what documentation those user support people need in order to be able to support the users. this will almost always be different documentation that what is required for maintenance. good docs are vital for maintenance but if people can’t use the thing, there’s not much point in maintaining it! nearing the end of the first day was a panel: “when the digital divides us: reconciling emerging and emerged technologies in libraries” that looked at disconnects that can happen on both the staff side and the user side when libraries favour emerging (“shiny”) technology. i thought there were some great points made. monica rettig at brock university talked about issues when access services staff are expected to help troubleshoot technology problems; for staff used to a transactional approach to service, with a heavy reliance on policy and procedures, there is a big cultural shift in moving to a troubleshooting approach. rebecca laroque from north bay public library wondered about providing d printers while she still has users asking for classes on how to use email. monica noted the importance of core services to users even though they’re aren’t shiny or new; she asked who will be the champion for bathrooms or printers in the library? krista godfrey from memorial university asked whether library technology should be evaluate and assessed in the same way that library collections are? lots of questions here, but definitely an agreement that a focus on core infrastructure and services may not be exciting but it’s absolutely vital. day was a bit lighter on the ux side. tim ribaric gave a great presentation on ra and the possible implications of it replacing ip authentication for access to electronic resources in libraries. tim is skeptical about ra and believes it is not good news for libraries (one of his theorems about ra : “we are effed”). his take was very compelling, and from a ux perspective, he is not convinced there is a clear way forward for walk-in users of academic libraries (i.e. users not affiliated with the university or college) to access our subscription-based electronic resources if we move from ip authentication to ra . i know some academic libraries explicitly exclude walk-in users, but others are mandated to provide access to the general public so we are used to providing guest access and our users are used to having it. tim has posted his slides if you’re interested in more on this. another interesting ux moment was in autumn mayes’ lightning talk about working in digital scholarship and digital humanities. part of her job had been working in the  humanities interdisciplinary collaboration (thinc) lab at the university of guelph. thinc lab is a members-only space aimed at grad students, postdocs, faculty, etc. who are doing interdisciplinary and digital humanities research. however, they also host events and programs that are open to the larger university population. so autumn found herself having to tell non-members that they weren’t allowed to use the space, but at the same time was trying to promote events and programs to both members and non-members. she very succinctly described this as “get out! but come back!” it’s interesting to think about spaces that are alternately exclusionary and open; what is the impact on users when you make a mostly exclusionary space occasionally welcoming? what about when a mostly welcoming space is occasionally exclusionary? bill jones and ben rawlins from suny geneseo spoke about their tool oasis (openly available sources integrated search), aimed at improving the discovery of open educational resources (oer) for faculty at their campus and beyond. the tool allows searching and browsing of a curated collection of oer (currently over , records). it seems like a nice way to increase visibility and improve the ux of finding oer such as open textbooks. again in library staff ux, may yan and mj suhonos from ryerson university talked about how library-specific technologies can be difficult to use and adapt, so they decided to use wordpress as a web platform for a records management project in their library. one thing i found interesting was that the ryerson library had a strategic systems requirements review that explicitly says that unless library-specific technology has a big value-add, the preference should be to go outside library technology for solutions. from a ux point of view, this could mean that staff spend less time fighting with clunky library software, both using it and maintaining it. the last conference presentation of day reported on the results of ux testing of open badges in an institutional repository. christie hurrell from the university of calgary reported that her institution uses quite a number of open badges. for this project, the team wondered whether having an open badge that demonstrated compliance with an open access policy would encourage faculty to deposit their work in the institutional repository. they did a survey, which didn’t show a lot of love for open badges in general. then they did some user testing of their ir (dspace), to find out whether faculty would add an open badge to their work if the option was there. unfortunately, the option to add an open badge was completely lost in the overall process to deposit a work in the ir, which faculty found extremely time-consuming. since faculty were frustrated with the process in general, it is very unlikely that an open badge would provide an incentive to use the ir again. the conference ended with the dave binkley memorial lecture, given this year by monique woroniak. monique spoke about “doing the work: settle libraries and responsibilities in a time of occupation” where the work is what non-indigenous people and organizations need to do before trying to work with indigenous people and organizations. she gave some clear guidelines on, essentially, how to act with empathy and these guidelines can apply to many communities. however, i definitely don’t want to “all lives matter” this. monique was clearly speaking about indigenous people, and specifically about her experiences with indigenous people in winnipeg. when she spoke of the importance of assessing our capacity before undertaking new work, she included the capacity to build respectful relationships with indigenous people. although it can definitely be argued that a capacity to build respectful relationships is useful for ux work, her caution to never over-promise and under-deliver when working with indigenous people is situated in the canadian context of settlers over-promising and under-delivering time and time and time again. sure, we’ll respect this treaty. sure, we’ll take care of your children. of course we’re ready for reconciliation. over-promising and under-delivering is never a great move, but in this context it is particularly toxic. a few other things that stood out for me in monique’s talk: 	listen to the breadth of opinions in the community. take the time. 	this is head work and heart work, and, especially, long-haul work. 	look to shift the centre of power for not just the big decisions, but the small as well. if this interest you, monique’s talk is available to view in its entirety, as are all of the presentations at the conference (they will be split into individual videos for each talk eventually). monique finished with a lovely quotation from katherena vermette‘s poem “new year’s eve ” from her book river woman: truth is a seed planted deep if you want to get it you have to dig 			 	 			 				 	 		ux from a technical services point of view 	 				 			september , ~ shelley			 ~ comment					 				 		this the text of a presentation i did last year at the access conference in regina. emma and i had plans to write this up as a paper, but life intervened and that didn’t happen. i wanted to keep some record beyond the video of the presentation, so here it is. this morning i’m going to talk about a user research project i did with my colleague emma cross. we observed the user experience of students doing academic research online and then looked at that ux from the perspective of technical services staff. i’ll start with talking about the research we did with the students, the results from that research that seemed most relevant to technical services staff, and then i’ll talk a bit about the reaction that technical services staff at carleton had to those results. i’m sorry that emma can’t be here. she was the technical services brain behind it all; i was the user research monkey. so, why did we want to do this? mixing technical services and user experience is not done very often. a technical services supervisor at carleton told us she was finding it difficult to prioritize work for her staff, and she wanted some insight into what was likely to have the most impact for our users. fantastic.   methodology emma and i designed the research to be student-led; we didn’t have specific questions but we were interested in where students searched, how they searched, and what kinds of things they looked at in their results. in our sessions, we asked students to search for something they needed for a research assignment, and to try as much as possible to do what they would normally do, not what they thought they “should” do. we emphasized that even though we were from the library, they didn’t have to use library tools or resources if they normally wouldn’t for the kinds of searches they were doing. i moderated the sessions, asking the students to think aloud throughout their searches, prompting them with questions if they were quiet. we let them search until they seemed to finish but let them know when we neared minutes. the sessions lasted anywhere from - minutes, but most were - minutes. emma took notes and we also captured the sessions on video, so we were able to go back and fill in gaps when people worked too quickly for emma to capture everything. we did the research in march of and saw undergraduate and graduate students. emma coded the results and found themes that she thought were most relevant to technical services   result # : overwhelming use of the single search box summon and/or google scholar were used by most of the students, and the catalogue not much at all. people used various specialized databases and there was also regular google, wikipedia, tumblr, but summon and google scholar were really the most used. there was little difference between grad and undergrad use of tools, except for catalogue use. the people who used the catalogue were undergraduates. kinda weird. but this is a good time to emphasize that this was a qualitative study, not a quantitative one; we’re not going to extrapolate that % of undergrads use the catalogue and grad students do. the numbers don’t matter – it’s that when observing how students search and listening to how they approach looking for information, the library catalogue doesn’t often come up. it’s not part of their process.   result # : popularity of the “get it” button   emma’s second theme is the logical corollary to the overwhelming use of single search: the popularity of the “get it” button and the link resolver in general. i love the “get it” link – it makes my life much easier. (graduate student) “get it” is really useful (graduate student) “get it” is helpful!” (undergraduate) hey look carleton offers to “get this” in google scholar – hey that is great! (undergraduate) even when students didn’t mention it explicitly, they used it seamlessly. maybe that seems obvious, but i have seen user research results from other university libraries where students had a hard time understanding their get it links. our students got “get it.”   result # : metadata looked at:  title, date, abstract; metadata searched: keyword, keyword, keyword a pattern we saw repeated over and over in student research was: scanning search results list 	quickly reviewing title for relevant keywords 	check the date – majority of student not interested in old material 	if interested, click on record to read the abstract 	if title, date, abstract check out then download / print for further reading. students seem to be so used to this pattern and used to seeing abstracts or snippets of content that when they don’t see an abstract, usually when they are looking at a monograph record, they’re confused and then they move on. and although students look at different metadata fields, they rarely search them. aside from a couple of author searches and one really heartbreaking subject search, most of the searches we saw were keyword, keyword, keyword.   result # : speed, impatience and ease of access students quickly skimmed results lists and rarely went beyond the first page of results (or with summon’s infinite scroll, the first or so). undergrads tended to look at fewer results than grad students. many students had no qualms saying they were busy and they didn’t want to waste time. there was a general tendency to skip over materials that were harder to access – things on reserve, in storage, or borrowed, documents that take a long time to download. even when they did pursue these harder to access items, they weren’t necessarily happy about it. this is probably emma’s favourite quote: this is useful if i can find it. it is not online so i will have to search the library itself. this makes me cry a little. generally, the students we saw were easily able to find other things that seemed just as good, so skipping over hard-to-access items didn’t seem to create much of a problem.   reaction from technical services staff so these were the findings we thought were most relevant to technical services staff. there are no big surprises here, but we wanted to know how our own technical services staff would react to what we’d found. what would they take from our results? in july, we gave a presentation for library technical services staff, followed by a discussion. here are some of the first comments from staff, to give you a flavor: 	“on the library website, we now have a summon search box instead of a catalogue search box, and maybe that’s why catalogue use was low.” 	“are users even aware of the catalogue?” 	“students don’t seem to be aware of subject headings. they should be taught about the catalogue and how to do subject searches.” 	“maybe all first years could be given a booklet about how to search properly.” so that was sort of the tone at the beginning. then our head of cataloguing said something like “i’m not buying into this discussion that keyword searching is a bad search. remember that keyword searches subject. indexing is the most important part of this.” then the technical services supervisor whose questions started the project said something like “i found the part about summon and the link resolver very interesting. this validates where we need to spend time. we can call out vendors where there is a consistent problem. now i can be pushy to get issues resolved. if that is what students are relying on, then we have to make sure what we have is right.” yes, having a head and a supervisor weigh in like this is bound to change the tone, but things did become much more positive and proactive from here on in, with comments and suggestions like this: 	“i’m wondering about loading e-book records. sometimes we have good records but they don’t have subjects. perhaps now i can load these records as they have summaries so they would get picked up in a keyword search.” 	“cataloguers can change the way we work and include table of contents and summaries in monograph records when we find them. perhaps we could make this an official policy and procedure.” 	“perhaps we can take more time to see how summon pulls information and where that information is pulled from.”   conclusion so: 	a move to better understand how our discovery system handles our records 	a push to enrich print and ebook records to improve keyword searching 	a renewed focus on making sure the knowledge base is accurate so the link resolver works i know these aren’t necessarily ground-breaking ideas but less than an hour earlier, this same group suggested giving first year students a booklet on how to search! hearing that students mostly do keyword searches in summon and google scholar was understandably a little threatening to staff who have a very catalogue-centric view of the library (because that’s where they spend most of their time). but very quickly, they moved on and were suggesting new ways of doing things, and new ways of thinking about their work. it was wonderful. technical services and user experience don’t usually cross over, but we saw that it can be a really good fit. our students do their research online. technical services staff make decisions that affect how library resources are found online. so they are perfectly positioned to improve the user experience of our students. i’ll give the last word to one of our staff members, who after seeing our results said what i think we all want: “now i can attack the right problems with purpose.” 			 	 			 				 	 		adding useful friction to library ux: ideas from uxlibs workshop participants 	 				 			june , ~ shelley			 ~ comment					 				 		 at this years uxlibs conference, i led a workshop on adding useful friction to the library user experience. i’ve already posted my text of the workshop, but i told the participants that i also wanted to share the ideas that they came up with during the course of the workshop. the ideas were generated around three themes: 	friction for users, with a goal of helping those same users 	friction for staff, with a goal of helping users 	friction to improve inclusion in the library what is below is verbatim, as much as i could decipher, from the post-its. there’s seems to be a combination of examples of bad friction and ideas for good friction. if you were a participant and would like to correct or flesh out what’s here, please get in touch! here are all of the responses from both workshops, in no order at all: 	remove desk or make it a low height only 	lower the circulation desk or remove it altogether 	users: appointments (promote other options first, books/resources) 	giving the article rather than showing to find the resource 	answer questions instead of showing how to do it 	wayfinding no. enquiry — looking at it with fresh eyes 	staff want to put passive aggressive posters everywhere 	toilet sign / not a key — gender n. 	have the students suggest furniture in the library 	a room with a computer and a loudspeaker where the patron can hear what is on the screen 	clickable text where a loudspeaker symbol shows you that you can hear what is said 	wayfinding signage / posters — loads of / passive aggressive 	enforced preview when editing web pages 	put forms through web group to ensure they’re not excluding 	when they click around one website 	when they order on shelf items 	when they order articles 	making them having coffee with other departments and teaching staff 	making them walk across campus to use another office 	making them use the public spaces one hour a week 	you haven’t used library search for a while – do you need some tips? 	get rid of printed self-help so staff have to promote online self-help 	friction to help people understand the space they’re in 	helping new users find books (when they want it!) 	multi-language at entrances and around 	remove classification systems!! 	inclusivity check before things are published 	remove search term suggestions databases 	remove phone, e-mail, etc. from the info desk (anything that isn’t talking to students) 	giving more options for reference help – all hours of the day, off campus, offline, etc. 	change the quiet reading rooms with the group rooms every week 	have staff meetings at the group study areas/rooms 	put the check-out machines on the top floor 	wary of pop ups but what if pop has the answer 	to slow down scanning of web pages — part scan and leave just prior to achieving answer 	pop up box: “sign in to get: full text, saved search, e-shelf, etc.” 	a confirm button when adding manual charges to accounts 	all a h staff to be fully trained! 	had thought of reducing page options/text but could friction be added another way? 	when they order interlibrary loans 	we added friction to subj guide but — super friction -> no control for subj lib. therefore like the less friction idea presented by shelley 	pop up on self-issues: your books will auto-renew for “x” weeks but may be recalled 	are you sure? deleting records from endnote web 	ems editions: removing assets 	exhibition gallery: interactive screen 	event submission 	feedback forms 	find a book / study space blindfolded? 	stop them from using terms and phrases that people don’t understand 	test all changes to web page on real users, especially extreme users 	plain language checkers for web content 	highlighting research consultations over guides + dbs 	declarative signage: “you are on the (blank) floor, (blank wing)” 	website style guides 	push back on academic staff to upload accessible teaching materials to vle 	making ill request — have you check whether this is in library? (?) 	encourage use of learning technologies, but also provide analogue alternatives 	provide alternative signage options (multiple alternatives) 	when entering study zones -> be aware of conditions expected in space 	links that take users to arabic page rather than going back to main page 	allowing males to borrow / use the library during female hours 	having box to return the books used inside the library 	having a shared online spreadsheet if they would like to have someone to cover their desk hours rather than emailing 	did you know? pop ups on library websites 	ipads out intermittently to draw attention 	having to meet with a librarian 	signage (or something else!) that prompts new students to consider using library catalogue before trawling the physical shelves 	helpdesk would benefit from friction when students make initial enquiries re: learning difference support (e.g. dyslexia) — in my univ lib they are required to ask about this in an “open” queue without any confidentiality! 	near shelves potential redirect to lib cat 	on entry to help students choose appropriate working space 	on entry think about what student intends to achieve during visit 	replying to email enquiry messages force scroll to beginning to force people to read whole history 	have you left this in required state? bog poster for open access disabled loos 	creating new challenges in every day tasks to upskill staff, provide better services to users 	asking questions (too many!) to get essential services in place / working properly (e.g. hearing loops [or might be learning loops]) 	forcing users to rub up against us: “this resources has been brought to you by your library” 	(for colleagues) flag for spamming no. of forwards and emails to lists per day 	returning books through the book sorter—asking “have you returned all the books you need to” before issuing a receipt 	students who don’t have a disability but are anxious to be able to have one-to-one library hours, therefore all need to be asked at induction 	ilr’s (interlibrary requests) asking “is this available locally” 	items in store requested through the catalogue—”can this be accessed online” before the final request click—stops unnecessary collections from store that are not collected 	vendor outlinks “you are about to leave the library’s website” 	time to choose to read something you wouldn’t have thought of yourself 	time to reflect on impact of a certain behavior 	time to advertise additional services that might be helpful 	screens/maps to look at before looking for books → are you going where you want to? 	set target times to resolve a query. solutions should be quick and easy. 	library website: design decision 	library website: content 	cmas editors: removing assets 	ill request form when item not available 	library clear link when no results on discovery layer 	disable possibility to take a breath from chat 	stricter policy for adding web pages 	slow down book drop 	friction in ordering interlibrary loans which should be purchases 	how do we offer booking of “resource rooms”? 	can we make it more difficult to make web pages inaccessible? 	forced message to remove usb before the pc shuts down/logs you out 	triage questions? it vs library 	only hosting video tutorial with embedded subtitles — don’t rely on youtube autotitles = rubbish!! 	what images are you using to show your library? does it look inclusive on posters / online / in literature? e.g. pic of our staircase 	reservation collection—self-issue—extra touch screen with due date for hr loans 	stop them from rushing to the top floor, like signs in the elevator 	force staff to actually test the accessibility of web sites 	students, faculty, other ← 	library vrs → stop before leaving the chat “are you sure you don’t need further help?” 	how do we address people / users? 	double-check before making a poster to “solve” a problem! 	role management: design does not equal project management 	peer-checking of presentations / teaching sessions for accessibility 	writing training materials for students with english as a nd language 	uploading to online system: large files, microsoft format, video and audio (not stream), copyrighted 	to support distant or part-time students 	starting projects without: clarity about outcomes, testing, resources required 	adding resource e.g. reading list not using the system 	copying over last years materials to this years module 	better obstacle than fee for interlibrary loans or document delivery 	remove “scripts” for staff answers on just ask (im) — be more personal? 	no pictures of pdfs or text on web — screen readers can’t cope with them 	pop-ups letting students know access is being provided by the library (to online resources) 	library website 	qr codes?? 	symbols instead of english — puts everyone at the same level of wayfinding regardless of language skills 	diverse reading lists 	know your staff wiki! 	regular process to review existing web content before adding more 	entrance vestibule to silent study spaces 	promoting self-service portal at library entrance 	chatline. faqs page to scroll through to get to input page 	force a catalogue search before submitting an ill request 	policy that all staff deal with a request for help at point of need and see through 	logging all enquiries on an ems 	pick-up shelf: make users check out their reading room loans 	database records in summon—people going straight to lib search when not everything is listed 	sign up form for focus groups so we can pick by course, not first come, first served 	academic workbooks arranged by topic on cms not just straight link to as server 	online support and workshops more prominently promoted than : s as easier to same [some?] large number 	i need to approve all external comms and surveys 	web edits — i have to approve all pages 	training on [survey?] software linked to approval from me 	me as final editor for newsletter (brand / accessibility) 	gender neutral toilets 	editing text for screen readers — on all channels 	check catalogue for students who have incorrect info on reserve items 	complete a short online library quiz as part of first module 	activate your student card in the library within the last week of term 	put “please refer to…” messages where rules aren’t clear 	ill — request articles/books we already have—way to make them search first? 	search box — choose what format first (they will type anything in a search box without thinking and then think we don’t have an article because they are looking in catalog) 	ebooks — add to reserves or pop up asking them to look by title 	student staff tell students we don’t have an item when we do — need to try other ways — have system prompt? 	expand chat hours so people uncomfortable approaching desk can still ask questions 	cms — make popup for alt-text but also color contrast, web writing, close-captioning for videos, etc. 	content manager for website — approve all changes even subject guides 	better feedback on item request — many are not picked up 	knowing who your liaison is if on a certain page 	staff friction: using crm or equivalent to report issues to other teams, i.e. metadata errors: don’t ring team, logon landesk (crm). has advantages collating themes and work. 	inclusion: feedback form gender 	user [gateways portals]: to prompt and remind about compliance maybe – copyright / usage — use of data/info. authentication does this also. 	staff: printing checklist actions before resorting to use of staff printer 	user: to prompt remind/inform resources purchased on behalf of students by institution 	it passwords for faculty users 	using lockers after library closing hours 	computers on every floor (staff) 	toilets (improve inclusion) 	game area (students) 	lounge area (students) 	change main structure of website 	adding too long text to buttons 	adding too many main category pages 	put “silence” signs on every door → there have to be noisy places 	just grab a book (without having a look to the books around) 	policy: force all staff to use structured text documents so that they are accessible 	self-return machines (don’t take think books, so we need to “slow” the users know know this) 	inclusion: programs → languages 	open access funding program → read criteria before submitting the application 	adding too long texts into modals designed to be glanced 	gender in feedback forms 	requirement for text and audio on video 	request / reservation: this book is on the shelves in this library. are you sure you want to request it? [checkbox] yes. 	sign on ground floor: the only toilets and drinking water in this building are on this floor. (most library services are floors up from here) 	making gender option in forms more inclusive e.g. more option or textbox 	before making an order/reservation that costs money 	before making a reservation 	before deleting your user account 	before deleting any info permanently 	get staff out of their offices — send them to find academic who have not been in the library for a long time 	we have a lib reciprocal programme across unis in s.a. but in our lib we force users to see an info lib before they get a letter to visit another uni library. 	catalogue research (first finding is seldom the best) 	remove option to add media on webpages for most staff 	accessibility checks before publishing a webpage 	filling out book request form for somebody 	clearing a list in the catalog 	printing single vs. double sided 	staff designate, monitor, and enforce quiet areas 	building entrance vs. exit 	reserving lendable technology 	requesting items from storage 	information in subject guides 	giving information to new students about the library’s services 	ordering interlibrary loans 	in the discovery systems 	request print copies of articles 	promote new physical and online materials in entrance 	user (student) testing before buying e-books 	build ux into all projects 	prayer facilities 	a note on self service screen to common ?s. really good idea. 	spending more time with the unfamiliar 	symbol sign posting 	meet and greeters at front door 	pick up cards at library 	send librarians out to visit people 	stop “library” work at enquiry point 	wellbeing attention grabbing display — subject guide to 	registration online — pick up library card in person 	commuter room with lockers — charging (away from home help) 	auto emails for book arrivals triggered by front desk team so that we are certain it is ready on the shelf 	friction needed to prevent deletion of content 	subject guides allow use to browse area and discover other books related to study 	develop electronic check lists for staff to ensure staff complete all necessary steps in a task on time and in order 	finding tools — before search encourage users to reflect if using the right finding tool 	reading lists — cap amount of items that can be added → “do you really want to add this item?” 	self-issue machines — add “do you want to borrow” for very short loans / high charge (had at public) 	modernise the till and integrate with lms. creates a couple of steps that slows staff and avoids mistakes on the till from “autopilot” 	“lost” status and “found” status. create pop up explaining what to do and if want to continue to avoid incorrect use. 	int’l students — don’t assume that library experience of someone else is the same particularly when they have a different international experience / encourage staff to think before assuming person is just not as smart as culture they are accustomed to. 	filters — putting a [friction?] to alert people that they can expand their search to include content not available at [library] as well 	friction for staff: prompts to ask particular questions / edit or do something people often forget 	when searching: “this search result is showing everything. is that what you want?” or “it looks like you might be searching for a journal title. would you like to do that?” 	different language options — catalogue, website / signage 	compulsory reflection on implicit biases before finalising a form / policy / procedure / interview / process / etc…. 	sometimes it’s good to get “lost” and find hidden spaces… 	have “no wifi” areas to create “switch-off” spaces… 	noise control — something that encourages slowing of pace / pause on entry 	furniture might cue quiet study vs. collaboration 	if staff are including a gender (or other protected characteristic) question on a form, make them type their justification! 	supporting assistive tech (friction for staff) 	stop long forms with every piece of info the librarian needs to order an item 	shibbolth sign in from pub page — get to the right path, choose the best relationship for access 	group study facilities — varied tech options 	more tailored handouts for students who have english as nd language or rd etc. 	dvd borrowing: “don’t forget to unlock your case!” pop-up? 	multimedia options for dyslexic students — on entry to library 	chat box help kiosk for students who feel like “imposters” (afraid to admit what they don’t know) 	single sign on — subject / cs team comms. 	consistent approach to adding info to app. autonomy and overall framework. 	quizzes on vces at end of modules 	furniture — soft for de-stresses 	commuter students — find out what their priorities are and how this differs from other students 	to get integrated in the education with the library competence, so every student gets the same education (information literacy) 	find location in the library 	gender free web 	block them from the staff cataloguing opac — only use for hour a day 	think of the people you put on the website. still mostly young, happy users. 	teacher making resource lists 	users: interlibrary loans 	pop-up help button after kw searches < minute 	discover layer: where am i searching 	website friction from adding content — specifically start 	“headlines” when coming in to the library — to show services offered that are “unknown” 	stacks — “did you find out the exact location of your book?” 	making signs — added friction for personnel 	multilingual captioning 	sign friction or not? 	faculty-librarian meeting for new faculty (in-person? why?) 	more faculty-librarian friction 	leaving web presence, what about credibility? evaluate results 	require ait text on img upload 	when leaving discovery tool to external site 	management friction 	default web editor template; to change, require friction 	consider for more friction at admin side 	mandatory meeting with librarian for an assignment 	swipe card to enter the library 	baby changing tables 	rainbow lanyards 	help uniforms / sashes? 	program friction — new program proposal 	signage 	dual monitor search comp. for info desk enquiries 	stop users from ordering books on shelf 	warning pop up !danger! 	universal design on website 	pause before changing your brand colors etc. to your online library interface. …consider accessibility first. 	pause before allowing online systems use your personal data …instead, learn what the provider will do with your data 	pause before composing the perfect, new metadata or information model for the new library service …instead, involve users and designers in the process 	shh… quiet beyond this point   			 	 			 			 	 		posts navigation 		older posts 	 		 		 	 	 		archives 				october 	october 	june 	december 	october 	september 	june 	june 	december 	october 	june 	november 	august 	june 	march 	january 	december 	november 			tags changes conference notes conference presentation information architecture user research user testing ux uxlibs 	 	 	 				 						 				create a free website or blog at wordpress.com. 				 							 		 	 		 		 	 		 	 		 			 				 					 						shelley gullikson					 				 				 					create a free website or blog at wordpress.com. 				 			 		 				 		 		 					 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 		 		privacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: 				 			cookie policy		 				 					 			 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. ransomwhere ransomwhere 	menu menu 	home 	browse data 	report addresses 	download data 	faq total tracked ransomware payments this week this month this year all time ransomwhere is the open, crowdsourced ransomware payment tracker. browse and download ransomware payment data or help build our dataset by reporting ransomware demands you have received. browse data report addresses download data faq browse ransomware data time range: this week this month this year all time latest reports 	created	family report ransomware addresses enter one or more bitcoin addresses, separated by a newline or comma. family (if known): how much bitcoin is the ransomware demanding? to verify the report: 	upload a screenshot of the payment page or 	upload the ransom note or 	 link to source (if public): any other notes (optional) by submitting, you acknowledge that all contents of your report will be made publicly available. we appreciate your help adding transparency to the ransomware ecosytem! download data data is made freely available to interested individuals and organizations. to prevent abuse, all applications must be approved. please check back soon for instructions on applying for data access. faq why track ransomware payments? transparency is crucially needed in assessing the spread of ransomware and the efficacy of mitigations. fortunately, due to the transparent nature of bitcoin, it's easy to track payments with knowledge of receipt addresses. by crowdsourcing ransomware payment addresses, we hope to provide an open resource for the security community and the public. how complete is the data? as ransomwhere is new, we are still working on building out our dataset. reports have placed total ransomware revenue in at up to $ million. can't someone fake a report? while it's impossible to verify with complete certainty that a report is accurate, we aim to utilize the wisdom of the crowds to prevent abuse. all reports are required to include a screenshot of the ransomware payment demand, and will be reviewed before being displayed. addresses with more than one report from different sources will be given priority, and all elements of all reports will be publicly available. we will remove reports if we believe they are untruthful. how are dollar values calculated? dollar values are calculated using the bitcoin exchange rate the day that the transaction was sent. as a result, they serve as an approximate measure but are not necessarily the exact amount the criminals sold the bitcoin for. do you have an api? yes, ransomwhere has a public api. the most basic endpoint is https://api.ransomwhe.re/list to receive all past transactions. we are working on further documenting the api. how can i help out? we are always open to collaboration! beyond submitting reports, please email us if you are interested in further collaboration. if you are interested in contributing to code, feel free to check out our github repository. follow 	twitter 	github get in touch 	email 	built by jack cable. public domain day | duke university school of law skip to main content 	 		 duke law > centers & programs > you are here center for the study of the public domain > public domain day 	about us	people 	contact 	center publications	theft! a history of music comic 	bound by law? comic 	open ip coursebook 	public domain day 	video resources 	events	lecture series 	conferences and meetings 	multilingual resources	中文 (chinese) 	français (french) 	português (portuguese) 	español (spanish) 	projects	arts project 	history and theory 	science and technology 	constitutional 	international 	pro bono legal work 	support the center 	join our email list 	follow us on twitter public domain day       tweet by jennifer jenkins, director of duke's center for the study of the public domain january , is public domain day: works from are open to all! on january , , copyrighted works from will enter the us public domain, where they will be free for all to use and build upon. these works include books such as f. scott fitzgerald’s the great gatsby, virginia woolf’s mrs. dalloway, ernest hemingway’s in our time, and franz kafka’s the trial (in the original german), silent films featuring harold lloyd and buster keaton, and music ranging from the jazz standard sweet georgia brown to songs by gertrude “ma” rainey, w.c. handy, and fats waller. this is not just the famous last line from the great gatsby. it also encapsulates what the public domain is all about. a culture is a continuing conversation between present and past. on public domain day, we all have a “green light,” in keeping with the gatsby theme, to use one more year of that rich cultural past, without permission or fee. works from were supposed to go into the public domain in , after being copyrighted for years. but before this could happen, congress hit a -year pause button and extended their copyright term to years. now the wait is over. in , there is a lot to celebrate. brought us some incredible culture. the harlem renaissance was in full swing. the new yorker magazine was founded. the literature reflected both a booming economy, whose fruits were unevenly distributed, and the lingering upheaval and tragedy of world war i. the culture of the time reflected all of those contradictory tendencies. the bbc’s culture website suggested that might be “the greatest year for books ever,” and with good reason. it is not simply the vast array of famous titles. the stylistic innovations produced by books such as gatsby, or the trial, or mrs. dalloway marked a change in both the tone and the substance of our literary culture, a broadening of the range of possibilities available to writers, while characters such as jay gatsby, hemingway’s nick adams, and clarissa dalloway still resonate today. how will people celebrate this trove of cultural material? the internet archive will add books, movies, music, and more to its online library. hathitrust will make tens of thousands of titles from available in its digital repository. google books will offer the full text of books from that year, instead of showing only snippet views or authorized previews. community theaters can screen the films. youth orchestras can afford to publicly perform, or rearrange, the music. educators and historians can share the full cultural record. creators can legally build on the past—reimagining the books, making them into films, adapting the songs. here are some of the works that will be entering the public domain in . (to find more material from , you can visit the catalogue of copyright entries.)(you can click on some of the titles below to get the newly public domain works. in the case of videos with sound, the copyright status of the audio is unknown.) 	  	 		books 	 		 			                        		 			 	 	 			 				f. scott fitzgerald, the great gatsby 	 				virginia woolf, mrs. dalloway 	 				ernest hemingway, in our time 	 				franz kafka, the trial (in german) 	 				theodore dreiser, an american tragedy 	 				john dos passos, manhattan transfer 	 				alain locke, the new negro (collecting works from writers including w.e.b. du bois, countee cullen, langston hughes, zora neale hurston, claude mckay, jean toomer, and eric walrond) 	 				sinclair lewis, arrowsmith 	 				agatha christie, the secret of chimneys 	 				aldous huxley, those barren leaves 	 				w. somerset maugham, the painted veil 	 				dorothy scarborough, on the trail of negro folk-songs 	 				edith wharton, the writing of fiction 	 				etsu inagaki sugimoto, a daughter of the samurai 	 	 		films 	 		 			                        		 			 	 	 			 				harold lloyd’s the freshman 	 				the merry widow 	 				stella dallas 	 				buster keaton’s go west 	 				his people 	 				lovers in quarantine 	 				pretty ladies 	 				the unholy three 		  	 	 (yes, there was a film called lovers in quarantine, though it was a comedy, and they only had to quarantine for a week.) 	  	 		music 	 		 			                        		 			 	 	 			 				always, by irving berlin 	 				sweet georgia brown, by ben bernie, maceo pinkard & kenneth casey 	 				works by gertrude ‘ma’ rainey, the “mother of the blues,” including army camp harmony blues (with hooks tilford) and shave ’em dry (with william jackson) 	 				looking for a boy, by george & ira gershwin (from the musical tip-toes) 	 				manhattan, by lorenz hart & richard rodgers 	 				ukulele lady, by gus kahn & richard whiting 	 				yes sir, that’s my baby, by gus kahn & walter donaldson 	 				works by ‘jelly roll’ morton, including shreveport stomps and milenberg joys (with paul mares, walter melrose, & leon roppolo) 	 				works by w.c. handy, including friendless blues (with mercedes gilbert), bright star of hope (with lillian a. thorsten), and when the black man has a nation of his own (with j.m. miller) 	 				works by duke ellington, including jig walk and with you (both with joseph “jo” trent) 	 				works by ‘fats’ waller, including anybody here want to try my cabbage (with andrea “andy” razaf), ball and chain blues (with andrea “andy” razaf), and campmeetin’ stomp 	 				works by bessie smith, the “empress of the blues,” including dixie flyer blues, tired of voting blues, and telephone blues 	 				works by lovie austin, including back biting woman’s blues, southern woman’s blues, and tennessee blues 	 				works by sidney bechet, including waltz of love (with spencer williams), naggin’ at me (with rousseau simmons), and dreams of to-morrow (with rousseau simmons) 	 				works by fletcher henderson, including screaming the blues (with fay barnes) 	 				works by sippie wallace, including can anybody take sweet mama’s place (with clarence williams) 	 				works by mrs. h.h.a. (amy) beach, including lord of the worlds above, op. (words by isaac watts, – ), the greenwood, op. (words by william lisle bowles, – ), the singer, op. (words by muna lee, – ), and song in the hills, op. , no.  (words by muna lee, – ) 	 	note that only the musical compositions referred to above are entering the public domain. subsequent arrangements, orchestrations, or recordings of those compositions, such as the recording of sweet georgia brown by the beatles and tony sheridan, might still be copyrighted. you are free to copy, perform, record, or adapt the composition, but may need permission to use a specific recording of it. 	we have featured some influential black artists on this list because they deserve particular recognition. while it is worth celebrating the entry of their works into the public domain, it is also necessary to realize that not all artists were able to benefit from the copyright system during the copyright term. it would be impossible to overstate the contribution of black musicians to american music. yet these artists were routinely excluded from the copyright system, either because of racist business-practices, legal formalities that disproportionately affected minority musicians, or unequal access to the tools of the law themselves. many never received credit or compensation for their songs. the artists above were unusual in that they actually had works attributed to them, rather than being simply stolen—evidence of their remarkable ingenuity in the face of a colossally unfair system. but the fact that they received credit does not mean that they were fairly compensated for their work. discrimination, segregation, lopsided contracts, and an exclusionary music business deprived many of these musicians—jelly roll morton, bessie smith, and others—of the full payment their work so richly deserved. 	  	why celebrate the public domain? rediscovering the past, nurturing the future a wellspring for future creativity. the goal of copyright is to promote creativity, and the public domain plays a central role in doing so. copyright law gives authors important rights that encourage creativity and distribution. but it also ensures that those rights last for a “limited time,” so that when they expire, works can go into the public domain, where future authors can legally build upon their inspirations. as explained by the supreme court: “[copyright] is intended to motivate the creative activity of authors and inventors by the provision of special reward, and to allow the public access to the products of their genius after the limited period of exclusive control has expired.” sony v. universal ( ). in , anyone can use these works as raw material for their own creations, without fear of a lawsuit. what kinds of things will people do with public domain works? in , jazz composers and arrangers david berger and chuck israels released the public domain song anthology. as described in the book’s announcement, it collects songs that can be “studied, performed, adapted, and shared without constraint.” better yet, “contributions by berger and israels have been gifted to the public domain as well, which will help to both preserve and give new life to the rich legacy of these songs—many of which are at risk of being forgotten or overlooked.” for a preview of the songs entering the public domain in , listen to the excellent bob schwartz quartet preform a medley of songs from . bravo! other reuses inspired by the public domain include techdirt's annual public domain game jam that invites designers to create games based on newly public domain works, and the internet archive’s contest for the best short films using works set to enter the public domain. the great(er) gatsby? after years of exclusivity, the great gatsby is now entering the public domain, where it will be freely available to the next fitzgerald.... what might future creators do with the great gatsby? they could make it into a film, or opera, or musical. importantly, they could do so even if they did not have the financial resources that were required to license the book for the film starring leonardo dicaprio, directed by baz luhrmann. for future filmmakers the great gatsby will be as free as.... romeo and juliet. but the public domain does not just bring financial freedom, it also provides cultural leeway. someone could reimagine the story with a more inclusive cast, or set in a different era. they could reinterpret it, tell it from the perspective of myrtle or jordan, or make prequels and sequels. in fact, novelist michael farris smith is slated to release nick, a gatsby prequel telling the story of nick carraway’s life before he moves to west egg, on january , . as explained in a new york times editorial: when a work enters the public domain it means the public can afford to use it freely, to give it new currency... [public domain works] are an essential part of every artist’s sustenance, of every person’s sustenance. looking toward the book’s entry into the public domain, blake hazard, fitzgerald’s great-granddaughter, was reflective: “we're just very grateful to have had it under copyright, not just for the rather obvious benefits, but to try and safeguard the text, to guide certain projects and try to avoid unfortunate ones. we’re now looking to a new period and trying to view it with enthusiasm, knowing some exciting things may come.” just as shakespeare’s works have given us everything from things i hate about you and kiss me kate (from the taming of the shrew) to west side story (from romeo and juliet), who knows what the great gatsby might inspire? as with shakespeare, the ability to freely reimagine the iconic works from may spur a range of creativity, from the serious to the whimsical, and in doing so allow the authors’ legacies to endure. 	access to our cultural heritage the public domain also enables access to cultural materials that might otherwise be lost to history. was a long time ago. the vast majority of works from are out of circulation. when they enter the public domain in , anyone can make them available online, where we can discover, enjoy, and breathe new life into them. (empirical studies have shown that public domain books are less expensive, available in more editions and formats, and more likely to be in print—see here, here, and here.) the works listed above are just the tip of the iceberg. many more forgotten works are waiting to be rediscovered. unfortunately, the fact that works from are legally available does not mean they are actually available. after years, many of these works are already lost or literally disintegrating (as with old films and recordings), evidence of what long copyright terms do to the conservation of cultural artifacts. for example, sequences that were shot in two-tone technicolor from two of the films above, the merry widow and pretty ladies, are apparently lost. for the material that has survived, however, the long-awaited entry into the public domain is still something to celebrate. 	the invisible public domain many of the works featured above are famous; that is why we included them. their copyright holders benefitted from more years of copyright because the works had enduring popularity, and were still earning royalties. but when congress extended the copyright term for works like the great gatsby, it also did so for all of the works whose commercial viability had long ended. for the vast majority—probably %—of works from , no copyright holder financially benefited from continued copyright. yet they remained off limits, for no good reason. (a congressional research service report indicated that only around % of copyrights between and years old retain commercial value. after years, that percentage is even lower. most older works are “orphan works,” where the copyright owner cannot be found at all.) 	the story of hitler’s copyright there were also some truly odious works from , most notably adolf hitler’s mein kampf, which was actually the subject of a fascinating copyright story. a young reporter named alan cranston, who later became a united states senator, had read the german-language version of the book, and was surprised to see a bowdlerized translation of it circulating in the us. this english-language version had removed some of the most hateful and terrifying parts of the book, including hitler’s plan for nazi domination. so, in cranston’s words, he prepared a “reader’s digest-like version (showing) the worst of hitler” that included “every important point, every important idea hitler presented,” but “eliminated his long-winded digressions, and cut out much of the endless repetition,” and added annotations showing hitler’s “propaganda and distortions.” cranston pledged no royalties to hitler, and promised that any profits would go to help refugees from hitler’s reich. the unauthorized translation was cents, and sold a half million copies in days. it was . while cranston had exposed hitler’s evil, his unauthorized translation had also undercut the market for the authorized and sanitized version. he was sued for copyright infringement, and lost in court. “no damages were assessed, but we had to stop selling the book,” cranston remembered. “but we did wake up a lot of americans to the nazi threat.” 	more works! technically, many works from may already be in the public domain because the copyright owners did not comply with the “formalities” that used to be necessary for copyright protection. back then, your work went into the public domain if you did not include a copyright notice—e.g. “copyright virginia woolf”—when publishing it, or if you did not renew the copyright after years. current copyright law no longer has these requirements. but, even though those works might technically be in the public domain, as a practical matter the public often has to assume they’re still copyrighted (or risk a lawsuit) because the relevant copyright information is difficult to find—older records can be fragmentary, confused, or lost. that’s why public domain day is so significant. on january , , the public will know that works published in are free for use without tedious or inconclusive research. in an abundance of caution, our lists above primarily include works where we were able to track down the renewal data suggesting that they are still in-copyright through the end of , and affirmatively entering the public domain in . however, there were many exciting works from for which we could not locate renewals. they will also be in the public domain in , but may have entered the public domain decades ago due to lack of renewal. 	 	tom lehrer performing at ucla in some authors choose to dedicate their works to the public domain before the end of the copyright term. in , musician (and mathematician) tom lehrer, who became famous for his satirical songs in the s and s, put all of his lyrics and original compositions into the public domain. you can find them here. (artists who wish to put their work in the public domain can do so using creative commons’ cc tool.) 	what could have been works from are finally entering the public domain, after a -year copyright term. however, under the laws that were in effect until , thousands of works from would be entering the public domain this year. they range from the films goldfinger and mary poppins, to the children’s classics the giving tree, harriett the spy, and charlie and the chocolate factory, to the rolling stones’ debut album and the beatles’ a hard day’s night, and much more. have a look at some of the others. in fact, since copyright used to come in renewable terms of years, and % of authors did not renew, % of the works from might be entering the public domain! imagine what the great libraries of the world—or just internet hobbyists—could do: digitizing those holdings, making them available for education and research, for pleasure and for creative reuse. 	it’s a wonderful public domain. . . . what happens when works enter the public domain? sometimes, wonderful things. the film it’s a wonderful life entered the public domain in because its copyright was not properly renewed after the first -year term. the film had been a flop on release, but thanks to its public domain status, it became a holiday classic. why? because tv networks were free to show it over and over again during the holidays, making the film immensely popular. but then copyright law reentered the picture. . . . in , the film’s original copyright holder, capitalizing on a recent supreme court case, reasserted copyright based on its ownership of the film’s musical score and the short story on which the film was based (the film itself is still in the public domain). ironically, a film that only became a success because of its public domain status was pulled back into copyright. want to learn more about the public domain? here is the legal background on how we got our current copyright terms (including summaries of recent court cases), why the public domain matters, and answers to frequently asked questions. you can also read james boyle’s book the public domain: enclosing the commons of the mind (yale university press, )—naturally, you can read the full text of the public domain online at no cost and you are free to copy and redistribute it for non-commercial purposes. you can also read “in ambiguous battle: the promise (and pathos) of public domain day,” an article by center director jennifer jenkins revealing the promise and the limits of various attempts to reverse the erosion of the public domain, and a short article in the huffington post celebrating a previous public domain day.  in , published works entered the us public domain for the first time since . however, in the interim, a small subset of works—unpublished works that were not registered with the copyright office before —had been entering the public domain after a life plus copyright term. in , unpublished works from authors who died in will go into the public domain. but, because these works were never published, potential users are much less likely to encounter them. in addition, it is difficult to determine whether works were “published” for copyright purposes. therefore, this site focuses on the thousands of published works that are finally entering the public domain. please note that unpublished works that were properly registered with the copyright office in are also entering the public domain after a year wait—for those works, copyright was secured on the date of registration. 	  the copyright term for older works is different in other countries. in the eu, works from authors who died in —including george orwell, edgar rice burroughs, and george bernard shaw—will go into the public domain in after a life plus year term. in canada, works of authors who died in —including e.m. forster, rube goldberg, jimi hendrix, and janis joplin—will enter the public domain after a life plus year term. the copyright term extension act gave works published from through a -year term. they enter the public domain on january after the conclusion of the th year, so as of , works from and before are in the public domain. works published through had to meet certain requirements to be eligible for the -year term—they all had to be published with a copyright notice, and works from before also had to have their copyrights renewed after the initial -year term. foreign works from are still copyrighted in the us until if ) they complied with us notice and renewal formalities, ) they were published in the us within days of publication abroad, or ) if neither of these are true, they were still copyrighted in their home country as of / / . film buffs may notice that some well-known films from —including the lost world and charlie chaplin’s the gold rush—are not on this list. this is because their copyrights were not renewed after the first -year term. the list of public domain music refers to the “musical composition”—the underlying music and lyrics—not the sound recordings of those compositions. federal copyright did not used to cover sound recordings from before (though pre- sound recordings were protected under some states’ laws). however, a new law from called the music modernization act (“mma”) has federalized copyright for pre- sound recordings, in order to clear up the confusing patchwork of state law protection. recordings from will enter the public domain in . importantly however, unlike the rest of copyright law, the mma allows for uses of orphan works: if those older recordings are not being commercially exploited, there is a process for lawfully engaging in noncommercial uses. for more information about this law, please see the copyright office's summary. while musical compositions are still copyrighted, there is a “compulsory license” that allows people to make recordings if they pay a standard royalty and comply with the license terms. however, this compulsory license doesn’t cover printing sheet music, making public performances, synchronizing audio with video, or making “derivative works.” and, of course, it requires payment. public domain compositions can be freely recorded.  to learn more about the unequal treatment of black artists, you can read the excellent scholarship of professor kevin j. greene, including copyright, culture & (and) black music: a legacy of unequal protection and “copynorms,” black cultural production, and the debate over african-american reparations; professor olufunmilayo arewa, including from j.c. bach to hip hop: musical borrowing, copyright and cultural context, blues lives: promise and perils of musical copyright and writing rights: copyright’s visual bias and african american music; and professor lateef mtima, including intellectual property, entrepreneurship and social justice: from swords to ploughshares.  see keeping copyright in balance, (february , ).  many silent films were intentionally destroyed by the studios because they no longer had apparent value. other older films have disintegrated while preservationists waited for them to enter the public domain, so that they could legally digitize them. (there is a narrow provision allowing some restorations, but it is extremely limited.) the librarian of congress estimates that more than % of films from the s has already decayed beyond repair. endangered film footage includes not only studio productions, but also works of historical value, such as newsreels, anthropological and regional films, rare footage documenting daily life for ethnic minorities, and advertising and corporate shorts. (for more information see here.) we were unable to locate a copyright renewal for mein kampf, suggesting that it may have entered the us public domain after the initial -year term instead of going into the public domain in . millions of books published from – are actually in the public domain because the copyright owners did not renew the rights. efforts have been underway to unlock this “secret” public domain, but compiling a definitive list of those titles is a daunting task. the relevant registration and renewal information is in the , -page catalog of copyright entries (“cce”). currently there is no way to reliably search the entire cce, but thankfully, the new york public library is in the midst of converting the cce into a machine-searchable format. even after this is complete, however, confirming that works without apparent renewals are in the public domain involves additional complexities. as of september , the hathitrust copyright review program had completed this process with , us publications, and determined that , ( . %) are in the public domain, and can therefore be made available online. the work of the new york public library, hathitrust, and other groups continues, with the goal of opening these public domain books to the public. written by jennifer jenkins. special thanks to our tireless and talented research maven and website guru balfour smith for building this site and compiling the list of works from . public domain day by duke law school's center for the study of the public domain is licensed under a creative commons attribution-sharealike . unported license. 	 		 public domain day menu 	public domain day 	what could have been 	the incredible shrinking public domain 	why the public domain matters 	public domain frequently asked questions 	watch a video about public domain day ! 	 	 		public domain day archives: 		 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	 			 	you can read more about the public domain in professor james boyle's book the public domain: enclosing the commons of the mind (yale university press, ) — the full text is available for free here. 	 		return to the current public domain day home page. 	follow the cspd on 	read our new comic book about music! 	 				duke university	 				accessibility statement | contact duke law | duke law home 				 				 evolution for john doe, part | national center for science education main navigation 	 search ncse search search 	 donate make a donation today give a gift membership more ways to give member services faqs legacy society science champions society give a gift of stock donor-advised funds employer matching gifts facebook fundraisers free memberships for graduate students 	 resources and advice teaching resources rncse misconception of the month cej coronavirus resources browse articles by topic community outreach resources ask ncse for help 	 get involved ways to give to ncse what we're monitoring ncseteach ask ncse for help 	 about ncse about ncse our history our people our financials annual reports media center our partners need a speaker? 	 our impact our impact our research view all mother jones fossil fuel interests caught peddling propaganda to schoolchildren read article yale climate connections georgia science teacher helps students recognize misinformation about the climate listen to recording 	 our work we support teachers how it works meet ncse's teacher ambassadors our impact we block threats to science education ask ncse for help online resources sign up for the ncse monitor what we're monitoring we investigate science education menu 	 donate 	 our work we support teachers we investigate science education we block threats to science education 	 our impact our impact our research in the press 	 about ncse about ncse our history our people our financials annual reports media center our partners need a speaker? 	 get involved ways to give to ncse ncseteach diysci activities ask ncse for help 	 resources and advice teaching resources rncse community outreach resources cej ask ncse for help browse articles by topic coronavirus resources misconception of the month 	 donate make a donation today give a gift membership more ways to give member services faqs legacy society science champions society give a gift of stock donor-advised funds employer matching gifts facebook fundraisers free memberships for graduate students october , evolution for john doe, part 	 over the labor day weekend, i was visiting a used bookstore in jackson, california, which happened to be having a sale. the sale induced me to buy a copy of henshaw ward’s popular exposition of evolution evolution for john doe ( ). john doe, of course, is a common placeholder name in legal documents in the united states: ward might have aimed his book at joe bloggs or john q. public or joe sixpack. but who was henshaw ward? according to the brief obituary in the new york times for october , , charles henshaw ward was born in norfolk, nebraska, in . after attending pomona college and yale university, where he earned a master’s degree in , ward taught english in the thacher school in ojai, california, and then at the taft school in watertown, connecticut, from to . he taught at the university of california, berkeley after leaving the taft school, according to the obituary; it’s not clear to me in what capacity, although i found evidence that he was teaching a summer session class to english teachers in . he died in . in keeping with his profession, ward published a number of books on english composition and edited a edition of george eliot’s the mill on the floss and a edition of edmund burke’s speech on conciliation with america. in the s, though, he also ventured into popular science, editing exploring nature ( ) and writing evolution for john doe ( ), later reissued under the less interesting title evolution for everybody ( ); exploring the universe ( ); and charles darwin: the man and his warfare ( ), later reissued under the less combative title charles darwin and the theory of evolution ( ). he also offered two pleas for critical thinking: thobbing ( ) and builders of delusion ( ). the former’s unusual title comes from a verb that he coined specially: “if you dearly love a theory, you are thobbing. if you are curious about it, you are not thobbing...a man can believe in ghosts without thobbing, or he may be a mighty thobber when he despises some alleged evidence about ghosts. all depends on whether he lets himself wish that evidence would prove this or that.” anyhow, in evolution for john doe, ward explains that for twenty years he sought a popular treatment on evolution to recommend to “young men [not as sexist as it seems: the taft school wasn’t co-ed until ] who were curious to read about evolution,” but without success. “apparently biologists know so much of the details that they can not [sic] write a brief account of the whole theory.” in the year before his book’s publication, “i grew so desperate as to read a number of the standard works of evolution,” and evolution for john doe represents his attempt to present a digest of them, “as if i were telling a friend about the knowledge that is so new and imperfect in my mind.” he was not alone in seeing the need for a popular treatment of evolution. as the historian constance areson clark notes in her god—or gorilla ( ), which takes its title from a creationist book of the era (see “the real mccann”), “books on evolution for a lay audience were so numerous that for several weeks during the summer of the scopes trial, brentano’s bookstore in new york devoted an entire window display to them.” i’ve read a lot of the scopes-era popular books on evolution, although not systematically, and evolution for john doe strikes me as remarkable in part on account of its first chapter, “what john doe thinks about evolution,” in which ward lists what he takes to be common misconceptions about evolution: 	john doe thinks that evolution is “the doctrine that man is descended from monkeys” … 	john doe thinks that evolution explains the origin of life. 	john doe thinks that evolution has something to do with “progress”—that it announces some creed of an onward and upward movement toward perfection. 	to the mind of john doe, there is something mystical and awesome about “evolution,” especially if it is printed with a large e. 	john doe guesses that evolution is true, but he rather wishes it were not. 	john doe suspects from head-lines in his newspaper that evolution is a debatable theory, that it is being overthrown every six months, and that it may be discarded before long. 	to the common horse-sense of john doe evolution appears probable. “but,” he says, “it is not to be seen at work here and now, and so it looks dubious to me.” 	mr. doe supposes that evolution is extremely difficult, so that he has small chance of ever finding out about it. (all these sentences appear verbatim in the book, but not in a bulleted list as above.) ward not only lists these misconceptions, but also explains how evolution for john doe attempts to defuse them. i intend to work through ward’s list, starting in part . short bio glenn branch is deputy director of ncse. branch@ncse.ngo x   become an ncse member today. grand avenue, suite oakland, ca - - info@ncse.ngo membership@ncse.ngo facebook twitter instagram we support teachers we block threats to education we investigate education our impact about ncse get involved rncse job opportunities science education is constantly evolving! want to keep up? subscribe to our newsletter for the latest news, events, and resources from ncse. national center for science education (ncse) is a (c)( ) tax-exempt organization, ein - . ncse is supported by individuals, foundations, and scientific societies. review our annual audited financial statements and irs forms at guidestar. © copyright national center for science education. privacy policy and disclaimer | disclosures required by state law imls (phase ) | stanford libraries skip to main content secondary menu 	my account 	feedback you must have javascript enabled to use this form. subject * in a few words, what is your feedback about? message * your name * your email * leave this field blank menu search form search 	about	our values 	people 	hours 	blogs 	events, exhibits, workshops 	news 	departments & contacts 	support the libraries 	beyond 	libraries	academy hall (srwc) 	archive of recorded sound 	art & architecture (bowes) 	business 	classics 	david rumsey map center 	earth sciences (branner) 	east asia 	education (cubberley) 	engineering (terman) 	green 	hoover library & archives 	lathrop 	law (crown) 	marine biology (miller) 	medical (lane) 	music 	philosophy (tanner) 	sal & 	sal 	sal newark 	science (li and ma) 	slac 	special collections 	using the libraries	access & privileges 	borrow, renew, return 	connect to e-resources 	course reserves (searchworks) 	interlibrary borrowing 	hours 	print, copy, scan (the hub) 	access for persons with limited mobility 	special policies 	collections	collecting areas 	notable collections 	digital collections (searchworks) 	online exhibits (spotlight at stanford) 	research support	orientation 	research services 	search tools 	specialists 	guides 	projects & innovations 	workshops 	copyright reminder 	ask us	email a reference question 	chat with us 	give us feedback 	report a connection problem 	suggest a purchase (requires login) 	covid- you are here home » projects » epadd » imls (phase ) development 	epadd 	about	nhprc (phase ) 	imls (phase ) 	andrew w. mellon foundation (phase ) 	ea:bcc (phase ) 	download 	documentation 	community 	presentations & publications 	in the news imls (phase ) menu about epadd phase development epadd phase was developed from - by staff of the department of special collections and university archives, stanford university libraries (sul), stanford university, in collaboration with partners at harvard university, the metropolitan new york library council (metro), university of illinois at urbana-champaign, and university of california, irvine. funding for epadd phase was provided through an institute of museum & library studies (imls) national leadership grant (nlg) for libraries, which supports projects that address challenges faced by the library and archive fields and that have the potential to advance practice in those fields. the grant proposal can be accessed here.   information about epadd phase development ( - ), funded by the national historical publications & records commission, can be found here. imls grant collaborators skip kendall, senior collection development and electronic records archivist, harvard university margo padilla, strategic programs manager, metropolitan new york library council (metro) christopher prom, professor, university library, assistant university archivist, university of illinois at urbana-champaign audra eagle yun, head of special collections and archives & university archivist, university of california, irvine meet the development team advisory board the epadd phase advisory board provides strategic project guidance to shape and support the development of the software. sherri berger - product manager, access & publishing group, california digital library andrew byers - visiting assistant professor, duke university jackie dooley - program officer, oclc research mike giarlo - digital library software engineer and architect, stanford university libraries marie hicks - assistant professor of history, illinois institute of technology peter hirtle - senior policy advisor, cornell university libraries lise jaillant - lecturer (assistant professor), loughborough university jeremy leighton john - curator, british library christopher (cal) lee - associate professor, university of north carolina, chapel hill evelyn mclellan - president, artefactual systems mark matienzo - assistant director for digital strategy and access, stanford university libraries t. christian miller - author, propublica jessica moran - assistant digital archivist, alexander turnbull library, national library of new zealand david rosenthal - lockss program marc a. smith - connected action consulting group terry winograd - professor emeritus, stanford university libraries kam woods - research scientist, university of north carolina, chapel hill   	hours 	my account 	ask us 	opt out of analytics 	system status 	staff login 	stanford home 	maps & directions 	search stanford 	emergency info 	terms of use 	privacy 	copyright 	trademarks 	non-discrimination 	accessibility © stanford university, stanford, california . epadd | stanford libraries skip to main content secondary menu 	my account 	feedback you must have javascript enabled to use this form. subject * in a few words, what is your feedback about? message * your name * your email * leave this field blank menu search form search 	about	our values 	people 	hours 	blogs 	events, exhibits, workshops 	news 	departments & contacts 	support the libraries 	beyond 	libraries	academy hall (srwc) 	archive of recorded sound 	art & architecture (bowes) 	business 	classics 	david rumsey map center 	earth sciences (branner) 	east asia 	education (cubberley) 	engineering (terman) 	green 	hoover library & archives 	lathrop 	law (crown) 	marine biology (miller) 	medical (lane) 	music 	philosophy (tanner) 	sal & 	sal 	sal newark 	science (li and ma) 	slac 	special collections 	using the libraries	access & privileges 	borrow, renew, return 	connect to e-resources 	course reserves (searchworks) 	interlibrary borrowing 	hours 	print, copy, scan (the hub) 	access for persons with limited mobility 	special policies 	collections	collecting areas 	notable collections 	digital collections (searchworks) 	online exhibits (spotlight at stanford) 	research support	orientation 	research services 	search tools 	specialists 	guides 	projects & innovations 	workshops 	copyright reminder 	ask us	email a reference question 	chat with us 	give us feedback 	report a connection problem 	suggest a purchase (requires login) 	covid- you are here home » projects » epadd epadd 	epadd 	about 	download 	documentation 	community 	presentations & publications 	in the news epadd menu epadd is free and open source software developed by stanford university's special collections & university archives that supports the appraisal, processing, preservation, discovery, and delivery of historical email archives. epadd incorporates techniques from computer science and computational linguistics, including machine learning, natural language processing, and named entity recognition to help users access and search email collections of historical and cultural value. initial work on epadd began in and received funding from the national historical publications & records commission from - to develop the first full version of the software package. from - , the project received funding from the institute of museum and library services to develop a further six versions of epadd. the epadd project received funding from the andrew w. mellon foundation to continue development on the software from - . in , the epadd project received funding from the email archiving : building capacity and community grant program, administered by the university of illinois at urbana-champaign to integrate preservation functionality into epadd.  visit the discovery module for stanford university's special collections & university archives to see epadd in action. tweets by e_padd 	hours 	my account 	ask us 	opt out of analytics 	system status 	staff login 	stanford home 	maps & directions 	search stanford 	emergency info 	terms of use 	privacy 	copyright 	trademarks 	non-discrimination 	accessibility © stanford university, stanford, california . bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: writing north idaho: christmas is for reading . . . and writing! writing north idaho the craft of writing, the business of writing, and the literary life pages 	 home 	 about 	 participate 	 bookstores/libraries 	 opportunities 	 resources 	 clips 	 events 	 showcase 	 wni contests 	 contest winners 	 movies for writers 	 books for writers 	 blogged books 	 local writers/groups monday, november , christmas is for reading . . . and writing! "it is bad enough to be poor on christmas eve. but to be poor plus an imagination is to have an excess of poverty. hardinger, plodding through the snowy streets, could picture mentally all that was going on inside the houses whose illumined windows broke the blackness of the night. dinners were cooking--the thought of the savory food made his pulses leap as they leap for a man who thinks of his beloved. hardinger felt that he had indeed reverted to the primitive when hunger swallowed up every other emotion. food! he wanted it as a wolf wants it in the dead of winter--or a starved cat in an alley. yet he had not a penny with which to buy bread. and he was not a beggar. he told himself that with an almost frantic emphasis on the negative, as he found himself mounting the steps of a terrace at the top of which was a great house." thus begins the short story "three who stole at christmas time" by temple bailey. it concerns a hungry world war i vet, a grieving family, a kindhearted kitchen maid, a beautiful girl, and . . . well, it always has me sniffling by the end, no matter how many times i've read it. the story is included in a collection of christmas stories by temple bailey called the holly hedge. my copy was published in , and is one of the few items i have left that belonged to an older relative who is long gone. every december i pull it out, find a cozy spot, and read it cover to cover. after many years of this tradition, it finally dawned on me to find out something about the author. temple bailey started her writing career in with short stories published in magazines like collier's, mccall's, and the saturday evening post (oh, for the days when magazines published lots of short fiction!). she went on to write novels and even a screenplay or two for the nascent movie industry. a few of her works are available online through project gutenberg, but i wasn't able to locate any stories from the holly hedge. however, used copies of the holly hedge are available through amazon and other sellers. it's worth a try if you like old-fashioned, sentimental (okay, maybe a bit corny) stories set at christmastime during the post-world war i era. what's your favorite christmas read? write up to words about your favorite holiday story (or movie, or activity, or a stirring memory of holidays gone by) and send it to us on or before december for our winter reflections holiday memories contest. it will help you get in the holiday spirit, and who knows--you might even win cash to help you with your christmas shopping! posted by jennifer lamont leo email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest labels: christmas, jennifer lamont leo, temple bailey comment: 	 jennifer rova said... 	 what a treat to have a beloved copy of christmas stories. you have established a nice tradition of reading it every year. last night i began an anthology of christmas stories titled "mystery for christmas". it was stories from hawthorne, dickens, thomas hardy and others. maybe the last were good. i quit after three as each was too weird and depressing. i'll look for a copy of "the holly hedge". thanks for the recommendation and nice post. 	 november , at : am post a comment newer post older post home contributors 	elizabeth smythe brinton 	jennifer lamont leo 	jennifer rova 	kathy cooney dobbs 	lila 	nancy owens barnes 	unknown 	unknown 	writing north idaho march writing prompt for the windy month of march, we suggest writing about the weather. it could be a story set in the sunny caribbean, pioneers' winter on the great plains, a poem about your favorite season, short story about your summers as a youth, the effects of this winter on the northeast or how about a story about season specific sports? try your hand at haiku, fantasy or a murder mystery set in? history of a book store find books for writers support fellow writers by placing your amazon orders through writing north idaho links. fees earned on books purchased through the amazon links on this site go directly and solely to fund prizes for wni's contests. thank you! amazon.com widgets blog friends blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ▼  november ( ) 	the handwriting's on the wall: confessions of a pe... 	christmas is for reading . . . and writing! 	a six-sentence mystery 	the joy of prosody: syllabic verse 	editing guide & proofreading rules for freelance w... 	two powerful words: thank you 	exclamation mark: its use and abuse! 	new reading series: america’s civil war 	ghostwriting: a book for writers 	announcing a new free "winter reflections" holiday... 	getting started 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) receive each new post via email your email address: delivered by feedburner post topic links 	 authors 	 books for writers 	 contests 	 fiction 	 happenings/events 	 inspiration/motivation 	 internet/technology 	 language/grammar 	 marketing 	 memoir 	 nonfiction 	 poetry 	 publishing 	 research 	 screenwriting 	 writing resources 	 writing tips/skills visit wni on twitter @idahowrites contributor posts 	 elizabeth s. brinton 	 jennifer lamont leo 	 jennifer rova 	 kathy cooney dobbs 	 mary jane honegger 	 nancy owens barnes 	 wni guest bloggers 	 	 blog directories globe of blogs blogville.us awesome inc. theme. powered by blogger. bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: the passing tramp: the daughter of the house ( ); or, how i learned to stop worrying and love carolyn wells the passing tramp: wandering through the mystery genre, book by book. thursday, february , the daughter of the house ( ); or, how i learned to stop worrying and love carolyn wells over the years carolyn wells's vintage mysteries, though quite popular in their day, have received criticism from people like bill pronzini (see his amusing, edgar-nominated book gun in cheek), jacques barzun and wendell hertig taylor, blogger john norris and even yours truly, the passing tramp.  yet over the years i also have come considerably to alter my view of wells's crime fiction.  there is no question but that over her nearly -year career as a detective writer the prolific author penned some powerfully poor books (what bill pronzini dubs alternative classics), such as the umbrella murder and the roll-top desk mystery. (yes, a person is killed with a roll-top desk in the latter book, though no one actually is struck down with a fatal umbrella in the former).  yet the more i read wells's books, the more i find titles by her which i like, such as the rather charming mystery vicky van ( ), praised by gk chesterton, no chump he. part of the rap on carolyn wells has come from disappointed devotees of locked room mysteries, a most exacting breed.  the great american  expatriate crime writer john dickson carr himself was a fan of wells as a youngster (and after the second world war he, roaming the streets of new york and possessed by nostalgia, bought a complete set of her detective novels--all of them), yet anyone looking for the sort of intricate miracle problems which carr devised will be disappointed with wells.  wells clearly loved locked rooms, but with disappointing frequency she relied on secret passages--a classic no-no in classic mystery--when elucidating the shocking secrets behind her locked room murders.  another problem with wells for some readers is that her settings invariably are among the american leisured classes, the genteel plutocracy of the northeastern united states.  although hard-boiled crime fiction was fast gaining popularity in the between-the-wars period,wells was having nothing of any such leveling tendencies in her own writing.  wells consistently disavowed any interest in sordid realism and underworld crime, firmly declaring in a newspaper interview: "my murders always take place in the white collar class."  indeed!  about a decade later, in her novel the missing link ( ), wells writes of one her characters, wealthy detective fiction devotee leif murray: his notion of a good [detective story] was a tale whose interest depended on originality of plot and cleverness of workmanship.  one that presented a real puzzle to the intellectual reader. he wanted no underworld characters, no gangster's work, no torture chambers or oubliettes, but rather a nice, clean, white-collared murder, with plenty of problems for a ratiocinative mind.   	 	faux french shepherds a clean, well-lighted place....a nice, clean, white-collared murder.... golden age british mystery gets a lot of knocks for the artificiality of both its settings and its puzzles, but to my mind the settings of carolyn wells's american detective novels conform much more to the stereotype of golden age british mysteries than many of the british mysteries do.  it really does remind one, as leroy lad panek has argued, of jean-antoine watteau's painting the shepherds, which depicts wealthy french aristocrats playing at being rustics.  it's all play, it's all fake; yet if we accept these conventions and don't demand reality or deep feeling we can enjoy it. not all carolyn wells mysteries are like this.  i'll go back to vicky van, once again, where i think wells really has something to say about the problem of dependence facing women (okay wealthy white women) in early th century america, around the time of the sinking of titanic. (if you found rose's dilemma gripping, just see what faces vicky van.)  but in most of wells's mysteries, especially those that came after vicky van, i think that the author, an essentially unassuming woman, was simply having a bit of fun (and profit). by , the year wells published her nineteenth fleming stone mystery, the daughter of the house, she had dispensed with the great detective's teenage assistant, fibsy maguire.  (i like to think that the indefatigable fibsy left stone to set up on his own somewhere, preferably in cahoots in california with the continental detective agency).  this departure left the great detective singlehandedly to solve bizarre and baffling murders afflicting complacently wealthy families in the northeastern us, typically in lovely country colonial mansions scattered around new england. as happens with a number of his pre-fibsy cases, stone shows up in daughter only for the last % of the book, strictly to solve the myriad mysteries confounding those lesser beings around him.  but here this is okay, because instead of having amateurs tiresomely bumble about trying to find clues for % of the book, wells builds up a character setting which is genuinely interesting.  for much of the novel we don't even know that any crime has been committed.  but the characters keep us engaged in the flow of the story. in the daughter of the house the titular house is langdene, lovely domain of rich, self-indulgent glass collector david lang and his crowd of dependents: hypochondriac wife eleanor; bobbed deb daughter mary; middle-aged bounder brother alexander; and salaried assistant in, um, all things glassy, dane wyatt.  then there's giulia castro, an intoxicating, wandering widow who currently is renting a cottage on the lang estate; hester brace, mary's devoted old nurse, who comes back to langdene to care for her mother; mary's fickle fiancee, forrester carr (regrettably nicknamed forry); and forry's steadfast best bro, billy budd.  (melville fans, take note!) before the book is over, three of these people will die, one definitely of murder (in, yes, a locked room), and two will unaccountably vanish, but for much of the novel one can discern only murky currents of intrigue. is eleanor lang really sick, or is she just imagining ailments?  can jobless alexander lang get his rich brother to give him a settlement so that he can marry sexy mrs. castro?  is mrs. castro really after forry carr?  will mary break it off with forry?  will dane, infatuated with mary, ever have his chance at amour?  there were enough questions here to keep me interested until the tides of hell finally broke loose--and on mary's wedding day too! the puzzle plot is good, if a bit outlandish.  but, hey, it's the golden age, surely we can accept some baroque detail in the structure of a pleasing puzzle plot. here wells came up with a pleasing one indeed. the novelist countess harriet henry de steuch ( - ), who despite the tony handle lived in new york (where she went simply by harriet henry, though she was the widow of a swedish nobleman, nils de steuch), praised the daughter of the house in what i think is a judicious and persuasive review: for those who do not care for their detective stories straight, who like the stimulation of crime and intrigue weakened by a bit of love and chatty by-play, this book by carolyn wells is a first-rate tale....one gets to know mary lang and her father, her fiance and her mother, nurse brace and the seductive, alluring guilia castro quite well before a hint of mystery develops.  the author gives us a leisurely picture of her characters and setting before any intricacies of plot are introduced.  one feels quite intimate with these people before one has to worry about the odd and dreadful things that begin to happen to them. the basic idea...is ingenious and nicely handled....the true-blue devotee of detective fiction does not object to a lack of plausibility when he can have thorough enjoyment for two or three hours! i have said before that wells' mystery fiction was dated by the s, but while i think it was in milieu and class attitudes, in style it is arguably more modern, with its bit of love and chatty by-play anticipating the manners mystery associated with the british crime queens.  interestingly, though wells typically is listed as a traditionalist advocate of the pure puzzle story, she parted company with the once-influential bestselling american mystery writer s. s. van dine on the matter of whether love belonged within the confines of the detective story.  (she said yes, he said no; i don't have to tell you that she won this argument.)  wells also referred explicitly, and sympathetically, to the manners idea in her book the technique of the mystery story ( ): the technique of the mystery story does not permit it to be a novel of manners, and yet the manners must not be neglected.  if a detective story is to be literature, what may be called its manners must be looked after quite as carefully as its plot, though by no means with such conspicuous result. 	 	where's the tennis court?  the naive new england of grandma moses's the old checkered house ( ) painted the year after carolyn wells's death and the publication of fleming stone's last case is the daughter of the house a manners mystery?  i think so, though it's more naively fashioned than the highly polished affairs pieced together by british crime queens sayers, marsh, allingham, heyer and tey.  carolyn wells just may have been the grandma moses of the manners mystery--though her new england is an altogether posher place, with not only secret passages, like in carolyn keene's classic nancy drew tale the hidden staircase ( ), but  tennis courts and stately butlers. posted by the passing tramp at : am email thisblogthis!share to twittershare to facebookshare to pinterest comments: 	 katrinafebruary , at : am i've just bought an old copy of the doomed five by carolyn wells, i had never even heard of the author before, but it does have that book production war economy standard logo on it and i'm always drawn to such books - it might be awful though. replydelete replies 	 the passing trampfebruary , at : pm i think i have that one around somewhere. here's one reviewer's take: "our old friend, fleming stone, solves the mystery of the deaths of a millionaire and three out of four of the legatees under his eccentric will. these legatees stand between the family and what they regard as their rights, and the sinister behaviour of guy and his sister and aunt make us suspect each of them to some extent, as also the partner and the old family lawyer, who persecutes the daughter with his attentions.... [edited for spoiler.] the fashion in detective stories now seems to lie in the invention of new weapons, and the one used in this story is satisfyingly simple and mysterious." delete replies reply reply 	 j f norrisfebruary , at : am "chatty by-play" is dead on target. wells did have quite a bizarre imagination, however her execution is often sloppy and her determination to stick to her rigid narrative formula was often a trap she set for herself. i dislike the constant plot reiteration in the many "tabulation scenes." how many in this one? is fleming in the whole novel or does he appear well past the halfway mark as in many of the books? cute subtitle. i guess one can't help borrowing from kubrick when writing about wells, right? replydelete replies 	 the passing trampfebruary , at : pm i remember your remarking on her use of the term "confab"--she loved that word! i looked it up on a word use site and it seems that its use peaked between and , so she was of the right generation for it. i just don't recall it so much in books. did scott fitzgerald have gatsby covene a confab with nick and daisy and tom buchanan? did edith wharton have ethan frome confabbing with the locals? i can't recall. i think the use of that word was part of her chatty writing style. certainly wells didn't have the sophistication and polish of the crime queens (and sometimes her dialogue can be downright strange, especially later on in her life), but i have come to feel that some of her books are better than others and are ones i enjoy at least. there will always be disasters like murder at the casino and the roll-top desk mystery, but i liked the daughter of the house. i'll admit some of her stuff has some of the pleasure of camp for me! books like the umbrella murder definitely are alternative classics, but then i'm starting to think she was deliberately having fun with it. if you see the umbrella murder as deliberate satire it starts to make sense. delete replies reply 	 the passing trampfebruary , at : pm oh, fs appeared only in the last %, which normally is something i don't like, but i thought was fine here because the story actually is interesting enough without him. there's not much to "confab" about here because there isn't a murder or crime (known anyway) until late in the book. so you don't actually have all those tabulations. delete replies reply reply add comment load more... newer post older post home subscribe to: post comments (atom) search this blog 	 	 about me 	 the passing tramp 	author of "masters of the 'humdrum' mystery: cecil john charles street, freeman wills crofts, alfred walter stewart and the british detective novel, - " "magisterial"--michael dirda "edgar committee, mystery writers of america, take note!"--allen j. hubin "this should be a certain edgar nominee"--jon l. breen, mystery scene "clues and corpses: the detective fiction and mystery criticism of todd downing." "mysteries unlocked: essays in honor of douglas g. greene" (editor and contributor) "the spectrum of english murder: the detective fiction of lancelot aubrey-fletcher and gdh and margaret cole" and the edgar-nominated "murder in the closet: queer clues in crime fiction before stonewall" (editor and contributor) view my complete profile subscribe to posts atom posts comments atom comments translate blog archive 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ▼  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ▼  february ( ) 	write what you know: carolyn wells' country house ... 	the daughter of the house ( ); or, how i learne... 	blast from the past the man who was leo bruce--t... 	blast from the past ii: anthony rolls master of th... 	how many clues can be deduced on the head of a pin... 	no lack of the irish: untimely guest ( ), by ma... 	identity: by hook or by crook ( ), by emma lath... 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) 	 ►  october ( ) 	 ►  september ( ) 	 ►  august ( ) 	 ►  july ( ) 	 ►  june ( ) 	 ►  may ( ) 	 ►  april ( ) 	 ►  march ( ) 	 ►  february ( ) 	 ►  january ( ) 	 ►  ( ) 	 ►  december ( ) 	 ►  november ( ) total pageviews followers popular posts 	 the country cottage murders of elizabeth ferrars ( - ): the lying voices ( ) 	 murder no frolic: the pulp fiction of rickie webb and hugh wheeler 	 sheila, take a (partial) bow: sheila radley's death and the maiden ( ) and the chief inspector's daughter ( ) 	 the clue of the ambergris: octagon house ( ), phoebe atwood taylor 	 saboteur ( )--with very best (though belated) happy birthday wishes to norman lloyd! 	 the hitchhiker's guide to calamity: the possible genesis of patrick quentin's puzzle for fiends ( ) 	 antic hay: the james joyce murder ( ), by amanda cross 	 "she was very unkind to her father and mother": a private disgrace: lizzie borden by daylight ( ), by victoria lincoln 	 the reader recommendeth: in praise of john rhode's the fourth bomb ( ) 	 to the lighthouse; or, good fences make good murders: deathblow hill ( ), by phoebe atwood taylor popular posts 	 what feels cozy to you? more discussion about the cozy mystery 	 the bells and the bees: edmund wilson and vladimir nabokov discuss detective fiction 	 saboteur ( )--with very best (though belated) happy birthday wishes to norman lloyd! 	 the hitchhiker's guide to calamity: the possible genesis of patrick quentin's puzzle for fiends ( ) 	 for stagge hunters: some pictures of hugh and dawn westlake 	 friday fright night --death card: the lake of darkness ( ), by ruth rendell 	 copper mines and soap kettles: money and the making of mystery writer margaret erskine ( - ) 	 all aboard! inspector french to ride again in a new detective drama series 	 reefs: the lesser antilles case ( ), by rufus king 	 the reader recommendeth: in praise of john rhode's the fourth bomb ( ) interesting places i have passed 	 shadowplay gunn play hours ago 	 crossexaminingcrime tails of mystery: the amulet of thar’ishdom: part ( ) by asa wheatley (writing) & kat willott (artwork) hours ago 	 vintage pop fictions richard s. prather’s bodies in bedlam hours ago 	 mysteryfile.com/blog/ book noted, by dan stumpf: fyodor dostoevsky – crime and punishment. hours ago 	 pretty sinister books ffb: murder's burning - s. h. courtier hours ago 	 furrowed middlebrow "you must hear our siren, it's the loudest in london": naomi royde-smith, outside information ( ) hours ago 	 detection by moonlight the corpse with the grimy glove ( ) by r.a.j. walling day ago 	 great war fiction objectors and tribunals day ago 	 bear alley comic cuts — august day ago 	 mystery fanfare cartoon of the day: cats day ago 	 in search of the classic mystery novel murder by the book ( ) ed martin edwards day ago 	 a crime is afoot my book notes: the lying voices ( ) by elizabeth ferrars days ago 	 bitter tea and mystery short story wednesday: stories from damn near dead , edited by bill crider days ago 	 pattinase short story wednesday: two from best american mystery stories days ago 	 the rap sheet revue of reviewers: - - days ago 	 the dusty bookcase dustiest bookcase: r is for richardson days ago 	 crimeculture the alfa romeo giulia is a compact executive car created by the italian car manufacturer alfa romeo. weeks ago 	 crimepieces book review: the piper’s dance by maxim jakubowski weeks ago 	 classic mysteries the agatha awards weeks ago 	 death can read edward d. hoch: the impossible murder, . months ago 	 only detect isaac asimov. the naked sun ( ). months ago 	 english historical fiction authors english historical fiction authors: articles months ago 	 noirish bad guy ( ) year ago 	 in so many words... taking a blogging break years ago 	 at the villa rose goodbye blogger years ago 	 tipping my fedora arrivederci years ago 	 past offences christmas has come early… years ago 	 old scrolls blog book scouting – north of the border years ago 	 i prefer reading moving... years ago 	 the study lamp this post is brought to you by.... years ago 	 a penguin a week penguin no. : all fall down by james leo herlihy years ago 	 the locked room: classic mysteries in review if a body meet a body, george malcolm-smith years ago 	 the ingenious game of murder detective novels of todd downing years ago 	 confessions of a mystery novelist... >people like us…. years ago 	 	 watermark theme. powered by blogger. gentlemen prefer blondes - anita loos — keeping up with the penguins keeping up with the penguins reviews for the would-be booklover search for: 	home 	about 	book reviews 	new releases 	recommended reads 	contact 	home 	about 	book reviews 	new releases 	recommended reads 	contact gentlemen prefer blondes – anita loos august , / shereekuwtp / comments warning: this review might get a little ranty. gentlemen prefer blondes is a comic novel written by anita loos, first published in – one of several novels published that year that are famous for their depictions of the jazz age in america. it’s a travesty that this wonderful, hilarious, insightful book lives under the inconceivably large shadow cast by the great gatsby. gentlemen prefer blondes was a huge success immediately upon publication; the entire first print run sold out the first day it went into stores, it was a best-seller in thirteen different languages, and it counts among its fans james joyce and edith wharton (who called it the great american novel). so, why is it always overlooked in discussions of the modern classics? yet another example of how we value stories about and by men over those of women, hmph! (yes, i’m getting ranty, i did warn you!) buy gentlemen prefer blondes here. the book’s full title is gentlemen prefer blondes: the illuminating diary of a professional lady, and this edition also contains its sequel, but gentlemen marry brunettes, which was published two years later. the introduction to this edition is quite good, and highly readable. it contains gems like: “it could be said, therefore, that loos did not write a version of beauty and the beast; instead, she rewrote beauty as the beast.” regina barreca (introduction, penguin twentieth-century classics edition) and: “the men who perpetually orbit around lorelei and dorothy have two major problems: they have too much money in their bank accounts and too much time on their hands. lorelei and dorothy are able to solve both their problems at once.” regina barreca (introduction, penguin twentieth-century classics edition) loos said she was inspired to write the book after watching her friend, intellectual h.l. mencken, reduced to a character she likened to a love-struck schoolboy in the presence of a sexy blonde woman. mencken was a good sport about it. he read her draft, loved it, and saw to its publication. of the particular brand of humour she displays in gentlemen prefer blondes, loos said: “in those days i had a friend, rayne adams, who used to say that my slant on life was that of a child of ten, chortling with excitement over a disaster…. but i, with my infantile cruelty, have never been able to view even the most impressive human behavior as anything but foolish.” anita loos and my personal favourite loos anecdote: “… during a television interview in london, the question was put to me: ‘miss loos, your book was based on an economic situation, the unparalleled prosperity of the twenties. if you were to write such a book today, what would be your theme?’ and without hesitation, i was forced to answer, ‘gentlemen prefer gentlemen’ (a statement which brought the session abruptly to a close).” anita loos alright, alright, i’ll stop quoting loos (even though i could do it all day, she was endlessly quotable!) and get down to business. going in, i thought that gentlemen prefer blondes would be the great gatsby meets bridget jones’s diary, but in reality it was more like gatsby meets the intimate adventures of a london call girl. it’s fun, and silly, but also insightful and powerful. actually, charming is probably the best word for it. i couldn’t help but continue through reading but gentlemen marry brunettes as well, so taken was i with loos’ characters and prose. the premise of the story is this: beautiful blonde lorelei lee decides to try her hand at writing a diary, because a gentleman friend suggested that her thoughts would make for an interesting book. gentlemen prefer blondes is presented as a transcript of that journal, complete with spelling and grammatical errors that say much about lorelei’s personality and position. she was working in the movies in hollywood, she tells us, when she met mr gus eisman, a button manufacturer from chicago. he decided that her line of work in hollywood was not “becoming” for a woman of her “potential”, so he installed her in a new york apartment and committed a small fortune to “educating” her. what follows from these opening pages, the entire book, is a knowing wink at every woman who has ever copped a barrage of mansplaining from their boss or their boyfriend or the bloke buying their drinks in a bar. in the course of her “education”, lorelei meets gerry lamson, a married novelist. he is so taken with her that he decides to divorce his wife, on the proviso (of course) that she’ll leave eisman and run away with him. lorelei is flattered, naturally, but wishes to avoid the scandal of involvement in divorce proceedings, and also worries that eisman might cancel her european cruise ticket if she takes up with another man. plus, gerry’s kind of a bore. lorelei is also very concerned about her friend, dorothy, who she believes to be “wasting her time” with a magazine writer named mencken (a shout-out to loos’ real-life friend and inspiration for the story). in lorelei’s view, dorothy should be lavishing her attentions more strategically, in the direction of the wealthy movie producer mr goldmark. so, to draw her friend away from fruitless pursuits, lorelei brings dorothy with her on the cruise, and they set sail for europe together (with eisman promising to meet them there). to lorelei’s dismay, she discovers that former district attorney bartlett is also on board, and she reveals to the reader how she came to know him. see, lorelei once worked as a stenographer in her hometown for one mr jennings. upon finding out that he was a sexual predator, she became “hysterical” and shot him. it sounds brutal, but her re-telling of these events is actually one of the funniest parts of this entire hilarious book. bartlett is the attorney who prosecuted the case, with little success; apparently, the gentlemen of the jury were so “moved” by lorelei’s “testimony” (wink-wink) that they acquitted her without question, and the judge – equally taken with her – gifted her the money she needed for a ticket to hollywood. anyway, after some shenanigans on board (involving bartlett and some military espionage), lorelei and dorothy eventually arrive in london. they encounter several impoverished aristocrats who are selling off their jewels to wealthy americans. one particular £ , tiara catches lorelei’s eye; what’s a poor girl to do but seek out a wealthy man to buy it for her? she settles on sir francis beekman (whom she calls piggie). he’s rich, but also married, and notoriously stingy. using a heady combination of flattery and promises of discretion, lorelei convinces him to buy the coveted tiara for her anyway. with that taken care of, dorothy and lorelei head to paris, but unbeknownst to them lady beekman is hot on their tails, hell-bent on confronting lorelei about this tiara business. in thirty-five years of marriage, she says, her husband has never once bought her a gift, and she accuses lorelei of having seduced him. lady b tries to get her lawyers to steal the tiara back, but lorelei manages to trick them with a fake one, and everyone goes home happy when eisman arrives in paris, he quickly hustles the girls onto the orient express and takes them to vienna. en route, lorelei meets staunch presbyterian moralist and prohibitionist mr henry spoffard. he is (you guessed it) filthy rich, old money from philadelphia. eisman is quickly discarded. on one of their early dates, spoffard takes lorelei to see dr sigmund freud, who says he cannot possibly analyse her because she has never repressed a desire in her entire life (accurate). spoffard also later introduces lorelei to his mother; she’s a tough old battle-axe, but lorelei wins her over with champagne and charm. when spoffard proposes, lorelei accepts, albeit begrudgingly; she finds him rather repulsive, but he has money and prospects enough to make her happy. when they get back to new york, lorelei decides that she should “come out” into polite society, now that she’s marrying into the fold, so she plans a debutante ball for herself (honestly, i love this woman!). the party lasts three days, and makes the front pages of the newspapers. lorelei has so much fun that she decides she might not marry spoffard after all. she gets dorothy to tell him that she is pathologically indulgent and extravagant (not that much of a stretch), while she goes on a mammoth shopping spree, charging everything to spoffard’s accounts. when she stops for lunch, she meets a fascinating screen-writer, who convinces her that she should go ahead with the marriage so that her new husband will finance his film projects and she can star in them. it takes a bit of wrangling to unring the bell, but lorelei – resourceful, clever lorelei – manages to convince her fiance that it was all a misguided test of his love. he remorsefully agrees, not just to marry her, but also to finance the first film of her new friend. and so ends lorelei’s diary, and gentlemen prefer blondes. (and in the sequel, but gentlemen marry brunettes, lorelei gives up her film career after she has a child. she decides to become an “authoress”, after all the fun she had writing her diary, and her first project is to tell dorothy’s life story.) so, we arrive back at my “controversial” opinion, which i will repeat once more for the cheap seats in the back: gentlemen prefer blondes is an infinitely better book than the great gatsby. they take place in a comparable setting, but loos’ effort is just so. much. better! i think it’s too easily written off as a funny little story about a silly gold-digger, but scratch the surface and you’ll find a compelling and hilarious account of gender roles, politics, and power in s america. it’s a story about resourcefulness, determination, strategy, and relationships. compare that to stinkin’ gatsby, which is pretty much just a cautionary tale about how rich people aren’t as happy as they look – pffft! what a tragedy that gentlemen prefer blondes isn’t the book that teenagers are forced to read in high school; i’m sure it’d teach them a lot more about life, and heck, it’d be a lot more fun for them to read! yes, gentlemen prefer blondes is a recommended read here at keeping up with the penguins. i particularly encourage you to give it a go if you think that i must be wrong and gatsby is the definitive jazz age novel. and, i’m sure i don’t need to say this to the booklovers, but just in case you need a reminder: don’t judge the book by its movie. my favourite amazon reviews of gentlemen prefer blondes: 	“the air head who overrates her intellectual prowess is cute, but this book is a one trick pony. lorelei simply sees life as “diamonds are a girl’s best friend,” she wants to shop for hats, men are her sugar daddies. i’m sure this book was uproariously funny in the ’s.

i guess you had to be there.” – j. rodeck 	“it wasnt the play its the novel and im an so not satisfied” – raven lyons keep up with these too: 	 what do we think of the dymocks top books for ? 	 books to read before you die 	 great bookstagram accounts you should really be following love it? share it! 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	click to share on pinterest (opens in new window) 	 american, books made into movies, comedy, recommended previous post movie review: fahrenheit ( ) next post movie review: gentlemen prefer blondes ( ) comments 	 phil august , at : pm hard to divorce myself from the film with marilyn which is an absolute joy. that title is always going to bring to mind that film for me. reply 	 shereekuwtp (post author)august , at : am well my review of the movie is up now, phil – would love to hear what you think! 😉 reply leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website notify me of follow-up comments by email. notify me of new posts by email. looking for something? search for: love keeping up? subscribe! keep up on facebook keep up on facebook keep up on pinterest keep up on goodreads keep up on instagram here’s the latest… 	 books recommended by elena ferrante 	 those who leave and those who stay – elena ferrante 	 fictional bookworms 	 northanger abbey – jane austen 	 my kondo book reviews looking for something? search for: find kuwtp everywhere 	view keepingupwiththepenguins’s profile on facebook 	view shereestrange’s profile on twitter 	view keepingupwiththepenguinsonline’s profile on instagram 	view keepingupwiththepenguins’s profile on pinterest keeping up with the penguins operates on the lands of the gadigal people, of the eora nation. this land was never ceded or sold. our first nations communities have the oldest continuing storytelling tradition in the world, and custodianship of the land always was, always will be, theirs. privacy policy want to know what we’re up to with this whole website thing? check out our full privacy policy here. keeping up with the penguins is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to amazon.com and affiliated sites. © keeping up with the penguins theme by anders noren — up ↑   loading comments...   write a comment... email (required) name (required) website share tweet pin the dial copyright information the dial copyright information 	title:	the dial 	online content:	free online material via the online books page 	more information:	wikipedia article; wikidata 	first renewed issue:	no issue renewals found in cce 	first renewed contribution in:	february ; see january-june 	last issue:	july , (v. no. ) renewed contributions this includes all active contribution renewals. 	 february : "blue morning", by conrad aiken [permissions] 	 april : "two blue birds", by d. h. lawrence [permissions] 	 may : "baudelaire in our time", by t. s. eliot [permissions] 	 july : "man who loved islands", by d. h. lawrence [permissions] 	 august : "selections from a play him", by e. e. cummings [permissions] 	 october : "land", by konrad bercovici 	 november : "in love", by d. h. lawrence [permissions] 	 march : "a note on richard grashaw", by t. s. eliot [permissions] 	 february : "death in moonlight", by stanley kunitz [permissions] 	 february : "geometry of moods", by stanley kunitz [permissions] 	 may : "when i went to the circus", by d. h. lawrence [permissions] page information 	page responsibility:	john mark ockerbloom (ockerblo (at) pobox (dot) upenn (dot) edu) 	last updated:	january , 	machine-readable format:	json the preparers of this page do not represent the publishers or the rightsholders of this publication. to the best of their knowledge, the information in it is correct, and complete within any limits specified above. it may still have inadvertent errors and omissions, however; if you know of any, please contact the page maintainer shown above. this page is not legal advice. copyright registration and renewal records -- first periodical renewals -- deep backfile knowledge base edited by john mark ockerbloom (onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu) data on this copyright information page is cc . see obp copyrights and licenses. arclight personas | stanford digital repository stanford university libraries feedback reporting from: ignore this text box. it is used to detect spammers. if you enter anything into this text box, your message will not be sent. message your name your email (stanford users can avoid this captcha by logging in.) send cancel stanford digital repository arclight personas 	preferred citation 	stanford university libraries, georgia tech, and university of michigan. ( ). arclight personas. stanford digital repository. available at: https://purl.stanford.edu/hk dn 	collection 	arclight design documents show content show content access conditions 	use and reproduction 	user agrees that, where applicable, content will not be used to identify or to otherwise infringe the privacy or confidentiality rights of individuals. content distributed via the stanford digital repository may be subject to additional license and use restrictions applied by the depositor. 	license 	this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . unported license description 	type of resource 	other 	date created 	january creators/contributors 	contributing author 	geisler, gary 	vine, jennifer 	jaffer, nabeela 	powell, chris 	shallcross, mike 	hagenmaier, wendy 	matienzo, mark a. 	stanford university libraries 	university of michigan 	georgia tech abstract/contents 	abstract 	 personas developed during the design phase of the arclight project. subjects 	subject 	stanford university libraries 	digital library systems and services 	archival description contact information 	contact 	arclight-team@list.stanford.edu 	hours & locations 	my account 	ask us 	opt out of analytics 	system status 	stanford home 	maps & directions 	search stanford 	emergency info 	terms of use 	privacy 	copyright 	trademarks 	non-discrimination 	accessibility © stanford university, stanford, california . compounding of wealth in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies | springerlink skip to main content this service is more advanced with javascript available advertisement hide search springerlink search 	 home 	 log in financial cryptography and data security international conference on financial cryptography and data security fc : financial cryptography and data security pp - | cite as compounding of wealth in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies 	authors 	authors and affiliations 	giulia fanti 	leonid kogan 	sewoong oh 	kathleen ruan 	pramod viswanath 	gerui wang conference paperfirst online: september 	 citations 	 k downloads part of the lecture notes in computer science book series (lncs, volume ) abstract proof-of-stake (pos) is a promising approach for designing efficient blockchains, where block proposers are randomly chosen with probability proportional to their stake. a primary concern in pos systems is the “rich getting richer” effect, whereby wealthier nodes are more likely to get elected, and hence reap the block reward, making them even wealthier. in this paper, we introduce the notion of equitability, which quantifies how much a proposer can amplify her stake compared to her initial investment. even with everyone following protocol (i.e., honest behavior), we show that existing methods of allocating block rewards lead to poor equitability, as does initializing systems with small stake pools and/or large rewards relative to the stake pool. we identify a geometric reward function, which we prove is maximally equitable over all choices of reward functions under honest behavior and bound the deviation for strategic actions; the proofs involve the study of optimization problems and stochastic dominances of pólya urn processes. these results allow us to provide a systematic framework to choose the parameters of a practical incentive system for pos cryptocurrencies. keywords proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies random processes  this is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. supplementary material open image in new window appendix a strategic behavior we restrict ourselves in this section to two parties: a, which is adversarial, and h, which is honest. note that this is without loss of generality, as h represent the collective set of multiple honest parties as their behavior is independent of how many parties are involved in h. the adversarial party a can also represent the collective set of multiple adversarial parties, as having a single adversary a is the worst case when all adversaries are colluding. throughout this section, we use the terms adversarial and strategic interchangeably. since a does not always publish its blocks on schedule, we distinguish the notion of a block slot (indexed by \(n \in [t]\)) and wall-clock time (indexed by \(t \in [t]\)). it will still be the case that each block slot n has a single leader w(n)—in practice, this is determined by a distributed protocol—and a new block slot leader is elected at every tick of the wall clock (i.e., at a given time t, w(n) is only defined for \(n\le t\)). however, due to strategic behavior (i.e., the adversary can withhold its own blocks and override honest ones), it can happen that no block occupies slot n, even at time \(t\ge n\); moreover, the occupancy of block slot n can change over time. thus, unlike our previous setting, if we wait t time slots, the resulting chain may have fewer than t blocks. this is consistent with the adversarial model considered in pos systems (e.g., ouroboros [ ]) that elect a single leader per block slot. other pos systems, like posv [ ], choose an independent leader to succeed each block; such a pos model can lead to even worse attacks, which we do not consider in this work. the honest party and the adversary have two different views of the blockchain, illustrated in fig.  . both honest and adversarial parties see the main chain \(b_t\); we let \(b_t(n)\) denote the block (i.e., leader) of the nth slot, as perceived by the honest nodes at time t. if a block slot n does not have an associated block at time t (either because the nth block was withheld or overridden, or because \(n>t\)), we say that \(b_t(n)=\emptyset \). notice that due to adversarial manipulations, it is possible for \(b_t(n)=\emptyset \) and \(b_{t- }(n)\ne \emptyset \), and vice versa. in addition to the main chain, the adversary maintains arbitrarily many private side chains, \(\tilde{b}_t^ , \ldots , \tilde{b}_t^s\), where s denotes the number of side chains. the blocks in each side chain must respect the global leader sequence w(n). an adversary can choose at any time to publish a side chain, but we also assume that the adversary’s attacks are covert: it never publishes a side chain that conclusively proves that it is keeping side chains. for example, if the main chain contains a block b created by the adversary for block slot n, the adversary will never publish a side chain containing block \(\tilde{b}\ne b\), where \(\tilde{b}\) is also associated with block slot n. each side chain \({\tilde{b}}_t^i\) with \(i\in [s]\) overlaps with the honest chain in at least one block (the genesis block), and may diverge from the main chain after some \(f_t^i \in \mathbb {n}_+\) (fig.  ). that is,$$\begin{aligned} f_t^i := \max \{n \in \mathbb {n}_+ \,:\, b_t(n) = \tilde{b}_t^i(n) \}. \end{aligned}$$ different side chains can also share blocks; in reality, the union of side chains is a tree. however, for simplicity of notation, we consider each path from the genesis block to a leaf of this forest as a separate side chain, instead of considering side trees. we use \(\ell _t\) and \(\tilde{\ell }_t^i\) to denote the chain length of \(b_t\) and \(\tilde{b}_t^i\), respectively, at time t:$$\begin{aligned} \ell _t = | \{n \in [t] \,:\, b_t(n)\ne \emptyset \} |&\;, \;\; \hbox { and } \;\;\;\; \tilde{\ell }_t^i = | \{n \in [t] \,:\, \tilde{b}_t^i(n)\ne \emptyset \} |, \end{aligned}$$ and we use the heights \(h_t\) and \(\tilde{h}_t^i\) to denote the block indices of the \(\ell _t\)th and \(\tilde{\ell }_t^i\)th blocks, respectively:$$\begin{aligned} h_t = \max \{n \in [t] \,:\, b_t(n)\ne \emptyset \}&\;, \;\; \hbox { and } \;\;\;\; \tilde{h}_t^i = \max \{n \in [t] \,:\, \tilde{b}_t^i(n)\ne \emptyset \}. \end{aligned}$$ if \(f_t^i = h_t\), then the adversary is building its ith side chain from the tip of the current main chain. open image in new window fig. . in pos, the adversary can keep arbitrarily many side chains at negligible cost, and release (part of) a side chain whenever it chooses. state space. the state space for the system consists of three pieces of data: ( ) the current time \(t \in [t]\); ( ) the main chain \(b_t\); and ( ) the set of all side chains \(\{\tilde{b}_t^i\}_{i \in [s]}\). notice in particular that the set of side chains grows exponentially in t. in practice, most systems prevent the main chain from being overtaken by a longer side chain that branches more than \(\vardelta \) blocks prior to \(h_t\); this is called a long-range attack. hence we can upper bound the size of the side chain set by imposing the condition that for all \(i\in [s]\), \(h_t - f_t^i \le \vardelta \). regardless, the size of the state space is considerably larger than it is in prior work on selfish mining in pow [ ], where the computational cost of creating a block forces the adversary to keep a single side chain. objective. the adversary a’s goal is to maximize its fraction of the total stake in the main chain by the end of the experiment,$$\begin{aligned} v_{a}(t) \;\; = \;\; \frac{|\{n \in [t] \,:\, (w(n) = a) \wedge (b_t(n) \ne \emptyset ) \}|}{\ell _t}. \end{aligned}$$ this objective is closely related to the metric of prior work [ ], except for the finite time duration. strategy space. the adversary has two primary mechanisms for achieving its objective: choosing where to append its blocks, and choosing when to release a side chain. if the honest party h is elected at time t, by the protocol, it always builds on the longest chain visible to it; since we assume small enough network latency, h appends to block \(b_{t- }(h_{t- })\). however, if a is elected at time t, a can append to any known block in \(b_{t- } \cup \{\tilde{b}_{t- }^i\}_{i \in [s]}\). the system must allow such a behavior for robustness reasons: even an honest proposer may not have received a block \(b_{t- }(h_{t- })\) or its predecessors due to network latency. the adversary can also choose when to release blocks. in our model, h always releases its block immediately when elected. however, an adversarial proposer elected at time t can choose to release its block at any time \( \ge t\); it can also choose not to release a given block. late block announcements are also tolerated because of network latency; it is impossible to distinguish between a node that releases their blocks late and a node whose blocks arrive late because of a poor network connection. notice that if a is elected at time t and chooses to withhold its block, the system advances to time \(t+ \) without appending a’s block to the main chain. this means that the next proposer \(w(t+ )\) is selected based on the stake ratios at time \(t- \). so the adversary may have incurred a selfish mining gain from withholding its block, but it lost the opportunity to compound the \(t^{\text {th}}\) block reward. this tradeoff is the main difference between our analysis and prior work on selfish mining attacks in pow systems. drawing from [ , ], at each time slot t, the adversary has three classes of actions available to it: match, override, and wait. 	( ) the adversary matches by choosing a side chain \(\tilde{b}_t^i\) and releasing the first \(h_t\) blocks. this means the released chain has the same height as the honest chain. in accordance with [ , ], we assume that after a match, the honest chain will choose to build on the adversarial chain with probability \(\gamma \), which captures how connected the adversarial party is to the rest of the nodes.   	( ) the adversary overrides by choosing a side chain \(\tilde{b}_t^i\) and releasing the first \(h = h_t+ \) blocks. the released chain becomes the new honest chain.   	( ) if the adversary chooses to wait, it does not publish anything, and continues to build on all of its side chains.   unlike [ , ], we do not explicitly include an action wherein the adversary adopts the main chain. because our model allows the adversary to keep an unbounded number of side chains, adopting the main chain is always a suboptimal strategy; it forces the adversary to throw away chains that could eventually overtake the main chain. the primary nuance in the adversary’s strategy is choosing when to match or override (rather than waiting), and which side chain to choose. identifying an optimal mining strategy through mdp solvers as in [ ] is computationally intractable due to the substantially larger state space in this pos problem. references 	 . bitcoin energy consumption index ( ). https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption 	 . controlled supply. bitcoinwiki ( ). https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/controlled_supply#cite_note- 	 . mining. ethereum wiki ( ). https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/mining 	 . bambrough, b.: a bitcoin halvening is two years away – here’s what’ll happen to the bitcoin price. forbes, may google scholar 	 . bentov, i., pass, r., shi, e.: snow white: provably secure proofs of stake. iacr cryptology eprint archive , p. ( )google scholar 	 . brünjes, l., kiayias, a., koutsoupias, e., stouka, a.-p.: reward sharing schemes for stake pools. arxiv preprint arxiv: . ( ) 	 . duffield, e., diaz, d.: dash: a privacycentric cryptocurrency ( , self-published)google scholar 	 . earls, j.: the missing explanation of proof of stake version ( ). http://earlz.net/view/ / / / /the-missing-explanation-of-proof-of-stake-version 	 . eyal, i., sirer, e.g.: majority is not enough: bitcoin mining is vulnerable. commun. acm ( ), – ( )crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . fanti, g., kogan, l., oh, s., ruan, k., viswanath, p., wang, g.: compounding of wealth in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies. arxiv preprint arxiv: . ( ) 	 . gaži, p., kiayias, a., russell, a.: stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains. in: crypto valley conference on blockchain technology (cvcbt), pp. – . ieee ( )google scholar 	 . gilad, y., hemo, r., micali, s., vlachos, g., zeldovich, n.: algorand: scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. in: proceedings of the th symposium on operating systems principles, pp. – . acm ( )google scholar 	 . hopwood, d., bowe, s., hornby, t., wilcox, n.: zcash protocol specification. technical report, – . . zerocoin electric coin company ( )google scholar 	 . johnson, n.l., kotz, s.: urn models and their application: an approach to modern discrete probability theory, vol. . wiley, new york ( )zbmathgoogle scholar 	 . kiayias, a., russell, a., david, b., oliynykov, r.: ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. in: katz, j., shacham, h. (eds.) crypto . lncs, vol. , pp. – . springer, cham ( ).  https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . mahmoud, h.: pólya urn models. chapman and hall/crc, boca raton ( )crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . moh\_man. how does pos stake concept deal with rich becoming richer issue? reddit ( ). https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/ x xv /how_does_pos_stake_concept_deal_with_rich/ 	 . nakamoto, s.: bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system ( )google scholar 	 . nayak, k., kumar, s., miller, a., shi, e.: stubborn mining: generalizing selfish mining and combining with an eclipse attack. in: ieee european symposium on security and privacy (euros&p), pp. – . ieee ( )google scholar 	 . pass, r., shi, e.: fruitchains: a fair blockchain. in: proceedings of the acm symposium on principles of distributed computing, pp. – . acm ( )google scholar 	 . pemantle, r.: a time-dependent version of pólya’s urn. j. theor. probab. ( ), – ( )crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . rammeloo, g.: the economics of the proof of stake consensus algorithm. medium ( ). https://medium.com/@gertrammeloo/the-economics-of-the-proof-of-stake-consensus-algorithm-e adf e db 	 . ryan, d., liang, c.-c.: hybrid casper ffg ( ). https://github.com/ethereum/eips/blob/master/eips/eip- .md 	 . sapirshtein, a., sompolinsky, y., zohar, a.: optimal selfish mining strategies in bitcoin. in: grossklags, j., preneel, b. (eds.) fc . lncs, vol. , pp. – . springer, heidelberg ( ).  https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . schrijvers, o., bonneau, j., boneh, d., roughgarden, t.: incentive compatibility of bitcoin mining pool reward functions. in: grossklags, j., preneel, b. (eds.) fc . lncs, vol. , pp. – . springer, heidelberg ( ).  https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . taylor-copeland, j.: coffey vs. ripple class action complaint ( )google scholar 	 . trustnodes.com. “proof of work is the rich get richer square” says vitalik buterin. trustnodes ( ). https://www.trustnodes.com/ / / /proof-work-rich-get-richer-squared-says-vitalik-buterin 	 . vukolić, m.: the quest for scalable blockchain fabric: proof-of-work vs. bft replication. in: camenisch, j., kesdoğan, d. (eds.) inetsec . lncs, vol. , pp. – . springer, cham ( ).  https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ crossrefgoogle scholar 	 . wiki, e.: proof of stake faqs. https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/proof-of-stake-faqs copyright information © international financial cryptography association  authors and affiliations 	giulia fanti	 email author 	leonid kogan	 	sewoong oh	 	kathleen ruan	 	pramod viswanath	 	gerui wang	 	 .carnegie mellon universitypittsburghusa 	 .massachusetts institute of technologycambridgeusa 	 .university of washingtonseattleusa 	 .university of illinois urbana-champaignurbanausa about this paper crossmark 	 cite this paper as: 	fanti g., kogan l., oh s., ruan k., viswanath p., wang g. ( ) compounding of wealth in proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies. in: goldberg i., moore t. (eds) financial cryptography and data security. fc . lecture notes in computer science, vol . springer, cham. https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ 	 first online september 	 doi https://doi.org/ . / - - - - _ 	 publisher name springer, cham 	 print isbn - - - - 	 online isbn - - - - 	 ebook packages computer science computer science (r ) 	 buy this book on publisher's site 	 reprints and permissions personalised recommendations cite paper 	 how to cite? 	 .ris papers reference manager refworks zotero 	 .enw endnote 	 .bib bibtex jabref mendeley buy options actions buying options 	 chapter 	 usd   . 	price excludes vat 	doi: . / - - - - _ 	instant pdf download 	readable on all devices 	own it forever 	exclusive offer for individuals only buy chapter 	 ebook 	usd  . 	price excludes vat 	isbn: - - - - 	instant pdf download 	readable on all devices 	own it forever 	exclusive offer for individuals only buy ebook 	 softcover book 	usd  . 	price excludes vat 	isbn: - - - - 	dispatched in to business days 	exclusive offer for individuals only 	free shipping worldwide covid- restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted. buy softcover book learn about institutional subscriptions cite paper 	 how to cite? 	 .ris papers reference manager refworks zotero 	 .enw endnote 	 .bib bibtex jabref mendeley advertisement hide over million scientific documents at your fingertips switch edition 	academic edition 	corporate edition 	 home 	 impressum 	 legal information 	 privacy statement 	 california privacy statement 	 how we use cookies 	 manage cookies/do not sell my data 	 accessibility 	 contact us springer nature © springer nature switzerland ag. part of springer nature. not logged in not affiliated . . . pedagogy:outreach:twitter - dlf wiki 	 	 	 	 	pedagogy:outreach:twitter 	 		from dlf wiki 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		we host twitter chats every other month using the hashtag #dlfteach. learn more about the dlf digital library pedagogy group on our wiki page. contents 	 upcoming chats 	 previous chats 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 . 	 participating in a chat 	 hosting a chat 	 . step by step 	 . general tips 	 . example upcoming chats twitter chats are on the third tuesday of the month from p.m. to p.m. et unless otherwise noted. chat dates are: 	february , , p.m. et - invisible labor in - changes to the workload and balancing new labor demands 	april , , p.m. et - crowdsourcing on digital projects 	may , , p.m. et - teaching online and accessibility (co-hosted by members of the dlf accessibility working group) 	august , - p.m. et - building stronger community engagement for open-source 	october , - p.m. et - equity in digital pedagogy (co-hosted by members of the dss outreach and dss edi committees) 	december , - p.m. et - topic tba see lists of questions and more information on each chat in the dates linked below. would you like to host a #dlfteach twitter chat? the dlf digital library pedagogy group welcomes proposals for chat hosts and topics! if you are interested in hosting, please fill out this google form. previous chats 	january , : our first chat! 	march , : professional development for digital library pedagogy 	may , : melissa dinsman interviews laura mandell 	july , : supporting practice in community 	september , : commit to dh people, not projects 	january , : teaching information privacy and security 	march , : critical approaches to digital primary sources 	may , : reflection and restoration 	july , : sustaining momentum for collaborative digital pedagogy 	september , : digital pedagogy and service 	january , : digital libraries, dh, and social justice 	march , : professional development for digital library pedagogy 	may , : nailed it / failed it 	july , : reflective practice for digital library pedagogy 	september , : teaching data visualization 	november , : teaching digital scholarship (co-sponsored by the dlf digital scholarship working group) 	january , : teaching ethical issues of digital libraries 	march , : information literacy and digital scholarship instruction 	may , : teaching online privacy and security (co-sponsored by the dlf technologies of surveillance working group) 	july , : using data in the classroom 	september , : evaluating digital scholarship projects in the classroom 	december , : future #dlfteach projects and initiatives 	february , : collaboration, scheduling, and promotion for digital pedagogy workshops 	march , - special edition: tools, strategies, and pedagogy for distance learning 	april , : collaboration and roles of instructional designers and liaison librarians 	june , - rescheduled for august 	 august , : finding, cultivating, & nurturing collaborations with partners outside of libraries 	 october , ( p.m. - p.m. et): engaging in the work of anti-racism in your library 	 december , : reflecting on digital library pedagogy in a strange , and what can #dlfteach do in to support our community 	february , - invisible labor in : changes to the workload and balancing new labor demands 	april , - transcribing together: crowdsourcing on digital projects 	may , - teaching online and accessibility 	august , - building stronger community engagement for open-source 	october , - equity in digital pedagogy 	december , - topic tba participating in a chat welcome to the #dlfteach twitter chats! all are welcome, and we're happy to have you join us. here are some tips for participating: 	follow the hashtag of #dlfteach. if you are on the twitter app, search for the hashtag, and then look at the "latest" tweets. you may also consider using tweetdeck in a browser window, searching for #dflteach, and following along in the column for the hashtag in order to follow the chat and other conversations at the same time. 	look for questions tweeted from the handle of @clirdlf. this account will share the questions at regular intervals (usually every - minutes depending on how many questions there are for the hour). all tweets for the chat will come from this handle and include the hashtag of #dlfteach, so you can count on this account for the source of questions that everyone will be talking about. 	respond to questions by tweeting your answer with the following structure: include the letter "a" plus the question number in your response. sample tweet: "a : when i teach, i've had good response to the method of.... #dlfteach". note that this well-formed sample tweet includes "a " to indicate what question the person is responding to, plus the hashtag so that their tweet shows up in the chat conversation for everyone who is following #dlfteach. 	all activities of the dlf, including chats, follow the dlf code of conduct, which is available in full at https://www.diglib.org/about/code-of-conduct/. 	feel free to simply lurk and read, or you may engage by tweeting answers, responding to others' tweets, re-tweeting, and/or liking tweets. just don't forget to include the hashtag of #dlfteach. 	questions? contact the outreach coordinators. hosting a chat interested in hosting a chat? want to suggest a topic? get in touch with the outreach coordinators of the dlf digital library pedagogy group! step by step 	identify hosts (usually people). the outreach coordinator can schedule the tweets for the hosts, or hosts may need to gain access to the @clirdlf twitter account and the dlf wiki (write to info@diglib.orgto get edit access). 	take topic proposals from the suggestion form for hosts to sign up. 	put out an open call for hosts on dlf-pedagogy and dlf-announce. 	invite leaders of the dlf digital library pedagogy group to host. 	host the chat yourselves, as chairs of the outreach subgroup! 	identify a topic. browse previous chats for inspiration. hosts may bring their own ideas. 	write questions in advance. 	use this template (created by host nicole wilson). 	post questions to upcoming chats on the wiki so that participants are able to view and consider questions ahead of time. 	promote the chat by sending details + questions to listservs, groups, and twitter 	send messages to dlf-pedagogy, dlf-announce, dss-l, ili-l, and dhsi email lists one week in advance. 	message the dlf pedagogy google group with the details and questions, too. 	promote the chat on @clirdlf twitter (by including promotional tweets when you schedule questions). 	tweet about it on your own twitter accounts, too. 	send reminders to same channels one day in advance. 	schedule tweets in tweetdeck to go out from @clirdlf account. for more on scheduling tweets, see advanced tweetdeck features. 	host the twitter chat! here are some tips for hosts: 	you may model how to respond to questions early in the chat by answering them with the prefix of a# meaning "a" for answer and "#" for the question number (sample tweet: "a : this happens at my institution, and we handle it by..."). 	you might not be able to respond to every single tweet depending on how many participants turn out, which is why it's helpful to have a co-host to help carry the answers, conversations, re-tweets, etc. 	following the hashtag #dlfteach via tweetdeck in a browser window can make it easier to follow along than on a mobile device and also easier to tweet your responses to questions and tweets. it's up to you for what's most comfortable, though. 	embrace the fast-paced conversation! you could schedule your own tweets ahead of time if you'd like, but it works really well to let the conversation organically flow with participants. you can engage with participants in many ways, ranging from liking a tweet to responding to, or re-tweeting, their tweets. 	archive the chat. 	create a wakelet story using the dlf account (write to info@diglib.org for login info). 	create a tags archive of the twitter chat, and upload the csv to the dlf digital library pedagogy group space on the open science framework (osf). 	add links to both the wakelet story and the tags spreadsheet on osf to the page for this twitter chat on the dlf wiki. 	share archived chat to dlf-pedagogy and dlf-announce. general tips 	no more than – questions per hour. 	share questions ahead of time. 	encourage participants to answer with “a” and the corresponding number of the question being discussed to make it easier to sort, e.g. "a : i think that…" 	consider using tweetdeck while participating so that you can primarily follow the chat’s hashtag. example below is a -question chat with intervals of minutes between question tweets. a -question chat usually has intervals of minutes (e.g. : , : , : , : , : ). 	monday, : a.m. join us tomorrow at : p.m. et for our next #dlfteach chat, focused on digital library instruction successes and failures in the classroom. details at https://wiki.diglib.org/ . . _digital_library_pedagogy_twitter_chat 	tuesday, : p.m. in one hour (at : p.m. et), join us for our next #dlfteach chat, focused on digital library instruction successes and failures in the classroom. details at https://wiki.diglib.org/ . . _digital_library_pedagogy_twitter_chat 	tuesday, : p.m. welcome! this #dlfteach chat is hosted by @eagibes @ararebit & @letsshall 	tuesday, : p.m. follow along with the #dlfteach hashtag, and don’t forget to include it in your responses along with the question number, e.g. q . 	tuesday, : p.m. for this session of #dlfteach, we’re interested in your biggest successes and failures in the classroom. what works, what doesn’t when it comes to digital library instruction. 	tuesday, : p.m. questions will be tweeted from @clirdlf. ready? here we go! #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. first, introduce yourself! #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. q : what was the best “nailed it” lesson plan for you? what worked so well? #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. q : what was your biggest “failed it” moment? it’s okay to share! we’ve all been there. #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. q : when planning for the classroom, what is most essential for you to include in a lesson plan? e.g. tool instructions, discussion questions, example archival docs? #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. q : if you could do your worst class again, what advice would you give yourself? #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. q : what are some elements of a good faculty/librarian collaboration that leads to a successful lesson plan? #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. q : how do you measure success? #dlfteach 	tuesday, : p.m. thank you for participating in this #dlfteach chat! 	tuesday, : p.m. learn more about #dlfteach, what we do, and how you can get involved! https://wiki.diglib.org/pedagogy 	tuesday, : p.m. did today’s #dlfteach conversation get you wanting to share more about your teaching? consider contributing to the digital library pedagogy cookbook! here's the cfp. https://docs.google.com/document/d/ zxm sb cgkmrmnigrt m yfqajhpbx p yxkosw/edit?usp=sharing 	tuesday, : p.m. we also host #dlfteach office hours on slack, for feedback, discussion, and chatting with colleagues. for more info, check out @letsshall’s description on the dlf blog. https://www.diglib.org/dlfteach-slack-channel-office-hours 	tuesday, : p.m. don’t forget to join our google group to stay updated! #dlfteach https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/dlf-pedagogy retrieved from "https://wiki.diglib.org/index.php?title=pedagogy:outreach:twitter&oldid= " 		 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	 		personal tools 	 	 			log in 	request account 		 	 		 			 	 		namespaces 	 	 			page 	discussion 		 	 			 	 	 		variants 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			 	 		views 	 	 			read 	view source 	view history 		 	 			 	 	 		more 	 	 		 		 	 			 	 		search 	 	 		 			 			 			 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	 		navigation 	 	 			main page 	recent changes 	random page 	help 		 	 	 	 		tools 	 	 			what links here 	related changes 	special pages 	printable version 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 		 	 	 		related sites 	 	 			dlf website 	clir website 		 	 	 		 this page was last edited on august , at : . 	content is available under creative commons attribution unless otherwise noted. 		privacy policy 	about dlf wiki 	disclaimers 		 	 samvera connect - samvera - samvera wiki samvera home spaces apps templates create samvera overview space shortcuts interest group and working group hub samvera community asks samvera meeting & events calendar samvera partner calls tech calls pages 	samvera 	samvera connect meetings samvera connect 	 created by heather greer klein last updated: aug , online | - and - october | : am - : pm us eastern time  call for proposals 	proposal type 	due date to submit proposal 	workshops submission form deadline extended 	tuesday, august st, 	presentations and panels submission form 	tuesday, august st, 	lightning talks submission form 	thursday, september th, 	poster submission form 	thursday, september th, samvera connect (hashtag #samvera ) is a chance for the samvera community to come together with an emphasis on synchronizing efforts, technical development, plans, and community links. this year, while we still cannot meet face-to-face, we’re putting together an exciting event that will build on what we learned from last year's successful online event. the meeting program is aimed at existing users, managers and developers and at new folks who may be just “kicking the tiresâ€� on samvera and who want to know more. samvera advertises this yearly conference with the slogan “as a samvera partner or user, if you can only make it to one samvera meeting this academic year,  this is the one to attend!â€�   registration: coming soon like {"serverduration": , "requestcorrelationid": "bf a a e"} javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. the odi – open data institute search the odi submit search 	 suggestion hello, this is a suggestion 	 suggestion hello, this is a suggestion 	 topic hello, this is a topic 	 topic hello, this is a topic 	the week in data 	membership 	jobs 	knowledge & opinion 	explainers 	guides 	reports 	news 	blog 	consultation responses 	topics 	case studies 	worknotes 	odi inside business series 	the week in data 	projects & services 	projects 	data as culture 	become an odi member 	startups & fostering innovation 	research & development 	tools & resources 	public policy 	consultancy & advice 	courses and training 	odi summit sponsorship 	events 	courses 	talks 	webinars 	members events 	past events 	book a speaker for your event 	our community 	odi partners 	odi nodes 	odi trainers 	our startups 	odi members 	about the odi 	our strategy 	tender opportunities 	odi team 	contact us 	terms of use, privacy and policies 	jobs 	brand 	annual reports and financial statements 	the data spectrum “we want a world where data works for everyone” jeni tennison, vice president and chief strategy advisor what we do > our services make better decisions using data ...and manage any harmful impacts. we work with companies and governments to build an open, trustworthy data ecosystem. our services what's new > explore all services focused on trust in data showing buoyancy new research for odi reveals a nascent but buoyant market of firms and services focused on trust in data podcast: why everyone in a business needs to be data literate in this episode of the inside business podcast, guests discuss the importance of creating a ‘culture of data’ even in small organisations take part in our business survey take part in our short survey, and tell us how your organisation manages skills and resources around data explore all new report > explore all improving data and information access in regulated sectors this report explores the landscape of data access across the banking, accounting and legal sectors explore all our current projects > explore all transforming agriculture in south asia and sub-saharan africa – how a new data toolkit promises to transform agriculture and secure food supplies for growing communities helping bridge the data divide – the odi and microsoft are working together to help address the looming ‘data divide’ data innovation for the uk – our r&d projects for innovate uk cut across themes of data sharing and trust, supporting innovation and upgrading data infrastructure explore all work with us whether you’re in the private, public or third sectors, we can help with your data strategy. share your ideas with us, and we’ll be in touch to find out more. get in touch latest blogposts > explore all exploring global perspectives on data trusts mapping data in the uk government: capability call for proposals: deliberative research to understand perceptions of ‘bottom-up data institutions’ podcast: inspiring global data collaborations explore all explainers > explore all how does data assurance increase confidence in data? what is a digital twin? what is an identifier? what is a computer model? explore all data ethics canvas > view the canvas free tool to help identify and manage ethical issues the data ethics canvas is a free, downloadable tool for anyone who collects, shares or uses data. it helps identify and manage ethical issues – at the start of a project that uses data, and throughout. view the canvas free tools > explore all the data ethics canvas open standards for data data ecosystem mapping datopolis board game explore all upcoming talks > explore all odi summit – data odi fridays: data is not an avocado – why it matters to gen z odi canalside chats: sir nigel shadbolt and felicity burch explore all upcoming events > explore all strategic data skills - september odi summit – data data ethics professional and data ethics facilitator certification introduction to data ethics and the data ethics canvas explore all the open data institute works with companies and governments to build an open, trustworthy data ecosystem, where people can make better decisions using data and manage any harmful impacts. find out more about what we do 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 open data institute, th floor, kings place, york way, london n ag biography | about | virgil thomson – american composer & author loading... virgil thomson virgil thomson ✕ 	news 	events 	about	biography 	podcast 	vignettes 	for the media 	works 	discography 	resources	listen 	bibliography 	further research 	contact home / about / biography virgil thomson ( - ) virgil thomson ( - ) was a many-faceted american composer of great originality and a music critic of singular brilliance. utilizing a musical style marked by sharp wit and overt playfulness, he composed in almost every genre of music, producing a highly original body of work rooted in american speech rhythms and hymnbook harmony. his music was influenced by satie’s ideals of clarity, simplicity, irony, and humor. though mostly diatonic and tonal in feeling, some of his work was densely chromatic (three tone poems) and even -tone in organization (a solemn music). born in kansas city, missouri on november , , thomson was imbued with a strong sense of place—of rootedness in heartland america and its protestant traditions. his early connection to music came through the church, through piano lessons beginning at age , and stints accompanying theatricals and silent films. the music he heard was part and parcel of the wide world around him: civil war songs, cowboy songs, the blues, barn-dance music, baptist hymns, folk songs, popular songs, in addition to the canons of western art music that he studied. after attending high school and a local junior college, he joined the army and was stationed in new york city. he was also trained in radio telephony at columbia university and in aviation at a pilots’ ground school in texas. he was set for embarkation for france when the war ended. in , he enrolled as a student at harvard. there he worked as an assistant to his counterpoint teacher, archibald davison, who was also the director of the harvard glee club, and he studied composition with edward burlingame hill. both men whetted thomson’s curiosity for all things french and helped thomson secure a fellowship to travel to paris in , where he studied organ and counterpoint with nadia boulanger, and met cocteau, stein, stravinsky and satie, among many others. returning to harvard in , he graduated in . for the next few years he traveled between new york and boston where he served as organist for the king’s chapel, and he began to contribute serious music journalism to publications like mencken’s american mercury and vanity fair. it was not long, however, before europe would once again exert its call, and in he returned to paris, where he lived, apart from visits to the us, until . in he journeyed to spain to collaborate with gertrude stein on their opera, four saints in three acts, which they completed in . the opera received its premiere in hartford in with an all-black cast in an extraordinary visual production with choreography by frederick ashton. thomson created scores to the plow that broke the plains and the river (films by pare lorentz), and louisiana story (film by robert flaherty) during and . during the ’s and beyond, he also produced ballet scores, incidental music for the theater, and musical portraits, a genre in which he created more than works. thomson was the first composer to write the portrait in the subject’s presence, as a painter would do, and indeed as gertrude stein had produced her literary portraits. revised later very seldom, a portrait was a spontaneous, intuitive act for thomson. returning to new york in , he settled into his final home, the chelsea hotel, and accepted a job as chief music critic for the new york herald tribune, a position he held until . his second opera with stein, the mother of us all, based on the life of suffragette susan b. anthony, premiered in . much later, the critic andrew porter would write in the pages of the new yorker that he considered the mother of us all one of the greatest american operas. in thomson created the score for the film louisiana story, which won the pulitzer prize in music that year. after his resignation from the tribune he devoted himself to a third opera, lord byron, and to writing his autobiography in and his book american music since in . until the end of his life, he continued to compose, travel widely, lecture at universities, publish articles, and conduct. in addition to the pulitzer prize, his many honors and awards included a brandeis award, the gold medal for music from the american academy of arts and letters, the national book circle award, the kennedy center honors, and honorary doctorates. 	 	 	home 	site map 	contact 	terms 	credits © - virgil thomson foundation, ltd., all rights reserved. beyond the doomsday economics of "proof-of-work" in cryptocurrencies bis working papers no beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of- work” in cryptocurrencies by raphael auer monetary and economic department january jel classification: d , d , e , e , f , g , g , g , g , l , l keywords: cryptocurrencies, cryptoassets, digital currencies, blockchain, proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, distributed ledger technology, consensus, bitcoin, ethereum, money, digitalisation, finance, history of money bis working papers are written by members of the monetary and economic department of the bank for international settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the bank. the papers are on subjects of topical interest and are technical in character. the views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the bis. this publication is available on the bis website (www.bis.org). © bank for international settlements . all rights reserved. brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. issn - (print) issn - (online) http://www.bis.org/ wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies raphael auer abstract this paper discusses the economics of how bitcoin achieves data immutability, and thus payment finality, via costly computations, ie “proof-of-work”. further, it explores what the future might hold for cryptocurrencies modelled on this type of consensus algorithm. the conclusions are, first, that bitcoin counterfeiting via “double-spending” attacks is inherently profitable, making payment finality based on proof-of-work extremely expensive. second, the transaction market cannot generate an adequate level of “mining” income via fees as users free-ride on the fees of other transactions in a block and in the subsequent blockchain. instead, newly minted bitcoins, known as block rewards, have made up the bulk of mining income to date. looking ahead, these two limitations imply that liquidity is set to fall dramatically as these block rewards are phased out. simple calculations suggest that once block rewards are zero, it could take months before a bitcoin payment is final, unless new technologies are deployed to speed up payment finality. second-layer solutions such as the lightning network might help, but the only fundamental remedy would be to depart from proof-of-work, which would probably require some form of social coordination or institutionalisation. jel classification: d , d , e , e , f , g , g , g , g , l , l . keywords: cryptocurrencies, crypto-assets, digital currencies, blockchain, proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, distributed ledger technology, consensus, bitcoin, ethereum, money, digitalisation, finance, history of money. email: raphael.auer@bis.org. an earlier version of this paper was titled “the mechanics of decentralised trust in bitcoin and the blockchain”. i thank david archer, morten bech, stijn claessens, jon frost, giulio cornelli, henry holden, krista hughes and paul wong for comments and seminar participants at the bank for international settlements and the annual meeting of the central bank research association for comments; and codruta boar, alan villegas and giulio cornelli for outstanding research support. the views expressed in this paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of the bank for international settlements. mailto:raphael.auer@bis.org wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies introduction judged by internet searches, popular fascination with bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies soared in late , outstripping interest in sovereign currencies, or even gold (see graph , left-hand and centre panels). yet few people were actually using bitcoin to buy things (see graph , right-hand panel). much of the allure surrounding cryptocurrencies stems from the fact that no government is needed to issue them. and they can be held and traded without a bank account. instead, they are exchanged via simple technical protocols for communication between participants, as well as a publicly shared ledger of transactions (the “blockchain”) that is updated by a decentralised network of “miners” via costly computations, ie “proof-of-work”. what is the economic potential of this new means of exchange? this paper analyses the underlying economics of how bitcoin achieves payment finality, ie how it seeks to make a payment unalterable once included in the blockchain, so that it can be considered as irrevocable. it then discusses the future of this type of cryptocurrency in general. the focus lies on the technical elements underlying bitcoin and its blockchain, as devised by nakamoto ( ). but its conclusions extend to cryptocurrencies that are slightly modified clones of bitcoin (eg bitcoin cash, bitcoin sv, or litecoin) or digital tokens that, so far at least, share the crucial reliance on proof-of-work to underpin their payment finality (eg ethereum or monero). international bodies have also turned their attention to cryptocurrencies, see, for example, bank for international settlements ( ), carstens ( a,b,c), committee on payments and market infrastructures (cpmi) ( , ), financial action task force ( ), carney ( ), financial stability board ( a,b) and g finance ministers and central bank governors ( ). to put the magnitudes in the right-hand panel of graph in context, the peak of usd million bitcoin payments processed compares with around usd billion processed on average in a month by just one conventional payment processor, visa. global interest in bitcoin, valuations, and use in retail payments graph interest in bitcoin has exceeded that of sovereign currencies and gold valuations have been on a roller coaster actual usage in retail payments remained small interest over time usd usd mn per month numbers represent search interest relative to the highest point on the chart for the given search term and time. a value of is the peak popularity for the term. a value of means that the term attracts half as many searches as a value of . a score of means there were not enough data for this term. google trends was accessed on november with searches for bitcoin, euro, gold, usd (“search term” and worldwide search interest, respectively). data from the coindesk bitcoin price index. bpi value data returned as usd. the displayed line shows the monthly volume of global retail payment transactions made in bitcoins and handled by the major bitcoin payment-processing firms (volumes are expressed in dollars). sources: coindesk; google trends (site accessed on . . ); chainanalysis.com (site accessed on . . ). q q q q bitcoin gold euro us dollar , , , , bitcoin price index transactions monthly volume of payment http://www.chainanalysis.com/ wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies nakamoto’s key innovation is to balance the cost and reward for updating the blockchain, by creating incentives to ensure that updates are correct. the updating process deters forgeries by imposing a cost on updating the blockchain. at the same time, accurate updating of the blockchain confers a reward on the so-called miners who do the updating. miners, or their computers, effectively compete to solve a mathematical problem. presenting a solution proves that they have done a certain amount of computational work. such “proof-of-work” allows a miner to add a block of newly processed transactions to the blockchain, collecting fees from the subject transactions as well as “block rewards” – newly minted bitcoins that increase the outstanding supply. the costs and rewards of nakamoto’s updating process are the focus of our discussion here. two questions are raised. first, how efficient is the fundamental architecture of deterring forgeries via costly proof-of- work? and second, can the market for transactions actually generate rewards that are valuable enough to ensure that payment finality is really achieved? analysing these two elements uncovers fundamental economic limitations that cloud the future of cryptocurrencies based on proof-of-work. in sum, with the current technology, it is not even clear whether such cryptocurrencies can keep functioning as they do at the time of writing. this statement is unrelated to well known restrictions on the scale of such payment systems or the volatility of cryptocurrencies. rather, it concerns the fundamentals of nakamoto’s updating process, which has two limitations that interact in a fateful manner. the first limitation is that proof-of-work axiomatically requires high transaction costs to ensure payment finality (see also the important contribution by budish ( ) on this issue). counterfeiters can attack bitcoin via a “double-spending” strategy, ie spending in one block and later undoing this by releasing a forged blockchain in which the transactions are erased. this paper starts by introducing the concept of “economic payment finality” in the blockchain. that is, a payment can be considered final only once it is unprofitable for any potential adversary to undo it with a double-spending attack. this economic concept differs starkly from the operational considerations of finality in nakamoto ( ), who examines a double-spending attack by a large miner controlling a significant fraction of the network’s computational power. nakamoto’s definition of payment finality (although not explicitly spelled out as such) is thus operational: the deeper a payment is buried in the ledger, the less likely an adversary with given computational resources will succeed in a double-spending attack. if the incentives of potential attackers are analysed, it is clear that the cost of economic payment finality is extreme. for example, to achieve economic payment finality within six blocks (one hour), back of the envelope calculations suggest that mining income must amount to . % of the transaction volume – a multiple of transaction fees in today’s mainstream payment services. the underlying intuition is simple: double-spending is very profitable. in fact, attackers stand to gain a much higher bitcoin income than does an honest miner. while honest miners simply collect block rewards and transaction fees, counterfeiters collect not only any block rewards and transaction fees in the forged chain, but also the amount that was double-spent, ie the value of the voided transactions. this “attacker advantage” ultimately translates into a very high required ratio for miners’ income as compared with the transaction volume (the amount that can be double-spent). nakamoto ( ) – a pseudonym for a hitherto unknown person or group of persons – did not invent the individual technological elements of bitcoin but rather made use of a novel combination of existing technologies. proposals for digital forms of cash date include eg chaum ( ). the proof-of-work concept is commonly attributed to dwork and naor ( ), while szabo ( ) too recognised that this principle (initially developed to deter spam) could be used in digital payment systems. on limited scale and volatility, see in particular bank for international settlements ( ). for other limitations, see eg biais et al ( ), huberman et al ( ), budish ( ), and morris and shin ( ). wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies the second fundamental economic limitation is that the system cannot generate transaction fees in line with the goal of guaranteeing payment security. either, the system works below capacity and users’ incentives to set transaction fees are very low, or the system becomes congested (see huberman et al ( ) and easley et al ( ) for analysis of the case of congestion and associated queuing). underlying this is a key externality: the proof-of-work and hence the level of security is determined at the level of the block one’s transaction is included in, with protection also being provided by the proofs-of-work for subsequent blocks. in contrast, the fee is set by each user privately, hence creating a classical free-rider problem, amounting to a veritable “tragedy of the common chain”. while each user would benefit from high transaction fee income for the miner, the incentives to contribute with one’s own fee are low. the key takeaway of this paper concerns the interaction of these two limitations: proof-of-work can only achieve payment security if mining income is high, but the transaction market cannot generate an adequate level of income. as a result, liquidity is set to deteriorate substantially in years to come. the backdrop is that the bulk of miners’ current income consists of block rewards. but block rewards are being phased out. for example, in bitcoin and many of the clones that have “forked” from it, the next time block rewards will halve is in . whenever block rewards decrease, the security of payments decreases and transaction fees become more important to guarantee the finality of payments. however the economic design of the transaction market fails to generate high enough fees. a simple model suggests that ultimately, it could take nearly a year, or , blocks, before a payment could be considered “final”. given these considerations, the paper concludes with a discussion of how technological progress is set to affect the efficiency of bitcoin and related cryptocurrencies. so-called second-layer solutions such as the lightning network can improve the economics of payment security (in addition to mitigating scaling limits). however, they are no magic bullets, as they face their own scaling issues. in order to prevent liquidity from ebbing away, bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies would need to depart from using proof-of-work – a system that is not sustainable without block rewards – and embrace other methods for achieving consensus on blockchain updates. among many proposed developments, the most prominent one is “proof-of-stake,” a system in which coordination on blockchain updates is enforced by ensuring that transaction verifiers pledge their coin holdings as guarantees that their payment confirmations are accurate. yet, because such a system lacks the solid grounding offered by proof-of-work (which proves actual offline activity), its success may rest on additional overarching coordination mechanisms, ie some degree of implicit or explicit coordination by an institution. judging based on the current technology, the overall conclusion is that in the digital age too, good money is likely to remain a social rather than a purely technological construct (see eg carstens ( a) and borio ( )). that cryptocurrencies might in future profit from social coordination or institutions is also the tragedy of the commons is a frequently encountered problem in economics when individuals try to reap benefits from a commonly accessible resource in fixed supply without taking into account the effect of one’s consumption on the well-being of others. the name originates from over-grazing of common land (see lloyd ( )). note that huberman et al ( ) examine congestion in the market for transaction fees while assuming that “the mining resources are sufficient to guarantee the system's reliability and security” (see p ), a focus very similar to easley et al ( ). in contrast, budish ( ) examines the economics of security, ie of double-spending attacks, but not how mining income is determined. in this paper, i combine these approaches to show how the economics of security and the market for transaction fees interact, ie how the market of transactions determines payment security and what this implies for the future liquidity of bitcoin. other proposals, such as “delegated proof of stake” or “proof of importance”, directly aim at implementing such institutionalisation via a variety of voting mechanisms. certainly, above all, even if cryptocurrencies should one day become an economically efficient payment means, the economic and ethical problem of whether this is actually desirable remains. given the impossibility of dealing with this issue in a few pages, this paper sidesteps it entirely. one aspect is illicit payments. landau and genais ( ), auer and claessens ( , ), clayton ( ), fanusie, and robinson ( ) and foley et al ( ) discuss cases where bitcoin has been used for illicit payments. another aspect regards the macroeconomic implications of privately issued currencies (see amihud and cukierman ( ), fernández-villaverde and sanches ( ), and schilling and uhlig ( ) on the implications of currency competition). http://www.bis.org/ wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies highlighted by the very same algebra that shows the doomsday economics of pure proof-of-work. the point is that their payment efficiency could be greatly improved by introducing an institutional underpinning to undo double-spending attacks should they occur. in this light, one key question for future research is whether and how technology-supported distributed exchange could complement the existing monetary and financial infrastructure. technology basics and the economics of mining this section starts by giving an overview of how bitcoin transactions work. it then zooms in on the basic economics of proof-of-work, mining, and equilibrium “difficulty”. a payment transaction in bitcoin and its blockchain: system overview at face value, the idea underlying bitcoin is simple: instead of a bank centrally recording transactions, a publicly shared blockchain (a chain of files) records successive transactions. graph depicts the basic concepts of a purchase with a central ledger updated by a bank (left-hand panel) and a distributed blockchain (right-hand panel). for other introductions by economists, see andalfatto ( ), böhme et al ( ), athey et al ( ), bolt and van oordt ( ), bech and garrat ( ), catlini and gans ( ), and chiu and koeppl ( ), andalfatto ( ), berentsen and schaer ( , ), pichler et al ( ), abadi and brunnermeier ( ), and lewis ( ). making a payment transaction via a bank account and via bitcoin graph centralised ledger (bank) distributed ledger (bitcoin) a buyer purchases a good from the seller, who initiates shipment upon perceived confirmation of the payment. if the payment takes place via bank accounts (left-hand panel) the buyer sends the payment instruction to the bank, which adjusts account balances by debiting the amount paid from the buyer’s account and crediting it to the seller’s account. the bank then confirms payment to the seller. in contrast, if payment takes place via bitcoin (right-hand panel), the buyer first publicly announces a payment instruction stating that the bitcoin holdings of the buyer are reduced by one, while those of the seller are increased by one. after a delay, a so-called miner includes this payment information in a new block of transactions, which is added to the blockchain. the updated blockchain is subsequently shared with other miners and users, each verifying that the newly added payment instruction is authorised by the buyer and is not a double-spending attempt. finally, the seller observes that the blockchain including the payment instruction emerges as the one used by the entire network of miners and users. source: author’s elaboration. bank buyer authorises payment bank informs seller of payment buyer account balance – seller account balance + $ ship goods buyer announces payment blockchain update: buyer holdings – seller holdings + miner sees new consensus multiple verifications ship goods miner miner miner miner miner miner miner miner miner miner mailto:robert.mccauley@bis.org wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies in more detail, the transaction on the right-hand side of graph plays out as follows: . the buyer’s “cryptographic digital signature” publicly announces the payment transaction, including the payee, the paid amount, and the transaction fee the payer is willing to pay to the miner. . miners select the unprocessed transactions that will maximise their income from fees and engage in computations until the first miner emerges with a valid proof-of-work. . the successful proof-of-work allows the miner to add a block of transactions to the blockchain, collecting the fees of the included transactions and the block reward. . the new blockchain is shared among the network of miners and other uses, who also verify the update (verify the proof-of-work, the signatures, and the absence of double-spending). if this new blockchain emerges as the consensus version, the majority of miners keep on adding to it. in the above steps, any bitcoin owner should be able to spend their funds, but only once so. “cryptographic digital signatures” are used to verify payment transactions such as “c pays to s.” this digital signature proves that the payment has been authorised by whoever controls the bitcoins that are being spent. that leaves the problem of double-spending, which might occur, for example, if c were to simultaneously broadcast the payment instructions “c pays to s” and “c pays to y” for one and the same bitcoin. because c uses the correct digital signature to sign both payment messages, both are valid. but the blockchain would be compromised if both transactions are entered into it, and a way needs to be found to stop this from happening. one part of the solution is that merchants check the public blockchain, verifying that their counterparties actually own the amount of funds they claim to be transferring. the second, and crucial, part is an algorithm that incentivises miners to add only correct updates to the blockchain. in a decentralised system, there is no reputation to lose and laws cannot be enforced easily. the risk is that counterfeiters would spend bitcoins and simultaneously disseminate fake versions of the blockchain to the network, in the hope that merchants will accept these fake blockchain versions and transfer goods to the counterfeiters. hence, updating the blockchain must be expensive enough to deter fake updating attempts. yet, if updating the blockchain is costly, there must also be a reward in place to incentivise truthful updates. the bitcoin protocol solves this by creating a class of agents known as miners, who update the blockchain via computational work, and in return receive block rewards and transaction fees when they add batches of valid transactions (“blocks”) to the blockchain. graph gives a schematic overview of the resulting blockchain and its main elements: the publicly available blockchain is updated in blocks of transactions. each block is a small file that includes a number of payment transactions, stating the amount, the payer and the payee. blocks, in turn, are chained to each other sequentially, thus forming the blockchain. miners face strong incentives to check the validity of the transactions that they include in their block, for if any of the included transactions turns out to be invalid (because either the signature is invalid or somebody has spent funds that they don’t actually own) the entire block is invalid, thus also invalidating the transaction fees and the block reward. but the validation itself is not computationally intensive when compared with the computational effort involved in proof-of-work. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies proof-of-work: rolling a dice proof-of-work is a simple cryptographic tool that allows to send a credible signal to others that a certain amount of money has been wasted on electricity and equipment. an analogy is a dice with a large number of sides that each have an equal probability of coming out on top. if there are , sides numbered from to , , on average, one would have to roll the dice times until a number between and comes out on top. showing a dice with any number between to on top thus shows that one in all likelihood has rolled the dice about times. proof-of-work is the mathematical equivalent of credibly rolling the dice. it relies on asymmetrical mathematical problems with solutions that are difficult to come up with, but easy to verify. this is the process of hashing. a “hash” function takes a random text input and produces from it a hash output according to set rules. the hash function used in the bitcoin protocol – known as sha – satisfies the property that it is not possible to deduce the input from the specific hash output. for example, a simple hash function is to take the second and fourth letter from any input. for the input “abcdseffdfff…”, the output of this hash function is “bd”. note that the security of the sha is not guaranteed axiomatically. other hash functions once thought safe have, in fact, been broken. cryptographically chained, valid blocks of transactions form bitcoin’s blockchain graph the publicly available ledger is updated in bunches of transactions, and each update is termed a “block.” blocks, in turn, are chained to each other sequentially, thus forming the “blockchain.” the blockchain is updated much like adding individual pages with new transactions to a ledger, with page numbers determining the order of the individual pages. each block is a small file that includes a number of payment transactions, stating the amount, the payer and the payee, and also the transaction fee. the original bitcoin protocol restricts each block to a maximum file size of mb, which in practice implies that around , transactions can be included in each block. only transactions including the valid digital signature associated with the transferred funds are accepted into a block. a new block is added to the blockchain only about once every minutes. adding a block to the existing block chain requires a valid proof-of-work (also called a “nonce”), which involves a hash function that takes a random text input and produces from this an output according to set rules. the key property of the sha hash function used in the bitcoin protocol is that the output is unpredictable: to get a desired result, the only solution is thus to try many starting values randomly, which creates a computing cost. cryptographic chaining of blocks is achieved by including summary information from the previous block in the proof-of-work of the current block. source: author’s elaboration. hash of previous block proof-of-work/ nonce ba c … b fcf… fe f … b f… cf … aff d… ead e … e e … a b… e b i… no details signatures no details signatures no details signatures no details signatures no details signatures . ... po x... . … mgp … . btc from a to c xsfsdl f sdfsdfas . … mzf... . … lbvi… . ... lteu… . … qgwt... . btc from d to g df m bsg . … tnz ... . … f ly ... ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ≈ , . . ≈ , . . ≈ , . . ≈ , . . ≈ , . . mb block size limit allows for about transactions wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies a specific sha output can thus be found only by trial and error, which proves that a miner has done a certain amount of computational work. conceptually, the bitcoin protocol will only add blocks to the blockchain that are accompanied by a rare hash output. this is defined as one starting with many s (or more precisely, the value of which expressed in binary numbers is below some “target” level). the expected number of hashes that needs to be performed to obtain a hash result below target is called “difficulty” (difficulty is thus proportional to /target). by adjusting the target level, it is possible to change the cost of adding a block to the blockchain. to translate this difficulty into the expected cost to add block b to the chain, one needs to know the cost per hash, ie the cost of performing one sha computation: 	 	 	 	 	 	 = 	 	 ℎℎ 	 	 = 	 	 ℎ ∗	 the cost per hash is the cost of the computational equipment required to perform the hash calculations, as well as the cost of electricity and other operating costs. to get a sense of the magnitudes, in mid- , the antminer s , a frequently purchased item of mining hardware, could perform an advertised . x sha hashes per second while using around , watts of power. assuming an electricity cost of . , a price tag of usd , for the hardware, no other costs, and a life expectancy for the equipment of three years, the cost per hash emerges as . ∗ . 	∗ ∗ 	. 	 ∗ 	 / ≈ 	 . ∗ 	 /ℎ ℎ ( ) if a miner comes up with an input that solves to a low hash value, this signals that the person, group, or company has done a certain amount of computational work. an input text that solves for a hash result below target is called a proof-of-work (or “nonce”), and it allows a block of transactions to be added to the blockchain. the final piece of the updating game is a coordination algorithm ensuring that a unique consensus emerges between the many actors exchanging information. note that, although the above elements show how one blockchain is updated, it cannot be taken for granted that there exists only one version of the blockchain. in fact, due to errors, coordination issues, and attacks, there are often competing versions. bitcoin solves this issue by adopting the rule that, if competing versions are observed, the one which is the most expensive to forge continues to be used. since this is generally the blockchain with the most blocks, this rule can be summarised as: “follow the longest chain.” bitcoin thus solves a coordination issue via an economic approach: it coordinates on the version into which the most resources have been invested. mining economics and equilibrium “difficulty” how is equilibrium on the market for blockchain updates determined? a formal analysis requires some notation to be introduced. let blocks be represented by an integer number b that starts at (the “genesis” block) and then increases in steps of one. each transaction in a block is indexed by t. the revenue to the miner (denoted by 	 and expressed in bitcoin (btc)) for coming up with the proof-of- work for block b is: 	 = 	 + ∑ 	 	 	 ( ) calling this the rule of following the longest chain is slightly misleading: the actual rule is not that the longest chain should continue to be used but the one that is the most difficult to forge. a chain with a small number of blocks but of high difficulty can be more costly to forge than a long chain with low average difficulty. note that game-theoretic analysis, as presented in biais et al ( ), shows that the consensus mechanism developed by nakamoto ( ) is not unique: other equilibria in which miners coordinate on random “sunspot” events and branch off (ie “fork”) the blockchain can emerge. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies the evolution of block rewards ( 	 ), was specified at the outset in nakamoto ( ) (see graph for their path) and is given only by the block number: block rewards were originally set at bitcoins per block, and halve every , blocks (around every four years). they will be set to zero once the halving results in less than / , , of bitcoin (the smallest denomination possible). by then (probably at some point in the year ), the total supply of bitcoin will reach its upper limit of , , . miners also collect the transactions fees (∑ 		 	 	 ) in equation ( ), but these are currently very meagre compared with the block rewards (see graph ). fees are determined endogenously by the system (see the section below on the transaction market). importantly, the difficulty of adding a new block to the blockchain is self-calibrating. this ensures that the number of blocks added tends to be stable over time. the number of miners in bitcoin may fluctuate over time, while technological advances are likely to reduce the cost of hashing. the bitcoin protocol has an in- built formula that, every , blocks (about every two weeks), adjusts the difficulty of finding a rare hash result. the difficulty is increased if blocks have been added more quickly than one block every minutes, and reduces the difficulty otherwise. this means that the implicit cost of finding a valid proof-of-work, and also the required break-even mining revenue, fluctuate over time and with the entry and exit of miners. if we assume that miners are risk-neutral and that the mining process is competitive, the break-even or free entry condition is that the expected mining revenue for block b is equal to the expected mining cost: 	 = expected	 	 where is the value of one bitcoin in us dollars. taking into account the above free entry condition together with the determinants of the mining revenue, this solves to the equilibrium difficulty of bitcoin. in this equilibrium, the cost of updating the blockchain (the difficulty of the updating game times the cost to produce one hash in usd) is equal to the reward (the sum of all transaction fees in a block plus the block reward, and all this multiplied by the usd price of one bitcoin): ∗ 	 	 ℎ = 	 	 + ∑ 	 	 	 ) ( ) block rewards, bitcoin circulation, and mining income graph bitcoins are brought into circulation via block rewards, but at a decelerating speed miners’ income is made up of block rewards and transaction fees btc mn bitcoin per block all bitcoins in existence have been issued via “block rewards.” every new block added to the block chain increases the total supply, with the newly created bitcoins being credited to the miner who adds the block. block rewards were set to bitcoins per block initially and are halving every , blocks. they will be set to zero once the halving results in less than / , , of bitcoin (one satoshi), meaning that the total supply of bitcoins will be , , . miners’ income is made up of block rewards and transaction fees. dashed pattern indicates estimated future values. thirty-day moving average of the sum of all transactions fees in each block (in bitcoin). source: https://bitinfocharts.com; https://coinmetrics.io; author’s calculation. . . . . . bitcoin supply . . . . . block reward transaction fees per block https://coinmetrics.io/ https://bitinfocharts.com/ wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies equation ( ) shows that, with endogenous difficulty, proof-of-work becomes a purely economic concept. the difficulty adjusts so that miners, on average, break even and the average expenses of the computational work equal the block reward plus the transaction fees times the price of bitcoin. developments in late offer a window of opportunity to study how the economics underlying equation ( ) play out in practice. the price of bitcoin, which had fluctuated around usd , – , from april to early november, collapsed first to around usd , in late november, and then to usd , and below in mid-december. this resulted in a massive exodus of miners who were no longer able to recover the power costs of running their mining equipment. as a result, proof-of-works were discovered at a speed of less than one every minutes, and bitcoin’s difficulty decreased substantially until the free entry condition in ( ) was restored. attacker advantage: the high cost of economic finality via proof-of-work how good is the security provided by a specific “difficulty” and what is the economic cost of achieving finality via such costly signals? this section starts by introducing the concept of “economic payment finality”, by which a payment can be considered irrevocable only once it is unprofitable to reverse it. this concept takes as its starting point the double-spending attacks outlined in nakamoto ( ). however, equation ( ) also shows that technological progress, for example in the form of cheaper computing power and a lower cost per hash, is simply offset by higher difficulty: self-calibrating proof-of-work ultimately proves that a certain amount of actual resources has been spent and, on balance, this amount of money is equal to the expected reward. note that the difficulty was still increasing until august , despite prices being much below the peak. this is evidence of the time it takes time to accumulate a stock of mining equipment. prat and benjamin ( ) provide an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of entry into the mining industry. bitcoin price developments, difficulty, and block discovery time during late graph proof-of-work difficulty follows the usd price of bitcoin as… … falling bitcoin prices cause miners to shut down equipment, resulting in fewer block discoveries, and thus a downward re-calibration of difficulty usd ^ minutes data from the coindesk bitcoin price index. the bitcoin protocol adjusts the difficulty of the proof-of-work required to add a block to the blockchain such as to keep the average arrival time steady at one per minutes. the adjustment of the difficulty takes place every , blocks (ie around every two weeks). if over the most recent , blocks, the average arrival time was faster than one per minutes, the difficulty increases. if the arrival time was slower, it eases. during the price collapse in late , many miners shut down their equipment as they could not recover their power costs. this lead to a decline in the block arrival time (see right-hand panel), and thus eventually a decline in difficulty. sources: bitcoinwisdom.com; coindesk; data.bitcoinity.org (site accessed on jan ). , , , , , . . . . . dec nov oct sep bitcoin price index lhs: bitcoin difficultyrhs: dec nov oct sep __ __ _ difficulty decreases slow block arrival means __ _ __difficulty increases fast block arrival means average block discovery time https://data.bitcoinity.org/ https://www.bitcoinwisdom.com/ wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies instead of asking what the chances of an attack succeeding are, as nakamoto does, it raises the question of what the incentives of potential adversaries might be (see also budish ( ) for a closely related analysis). an economic definition of payment finality finality in exchange generally means that “a transfer of funds [or] a transfer of securities that have become irrevocable and unconditional” (see cpss ( , p )). the key here is that a traditional payment or other transfer is not protected by market mechanisms, but rather by the legal system: once a payment has made its way through the national payment system and into the books of the central bank, it is final by law and cannot be revoked. in a cryptocurrency, finality is a starkly different concept. broadly, it signifies that once a transaction is included in the blockchain, there is certainty that it will not be undone later by the emergence of an alternative “longer” blockchain which does not include the subject transaction. nakamoto ( ) considers a change-of-history attack by a large miner controlling a significant fraction of computational power of the network. in this type of “operational attack”, the adversary spends bitcoins while simultaneously and covertly mining and building an alternative “longest chain” that does not include these transactions. in this scenario, merchants would wait for the payments to be included in a block, and then wait for a certain number of subsequent blocks to be added to the blockchain (each additional block is called a “confirmation”). the attacker would wait until all merchants accept the payment, and then release the secretly mined blockchain in which the original payment instructions are not included. if the attacker was successful in outmining the rest of the network, the secret chain would be accepted as the consensus upon release. nakamoto’s definition of payment finality (although not explicitly spelled out) is thus probabilistic: if a payment is buried deep in the ledger, it is unlikely (though not impossible) that a longer rival chain without the payment transaction exists. thus, the probability of an operational attack succeeding depends on the adversary’s share of the total computational power available, and on how fast payments are accepted as being final. it declines exponentially with the length of time that merchants are willing to wait before releasing the payment. for example, if merchants follow a rule to release merchandise after a waiting time of n confirmations and the attacker controls a share <x< . of the mining power, the chance of this type of attack succeeding is related to (x/x- )n+ . by contrast, the economic notion of payment finality can be defined as follows: a cryptocurrency payment can be considered as final once it is certain that from a certain moment of time onwards, it will never be profitable to undo the payment via a double-spending attack. thus, to establish payment finality in this way, it is necessary to evaluate what the costs and gains to a potential attacker might be. in other words, a payment is considered safe from attack as soon as an attack would no longer be profitable. this perspective gives a radically different answer as to when a payment can be considered final compared to the operational considerations in nakamoto ( ) (see table for an overview). to exemplify an economic attack on bitcoin, take the following stylised example of an adversary who rents mining equipment for a short period of time to conduct a double-spending attack. consider a simple strategy to undo all transactions in block number b by renting computational equipment and mining faster than the rest of the network until block number b+waittime, where waittime is the time expressed in blocks this is not to say that errors cannot be corrected ex post. erroneous payments can be reversed via legal challenge and associated re-payments, but this does not invalidate the original payment. the chance of an attack succeeding is not exactly equal to xn + as the adversary might lose ground against the network of miners, but eventually catch up and out-mine the network later on. for example, the chance of successfully out-mining the rest of the network for six blocks is around % for an adversary controlling % of the network’s cpu power. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies until merchants irreversibly release the merchandise plus one block (as the forged block chain needs to be longer than the one the rest of the network has been mining). the cost of an attack would be as follows: if the attacker is able to rent equipment for a 	 			ℎ ℎ (which would likely exceed the previously introduced 	 	 ℎ of normal miners), the expected cost to forge a blockchain from block b onwards and until block b+waittime is equal to 	 = 	 	 	ℎ ℎ ∗ ∑ ( ) inserting the free entry condition ( ) that relates the mining difficulty to mining income yields that the cost of an attack increases with the waiting time (ie how long any forged block chain would have to be to note that, in this attack vector, it is crucially assumed that attackers can rent any equipment they want at a stated price. the attack vector is thus certain to succeed. the calculations also assume that the difficulty is determined instantaneously and constantly for the subsequent blocks. approaches to payment finality: legal, operational, and economic definitions table legal finality concept: legal or procedural definition logic: a transaction is considered final once specific legal requirements have been met implying that a transfer is unconditional and irrevocable even if one of the involved parties becomes insolvent or enters into bankruptcy (see cpmi-iosco ( )). criterion: the specific criteria for settlement finality differ by jurisdiction, involved counterparties, mode of payment, and asset class (see cpmi ( ) for examples). operational/probabilistic finality concept: probabilistic – no formal definition of finality, only the idea that a transaction buried “deep” in the ledger is unlikely to be reversed. logic: if an adversary controls a given share of the total mining power and merchants wait for waittime blocks before shipping goods, the probability can be calculated that the adversary can mine enough blocks to overtake the rest of the network of miners and undo a payment via the release of a longer blockchain. formula for likelihood of finality (from nakamoto ( )): − ! − − ) parameters: - share x ( <x< %) of the network’s hashing capacity that is controlled by the adversary. - merchants wait for waittime blocks until goods are shipped. economic finality concept: incentives – a transaction is final once it is no longer profitable to reverse it. logic: if potential attackers can rent mining equipment on a short-term basis, how long do merchants have to wait until is unprofitable to undo the payment via a double- spending attack? formula: see equation ( ): 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 	 	 >	 	 	 	ℎ ℎ	 	ℎ ℎ − Π ) − 	 											 parameters: - ratio of miner’s income compared to transaction volume. - adversary cost disadvantage for short-term mining equipment rentals. - price decline following successful attacks. - probability of social coordination to undo a double-spending attack. sources: nakamoto ( ); author’s calculations. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies convince counterparties to release the merchandise), with the attacker’s cost disadvantage 	 	 		 	 , and with the revenues from mining: 	 = 	 	 		 	 ∗ ∗ ∑ 	 ( ) equation ( ) shows that the higher the miner’s income per block is, the higher are the equilibrium expenses that an adversary would need to incur in order to forge the blockchain. on the other hand, the gain from an attack is not only the double-spent coins (the sum of all transactions t in block b, ∑ 	 	 	 ), but also the mining income (block rewards plus transaction fees) for the forged wait-time blocks. the gain from this economic attack is thus 	 	= − Π ) ∑ 	 	 	 + ∑ 	 ( ) one important thing to note is that, because the attacker forging the blockchain collects not only the double-spent bitcoins, but also the block rewards and transaction fees in the forged chain, the attacker collects a higher bitcoin income than an honest miner. however, an offsetting force is that , the price of bitcoin in usd after an attack, is potentially much lower than the pre-attack price . this price drop reflects the collapse of confidence in bitcoin that would probably ensue after a successful double-spending attack. also overarching coordination mechanisms by the network of users provide protection for payments (see more on this in the conclusion). this is captured by the term − Π ) , where Π represents the probability that, following a successful double-spending attack, the network of users would collaborate to ignore the forged chain (even though it is the longest chain), ie by initiating a so-called hard fork. an attack is unprofitable as long as the expected cost of an attack exceeds the expected gain: 	 > 	 we can rearrange this expression to show that bitcoin or any other proof-of-work-based cryptocurrency is safe from such an attack as long as: 	 	 	 	 > ∑ 	 	 		 	 	 ∗	 	 	 		 	 −	 ( ) the left-hand side of equation ( ) shows that bitcoin is safe from an economic attack if the costs of forging the blockchain is high, which can either be a result of each block coming with high block reward and transaction fees or because the number of blocks that need to be forged is large (high waittime). on the other hand, the first term on the right-hand side of equation ( ) shows that bitcoin is more susceptible to an attack if the total value of the transactions included in this block is large, ie if the amount that can be double-spent is large. the second term on the right-hand side of equation ( ) summarises that the attacker is at a cost disadvantage: renting mining equipment at short notice is expensive, and 	 	 		 	 is likely above one. offering further protection from an economic attack is the consideration that > , ie that the value of bitcoin would collapse after a successful attack. this proceeds from the fact that part of the gains from note that many guidelines regarding the safe use of bitcoin recommend making the waiting time dependent on the amount of transactions, but equation shows that the size of an individual transaction is not relevant. the maximal gain from a successful double-spending attack depends on the total value of all the transactions in a block. thus, the waiting time depends on the total value of all transactions in a block rather than on the value of an individual transaction. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies a double-spending attack come from bitcoins that have been “unspent” in the forged blockchain and which can be spent again in the future. yet, if bitcoin were to lose its value after an attack on bitcoin, there would be no point in attacking it in the first place. while nobody can say for sure what would happen after a successful attack, a series of attacks on “bitcoin gold“ shows what might happen. after the attacks took place on – may , the cumulative price of this smaller cryptocurrency fell by more than one fifth. last, bitcoin would be harder to attack if Π > , ie if users could be persuaded to ignore the rules of nakamoto ( ) in case of a successful double-spending attack. it is noteworthy that, while nobody can say whether this would actually happen, there have been instances in the past where the bitcoin community has ignored the rule to follow the longest chain (see below). equation ( ) offers three key insights regarding the security of payments in the blockchain. first, assuming that users are true to nakamoto ( ) and will not initiate a hard fork (Π = ), and assuming that mining revenue and the amount that is spent is constant, rewriting ( ) highlights the high required transaction costs: 	∑ 	 	 	.		 	 	 	% > 	 ) 	 	 		 	 ∗ − ( ) equation ( ) documents the high cost of decentralised payment security. for example, say that bitcoin users are on average prepared to pay transaction costs of %, that rented hash power is twice as expensive as the underlying price of equipment and electricity for honest miners, and that bitcoin would lose one third of its value after a successful attack. then, the required waiting time is blocks (over eight hours). but if the average transaction cost is . %, the required waiting time is blocks, ie around three and a half days! equation ( ) also shows that one needs to be quite wary about the recommendation seen on many websites that users should wait until their payment is included in a block, and then for at least five additional subsequent confirmations, implying a waiting time of about one hour on average. if users wait for six blocks or fewer (about one hour), the required average transaction costs (as a percentage of the transaction amount) are about . %! note that the economic attack vector outlined above crucially assumes that any amount of hash power can be rented at short notice. up to december , this would only have been a realistic possibility for cryptocurrencies with a modest network of users (some of which were, in fact, attacked), but not for bitcoin. since then, however, as the price of bitcoin has collapsed, many miners located in countries with high energy costs can no longer recover the cost of electricity and have turned off their equipment, as is evident from the decline in the total hash power of bitcoin’s network of miners (see graph , left-hand side, and also graph above). as a result, the surplus of mining equipment that could be switched on any time for high-return double-spending attacks might even bring an attack on bitcoin within the realms of possibility. and this issue is set to intensify during mid- , when the block rewards are halved, pushing further mining equipment out of the regular mining market. furthermore, other forms of attack on bitcoin have become substantially cheaper in recent months. as an extreme example, consider how expensive it would be to amass equipment that, in total, would wield % of the hash power of all current bitcoin miners. this could then be used to launch double-spending attacks and essentially hold bitcoin hostage. although substantial, the cost of doing this has come down dramatically, not just because the hash rate of bitcoin’s network of miners has peaked, but thanks mainly to the steep recent fall in the price of mining equipment (see graph , centre and right-hand panels). aside from the discussion on the type of attack vector, two fundamental insights emerge from all economic considerations of an attack. the first is that attackers gain not only the double-spent coins but also, like regular miners, the transaction fees and the block rewards. this makes an attack inherently more profitable on the other hand, it should be noted that the above example describes only a very basic economic attack in which the transaction is undone in a single block and legitimate blocks are mined thereafter. an even more profitable strategy would be to spend coins in several successive blocks and then undo all of these transactions. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies than honest mining unless there are strong disadvantages in terms of costs for short-term rentals, a price collapse following any double-spending, or deterrence through overarching coordination. second, from an economic point of view, the consideration in nakamoto ( ) that waiting time adds exponentially to the security of bitcoin payments does not hold true: equation ( ) shows that waiting times only add linearly to the cost of a forgery, so that the system can sustain low transaction costs only by means of extremely long waiting times. this second consideration is crucial for bitcoin’s future, as explained in detail below. the “tragedy of the common chain” in the market for transactions the second main economic limitation relates to the inability of bitcoin to generate non-negligible transaction fees other than via congestion. that is, although miners compete to update the blockchain, they cannot affect the maximum number of transactions that are being processed. the basics of the transaction market each bitcoin owner wanting to transact sets a transaction fee. miners see all pending transactions and choose those maximising their fee income, thus generating an endogenous average transaction cost. but as long as blocks still have free space, the marginal cost to the miner to include a transaction is , and the miners include any transaction with a non-zero fee. because the supply of transaction throughput is fixed, while demand for transactions has fluctuated substantially over time, the market for transactions fluctuates between two extremes, as seen in graph . although a nuance is that, as the difficulty of the proof of work adjusts only once every two weeks, rapid entry by miners can in fact affect the number of transactions that are being processed for up to two weeks at a time. any payment transaction also includes a separate transaction fee payable to whomever successfully mines the block in which the transaction is included. overall hashing rate, equipment prices, and the cost of a large-scale attack graph total hashing rate of the bitcoin network peaked in august the price of mining equipment dropped substantially as a result, the cost of acquiring the network’s hash rate collapsed millions of terahash per second usd usd bn price history of antminer s mining equipment with advertised capacity of . tera-hash per second on geizhals.de (price in germany). the cost of acquiring equipment capable of performing calculations at the same rate as bitcoin’s total hashing rate. calculated as (network hashing rate in th/s * price per antminer s ) / . th/s. sources: https://bitinfocharts.com; https://geizhals.de/bitmain-antminer-s -a .html; author’s calculations. hashrate , , , , q q q q q q https://geizhals.de/bitmain-antminer-s -a .html https://bitinfocharts.com/ wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies on the one hand, positive and very high fees can result when the system gets congested (on the case of congestion, see in particular easley et al ( ) and huberman et al ( )). when newly added blocks are already at the maximum size permitted by the protocol, the system congests and many transactions go into a queue. users who want to have their fees transacted immediately start setting higher fees. during peak crypto-hype in late , transaction fees spiked in this way at more than usd per transaction (!), a situation that persisted for some time (see graph ). on the other hand, whenever demand for transactions is such that, even with a fee of zero, blocks are not full, and the equilibrium fee has remained at around zero. the market for bitcoin transactions graph transaction demand fluctuates widely with capped supply, demand fluctuations shift fees only when blocks are full… …which explains the kinked relationship between block size and fees mb thirty-day moving average. transaction fee paid to miners over the period aug – oct ; daily averages. sources: www.bitinfocharts.com; author’s elaboration. spiking fees and congestion of the payment process graph as fees spike… … waiting times lengthen usd hours average fee per transaction (in usd). seven-day moving average of how long it would take for bitcoin miners to process all pending transactions. source: www.bitinfocharts.com; author’s calculations. . . . . . btc average block size f e e t max throughput transaction s d d demand for transactions supply of transactions . trans/sec . trans/sec mb . mb ≈ ≈ block size tr an sa ct io n fe e (u sd ) q q q q q q q q q wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies a simple model of free-riding in the market for transactions underlying very low fees is a key externality that might be termed the “tragedy of the common chain”. the problem is that, although higher transaction fees offer higher security, the benefits accrue to all transactions in the block equally (because the cost of counterfeiting is to reproduce the proof-of-work), while the fee accrues to each transaction individually. even worse, not only does one’s security depend on the sum of fees in the block the transaction is included in (which one can affect), but also on the fees for future blocks (over which one has no control). in sum, this is a classical free-rider problem. to put this free-rider game into a formal context, consider again equation ( ) and, for simplicity, assume that block rewards are (so that fees are miners’ only income), that there are n pending transactions that are all of equal size s (so that the total amount being spent is equal to sn), and that the users waiting to be processed are impatient: each additional block for which they need to wait until the payment can be considered final has a cost of µ s. rewriting equation ( ) with these assumptions yields ∑ ∑ 	 	 > ∗	 	 	 		 	 − ( ) let us first consider a game in which the user wanting to transact can coordinate and agree on a common fee , resulting in a waittime of > 	 	 	 		 	 − ( ) users reduce to a minimum the sum of the common fee and the cost of waiting, μ : min + μ , optimisation results in an optimal fee equal to μ 	 	 		 	 − , ie the optimal choice is to pay a fraction of the transaction size s, which is increasing in impatience (high μ) and increasing to the attackers’ disadvantage (if attackers are at a low disadvantage, high fees are required). on the other hand, consider a decentralised game in which each user sets their fee privately, taking into account only the benefit to themselves. users are symmetrical, so in this game too, the equilibrium will be one in which all users post a fee. but, when setting this fee, each user considers deviating from the common rule. denote the fee that individual j is paying by and that everyone else is paying by , it holds that the waittime has to be such that + − > ∗	 	 	 	ℎ ℎ	 	ℎ ℎ − and the minimisation problem of each individual is min + μ , which solves to a peculiar first-order condition: = − ( ) note that this waiting game is distinct from the congestion games of easley et al ( ) and huberman et al ( ), where blocks may be at their maximum size, thus resulting in a waiting time until a transaction is included in the block chain, but once this has happened a transaction is considered to be final. here, the number of transactions is assumed to be such that any transaction is included in the next block, but those receiving the funds need to wait for some time until they can consider the payment to be final. this is not the social optimum, but the constrained optimum satisfying the condition of deterring attacks. the calculation below ignores any integer constraints for waittimes. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies consider first the problem of user j taking as given the fee set by others. the first-order condition is such that, if an individual is impatient (high μ), or if the average block fee income (equal to the fee 	times the number of transactions n) the others pay is low, the user anticipates that, in the absence of a high own fee , the waiting time will be extremely long. if μ > , the user thus decides to set a fee such that the waiting time is the minimum (one block), essentially putting up the entire bill by themselves. another extreme – that the users set the lowest non-zero fee possible (one satoshi, or / ’ ’ bitcoin) – results whenever μ < . of course, everybody else is making just the same calculation, which regulates the fee market. if everybody else was to set the fee just marginally above , future blocks would provide almost no security, and j would decide to set a high fee to protect their payment. vice versa, if everybody else was to set a high fee, future blocks would provide ample security anyway, and, since the expected waiting time is very short, incentives are such that j will set a fee as close as possible to zero. in equilibrium, agents are symmetrical and the fee adjusts such that = = . the key result is that the fee set on a decentralised basis is much lower than the optimal fee , resulting in extreme waiting times. this is simply due to the presence of , typically a high number (up to around , , due to the block size limit), as well as the presence of μ (instead of √μ a in the centralised game), typically a very low number as the cost to wait for one additional block – minutes – should be small compared with the size of the payment. with the above example of an attacker disadvantage of ½, , transactions, and a cost of waiting of % per block, the optimal fee is set at . % of the payment with (resulting waittime around seven blocks), while it is set at %/ = . % in the decentralised game. the resulting waiting time is , blocks, equivalent to almost a year! some considerations on the road ahead ingenious though it is, the bitcoin protocol has severe limitations, as revealed by the above analysis of the underlying economics. what does this imply for the road ahead and the outlook for bitcoin and related cryptocurrencies? the doomsday economics of proof-of-work putting the pieces of the above analysis together shows that bitcoin’s liquidity will fall substantially in the years to come in the absence of relevant technological advances. one needs to keep in mind that, together with self-calibrating difficulty, proof-of-work becomes a deeply economic concept that ultimately proves that a certain amount of real resources has been used for computations. this amount is insensitive to general technological progress by its very design. and with block rewards – which, at present, represent the vast majority of miners’ income and thus underpin the security of payments – being gradually phased out (see graph ), the security of payments is also set to deteriorate. graph gives an outlook regarding how waiting times could increase in the years to come, based on the above considerations of what is required to deter an attack (see, in particular, equation ( )). against this dire backdrop, it should be noted that the code of bitcoin is far from being set in stone. for example, graph shows how new versions of the leading bitcoin software client (“bitcoin core”) have been introduced and adopted by the network of full nodes over time. these updates are mostly true to the spirit of the original protocol developed by nakamoto ( ) (although there have been controversies), but improve technical aspects such as how nodes of the network communicate with one another. a “full node” is a computer or server that maintains a full, up-to-date copy of the bitcoin blockchain. a full node is “reachable” if it not only receives blockchain updates from other reachable full nodes, but propagates the full blockchain to other nodes. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies while there are many other technological developments, in the context of this paper it needs to be noted that many are aimed at boosting the volume of exchange rather than improving the economics of payment finality. so-called pruning replaces older parts of the history of past transactions by the netted representation of ownership, which reduces the size of the blockchain. other solutions are to store transactions more efficiently by shifting some of the information off the blockchain (in particular, in discussing these innovations, one must move beyond bitcoin as most new technologies are being developed for other cryptocurrencies. however, should one of these technologies demonstrate substantial efficiency gains, it could be adopted by bitcoin. substantially longer waiting times result when block rewards decline graph hours dashed pattern indicates predicted values. the lines displayed in this graph show the implied waiting time (number of block confirmations before merchants assume the payment is irreversible and release the merchandise) required to make an economic attack unprofitable: the attacker rents mining equipment on a short- term basis and executes a change-of-history attack. the waiting time depends on the attacker disadvantage, which consists in the high price of short-term rentals for hash power or in the likelihood that the price of bitcoin will collapse following an attack. calculations of the implied waiting times are based on equation ( ) and assume transaction fees of . bitcoin per block, which corresponds to average transaction fees during the period apr – oct . sources: https://bitinfocharts.com; https://coinmetrics.io; author’s calculations. the evolution of bitcoin full-node clients (bitcoin core versions) graph number of nodes distribution of reachable full nodes across leading user agents. source: bitnodes.earn.com (site accessed on . . ). attacker disadvantage / attacker disadvantage / , , , , , q q q q q q q q other satoshi satoshi satoshi satoshi satoshi satoshi satoshi satoshi https://bitnodes.earn.com/dashboard/ https://coinmetrics.io/ https://bitinfocharts.com/ wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies transaction capacity has been boosted by the “segwit” digital signatures, as available in bitcoin core clients . and higher). last, there are proposals to do away with the strictly linear database structure of the blockchain or partition it via so-called sharding. second-layer solutions one technology that can improve upon the economics of payment security is the development of “second- layer” solutions that essentially aim to add liquid methods of exchange on top of the bitcoin blockchain (which then serves to evidence the underlying value). most prominent is the “lightning network,” proposed by poon and dryja ( ). the idea is that two parties a and b jointly lock in one bitcoin on the blockchain via a joint digital signature. a and b can then run a side-contract that keeps track of how the one bitcoin is split between a and b. in this side contract, a and b can shift funds back and forth by digitally signing off changes in the balance without creating any traffic on the blockchain itself. the subcontract is netted on the blockchain only when one of the parties wants to settle. the second element of the lightning network is to connect many of these prefunded bilateral payment channels, with the goal of scaling to a working micro-payment network. this would, for example, let a route a micro-payment to c via b. the lightning network is already working in a test environment. as of early , over bitcoins have been committed to bilateral payment channels (see graph ), and the network was able to route small payments. the lightning network opens up some new options for cryptocurrencies, as it theoretically allows bilateral transactions to be final before a block is added to the blockchain. and because these transactions occur in separate bilateral contracts, they can somewhat reduce the cost of decentralised exchange: while both opening and netting bilateral payment channels creates “on-chain” transactions (requiring entries in a block and proof-of-work security), the transactions themselves occur “off-chain” (without any corresponding entry into the blockchain) and thus do not directly require proof-of-work security. for example, if every channel is used for payments between opening and netting, it could offer a scaling factor of (very roughly) five, as compared with purely on-chain transactions. it is unclear, however, whether second-layer solutions can themselves scale, ie whether they will be restricted to serving small subnetworks of users or, as envisioned by poon and dryja ( ), scale to a network that, by the law of six degrees of separation, connects everyone with everyone else. there are two sets of key concerns. the first is of a technical nature and beyond the scope of this paper – it relates to what is required to deter potential attacks on this specific architecture and whether all participants need to be online all the time for payments to be routable. the second concern relates to economic network theory on the trade-off between efficiency and centralisation. if the lightning network remains truly distributed, it would require substantial pre-funding. for example, if routing a payment from a to b typically involves four intermediate channels, it would in total require preloaded values five times as large as the actual payment amount. and it is uncertain whether a typical user, who might upload, say, usd to finance small expenses, would also be willing to foot another usd just to support the network’s routing capacity. on the other hand, a more efficient network structure is that of hub and spoke: each normal user connects to one larger, highly interconnected intermediary, thus allowing for shorter routes and more netting of payment flows. such a hub-and-spoke lightning network might not look too different from the setup of today’s financial infrastructure. recent developments indeed show that the lightning network is prone see eg sompolinsky et al ( ) and sompolinsky and zohar ( ). the cryptocurrency iota employs such a non-linear ledger, but so far it requires a central coordinator. dryja ( ) presents some back-of the envelope calculations arguing that, with the current block size limit of mb, the lightning network could serve between , (with high security and new channels per user and year) and . million bitcoin users (assuming six channels per year and user) while consuming half the blocksize on average. in the taxonomy of buterin ( ), a hub-and-spoke lightning network could be considered decentralised, but not distributed. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies to centralisation, with as of as of january , of a total of committed bitcoins being associated with a single website. in other words, at that point in time, two thirds of the network’s capacity was controlled by a single entity. proof-of-stake: gambling on or institutionalising the truth? above all, it is the economic considerations which highlight that the vital technical development for bitcoin and related cryptocurrencies would be to do away with proof-of-work and embrace a different consensus model. while several alternatives have been put forward, conceptually the most important one is to replace proof-of-work by “proof-of-stake”, a scheme whereby coordination on blockchain updates is achieved via staking claims to particular coin holdings. there exist multiple proposed proof-of-stake protocols, see eg the ouroboros protocol of the cryptocurrency caradano (kiayias et al ( )), or the casper protocol for ethereum (see buterin and griffith ( ) and zamfir et al ( )). one simple implementation (of many possible ones) is such that, for each newly added block, a number of holders of the cryptocurrency are randomly selected to verify the block. but in order to do so, they must pledge some of their cryptocurrency holdings. cheating is deterred by the threat of losing the pledged cryptocurrency in the case that one user’s verified update differs from that of others. there is one big caveat with the idea of replacing costly computations by an essentially resource-free betting game, sometimes termed the “nothing-at-stake” problem. this caveat concerns the lack of clear criteria for distinguishing between different blockchains with alternative payment histories (see eg poelstra ( , )). with proof-of-work, the rule of following-the-longest-chain allows the winning blockchain to be selected based on a hard and externally verifiable criterion. with proof-of-stake, the absence of an actual cost means that users can secretly bet on alternative blockchain histories at no cost. and if alternative blockchain histories ever emerge, there is no hard criterion for choosing between them, thus requiring an overarching selection mechanism. these considerations have led to ample discussion in the cryptocurrency developer community regarding the feasibility of proof-of-stake (see eg the discussion in muneeb et al’s ( ) review of zamfir et al ( )). the nothing-at-stake caveat may mean that successful proof-of-stake implementation might indeed rest on some degree of institutionalisation or reliance on social conventions (as indicated in buterin ( a and b)). the lightning network: a second layer for bitcoin graph representation of the lightning network a beta version is in use committed btc number of nodes source: https://bitcoinvisuals.com/lightning (site accessed on jan ). , , , q q q q total committed bitcoinlhs: nodes with channelsrhs: https://bitcoinvisuals.com/lightning wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies other proposed consensus algorithms, such as “delegated proof of stake” or “proof of importance”, aim to guarantee finality directly via additional social coordination mechanisms, eg a range of voting mechanisms by current coin holders. whether or not moving beyond pure-proof-of-work will require overarching coordination, it is noteworthy that much has already been done to protect bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies beyond just applying the rule to follow the longest chain. for example, in march , an erroneous software update caused the bitcoin blockchain to fork into two branches. the latter was undone via coordinated action by large mining pools to ignore the rule to follow the longest chain and instead coordinate on the one that would reunite all bitcoin users. a second example was the failed introduction of the so-called segwit x protocol update in november , when a change of the bitcoin protocol was implemented by the majority of miners but failed to convince other stakeholders. this led to a situation in which miners ultimately abandoned the longest chain (because nobody was willing to transact on it). a third instance occurred when the cryptocurrency ethereum split over the undoing of the “dao hack” in mid- . at the time, an application based on ethereum protocol proved faulty (but not the cryptocurrency itself), which allowed a hacker to successfully steal ether tokens worth roughly usd million at the time. following heated discussion, on online forums and elsewhere, most miners and users decided to undo the hack by creating an alternative blockchain that would start just before the hack occurred. a minority of users, however, decided to stay true to the rule to follow the longest chain, thus giving rise to the ethereum classic cryptocurrency. these three episodes, and others like them, show that social coordination has to be a key element of smoothly functioning cryptocurrencies. in the future, if novel consensus concepts such as proof-of-stake gain momentum, such social coordination may take a more central role, so that effective cryptocurrencies might ultimately require institutional backing of some form. how readily institutional backing could improve the efficiency of cryptocurrencies can also be shown in the above analysis of payment security (in particular equation ( )). if it were possible to pre-commit to undo any double-spending attack, this would negate any incentives to attack bitcoin in the first place. more generally, the higher the probability that there will be coordination to undo any attack (as captured by Π in equation ( )), the lower transaction fees and waiting times can be set in order to deter attacks. graph shows the quantitative impact of greater social coordination (higher Π ) on the trade-off between transaction costs and waittime. institutionalisation is key to the efficiency of cryptocurrencies graph logarithmic scale this graph shows the impact on the required waiting times in the case that social coordination is used to undo a double-spending attack. calculations are based on equation ( ) in the main text, assuming that block rewards are . the horizontal axis denotes the probability that the network of bitcoin users will coordinate and undo any double-spending attack (Π in equation ( )). the vertical axis shows the resultant required waiting times for various levels of transaction fees. source: author’s calculations. , % % % % % % % % % % probability of social coordination r eq ui re d w ai t tim e in b lo ck s % fee . % fee . % fee wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies conclusion: towards a world of semi-decentralised exchange? the overall conclusion from this paper is that, at least judging based on current technologies, in the digital age too, good money is likely to remain a social construct rather than a purely technological one: the efficiency of decentralised exchange via proof-of-work exclusively is much lower than would appear at first sight, and alternative technologies still need to demonstrate that they can function without institutional backing. but claiming that technology alone cannot do the trick is not to say that it is useless. it simply means that the focus could shift away from the issue of whether the technology can replace traditional sovereign money and financial institutions. one key question for future research is whether and how technology-supported distributed exchange can complement and improve upon existing monetary and financial infrastructure. for example, in mixed systems, normal market functioning could be guaranteed by decentralised economic consensus, yet should it fail there would be overarching coordination mechanisms that are also tied to the legal system. what would be the gains regarding efficiency, transparency, and resilience from such semi-decentralised exchange compared to current market designs? outside the world of cryptocurrencies aficionados, answering these and related questions will require a more widely distributed understanding of the new technology and how it might be used in existing markets. on the other hand, for those already involved in distributed ledger technology, what is needed is an awareness of how institutions have sustained trust throughout mankind’s history, an issue that lies at heart of central banking and financial regulation (see, for example, lewis ( ), giannini ( ), graeber ( ), schnabel and shin ( ), bank for international settlements ( ), carstens ( a), and borio ( )). all this aside, the societal value of nakamoto ( ) and his followers is substantial for reasons that extend well beyond the technology’s use as means of exchange. bitcoin’s developers have created the backbone of a first-generation decentralised infrastructure that, over the past decade, has survived many attacks. in addition, bitcoin has inspired an entire cohort to study the underlying technology, spotlighting fields as diverse as payments, cryptography, and database management. in the long run, the value of cryptocurrencies might be to catalyse our thinking on how society can handle access to data and the right to edit it, a much-needed impulse at a time characterised by loss of privacy and the rise of technology- driven disinformation campaigns. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies references abadi, j and m brunnermeier ( ): “blockchain economics”, princeton university, mimeo, may. amihud, y and a cukierman ( ): “the macroeconomic perils of a world with a private digital currency and how to address them”, voxeu.org, october. andalfatto, d ( ) “why gold and bitcoin make lousy money”, wednesday, april, , macromania blog. ——— ( ) “my perspective on the bitcoin project (collected works)”, december, , macromania blog. athey, s, i parashkevov, v sarukkai, and j xia ( ): “bitcoin pricing, adoption, and usage: theory and evidence”, siepr working papers, no - . muneeb, a, j nelson and a blankstein ( ): “peer review: cbc casper”, medium.com, dec. auer, r and s claessens ( ): “regulating cryptocurrencies: assessing market reactions”, bis quarterly review, september. ——— ( ): “cryptocurrencies: why not (to) regulate?“, voxeu ebook, february. bank for international settlements ( ): annual economic report, june. bech, m and r garratt ( ): “central bank cryptocurrencies”, bis quarterly review, september , pp – . berentsen, a and f schär ( ): bitcoin, blockchain und kryptoassets, universität basel. ——— ( ): “a short introduction to the world of cryptocurrencies”, federal reserve bank of st louis review, vol , no . biais, b, c bisière, m bouvard and c casamatta ( ): “the blockchain folk theorem”, tse working papers, no - . biais, b, c bisière, m bouvard, c casamatta and a menkveld ( ): “equilibrium bitcoin pricing”, tse working papers, no - , december. böhme, r, n christin, b edelman, and t moore ( ): “bitcoin: economics, technology, and governance”, journal of economic perspectives, vol , no , pp – . bolt, w and m van oordt ( ): “on the value of virtual currencies”, bank of canada staff working papers, no , . borio ( ): “on money, debt, trust and central banking”, keynote speech at th annual monetary conference, cato institute, november, washington dc. budish, e ( ): “the economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain”, nber working papers, no , june. buterin, v ( a): “proof of stake: how i learned to love weak subjectivity”, november. ——— ( b): “on stake”, ethereum.org, july. ——— ( ): “a proof of stake design philosophy”, medium.com, december. ——— ( ): “the meaning of decentralization”, february. buterin, v and v griffith ( ): “casper the friendly finality gadget” (submitted on oct (v ), last revised november (this version, v )), arxiv: . . carney, m ( ): “fsb chair’s letter to g finance ministers and central bank governors”, march. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies carstens, a ( a): “money in the digital age: what role for central banks?”, lecture at the house of finance, goethe university, frankfurt, february. ——— ( b): “central banks and cryptocurrencies: guarding trust in a digital age”, remarks at brookings institution, washington dc, april. ——— ( c): “technology is no substitute for trust”, börsen-zeitung, may. catalini, c and j gans ( ): “some simple economics of the blockchain”, mit sloan research papers, no - . chaum, d ( ): “blind signatures for untraceable payments”, proceedings of the springer-verlag crypto’ conference, vol , no , pp – . clayton, j ( ): “chairman’s testimony on virtual currencies: the roles of the sec and cftc”. chiu, jonathan and koeppl, thorsten, ( ), the economics of cryptocurrencies - bitcoin and beyond, no , working papers, queen's university, department of economics, committee on payments and market infrastructures ( ): “payment, clearing and settlement systems in the cpss countries – volume ”, cpmi papers, no , november. ——— ( ): digital currencies, november. ——— ( ): statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in the cpmi countries, december. committee on payments and market infrastructures and markets committee ( ): central bank digital currencies, march. committee on payments and market infrastructures and international organization of securities commissions ( ): cpmi-iosco principles for financial market infrastructures, april. committee on payment and settlement systems ( ): payment and settlement systems in selected countries, april. dryja, t ( ): “scalability of lightning with different bips and some back-of-the-envelope calculations”, https://scalingbitcoin.org/hongkong /presentations/day / _layer _ _dryja.pdf (accessed . . ). dwork, c and m naor ( ): “pricing via processing or combatting junk mail”, proceedings of the annual international cryptology conference, springer. easley, d., o'hara, m., basu, s., ( ). from mining to markets: the evolution of bitcoin transaction fees, forthcoming, journal of financial economics fanusie, y and t robinson ( ): “bitcoin laundering: an analysis of illicit flows into digital currency services”, center on sanctions and illicit finance memorandum, january. fernández-villaverde, j and d sanches ( ): “can currency competition work?”, cepr discussion papers, no . financial action task force ( ): guidance for a risk-based approach to virtual currencies, june. financial stability board ( a): crypto-assets: report to the g on the work of the fsb and standard- setting bodies, july. ——— ( b): crypto-asset markets potential channels for future financial stability implications, october. foley, s, j karlsen and t putniņš ( ): “sex, drugs, and bitcoin: how much illegal activity is financed through cryptocurrencies?”, review of financial studies, forthcoming. lloyd, w ( ): two lectures on population, unpublished manuscript. g finance ministers and central bank governors ( ): buenos aires summit communiqué, – march. https://scalingbitcoin.org/hongkong /presentations/day / _layer _ _dryja.pdf wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies giannini, c ( ): the age of central banks, edward elgar. graeber, d ( ): debt: the first , years, melville house. huberman, g, j leshno and c moellemi ( ): “monopoly without a monopolist: an economic analysis of the bitcoin payment system”, columbia business school research papers, no - . kiayias, a, a russell, b david and r oliynykov ( ): “ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol”, eprint archive. landau, j-p and a genais ( ): les crypto-monnaies, rapport au ministre de l’Économie et des finances, july. lewis, d ( ): convention: a philosophical study, blackwell publishing. lewis, j ( ): “the seven deadly paradoxes of cryptocurrency”, bank underground, bank of england, november. morris, s and h s shin ( ): “distributed ledger technology and large value payments: a global game approach”, mimeo, princeton university, november. nakamoto, s ( ): “bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system”, white paper, https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. pichler, p, a schierlinger-brandmayr and m summer ( ): “digital money”, monetary policy & the economy, oesterreichische nationalbank, q / , pp – . poelstra, a ( ) “distributed consensus from proof of stake is impossible”, , https:// download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/old-pos.pdf, may ——— ( ) “on stake and consensus” https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/pos.pdf, march poon, j and t dryja ( ): “the bitcoin lightning network: scalable off-chain instant payments”, draft version . . . , www.lightning.network (accessed . . ). prat, j and w benjamin ( ): “an equilibrium model of the market for bitcoin mining”, working paper, - , center for research in economics and statistics. schilling, l and h uhlig ( ): “some simple bitcoin economics”, nber working papers, no , national bureau of economic research. schnabel, i and h s shin ( ): “money and trust: lessons from the s for money in the digital age”, bis working papers, no , february. sompolinsky, y, y lewenberg and a zohar ( ): “spectre: serialization of proof-of-work events: confirming transactions via recursive elections”, no , cryptology eprint archive, iacr. sompolinsky, y and a zohar ( ): “phantom, ghostdag: two scalable blockdag protocols”, no , cryptology eprint archive, iacr. sompolinsky, y and a zohar ( ): “bit gold”, unenumerated blog, http://unenumerated.blogspot.com/ / /bit-gold.html, retrieved october . zamfir, v, n rush, a asgaonkar and g piliouras ( ): “introducing the minimal cbc casper family of consensus protocols”, draft v . , november, ethereum research. http://unenumerated.blogspot.com/ / /bit-gold.html https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/pos.pdf https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies appendix: glossary glossary table a attacker advantage advantage for a double-spending attacker (see equation ( ) in the main text) deriving from the fact that the attacker profits from a higher bitcoin income (block rewards, transaction fees, and double-spent amount) than does an honest miner (collecting only block rewards and fees). attacker disadvantage counterforce advantages over an attacker: double-spending attackers likely have higher costs than regular miners do; the price of a cryptocurrency collapses following a double-spending attack; and social coordination might undo such an attack. attacker disadvantage (see equation ( ) in the main text) summarises these three considerations. block reward newly minted bitcoins that increase the outstanding supply whenever a new block is added to the blockchain. confirmation each additional block added to the blockchain after the block that contains the payment in question. if a transaction is included in block b and the blockchain currently includes b+ blocks, the transaction is said to have three confirmations (also see waiting time). consensus on the longest chain economic consensus algorithm in cryptocurrencies that are based on “proof-of-work.” if conflicting versions of the blockchain are ever observed, the blockchain that is the most costly to forge (often the one with the most blocks, ie the longest one) is the one that the network coordinates on. crypto-asset a type of private digital asset that depends primarily on cryptography and distributed ledger or similar technology as part of their perceived or inherent value. cryptocurrency a crypto-asset used exclusively/primarily for payments. cryptographic digital signature a public/private key digital signature technology used to verify payment transactions. the digital signature verifiably proves that the payment has been authorised by whoever controls the cryptocurrency units that are being spent. difficulty the expected number of hashes that needs to be performed to obtain a hash result to find a valid proof-of-work. double-spending strategy that consist of spending in one block and later undoing this by releasing a forged blockchain in which the transactions are erased. requires access to enough computational power to overwhelm the rest of a cryptocurrency’s network of miners. economic payment finality definition of payment finality in blockchain transactions developed in this paper. a cryptocurrency payment can be considered as final once it is certain that, from a certain moment of time onwards, it will never be profitable to undo the payment via a double-spending attack (see also table ). follow the longest chain rule that establishes that if competing versions are observed, the one which is the most expensive to forge continues to be used. this is generally the blockchain with the most blocks. hash function function that takes a random text input and produces from this an output according to set rules. lightning network second-layer solution in which two parties a and b jointly lock in one bitcoin on the blockchain via a joint digital signature. miner class of agents, who update the blockchain via computational work, and in return receive block rewards and transaction fees when they add batches of valid transactions to the blockchain. proof-of-work mathematical evidence that a certain amount of computational work has been done, in turn calling for costly equipment and electricity use. proof-of-stake a system in which coordination on blockchain updates is enforced by ensuring that transaction verifiers pledge their coin holdings as guarantees that their payment confirmations are accurate. protocol the coded “laws” of a cryptocurrency. set of rules that governs what constitutes a blockchain that is accepted by the network of users. second-layer a technology that aims to improve upon the economics of payment security by adding liquid methods of exchange on top of the bitcoin blockchain. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies target value a proof-of-work is valid if the hash solves for a hash output below the target value. the lower the target value, the more difficult it is to find a valid proof-of-work. (see also difficulty, which is proportional to /target.) tragedy of the common chain concept developed in this paper that users free ride on the security provided by the transaction fees of other transactions in the chain (see equations – in the main text). the proof-of-work and hence the level of security is determined at the level of the block in which a transaction is included, whereas the transaction fee is set by each user privately. transaction fee fee set by the paying party of a transaction. the fee is paid to the miner who includes the transaction in a block that is added to the blockchain. waiting time one plus the time (in blocks) that merchants wait before assuming a payment is final and releasing the merchandise. a double-spending attacker thus has to forge a chain that is at least equal in length to this waiting time. sources: bank for international settlements ( ); financial stability board ( a,b); author’s elaboration. wp beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies previous volumes in this series january global banking, financial spillovers, and macroprudential policy coordination pierre-richard agénor and luiz a. pereira da silva january on money, debt, trust and central banking claudio borio december a key currency view of global imbalances hiro ito and robert n mccauley december non-monetary news in central bank communication anna cieslak and andreas schrimpf december gross capital flows by banks, corporates and sovereigns stefan avdjiev, bryan hardy, Şebnem kalemli-Özcan, luis servén november assessing inflation expectations anchoring for heterogeneous agents: analysts, businesses and trade unions ken miyajima and james yetman november foreign currency borrowing, balance sheet shocks and real outcomes bryan hardy november explaining monetary spillovers: the matrix reloaded jonathan kearns, andreas schrimpf and fan dora xia november financial structure and income inequality michael brei, giovanni ferri and leonardo gambacorta november measuring financial cycle time andrew filardo, marco lombardi and marek raczko november euro area unconventional monetary policy and bank resilience fernando avalos and emmanuel c mamatzakis october currency depreciation and emerging market corporate distress valentina bruno and hyun song shin october the effects of prudential regulation, financial development and financial openness on economic growth pierre-richard agénor , leonardo gambacorta , enisse kharroubi and luiz awazu pereira da silva october exchange rates and prices: evidence from the swiss franc appreciation raphael auer, ariel burstein and sarah m lein october forward guidance and heterogeneous beliefs philippe andrade, gaetano gaballo, eric mengus and benoit mojon all volumes are available on our website www.bis.org. http://www.bis.org/ 	beyond the doomsday economics of “proof-of-work” in cryptocurrencies 	abstract 	introduction 	technology basics and the economics of mining 	a payment transaction in bitcoin and its blockchain: system overview 	proof-of-work: rolling a dice 	mining economics and equilibrium “difficulty” 	attacker advantage: the high cost of economic finality via proof-of-work 	an economic definition of payment finality 	the “tragedy of the common chain” in the market for transactions 	the basics of the transaction market 	a simple model of free-riding in the market for transactions 	some considerations on the road ahead 	the doomsday economics of proof-of-work 	second-layer solutions 	proof-of-stake: gambling on or institutionalising the truth? 	conclusion: towards a world of semi-decentralised exchange? 	references 	appendix: glossary 	previous volumes in this series << /ascii encodepages false /allowtransparency false /autopositionepsfiles true /autorotatepages /pagebypage /binding /left /calgrayprofile (gray gamma . ) /calrgbprofile (srgb iec - . ) /calcmykprofile (u.s. web coated \ swop\ v ) /srgbprofile (srgb iec - . ) /cannotembedfontpolicy /warning /compatibilitylevel . /compressobjects /tags /compresspages true /convertimagestoindexed true /passthroughjpegimages false /createjobticket false /defaultrenderingintent /default /detectblends true /detectcurves . /colorconversionstrategy /leavecolorunchanged /dothumbnails false /embedallfonts true /embedopentype false /parseiccprofilesincomments true /embedjoboptions true /dscreportinglevel /emitdscwarnings false /endpage - /imagememory /lockdistillerparams true /maxsubsetpct /optimize true /opm /parsedsccomments true /parsedsccommentsfordocinfo false /preservecopypage false /preservedicmykvalues true /preserveepsinfo false /preserveflatness true /preservehalftoneinfo false /preserveopicomments false /preserveoverprintsettings true /startpage /subsetfonts true /transferfunctioninfo /apply /ucrandbginfo /remove /useprologue false /colorsettingsfile () /alwaysembed [ true /symbolmt /wingdings-regular ] /neverembed [ true ] /antialiascolorimages false /cropcolorimages true /colorimageminresolution /colorimageminresolutionpolicy /ok /downsamplecolorimages true /colorimagedownsampletype /bicubic /colorimageresolution /colorimagedepth - /colorimagemindownsampledepth /colorimagedownsamplethreshold . /encodecolorimages true /colorimagefilter /dctencode /autofiltercolorimages true /colorimageautofilterstrategy /jpeg /coloracsimagedict << /qfactor . /hsamples [ ] /vsamples [ ] >> /colorimagedict << /qfactor . /hsamples [ ] /vsamples [ ] >> /jpeg coloracsimagedict << /tilewidth /tileheight /quality >> /jpeg colorimagedict << /tilewidth /tileheight /quality >> /antialiasgrayimages false /cropgrayimages true /grayimageminresolution /grayimageminresolutionpolicy /ok /downsamplegrayimages true /grayimagedownsampletype /bicubic /grayimageresolution /grayimagedepth - /grayimagemindownsampledepth /grayimagedownsamplethreshold . /encodegrayimages true /grayimagefilter /dctencode /autofiltergrayimages true /grayimageautofilterstrategy /jpeg /grayacsimagedict << /qfactor . /hsamples [ ] /vsamples [ ] >> /grayimagedict << /qfactor . /hsamples [ ] /vsamples [ ] >> /jpeg grayacsimagedict << /tilewidth /tileheight /quality >> /jpeg grayimagedict << /tilewidth /tileheight /quality >> /antialiasmonoimages false /cropmonoimages true /monoimageminresolution /monoimageminresolutionpolicy /ok /downsamplemonoimages true /monoimagedownsampletype /bicubic /monoimageresolution /monoimagedepth - /monoimagedownsamplethreshold . /encodemonoimages true /monoimagefilter /ccittfaxencode /monoimagedict << /k - >> /allowpsxobjects false /checkcompliance [ /none ] /pdfx acheck false /pdfx check false /pdfxcompliantpdfonly false /pdfxnotrimboxerror true /pdfxtrimboxtomediaboxoffset [ . . . . ] /pdfxsetbleedboxtomediabox true /pdfxbleedboxtotrimboxoffset [ . . . . ] /pdfxoutputintentprofile (none) /pdfxoutputconditionidentifier () /pdfxoutputcondition () /pdfxregistryname () /pdfxtrapped /false /createjdffile false /description << /ara <feff a e f f f a b f b e a a d b a a a a e f f f e f e> /bgr <feff f e b d e a c a f e a c d c f e e f d d e b d f d d d e a c d e a d e a c d c e e f f f e f e d d e e> /chs <feff f f fd e b bbe b a b efa f e e e a e b c a ef ee f f f c f e ee ca f ad c f b efa > /cht <feff f f e b a d f e efa acb f ef bc e a d ef e b c a ef ee f f f c f e ee ca f ad c f b f df efa acb ef > /cze <feff f f e e ed f e a b e e ed f b d e f f f e fd b f c c e d f c ed e e ed b f f e ed f b d e f e f e e f b d e c a f ed c b ed f f e e f b a ed e> /dan <feff e c c e e c f f d f b d e c e c c a b e d e e f b e e f e e f b d e e f d f b d e b e e e f c c f e f e e> /deu <feff e e e c c e e a d c c e f e f d f b d e e c d e a c e e a e f e e f b d e e a a c e e d f b d e b f e e e d f e e e f f e e e> /esp <feff c f e f e f d e f f f c a f e d f e f e e a f d e f f d c e e f d e f f f e f c f e f e f f e> /eti <feff b e e c c d f b d e c d f e f b d e c e e b d b a e d b e c f f d f b d e f a f e a d f f e e> /fra <feff c a f f e e e f d e f f f e e c c f c c f e c d f e e c f d e e e e ea f e f c e f e f e c e e> /gre <feff a c b c b bc bf c bf b ae c c b b c c ad c c b c c c b bc af c b b c b b b bd b b b bc b bf c c b ae c b c b ad b b c b c b f ba b c ac bb bb b bb b b b b b be b cc c b c c b c c bf b bf bb ae ba b b b ba c cd c c c b b c b b b b bb bc b c b ba ce bd b b b c ac c c bd e a b ad b b c b c b c bf c b b b b bc b bf c c b b b bf cd bd b bd bf af b bf c bd bc b f ba b b f e ba b b bd b cc c b c b c b ba b cc c b b c e> /heb <feff d e ea de e d d e d d e d ea d dc d db d d dc d e d e de e de db d f d de ea d d de d dd dc ea e d d d d dc d d e e d d de d e d ea e dc de e de db d dd e e e d d dd e e d ea df dc e ea d d e d d e d d d f d d d f de d e e d e d de e dc d e> /hrv <feff f f b b f b b f f c f f b d e b f a b c e a f a e c f c f e f b d e e f e f b d e d f f f f d d f f e e f a d a a d e> /hun <feff a b b c e c c ed e f b b c fc a c f b d e d f b d ed a f d a c e ed e e e e f d e e c b c d f d f b d e d f b b e a ed e a ed c e f a f d f b d e d f b a f e a f c d e b e a f c e f b d e> /ita (utilizzare queste impostazioni per creare documenti adobe pdf adatti per visualizzare e stampare documenti aziendali in modo affidabile. i documenti pdf creati possono essere aperti con acrobat e adobe reader . e versioni successive.) /jpn <feff d b cd b f e a a b f f f e f c b f f e e a d b a f c c f d a a eb f f a f e ee d b f c d e e a d b a f d a f c e cb fbc f c e > /kor <feffc c c c c acc a d c ec be c b c c a bb c cb c c c c c cb c bcf ace c c c d b b ac c a c d d c f bb c cb c c c d b c b e e c b ac c c c b c bb c cb f bc f f e c c c c d c c c f c c c b b c b e e> /lth <feff e f b f d e f d b f f b d e c e b d c f f b d e d b f b b e b e e b f b d e c d f f e c e d a f d e> /lvi <feff c f a f b a d c c a f f f b d e c b d f f a d d f b d e b b e e b e e a f f f b d e c a d e f a f f d d f e f e a e b a e> /nld (gebruik deze instellingen om adobe pdf-documenten te maken waarmee zakelijke documenten betrouwbaar kunnen worden weergegeven en afgedrukt. de gemaakte pdf-documenten kunnen worden geopend met acrobat en adobe reader . en hoger.) /nor <feff b e e c c e e c e f f d f b d e f d e f e c c e e f b f e e f b d e e d f b d e e b e e e f c c f e c c e> /pol <feff b f a a a c d f c e f a f b d e f f a c a f f e a f e b c b f f b d e d f e f a f e f b d e d f c e f f d f f a e f a e f a a f d f e b f a a a c d f c e f a f b d e f f a c a f f e a f e b c b f f b d e d f e f a f e f b d e d f c e f f d f f a e f a e f a a f d f e> /ptb <feff c a f e e f f d f d e f f f c a e e f d e f f e e f d e f f d e f f d e f f f d f f d f f f f e f f f e> /rum <feff c a e f d e f e a c a ee e f e d d f d e c f e f d e c f f f f e e c f e> /rus <feff f e b c d f c b f e d e a c d e f c f e e f b f d d e e f e c e f d d e a c d e e e d d b e a c d b c e d e e a b c c f e b c f f f e b e e b f e d e> /sky <feff f e e c fa e e e e f b d e f f f d e f c b f e fa f e e e f e c e a f a f e c d f f e fd f b d e f e f e e f b d e f f d e a d f e e e f f f d f f d f c a e c f e f a e> /slv <feff e f a a e a f b d e f f c d e a a e c a f c e b e a f c f e f b d e f e a e f b d e a d f f d f f d f d f e f e e f a d e> /suo <feff b e e e e e b c b e c f f d f b d e a c a f b f b a f a e c f e e e e d e a c f d e e c f d f b d e f e f c c a f e a c c a d d c c e> /sve <feff e e e e e e c c e e e f d c c b f d f b d e f d f c c f c c e e f b e f b d e e b d f b d e b e f e f f f e f e e> /tur <feff f c c c c c e fc e c e d f fc e fc c e d e a c d e e f c c f c f d b e e c b c c e e e f c f c e f c f f e f e b fc fc d c c e c c e> /ukr <feff a e e f c b f e d d f e a c d f c f d d b f d d e e f b f a b e e a c d e e d d e a c d c e d a e f e c e e e f e c f f e f d e> /enu (use these settings to create adobe pdf documents suitable for reliable viewing and printing of business documents. created pdf documents can be opened with acrobat and adobe reader . and later.) >> >> setdistillerparams << /hwresolution [ ] /pagesize [ . . ] >> setpagedevice the golden cocoon, 		 		 		 		 		 	 	~the golden cocoon~ 	directed by: millard webb written by: louis d. lighton & hope loring based on the novel by ruth cross 	~cast~ huntley gordon ... gregory cochran helene chadwick ... molly shannon richard tucker ... mr. renfro frank campeau ... mr. bancroft margaret seddon ... mrs. shannon carrie clark ward ... mrs. parker charles mchugh ... mr. shannon violet kane ... little girl vondell darr ... little girl carmencita johnson ... baby seessel anne johnson ... little girl (uncredited) 		 		 		 		 	 	 silenthollywood.com discussion group on facebook internet movie database allmovie.com turner classic movies american film institute 	~remaining credits~ produced & released by warner bros. cinematography by: byron haskin assistant director: william c. mcgann length: reels runtime: minutes released: december , 	~plot synopsis~ this routine warner brothers melodrama was based on the novel by ruth cross. country girl molly shannon (helene chadwick) wins a college scholarship which was offered by judge gregory cochran (huntley gordon). while attending the school, she falls in love with one of the professors, renfro (richard tucker), but on the eve of their wedding, he deserts her. she wanders miserably through the night until she passes out in front of a notorious road house. before she is taken in, she is seen by bancroft (frank campeau), a politician. molly's ordeal comes back to haunt her much later, after she and cochran marry. bancroft wants to use molly's presence at the road house to stop cochran from running for office. to save her husband, molly disappears and pretends to have committed suicide. just before the election, renfro shows up and finds molly. he is shot in a struggle -- but before he dies, he insists that molly is completely innocent of any wrongdoing. cochran's career is saved and he and molly are reunited. plot synopsis by janiss garza, allmovie.com 	. mihai surdu (@mihaisurdu) | unsplash photo community unsplashphotos for everyone 	brands 	explore 	blog 	 submit a photo loginjoin free mihai surdu hire download free, beautiful high-quality photos curated by mihai. available for hire bucharest, romania connect with mihai interests hq background images mountain images & pictures street people images & pictures 	photos  	likes  	collections  mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download mihai surdu download load more photos mihai's work appears in the following categories leaf backgrounds sports images leafe hand animals images & pictures crowd shop tree images & pictures car images & pictures building hd windows wallpapers curtain skyscraper pedestrian berry view number desktop backgrounds arm flower images daisy hq background images bubble mountain images & pictures cloud pictures & images hill hd wallpapers lane hd dark wallpapers blonde make something awesome calls for proposals - samvera connect online - samvera 	 		 							 				 					skip to content 	skip to sidebar navigation region 	 		 			 				 			 		 		 			 					about samvera 	samvera is community sourced software for repository solutions 	philosophy 	governance 	samvera code of conduct and anti-harassment policy 	 annual report (pdf download) 	all annual reports 	interest and working groups 	faq 	samvera privacy policy 	licensing 	what is samvera? 	samvera is an open source repository framework 	samvera community overview (pdf download) 	technology white paper (pdf download) 	applications & demos 	technology stack 	why use samvera? 	samvera is flexible and extensible 	the samvera community 	community support 	sustainability 	who uses samvera? 	samvera repository tour 	samvera partners 	partner prospectus (pdf download) 	partner contribution model (pdf download) 	samvera adopters 	community framework 	samvera user profiles 	case study: emory university 	case study: avalon at the university of houston 	getting started 	general documentation 	installation from github 	communication 	service providers 	news & events 	samvera connect 	news & events 	samvera calendar 	samvera twitter page 	search 	 			 			samvera.org 		 	 					 						close 						 							 								 									search for: 									 								 								 							 						 					 						 	 			 				 				 						 		 		home » news & events » calls for proposals – samvera connect online 		calls for proposals – samvera connect online 		 	posted on july , - events, news 	 					 				 the program committee is pleased to announce its call for proposals (cfp) of workshops, presentations/panels, lightning talks, and posters for samvera connect online. the online conference workshops will be held october th - th with plenary presentations october th – nd. connect online programming is intended to serve the needs of attendees from throughout our community, from potential adopters to expert samverans, in many roles including developers, managers, sysops, metadata librarians, and others who are interested in samvera technologies and community activities. workshops: submission form open through sunday, august th,   the workshops form includes the option to request a workshop on a specific topic that you would like to attend. the program committee will use these suggestions to solicit workshops from the community. presentations and panels: submission form open through tuesday, august st, lightning talks: submission form open through thursday, september th, virtual posters: submission form open through thursday, september th, you may find it helpful to refer to the workshop program, presentation/lightning talk program, and posters from last year’s online conference. 	 						 	 				 			« previous post		 		 			next post »		 	 						 		 													 	 	 					 		 	sidebar navigation 			 		links 	contact us 	join samvera’s community mailing list 	join samvera’s technical mailing list 	samvera wiki home page 	samvera on github 	rss feed for this site 		 		news & events 			 					take a virtual tour of samvera repositories 									 	 					calls for proposals – samvera connect online 									 	 					announcing our partnership with oasis open 									 	 					watch samvera virtual connect 									 	 					registration now open for samvera virtual connect, april – 									 		 recent tweets 			tweets by samverarepo 		 	 	 		 		 			 					 									 						if you want to go far, go together. 						 							contact us 						 	 					 				 	 			 			 					 									 						samvera partners 						 															 									boston public library 	columbia university 	cornell university 	cosector, university of london 	data curation experts 	digital repository of ireland 	duke university 	emory university 	indiana university 							 							 									lafayette college 	northwestern university 	notch 	oregon state university 	penn state university 	princeton university library 	stanford university 	tufts university 	ubiquity press 	 							 							 									university of california, santa barbara 	university of california, san diego 	university of cincinnati 	university of houston 	university of hull 	university of michigan 	university of notre dame 	university of oregon 	university of utah 	 							 							 									university of virginia 	university of york 	washington university in st louis 	wgbh boston 	yale university 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 					 						 							 								 							 						 						this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 					 					 					 						 							 								© samvera. 								 									 										samvera twitter 										samvera github 										samvera wiki 									 								 							 						 					 					 				 			 		 		 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. information wants to be free | a librarian, writer and educator reflecting on the profession and the tools we use to serve our patrons 	 	 		 			 				 					 						 						 													 						 						 						 						 								home 	about 	speaking 	writing 	contact 							 							 							 								facebook 	twitter 	google+ 	linkedin 	skype 	rss 							 						 						 					 					 				 				 			 			 		 		 	 	 						 					 						 						 					 				 				 														 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												saying goodbye to american libraries magazine 												about me, ala, american libraries, career, librarianship, writing 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comment 														 																								 																									 															i’ve been pretty good about not making big life changes during the pandemic. we didn’t get a pandemic dog, even after finally getting our yard completely fenced-in last august. i’ve tamed many, many impulses i had during the pandemic because it seemed like the wrong time to make or unmake big commitments. i didn’t want … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												drop the ball 												about me, librarianship, libraries, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															when i visited my parents in december of , they asked me to go through a box of old stuff they wanted to get rid of. my mother had kept basically all the art we did, the bajillion songs and poems i wrote, everything we did for school, etc. it was surprising how much she’d … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												in all the bad… some good things 												hi, libraries, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															wow, this has been a hard year. no one’s life has been untouched by between the pandemic and unrelenting proof that the social safety net has been dismantled by late-stage capitalism, the state-sanctioned murders of black and brown people and ensuing protests, the horrendous wildfires that felt like horsemen of the coming climate apocalypse, and a stressful election. it’s horrifying. … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												making customizable interactive tutorials with google forms 												free the information!, higher ed, instruction, librarianship, online education, reference, work 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															in september, i gave a talk at oregon state university’s instruction librarian get-together about the interactive tutorials i built at pcc last year that have been integral to our remote instructional strategy. i thought i’d share my slides and notes here in case others are inspired by what i did and to share the amazing … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												the crushing expectations on working women and where’s my fucking village? 												career, libraries, management, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															on friday and saturday, my twitter feed was full of anger and frustration over a blog post on the alsc (association for library services to children) blog. entitled “how motherhood has influenced me as a children’s librarian,” the post was problematic because it suggested (probably unintentionally) that childless children’s librarians could not connect with patrons as much or have … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												recognition doesn’t have to be a zero sum game 												librarianship, libraries, management, speaking, work 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comment 														 																								 																									 															as usual, the week the library journal movers and shakers were announced, i saw plenty of complaints about the award and, in some cases, awardees. i’ve been reading this sort of hurtful negativity since when i was named a mover and shaker (and a friend of mine wrote a blog comment calling us “the … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												thoughts on work, well-being, solidarity, and advocacy in our current… situation 												ala, hi, librarianship, libraries, management, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															i have been wanting to blog for weeks. i have several blog posts i started that i just couldn’t get through. my attention span reminds me of my son’s at age when his teacher delicately suggested we should have him assessed for adhd. it rapidly jumps between various tasks at hand, my family, my … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												#lismentalhealth: that time my brain and job tried to kill me 												about me, classic blunders, librarianship, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															happy lis mental health week friends! i want to start this post by recognizing someone who has done a great deal to support library workers’ mental health in the face of toxic workplaces, kaetrena davis kendrick. kaetrena has done some incredibly valuable research on low morale and toxic workplaces in librarianship and has created an awesome … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												my year in books (and podcasts) 												about me, hi 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															this was a pretty good year for me. nothing particularly amazing or wonderful or eventful happened to me, though my son has been such a source of pride and light for me that i sometimes can’t believe i’m his mom. i still live in the same messed up world we all do. my migraines have actually … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												when libraries and librarians pretend to be neutral, they often cause harm 												intellectual freedom, librarianship, libraries 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															two recent events made me think (again) about the toxic nature of “library neutrality” and the fact that, more often than not, neutrality is whiteness/patriarchy/cis-heteronormativity/ableism/etc. parading around as neutrality and causing harm to folks from historically marginalized groups. the insidious thing about whiteness and these other dominant paradigms is that they are largely invisible to … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												thoughts at mid-career part : where to from here? 												about me, librarianship, mid-career, social software, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															this is the fifth in a series of essays. you can access the rest here, though it’s not necessary to read them all or in order. “to me, the only habit worth ‘designing for’ is the habit of questioning one’s habitual ways of seeing” -jenny odell, how to do nothing “we have to fight for this world, but we … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												thoughts at mid-career part – the cult of productivity: you’re never doing enough 												about me, career, librarianship, mid-career, social software, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															this is the fourth in a series of essays. you can access the rest here, though it’s not necessary to read them all or in order. “these days, i just want to slow down. i want to pull the shutters closed and block out the world… the more time i have, the more i realize that all that … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												thoughts at mid-career part – our achievement culture: what you’re doing will never be enough 												career, librarianship, libraries, management, mid-career, mpow, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															this is the third in a series of essays. you can access the rest here, though it’s not necessary to read them all or in order. of all my annoying qualities, my most self-destructive may be that if you put a ladder in front of me, i’ll try to climb it. doesn’t matter if the entire premise … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												thoughts at mid-career part – ambition: you are not enough 												about me, career, gender, management, mid-career, work, work-life balance, writing 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															this is the second in a series of essays. you can access the first here, though it’s not necessary to read them all or in order: “so maybe my great ambition, such as it is, is to refrain from engagement with systems that purport to tell me what i’m worth compared to anyone else. maybe … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												thoughts at mid-career part – letting go, questioning, and pathfinding 												about me, librarianship, mid-career, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															this is the first in a (probably) five-part series of essays. for about two years, until january, i felt a disturbing lack of ambition. i felt directionless and passionless; devoid of my usual neverending energy and interest. i chalked it up to mid-career malaise, but it was more than that. having only in the past … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												my year in books, 												hi 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															i had such good intentions to blog more this year, but the second half of has thrown me a lot of curveballs emotionally and it’s pulled me away from a lot of the things that keep me engaged with others (funny how that seems to happen when you need people the most).books are always a … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												“devaluing” the mls vs. respect for all library workers 												ala, librarianship, libraries, library school, management, work 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															i’m sure some of you remember the big push last year and early this year to require the mls for the executive director of the american library association (ala) — if you don’t, here is an article, column, and blog post about it. one big argument i kept hearing was that we needed someone who understood and … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												we are atomized. we are monetized. we are ephemera. do we deserve more online? 												our digital future, social software, tech trends 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															in march and april, i took about weeks off from social media. i didn’t post anything to or look at twitter, facebook, or instagram. i’d wondered if i’d feel disconnected or feel some irresistible pull like an addict to their drug of choice. to be honest, i didn’t really feel any of that. i didn’t … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												wayfinding and balance at mid-career 												about me, gender, librarianship, management, tenure track, work, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comments 														 																								 																									 															it’s lis mental health week; a week focused on raising awareness of mental health. this post isn’t about mental health per se, but something that i think, for me, is very much exacerbated by anxiety and the constant negative self-appraisal that comes with it. two blog posts really resonated with me recently. sarah houghton (who i believe … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 																	 									 																							 																												 														 															 															see full post 														 													 													 																						 										 											 											 												my year in books 												about me, ebooks, work-life balance 											 											 																									 															by meredith farkas on / / with comment 														 																								 																									 															reading this year has been so many things for me. an escape. a way to educate myself. a way to see my own struggles in a different way through another’s story. a way to understand the struggles of others. a way to better understand where i came from. this year i think i’ve read more than … 														 														 														continue reading ... 																								 											 										 									 									 								 				 									 									 										 									 								 	 									 									 										 									 								 	 									 									 										 									 								 	 									 									 										 									 								 	 									 									 										 									 								 	 									 									 										 									 								 	 													 							 								»							 												 	 												 						 							last						 					 			 			 						 			 				 				 				 											 								 									 								 							 										 				 				 				 							 meredith farkas, author, information wants to be free 		 subscribe via rss 			subscribe to this blog 		 from the archives 		from the archives 		select month may march december november august may april february december november september august january june february december november october september july june march january december november october september august june march january december november october september june april march february january december november september august july june may march february january december november october september august july may april march january december november october september august july june may april february january december october september august july june may march february january december october september august july june may april march february january november october august july june april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november categories 	about me 	ala 	american libraries 	assessment 	blogging 	book 	career 	classic blunders 	comment 	community college libraries 	community colleges 	ebooks 	election 	farce 	free the information! 	gender 	general 	hi 	higher ed 	inspiring stuff 	instruction 	intellectual freedom 	job search 	knowledge management 	librarianship 	libraries 	library school 	librarydayinthelife 	management 	mid-career 	mpow 	online education 	open access 	open source 	our digital future 	random 	reference 	research 	rss and syndication 	screencasting 	search 	social bookmarking 	social software 	speaking 	tech trends 	tenure track 	vermont 	wikis 	work 	work-life balance 	writing recent comments 	+ on contact 	laurie aitken on speaking 	laurie aitken on about 	rcn on saying goodbye to american libraries magazine 	reflections on farkas i: on being an ally – sisyphus in the stacks on when libraries and librarians pretend to be neutral, they often cause harm most popular posts 	the essence of library . ? ( ) 	skills for the st century librarian ( ) 	keeping it real ( ) 	libraries in social networking software ( ) 	ebooks and libraries: a stream of concerns ( ) disclaimer 			this blog contains the author’s personal thoughts, which do not necessarily reflect the views of her employer. comments the author reserves the right to delete any comments she deems offensive, irrelevant, fraudulent, or blatant advertisements. 		 				 			 				 												 				 				 												 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 				 															 				 				 				 				 															 				 				 				 				 															 				 				 				 				 															 				 				 			 									 						 						 							 							 							 								 								 																		 																		 									go to top								 								 								 							 							 							 						 						 						 								 	 	 		 	 welcome to apache solr - apache solr 	 	menu 	 news 	 security 	 features 	 resources 	 community 	 project 	 solr operator 	 download ⚠ there are recent security announcements. read more on the security page. news: apache solr™ . . available ( .jun) apache solr™ . . solr is the popular, blazing-fast, open source enterprise search platform built on apache lucene™.   learn more about solr. solr is highly reliable, scalable and fault tolerant, providing distributed indexing, replication and load-balanced querying, automated failover and recovery, centralized configuration and more. solr powers the search and navigation features of many of the world's largest internet sites. 	 features hundreds of features make solr incredibly versatile. learn more 	 resources from tutorials to in-depth documentation, you'll find it here. get started 	 scaling with solr scale with confidence in data integrity and performance. scale solr 	 solr community get support and give back. contribute to the solr project. learn more 	 docker containerize your solr deployments with docker. try it out 	 kubernetes automate the deployment of solr with kubernetes. explore tested and proven solr is trusted. solr powers some of the most heavily-trafficked websites and applications in the world. 	at&t 	instagram 	buy.com 	ticketmaster 	netflix 	the echo nest 	chegg 	disney 	adobe 	ebay 	internet archive 	sap hybris 	magento 	ibm websphere commerce 	bloomberg 	comcast 	mtv networks 	travelocity want to see more? want to see your app or website here? visit solr's public servers listing page to learn more. take the first step getting started power your global enterprise or your weekend project. download binary click here to download the solr binary from the available mirrors. download solr run through the tutorial the solr quick start tutorial will help you start working with solr. read the tutorial level up once you've completed the tutorial, continue to learn with the solr resource library. more resources solr news | june apache solr . . available the solr pmc is pleased to announce the release of apache solr . . . download here. read more news the apache software foundation the apache software foundation provides support for the apache community of open-source software projects. the apache projects are defined by collaborative consensus based processes, an open, pragmatic software license and a desire to create high quality software that leads the way in its field. apache lucene, apache solr, apache pylucene, apache open relevance project and their respective logos are trademarks of the apache software foundation. all other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. features 	overview 	data handling 	querying 	faceting 	discovery 	plugins and extensions 	statistics and aggregations 	spatial 	rich content 	performance 	scaling with solrcloud 	user interface resources 	tutorial 	docs 	books 	presentations 	videos 	solr logos and assets 	editing this website 	apache software foundation 	thanks 	sponsorship 	security 	license get started 	download 	run through the tutorial 	level up community 	support 	mailing lists 	issues (jira) 	contribute 	version control (git) related projects 	apache lucene 	apache zookeeper 	apache tika 	apache manifoldcf 	apache spark 	apache nutch 	apache zeppelin 	apache opennlp copyright © the apache software foundation, licensed under the apache license, version . . privacy policy apache and the apache feather logo are trademarks of the apache software foundation. apache lucene, apache solr and their respective logos are trademarks of the apache software foundation. please see the apache trademark policy for more information. all non-apache logos are the trademarks of their respective owners. x solr has a new home! solr is now an independent apache project here at solr.apache.org. please update your links. read more about what it means for you. lite brite ultimate classic | hasbro classics skip to main content brands nerf my little pony monopoly play-doh power rangers transformers hasbro gaming baby alive littlest pet shop beyblade furreal disney princess disney frozen star wars marvel playskool heroes potato head g.i. joe hasbro classics tonka ages - months - years - years - years - years - years + years categories action battling action figures & collectibles arts & crafts creative & pretend play dolls & plush electronic toys & games games parts & refills sports & outdoor play vehicles pets us - english worldwide corporate consumer care search 	 image-gallery-item-link 	 image-gallery-item-link 	 home 	 hasbro classics item lite brite ultimate classic hasbro classics ages: years+ msrp : $ . where to buy products page url description create beautiful artwork and watch it glow with the lite brite ultimate classic - with templates and colored pegs. featuring templates with exciting designs, this lite brite is now brighter then ever with a bigger screen and more pegs. just choose a picture, insert the color glow pegs and the led bulbs light up the screen in different ways leaving you mesmerized. it also is a great choice of gift for a child aged above . officially licensed show more related products 	 more pound puppies classic 's collection - brown with black spots $ . msrp 	 more pound puppies classic 's collection - cream with medium brown spots $ . msrp 	 more pound puppies newborns classic 's collection - light brown with dark brown spots $ . msrp 	 more pound puppies newborns classic 's collection - white with dark brown spots $ . msrp 	where to buy 	site map 	consumer care 	corporate 	privacy policy 	terms and conditions of use 	calif. privacy rights & notices 	do not sell my personal information 	responsible disclosure policy products not available everywhere © hasbro. all rights reserved. all audio, visual and textual content on this site (including all names, characters, images, trademarks and logos) are protected by trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights owned by hasbro or its subsidiaries, licensors, licensees, suppliers and accounts. please enter your birthday: 	 month 	 day 	 year back confirm we’re sorry, but you are not eligible to access this site. if you believe you received this message in error, please contact us for assistance. ok you are now leaving hasbro.com hasbro does not control and is not responsible for the availability of, or content on, linked third party websites. please be aware that your use of such third party's linked website is subject to their privacy policy and terms of use, which may differ from those of hasbro. as such, we encourage you to read the third party's privacy policy and terms of use closely. continue go back please enter your birthday: 	 month 	 day 	 year back confirm we’re sorry, but you are not eligible to access this site. if you believe you received this message in error, please contact us for assistance. ok you are now leaving hasbro.com hasbro does not control and is not responsible for the availability of, or content on, linked third party websites. please be aware that your use of such third party's linked website is subject to their privacy policy and terms of use, which may differ from those of hasbro. as such, we encourage you to read the third party's privacy policy and terms of use closely. continue go back back to top	 bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: senate dems release historic, all-encompassing budget resolution | talking points memo 	 editors' blog / analysis & opinion 	news 	live blog 	morning memo 	 cafe / outside voices & analysis 	 muckraker / scandal & investigations 	 prime / member exclusives 	podcast 	features memberships view options contribute learn more newsletters subscribe get tpm merch shop now follow tpm send comments and tips 	about 	contact 	careers 	faq 	terms of use 	site status © tpm media llc. all rights reserved. live blog contribute live coverage senate dems release historic, all-encompassing budget resolution august , editors' note: tpm is making our covid- coverage free to all readers during this national health crisis. if you’d like to support tpm's reporters, editors and staff, the best way to do so is to become a member. senate democrats released on monday morning a sweeping $ . trillion budget resolution, the legislative vehicle for a vast array of programs that cover both physical and “human” infrastructure. the text of the resolution is here. its release comes as the parallel track, bipartisan infrastructure bill cleared a key procedural hurdle on sunday night. the senate vote on that bill is currently scheduled for tuesday morning — though, like everything else in this process, that’s subject to change. for the budget resolution, we can expect to see the coming weeks and months be filled with jockeying, as various advocacy groups try to ensure that they don’t miss out on what could turn out to be one of the last opportunities for significant legislative changes for years.  have a tip? send it here! includes:  budget resolutioncongressinfrastructure washington, dc - august : senate majority leader chuck schumer (d-ny)(kent nishimura / los angeles times via getty images) read the text of the resolution here. comments advertisement masthead masthead founder & editor-in-chief: 	 josh marshall executive editor: 	 david kurtz managing editor: 	 john light associate editor: 	 nicole lafond investigations desk: 	 tierney sneed 	 josh kovensky reporters: 	 matt shuham 	 kate riga newswriters: 	 cristina cabrera 	 summer concepcion editor at large: 	 john b. judis general counsel: 	 millet israeli publisher: 	 joe ragazzo head of product: 	 derick dirmaier director of technology: 	 matt wozniak associate publisher: 	 jackie wilhelm front end developer: 	 jacob harris senior designer: 	 christine frapech follow tpm send comments and news tips 	about 	contact 	careers 	faq 	advertise 	terms of use 	california consumer privacy act notice 	site status 	membership options 	contribute published since © tpm media llc. all rights reserved. privacy policy change privacy settings samvera connect : workshops - samvera - samvera wiki samvera home spaces apps templates create samvera overview space shortcuts interest group and working group hub samvera community asks samvera meeting & events calendar samvera partner calls tech calls pages 	samvera 	samvera connect meetings 	samvera connect samvera connect : workshops 	 	 created by richard green last updated: jun , by kevin kochanski thursday nd october, build a simple media-streaming rails app phuong dinh, indiana university, devops jon cameron, indiana university . hour workshop ( : pm - : pm et).  all welcome but particularly suited to developers. max: persons this workshop will provide a general overview of streaming media technologies and applications, as well as a hands-on portion where participants will configure a simple rails application with a streaming server. topics will include a brief overview of commonly used streaming servers and applications, both local and cloud-hosted; file formats and codecs; streaming media protocols and their differences; and browser support. the workshop component will include a walk-through of setting up nginx as a streaming server, building a rails app with stream security and authorization. docker containers will be provided. needs: a linux or mac laptop with docker and docker-compose installed slide pack can be downloaded here. flexible metadata in hyrax and friends with allinson flex  rob kaufman, notch , founding partner, senior developer jim halliday, indiana university hour workshop ( : am - : pm et).  all welcome but particularly suited to developers, repository managers and metadata professionals 	overview of the m schema 	requirements and installation for allinson flex 	overview of allinson flex usage 	constraints and next steps discussion allinson flex brings on the fly user editable m metadata schemas to hyrax and repositories built with similar components. we'll dive deep into what the m schema is and how it is structured, how allinson flex works today and what our plans for the future bring. workshop will be divided into parts. part will be a feature overview and discussion / dive into how m schemas are laid out. part will be a hands on installation and configuration of the allinson flex tools and a code dive into certain features. needs part - the ability to open and potentially edit yaml and json files (any basic text editor will work here) part - the ability to run docker containers, specifically with docker-compose. we'll distribute images ahead of time to keep the pace going in the workshop slide pack can be downloaded here. hyrax & hyku: a hands-on user side intro  crystal richardson, notch , operations kevin kochanski, notch , client liaison officer george wheeler, notch . hour workshop ( : pm - : pm et).  all welcome but particularly suited to administrators, repository managers and newcomers to the samvera community.  max: persons gain a hands-on understanding of hyrax and hyku basic capabilities 	understand the practical differences between hyrax and hyku make your very own repository! hyrax and hyku are popular samvera software solutions that respond to many repository use cases - etd's, special collections, publication of organization documents and artifacts, etc. there are even hosted, turnkey hyku services available, which make these solutions approachable for users with few technical resources. however, among a field of repository options, it can be difficult to see through the technical jargon to understand just what hyrax and hyku offer the user, and what the difference is between the two platforms. notch will lead a -minute user-side, hands-on walkthrough of hyku, offering a broad preview of what these platforms are capable of. in this workshop, users will: 	explore the public interface, including search and browse 	explore the user dashboard, including creating and editing a work 	explore the admin dashboard, including admin sets and collections management" needs: your own computer with a standard internet browser - preferably chrome, firefox, or safari slide pack can be downloaded here. samvera for auls: how the samvera community can be part of your digital strategy  alicia morris, tufts university, assistant director, tisch library, resource management and repository services nabeela jaffer, university of michigan, program manager, digital library applications karen cariani, wgbh, boston, david o. ives executive director, wgbh media library and archives chris awre, university of hull, uk, interim university librarian and associate director (collections, learning & research) | university library . hour. workshop ( : pm - : pm et). all welcome but particularly suited to administrators, managers and senior staff at aul level or above, involved in strategic planning.  max: persons 	a knowledge of the samvera community, how it is structured and how it operates 	a detailed appreciation of the samvera vision statement and key elements within this to showcase how they can be of benefit to a library's strategic planning and delivery 	an understanding of the ways in which library staff can engage and benefit from participation in the samvera community, exploring the benefits of broader involvement with colleagues beyond a local library 	an insight into the ways that technical developments within the samvera community can support digital strategy 	an appreciation of the ways that samvera can support digital content management requirements and connect different areas of library activity the aim of this workshop is to provide a space where senior staff involved in strategic planning can be introduced to samvera and the community, to hear about how samvera can make a positive contribution to their digital strategy and how to make this work for them and their staff. the content of the workshop will be akin to the introduction to samvera session that has run before, but will be additional to this and focused specifically on addressing the strategic benefits that aul and senior staff in organisations seek when engaging with external initiatives. attendees are encouraged to make use of this workshop to discover what makes samvera tick and how this can align with local strategic planning. alongside content delivery there will be a focus on discussion and questions to help identify what the samvera community can offer, and what it needs to offer, to meet local requirements. video link and downloadable slide pack here. samvera - introduction to community, technology, and value  robin ruggaber, university of virginia, director of strategic technology, partnerships & initiatives at the university library richard green, samvera, operations adviser . hour workshop ( : am - : pm et)  all welcome.  max: persons 	understand what samvera is and how to participate 	understand how to use samvera 	understand the value of samvera samvera is a community, a set of tools, and a collection of ready-to run and hosted applications to help build a digital repository for your institution. the community drives the specification and development of sustainable open source technology and honing best practices for managing digital content. this workshop will provide an on-boarding and general entrée to the samvera community and solutions for non-coders. the first part will provide an overview of samvera solutions, hosting options and the community – what is it, why is it different? it will showcase applications solving a diverse set of needs and organizations, and discuss the how the community at large works to enable these. the second part will give a general technical overview designed for a non-technical audience. the resources needed to maintain and contribute to a hosted or custom samvera solution will be discussed, resources that exist to get started will be highlighted plus how to contribute to the community technically and non-technically. the final part will discuss value and how to pitch samvera and get institutional support. it will discuss the advantages of being part of the community and how that strengthens the sustainability of the tools, the applications, and the community overall. video link and downloadable slide pack here. valkyrie hackathon  trey pendragon, princeton university, digital infrastructure developer kate lynch, university of pennsylvania libraries, senior application developer anna headley, princeton university library, digital infrastructure developer at princeton university library hour workshop ( : am - : pm et).  all welcome but particularly suited to established and new developers in the community.  max: persons learn how valkyrie works, what it is, and become a contributor to one of our projects! the goal of this workshop is to get together, review quickly what valkyrie is, look at some tickets, and work on the software together! we'll split into groups, pick tickets, and have fun with this miniature sprint. needs a computer with a ruby development environment conference main page program: rd and th - th october  community building (aka social) events registration conference shop like {"serverduration": , "requestcorrelationid": " dd a b dd ef e"} javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. programme - eu dataviz - publications office of the eu 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				issn - footer 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	issn - x 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 navigation 	skip to content programme - eu dataviz 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				displaylogo 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 publications office of the european union 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				myportal 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		  sign in 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 		 			 				 	 	 law 	 european data 	 public procurement 	 eu publications 	 research & innovation 	 eu whoiswho 	 help 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 		 			 				 	 	 law 	 european data 	 public procurement 	 eu publications 	 research & innovation 	 eu whoiswho 	 help 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 eu dataviz help 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 navigation 	 home 	 programme 	 call for proposals 	 promotional material 	 previous edition 	 contact us 	 menu navigation 	 home 	 programme 	 call for proposals 	 promotional material 	 previous edition 	 contact us 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				breadcrumb 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 		 	 	 programme home 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				global - header image - gif 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				navigation menu 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 		 			 				 	 		 navigation 						 						 							 home 						 					 	 						 							 programme 						 					 	 						 							 call for proposals 						 					 	 						 							 promotional material 						 					 	 						 							 previous edition 						 					 	 						 							 contact us 						 					 	 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				nested applications 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				global - side banner with dates - svg 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				global - side banner with dates - text 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 the eu open data days 
comprise 
eu dataviz and eu datathon 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				global - side banner with dates - text 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 the eu open data days 
comprise 
eu dataviz and eu datathon 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 		 			 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				programme - page text block 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	what is on the programme? featuring expert speakers, eu dataviz will provide an overview of innovative techniques and best practices used in both the private and the public sectors. participants will get valuable insights into open-data and data-visualisation techniques and practices. discover our thematic sessions ('ts') and register for this free online event! 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				asset publisher 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 		 			 			 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 						 						 						day : open data – november 					 				 			 			 				 					 						this day will cast light on open data as the ‘fuel’ to be reused for shaping europe’s digital future. challenges and benefits of reusing data and making it interoperable will be discussed along with other related topics.   the thematic sessions are divided as follows:  	thematic session : creating open data ecosystems. open data has demonstrated to be the key element of innovation to shape our digital future. in order to unleash its potential, governments need to implement open data policies to ensure trustworthy data-sharing. in order to support this, this session proposes insights on how projects that contribute to the open data policy.  	thematic session : data for people. in the digital transformation, citizens play an essential role in this process. this thematic session will highlight the importance of citizen engagement and projects with a special user-oriented approach.  	thematic session : facilitating data reuse. in order to ensure open data, there has to be acceptance and implementation of some principles and strategies. in this session, we will focus on the enabling factors as fair principles of data, data literacy, and other projects to ensure interoperability.  					 				 			 		 		 			 		 		 			 				 					 						 						 						day : data visualisation – november 					 				 			 			 				 					 						going towards open data to data visualisation, this day will highlight the importance of communicating data efficiently to convey the right message. it will bring best practices and techniques to build data narratives and ensure to better serve citizens.   the thematic sessions are divided as follows:   	thematic session  : from open data to data visualisation. this session will serve as a bridge between open data and data visualisation, focusing on the importance of openness in building a powerful dataviz.  	thematic session  : serving citizens with dataviz. based around best practices and innovative techniques, this session will focus on how to better engage citizens in the process and how to serve them better.  	thematic session  : using dataviz for policymaking. in this session, we will focus on how data visualisation can support the decision-making cycle, with special focus on the eu public sector.  					 				 			 		 		 			 		 		 			 				 					 						 						 						day : eu datathon finals – november 					 				 			 			 				 					 						fighting youth unemployment, improving the sustainability of the food system, bringing eu decision-making closer to citizens, these are some of the ambitions put forward by the teams of application developers selected to compete in the finals of this year´s edition of the open data competition.    at this event, the  shortlisted teams will pitch their apps to the jury who will decide the final ranking of the winning teams in each category. the thematic challenges will be introduced by an expert panel and the event will close with an award ceremony.  					 				 			 		 		 		 		 	 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				asset publisher 			 			 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 		 			 			 	 		 			 					 					 					 						 							 november 							eu dataviz - open data 						 				 				 					 							 								opening 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 welcome speech 					 					 						 							 						 						 							director-general of the publications office of the european union 						 						 							 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								opening speech 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data and digitalisation at the heart of luxembourg’s innovation 					 					 						 							 						 						 							xavier bettel 						 						 							prime minister of luxembourg 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 the eu data strategy – towards a single european market for data 					 					 						 							 						 						 							yvo volman 						 						 							acting director, directorate-general for communication networks, content and technology of the european commission 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 the state of play of open data in europe 					 					 						 							 						 						 							laura van knippenberg 						 						 							digital transformation consultant, capgemini invent, (the netherlands) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary speech 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 roundtable: from data intelligence to decision intelligence 					 					 						 							 						 						 							moderated by stefaan verlhust 						 						 							co-founder, chief research and development officer, the govlab, united states 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : facilitating data reuse 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 towards a data-literate society that delivers to all 					 					 						 							 						 						 							ravi kumar 						 						 							program lead for data use and literacy program, the world bank 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : creating open data ecosystems 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 towards sustainable open data ecosystems 					 					 						 							 						 						 							bastiaan van loenen 						 						 							associate professor, director, delft university of technology (the netherlands) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : data for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 the value of nature - the use of greenspace data during the pandemic lockdowns  					 					 						 							 						 						 							david lusseau 						 						 							professor of marine sustainability, technical university of denmark 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : facilitating data reuse 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data.europa.eu - the official portal of european data 					 					 						 							 						 						 							esther huyer | raymonde weyzen 						 						 							manager, data strategy & policy, capgemini invent | consultant, data strategy & policy, capgemini invent 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : data for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 best practices from years of open data in the helsinki region 					 					 						 							 						 						 							minna joensuu 						 						 							deputy research director, city of espoo (finland) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : creating open data ecosystems 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 the european water health open knowledge (whow) project 					 					 						 							 						 						 							giorgia lodi 						 						 							technologist | institute of cognitive science and technologies (istc) of the national council of research of italy (cnr) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : data for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 from supply driven towards a more demand-driven open data policy in the city of ghent 					 					 						 							 						 						 							joran van daele 						 						 							open data manager, city of ghent (belgium) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : creating open data ecosystems 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 going towards a public procurement data space 					 					 						 							 						 						 							isabel da rosa | timo rantanen rantanen | giovanni paolo sellitto 						 						 							team leader, directorate general of internal market, industry, entrepeneurship and smes | policy officer, finnish state treasury, finland | information and communications technology engineer, national anticorruption authority, italy 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : facilitating data reuse 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 turning open data into open knowledge 					 					 						 							 						 						 							to be confirmed 						 						 							open data knowledge foundation 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : facilitating data reuse 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 the current state of national metadata - how to unlock open data benefits 					 					 						 							 						 						 							barbara Šlibar | enrique mu 						 						 							teaching assistant, faculty of organization and informatics varaždin, university of zagreb (croatia) | professor of management at carlow university (united states) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : data for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 transparency and open data at the service of health in castile and leon, spain 					 					 						 							 						 						 							antonio ibáñez 						 						 							head of transparency and information reuse, castile and leon (spain) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : creating open data ecosystems 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 open maps for europe: accessing official, online, public sector, geospatial open data 					 					 						 							 						 						 							angela baker 						 						 							data access and integration programme manager, eurogeographics aisbl (belgium) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : data for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 making census data open, accessible and useful for people – the uk case 					 					 						 							 						 						 							ahmad barclay 						 						 							census data visualisation lead, office for national statistics (united kingdom) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : creating open data ecosystems 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data for r & i policy – can data improve the transparency, coordination and benchmarking of policies and results? 					 					 						 							 						 						 							pavel zbornik 						 						 							intelligence analyst, directorate-general research and innovation of the european commission 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data science in the fight against covid- : the valencian experience 					 					 						 							 						 						 							nuria oliver 						 						 							co-founder and vice-president, ellis - european laboratory for learning and intelligent systems (spain) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								closing 							 					 					 						 : cet 					 	 					 						 					 				 					 					 					 					 						 							 november 							eu dataviz - data visualisation 						 				 				 					 							 								opening 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 opening speech 					 					 						 							 						 						 							boštjan koritnik 						 						 							minister of public administration of slovenia, representing the slovenian presidency of the council of the european union 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data visualisation as a vector of innovation - the case for lawyers 					 					 						 							 						 						 							valérie saintot 						 						 							head of legislation division, european central bank 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary speech 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 applying diverse, equitable and inclusive awareness in data visualisation 					 					 						 							 						 						 							jonathan schwabish 						 						 							senior fellow, urban institute (united states) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary speech 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 opening eu climate open data through data storytelling 					 					 						 							 						 						 							matteo moretti 						 						 							co-founder and designer, sheldon.studio (italy) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : using dataviz for policymaking 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 the story of the atlas of sustainable development goals 					 					 						 							 						 						 							ana florina pirlea | divyanshi wadhwa 						 						 							statistician, development data group, the world bank | data scientist, development data group, the world bank 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : from open data to data visualisation 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 empower citizens to turn open data into compelling insights 					 					 						 							 						 						 							benjamin wiederkehr 						 						 							managing director, interactive things (switzerland) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : using dataviz for policymaking 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 simplifying complexity – visualising energy scenarios for climate neutrality 					 					 						 							 						 						 							darren mcgarry | wouter nijs 						 						 							communication and visualisation team leader, joint research centre of the european commission | project officer, joint research centre of the european commission 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : from open data to data visualisation 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data visualisation and storytelling 					 					 						 							 						 						 							jose berengueres 						 						 							professor, university of united arab emirates 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : using dataviz for policymaking 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 public transport for equal opportunities – better data visualisation for better decision-making 					 					 						 							 						 						 							caroline goulard 						 						 							ceo, dataveyes (france) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : from open data to data visualisation 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 visualising public finance data - key of governmental transparency 					 					 						 							 						 						 							bernhard krabina 						 						 							team coordinator, kdz - centre for public administration research (austria) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : serving citizens with dataviz 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 europe's countries and how to deal with them visually 					 					 						 							 						 						 							tamara flemisch 						 						 							information designer, destatis – the federal statistical office of germany 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : serving citizens with dataviz 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 don’t you see it? why data don’t tell much to people 					 					 						 							 						 						 							geert stox 						 						 							head of strategy and senior strategic planner and strategic advisor (icf next), belgium 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : serving citizens with dataviz 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data visualisation on mobile devices – issues and best practices from an use case in the public sector 					 					 						 							 						 						 							marco cortella | davide vernassa 						 						 							data visualisation specialists, knowage – engineering group (italy) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : using dataviz for policymaking 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 friendly open data visualisation about droughts - the importance of citizens' engagement 					 					 						 							 						 						 							lisanne van weelden | shirley kempeneer 						 						 							assistant professor, utrecht university (the netherlands) | assistant professor, tilburg university (the netherlands) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								ts : from open data to data visualisation 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 why we need more data art 					 					 						 							 						 						 							matthias stahl 						 						 							founder and freelancer, higsch | data & design (germany) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 data visualisation is great - but data explanation is better! 					 					 						 							 						 						 							alberto cairo 						 						 							journalist & designer, knight chair in visual journalism, school of communication of the university of miami (united states) 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								closing 							 					 					 						 : cet 					 	 					 						 					 				 					 					 					 					 						 							 november 							eu datathon - competition finals 						 				 				 					 							 								opening 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 opening speech 					 					 						 							 						 						 							director-general of the publications office of the european union 						 						 							 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								plenary 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 title to be confirmed 					 					 						 							 						 						 							johannes hahn 						 						 							european commissioner for budget and administration 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a european green deal 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 opening speech: data sustainability 					 					 						 							 						 						 							suzanne dael 						 						 							expert, european environment agency 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a european green deal 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: cleanspot (spain) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							marcos martínez 						 						 							boost recycling because there is no planet b. 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a european green deal 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: frog g (montenegro) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							gordana vujovic, hajdana milovic, biljana vujovic 						 						 							turn your city from grey green, one tree at a time. 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a european green deal 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: the carbons (india) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							aishwarya shastry, kuhu gupta, nishtha bhan 						 						 							what?! my daily cup of coffee emits as much greenhouse gas as a drive from berlin to amsterdam? 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								break 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : an economy that works for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 opening speech: data - the essence of today's digital society 					 					 						 							 						 						 							aleš veršič 						 						 							head of open data portal of slovenia, ministry of public administration, slovenia 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : an economy that works for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: cityscale (ukraine) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							alexander go 						 						 							planning a move? visualise, compare and find the best place for you to live. 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : an economy that works for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: iter idea (italy) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							guido mazza, matteo carbone, sara baroni 						 						 							finally, a portal facilitating women’s mobility in europe. 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : an economy that works for people 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: powertoyeuth (portugal) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							nuno braganca 						 						 							find public funding for your sme and boost youth employment. 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								break 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a europe fit for the digital age 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 opening speech: title to be confirmed 					 					 						 							 						 						 							reet sommer 						 						 							head of data management, document production unit, european parliament 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a europe fit for the digital age 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: democracy game (greece) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							dimitra giannaki, konstantinos kalafatakis, dimitrios lampiris, olga dourou 						 						 							try your hand at politics with a virtual debating tool. 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a europe fit for the digital age 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: trackmyeu (italy, france) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							chiara girardelli, raphaël kergueno 						 						 							explore eu policies, track your interests and make your voice heard in brussels! 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								challenge : a europe fit for the digital age 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 app pitch: visime- (italy) 					 					 						 							 						 						 							boris bikbov 						 						 							get a ᵒ view of vision impairment in the eu. 						 					 					 						join 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								break 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 					 				 					 				 				 					 							 								award ceremony 							 					 					 						 : - : cet 					 	 					 						 awarding of prizes and public choice award 					 					 						 							 						 						 							per nymand-andersen 						 						 							adviser to senior management, european central bank 						 					 					 						join 					 				 	 		 		 		 	 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				tools 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	tools 	eu vocabularies 	librarian services (opac) 	web tools 	eu web archive 	interinstitutional style guide 	publishing services 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				info corner 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	info corner 	news 	op newsletter 	eu apps 	accessible publishing 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				about us 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	about us 	who we are 	what we do 	procurement 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				follow us 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	follow us   	@eulawdatapubs 	@eupublications 	@eurlex 	@cordis_eu 	@eutenders 	@eu_opendata 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				stay connected 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 	 	facebook 	linkedin 	youtube 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 		 			 	 		 	 		 			 				service toolbar - footer 			 			 				 	 		 		 		 		 	 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 	 		 			 				 					 	 				 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		 			 			 				 					 					 					 						 						 							 	 		about us 	contact 	legal notices 	sitemap 	cookies 	top 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 			 		 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 		 	 bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: outgoing 	 	 		 			 			 	 		 		outgoing 		 			library metadata techniques and trends by thom hickey 		 	 			 				 					 						 							 	 	 		 		 		astronimcal fits images 		 		 now for something a little different: since retiring from oclc i don't do a lot with library metadata, but i've recently had some fun exploring astronomical images, which come with their own data/metadata format fits, the flexible image transport system. everyone that wants to share astronomy data uses fits.  it was developed in the early 's and has a strong fortran flavor in the how the data is stored.  having processed the variable length fields inherent in marc records with fortran i can appreciate the attractiveness of fixed length blocks, arrays of binary data and -byte card images to the engineers/scientists of the time. one of the wonders of our time is all the astronomical work that is being done, and that within a year or two of the observations much of the data is publicly available.  the image at the head of this post came from the hubble legacy archive which has an interface that will allow you to search by name and star catalog numbers, select the type of image you are interested in, and view previews of images before downloading the fits file. of course most of the fun in working with the images is writing some of the code that makes it possible.  there are lots of programs available that will help you look at fits files, such as fits liberator which will 'liberate' fits images into something that photoshop can process.  those are nice, but farther away from bare metal than i like to be.  so i wrote a little program in j that does some rudimentary processing with fits data.  j (download it here) is a slightly obscure (but actively used and maintained) language derived from apl. possibly more accurately j evolved from apl in an effort led by kenneth iverson, the inventor of apl.  while it does take some initial effort to become proficient in array languages such as j, it is remarkable how much can be done in a few characters.  admittedly those few characters may take some deciphering, but so would the much longer code they replace.  in some ways it reminds me of trying to use a new alphabet, such as cyrillic.  at first the script is confusing or actually misleading, but once learned they just become letters.  i got introduced to apl in the late 's when i first joined oclc.  at the time oclc ran on sigma computers from xerox/honeywell.  xerox tried to compete with ibm in the early 's and  apl that was one of the few languages available on sigma machines (in general we did most things in cp-v assembler which was really quite nice).  their apl was clunky and slow and oclc didn't have an apl terminal, but it worked and i used it to do some research into how people were using search keys on the oclc system (not so well!). j can be described as a fusion of apl and backus's fp.  it is open source, easy to install, does not require a special alphabet and the things it can do with arrays are amazing, if not always immediately obvious.  one of the things i like about it is the brevity of the code.  having experimented with compact code in python (z . client on a t-shirt),  it is surprisingly easy to work with dense code because you can see so much of it at once. j does invite a certain amount of points-free coding, a style that confuses me at times, but can be quite elegant. map-reduce, is another style of functional programming that can be difficult at first to get comfortable with, but turns out to be very powerful.  we used map-reduce extensively at oclc, so i came to j with some familiarity of that aspect of the language.  the code that produced the image at the top of the post can be found at github.com/thomasbhickey/jfits.  it consists of about lines of code in two files and has a couple of sample fits image samples as well.  since it is one of my first j programs, i asked the j programming forum to take a look at it, and they came back with a number of suggestions, so most of the clever code probably came from them.  i've tried to keep the code reasonably straightforward so it might be worth a look, but if you are interested in astronomy, it isn't that hard to explore what's available without doing any programming at all.  don't expect the images to look just like the ones you see published, however.  those have had a fair amount of processing (often in photoshop) to tease out the most pleasing parts and suppress many of the instrument artifacts that seem to be in all the images. --th       			 		 		 			 			 				 april , | permalink 									| 					comments ( ) 				 				 			 			 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 		frbr and humphry clinker 		 		 some may remember oclc research's work (obsession?) with tobias smollett's the adventures of humphry clinker.  i believe it was ed o'neill that got us started with it, using it as an example of a work with a well defined text (it was smollett's last novel and evidently never revised by him), but with many manifestations since it first appeared in .  it is an important early (picaresque epistolary) novel, and popular through most of the th century. at any rate, we spent quite a bit of time with the bibliographic records in worldcat that describe the various editions of humphry clinker and i recently happened upon a notebook that had printouts of humphry clinker records as they were in worldcat in august of .  the highest oclc number in the group is just under million, and we thought that was a lot (they are now nearing one billion). at any rate, records isn't that many, so i thought it would be interesting to compare them to current worldcat and our frbr work clustering. the first thing that struck me was how old fashioned the records look now.  comparing them to the current records, they have all been touched in some way.  they now have many more subject headings and class numbers, rda fields, typos corrected and quite few have been merged as duplicates. here's a summary of what i found, comparing them to the 'enhanced' version of worldcat used for frbr processing. of the records have been merged into other worldcat records (properly as far as i could tell).  all of the others except one are collected together in one frbr 'work' and linked to the viaf work record http://viaf.org/viaf/ . the one exception turns out to be bound with smollett's peregrine pickle, and so qualifies as a collected work and currently is not linked to either one. in fact, the frbr cluster found an additional records created before august that it considers humprhy clinker.  looking at them, they all either spelled humphry as humphrey, or didn't have the title in english.  evidently i didn't pull in the humphrey clinkers, either by design or oversight.  in fact, back in the 's, our software wasn't sophisticated to find even small spelling variants such as humprhy vs humphrey, much less non-english versions. as part of this retrospective, i pulled all the worldcat records in the current humphry clinker work set: records! i mentioned earlier that all the records appear to have been 'touched' since .  to get some feel for that, i looked at the records' field that shows who modified the record.  the earliest of the records had modifications made to them, half by oclc and half by other libraries.  the earliest in the current sample found almost times that: modifications, of those made by oclc. in contrast, the most recent records added to worldcat have been modified times, all by oclc.  altogether, the current records show , modifications, , of those by oclc. of course, one of the most striking changes that worldcat has undergone since is the addition of metadata in languages other than english.  in fact, of the current humphry clinker records are non-engish descriptions, altogether in different languages: english, german, french, danish, polish, spanish, italian, dutch, catalan, swedish, romanian, hungarian, slovenian, and serbian. looking at the language of the books being described, of the were not in english, not counting the 'undetermined': german, russian, french, hungarian, romanian and danish.  viaf was able to find (or create) non-english expression records. --th the image at the top is by isaac cruikshank from the fine arts museums of san francisco.  			 		 		 			 			 				 february , | permalink 									| 					comments ( ) 				 				 			 			 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 		more about justlinks 		 		 we had an earlier post about the 'justlinks' view of viaf clusters, but i thought it would be worthwhile to explore how that can combine with other viaf functionality. first a reminder of how the justlinks view works.  while the default view of clusters to web browsers is the html interface, viaf clusters can be displayed in several ways, including the raw xml, rdf xml, marc- and justlinks json.  here's a request for justlinks.json: http://viaf.org/viaf/ /justlinks.json which returns: { "viafid":" ", "b q":[" "], "bav":["adv "], "bne":["xx "], "bnf":["http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/ /cb "], "dnb":["http://d-nb.info/gnd/ "], "isni":[" x"], "lac":[" g "], "lc":["n "], "lnb":["lnc - "], "n i":["vtls "], "nkc":["js "], "nla":[" "], "nli":[" "], "nlp":["a "], "nsk":[" "], "nta":[" "], "nukat":["vtls "], "ptbnp":[" "], "selibr":[" "], "sudoc":[" "], "wkp":["q "], "xa":[" "], "orcid":["http://orcid.org/ "], "wikipedia":["http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lorcan_dempsey"]} ralph levan came up with this and we think it is pretty neat!  but wait, it gets even better! each of the ids in this record that is a 'source record' id to viaf (in this case everything except the orcid id and the en.wikipedia uri) can be used to retrieve the cluster.  here's how to pull justlinks.json using the lc id: http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceid/lc|n /justlinks.json https works too: https://viaf.org/viaf/sourceid/nsk| /justlinks.json all the different views of the clusters can be requested either through the explicit uri's shown here, or through http headers, and they in turn can be  combined with sourceid redirection. --th 			 		 		 			 			 				 november , | permalink 									| 					comments ( ) 				 				 			 			 			 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 		extracting information from viaf 		 		 occasionally i run into someone trying to extract information out of viaf and having a difficult time. here's a simple example of how i'd begin extracting titles for a given viaf id.  far from industrial strength, but might get you started. the problem: have a file of viaf ids (one/line).  want a file of the titles, each proceeded by the viaf id of the record they were found in. there are lots of ways to do this, but my inclination is to do it in python (i ran this in version . . ) and to use the raw viaf xml record: from __future__ import print_function import sys, urllib from xml.etree import celementtree as et # reads in list of viaf ids one/line # writes out viafid\ttitle one/line # worry about the name space ns = {'v':'http://viaf.org/viaf/terms#'} ttlpath='v:titles/v:work/v:title' def titlesfromviaf(viafxml, path):     vel = et.fromstring(viafxml)     for el in vel.findall(path, ns):         yield el.text for line in sys.stdin:     viafid = line.strip()     viafurl = 'https://viaf.org/viaf/%s'%viafid     viafxml = urllib.urlopen(viafurl).read()     for ttl in titlesfromviaf(viafxml, ttlpath):       print('%s\t%s'%(viafid, ttl.encode('utf- '))) that's about as short as i could get it and have it readable in this narrow window.  we've been using the new print function (and division!) for some time now, with an eye towards python . --th update . . : cleaned up how namespace is specified 			 		 		 			 			 				 september , | permalink 									| 					comments ( ) 				 				 			 			 			 			 		 	 			 		 			 			 			 				next 					» 			 		 	 	 						 					 					 						 							 	 		 	 	about search   	 	 	 	 	 	 	 		recent posts 		 				astronimcal fits images 	frbr and humphry clinker 	more about justlinks 	extracting information from viaf 	matching names to viaf 	in defense of marc 	viaf rdf changes 	moving to wikidata 	testing date parsing by fuzzing 	another json encoding for marc data 		 	 	 		 	 	 		subscribe to this blog's feed 	 links 	 			weibel lines 	inquiring librarian 	quædam cuiusdam 	librarycog 	lorcan dempsey's weblog 	some sculptures 	furniture in ohio 	 	 		archives 		 				april 	february 	november 	september 	may 	april 	march 	february 	october 	july 		 	 	april 	 			sun	mon	tue	wed	thu	fri	sat 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 						 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 samvera connect : program - samvera - samvera wiki samvera home spaces apps templates create samvera overview space shortcuts interest group and working group hub samvera community asks samvera meeting & events calendar samvera partner calls tech calls pages 	samvera 	samvera connect meetings 	samvera connect samvera connect : program 	 	 created by richard green last updated: nov , friday rd and monday th - thursday th october, all times below are us eastern daylight time contents presentations friday rd october these friday presentations would normally have taken place on the conference "plenary day" and are aimed at a general audience. follow this link for the full recording of the first day (approx. hours minutes).  follow the links below for the slide packs (where provided) and a link to the appropriate part of the recording. : am  welcome and housekeeping - rosalyn metz, chair samvera steering group - link : am  code of conduct - jessica hilt - link this session will go over the samvera community code of conduct.  : am  keynote address - torsten reimer, head of research services, british library, uk - link on the verge of success – or failure? reflections on repositories and the wider library knowledge infrastructure (and a bit about hyku). with the breakthrough of the open science and research information management agenda repositories appear to have succeeded. libraries, declared dead by some in a digital information environment, see their role now increasingly as provider of services for open research. yet not all is as well as it seems. on the one hand, many institutions struggle to properly maintain their infrastructure and provide a good user experience. on the other hand, closed commercial services dazzle users but are a risk to transparency and openness. in this presentation i want to discuss some of the wider challenges i see for knowledge infrastructure services and talk about some relevant activities i am currently involved in – including the experiences of the british library with using the samvera-based hyku solution for a shared repository service. : pm - : pm  break : pm  welcome to samvera's new community manager - carolyn caizzi and heather greer klein - link carolyn caizzi was chair of the search committee formed to appoint samvera's new community manager. carolyn will introduce heather, the new cm, who will tell us a little about herself and her plans in the new job. : pm  the state of the samvera community - rosalyn metz, chair samvera steering group - link the annual roundup of all that has happened and our exciting prospects for the next few years from rosalyn metz, chair of the samvera steering group. : pm  work on hyrax, an update - juliet hardesty, incoming product owner - link update on recent and coming work for the hyrax repository-building engine.  : pm - : pm  break : pm  work on valkyrie, an update - trey pendragon, technical lead - link update on recent and coming work for the valkyrie gem. : pm  work on avalon, an update - jon cameron, product owner, avalon media system - link update on recent and coming work for the avalon solution bundle : pm  work on hyku, an update - kevin kochanski (chair hyku interest group) - link update on recent and coming work for the hyku solution bundle : pm  close presentations monday th - thursday th october : am - : pm et timetable click for readable version! full day recordings - links to individual presentations are to be found with their descriptions below 	monday / full day recording 	tuesday / full day recording 	wednesday / full day recording 	thursday / full day recording individual sessions a samvera internship: new to coding, new to the community - link kevin kochanski, kiah stroud, april rieger, jeremy gabriel, ruben ramirez | thursday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: developers, newcomers what is it like to dive headlong into samvera from the outside? notch assigned three interns to work on the bulkrax community gem in . they were not only new to samvera, they were brand new developers in training. this talk will address the success of using interns on a samvera project, the hurdles of taking on samvera development, and the challenge of understanding the community concepts. you'll have an opportunity to ask these incredible interns about their experiences as they do a brief demo of their work. all the roads to figgy: a tour of ingest workflows - link anna headley, trey pendragon | tuesday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: developers, managers (repository) figgy is princeton university library’s staff-facing repository management application. this presentation will share screenshots, user stories, and technical overviews of all the forms, magic buttons, storage integrations, drag-and-drop targets, rake tasks, and directory watchers that figgy provides to support the different workflows our users have for ingesting content. building a glam ecosystem: human and machine collaborations for digitized collections - link abigail e shelton, rob fox | monday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, managers (general), metadata people, ui/ux people the university of notre dame has taken a modular approach to building a new digital collections platform-integrating existing applications and connecting the people that manage and use them across the library, archives, and art museum. we began with two assumptions: one size would not fit all for our campus archives, library, and museum; and community needs above all. in this presentation, team members will talk about the past two years of experimentation, development, and conversation around how to connect our community to our cultural heritage collections through multiple integrations, both human and technological. at a high-level, we’ll discuss our technical architecture that uses legacy applications like archivesspace, an aging fedora repository, and a decades-old museum database together with the iiif framework and open-source gatsbyjs. and perhaps more importantly, we’ll outline the cross-departmental team structure that has developers talking to museum curators, library cataloguers, archivists, and everyone in between. case study: batch update - a user driven approach: what we talk about when we talk about design thinking - link karen shaw, adam arling | monday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: developers, managers (general), metadata people, newcomers, ui/ux people over the past year, nul dev team has implemented and refined a workflow for modular development of repository applications. it starts with addressing a specific user need or problem. using design-thinking techniques, we next generate visual solutions through rudimentary wire framing, white boarding sessions and architecture discussions. we then move to api design and mocking before starting development with two teams working independently, from the api, outwards. this presentation will demonstrate the iterative approach in action; using a recent major batch update feature as a case study. we’ll explore how our approach allowed us to stay connected to our users and helped keep our development team in sync. finally, we’ll reflect on what we’ve found most successful in this approach as well as stumbling blocks we encountered along the way. cloud storage service uploads for a valkyrie repository - link james griffin | monday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: developers, ui/ux people this presentation aims to outline and discuss attempts throughout and to integrate an early pre-release of the browseeverything . component for supporting google drive file uploads into a samvera repository. while this shall be restricted in scope for cases which were specific to the princeton university library and a valkyrie-based repository figgy, the hope is to encourage discussions regarding obstacles which were encountered and to aim to generalize the solutions which were discovered in this integration. dear valkyrie, do i have to die to enter hyrax-halla? a journey to valkyrizing our hyrax models - link e lynette rayle | thursday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: developers, managers (repository) i will talk about the process i went through (and possibly am continuing to go through) to convert our hyrax application’s activefedora::base object models to valkyrie::resource models. this will include information on the major changes that were made, descriptions of gotchas and workarounds, and a look at how close we are to being able to use any valkyrie storage adapter. i’m hoping to include benchmark data as well to compare the various adapters. extending preservation functionality in hyrax , fedora , and aws - link emily porter, devanshu matlawala | thursday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, developers, managers (general), managers (repository), metadata people the emory libraries implemented a second-generation preservation infrastructure in utilizing hyrax , fedora and aws, following a requirements gathering phase that included developing a preservation policy and a review of preservation community best practices. this presentation describes our solution design including locally-defined entities such as preservation workflows and events and fileset expansion to support derivative files. we will also address implementation lessons learned while leveraging existing samvera functionality and building new features to bridge gaps between existing framework components. hyraxes make their homes among the clouds - link tom johnson | tuesday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, developers, devops, managers (repository), sysadmins i know what you're asking: "what are we going to do about the cloud?" if only we had some kind of animal, recently retrofitted with wings, that could live up there natively. fear not: hyraxes do that. this presentation tackles the what, why, and how of cloud native samvera. what is the community doing and what are solution bundles supporting? why should you be interested? why should you contribute? how can you (yes, i'm looking at you developers, operations folks, repository managers, bosses) benefit? how can your repository make its home among the clouds? meadow: an introduction to northwestern university's new digital repository application built with elixir, react, and graphql in the middle - link brendan quinn | monday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, developers, managers (general), managers (repository), metadata people, newcomers, ui/ux people northwestern university libraries has been building a "green field" digital repository application since june , code-named "meadow". our goal in building meadow is to provide an internal tool to ingest, modify and publish digital resources to an api that drives our user-facing digital collections frontend. meadow's development roadmap has focused on complementing nul's existing production workflows and implementing best practices in digital preservation in a cloud-based environment. meadow is built with a several languages, tools, and frameworks including: elixir, phoenix, react, graphql, postgresql, elasticsearch, amazon web services, docker and terraform. this presentation will focus on describing why we chose this path and the decisions and tradeoffs we've made along the way, along with a brief demonstration of our current state. mono - the kissing repository - link tom johnson, matt critchlow | tuesday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following group: developers this talk will outline the surfliner code base, describe the gitlab monolithic source repository, and discuss the reasons behind choosing this model of source control management. it will include background on the systems and workflows used by the uc san diego and uc santa barbara teams that make managing and working productively with a single repository feasible, in addition to a psychomachia-style discussion of the advantages and trade-offs of this approach. samvera tech - link alisha evans, shana moore | tuesday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation which is suited to all audience groups. new to samvera? welcome! we understand how steep the learning curve may seem when getting started. samvera is an introductory presentation that will cover fundamental principles with a sampling of common topics and definitions used within the samvera stack and community. framework topics include discussions around: rails, sidekiq, data stores, fedora, solr, blacklight, etc. while application level topics include discussions around: avalon, hyrax, hyku, etc. like a prerequisite class, this talk is designed to prepare developers and community members for success! attendees will leave having a greater understanding of samvera's components and how they come together to create a samvera application. serverless-iiif: from flail to scale in a year or less - link michael b klein, trey pendragon, edward silverton | tuesday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, developers, devops, managers (general), sysadmins after trying to navigate deployment, configuration, performance, and scaling issues of several different image servers and support infrastructure (cantaloupe, aware, riiif, nginx, and squidcache, to name a few), we decided to see if we could build something less general/configurable but far more suited to our use case and runtime environment. serverless-iiif started out as a bare bones, proof-of-concept demonstration of how a scalable, high-performance iiif image server could be implemented in a small, inexpensive aws lambda function. just over a year later, the project serves as the basis for high-volume iiif services running in production at northwestern university, princeton university, the university of notre dame, and the royal pavilion & museums, brighton & hove. this presentation will cover the project from its beginnings (as a small demo repository carved out of northwestern's cloud repository infrastructure), through a number of forks, merges, performance enhancements, deployment improvements, and into production. we will also include performance benchmarks, current production stats, and some thoughts on future work. shifting gears: what do digital projects look like when you can't digitize anything? - link esmé cowles, kim leaman | monday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, managers (repository), metadata people princeton university library’s digital projects and initiatives were seriously disrupted by covid- . digitization of materials for projects and forthcoming exhibitions came to an unexpected halt at the same time as patrons and staff were separated from physical objects and library spaces. necessity, however, provided an opportunity to reassess digital projects and how staff members interact with and contribute to our repository (figgy). we focused on the creation of workflows and documentation for new contributors who would be working in the repository, helping them enhance existing digital objects with ocr, item level organization, structural metadata, page labeling, and iiif display attributes. we describe how we were able to use figgy and unexpectedly-available staff time to make more effective research tools and provide a better user experience for patrons and staff working with our digital collections. such enhancements add immense value to our collections as well as to our applications, and the work can be done effectively by a wide range of staff from different departments with variable skill sets. supporting collaboration in hyku: workflows, tools, and design - link gretchen gueguen, amanda hurford | wednesday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, developers,  managers (general), managers (repository), metadata people, newcomers, ui/ux people collaboration is more than just sharing costs, and the palci and palni consortia are pushing that idea into our repository management. we want to create the flexibility for both ir workflows and more “traditionalâ€� library-owned content within the same instance of hyku. we also want to enable libraries to collaborate and share work, not just with their consortial partners, but also among their own departments across campus. to us, this means enhancing the ability to manage user and tenant settings to enable different workflows. by working with a number of libraries testing out the hyku multi-tenant option, we realized that a robust dashboard for user/role assignment and the expansion of a few more roles would enable us to manage these flexible workflow options. palni and palci are working with notch to enhance the underlying “roleâ€� and “groupâ€� functionality in hyku and develop a new administrative dashboard to control permissions across multiple tenants. we will also be expanding role and group functions within tenant management. this presentation will discuss how we researched and developed our requirements as well as the plan and progress to date. swordv : deposit protocol, from draft to reference implementation - link richard jones, neil jefferies | thursday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: developers, devops, managers (repository), metadata people, sysadmins between and , jisc funded an effort to refresh the sword repository deposit protocol, with modern repository use cases in mind, especially around data repositories. as a result we produced a draft specification, extensively reviewed by a large number of the repositories community, including those from the samvera and fedora communities. in , nii provided funding to produce a reference implementation, and we have been working to prove that the specification is implementable and viable. that work concluded in july with the release of a client library and a server library in python. now the swordv team is looking outward to the rest of the repositories community, looking to engage them in development for their platforms, and to enable novel integrations. this presentation will introduce the spec for those that are not familiar, and describe the technical and community-building work that is ongoing, and call for engagement by the samvera technical community in working with swordv . https://swordapp.github.io/swordv /swordv .html ubiquity repositories architecture: highly scalable hyku in the cloud - link francesco de virgilio, chris colvard | thursday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: developers, devops, sysadmins ubiquity repositories, which are based on hyku, are designed to be highly scalable, highly reliable and quick to deploy in the cloud. in this presentation we will outline the technical architecture we have implemented, along with the challenges faced. these include scalability, security, cost-efficiency, performance, reliability, resilience, portability, delivery pipelines for code deployment, error reporting, testing and localization. we will also discuss our approach ensuring we remain on the most recent stable branch of the platform and contributing our code back to the community. what’s in a name?: the samvera branch renaming working group in action - link kate lynch, lynette rayle, chris colvard, collin brittle, alexandra dunn, jeremy friesen | wednesday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, developers, devops, managers (general), newcomers, sysadmins the samvera branch renaming working group formed in august to create a recommendation, plan, and timeline for our community to stop using long-practiced "master/slave" coding jargon that perpetuates racist systems and language, and instead embrace and implement positive change, leading by example. this presentation will detail the work of this group; the guiding morals and philosophy for undertaking this work, where and why we prioritized change while some communities are left uncertain how to proceed with similar work, the challenges we have discovered along the way, our immediate future plans, and the forward-to-better model that we hope this group’s deliverables put forth for the samvera community and others in the open source world. what to do when your repository enters middle age - link mikala narlock, dan brower | wednesday th october : pm everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following group: managers (repository) our samvera-based institutional repository is nearing eight years old, and one can safely say it is middle aged-- and with middle age comes a mid-life crisis. over the course of the past year, the current product owners have examined the role and vision of the repository and embraced the role of maintainers, advocating for critical external needs. balancing the technical needs and costs of an aging system while providing new services to meet user needs with a limited technical staff has required being realistic about both available resources and institutional priorities. in this talk, we will discuss our experiences, our methods for refining the focus of a large project, focusing developer work to yield maximum payoffs, and centering the repository to be more useful to the campus community by meeting users where they are. why hyku? a use case panel - link kevin kochanski, amanda hurford, brian hole, gretchen gueguen, sara gould | wednesday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, managers (general), managers (repository), metadata people, newcomers key voices from the hyku community, including the british library, notch , palci, palni, and ubiquity press, will discuss their perspective on what makes hyku the solution for various use cases. this will not be a list of project updates, but instead be a dialogue about what makes hyku a versatile platform and why it was chosen for our projects. hyku users and potential adopters will benefit from the opportunity to ask questions and come away with a greater understanding of this continually evolving repository platform. your vote matters! community input for advancing hyku feature prioritization - link ilkay holt, ellen ramsey, brian hole | wednesday th october : am everyone is welcome at this presentation but it may be particularly suited to those in the following groups: administrators, developers, managers (general), managers (repository), metadata people, ui/ux people advancing hyku project aims to support the growth of open access through institutional repositories by introducing significant structural improvements and new features to the samvera community’s hyku institutional repository. features include full metrics and altmetrics, orcid profile sync, auto-population, in-browser viewing and annotation, and pathways to long-term preservation. the project partners are university of virginia library, ubiquity press and the british library, with funding from arcadia, a charitable fund of philanthropists lisbet rausing and peter baldwin. the project began october and is scheduled to conclude by august . this presentation will provide an update on the project which is coming to an end of its first year. presenters will introduce the developments made so far, architectural review for structural improvements for the hyku framework, collaborations to strengthen the project deliverables and the forthcoming plans for the coming year. the session also aims to receive feedback from the audience on the set of priorities within the project. this will kick off a wider community input opportunity following the event to leverage the outcome of the project. see https://advancinghyku.io/ lightning talks lightning talks are seven minutes long.  the links below give you access to the slide deck and video recording for each talk. tuesday th october : pm hands-on with new avalon media system developments | jon cameron - link a quick demo of the latest features and changes in avalon media system, showcasing developments across the application: ui, structural metadata editor, encode settings and more. metadata mess: managing errors in vendor-supplied metadata | rebekah kati, anna goslen - link in may , unc libraries purchased a report from science which listed , articles authored by unc researchers. although the vendor characterized the report as an out-of-the-box tool designed to fill an institutional repository, we found that it would take significant work to make it usable for unc’s hyrax-based institutional repository, the carolina digital repository (cdr). in this presentation, we will discuss the issues that we identified, including scripting errors, inconsistent metadata and rights concerns. we will describe the plans and processes to fix these issues and to adapt the metadata for our repository. additionally, we will address best practices for uploads and future plans. introducing the controlled vocabularies decision tree | juliet hardesty - link the controlled vocabulary (cv) decision tree is meant to provide guidance for selecting and using controlled vocabularies behind descriptive metadata fields. this guidance is useful within hyrax and other software incorporating metadata fields that could benefit from controlled terms for consistency and accuracy. we will share the decision tree for selecting and modifying controlled vocabularies and the accompanying list of controlled vocabularies that we hope to collaboratively grow. staying informed by questioning covid authority | e lynette rayle - link how i used the samvera questioning authority gem to create an app that shows graphs of our surrounding county covid data? fedora . : impacts and opportunities for the samvera community | david wilcox - link the fedora community has been making steady progress on fedora . , with a beta release anticipated in and a full release in early . this new version of fedora introduces a number of benefits and improvements that will be of interest to the samvera community, including enhanced digital preservation capabilities via the oxford common file layout and performance improvements that address specific issues identified by community members. this lightning talk will provide a brief overview of the fedora . features and improvements that will be of most interest to the samvera community, along with an update on development progress to date. wednesday th october : pm ye olde tech call | jeremy friesen - link a quick introduction to the samvera tech call to address what is it, who is it for, and how can i engage. "authoritex": authority alchemy in elixir | karen shaw - link heavily inspired by qa, "authoritex" is a hex package for querying any controlled vocabulary or set of authority terms that nul developed for use within our elixir ecosystem. we'll go through quick overview of authoritex and how it fits into our repository ingest application "meadow" and our broader strategy for handling controlled terms and authorities. work on bulkrax, an update | kiah stroud - link update on recent and coming work for the bulkrax gem. doing more with hyrax | chris colvard - link hyrax-doi is a new hyrax plugin that provides tooling for working with dois including model attributes, minting, and fetching descriptive metadata. this presentation will give a quick tour of the features and how to use it in hopes of sparking conversation about how to improve it and its integration with hyrax. this is part of the advancing hyku project's work on extracting and contributing back features from ubiquity press' repositories platform originally developed for the british library. working group and interest group updates wg/ig updates are five minutes long. link monday th october : pm 	marketing working group | chris awre 	ux interest group | adam arling 	metadata interest group | anna goslen 	controlled vocabulary decision tree working group | juliet hardesty 	hyrax . metadata application profile documentation working group | nora egloff 	repository managers' interest group | moira downey conference main page workshops: nd october  community building (aka social) events posters registration conference shop like {"serverduration": , "requestcorrelationid": " e c ad f"} mark e. phillips journal mark e. phillips journal 	metadata events system: accounting for time in the last post, i mentioned that there four primary things that we have needed in order to move a large portion of our student and staff workers to full remote work during this quarantine. in this post, i wanted to jump ahead a bit and talk a bit about how we are accounting for [&# ;] 	managing metadata editing for telecommuting. many of us in the us, and around the world for that matter, are now sitting at home working remotely trying to maintain some semblance of normalcy during quarantine for covid- . i&# ;m going to write up a few of the things that we have been working on her at the unt libraries to try and [&# ;] 	user session analysis: unt scholarly works this is a continuation of a series of posts that i never got around to writing earlier this semester.  i posted the first and second post in the series in february but never got around to writing the rest of them.  this time i am looking at if users use items from multiple collections in [&# ;] 	introducing sampling and new algorithms to the clustering dashboard one of the things that we were excited about when we adding the clustering dashboard to the unt libraries&# ; edit system was the ability to experiment with new algorithms for grouping or clustering metadata values.  i gave a rundown of the cluster dashboard in a previous blog post  this post is going to walk through [&# ;] 	user session analysis: investigating sessions in the previous post in this series i laid out the work that we were going to do with session data from the unt libraries&# ; digital collections.  in order to get the background that this post builds from take a quick look at that post. in this post we are going to look at the [&# ;] 	user session analysis: connections between collections, type, institutions i&# ;ve been putting off some analysis that a few of us at the unt libraries have wanted to do with the log files of the unt libraries digital collections.  this post (and probably a short series to follow) is an effort to get back on track. there are three systems that we use to provide [&# ;] 	metadata quality interfaces: cluster dashboard (openrefine clustering baked right in) this is the last of the updates from our summer&# ;s activities in creating new metadata interfaces for the unt libraries digital collections.  if you are interested in the others in this series you can view the past few posts on this blog where i talk about our facet, count, search, and item interfaces. this time [&# ;] 	metadata interfaces: search dashboard this is the next blog post in a series that discusses some of the metadata interfaces that we have been working on improving over the summer for the unt libraries digital collections.  you can catch up on those posts about our item views, facet dashboard, and element count dashboard if you are curious. in this [&# ;] 	metadata quality interfaces: element count dashboard next up in our review of the new metadata quality interfaces we have implemented this summer is our element count dashboard. the basics of this are that whenever we index metadata records in our solr index we go ahead and count the number of instances of a given element, or a given element with a [&# ;] 	metadata quality interfaces: facet dashboard this is the second post in a series that discusses the new metadata interfaces we have been developing for the unt libraries&# ; digital collections metadata editing environment. the previous post was related to the item views that we have created. this post discusses our facet dashboard in a bit of depth.  let&# ;s get started. facet dashboard [&# ;] javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. bittorrent inventor announces eco-friendly bitcoin competitor chia – techcrunch 	 	 		 			 	 						bittorrent inventor announces eco-friendly bitcoin competitor chia 		 			 			 			 			josh constine		 		 							@joshconstine 				 / 						 years		 	 		 	 			 			 		 	 			 				a bitcoin transaction wastes as much electricity as it takes to power an american home for a week, and legendary coder bram cohen wants to fix that. and considering he invented the ubiquitous peer-to-peer file transfer protocol bittorrent, you should take him seriously. cohen has just started a new company called chia network that will launch a cryptocurrency based on proofs of time and storage rather than bitcoin’s electricity-burning proofs of work. essentially, chia will harness cheap and abundant unused storage space on hard drives to verify its blockchain. “the idea is to make a better bitcoin, to fix the centralization problems” cohen tells me. the two main issues he sees in bitcoin are in environmental impact and the instability that arises from the few bitcoin miners with the cheapest access to electricity exerting outsized influence. chia aims to solve both. bitcoin uses proofs of work to verify the blockchain. that’s because it’s prohibitively expensive to make a fake blockchain as it wouldn’t have as much work demonstrated as the real one. but over time that’s given a massive advantage in collecting the incentives for mining bitcoin to those who operate close to low-cost electricity and naturally chill air to cool the mining rigs. chia instead relies on proofs of space in file storage, which people often already have and can use for no additional cost. it combines this with proofs of time that disarm a wide array of attacks to which proofs of space are susceptible. “i’m not the first person to come up with this idea,” says cohen, but actually implementing requires the kind of advanced computer science he specializes in. after inventing torrenting in the early s and briefly working on steam for valve, cohen had been at bittorrent building a new protocol for peer-to-peer live video transfer. but mismanagement on the business side caused the company to implode. now it’s limping along, and cohen says “it doesn’t need me day-to-day.” so while he’s still on the board, he left in early august to start chia network. chia network co-founder bram cohen cohen has teamed up with early bitcoin exchange tradehill’s coo ryan singer and they’ve raised a seed round for chia to ramp up hiring. cohen wouldn’t say how much it had raised, laughing that, “i’m not sure how much we want to announce right now, but it was a very hot round.” the goal is do some early sales of chia in q , with a full launch of its cryptocurrency by the end of , though cohen says that’s a stretch goal. cohen is a brilliant technologist, but it will take more than that to convince people to switch over from bitcoin to chia. he tells me the plan for chia is “do some smarter things about its legal status and do a bunch of technical fixes that you can do when starting from scratch.” it’s too early to guess how this will all play out, but at least someone is trying to address the ecological impact of cryptocurrency instead of just complaining about it. cohen seems excited though. “it’s technically ambitious and there’s a big meaty chunk of work to do. i’ve done enough raising money and recruiting. now for the real work.” [featured image credit: michael o’donnell] 			 			 									 								 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 petrichor/mxadm: a simple cli interface to basic matrix room admin tasks - mxadm - tildegit 	 	 		this website works better with javascript. 		 		 			 				 	 		 			 		 		 			 		 	 	 		home 		explore 	 	drone ci 	 	 		help 		 			 				 					 register 				 			 			 				 sign in 			 		 	 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 					 					 						 	 		 			 		 	 					 					petrichor 					/ 					mxadm 					 						 							 								 							 						 						 					 				 				 				 				 			 			 				 					 					 						 						 							 								watch 							 							 								 							 						 					 					 						 						 							 								star 							 							 								 							 						 					 					 						 							 								fork 							 							 								 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 				 					 code 				 				 				 					 						 issues 						 							 						 					 				 				 				 					 						 pull requests 						 					 				 				 					 						 projects 						 							 						 					 				 				 				 					 releases 					 				 				 				 				 					 						 activity 					 				 				 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				a simple cli interface to basic matrix room admin tasks 				 			 			 		 		 		clirustmatrix 		 		 		 		 			you can not select more than topics 			topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to characters long. 		 		 		 	 		 			 				 					 commits 				 				 					 branch 				 				 					 						 tags 					 				 				 					 kib 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 				 					 						rust 					 				 				 . % 			 			 			 				 				 					 						nix 					 				 				 . % 			 			 		 	 	 		 		  		 		  		 	 	 		 			 	 		 			 				 				branch: 				main 			 			 		 		 			 				main 			 			 				v . . 			 				v . . 			 		 		 			 				 				 			 			 				 					 						 							 								branches 							 						 						 							 								tags 							 						 					 				 			 			 				${ item.name } 				 					 						 							 							create tag ${ searchterm } 						 						 							 							create branch ${ searchterm } 						 						 							 								from 'main' 							 						 					 					 						 						 						 					 				 			 			${ noresults } 		 	 			 			 			 			 				 					 						 							compare 						 					 				 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 				 			 			 				 					 				 			 			 				 				 					 						 	 		https 	 	 	 		 	 	 						 							 							 								 zip 								 tar.gz 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 				 				 					 					 						jez cope 					 				 				 					 c d 					 				 				 	 		 	 				 				version bump: . . 				 				 				 week ago 	 					 						 							 								 								 								 								 									 										src 									 								 							 						 					 					 					 						tweak usage to show example id format 					 					 week ago 	 					 						 							 								 								.gitignore 							 						 					 					 					 						initial implementation of login and status verbs 					 					 months ago 	 					 						 							 								 								cargo.lock 							 						 					 					 					 						version bump: . . 					 					 week ago 	 					 						 							 								 								cargo.toml 							 						 					 					 					 						version bump: . . 					 					 week ago 	 					 						 							 								 								readme.md 							 						 					 					 					 						flesh out readme.md 					 					 weeks ago 	 					 						 							 								 								envrc.sample 							 						 					 					 					 						initial commit 					 					 months ago 	 					 						 							 								 								flake.lock 							 						 					 					 					 						remove devshell 					 					 months ago 	 					 						 							 								 								flake.nix 							 						 					 					 					 						flake.nix: add cargo-outdated, cargo-audit 					 					 weeks ago 	 	 		 			 				 				readme.md 			 		 		 	 	 		 			 				mxadm: a simple cli to automate matrix room admin tasks mxadm is a simple command-line tool to do some basic matrix room admin tasks, especially things which don't currently have a ui in element, or which are possible but require a fair bit of effort (e.g. using element's devtools). it should be considered unstable: the command-line arguments will evolve as the tool itself evolves, but the functionality should roughly the same. getting started installation not yet packaged for any os as far as i'm aware. you can install it with rust's cargo tool: 	 install rust and cargo 	 install mxadm: $ cargo install mxadm usage the only documentation is currently via the tool itself: $ mxadm help mxadm . . jez cope <j.cope@erambler.co.uk> a simple cli interface to basic matrix room admin tasks usage: mxadm [subcommand] flags: -h, --help prints help information -v, --version prints version information subcommands: alias alias subcommands help prints this message or the help of the given subcommand(s) login authenticates and saves the session details logout ends the current session room room subcommands status displays current session status development & contributions see also license info this is a hobby project of mine, developed for my own use case, but i would be delighted if someone else wanted to use it! if you find bugs or want to request new features please feel free to create a new issue (it's running gitea and you can sign in with github or twitter) but bear in mind that it will probably take me some time to get around to responding or doing something about it! if you want something changing and have the skills, a pull request/patch will probably be quicker, but there will still be delays before i can review and merge it. i'm also pretty new to rust, so my code may not be the best; constructive code review very welcome! contact me 	matrix: @jez:petrichor.me 	fedi: @petrichor@scholar.social 	twitter: @jezcope todo 	login and store session info 	log out 	show login status 	tombstone room 	add room alias 	remove room alias 	set canonical room alias 	optionally create alias in one command 	remove canonical room alias 	list rooms 	filter room list in various ways (esp. spaces!) 	handle multiple accounts on different homeservers 	upgrade room 	make it easier to script workflows like "configure acl permissions -> invite mjolnir -> op mjolnir" in multiple rooms license copyright (c) jez cope this program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by the free software foundation, either version of the license, or (at your option) any later version. this program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. see the gnu general public license for more details. you should have received a copy of the gnu general public license along with this program. if not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/. 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 		 			powered by gitea version: . . page: ms template: ms 		 		 			 			 				 				english 				 					 						english 					 						简体中文 					 						繁體中文（香港） 					 						繁體中文（台灣） 					 						deutsch 					 						français 					 						nederlands 					 						latviešu 					 						русский 					 						Українська 					 						日本語 					 						español 					 						português do brasil 					 						português de portugal 					 						polski 					 						български 					 						italiano 					 						suomi 					 						türkçe 					 						čeština 					 						српски 					 						svenska 					 						한국어 					 				 			 			licenses 			api 			website 			tildeverse.org 			go . . 		 	 	 access denied. you seem to use a large amount of bandwidth of this website. if you think you see this message in error, please email 'access_denied at marx-brothers.org' the professor's house - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the professor's house 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		the professor's house 	first edition 	author	willa cather 	cover artist	c. b. falls 	country	united states 	language	english 	publisher	alfred a. knopf 	publication date 	 	media type	print (hardcover, paperback) the professor's house is a novel by american novelist willa cather. published in , the novel was written over the course of several years. cather first wrote the centerpiece, “tom outland's story,” and then later wrote the two framing chapters “the family” and “the professor.”[ ] contents 	 plot summary 	 characters 	 major themes 	 . nationalism 	 critical trends and reception 	 . form 	 . queer readings 	 references 	 external links plot summary[edit] 	 	this section does not cite any sources. please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (march ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) when professor godfrey st. peter and wife move to a new house, he becomes uncomfortable with the route his life is taking. he keeps on his dusty study in the old house in an attempt to hang on to his old life. the marriages of his two daughters have removed them from the home and added two new sons-in-law, precipitating a mid-life crisis that leaves the professor feeling as though he has lost the will to live because he has nothing to look forward to. the novel initially addresses the professor's interactions with his new sons-in-law and his family, while continually alluding to the pain they all feel over the death of tom outland in the great war. outland was not only the professor's student and friend, but the fiancé of his elder daughter, who is now living off the wealth created by the "outland vacuum." the novel's central section turns to outland, and recounts in first-person the story of his exploration of an ancient cliff city in new mexico. the section is a retrospective narrative remembered by the professor. in the final section, the professor, left alone while his family takes an expensive european tour, narrowly escapes death due to a gas leak in his study; and finds himself strangely willing to die. he is rescued by the old family seamstress, augusta, who has been his staunch friend throughout. he resolves to go on with his life. characters[edit] 	godfrey st. peter - also known as the professor, the novel's protagonist. he is a fifty-two-year-old man of mixed descent “canadian french on one side, and american farmers on the other”.[ ] he is described by his wife as growing “better-looking and more intolerant all the time”.[ ] he is a professor of history at hamilton university and his book is entitled spanish adventures in north america. godfrey's name comes from godfrey of boulogne, the conqueror who took jerusalem:[ ] st. peter is the rock on which the roman church was built: st. peter is writing about pioneers, when he himself is an intellectual pioneer and every bit of his name comes from famous pioneers in history. 	lillian st. peter - the professor's status-oriented wife. she is described as “occupied with the future” and adaptable.[ ] most of her involvement in the novel is to act as contrast to the professor and show the distance between his interests and his family. their relationship is described as happy but dependent on her inheritance. she tells the professor “'one must go on living, godfrey. but it wasn't the children who came between us.' there was something lonely and forgiving in her voice, something that spoke of an old wound, healed and hardened and hopeless”.[ ] 	augusta - the family seamstress and friend of st. peter. she is described as being “a reliable, methodical spinster, a german catholic and very devout”.[ ] 	rosamond - st. peter's elder daughter and wife of louie marsellus. she was originally engaged to tom outland and he left everything to her when he died. she is now obsessed with her appearance and having all the finest things, likely because louie showers her with extravagance. the professor admits that “he didn't in the least understand” her.[ ] 	kathleen - st. peter's younger daughter and wife of scott mcgregor. she is sweet and honest and is one of the more genuine characters in the novel. the professor says that “the only unusual thing about kitty … is that she doesn't think herself a bit unusual” and that she “has a spark of something different”.[ ] 	louie marsellus - rosamond's husband and executor of tom outland's patents from which he massed a fortune and is now building a house and memorial to tom where he and rosamond will live called outland. he is generous and very loving to rosamond. the professor says that he is “perfectly consistent. he's a great deal more generous and public-spirited than i am, and my preferences would be enigmatical to him”.[ ] nevertheless marsellus is named after the french monarch, and the roman general who fought hannibal, and the last part of his name, 'sellus' corroborates (mainly) scott's idea that louie is only interested in materialism. 	scott mcgregor - kathleen's husband. they became engaged soon after rosamond's engagement to louie. he is a journalist and writes a daily prose poem for the two to live off of. the professor describes him as “having a usual sort of mind” but that “he trusted him”.[ ] scott and kathleen are portrayed as truly loving each other. 	tom outland - once st. peter's student and rosamond's fiancé before his death, the story focuses on his memory. the central piece of the chapter “tom outland's story” is tom's own account of his adventures in the american southwest investigating a cliff city's remains in the desert while working as a rancher. it is through these stories and his goodness that the st. peter family fell in love with him and remembers him fondly. major themes[edit] the novel explores many contrasting ideas. indeed in many respects, the novel deals in opposites, variously conceived: marsellus vs. outland, kitty vs. rosamond, the quixotic vs. the pragmatic, the old vs. the new, the idea of the professor as a scholar vs. his family relations, indian tribes vs. the contemporary world of the s, and the opposing social poles of the professor vs. lillian. those opposites are not always clear-cut. considering the ending, the novel can be viewed as devoid of a clear moral imperative. similarly, the comparisons between the modern world of sections iii and i contrast with tom outland’s natural world in section ii. yet the confused judgments of the characters block these comparisons and obscure clear morals: tom’s both elevates and appropriates nature, and the unsupported conclusions of father duchene pervert the true historical facts of the mesa culture. he assumes ‘mother eve’ was murdered for infidelity to her husband, but this would sharply contrast tom’s view of the mesa as an idyllic space away from ‘the dirty devices of the world’.[ ] accordingly the professor’s house is generally analyzed as a critique of modernity—the marselluses are consumed by the latest fashions, mrs. st. peter transfers her old love for her husband to a passion for her sons-in-law, science and the modern world corrupt st. peter’s ideals of history and nature. yet it is a failure to embrace modernity that nearly kills the professor and brings him to the realization of his need for change. in his own speech, the knowledgeable professor puts forth numerous contradictions. he criticizes science for only making humans comfortable in front of his lecture hall students, yet with his daughter he lauds the promise of what science can do for man (crane), and its superior value to money: “in hamilton the correspondence between inner and outer has been completely destroyed: the dress-forms are deceptive; rosamond's physical beauty clothes a spiritual emptiness; louie's loud exterior covers an inner capacity for love and generosity. in hamilton the failure of inner and outer to cohere leads to misunderstandings and to the characters' inability to make meaningful contact with one another".[ ] nationalism[edit] the professor's house was written in , in post-war america. in a similar fashion to f. scott fitzgerald's the great gatsby, cather narrates a story about the moral decline of a money-driven society. tom displays an emersonian understanding of national identity. his sense of americanness is connected to the land and its beauty, and he believes in a collective possession of this land and all of its history for all americans. his anger at roddy’s sale of the native american artifacts to the german stems from a belief that they were a piece of american history, that they were of the land, and therefore nobody had the right to sell them, much less to a non-american. tom’s ultimate experience of connection to an american identity comes during his night on the mesa alone after his confrontation with roddy, when he discovers “the mesa was no longer an adventure, but a religious emotion” and, “it was possession”.[ ] louie’s sense of national identity in contrast centers on money and the economic greatness of the country. he spends liberally the income derived from tom’s advances in engineering. louie wears the source of his wealth proudly—the fact that his livelihood is derived from his wife’s deceased fiancé does not create tension between husband and wife nor between the couple and society. his announcement, “we have named our place for tom outland, a brilliant young american scientist and inventor, who was killed in flanders, fighting with the foreign legion, the second year of the war, when he was barely thirty years of age,” displays his pride in and respect for his benefactor, and his recognition that tom’s loyalty to the nation has brought louie the monetary success he enjoys is representative of his understanding that america's economic success now takes precedence in defining the country and its people.[ ] the professor is caught between the worldviews of tom outland and louie marsellus. he is resistant to change, idealistically holding onto tom’s memory and an emersonian ideality that impugnes material acquisitiveness. as outland’s good friend and mentor, st. peter feels it is his responsibility to make sure tom’s will is properly executed. in this endeavor, he is torn between his love for tom and his love for his daughter rosamond, both of whom, the professor believes, have different views on how the money should be spent. when mrs. crane asks for his help in obtaining compensation for her husband for the patent on which he worked intimately with outland, the professor says, “heaven knows i’d like to see crane get something out of it, but how? how? i’ve thought a great deal about this matter, and i’ve blamed tom for making that kind of will”.[ ] on the one hand, he is digging his heels into the ground, resisting the shift from a love of the land to a love of its fruits, but he also has a sense of obligation which makes it difficult for him to ignore the role money, particularly tom’s money, plays in his relationships and social life. cather’s endorsement of one worldview over another is debatable, as has been demonstrated by various critics. walter benn michaels suggests that cather sides with tom outland, in that the poetry of “the ‘picture’ of the cliff-dwellers’ tower, ‘rising strong, with calmness and courage’…marks in cather the emergence of culture not only as an aspect of american identity but as one of its determinants”.[ ] from this perspective, outland is cather’s voice in the novel, advocating the close ties to the landscape as an expression of national identity. contrarily, sarah wilson posits that cather is instead critical of tom’s nostalgia. “the cliff dwellings of the blue mesa once belonged to a now vanished culture, and no living native american population has an indisputable claim on them…how, the novel queries, can a nation or individuals engage the history of a culturally and temporally other people?” however, wilson does concede “the america of which tom outland speaks, the nation that treasures its ancient southwestern heritage, at least allows for unique ways of being american”.[ ] critical trends and reception[edit] while critically neglected for the better part of the th century, interest in willa cather was aroused in the s with the rise of the feminist movement. although many of her novels have been subsequently incorporated into the canon, critics have largely ignored the professor’s house, passing it over as “morally and psychologically unachieved”.[ ] as a reason for this disparagement, critics often cite the “broken” format of the book, rebuking its structure as unnecessary. or, they cite the ambivalent depiction of the professor’s psyche. the reader is unsure of how to consider the professor’s demands for solitude and his entrapment in the past. he’s a family man and a university man, but the professor’s conflict reaches its crux when he surrenders "local community for the nostalgic national ideal".[ ] a.s. byatt calls the professor's house cather's "masterpiece... almost perfectly constructed, peculiarly moving, and completely original".[ ] form[edit] the professor’s house has been criticized as “fragmentary and inconclusive” because of the way the middle section, “tom outland’s story,” fractures the surrounding narrative. j. schroeter presents the most common critical view regarding the structural meaning of the novel in his essay “willa cather and the professor’s house”: "book ii is the 'turquoise' and books i and iii are the 'dull silver'. the whole novel, in other words, is constructed like the indian bracelet. it is not hard to see that willa cather wants to draw an ironic contrast not only between two pieces of jewelry but between two civilizations, between two epochs, and between two men, marcellus [sic] and outland, who symbolize these differences".[ ] some critics, however, have analyzed the novel’s structure in light of the sonata—equating the novel with either a complete, three-movement sonata, or a single sonata, broken up into exposition, development and recapitulation.[ ] other critics, such as sarah wilson, cite the dutch painting style, which cather references in her correspondence, as a way of explaining the novel’s theme and layout. dutch paintings provide a sense of the context beyond the actual objects presented. they consist of crowded interiors and, in cather’s words, “a square window, open…the feeling of the sea that one got through those square windows was remarkable, and gave me a sense of the fleets of dutch ships that ply quietly on all the waters of the globe—to java, etc.’’ applied to the professor’s house, books i and iii serve as the overstuffed dutch interior, while “tom outland’s story, with its more open setting and voice, functions as the open window.[ ] queer readings[edit] in recent years a queer reading of the professor’s house has emerged. this reading centers on the professor’s relationship with tom, as well as tom’s relationship with his idolized friend roddy. through tom’s youthful influence, the professor achieves a sort of procreation—his work comes forth more easily and fluidly. “tom represents the professor’s need to live with delight.” for the professor, tom’s loss also represents the professor’s forgoing of homoerotic desire and along with it, a life “without delight... without joy, without passionate grief”.[ ] tom and roddy share a deeply intimate experience of discovery. tom views roddy’s selling of the find as a betrayal, and they experience a split with characteristics of a romantic rift.[ ][ ] references[edit] 	^ thacker, robert. willa cather: leading american author - archived - - at the wayback machine. . december , . 	^ cather, willa. the professor's house. vintage classics: new york, . . 	^ cather, . 	^ a b byatt, a. s. (december , ). "american pastoral". the guardian. retrieved may , . 	^ a b cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ a b cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ a b c hart, clive. "the professor's house": a shapely story". the modern language review, vol. , no. (april, ), pp. - . 	^ cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ cather, . 	^ michaels, walter benn. "the vanishing american." american literary history . ( ): - . web. dec . 	^ wilson, sarah. "fragmentary and inconclusive violence: national history and literary form in the professor’s house". american literature, vol. , no. (september ): pp. - . 	^ wilson, . 	^ schroeter, j., 'willa gather and the professor's house', yale review, , , - . 	^ giannone, richard, music in willa cather’s fiction, university of nebraska press, 	^ wilson, . 	^ cather, 	^ anders, john p., willa cather’s sexual aesthetics and the male homosexual literary tradition (lincoln: university of nebraska press, ) 	^ wilson, “canonical relations: willa cather, america, and the professor’s house”, texas studies in literature and language, vol. , no. , spring , university of texas press. external links[edit] 	the professor's house at the internet archive 		v 	t 	e willa cather 	novels	 	alexander's bridge 	o pioneers! 	the song of the lark 	my Ántonia 	one of ours 	a lost lady 	the professor's house 	my mortal enemy 	death comes for the archbishop 	shadows on the rock 	lucy gayheart 	sapphira and the slave girl 	hard punishments 	short stories	 	"peter" 	"lou, the prophet" 	"the elopement of allen poole" 	"a tale of the white pyramid" 	"a son of the celestial" 	"the clemency of the court" 	"the fear that walks by noonday" 	"on the divide" 	"a night at greenway court" 	"tommy, the unsentimental" 	"the princess baladina – her adventure" 	"the count of crow's nest" 	"the burglar's christmas" 	"the strategy of the were-wolf dog" 	"a resurrection" 	"the prodigies" 	"nanette: an aside" 	"the way of the world" 	"the westbound train" 	"eric hermannson's soul" 	"the dance at chevalier's" 	"the sentimentality of william tavener" 	"the affair at grover station" 	"a singer's romance" 	"the conversion of sum loo" 	"jack-a-boy" 	"el dorado: a kansas recessional" 	"the professor's commencement" 	"the treasure of far island" 	"a death in the desert" 	"a wagner matinee" 	"the sculptor's funeral" 	"flavia and her artists" 	"the garden lodge" 	"the marriage of phaedra" 	"paul's case" 	"the namesake" 	"the profile" 	"the willing muse" 	"eleanor's house" 	"on the gulls' road" 	"the enchanted bluff" 	"the joy of nelly deane" 	"behind the singer tower" 	"the bohemian girl" 	"consequences" 	"the bookkeeper's wife" 	"the diamond mine" 	"a gold slipper" 	"ardessa" 	"scandal" 	"her boss" 	"coming, eden bower!" 	"uncle valentine" 	"double birthday" 	"neighbour rosicky" 	"two friends" 	"the old beauty" 	"before breakfast" 	"the best years" 	short story collections	 	the troll garden 	youth and the bright medusa 	obscure destinies 	the old beauty and others 	five stories 	collection of poems	 	april twilights 	collaborations	 	the life of mary baker g. eddy and the history of christian science 	adaptations	 	a lost lady ( film) 	o pioneers! ( film) 	my antonia ( film) 	the song of the lark ( film) 	o pioneers! ( opera) 	related	 	willa cather birthplace 	willa cather house 	edith lewis 	willa cather foundation 	willa literary award 	authority control 	general	 	integrated authority file (germany) 	viaf 	 	worldcat (via viaf) 	national libraries	 	france (data) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_professor% s_house&oldid= " 		categories: 	novels by willa cather 	 american novels 	campus novels 	alfred a. knopf books 	novels set in new mexico hidden categories: 	webarchive template wayback links 	articles needing additional references from march 	all articles needing additional references 	articles with internet archive links 	wikipedia articles with gnd identifiers 	wikipedia articles with viaf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with bnf identifiers 	wikipedia articles with worldcat-viaf identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			Русский 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on january , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 a saturday life – radclyffe hall ( ) | heavenali 		 			home 	#ddmreadingweek 	about me 	persephone 	the women’s prize – a project 	 	 heavenali book reviews by someone who loves books … 	 		 		feeds: 	posts 	comments 	 	 	 		 									 				« the birthday boys – beryl bainbridge ( ) 				olivia by (olivia) dorothy strachey ( ) » 			 			 			 				 					a saturday life – radclyffe hall ( ) 					december , by heavenali 				 				 					 radclyffe hall became famous – perhaps infamous in her day – for her novel the well of loneliness a ground-breaking novel in lesbian literature. i loved that novel – although it gets increasingly bleak and is not terribly positive. i was compelled to keep reading and didn’t at all mind hall’s rather flowery writing style. before writing that novel hall was already a published novelist and poet. the obscenity trial that followed the publication of the well of loneliness resulted in an order for all copies to be destroyed. a saturday life was published three years before that book which was to cause such an unwarranted furore. it is an altogether lighter book, a comic novel about a precocious child, artistic experience and the possibility of reincarnation. sidonia shore is the only daughter of the gently vague lady prudence shore, a woman whose head is generally somewhere in ancient egypt. her husband, himself a great egyptologist has died, and she is determined to carry on his life’s work and ensure his name is not forgotten. her daughter sidonia is only seven years old as the novel opens, when the child’s nurse finds her dancing naked in the drawing room. when challenged, sidonia bites the nurse and the shocked woman has no choice but to rouse lady shore from her egyptian ruminations. sidonia’s mother is rather at a loss as how to deal with her eccentric child – and enlists the help of her friend lady frances reide who lives nearby and is a frequent visitor. sidonia is clearly a precocious child – and frances suggests that her mother enrol her in the rose valery dance school in fulham. here the pupils – under the tutelage of their teacher, endeavour to recapture the soul of ancient greece. “sidonia’s first appearance at the rose valery school was positively melodramatic. to begin with, she looked so extremely unusual, with her pale face and shock of auburn curls. she was little and quiet and immensely self-possessed, not at all put out by the groups of gaping students. the moment rose valery set eyes on the child she had, or so she said afterwards, great difficulty in stifling a scream of pleasure.” prudence and frances can only hope that sidonia is able to express herself artistically at the school, while keeping her clothes on. sidonia behaves impeccably to begin with – but she finds clothes so restrictive for dance – and soon removes them, dancing naked before her classmates in the cloakroom. frances has some work to do in persuading rose valery to allow sidonia back after this – she has been receiving letters from uncles after all. for a few years sidonia is happy dancing at the school – but the strictures of the school and clothing begin to take their toll on her talent, and her dancing changes. soon sidonia finds she no longer loves dance – and completely gives it up. over the next twenty years, frances continues to support and counsel sidonia and her mother. sidonia changes artistic discipline every few years. with extraordinary enthusiasm she takes up each new interest, perfecting and obsessing over each new talent as it crops up. sidonia appears to have the most extraordinary talent for everything she takes up. piano, wax modelling, sculpture and singing are each taken up fully embraced and then discarded. lady shore can barely keep up, so lost in her own world is she, that her daughter’s artistic developments are a constant confusion. when she is in her sculpture phase, sidonia is working under the tutelage of einar jensen alongside a roomful of other students who she never really gets to know. she is determined to be awarded the travelling scholarship, and to go to italy and continue her studies there. once sidonia is set on something it’s sure to happen – and she does win the scholarship and persuades frances to accompany her to italy. frances is a wonderful foil to sidonia’s wild enthusiasm, wryly sardonic, sensible and practical – she’s not keen to go to italy – she is far more at home, spending time in the predictable though vague company of her old friend. however, sidonia gets her own way as usual. it is in italy, that frances first learns about a saturday life in an old book she buys. it provides one explanation for sidonia’s taking up and throwing off of artistic disciplines. a theory requiring a belief in reincarnation. “people who are living a ‘saturday life’ are said to have no new experiences, but to spend it entirely in a last rehearsal of experiences previously gained. they are said to exhibit remarkable talent for a number of different things; but since they have many memories to revive, they can never concentrate for long on one. this also applies to their relationships with people, which are generally unsatisfactory.” in italy sidonia is introduced to the ferraris, a family of singing teachers – old friends of frances’. soon, sidonia has lost all interest in sculpture and taken up singing as if she was born to it. frances is furious at her wasting the scholarship and its not long before she returns to england – happy to be more and more in the company of her old friend prudence. when sidonia returns to london, she meets david, falling hopelessly in love. david is quite a contrast to the rest of the book, and like frances i had my doubts about him. he is a traditional type with fixed ideas about women. “‘i think that you ought to have married. why haven’t you married, my dear?’ he stood surveying her critically, but his eyes were not altogether unsympathetic. she thought: ‘supposing i tried to explain? and began to laugh softly to herself. ‘bless you!’ she said, ‘i’ve never wanted to marry.’ ‘all women do,’ he told her. ‘not being a woman, how can you know?’ ‘because i’m a man, i suppose.’ the reader of course understands early on that frances is a lesbian, hall gives us plenty of clues. living alone, wearing rather masculine clothes, quietly devoted to prudence. she is easily the most interesting character in the book. the ending is enigmatic – has sidonia found her last great fulfilment in life – will it be a happy ending? share this: 	twitter 	facebook 	more 	 	linkedin 	tumblr 	 	email 	reddit 	 	pinterest 	 like this: like loading... 	related 									 				 					posted in uncategorized | tagged book reviews, radclyffe hall, vmc | 											 comments									 				 responses 		 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply juliana brina 						glad to know you liked this author – i haven’t read anything by her yet. i might start by the well of loneliness, which is on my classics club list… 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						the well of loneliness is fascinating for so many reasons. hope you enjoy it. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply grier 						i haven’t read anything by radclyffe hall and this sounds like a good one to start with. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yes, i think a saturday life would be a good one to start with. the style is less flowery too. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply kaggsysbookishramblings 						sounds much less emotionally draining than the well of loneliness is meant to be, certainly! i’ve not yet read hall, although i own several – another one to drag off the shelves soon! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						it is definitely less emotionally draining than the well.. i have also had the unlit lamp tbr for a while. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply liz dexter 						i love this book but i haven’t read it for years and years, not since i started blogging, it seems! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yay, it’s so good isn’t it. shame it isn’t better known really. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply cathy books 						sidonia sounds like a fantastic character ali, one to look out for. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						she’s a great character, frustrating sometimes and selfish though not totally without sympathy. frances was my favourite character though. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply jacquiwine 						not an author i’m particularly familiar with, so thank you for the introduction. the well of loneliness probably isn’t for me, but this (with its lightness of touch) sounds more appealing. i do enjoy a book with ambiguous ending, all the more to think about in the days that follow. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yes this book is an easier and lighter book than the well.. though that is a deeply fascinating novel for many reasons. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : am | reply buriedinprint 						i haven’t read this one but i’ve read a couple others and been surprised to find them so enjoyable (having found the well quite the experience but fundamentally sombre). glad to hear this one was so enjoyable! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						yes, this one is much less sombre, i hope you enjoy it if you read this too. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply o (@ quaint and curious volumes) 						that sounds very interesting – will try to get a hold of a copy. i read well of loneliness but for some reason never thought to look beyond it. i’m glad you blogged about this 🙂 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : pm | reply heavenali 						glad to put this one on your radar. 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : am | reply madamebibilophile 						i have this in the tbr and it sounds an entertaining read. nice to hear you liked the well… – i thought i was the only one! 			 		 	 		 		 on december , at : am | reply heavenali 						i know not everyone likes the well.. but i really did. i think you will find this entertaining. 			 		 	 		 		 on january , at : pm | reply maria gonzalez 						hello! we are looking forward to organise a talk about radcliffe hall in february , in london for the lgbt history month, any specialist out there? 			 		 	 		 		 on january , at : pm | reply heavenali 						not here, i’m afraid, but good luck. 			 		 	 		 		 	 	 	comments rss 	 		leave a reply cancel reply 	enter your comment here... 	 	 		fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: 			 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 			 			 	 				 									 			 	 				 									 			 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 					email (required) (address never made public) 					 				 				 					name (required) 					 				 				 					website 					 				 			 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your wordpress.com account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your google account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your twitter account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 				 				 				 				 						 			 			you are commenting using your facebook account.			 				( log out /  				change ) 			 			 		 					 	 		 	 	 		cancel 		connecting to %s 	 	 notify me of new comments via email. notify me of new posts via email. 	 	 			 		 		 	 	 		recent bookish talk 			 					orphan island – rose macaulay ( ) 									 	 					the pear field – nana ekvtimishvili ( ) 									 	 					my sister, the serial killer – oyinkan braithwaite ( ) 									 	 					child of all nations – irmgard keun ( ) 									 	 					july in review 									 	 					a long time ago – margaret kennedy ( ) 									 	 					ramifications – daniel saldaña paris ( ) 									 		 	tags #readingmuriel #witmonth #woolfalong agatha christie all virago all august a month of re-reading a month of re-reading in january anita brookner aug reads barbara pym bello books book reviews classic club daphne du maurier dean street press dec reads elizabeth taylor golden age crime june reads margaret atwood mary hocking may reads monthly roundup murdoch a month muriel spark nina bawden non-fiction reading persephone short stories sylvia townsend warner thomas hardy thomas hardy reading challenge translated fiction virginia woolf vmc 	book talk on twitter 	 				book review: orphan island – rose macaulay ( ) heavenali.wordpress.com/ / / /orp… 				  hour ago 			 	 				rt @booksatbluebird: we have an amazing opportunity to help the shop, but we need a minimum of followers to be considered for it. righ… 				  hours ago 			 	 				devastated about nanci griffith. i have seen her live several times. that voice!! 'there's a light beyond these woods...' 				  hours ago 			 	 				book review: orphan island – rose macaulay ( ) heavenali.wordpress.com/ / / /orp… 				  hours ago 			 	 				rt @bagfullobooks: ‘little boy lost’ by marghanita laski bagfullofbooks.com/ / / /lit… 				  day ago 			 follow @heaven_ali 	currently reading 	blogs i read. 			 adventures in reading, writing and working from home a life in books a new look through old eyes annabel's house of books beauty is a sleeping cat beyond eden rock booksnob dovegreyreader scribbles gudren's tights harriet devine kaggsy's bookish ramblings leaves and pages lizzy's literary life miss darcy's library my book strings she reads novels stuck in a book the writes of woman word by word 		 	follow blog via email 			 				enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 				 					 						email address:					 									 				 					 	 follow 			 	recent comments on heavenali 						jane on orphan island – rose mac… 		rawdon crawley on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		heavenali on orphan island – rose mac… 		jacquiwine on orphan island – rose mac… 		a life in books on orphan island – rose mac… 				 	archived posts from heavenali 		archived posts from heavenali 		select month august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july june may april march february january december november october september august july 			 	meta 			register 	log in 	entries feed 	comments feed 	wordpress.com 		 	posts i like 	 		blog at wordpress.com. 		wpthemes. 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 			 			 				  			 		 		 		 			 			 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 							 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 			 			 				 					 						 						 					 					 						 					 					 													 								 									 										 											 										 										 											 										 									 								 							 																		 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 						 											 				 				 					 						 							 						 						 															 									loading comments... 								 								 								 									  									 																														 												write a comment... 												 												 													 																													 																email (required) 																 															 															 																name (required) 																 															 															 																website 																 															 																											 													 												 											 																											 													 						 							 								 									 								 								 							 							 							 								 									 										 									 									 										 									 								 								 							 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 		 	 					 		 			send to email address 			 			 				your name 				 				your email address 				 						 			 			 			 			 			 			cancel 			 				post was not sent - check your email addresses!			 			 				email check failed, please try again			 			 				sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.			 		 	 		 	 	 		 			%d bloggers like this:		 		 	 	 		 galax says using its ssds for cryptocurrency mining such as chia coin will void warranty 	 		wccftech 			news 	hardware 	gaming 	mobile 	finance 	deals 	reviews 	videos 		 	 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 		hardware  ⋮  report 	 		galax says using its ssds for cryptocurrency mining such as chia coin will void warranty 			 	 		 				by hassan mujtaba 			 					 						apr , : edt					 														 		 		 			 			 share tweet submit 			 	 		 		 		 			 			storage device manufacturers are starting to issue warnings to customers in asian markets who are using their ssds for cryptocurrency mining purposes, more specifically mining chia coins. galax warns users of chia coin cryptocurrency mining, says doing so will void ssd warranty knowing how fast chia coin cryptocurrency mining can cause wear and tear on ssds, galax china has issued a warning to customers that the mining procedure causes higher than usual writes over the ssd which can cause slow down and even permanent damage due to excessive usage. the full statement is provided below (translated from chinese): sabrent unveils the ultra-high endurance plotripper & plotripper pro ssds specifically designed for mining the chia coin if users use our ssd products for mining/farming and other abnormal operations, the data write volume is much higher than the daily use standard, and the ssd will slow down or be damaged due to excessive data write volume. after-sales by our company after testing and qualitatively damaged according to the test results, according to our ssd product quality assurance regulations, we have the right to refuse to provide related quality assurance services. the final interpretation right belongs to the company. the chia coin cryptocurrency is gaining wide popularity in the asian pacific region, especially in china. the cryptocurrency has not yet launched on blockchain and there's no telling when it will however there are still several cryptocurrency mining farms investing in hdd and ssd products which have resulted in storage devices supply almost being dried out. the mining process of chia coin requires a large amount of free space and runs several reading & writing operations. in this case, endurance (tbw) is equally as important as speed, so consumer ssds aren't the best choice for mining due to their lower endurance, and running these operations will significantly reduce the lifespan of an ssd. hence, the target for these miners is primarily hard drives and data center ssds. a few chinese manufacturers have announced mining-specific ssds & storage devices that are currently in mass production and expected to launch soon but they could just be standard drivers with a mining sticker attached to them so failure rates in mining would end up similar. the manufacturers will make it very specific that chia coin and other cryptocurrency mining on these drivers will void the warranty and dedicated drivers will come with a very limited period of warranty time. 			 						 		 		 				 		 	 		 share 		 tweet 		 submit 		 		 				 				 		 						 	 		stay in the loop 		get a daily digest of latest technology news 		straight to your inbox 	 	 		subscribe to our newsletter 		 			 			 		 		 	 		 		 		 		 						 								 				 					related 					 	 		 			 		 			 				 			 			 				teamgroup advertises its t-create expert pcie ssds as a powerful tool for mining chia coin cryptocurrency, backed by a -year warranty 				 					hassan mujtaba  •  may , 					 						    						 					 		 				 			 		 			 		 			 				 			 			 				chia coin hits over exabyte storage capacity, storage makers witness huge increase in sales but fear of global hdd & ssd shortage looms 				 					hassan mujtaba  •  may , 					 						    						 					 		 				 			 		 			 		 			 				 			 			 				this motherboard with sata hdd & ssd ports is perfect for chia coin cryptocurrency mining 				 					hassan mujtaba  •  apr , 					 						    						 					 		 				 			 		 			 		 			 				 			 			 				chinese manufacturers begin production of cryptocurrency mining dedicated ssds as chia coin gains popularity 				 					hassan mujtaba  •  apr , 					 						    						 					 		 				 			 		 			 		 			 				 			 			 				hard drive and ssd shortages may occur in the near future if new cryptocurrency succeeds 				 					alex casas  •  apr , 					 						    						 					 		 				 			 		 					 				 		 				 		 		please enable javascript to view the comments. 				 	 	 		 	 		 			 		 		 		 	 		trending stories 			intel core i - k alder lake-s desktop cpu sample spotted with cores, threads & ddr memory support 	heavily-modded fallout ‘remastered’ with over mods makes bethesda’s title look like another game 	minisforum to launch amd ryzen g apu based mini pc, compares performance with ryzen hx 	apple’s new camera assembly method will save cost of future iphones 	quake “revitalized edition” leaked by official site, female lead, single-player, mp rumored 	 	 	 		 			 		 		 	 		popular discussions 			amd ryzen g apu overclocked to . ghz & breaks multiple quad-core cpu world records 	amd radeon rx m ‘navi ’ laptop rdna gpu tested, faster than nvidia rtx 	amd radeon rx xt could be the next mining king, insane cryptocurrency performance of mh/s at just w reported 	msi radeon rx xt gaming x gb gddr graphics card review – a pricey rx xt upgrade 	amd ryzen g ‘cezanne’ apu gets first high-res die shots, . billion transistors in a mm package 	 	 	wccftech store 	 		 			 			whizlabs online certifications lifetime membership is up for a huge offer this week 		 	 	 		 			 			belkavpn lifetime subscription is up for a massive discount for the next two days – avail now 		 	 	 		 			 			writesonic starter plan lifetime subscription is up for a % discount offer this week – avail now 		 	 	 		 			 			hp zbook g refurbished is up for a limited time discount offer – avail it now 		 	 	 		 			 			hp prodesk g desktop computer is up for an amazing discount offer only for this week 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 				 		 			 			sections 				reviews 	videos 	how to's 	exclusives 	interviews 	deals 	entertainment 	pc builder 		 		 		 			 			topics 				hardware 	gaming 	mobile 	finance 	software 	security 	web 		 		 		 			 			know us 				about 	advertise 	contact 	tip us 	careers 	terms of use 	privacy & cookie policy 	ethics statement 	appeal moderation 	 					 					change ad consent 					do not sell my data 				 		 		 			 			follow us 				 twitter 	 facebook 	 youtube 			 				subscribe 				for latest tech news in your inbox, once a day! 				 					 					 				 			 		 		 			wccftech 			 				© wccf tech inc. all rights reserved. 			 			 		 		some posts on wccftech.com may contain affiliate links. we are a participant in the amazon services llc associates program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com 		 the hollow men - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the hollow men 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 		 the hollow men	by t. s. eliot 	eliot in 	written	 	country	england 	language	english 	publisher	faber & faber 	publication date	 	lines	 	quote	 this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends not with a bang but a whimper.[ ] 	 "the hollow men" ( ) is a poem by the modernist writer, t. s. eliot. like much of his work, its themes are overlapping and fragmentary, concerned with post–world war i europe under the treaty of versailles (which eliot despised: compare "gerontion"), hopelessness, religious conversion, redemption and, some critics argue, his failing marriage with vivienne haigh-wood eliot.[ ] it was published two years before eliot converted to anglicanism.[ ] divided into five parts, the poem is lines long. eliot's new york times obituary in identified the final four as "probably the most quoted lines of any th-century poet writing in english".[ ] contents 	 theme and context 	 publication information 	 influence in culture 	 . film 	 . literature 	 . multimedia 	 . video games 	 . music 	 . television 	 see also 	 references 	 external links theme and context[edit] eliot wrote that he produced the title "the hollow men" by combining the titles of the romance "the hollow land" by william morris with the poem "the broken men" by rudyard kipling:[ ], but it is possible that this is one of eliot's many constructed allusions. the title could also be theorized to originate more transparently from shakespeare's julius caesar or from the character kurtz in joseph conrad's heart of darkness who is referred to as a "hollow sham" and "hollow at the core". the latter is more likely since kurtz is mentioned specifically in one of the two epigraphs. the two epigraphs to the poem, "mistah kurtz – he dead" and "a penny for the old guy", are allusions to conrad's character and to guy fawkes. fawkes attempted arson of the english houses of parliament in and his straw-man effigy is burned each year in the united kingdom on guy fawkes night, the th of november.[ ] certain quotes from the poem such as "[...] heads filled with straw [...]" and "[...] in our dry cellar [...]"[ ] seem to be direct references to the gun powder plot. the hollow men follows the otherworldly journey of the spiritually dead. these "hollow men" have the realization, humility, and acknowledgement of their guilt and their status as broken, lost souls. their shame is seen in lines like "[...] eyes i dare not meet in dreams [...]" calling themselves "[...] sightless, useless [...]" and that that "[...] [death is] the only hope of empty men [...]".[ ] the "hollow men" fail to transform their motions into actions, conception to creation, desire to fulfillment. this awareness of the split between thought and action coupled with their awareness of "death's various kingdoms" and acute diagnosis of their hollowness, makes it hard for them to go forward and break through their spiritual sterility.[ ] eliot invokes imagery from the inferno (dante), specifically the third and fourth cantos of the inferno which describes limbo, the first circle of hell – showing man in his inability to cross into hell itself or to even beg redemption, unable to speak with god. he states that the hollow men "[...] grope together and avoid speech, gathered on this beach of the tumid river [...]",[ ] and dante states that at the gates of hell, people who did neither good nor evil in their lives have to gather quietly by a river where charon cannot ferry them across.[ ] this is the punishment for those in limbo according to dante, people who "[...] lived without infamy or praise [...]"[ ] they did not put any good or evil into the world, making them out to be 'hollow' people who can only watch others move on into the afterlife. eliot reprises this moment in his poem as the hollow men watch "[...] those who have crossed with direct eyes, to death's other kingdom [...]"[ ].eliot describes how they wish to be seen "[...] not as lost/violent souls, but only/as the hollow men/the stuffed men [...]".[ ] as the poem enters section five, there is a complete breakdown of language. the lord's prayer and what appears to be a lyric change of "pop goes the weasel" are written while this devolution of style ends with the final stanza, maybe the most quoted of eliot's poetry: this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends this is the way the world ends not with a bang but a whimper.[ ] when asked in if he would write these lines again, eliot said he would not. according to henry hewes: "one reason is that while the association of the h-bomb is irrelevant to it, it would today come to everyone's mind. another is that he is not sure the world will end with either. people whose houses were bombed have told him they don't remember hearing anything."[ ] publication information[edit] the poem was first published as now known on november , in eliot's poems: – . [ ] eliot was known to collect poems and fragments of poems to produce new works. this is clear to see in his poems the hollow men and "ash-wednesday" where he incorporated previously published poems to become sections of a larger work. in the case of the hollow men four of the five sections of the poem were previously published: 	"poème", published in the winter edition of commerce (with a french translation), became part i of the hollow men[ ]. 	doris's dream songs in the november issue of chapbook had the three poems: "eyes that last i saw in tears", "the wind sprang up at four o'clock", and "this is the dead land." the third poem became part iii of the hollow men.[ ] 	three eliot poems appeared in the january issue of his criterion magazine: "eyes i dare not meet in dreams", "eyes that i last saw in tears", and "the eyes are not here". the first poem became part ii of the hollow men and the third became part iv[ ]. 	additionally, the march of dial published the hollow men, i-iii which was finally transformed to the hollow men parts i, ii, and iv in poems: – .[ ] influence in culture[edit] 	 	this section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, providing citations to reliable, secondary sources, rather than simply listing appearances. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (may ) 	 	this section needs additional citations for verification. please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (may ) (learn how and when to remove this template message) the hollow men has had a profound effect on the anglo-american cultural lexicon—and by a relatively recent extension, world culture—since it was published in . one source states that the last four lines of the poem are "probably the most quoted lines of any th-century poet writing in english."[ ][ ] the sheer variety of references moves some of the questions concerning the poem's significance outside the traditional domain of literary criticism and into the much broader category of cultural studies. examples of such influences include: film[edit] 	eliot's poem was a strong influence on francis ford coppola and the movie apocalypse now ( ), in which antagonist colonel kurtz (played by marlon brando) is depicted reading parts of the poem aloud to his followers. furthermore, the complete dossier dvd release of the film includes a -minute special feature of kurtz reciting the poem in its entirety. the poem's epigraph, "mistah kurtz – he dead", is a quotation from conrad's heart of darkness ( ), upon which the film is loosely based. 	the final stanza is printed one line at a time at the beginning of the television production of stephen king's the stand ( ). the poem is also referenced in part by the character who feels responsible for the deadly "captain trips" virus being unleashed. *this is incorrect, the poem referenced is the second coming by w.b. yeats ("and what rough beast ...")* 	the trailer for the film southland tales ( ), directed by richard kelly, plays on the poem, stating: "this is the way the world ends, not with a whimper but with a bang." the film also quotes this inverted version of the line a number of times, mostly in voice-overs.[ ] 	beverly weston discusses the line "life is very long" at the beginning of august: osage county. 	in george cukor's classic remake of a star is born ( ), jack carson's film studio pr man matt libby refers to the death of james mason's character norman maine dismissively, quoting: "this is the way the world ends: not with a bang - with a whimper." 	in indiana jones and the kingdom of the crystal skull, the character harold oxley (john hurt) paraphrases a line from eliot's poem "eyes that i last saw in tears," when he says, "through eyes that last i saw in tears, here in death's dream kingdom, the golden vision reappears." this poem was part of a series of poems published by eliot in and , which referenced either "death's dream kingdom," "death's other kingdom," or "death's twilight kingdom," of which several would later be published as parts i-iv of "the hollow men." "eyes that i last saw in tears," though ultimately not included by eliot in his published version of "the hollow men," may nevertheless be read alongside the published poem, as a sort of apocryphal text, to provide context regarding the development of the composition of "the hollow men." furthermore, the poem fits neatly within the series of poems which were ultimately collected and published as "the hollow men," due to its imagery of "eyes" being encountered by the author in relation to "death's dream kingdom" and "death's other kingdom," as in parts i, ii, and iv of "the hollow men." 	sator (kenneth branagh) says that 'the world will end not with a bang, but a whimper' in reference to his dead man's switch device in tenet. literature[edit] 	stephen king's the dark tower series contains multiple references to "the hollow men" (as well as the waste land, most prominently the dark tower iii: the waste lands ( )).[ ] 	king also makes reference to "the hollow men" in pet sematary ( ) with: "or maybe someone who had escaped from eliot's poem about the hollow men. i should have been a pair of ragged claws", the latter sentence of which is taken from eliot's poem "the love song of j. alfred prufrock" ( ). there is also a reference in "under the dome" ( ), made by the journalist julia shumway. 	theodore dalrymple's book, not with a bang but a whimper ( ), takes its title from the last part of the poem.[ ] 	nevil shute's novel, on the beach ( ), takes its name from the second stanza of part iv of the poem and extracts from the poem, including the passage in which the novel's title appears, have been printed in the front papers of some editions of the book including the first us edition.[ ] 	kami garcia's novel beautiful creatures contains this quote. 	karen marie moning's fever series novel, shadowfever, contains quotes from this poem. 	tracy letts's play august: osage county ends with johanna quoting, "this is how the world ends, not with a bang but with a whimper" repeatedly. 	the prologue of n.k. jemisin's novel the fifth season references the last four lines of this poem. 	v. e. schwab's monsters of verity duology ( , ) quotes the line "not with a bang but with a whimper" throughout the novels. 	attia hosain's sunlight on a broken column borrows its title from eliot's the hollow men 	karl marlantes's novel matterhorn ( ) of the vietnam war weaves a quote from eliot's the hollow men into the story: "between the emotion and the response falls the shadow." 	haruki murakami's novel kafka on the shore ( ) mentions the poem as oshima explain he's most afraid of people lacking imagination, "the kind t.s eliot called hollow men". multimedia[edit] 	chris marker created a -minute multimedia piece for the museum of modern art in new york city titled owls at noon prelude: the hollow men ( ), which was influenced by eliot's poem.[ ] video games[edit] 	in the video game shadow man, the final boss, legion, quotes "this is the way the world ends, michael, not with a bang but with a whimper" just before giving the final blow to the protagonist in the bad ending. 	the full poem is included in one of the flashbacks in super columbine massacre rpg! 	in the video game metal gear solid : sons of liberty, the ai colonel in the final speech quotes "and this is the way the world ends. not with a bang, but a whimper".[ ] music[edit] 	denis apivor wrote a work called the hollow men for baritone, male chorus and orchestra around . it had only one performance, in , under the conductor constant lambert, and produced by the bbc through the influence of edward clark.[ ] 	the american new wave band devo partially lifted from the poem for the chorus to the song "the shadow" on their seventh album total devo ( ) 	australian rock band tism spoofed the poem's first epigraph for their song "mistah eilot - he wanker" which mocked eilot and the concept of modernism. 	the song "hollow man" appears as the first track on the album doppelgänger ( ) by the group daniel amos; the song is a paraphrase of eliot's poem spoken over the music of "ghost of the heart" played backwards; "ghost of the heart" is the last song on the group's previous album ¡alarma! ( ) 	members of the minneapolis hiphop collective doomtree have referenced this poem in a number of collective and individual songs, including the single "no homeowners" on the collective's album false hopes, ". airweight" on 's all hands, and in the single "flash paper" from member sims's album more than ever. 	the last line of the poem is referenced in amanda palmer's song "strength through music", based on the columbine high school massacre. 	eliot's poem inspired the hollow men ( ), a piece for trumpet and string orchestra by composer vincent persichetti and one of his most popular works.[ ] 	jon foreman of switchfoot says that the band's song "meant to live" is inspired by eliot's poem.[ ] 	the gaslamp killer song in the dark... has the lyrics "this is the way the world ends" in it. 	the greek black metal band rotting christ uses excerpts of the poem as lyrics for the song "thine is the kingdom" on their album sleep of the angels. the final stanza of the poem is used as the song's chorus. 	finnish musical producer axel thesleff created a musical interpretation of the poem in form of a five-track lp.[ ] 	british s band emf used the line "this is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends" using wordplay to add "not with a band" in their song longtime on the album schubert dip[ ] 	the release by north carolina-based band scapegoat, i am alien, references the poem in the title track: "so thank you mr. elliot for showing us the way the world will end, not with a bang, but with a whimper on the wind, and i've come to tell all of my friends, that it starts with a bang, but ends with the wind." 	frank turner references the hollow men in his song "sons of liberty". his song "anymore" also contains a reference to the last line of the poem. 	in , american experimental hip hop musician lil ugly mane repeatedly sampled the line “this is the way the world ends” in the song ”columns”, from his sophomore album oblivion access. 	wire's song "comet" (from the album send) features a chorus that references the poem: "and the chorus goes ba-ba-ba-ba-bang....then a whimper". television[edit] 	not with a bang was a short-lived british television sitcom produced by lwt for itv in . 	british television series: doctor who ("the lazarus experiment") and foyle's war (series , episode , which also name-drops "ash wednesday" and horizons magazine, to which eliot contributed) 	american television shows: rock, the big bang theory, northern exposure, the title of the finale of dexter's sixth season (in which the protagonist also quotes the titular verse), dollhouse (on "the hollow men" episode), frasier, mad men, and the x-files (on the "pusher" episode). "the haunting hour" ("scarecrow") "the stand" (the plague), the odd couple 	british television series the fall references the poem in its title and in series episode serial killer paul spector writes the lines 'between the idea and the reality, between the motion and the act falls the shadow' in his journal of his murders. 	american series agents of s.h.i.e.l.d., in the finale of season has holden radcliffe partially quote the final stanza as he disappears.[ ] 	american crime drama the sinner has the character nick recite the lines "prickly pear, prickly pear, prickly pear" from part v. see also[edit] 	gunpowder plot in popular culture references[edit] 	^ a b eliot, t. s. ( ) [ ]. poems – . london: faber & faber, . 	^ a b c d e f g see, for instance, the work of one of eliot's editors and major critics, ronald schuchard. 	^ swarbrick, andrew ( ). selected poems of t. s. eliot. basingstoke and london: macmillan, . 	^ a b "t.s. eliot, the poet, is dead in london at ". the new york times. january . retrieved december . 	^ eliot, t. s. inventions of the march hare: poems – (harcourt, ) pp. isbn  - - - christopher ricks, the editor, cited a letter dated january to the times literary supplement. 	^ "gunpowder plot | definition, summary, & facts". encyclopedia britannica. retrieved march . 	^ a b "dante's inferno". www.gutenberg.org. retrieved march . 	^ 't. s. eliot at seventy, and an interview with eliot' in saturday review. henry hewes. september in grant p. . 	^ a b c d e gallup, donald clifford ( ). t. s. eliot: a bibliography. internet archive. london, faber. isbn  - - - - . 	^ murphy, russell elliott ( ). critical companion to t.s. eliot : a literary reference to his life and work. new york, ny: facts on file. p.  . isbn  - . 	^ dargis, manohla ( november ). "southland tales". the new york times. 	^ anon. "t. s .eliot: timeless influence on a modern generation". brushed with mystery. retrieved december . 	^ not with a bang but a whimper: the politics and culture of decline (us edition) ( ) isbn  - - - 	^ shute, nevil ( ). on the beach. ny, ny: william morrow and company. 	^ "chris marker's short film: owls at noon, prelude: the hollow men". moma.org. . 	^ "metal gear solid ending analysis". junkerhq.net. retrieved february . 	^ david wright, denis apivor 	^ spector, irwin ( may ). "on stage at k.u." lawrence journal world. retrieved december . 	^ "switchfoot - behind the songs of the beautiful letdown". retrieved march . 	^ "the hollow men lp by axel thesleff". soundcloud.com. retrieved june . 	^ "lyrics to emf longtime". metrolyrics.com. retrieved june . 	^ freeman, molly ( may ). "agents of s.h.i.e.l.d. season finale review & discussion". screen rant. retrieved may . external links[edit] 	an omnibus collection of t. s. eliot's poetry at standard ebooks 	text of the poem with notes 	scans of the publication of the poem, in a reprint 		v 	t 	e t. s. eliot 	bibliography 	early poems	 	"the love song of j. alfred prufrock" 	"portrait of a lady" 	"preludes" 	"whispers of immortality" 	"gerontion" 	the waste land 	the hollow men 	ash wednesday 	ariel poems 	journey of the magi 	a song for simeon 	 	later poems	 	old possum's book of practical cats 	"the awefull battle of the pekes and the pollicles" 	"gus: the theatre cat" 	"growltiger's last stand" 	"the naming of cats" 	burnt norton 	east coker 	the dry salvages 	little gidding 	four quartets 	plays	 	sweeney agonistes 	the rock 	murder in the cathedral 	the family reunion 	the cocktail party 	the confidential clerk 	the elder statesman 	prose	 	selected essays, - 	"hamlet and his problems" 	"tradition and the individual talent" 	the sacred wood 	a choice of kipling's verse ( ) 	"the frontiers of criticism" 	adaptations	 	assassinio nella cattedrale (opera) 	cats 	 musical 	 film 	 film 	publishing	 	the criterion 	faber and faber 	t. s. eliot prize 	t. s. eliot prize (truman state university) 	related	 	tom & viv ( play, film) 	people	 	eliot family 	vivienne haigh-wood eliot (first wife) 	valerie eliot (second wife) 	henry ware eliot (father) 	charlotte champe stearns (mother) 	william greenleaf eliot (grandfather) 	e. martin browne 	emily hale 	john davy hayward 	ezra pound 	jean jules verdenal 	william butler yeats 	authority control 	 	musicbrainz work retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_hollow_men&oldid= " 		categories: 	 poems 	poetry by t. s. eliot 	world war i poems 	modernist poems 	american poems hidden categories: 	engvarb from may 	use dmy dates from may 	articles with trivia sections from may 	articles needing additional references from may 	all articles needing additional references 	wikipedia articles with musicbrainz work identifiers 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 			العربية 	deutsch 	français 	italiano 	nederlands 	tiếng việt 		edit links 	 		 this page was last edited on july , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 samvera repository tour - samvera 	 		 							 				 					skip to content 	skip to sidebar navigation region 	 		 			 				 			 		 		 			 					about samvera 	samvera is community sourced software for repository solutions 	philosophy 	governance 	samvera code of conduct and anti-harassment policy 	 annual report (pdf download) 	all annual reports 	interest and working groups 	faq 	samvera privacy policy 	licensing 	what is samvera? 	samvera is an open source repository framework 	samvera community overview (pdf download) 	technology white paper (pdf download) 	applications & demos 	technology stack 	why use samvera? 	samvera is flexible and extensible 	the samvera community 	community support 	sustainability 	who uses samvera? 	samvera repository tour 	samvera partners 	partner prospectus (pdf download) 	partner contribution model (pdf download) 	samvera adopters 	community framework 	samvera user profiles 	case study: emory university 	case study: avalon at the university of houston 	getting started 	general documentation 	installation from github 	communication 	service providers 	news & events 	samvera connect 	news & events 	samvera calendar 	samvera twitter page 	search 	 			 			samvera.org 		 	 					 						close 						 							 								 									search for: 									 								 								 							 						 					 							 	 	 		 	 		 				 				 					 					 	 		home » what is samvera? » samvera repository tour 		samvera repository tour 	 					 	 		 click through the tour below or view it in full screen. 			 						 	 		 	 						 						 					 											 			 		 		 	 	 					 						 							 								 							 						 						this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 					 					 					 						 							 								© samvera. 								 									 										samvera twitter 										samvera github 										samvera wiki 									 								 							 						 					 					 				 			 		 		 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. <unittitle> title of the unit | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<unittitle> title of the unit 				 				 					<unittitle> encodes the name, either formal or supplied, of the described materials. it can be used in the highest level <did> to encode the highest-level title and within subordinate <c> levels to encode lower-level titles. <unittitle> should not be confused with the general element <title> or the <titleproper> of the finding aid. while <unittitle> is an important element within <did> and <c>, it may also be used within <archref>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <item>, <label>, <p>, <ref>, and <refloc> to reference the title of any unit. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. 	label – not required. this can be used when a meaningful display label for an element can’t be derived by the stylesheet from its name. it is available in all <did> subelements. 	type – not required. may be used to indicate the system from which the title was derived. subelements <unittitle> will likely pcdata. it may contain: <abbr>, <archref>, <bibref>, <bibseries>, <corpname>, <date>, <edition>, <emph>, <expan>, <extptr>, <extref>, <famname>, <function>, <genreform>, <geogname>, <imprint>, <lb />, <linkgrp>, <name>, <num>, <occupation>, <persname>, <ptr>, <ref>, <subject>, <title>, and <unitdate>. dacs use dacs section . , title. required. (dacs , pp. - ) our ead file so far let’s put in a title for the high-level <did>: 	<ead> 	<eadheader> 		<eadid countrycode="us" mainagencycode="dgwl" url="http://www.eadiva.com/sample/">rkt- </eadid> 		<filedesc> 			<titlestmt> 				<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 				<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 				<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 				<sponsor>encoding thanks to eadiva's donation of her spare time.</sponsor> 			</titlestmt> 			<editionstmt><edition> st ed.</edition> 			<p>didn't need to specify since it's first edition, but wanted to use the fields.</p> 			</editionstmt> 			<publicationstmt> 				<date> </date> 				<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 				<address> 					<addressline> pennsylvania ave</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</publicationstmt> 			<seriesstmt><p>bell family papers</p> 			</seriesstmt> 			<notestmt> 				<note> 					<p>the materials in this finding aid are based on an actual collection of sarah j. bell kitchin's letters.</p> 				</note> 				<note> 					<p>this finding aid was created as a project for the eadiva.com website.</p> 				</note> 			</notestmt> 		</filedesc> 		<profiledesc> 			<creation>this finding aid was encoded by ruth k. tillman, on <date normal=" ">november th, </date>, using notepad++. material was generated off the top of her head.</creation> 			<descrules>this finding aid was prepared using ruth's understanding of ead and her use of the loc ead official website.</descrules> 			<langusage>this finding aid is written in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langusage> 		</profiledesc> 		<revisiondesc> 			<change> 				<date normal=" ">december , </date> 				<item>this finding aid was edited by ruth tillman in order to clarify contents in eadheader.</item> 			</change> 		</revisiondesc> 	</eadheader> 	<frontmatter> 		<div><head>preface</head> 		<p>this inventory was prepared as part of the eadiva website to demonstrate ead encoding of finding aids. it encodes information about the collection of the papers of sarah bell kitchin as well as made-up information used to make the finding aid use more example elements. like this one.</p></div> 		<titlepage> 			<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 			<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 			<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 			<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 		</titlepage> 	</frontmatter> 	<archdesc level="collection"> 		<did><head>overview</head> 			<abstract label="abstract">sarah j. bell kitchin, a peace corps volunteer and professor of linguistics at the university of british columbia. her letters home from the philippines ( - ) and russia. letters from members of the bell family ( - ). 			</abstract> 			<langmaterial label="language">correspondence in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langmaterial> 			<physdesc label="extent"><extent type="shelf" unit="feet"> . linear feet</extent> 			<extent type="box">( oversize box)</extent>; 			<extent type="contents"> letters<extent> written on oversized <dimensions type="width" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> x <dimensions type="height" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> paper.</extent> 			<physfacet type="writing">handwritten</physfacet> 			<physfacet type="writingstyle">cursive</physfact> 			</physdesc> 			<physloc label="location" audience="external">manuscripts</physloc> 			<physloc audience="internal">ms- </physloc> 			<repository> 				<corpname>official name of ruth's repository</corpname> 				<subarea>manuscript division</subarea> 				<address> 					<addressline>main building of ruth's repository</addressline> 					<addressline>archives</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</repository> 			<unitid countrycode="us" repositorycode="dgwl">sjb</unitid> 			<unittitle label="title">letters of sarah j. bell kitchin</unittitle> 		</did> 	</archdesc> </ead> <ead> 	<eadheader> 		<eadid countrycode="us" mainagencycode="dgwl" url="http://www.eadiva.com/sample/">rkt- </eadid> 		<filedesc> 			<titlestmt> 				<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 				<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 				<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 				<sponsor>encoding thanks to eadiva's donation of her spare time.</sponsor> 			</titlestmt> 			<editionstmt><edition> st ed.</edition> 			<p>didn't need to specify since it's first edition, but wanted to use the fields.</p> 			</editionstmt> 			<publicationstmt> 				<date> </date> 				<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 				<address> 					<addressline> pennsylvania ave</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</publicationstmt> 			<seriesstmt><p>bell family papers</p> 			</seriesstmt> 			<notestmt> 				<note> 					<p>the materials in this finding aid are based on an actual collection of sarah j. bell kitchin's letters.</p> 				</note> 				<note> 					<p>this finding aid was created as a project for the eadiva.com website.</p> 				</note> 			</notestmt> 		</filedesc> 		<profiledesc> 			<creation>this finding aid was encoded by ruth k. tillman, on <date normal=" ">november th, </date>, using notepad++. material was generated off the top of her head.</creation> 			<descrules>this finding aid was prepared using ruth's understanding of ead and her use of the loc ead official website.</descrules> 			<langusage>this finding aid is written in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langusage> 		</profiledesc> 		<revisiondesc> 			<change> 				<date normal=" ">december , </date> 				<item>this finding aid was edited by ruth tillman in order to clarify contents in eadheader.</item> 			</change> 		</revisiondesc> 	</eadheader> 	<frontmatter> 		<div><head>preface</head> 		<p>this inventory was prepared as part of the eadiva website to demonstrate ead encoding of finding aids. it encodes information about the collection of the papers of sarah bell kitchin as well as made-up information used to make the finding aid use more example elements. like this one.</p></div> 		<titlepage> 			<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 			<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 			<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 			<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 		</titlepage> 	</frontmatter> 	<archdesc level="collection"> 		<did><head>overview</head> 			<abstract label="abstract">sarah j. bell kitchin, a peace corps volunteer and professor of linguistics at the university of british columbia. her letters home from the philippines ( - ) and russia. letters from members of the bell family ( - ). 			</abstract> 			<langmaterial label="language">correspondence in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langmaterial> 			<physdesc label="extent"><extent type="shelf" unit="feet"> . linear feet</extent> 			<extent type="box">( oversize box)</extent>; 			<extent type="contents"> letters<extent> written on oversized <dimensions type="width" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> x <dimensions type="height" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> paper.</extent> 			<physfacet type="writing">handwritten</physfacet> 			<physfacet type="writingstyle">cursive</physfact> 			</physdesc> 			<physloc label="location" audience="external">manuscripts</physloc> 			<physloc audience="internal">ms- </physloc> 			<repository> 				<corpname>official name of ruth's repository</corpname> 				<subarea>manuscript division</subarea> 				<address> 					<addressline>main building of ruth's repository</addressline> 					<addressline>archives</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</repository> 			<unitid countrycode="us" repositorycode="dgwl">sjb</unitid> 			<unittitle label="title">letters of sarah j. bell kitchin</unittitle> 		</did> 	</archdesc> </ead> ead tag library entry for <unittitle>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 none <scopecontent> scope and content | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<scopecontent> scope and content 				 				 					<scopecontent> is a wrapper element used to contain a prose summary of the range and topical coverage of the described materials in order to assist researchers in evaluating the relevance of the materials. it can cover form and arrangement, important names, events, places, and subjects. if there are significant gaps in the materials or strengths which may be useful to researchers, these should also be noted. the element may be nested to contain <scopecontent> notes for particular segments of the collection. this element is comparable to isad(g) data element . . and marc field . <scopecontent> is one of the elements which may be used within <archdesc>, <archdescgrp>, <c>, <c > through <c >, and <descgrp>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. subelements <scopecontent> may contain further <scopecontent> elements, as well as: <address>, <arrangement>, <blockquote>, <chronlist>, <dao>, <daogrp>, <head>, <list>, <note>, <p>, and <table>. dacs see dacs section . , scope and content. required. (dacs , pp. - ) examples 	<scopecontent encodinganalog=" "> 	<head>description of the collection</head> 	<p>letters from sarah j. bell kitchin, s- s. mainly letters to her family members, written from her peace corps deployment in the philippines from <date type="inclusive"> - </date>. topics include living situation of peace corps volunteers, teaching strategies, and local cultural events. later letters are generally written inside christmas cards.</p> </scopecontent> <scopecontent encodinganalog=" "> 	<head>description of the collection</head> 	<p>letters from sarah j. bell kitchin, s- s. mainly letters to her family members, written from her peace corps deployment in the philippines from <date type="inclusive"> - </date>. topics include living situation of peace corps volunteers, teaching strategies, and local cultural events. later letters are generally written inside christmas cards.</p> </scopecontent> 	<scopecontent encodinganalog=" "> 	<head>scope and content</head> 	<p>reports of measurements of air pollutants taken throughout ann arundel county, maryland. each report contains the date, parts per million of type of pollutant detected, variation from the previous reading as numbers and percentage, and the initials of the surveyer who collected the data from the station. pollutants measured are carbon monoxide (co), lead (pb), nitrogen dioxide (no ), ozone (o ), particulate matter (pm), and sulfur dioxide (so ). </p> </scopecontent> <scopecontent encodinganalog=" "> 	<head>scope and content</head> 	<p>reports of measurements of air pollutants taken throughout ann arundel county, maryland. each report contains the date, parts per million of type of pollutant detected, variation from the previous reading as numbers and percentage, and the initials of the surveyer who collected the data from the station. pollutants measured are carbon monoxide (co), lead (pb), nitrogen dioxide (no ), ozone (o ), particulate matter (pm), and sulfur dioxide (so ). </p> </scopecontent> ead tag library entry for <scopecontent>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. kaseya ransomware attack: up to , businesses affected by revil attack says company - cnn 	markets 	tech 	media 	success 	perspectives 	videos edition 	u.s. 	international 	arabic 	español 	markets 	tech 	media 	success 	perspectives 	videos search edition 	u.s. 	international 	arabic 	español 	markets	premarkets 	dow 	after-hours 	market movers 	fear & greed 	world markets 	investing 	markets now 	before the bell 	leading indicator 	global energy challenge 	economy 	tracking america's recovery 	energy 	money 	tech	innovate 	gadget 	foreseeable future 	mission: ahead 	upstarts 	business evolved 	innovative cities 	unhackable 	media	reliable sources 	success	boss files 	risk takers 	fresh money 	invest ahead 	work transformed 	cars 	homes 	wealth coach 	center piece 	perspectives 	videos 	international	switzerland 	india 	davos 	reliable sources 	passion to portfolio 	on: germany 	more	accessibility & cc 	about us 	newsletters 	us 	world 	politics 	business 	opinion 	health 	entertainment 	tech 	style 	travel 	sports 	videos 	audio 	coupons 	weather 	more follow cnn business 	 	 	 kaseya says up to , businesses compromised in massive ransomware attack by alex marquardt, cnn business updated : am et, tue july , just watched kaseya: the massive ransomware attack compromised up to , businesses replay more videos ... must watch ( videos) kaseya: the massive ransomware attack compromised up to , businesses see samsung's new, cheaper foldable phones feeling crypto fomo? scammers are counting on it this is what the future of mobility looks like surgeon general issues warning about sharing health information on social media cooper: ignoring trump, as tempting as it may be, isn't option microsoft urges windows users to install update websites and apps go down during massive outage facetime. ids. do not disturb. see apple's latest updates robot manicure really 'nails it' disney unveils one of its most innovative attractions novogratz: sports will make nfts broadly accessible this company is making drone delivery a reality watch self-driving car struggle to understand traffic cones it's a boat? it's a plane? no, it's a 'seaglider.' and it goes fast...really fast (cnn business)software vendor kaseya says that between and , businesses have been compromised by the recent ransomware attack that has ricocheted around the world. kaseya said in a statement on monday that approximately of its direct customers were breached in the attack that began to unfold on friday. but hundreds more companies were affected because many of kaseya's customers provide it services to small businesses such as restaurants and accounting firms. "our global teams are working around the clock to get our customers back up and running," kaseya ceo fred voccola said in the statement. "we understand that every second they are shut down, it impacts their livelihood, which is why we're working feverishly to get this resolved." kaseya said that it has met with us government agencies including the fbi and the cybersecurity and infrastructure security agency (cisa). it said it had also engaged with the white house and cybersecurity firm fireeye mandiant. the white house on sunday urged companies who believe their systems were compromised in the ransomware attack that targeted kaseya to immediately report it to the internet crime complaint center. read more kaseya said that it had discussed "systems and network hardening requirements prior to service restoration" with the fbi and cisa. the company said that "a set of requirements" will be posted "to give our customers time to put these counter measures in place in anticipation of a return to service on july ." ransomware group demands $ million for kaseya attack an analysis of the malicious software by the cybersecurity firm emsisoft shows that it was created by revil, a ransomware gang which is believed to operate out of eastern europe or russia. cnn reported earlier monday that revil has demanded a $ million payment in bitcoin for a decryptor tool to restore the businesses' data. in an interview with reuters on monday, voccola would not say whether kaseya will pay the hackers. "no comment on anything to do with negotiating with terrorists in any way," he told reuters. voccola also told reuters he was not aware of any nationally important organizations being compromised in the attack. "we're not looking at massive critical infrastructure," he said. "that's not our business. we're not running at&t's network or verizon's system. nothing like that." — brian fung contributed to this report. 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 search 	us	crime + justice 	energy + environment 	extreme weather 	space + science 	world	africa 	americas 	asia 	australia 	china 	europe 	india 	middle east 	united kingdom 	politics	the biden presidency 	facts first 	us elections 	business	markets 	tech 	media 	success 	perspectives 	videos 	opinion	political op-eds 	social commentary 	health	life, but better 	fitness 	food 	sleep 	mindfulness 	relationships 	entertainment	stars 	screen 	binge 	culture 	media 	tech	innovate 	gadget 	foreseeable future 	mission: ahead 	upstarts 	work transformed 	innovative cities 	style	arts 	design 	fashion 	architecture 	luxury 	beauty 	video 	travel	destinations 	food and drink 	stay 	news 	videos 	sports	pro football 	college football 	basketball 	baseball 	soccer 	tokyo 	videos	live tv 	digital studios 	cnn films 	hln 	tv schedule 	tv shows a-z 	cnnvr 	audio 	coupons	cnn underscored 	explore 	wellness 	gadgets 	lifestyle 	cnn store 	weather	climate 	storm tracker 	wildfire tracker 	video 	more	photos 	longform 	investigations 	cnn profiles 	cnn leadership 	cnn newsletters 	work for cnn follow cnn business 	 	 	 most stock quote data provided by bats. market indices are shown in real time, except for the djia, which is delayed by two minutes. all times are et. disclaimer. morningstar: copyright morningstar, inc. all rights reserved. factset: factset research systems inc. . all rights reserved. chicago mercantile association: certain market data is the property of chicago mercantile exchange inc. and its licensors. all rights reserved. dow jones: the dow jones branded indices are proprietary to and are calculated, distributed and marketed by dji opco, a subsidiary of s&p dow jones indices llc and have been licensed for use to s&p opco, llc and cnn. standard & poor's and s&p are registered trademarks of standard & poor's financial services llc and dow jones is a registered trademark of dow jones trademark holdings llc. all content of the dow jones branded indices copyright s&p dow jones indices llc and/or its affiliates. 	terms of use 	privacy policy 	accessibility & cc 	adchoices 	about us 	cnn store 	newsletters 	transcripts 	license footage 	cnn newsource 	sitemap © cable news network.a warner media company.all rights reserved.cnn sans ™ & © cable news network. dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 <dsc> description of subordinate components | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<dsc> description of subordinate components 				 				 					<dsc> is a wrapper element used to bundle information about hierarchical groupings of the described materials. the type attribute is used to specify the forms of combind material, as outlined in attributes below. <dsc> is one of the elements which may be used within <archdesc>, <archdescgrp>, <c>, <c > through <c >, and <descgrp>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. 	othertype – not required. if “othertype” is used in the type attribute below, set its value here. 	tpattern – not required. references one of a set of standard patterns to define specifications of html output tables. 	type – required? (according to the loc dtd information, this is not required, howeer they state in their text that it is required.) restricted values for this attribute are: “analyticover,” “combined,” “in-depth,” and “othertype.” the value “analyticover” identifies an overview description of series and subseries, which might be followed by a second <dsc> with the attribute set to “in-depth” and providing a more detailed listing of the content of the materials. the type attribute value “combined” is used when the description of a series is followed immediately by a listing of the contents of that series. if none of these apply, us the value “othertype” and use the othertype attribute above to specify it. subelements <dsc> may contain the following subelements: <address>, <blockquote>, <c>, <c > (but not further levels), <chronlist>, <dsc>, <head>, <list>, <note>, <p>, <table>, and <thead>. examples examples both of “combined” and of “analyticover” and “in-depth” used sequentially. 	<dsc type="combined"> 	<c level="series"> 		<did> 			<unittitle>reunions</unittitle> 			<unitdate normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 			<physdesc><extent> . linear feet</extent></physdesc> 		</did> 		<scopecontent> 			<p>the reunions collection contains materials distributed to alumni, including <genreform>invitations</genreform>, <genreform>schedules</genreform>, and <genreform>programs</genreform>. most materials are from <date normal=" / "> - </date>.</p> 		</scopecontent> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>opening ceremonies</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>activities</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>dinners</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>lectures</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 	</c> </dsc> <dsc type="combined"> 	<c level="series"> 		<did> 			<unittitle>reunions</unittitle> 			<unitdate normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 			<physdesc><extent> . linear feet</extent></physdesc> 		</did> 		<scopecontent> 			<p>the reunions collection contains materials distributed to alumni, including <genreform>invitations</genreform>, <genreform>schedules</genreform>, and <genreform>programs</genreform>. most materials are from <date normal=" / "> - </date>.</p> 		</scopecontent> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>opening ceremonies</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>activities</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>dinners</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>lectures</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 	</c> </dsc> 	<dsc type="analyticover"> 	<c level="series"> 		<did> 			<unittitle>reunions</unittitle> 			<unitdate normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 			<physdesc><extent> . linear feet</extent></physdesc> 		</did> 		<scopecontent> 			<p>the reunions collection contains materials distributed to alumni, including <genreform>invitations</genreform>, <genreform>schedules</genreform>, and <genreform>programs</genreform>. most materials are from <date normal=" / "> - </date>.</p> 		</scopecontent> 	</c> 	<c level="series"> 		<did> 		<unittitle>graduation</unittitle> 		<unitdate normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 		<physdesc><extent> . linear feet</extent></physdesc> 	</did> 	<scopecontent> 		<p>the graduations collection contains materials distributed at graduation, both to professors and students, including <genreform>invitations</genreform>, <genreform>schedules</genreform>, and <genreform>programs</genreform>. most materials are from <date normal=" / "> - </date>.</p> 	</scopecontent> </c> </dsc> <dsc type="in-depth"> 	<c level="series"> 	<did> 			<unittitle>series : reunions</unittitle> 			<unitdate type="inclusive" normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 	</did> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>opening ceremonies</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>activities</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>dinners</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>lectures</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 	</c> </dsc> <dsc type="analyticover"> 	<c level="series"> 		<did> 			<unittitle>reunions</unittitle> 			<unitdate normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 			<physdesc><extent> . linear feet</extent></physdesc> 		</did> 		<scopecontent> 			<p>the reunions collection contains materials distributed to alumni, including <genreform>invitations</genreform>, <genreform>schedules</genreform>, and <genreform>programs</genreform>. most materials are from <date normal=" / "> - </date>.</p> 		</scopecontent> 	</c> 	<c level="series"> 		<did> 		<unittitle>graduation</unittitle> 		<unitdate normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 		<physdesc><extent> . linear feet</extent></physdesc> 	</did> 	<scopecontent> 		<p>the graduations collection contains materials distributed at graduation, both to professors and students, including <genreform>invitations</genreform>, <genreform>schedules</genreform>, and <genreform>programs</genreform>. most materials are from <date normal=" / "> - </date>.</p> 	</scopecontent> </c> </dsc> <dsc type="in-depth"> 	<c level="series"> 	<did> 			<unittitle>series : reunions</unittitle> 			<unitdate type="inclusive" normal=" / "> - </unitdate> 	</did> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>opening ceremonies</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>activities</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>dinners</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 		<c level="file"> 			<did> 				<container label="box" type="box"> </container> 				<unittitle>lectures</unittitle> 				<unitdate> - </unitdate> 			</did> 		</c> 	</c> </dsc> ead tag library entry for <dsc>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 trickbot linux variants active in the wild despite recent takedown follow us        subscribe to newsletter 	 home 	 newsletter 	 offers 	home 	data breaches 	cyber attacks 	vulnerabilities 	malware 	offers 	contact    resources 	thn store 	free ebooks 	freebies 	rss feeds about site 	about us 	our team 	jobs 	advertise with us contact/tip us  reach out to get featured—contact us to send your exclusive story idea, research, hacks, or ask us a question or leave a comment/feedback! follow us on social media       rss feeds  email alerts  telegram channel trickbot linux variants active in the wild despite recent takedown october , ravie lakshmanan efforts to disrupt trickbot may have shut down most of its critical infrastructure, but the operators behind the notorious malware aren't sitting idle. according to new findings shared by cybersecurity firm netscout, trickbot's authors have moved portions of their code to linux in an attempt to widen the scope of victims that could be targeted. trickbot, a financial trojan first detected in , has been traditionally a windows-based crimeware solution, employing different modules to perform a wide range of malicious activities on target networks, including credential theft and perpetrate ransomware attacks. but over the past few weeks, twin efforts led by the us cyber command and microsoft have helped to eliminate % of trickbot's command-and-control (c ) servers that were in use and the new infrastructure the criminals operating trickbot attempted to bring online to replace the previously disabled servers. despite the steps taken to impede trickbot, microsoft cautioned that the threat actors behind the botnet would likely make efforts to revive their operations. trickbot's anchor module at the end of , a new trickbot backdoor framework called anchor was discovered using the dns protocol to communicate with c servers stealthily. the module "allows the actors — potential trickbot customers — to leverage this framework against higher-profile victims, said sentinelone, adding the "ability to seamlessly integrate the apt into a monetization business model is evidence of a quantum shift." indeed, ibm x-force spotted new cyberattacks earlier this april revealing collaboration between fin and trickbot groups to deploy the anchor framework against organizations for financial profit. the variant, dubbed "anchor_dns," enables the infected client to utilize dns tunneling to establish communications with the c server, which in turn transmits data with resolved ips as a response, ntt researchers said in a report. but a new sample uncovered by stage security researcher waylon grange in july found that anchor_dns has been ported to a new linux backdoor version called "anchor_linux." "often delivered as part of a zip, this malware is a lightweight linux backdoor," grange said. "upon execution it installs itself as a cron job, determines the public ip [address] for the host and then begins to beacon via dns queries to its c server." how the c communication works using anchor netscout's latest research decodes this flow of communication between the bot and the c server. during the initial setup phase, the client sends "c _command " to the server along with information about the compromised system and the bot id, which then responds with the message "signal / /" back to the bot. as an acknowledgment, the bot sends the same message back to the c , following which the server remotely issues the command to be executed on the client. in the last step, the bot sends back the result of the execution to the c server. "every part of communication made to the c follows a sequence of different dns queries," netscout security researcher suweera de souza said. the result of the third query is a list of ip addresses that are subsequently parsed by the client to build the executable payload. the last piece of data sent by the c server corresponds to a range of commands (numbered - in windows, and - , - , and in linux) for the bot to execute the payload via cmd.exe or by injecting it into multiple running processes such as windows file explorer or notepad. "the complexity of anchor's c communication and the payloads that the bot can execute reflect not only a portion of the trickbot actors' considerable capabilities, but also their ability to constantly innovate, as evidenced by their move to linux," de souza said. found this article interesting? follow thn on facebook, twitter  and linkedin to read more exclusive content we post. share      share tweet share share  share on facebook share on twitter share on linkedin share on reddit share on hacker news share on email share on whatsapp share on facebook messenger share on telegram comments share  banking malware, botnet, cyber attack, hacking news, linux, malware, trickbot popular this week a critical random number generator flaw affects billions of iot devices it giant accenture hit by lockbit ransomware; hackers threaten to leak data hackers spotted using morse code in phishing attacks to evade detection microsoft warns of another unpatched windows print spooler rce vulnerability bugs in managed dns services cloud let attackers spy on dns traffic microsoft releases windows updates to patch actively exploited vulnerability comments latest stories other stories stamp out poor coding practices for good download 'the changing face of software security ' to find out how. learn how organizations cultivates world-class secure developers read a senior application security engineer's story of working on the front lines to maintain their enviable, first-class security program. how to mitigate printnightmare vulnerability – a guide for mitigating microsoft's print spooler vulnerability - printnightmare - for windows learn to code — online courses learn to code — get master bundle of online courses @ % off online courses and software ethical hacking - practical training courses + , lessons on latest techniques, forensics, malware analysis, network security and programming. + premium online courses with course certification, q/a webinars and lifetime access. cybersecurity certification training cisa, cism, cissp, pmi-rmp, and cobit certifications. comptia it certification training lifetime access to expert-led courses. cybersecurity newsletter — stay informed sign up for cybersecurity newsletter and get latest news updates delivered straight to your inbox daily. email follow us  , followers  , , followers  , followers  , subscribers  , followers about 	about us 	advertising 	editorial team 	contact pages 	rss feeds 	deals store 	privacy policy 	copyright policy deals 	exclusives 	hacking 	development 	android  rss feeds  contact us  telegram channel © the hacker news, . all rights reserved. become an ft subscriber to read | financial times accessibility helpskip to navigationskip to contentskip to footer	sign in 	subscribe open side navigation menuopen search bar myft search the ftsearchclose search bar 	home 	worldsections 	world home 	global economy 	uk 	us 	china 	africa 	asia pacific 	emerging markets 	europe 	americas 	middle east and north africa most read 	taliban encircles kabul after taking afghanistan’s second city 	‘lord of the rings’ abandons new zealand and moves production to uk 	london politician quits over cost of ‘rubbish’ marble arch mound 	kabul residents brace for feared taliban advance 	spike in uk coronavirus cases likely in next weeks, experts warn 	ussections 	us home 	us economy 	us companies 	us politics & policy most read 	joe biden’s credibility has been shredded in afghanistan 	taliban encircles kabul after taking afghanistan’s second city 	learning to live with climate change: lessons from los angeles 	kabul residents brace for feared taliban advance 	treasury yields slide as concerns over delta virus knock us consumer sentiment 	companiessections 	companies home 	energy 	financials 	health 	industrials 	media 	professional services 	retail & consumer 	tech sector 	telecoms 	transport most read 	norway battery group rejects factory fears despite brexit tariffs 	credit suisse brings in former ubs executive to head risk committee 	branson’s virgin group takes in $ bn from galactic share sales 	the coming battle over the metaverse 	ports face biggest crisis since start of container shipping 	tech 	marketssections 	markets home 	alphaville 	markets data 	capital markets 	commodities 	currencies 	equities 	fund management 	trading 	moral money 	etf hub 	cryptocurrencies most read 	quitting qe may be harder than the bank of england believes 	the crypto ‘wild west’ needs a good sheriff 	uk competition watchdog to explore ‘immediate’ action on fees for pcr tests 	faang investors are ignoring the antitrust rumblings 	the crypto crowd gets loud and proud on capitol hill 	climate 	opinionsections 	opinion home 	columnists 	the ft view 	the big read 	lex 	obituaries 	letters most read 	first to vaccinate and first to party, israel now mulls lockdowns 	joe biden’s credibility has been shredded in afghanistan 	the people vs novak djokovic 	lionel messi: football’s shy magician takes flight 	quitting qe may be harder than the bank of england believes 	work & careerssections 	work & careers home 	business school rankings 	business education 	entrepreneurship 	recruitment 	business books 	business travel most read 	betterup rides the mental health tech boom 	necessary but corrosive: lucy kellaway on ambition 	business travel will not recover any time soon, but so what? 	entain boss builds tech army to expand interactive entertainment 	beauty and the beastly habit of picking surface over substance 	life & artssections 	life & arts home 	arts 	books 	food & drink 	ft magazine 	house & home 	style 	travel 	ft globetrotter most read 	pfizer chief albert bourla: ‘we are the most efficient vaccine machine’ 	second thoughts on the second-home sales boom 	the people vs novak djokovic 	uk plans to force tech companies to report sellers’ income to hmrc 	going on holiday? leave the ‘to do’ list at home 	how to spend it 	sign in 	subscribe menusearch 	home 	world 	us 	companies 	tech 	markets 	climate 	opinion 	work & careers 	life & arts 	how to spend it financial times 	sign in 	subscribe search the ftsearchclose search bar become an ft subscriber to read: revisiting the ev bubble spreadsheet make informed decisions with the ft keep abreast of significant corporate, financial and political developments around the world. stay informed and spot emerging risks and opportunities with independent global reporting, expert commentary and analysis you can trust. choose a subscription to read this article and more trial try full digital access and see why over million readers subscribe to the ft $ for weeks then $ per month new customers only cancel anytime during your trial select stories per month don’t need a full subscription? get access to up to ft stories of your choice, monthly. $ per month cancel anytime select relevant for you digital be informed with the essential news and opinion $ per month or $ for year best value - save % select print ft print edition delivered monday - saturday along with epaper access $ for months introductory offer then $ . every months select team or enterprise premium ft.com access for multiple users, with integrations & admin tools pay based on use does my organisation subscribe? select group subscription full terms and conditions apply to all subscriptions. or, if you are already a subscriber sign in other options premium digitalpremium digital + printpremium digital + weekend printweekend print useful links support view site tipshelp centrecontact usabout usaccessibilitymyft tourcareers legal & privacy terms & conditionsprivacy policycookiescopyrightslavery statement & policies services share news tips securelyindividual subscriptionsgroup subscriptionsrepublishingcontracts & tendersexecutive job searchadvertise with the ftfollow the ft on twitterft transactsecondary schools tools portfoliotoday's newspaper (epaper)alerts hubbusiness school rankingsenterprise toolsnews feednewsletterscurrency converter community & events ft communityft liveft forumsboard director programme more from the ft group markets data delayed by at least minutes. © the financial times ltd . ft and ‘financial times’ are trademarks of the financial times ltd. the financial times and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the ft editorial code of practice. close drawer menufinancial timesinternational edition search the ftsearch 	switch to uk edition 	top sections 	home 	worldshow more world 	global economy 	uk 	us 	china 	africa 	asia pacific 	emerging markets 	europe 	americas 	middle east and north africa 	usshow more us 	us economy 	us companies 	us politics & policy 	companiesshow more companies 	energy 	financials 	health 	industrials 	media 	professional services 	retail & consumer 	tech sector 	telecoms 	transport 	tech 	marketsshow more markets 	alphaville 	markets data 	capital markets 	commodities 	currencies 	equities 	fund management 	trading 	moral money 	etf hub 	cryptocurrencies 	climate 	opinionshow more opinion 	columnists 	the ft view 	the big read 	lex 	obituaries 	letters 	work & careersshow more work & careers 	business school rankings 	business education 	entrepreneurship 	recruitment 	business books 	business travel 	life & artsshow more life & arts 	arts 	books 	food & drink 	ft magazine 	house & home 	style 	travel 	ft globetrotter 	personal financeshow more personal finance 	property & mortgages 	investments 	pensions 	tax 	banking & savings 	advice & comment 	next act 	how to spend it 	special reports 	ft recommends 	graphics 	lex 	alphaville 	lunch with the ft 	ft globetrotter 	#techasia 	moral money 	ftfm 	newsletters 	video 	podcasts 	news feed 	ft community 	myft 	portfolio 	today's newspaper (epaper) 	crossword 	our apps 	help centre 	subscribe 	sign in trickbot malware returns with a new vnc module to spy on its victims follow us        subscribe to newsletter 	 home 	 newsletter 	 offers 	home 	data breaches 	cyber attacks 	vulnerabilities 	malware 	offers 	contact    resources 	thn store 	free ebooks 	freebies 	rss feeds about site 	about us 	our team 	jobs 	advertise with us contact/tip us  reach out to get featured—contact us to send your exclusive story idea, research, hacks, or ask us a question or leave a comment/feedback! follow us on social media       rss feeds  email alerts  telegram channel trickbot malware returns with a new vnc module to spy on its victims july , ravie lakshmanan cybersecurity researchers have opened the lid on the continued resurgence of the insidious trickbot malware, making it clear that the russia-based transnational cybercrime group is working behind the scenes to revamp its attack infrastructure in response to recent counter efforts from law enforcement. "the new capabilities discovered are used to monitor and gather intelligence on victims, using a custom communication protocol to hide data transmissions between [command-and-control] servers and victims — making attacks difficult to spot," bitdefender said in a technical write-up published monday, suggesting an increase in sophistication of the group's tactics. "trickbot shows no sign of slowing down," the researchers noted. botnets are formed when hundreds or thousands of hacked devices are enlisted into a network run by criminal operators, which are often then used to launch denial-of-network attacks to pummel businesses and critical infrastructure with bogus traffic with the aim of knocking them offline. but with control of these devices, malicious actors can also use botnets to spread malware and spam, or to deploy file-encrypting ransomware on the infected computers. trickbot is no different. the notorious cybercrime gang behind the operation — dubbed wizard spider — has a track record of exploiting the infected machines to steal sensitive information, pivot laterally across a network, and even become a loader for other malware, such as ransomware, while constantly improving their infection chains by adding modules with new functionality to increase its effectiveness. "trickbot has evolved to use a complex infrastructure that compromises third-party servers and uses them to host malware," lumen's black lotus labs disclosed last october. "it also infects consumer appliances such as dsl routers, and its criminal operators constantly rotate their ip addresses and infected hosts to make disruption of their crime as difficult as possible." the botnet has since survived two takedown attempts by microsoft and the u.s. cyber command, with the operators developing firmware meddling components that could allow the hackers to plant a backdoor in the unified extensible firmware interface (uefi), enabling it to evade antivirus detection, software updates, or even a total wipe and reinstallation of the computer's operating system. now according to bitdefender, the threat actor has been found actively developing an updated version of a module called "vncdll" that it employs against select high-profile targets for monitoring and intelligence gathering. the new version has been named "tvncdll." the new module is designed to communicate with one of the nine command-and-control (c ) servers defined in its configuration file, using it to retrieve a set of attack commands, download more malware payloads, and exfiltrate gathered from the machine back to the server. additionally, the researchers said they identified a "viewer tool," which the attackers use to interact with the victims through the c servers. that's not all. a separate report published by cofense this week discovered fresh evidence of the botnet targeting companies in the retail, building materials, manufacturing, insurance, and construction industries with phishing emails containing invoice-themed word documents to trigger a "fine-tuned workflow for stealing credentials." while efforts to squash the gang's operations may not have been entirely successful, microsoft told the daily beast that it worked with internet service providers (isps) to go door-to-door replacing routers compromised with the trickbot malware in brazil and latin america, and that it effectively pulled the plug on trickbot infrastructure in afghanistan. found this article interesting? follow thn on facebook, twitter  and linkedin to read more exclusive content we post. share      share tweet share share  share on facebook share on twitter share on linkedin share on reddit share on hacker news share on email share on whatsapp share on facebook messenger share on telegram comments share  computer security, computer virus, hacking news, malware, trickbot popular this week a critical random number generator flaw affects billions of iot devices it giant accenture hit by lockbit ransomware; hackers threaten to leak data microsoft warns of another unpatched windows print spooler rce vulnerability hackers spotted using morse code in phishing attacks to evade detection bugs in managed dns services cloud let attackers spy on dns traffic microsoft releases windows updates to patch actively exploited vulnerability comments latest stories other stories stamp out poor coding practices for good download 'the changing face of software security ' to find out how. learn how organizations cultivates world-class secure developers read a senior application security engineer's story of working on the front lines to maintain their enviable, first-class security program. how to mitigate printnightmare vulnerability – a guide for mitigating microsoft's print spooler vulnerability - printnightmare - for windows learn to code — online courses learn to code — get master bundle of online courses @ % off online courses and software ethical hacking - practical training courses + , lessons on latest techniques, forensics, malware analysis, network security and programming. + premium online courses with course certification, q/a webinars and lifetime access. cybersecurity certification training cisa, cism, cissp, pmi-rmp, and cobit certifications. comptia it certification training lifetime access to expert-led courses. cybersecurity newsletter — stay informed sign up for cybersecurity newsletter and get latest news updates delivered straight to your inbox daily. email follow us  , followers  , , followers  , followers  , subscribers  , followers about 	about us 	advertising 	editorial team 	contact pages 	rss feeds 	deals store 	privacy policy 	copyright policy deals 	exclusives 	hacking 	development 	android  rss feeds  contact us  telegram channel © the hacker news, . all rights reserved. dshr's blog dshr's blog i'm david rosenthal, and this is a place to discuss the work i'm doing in digital preservation. 	the economist on cryptocurrencies 	stablecoins part 	economics of evil revisited 	yet another dna storage technique 	alternatives to proof-of-work 	a modest proposal about ransomware 	intel did a boeing 	graphing china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	taleb on cryptocurrency economics 	china's cryptocurrency crackdown 	dna data storage: a different approach 	mining is money transmission (updated) 	mempool flooding 	meta: apology to commentors 	unreliability at scale 	unstoppable code? 	storage update 	elon musk disrupts cryptocurrencies? 	it's the inequality, stupid! 	venture capital isn't working: addendum 	venture capital isn't working 	dogecoin disrupts bitcoin! 	what is the point? 	nfts and web archiving 	cryptocurrency's carbon footprint bitcoin briefly tops $ , for first time since june skip navigation markets	pre-markets 	u.s. markets 	currencies 	cryptocurrency 	futures & commodities 	bonds 	funds & etfs business	economy 	finance 	health & science 	media 	real estate 	energy 	climate 	transportation 	industrials 	retail 	wealth 	life 	small business investing	invest in you 	personal finance 	fintech 	financial advisors 	trading nation 	options action 	etf street 	buffett archive 	earnings 	trader talk tech	cybersecurity 	enterprise 	internet 	media 	mobile 	social media 	venture capital 	tech guide politics	white house 	policy 	defense 	congress 	finding solutions cnbc tv	live tv 	live audio 	business day shows 	the news with shepard smith 	entertainment shows 	full episodes 	latest video 	top video 	ceo interviews 	cnbc documentaries 	cnbc podcasts 	cnbc world 	digital originals 	live tv schedule watchlist pro	pro news 	pro live 	subscribe 	sign in menu 	make it 	usa 	intl 	watchlive search quotes, news & videossign in markets	pre-markets 	u.s. markets 	currencies 	cryptocurrency 	futures & commodities 	bonds 	funds & etfs business	economy 	finance 	health & science 	media 	real estate 	energy 	climate 	transportation 	industrials 	retail 	wealth 	life 	small business investing	invest in you 	personal finance 	fintech 	financial advisors 	trading nation 	options action 	etf street 	buffett archive 	earnings 	trader talk tech	cybersecurity 	enterprise 	internet 	media 	mobile 	social media 	venture capital 	tech guide politics	white house 	policy 	defense 	congress 	finding solutions cnbc tv	live tv 	live audio 	business day shows 	the news with shepard smith 	entertainment shows 	full episodes 	latest video 	top video 	ceo interviews 	cnbc documentaries 	cnbc podcasts 	cnbc world 	digital originals 	live tv schedule watchlist pro	pro news 	pro live 	subscribe 	sign in menu cryptocurrencybitcoin briefly tops $ , for first time since june as cryptocurrency rallies after sell-off published mon, jul : am edtupdated mon, jul : pm edt arjun kharpal@arjunkharpal mackenzie sigalos@kenziesigalos shareshare article via facebookshare article via twittershare article via linkedinshare article via email key points 	bitcoin briefly surged above $ , for the first time in nearly six weeks as sentiment turned bullish following a recent sell-off. 	the token's price retreated later monday after amazon denied a report that it would start accepting cryptocurrency for payments this year, according to reuters and bloomberg. in this article 	eth= 	btc.cb= video : : cramer: it looks like bitcoin is in some kind of a squeeze squawk box bitcoin surged above $ , for the first time in nearly six weeks on monday as sentiment turned bullish following a recent sell-off. the cryptocurrency traded above the key level briefly, reaching $ , by : p.m. et, according to coin metrics data. bitcoin last traded above the $ , level on june . bitcoin's price retreated later monday after amazon denied city a.m.'s report that the retail giant would start accepting bitcoin for payments this year. amazon on friday confirmed it is looking to add a digital currency and blockchain expert to its payments team, suggesting it could be taking a closer look at bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. "notwithstanding our interest in the space, the speculation that has ensued around our specific plans for cryptocurrencies is not true. we remain focused on exploring what this could look like for customers shopping on amazon," an amazon spokesperson said in a statement to cnbc. bitcoin traded at about $ , , or about . % higher, by : p.m. et . the moves in the cryptocurrency's price comes after bitcoin recently fell below $ , after a global sell-off in stocks, sparking fears that it could plunge even further. video : : el salvador made bitcoin a legal currency. now it gets interesting beyond the valley podcast musk, dorsey, wood in focus twitter ceo jack dorsey, tesla ceo elon musk and ark invest ceo cathie wood all recently spoke during a closely watched bitcoin conference called "the b-word." musk said that tesla would likely start accepting bitcoin for vehicle purchases again as a greater share of bitcoin mining switches to renewable energy. in may, tesla suspended vehicle purchases using the cryptocurrency out of concern over the "rapidly increasing use of fossil fuels for bitcoin mining." bitcoin mining is the energy-intensive process of creating new coins, which involves solving complex math problems. the computational power required to do so also consumes a lot of energy. video : : why does bitcoin use so much energy? cnbc explains "the chinese trading day has opened up, and the elon/jack/cathie talk was super bullish," said alex brammer of luxor mining, a cryptocurrency pool built for advanced miners. read more about cryptocurrencies from cnbc pro major analysts are talking about coinbase’s second-quarter earnings. here’s what they said fundstrat says bitcoin is headed to $ , by year-end as a trading rule kicks in the world’s second-biggest cryptocurrency is rallying more than bitcoin these bullish moves have also contributed to a so-called "short squeeze," according to bitcoin mining engineer brandon arvanaghi. investors who short bitcoin are betting that the price will fall further. but if the price goes higher, these investors look to cut losses and exit their short positions, which helps to push the price even higher. "i think the extent of the jump was probably driven by over-leverage shorts," vijay ayyar, head of business development at cryptocurrency exchange luno, said. meanwhile, some of the issues that have weighed on bitcoin's price have begun to clear up. over the past few months, china has renewed its crackdown on cryptocurrencies targeting mining and trading. and concerns over the carbon footprint of bitcoin mining are starting to wane. luxor mining's brammer said the uncertainty around the environmental impact of mining and the chinese regulatory concerns have "worn off." —cnbc's hannah miao and gina francolla contributed reporting. tv watch livewatch in the app up next | etlisten 	subscribe to cnbc pro 	licensing & reprints 	cnbc councils 	supply chain values 	cnbc on peacock 	advertise with us 	join the cnbc panel 	digital products 	news releases 	closed captioning 	corrections 	about cnbc 	internships 	site map 	podcasts 	ad choices 	careers 	help 	contact 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 news tips got a confidential news tip? we want to hear from you. get in touch cnbc newsletters sign up for free newsletters and get more cnbc delivered to your inbox sign up nowget this delivered to your inbox, and more info about our products and services.  privacy policy|do not sell my personal information|ca notice|terms of service © cnbc llc. all rights reserved. a division of nbcuniversal data is a real-time snapshot *data is delayed at least minutes. global business and financial news, stock quotes, and market data and analysis. market data terms of use and disclaimers data also provided by 	.st {fill:#ffffff;} 	.st {fill:# fa ;} 	.st {fill:#c a;} 	.st {fill:# cf;} 	.st {fill:#f f ;} 	.st {fill:# db b;} 	.st {fill:#fcb ;} 	 		 			 				 				 					 					 					 					 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 	.st {fill:#ffffff;} 	.st {fill:# fa ;} 	.st {fill:#c a;} 	.st {fill:# cf;} 	.st {fill:#f f ;} 	.st {fill:# db b;} 	.st {fill:#fcb ;} 	 		 			 				 				 					 					 					 					 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 .cls- {fill:none;}.cls- {fill:#fff;} refinitiv_h_tm_w none dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. <genreform> genre/physical characteristic | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<genreform> genre/physical characteristic 				 				 					<genreform> is a term used to identify the types of materials being described based on their intellectual content, order of information, or object function. examples may be anything from account books to videotapes. not all genres/forms need to be tagged, but those for which greater retrieval should be provided may be tagged. the element may be used to tag any function during a paragraph, with the normal attribute supplying the proper form of the term. genres/forms which make up large amounts of the material should be listed within <controlaccess> even if they are indicated elsewhere. <genreform> may be used in <physdesc> or <physfacet> along with more detailed characteristics. <genreform> may be used within <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, and <unittitle>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc field or (when used with <extent>. 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the word is being used informally within narrative text>, <etc. 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the term. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary>, <e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <genreform> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. dacs see dacs section . , extent. (dacs , pp. - ) examples 	<scopecontent> 	<head>scope and content of the collection</head> 	<p>the collection primarily consists of <genreform>letters</genreform> but also contains a -year <genreform normal="diaries">diary</genreform>, which was kept from <date normal=" / "> to </date>.</p> </scopecontent> <scopecontent> 	<head>scope and content of the collection</head> 	<p>the collection primarily consists of <genreform>letters</genreform> but also contains a -year <genreform normal="diaries">diary</genreform>, which was kept from <date normal=" / "> to </date>.</p> </scopecontent> ead tag library entry for <genreform>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 tara robertson consulting tara robertson consulting diversity, equity + inclusion 	strategic and effective storytelling with data i was delighted to speak at data science by design&# ;s creator conference. dsxd is a community of researchers, educators, artists, computer scientists who conference organizers described as curious, dynamic, creative and interdisciplinary. i chose to talk about the challenge of communicating about diversity metrics in a way that informs and inspires your audience to want to &# ; continue reading "strategic and effective storytelling with data" the post strategic and effective storytelling with data appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	distributing dei work across the organization i enjoyed being a guest on seed&# ;spark&# ;s first monthly office hours session where stefanie monge, lara mcleod and i talked about distributing diversity, equity and inclusion work across organizations. here&# ;s some of the work that i mentioned: megan carpenter&# ;s get it wrong for me: what i need from allies amy edmondson on psychological safety roxane &# ; continue reading "distributing dei work across the organization" the post distributing dei work across the organization appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	diversity, astrology and inclusion: not a valid approach edit: thanks tim smith for letting me know the charthop website now shows that this is all an april fools&# ; day prank. i fell for it. kudos to the commitment to write a page fake report and for your social team&# ;s convincing response. i first learned about charthop&# ;s charting better galaxies product on dr. &# ; continue reading "diversity, astrology and inclusion: not a valid approach" the post diversity, astrology and inclusion: not a valid approach appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	statscan’s covid impact report: same storm, different boats many people have said that while we&# ;ve all been in the same storm with covid, we&# ;ve been in our own boats. people have had very different experiences during the past year, based on their gender, race, geographic location and more. today statistics canada released a report about the social and economic impacts of covid, which &# ; continue reading "statscan&# ;s covid impact report: same storm, different boats" the post statscan&# ;s covid impact report: same storm, different boats appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	activism outside and inside the institution the recording for the talk i did for kwantlen polytechnic university’s digital pedagogy webinar series is up. here&# ;s the video and the slides. i submitted the title and abstract months ago and as i wrote the talk i realized that the dichotomy of inside/outside is much messier than the title suggests. it&# ;s a false &# ; continue reading "activism outside and inside the institution" the post activism outside and inside the institution appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	diversity, equity and inclusion core competencies: get cross functional projects done (part of ) this is the last post in a weeklong series exploring dei professional competencies. again, i believe the five key competencies for dei professionals are: be strategic translate academic research into action and measure the impact of initiatives meet people where they are at and help them move to be more inclusive  influence others get cross &# ; continue reading "diversity, equity and inclusion core competencies: get cross functional projects done (part of )" the post diversity, equity and inclusion core competencies: get cross functional projects done (part of ) appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	diversity, equity and inclusion core competencies: influence others (part of ) this is the fourth post in a week-long series exploring dei professional competencies. i believe the five key competencies for dei professionals are: be strategic translate academic research into action and measure the impact of initiatives meet people where they are at and help them move to be more inclusive  influence others get cross functional &# ; continue reading "diversity, equity and inclusion core competencies: influence others (part of )" the post diversity, equity and inclusion core competencies: influence others (part of ) appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	core competencies in dei: meet people where they are at and help them move to be more inclusive (part of ) this is the third post in a week-long series exploring dei professional competencies. i believe the five key competencies for dei professionals are: be strategic translate academic research into action and measure the impact of initiatives meet people where they are at and help them move to be more inclusive  influence others get cross functional &# ; continue reading "core competencies in dei: meet people where they are at and help them move to be more inclusive (part of )" the post core competencies in dei: meet people where they are at and help them move to be more inclusive (part of ) appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	core competencies in dei: translate academic research to action and measure impact of initiatives (part of ) this is the second post in a week-long series exploring dei professional competencies. i believe the five key competencies for dei professionals are: be strategic translate academic research into action and measure the impact of initiatives meet people where they are at and help them move to be more inclusive  influence others get cross functional &# ; continue reading "core competencies in dei: translate academic research to action and measure impact of initiatives (part of )" the post core competencies in dei: translate academic research to action and measure impact of initiatives (part of ) appeared first on tara robertson consulting. 	core competencies in dei – be strategic (part of ) &# ; &# ; three and a half years ago i changed careers from being an academic librarian who did diversity, equity and inclusion (dei) work in the library technology community to a full time job as a dei professional in the tech sector. many people have reached out to see if i’d be willing to have &# ; continue reading "core competencies in dei &# ; be strategic (part of )" the post core competencies in dei &# ; be strategic (part of ) appeared first on tara robertson consulting. our member institutions - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > about the digital library federation > our member institutions 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			our member institutions 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 					dlf membership is open to any organization engaged in building or using digital libraries, broadly defined. we especially invite new members who believe in dlf’s mission to advance research, learning, social justice, and the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies. our + dlf member institutions contribute to community efforts through a variety of research and development, information sharing, networking, and catalytic initiatives. you need not be a member to participate in our annual dlf forum, but we encourage you to find out more about the benefits of membership and why the following institutions invest in the digital library federation. join us! 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 						alaska state library 	amherst college 	the andy warhol museum 	arizona state university libraries 	art institute of chicago 	atlanta university center woodruff library 	bates college 	baylor university 	bibliotheca alexandrina 	boston college 	bowdoin college library 	brown university library 	bryn mawr college 	california digital library 	carnegie mellon university 	the claremont colleges library 	coalition for networked information (cni) 	colgate university 	the college of wooster 	colorado college 	columbia university 	concordia university 	cornell university 	the corning museum of glass 	dartmouth college 	duke university 	emory university 	florida state university 	george washington university 	georgetown university 	georgia institute of technology 	georgia public library service 	georgia state university 	getty research institute 	grand valley state university 	grinnell college 	hamilton college 	harvard university 	haverford college 	hbcu library alliance 	the huntington library, art collections & botanical gardens 	indiana university 	internet archive 	iowa state university 	ithaka 	johns hopkins university ☜ 	jisc 	kenyon college 	lafayette college 	lehigh university 	library of congress 	los alamos national laboratory research library 	lyon college 	mcgill university 	mcmaster university 	marquette university 	massachusetts institute of technology 	the menil collection 	metropolitan new york library council (metro) 	michigan state university 	middle tennessee state university 	middlebury college 	mississippi state university 	montana state university 	mount holyoke college 	national archives and records administration 	national association of state workforce agencies (naswa) 	national gallery of art 	national library of medicine 	new museum 	new york art resources consortium (nyarc) 	new york public library 	new york university 	north carolina state university libraries 	northeastern university 	northwestern university library 	the obama foundation 	oberlin college 	occidental college 	the ohio state university 	oregon state university libraries 	peabody essex museum phillips library 	pennsylvania state university, university libraries 	philadelphia museum of art 	princeton theological seminary 	princeton university 	purdue university 	reed college 	rhodes college 	rice university 	rockefeller archive center 	rockefeller university 	science history institute 	skidmore college 	smith college 	smithsonian institution libraries 	southern methodist university 	stanford university ☜ 	stony brook university libraries 	swarthmore college 	syracuse university 	temple university 	tufts university 	tulane university 	union college 	university at albany 	university at buffalo 	university of arizona 	university of arkansas 	university of british columbia 	university of california, berkeley 	university of california, irvine 	university of california, los angeles 	university of california, riverside 	university of california, san diego 	university of california, santa barbara 	university of california, santa cruz 	university of chicago library 	university of colorado boulder 	university of connecticut 	university of delaware 	university of denver 	university of georgia 	university of houston 	university of idaho 	university of illinois at chicago 	university of illinois at urbana-champaign 	university of iowa 	university of kansas 	university of kentucky 	university of louisville 	university of maryland 	university of massachusetts amherst 	university of miami 	university of michigan 	university of minnesota 	university of nebraska-lincoln 	university of nevada, las vegas 	university of north carolina at chapel hill 	university of north carolina at greensboro 	university of north texas 	university of notre dame 	university of oxford 	university of pennsylvania 	university of pittsburgh 	university of richmond 	university of rochester 	university of south carolina 	university of south florida 	university of southern california 	university of tennessee 	university of texas at arlington 	university of texas at austin 	university of toronto 	university of victoria 	university of virginia 	university of washington 	university of wisconsin madison 	university of wyoming 	vassar college 	villanova university 	virginia tech 	wake forest university 	washington and lee university 	washington university in st. louis 	wayne state university 	wesleyan university 	west virginia university 	whitman college 	williams college 	yale university library 					 						 				 				 				 								 					☜ denotes a dlf sustaining member. learn more about this category of contribution by our most dedicated supporters. 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 dna 'lite-brite' is a promising way to archive data for decades or longer menu close 	 home 	 covid- 	 arts + culture 	 economy + business 	 education 	 environment + energy 	 ethics + religion 	 health 	 politics + society 	 science + technology 	en español edition africa australia canada canada (français) españa france global perspectives indonesia new zealand united kingdom united states 	 	edition: available editions united states 	 africa 	 australia 	 canada 	 canada (français) 	 españa 	 france 	 global perspectives 	 indonesia 	 new zealand 	 united kingdom 	 donate 	 get newsletter 	 become an author 	 sign up as a reader 	 sign in search academic rigor, journalistic flair 	 covid- 	 arts + culture 	 economy + business 	 education 	 environment + energy 	 ethics + religion 	 health 	 politics + society 	 science + technology a simple two-dimensional grid can convey a lot of information – whether making pictures with lite-brite or storing data in dna. justin day/flickr, cc by-sa dna ‘lite-brite’ is a promising way to archive data for decades or longer may , . am edt will hughes, george david dickinson, luca piantanida, boise state university authors 	 will hughes professor of materials science & engineering, boise state university 	 george david dickinson post-doctoral research scientist in materials science and engineering, boise state university 	 luca piantanida post-doctoral research scientist in materials science and engineering, boise state university disclosure statement will hughes receives funding from the national science foundation, the semiconductor research corporation, and the state of idaho. george dickinson receives funding from the national science foundation, the semiconductor research corporation, and the state of idaho luca piantanida receives funding from the national science foundation, the semiconductor research corporation, and the state of idaho. partners boise state university provides funding as a member of the conversation us. view all partners 	 email 	 twitter 	 facebook 	 linkedin 	 whatsapp 	 messenger the research brief is a short take about interesting academic work. the big idea we and our colleagues have developed a way to store data using pegs and pegboards made out of dna and retrieving the data with a microscope – a molecular version of the lite-brite toy. our prototype stores information in patterns using dna strands spaced about nanometers apart. ten nanometers is more than a thousand times smaller than the diameter of a human hair and about times smaller than the diameter of a bacterium. we tested our digital nucleic acid memory (dnam) by storing the statement “data is in our dna!\n.” we described the research in a paper published in the journal nature communications on april , . previous methods for retrieving data in dna require the dna to be sequenced. sequencing is the process of reading the genetic code of strands of dna. though it is a powerful tool in medicine and biology, it wasn’t designed with dna memory in mind. our approach uses a microscope to read the data optically. because the dna pegs are positioned closer than half the wavelength of visible light, we used super-resolution microscopy, which circumvents the diffraction limit of light. this provides a way to read the encoded data without sequencing the dna. digital nucleic acid memory (dnam) uses light-emitting dna strands to read the data optically rather than requiring sequencing. the left column shows patterns designed for encoding data, the middle column shows optical readout of data stored in dna using super-resolution microscopy, and the right column shows atomic force microscope images of the dna nanostructures. each x pegboard is roughly x nanometers. nucleic acid memory institute at boise state university, cc by-nd the patterns of dna strands – the pegs – light up when fluorescently labeled dna bind to them. because the fluorescent strands are short, they rapidly bind and unbind. this causes them to blink, making it easier to separate one peg from another and read the stored information. we use the fluorescent patterns of each pegboard as a code to store chunks of data. the microscope can image hundreds of thousands of the dna pegs in a single recording, and our error-correction algorithms ensure we recover all of the data. after accounting for the bits used by the algorithms, our prototype was able to read data at a density of gigabits per square centimeter. why it matters you’re not likely to have a dna storage device in your phone or computer, at least anytime soon. dna data storage is promising for archival storage – storing large amounts of information for long periods of time. dna can store a lot of information in a small space. it would be possible to store every tweet, email, photo, song, movie and book ever created in a volume equivalent to a jewelry box. and data stored in dna could last for centuries, given that the biomolecule has a half-life of over years. what other research is being done researchers have been developing methods of storing data in dna for several decades. those methods involve the design and synthesis of unique strings of information made from the dna nucleotides adenine (a), thymine (t), cytosine (c) and guanine (g). this information is recovered by reading the strings using sequencing technology. what’s next from here, our goal is to increase the amount of data that we can store in dnam, decrease the amount of time it takes to write and read the data, and use the technique to encrypt data. [get our best science, health and technology stories. sign up for the conversation’s science newsletter.] 	 dna 	 microscopy 	 algorithm 	 data storage 	 dna sequencing 	 fluorescence 	 quick reads 	 dna data storage 	 error correction 	 new research 	 research brief want to write? write an article and join a growing community of more than , academics and researchers from , institutions. register now 	 community standards 	 republishing guidelines 	 friends of the conversation 	 analytics 	 our feeds 	 donate get newsletter 	 who we are 	 our charter 	 our team 	 partners and funders 	 resource for media 	 contact us 	 en español 	 	 	 ​ 	 ​ privacy policy terms and conditions corrections copyright © – , the conversation us, inc. recordings at risk • clir 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	staff 	presidential fellows 	join clir and dlf 	sponsors, members, and funders 	governance 	history 	clir brandmark 	career opportunities 	policies 	news 	publications & resources 	new publication opportunity 		faq 	reviewers 	blogs 		covid (re)collections 	re:thinking 	a year of clir 	reports 	clir issues 	material memory podcast 	annual report 	archives 	programs & grants 	digital library federation 	digitizing hidden collections 	postdoctoral fellowship program 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research in original sources 	initiatives & partnerships 	leading change institute 	affiliates & partnerships 	chief information officers in liberal arts colleges 	digital library of the middle east 	connect 	contact us 	get involved 	post on the job board 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	staff 	presidential fellows 	join clir and dlf 	sponsors, members, and funders 	governance 	history 	clir brandmark 	career opportunities 	policies 	news 	publications & resources 	new publication opportunity 		faq 	reviewers 	blogs 		covid (re)collections 	re:thinking 	a year of clir 	reports 	clir issues 	material memory podcast 	annual report 	archives 	programs & grants 	digital library federation 	digitizing hidden collections 	postdoctoral fellowship program 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research in original sources 	initiatives & partnerships 	leading change institute 	affiliates & partnerships 	chief information officers in liberal arts colleges 	digital library of the middle east 	connect 	contact us 	get involved 	post on the job board 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > recordings at risk 		 				 				 				 			recordings at risk 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 					 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			program links 		 				 				 				 							home 	apply for an award 	manage an award 	funded projects 	about the program 	meet the review panel 					 			 			menu 		 				home 	apply for an award 	manage an award 	funded projects 	about the program 	meet the review panel 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 					notification banner 					 						 				 				 				 								 					recordings at risk is a national regranting program administered by clir to support the preservation of rare and unique audio, audiovisual, and other time-based media of high scholarly value through digital reformatting. generously funded by the andrew w. mellon foundation since january , the program will run nine competitions from to and will award a total of $ . million. awards range from $ , to $ , and cover costs of preservation reformatting for fragile and/or obsolete time-based media content by qualified external service providers. eligible media may include, but are not necessarily limited to, magnetic audio and video tape, grooved discs, wax cylinders, wire recordings, and film (with or without sound). review our frequently asked questions for more information on eligible projects. recordings at risk encourages professionals who may be constrained by limited resources and/or technical expertise to take action against the threats of degradation and obsolescence. the program aims to help institutions identify priorities and develop practical strategies for digital reformatting, build relationships with partners, and raise awareness of best practices. recordings at risk occasionally sends announcements and news about this program and the digitizing hidden collections program by email. subscribe to be added to our distribution list. on twitter, you can find the program @clirrar. we welcome your feedback and/or ideas about ways to improve clir’s grant programs which may be submitted through our online grants feedback form. 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			application assessment criteria 		 				 				 				 			an independent review panel, comprised of scholars in a variety of domains and technologists with expertise in digitization and digital preservation, will evaluate applications using four primary criteria: 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			impact 		 				 				 				 								 					the potential scholarly and public impact of the project 					 						 				 				 				 			urgency 		 				 				 				 								 					the urgency of undertaking reformatting to avoid risk of loss 					 						 				 				 				 			potential for preservation 		 				 				 				 								 					the viability of the work plan and deliverables for preserving the content over time 					 						 				 				 				 			approach to access 		 				 				 				 								 					the approach to legal and ethical concerns affecting access 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			program timeline 		 				 				 				 								 					*note: dates are subject to change at any time prior to issuing each call. no dates pertinent to a call will be changed once that call is issued. 					 						 				 				 				 			timeline for ninth call 		 				 				 				 			 september application opens october applicant informational webinar december application deadline april recipients announced 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			eligibility 		 				 				 				 								 					institution types applicants must be u.s. nonprofit academic, research, or cultural heritage organizations. please note that: 	both the applicant organization and its collections must be located in the united states or an associated entity, e.g. the commonwealth of puerto rico or american samoa. 	grants may be made to government units and their agencies or instrumentalities, provided that cultural heritage is the primary function of the unit and grant funds will be used for charitable purposes within the scope of the recordings at risk program. we recommend that government units wishing to apply for a recordings at risk grant contact the clir grants team to ascertain their eligibility. 	indian tribes, alaska native villages, regional corporations, and village corporations are eligible to apply for funding.	for purposes of funding under this program, “indian tribe” means any tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community, including any alaska native village, regional corporation, or village corporation (as defined in, or established pursuant to, the alaska native claims settlement act ( u.s.c. et seq.)), which is recognized by the secretary of the interior as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the united states to indians because of their status as indians. a list of eligible entities is available from the bureau of indian affairs, except for the recognized alaska native villages, regional corporations, and village corporations, which should refer to applicable provisions in the alaska native claims settlement act, referenced above. any tribal entities, including those not currently covered by the above description, are encouraged to contact the clir grants team to discuss questions of eligibility for this program. irs classifications generally speaking, to be eligible for this program applicants must be recognized by the internal revenue service as tax-exempt under one of the following: 	irs code section (c) 	irs code section 	irs code section (c) grants may be made to government units and their agencies or instrumentalities not organized under irs section (c) , provided that collecting and disseminating scholarly and cultural resources are among the primary functions of the unit and grant funds will be used for charitable purposes within the scope of the recordings at risk program. we recommend that government units wishing to apply to recordings at risk contact the clir grants team at to ascertain their eligibility. award terms 	applicants may request as little as $ , or as much as $ , per project. 	the grant may fund up to % of the direct costs of audio or audiovisual digital reformatting services to be provided by an external service provider.	in-house digitization projects are not eligible for this program. 	applicant organizations may submit only one application per cycle. 	applicants must agree to create appropriate descriptive and technical metadata for all content digitized through grant funds during the grant term, and to dedicate this metadata to the public domain.	clir will make exceptions for culturally sensitive metadata. please contact the clir grants team with any questions regarding exceptions to this requirement. 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 								 					council on library and information resources north union street, suite -pmb , alexandria, va contact@clir.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					clir is an independent, nonprofit organization that forges strategies to enhance research, teaching, and learning environments in collaboration with libraries, cultural institutions, and communities of higher learning. privacy 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					sign up for news from clir. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 digital library federation - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 				 			welcome to the digital library federation 		 				 				 				 								 					dlf serves all who are invested in the success of libraries, museums, and archives in the digital age 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						about 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						events 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 			 dlf forum, ndsa's digipres, and learn@dlf take place this fall 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join us online 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			what's the dlf? 		 				 				 				 								 					networked member institutions and a robust community of practice—advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			dlf as community 		 				 				 				 								 					find your people, year-round. grassroots, pragmatic, and mission-driven, dlf is a space where ideas are road-tested and shared strategies and visions emerge. 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			dlf as platform 		 				 				 				 								 					get things done. we foster active, open, and welcoming working groups dedicated to building better libraries, museums, and archives for the digital age. 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			dlf as crossroads 		 				 				 				 								 					meet up. our annual dlf forum serves as meeting place, marketplace, and congress for diglib practitioners from member institutions and the community at large. 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 					 			 						 						read more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			invest in our collective work 		 				 				 				 								 					join the dlf today! 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join us 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf groups get stuff done 		 				 				 				 								 					anyone can start or join a group regardless of institutional affiliation. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			 dlf forum and affiliated events 		 				 				 				 								 					learn more about the dlf forum, ndsa’s digital preservation , and learn@dlf. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join us online! 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			selected posts 		 				 				 				 								 					see what’s new on the dlf blog 					 						 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				 dlf forum, digipres, and learn@dlf calls for proposals			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				three questions on irus-usa			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				 amia cross-pollinator: justine thomas			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			gayle		 				 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 					 				read more			 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			gayle		 				 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 					 				read more			 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			kussmann		 				 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 					 				read more			 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 					 			 						 						read more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			jobs 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			working groups 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			ndsa 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			organizers' toolkit 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			community calendar 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf contribute 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf events 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			grants & fellowships 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			digitization cost calculator 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 digital library federation - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 				 			welcome to the digital library federation 		 				 				 				 								 					dlf serves all who are invested in the success of libraries, museums, and archives in the digital age 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						about 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						events 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 			 dlf forum, ndsa's digipres, and learn@dlf take place this fall 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join us online 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			what's the dlf? 		 				 				 				 								 					networked member institutions and a robust community of practice—advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			dlf as community 		 				 				 				 								 					find your people, year-round. grassroots, pragmatic, and mission-driven, dlf is a space where ideas are road-tested and shared strategies and visions emerge. 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			dlf as platform 		 				 				 				 								 					get things done. we foster active, open, and welcoming working groups dedicated to building better libraries, museums, and archives for the digital age. 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			dlf as crossroads 		 				 				 				 								 					meet up. our annual dlf forum serves as meeting place, marketplace, and congress for diglib practitioners from member institutions and the community at large. 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 					 			 						 						read more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			invest in our collective work 		 				 				 				 								 					join the dlf today! 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join us 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf groups get stuff done 		 				 				 				 								 					anyone can start or join a group regardless of institutional affiliation. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			 dlf forum and affiliated events 		 				 				 				 								 					learn more about the dlf forum, ndsa’s digital preservation , and learn@dlf. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join us online! 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			selected posts 		 				 				 				 								 					see what’s new on the dlf blog 					 						 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				 dlf forum, digipres, and learn@dlf calls for proposals			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				three questions on irus-usa			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				 amia cross-pollinator: justine thomas			 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			gayle		 				 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 					 				read more			 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			gayle		 				 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 					 				read more			 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			kussmann		 				 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 					 				read more			 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 					 			 						 						read more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			jobs 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			working groups 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			ndsa 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			organizers' toolkit 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			community calendar 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf contribute 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf events 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			grants & fellowships 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			digitization cost calculator 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 william denton william denton miskatonic university press 	pis and libraries a quote from david fechheimer, found in sleuthing in san francisco by diane manuel (stanford magazine, july–august ): “he’s smart, fun, intellectual, well-educated and eccentric,” says david fechheimer, a prominent san francisco sleuth. “i’ve always felt that the people best prepared to be private investigators are former graduate students, who know how to use the library. he also has a balanced family life, which is unusual in the detective business. he’s found that it’s possible to make a good living doing serious work that’s also fun.” former grad students, sure. but librarians know even more. 	teambuilding in the time of covid- : a zoom play i mentioned before that i gave a short talk at lacuny institute / . a large group of my colleagues at york university libraries were also part of the program, but they did something much bigger, a really wonderful piece of performance librarianship: teambuilding in the time of covid- : a zoom play. in a strange and scary time, exiled from their place of work, a group of (relative) strangers turn a wellbeing exercise into so much more.  picture this: a threat invisible to the naked eye empties out an entire , -person campus; the library locks its door with an hour’s notice; and the people who like to help are sent home indefinitely.  how are they, the library people, going to survive, thrive and help the faculty and students now dispersed to the four corners of the world?  this short play will tell you how. the pandemic shut down the old ways of communicating, but library services still had to be available. the professional and para-professional staff in the library overcame personal, technical and other challenges to build a new team that would serve its public.  but team building requires communication and trust. how was trust in the new team built in an online environment known for its comical awkwardness? the limitations of zoom were turned into a strength: week by week, turn by turn, everyone got to speak and truly listen to their team members.  the common launching off point was a carefully selected video on skills building, library services, accessibility and diversity.  video by video, varied insights meant that team members were visible to each other as fellow humans and co-workers! a team was born.  learn what each player in this team did to make it come alive. come by and watch:  teambuilding in the time of covid: a play the full script is up, as is the video: your browser does not support the video tag. it’s exactly the kind of thing i like to see, and they did a wonderful job. my congratulations to them all. 	remember him? well, he died last summer i grabbed a screenshot of this weird advertisement that appeared in some app or other. strange ad “remember him? well, he died.” i never investigated this. i don’t know anything about it. i don’t want to know. remember him? well, he died. 	media collections librarian job open at york university york university libraries is looking for a media collections librarian. york university libraries seeks a dynamic and innovative individual with strong leadership potential to advance its portfolio in media collections: film, sound recordings, audiovisual recordings and photography, both digital and analogue. this person will support the teaching, learning and research needs of all our users. this continuing appointment position is open to those with any mix of direct experience or expertise with media content and its development, preservation, licensing and analysis. the department listed as i write is incorrect: it’s not open scholarship, it’s content development and analysis, which is where i work. i’m the chair of the search committee, so i can’t give any off the record advice or insight the way i usually do, but interviewing at york university libraries still generally holds true. i guess there’s a chance that something might happen in person, but it seems more likely to be online, so the course of the day will be different. we’re planning on doing some other things a little differently, to make the process more inclusive, and when it’s over i’ll report back on that. one thing i can say is: if you have a library degree and experience managing a media collection, then please consider applying! we are happy to take anything into consideration about someone’s career path or personal circumstances so far. notice too that the posting requires some experience but in many places talks about “ability” or “promise” to do something, so for example if someone hasn’t had a chance to teach or do research consultations yet that doesn’t count them out. if you’d like to talk to one of my colleagues who’s not on the search committee and can tell you more about the library and the work, email me at work and i’ll pass it on to someone. the position is open because of the retirement of the great rob van der bliek, who will be much missed. if you’re a monk fan, check out the thelonious monk reader, a wonderful collection he edited. 	some nero wolfe links some good recent nero wolfe things to check out: lone wolfe episode : ethan iverson (an episode of the like the wolfe podcast) iverson’s comfort food (rex stout, nero wolfe, archie goodwin) (undated, but from ) david bordwell’s rex stout: logomachizing (june ) iverson’s in great form on the podcast, and his essay and bordwell’s are both insightful and delightful. see also the wolfe pack, which i joined recently (and note iverson’s differences with them). and iverson’s written about charles willeford, donald e. westlake, ross thomas, eric ambler and anthony powell. 	second vaccination shot i got my second vaccination shot today, this time with the pfizer-biontech. the doctor who gave me the injection asked if i was allergic to peg, which i’d never heard of. it appears i’m not. after all the familiar questions and the brief review about mixing the oxford-astra zeneca with this, she asked if i had any questions. “no,” i said. “i’m just very happy to be here.” “so am i.” in the waiting room i got out virtual light by william gibson. i was up to chapter twenty-nine, which includes this (in tight third person on berry rydell, who fell asleep in the back of an rv): he’d been dreaming about mrs. armbruster’s class, fifth grade at oliver north elementary. they were about to be let out because learningnet said there was too much kansas city flu around to keep the kids in virginia and tennessee in school that week. they were all wearing these molded white paper masks the nurses had left on their seats that morning. mrs. armbruster had just explained the meaning of the word pandemic. poppy markoff, who sat next to him and already had tits out to here, had told mrs. armbruster that her daddy said the kc flu could kill you in the time it took to walk out to the bus. mrs. armbruster, wearing her own mask, the micropore kind from the drugstore, started in about the word panic, tying that in to pandemic because of the root, but that was where rydell woke up. he sat up. he had a headache and the start of a cold. kansas city flu. maybe mokola fever. “don’t panic,” he said, under his breath. virtual light was published in . today in , because i gave up on twitter, i use a free and open source anonymizing browser to route my traffic through a series of encrypting and decrypting servers so i can maintain my anonymity while i check on what william gibson says there as @greatdismal. i can do this on a powerful handheld computer that runs an operating system made by one of the biggest and most privacy-invading corporations in the world, while wearing a mask to protect me from a global pandemic, while the western side of my country is coming out from under a climate change-provoked record-breaking heat wave that shows us what day-to-day life will be like in a few decades. 	julian opie soundtracking his shows a brush with … julian opie is a good episode of the art newspaper’s “a brush with” podcast. i knew nothing about julian opie before, but enjoyed browsing his web site and hope to see a show one day. there’s some talk about what opie listens to when he’s working. he likes spa music, nature sounds, that sort of thing … ben luke, the interviewer, helpfully mentions ambient music, brian eno and john cage. opie then talks about some music he’s made to be played at his shows: i’ve made some soundtracks, and i played them in a museum show i made in tokyo last year. one was a computer program that my clever assistant came up with that translates the sound of a blackbird into a piano note. i’m not the first person to do such a thing, but what maybe hasn’t generally been done quite so much before is to make an algorithm from that. we took the various tweets of the blackbird, looked at that as a set of algorithms, took the notes, and turned that into piano sounds and ran it as a constant random algorithm that plays throughout the time that you’re in the exhibition. part of my reason for doing that was that i noticed when i went to look at the museum that everyone was going around clicking their camera at the exhibition (not mine, the previous one) and it made this constant sound: kssh kssh, kssh-k-kssh. plus the click of high-heeled shoes, and i thought, that’s kind of interesting, but it’s not very much to do with me. i didn’t control that. i’d rather write my own soundtrack, so i did that with the blackbirds. and i did some more, and i may well be, you’ll see, if you come and see this exhibition at pitzhanger manor in ealing, whether i am thinking of maybe doing something similar here in order to animate the spaces here, and to give a sense of atmosphere, which music can do like nothing else. but it won’t be a piece of music, it’ll be something more like some kind of an algorithm that will play constantly and be evocative. it’s striking that he was aware of and attentive to the sounds people were making in the exhibit (at least, cameras and heels), but thought, “it’s not very much to do with me. i didn’t control that.” so he made his own soundtrack, imposing his own music on the space and the visitors. 	double-grepping to solve a crossword puzzle puzzlebomb is a monthly puzzle page made by katie steckles and paul taylor. i recently subscribed and am enjoying having the sheet up on my fridge so i can work away at it. there’s a “g _ p w _ r d” puzzle in the current issue: a crossword where some of the letters in the clues are missing, and you learn what they are by filling in the grid. as they put it, “solve the clues to determine letters to write in the grids to fill in the gaps in the clues in order to put the answers in.” it may be hard to understand it all without showing the grids, but here’s how i solved one (two) clues that had me a bit stuck. once i thought about this way of solving i had to try it. the clue is a word with a missing first letter: x i t c h and i know from the grid that the first letter of the clue is the first letter of the answer: x _ a _ n there are just a few options for the first word, but many more for the second. this shell script goes through all the words in /usr/share/dict/words, finds the ones that match the first pattern, picks out their first letters, then finds any words that match the second pattern. #!/bin/bash dict="/usr/share/dict/words" grep -e -i "^..a.n$" $dict | while read -r word do init=${word: : } grep -e -i "^${init}itch$" $dict | while read -r clue do 	echo "does $clue mean $word?" done done with the options to grep, "^..a.n$" means “do a case-insensitive search for any word that is exactly five letters long where the third letter is a and the fifth is n.” does bitch mean brain? does ditch mean deann? does ditch mean diann? does bitch mean brain? does bitch mean brawn? does ditch mean drain? does ditch mean drawn? does pitch mean plain? does pitch mean prawn? there we are: ditch and drain. solved! (i used to do for word in $(grep foo $dict), but shellcop told me to do it with while read, so i’m trying that out.) 	analyzing the structure of john finnemore's souvenir programme, series i said before that “john finnemore is doing something incredible with the new series of john finnemore’s souvenir programme.” i don’t know how finnemore’s going to end it, but i’m certain it’s going to be good. i think he’s doing something incredible here, and when it ends it will be not just some of his finest work but a radio series that will last forever. it is. it’s one of the finest things i’ve ever heard on radio. if you haven’t heard it: go listen! structurally, it’s six half-hour episodes about an extended family, focusing on five members: mid-thirties parent russ, his mother deborah, her father jerry, his mother vanessa, and also uncle newt, who’s not really an uncle but has been attached to the family for decades. each episode has scenes that go in reverse chronological order, and the first five episodes move back through the family from russ to newt. the sixth is different. this structure (which really clicks into place with episode three) lets finnemore tell the story of the family in a delightful way, where we hear unusual sayings or odd family customs long before (to us) we learn how they started. a lot of the show is about this familect. the structure (and how finnemore chooses the scenes) also means there is no tragedy, because when we learn someone is dead, we know that in a few scenes they will be alive again. this doesn’t mean there is no sadness—there are some heartbreaking scenes—but we don’t follow someone’s life through to their death and then they’re gone, we see fragments of their lives that show how they are made up (sometimes unknowingly) of previous generations and how they in turn shape future generations. the show doesn’t require repeated listenings, but it does deserve them. it’s not meant to be hard to put the pieces together, and it isn’t—finnemore said on twitter he didn’t mean it to be a puzzle—but there is a great pleasure that comes from realizing in a later episode what a small thing in an earlier episode actually meant. many listeners made their own timelines to better appreciate all this. i did too, and put it all together into a spreadsheet. then i wanted to see it visually, so i made some charts. here’s one: scenes in time listen to the six episodes first, then have a look at analysing the structure of john finnemore’s souvenir programme, series (pdf). it’s twelve pages long and includes a lot of code, but you can just look at the charts. about the show and its structure: john finnemore’s souvenir programme might just be a work of radio genius well, since you asked me: detailed summaries of each scene, sortable in episode or chronological order a final timeline for john finnemore’s souvenir programme series on bleeding cool (lots of ads and trackers; best to avoid) some background on a few things, none of which is necessary to know on first listening: “a nightingale sang in berkeley square” has music by manning sherwin and lyrics by eric maschwitz, who during the war was briefly in the special operations executive. (my favourite recording of the song is by frank sinatra on sinatra sings great songs from great britain.) poem codes were indeed used by the soe, and leo marks (sons of the owner of the bookstore in charing cross road) was involved. the boatwomen’s training scheme, or idle women, which transported material on narrowboats through the grand union canal. for more acts like midnight and noone, look up gwen farrar and norah blaney, or hetty king, and read tell me i’m forgiven: the story of forgotten stars gwen farrar &amp; norah blaney by alison child. in “woof woof woof,” the borzoi is an allusion to “cousin teresa” by saki, and the name “albert small” comes from the work of marriott edgar (finnemore said on twitter his grandmother had a copy of albert and balbus and samuel small). m.r. james begins to tell “the rose garden” at the christmas dinner in . for non-uk and irish listeners, a “lilo” is an air mattress or, as i call it, a floaty toy. there’s an inside reference with acker bilk’s “stranger on the shore,” which patrick chooses on desert island discs: it was the theme song for that mitchell and webb sound, for which finnemore wrote. there’s also an anachronism: the song came out in , but patrick chose it in . some things will bring delight to fans of finnemore’s earlier show cabin pressure: finnemore here doing an australian accent for alex, when back then his character arthur did a dreadful fake australian accent; a fruit that sounds like “duh-duh-duh,” which recalls both memories of a character who was envious of others who had more syllables in their names and also people singing “have a ba-nah-na” and “level five for family manners being like “code red” to tell arthur to stop talking. “jawbone” is a wink to cain’s jawbone: see also british comedian solves world’s ‘most difficult literary puzzle’ becoming third winner in years. (updated june with the “jawbone” point.) 	galleries index on listening to art i’ve added a gallery index to listening to art, which makes it easy to listen to all the recordings made at a given gallery. volume nine number two was published today: new york city by piet mondrian, recorded at the musée national d’art moderne, in paris. 	pretty symbols in ruby in emacs ruby scripts in emacs can look nicer with prettify-symbols-mode, which is now built in to ruby-mode. with symbol prettification enabled, symbols are made prettier to the eye. for example, this is a ruby script. note the &gt;=, &lt;= and lambda (a lambda function is a special thing in computer science). if &gt;= puts "two is greater than or equal to one." end foo = lambda { |i| if i &lt;= puts "#{i} is equal to or below zero" end } with symbols prettified, this will appear like so, even though the real characters are actually there: if ≥ puts "two is greater than or equal to one." end foo = λ { |i| if i ≤ puts "#{i} is equal to or below zero" end } i’ve been prettifying r for seven years, and it’s nice to be able to do it in ruby now. i use it in org and auctex, too. in my emacs configuration i make it work so: (global-prettify-symbols-mode ) (setq prettify-symbols-unprettify-at-point 'right-edge) i’m very happy to say this got in place because i submitted my first patch for emacs. what i sent in was actually unhelpful and misleading, but a few people looked at it, thought about it, made it better, and updated the code. many thanks to them! if you run emacs from the development source you can see this in place now; others will wait until version comes out officially. while i’m at it, let me thank keith browne for introducing me to emacs. one day in at internex online (toronto’s first commercial dial-up internet service provider), i was looking at keith’s screen—he was probably working on the billing system, which he’d named funes—and asked what editor he was using. it was emacs. i said i’d heard about emacs, but it seemed really complicated to learn. he asked what i used. i said pico. he pointed out that pico had about six keystrokes, so all i had to do was learn their equivalents in emacs, and then after that i’d have the whole rest of emacs to grow into. this made perfect sense, so i switched and have been a happy emacs user ever since. wherever you are, keith, thank you. update ( jun ): fixed where i said ≤ is just less than, not less than or equal to. 	john finnemore's souvenir programme john finnemore is doing something incredible with the new series of john finnemore’s souvenir programme (start with episode one and move on; episode four came out yesterday and there will be two more; get them quick before they go off the bbc site). cast photo i’ve mentioned finnemore before because he did cabin pressure, one of the best radio comedies ever. the souvenir programme has run as a very good, sometimes marvellous, sketch comedy show, until this current series, where the pandemic made him work in different ways, with no audience. the first episode opens with a family having a christmas dinner over zoom. it moves back in time, scene by scene, following russ, a young father who is in the call with his mother, grandfather and others. the second episode opens with russ and his mother deborah talking over zoom about how they’re both secretly enjoying the changes the pandemic has brought, then follows deborah back in time, scene by scene, through her life. listen for yourself to find out how the third and fourth episodes go. i don’t know how finnemore’s going to end it, but i’m certain it’s going to be good. i think he’s doing something incredible here, and when it ends it will be not just some of his finest work but a radio series that will last forever. 	yfile feature on tim knight yfile, york university’s news and events site, ran a piece on my friend and colleague tim knight: my secret life: osgoode associate librarian finds ‘rhythm’ during pandemic. he released an ep on bandcamp, why i’m here, which so far has only been bought by me and another librarian at york, but word will spread. 	first vaccination shot i got my first vaccination shot just over two weeks ago. it was the oxford-astrazeneca, which the province stopped using a few days ago, but hell, i’m happy to have one shot of anything, and i’ll be happy with whatever next one i get. photo of a masked cheerful me i’m very much not happy with ontario premier doug ford or his cabinet, who have done a staggeringly bad job of handling the pandemic. a combination of stupidity, incompetence and corruption led to the deaths of thousands of ontarians and the sickness of many, many more. all of this is on their hands, with ford bearing ultimate responsibility. the process behind getting the shot was ridiculous. i’d signed up at various pharmacies but had no hopes anything was going to happen soon. my sister was watching @vaxhunterscan on twitter and saw one day that a shoppers drug mart in vaughan had openings the next day. i followed the link immediately and was able to book. i was also lucky enough to be able to take time off work and rent a car so i could drive forty-five minutes there and forty-five minutes back in the middle of the afternoon. everything about that process is wrong. about my mask: that’s my fancy mask for special occasions. it was made by david dunkley, a milliner who started making masks last year. they are great, and he made me several bespoke masks, with fabrics of my choice, made larger to suit my head size and beard. i plan to get a hat from him when things are more normal. he usually makes women’s hat, but as he said, “i can make any hat you want.” he also adjusted my deerstalker, which was a size too small, and now it fits perfectly. i highly recommend him for anything about hats! he’s an expert and does outstanding work. 	private investigator last week i obtained my private investigator’s license. i expect i’ll be writing about aspects of private investigation fairly regularly now. i’ll start by explaining how i got the license, which took about seven months but would have taken five without the pandemic. then i’ll mention some other librarian-pis, some famous investigators, and link to some pi podcasts. in canada pis are licensed by the province or territory. in ontario the private security and investigative services act, sets out the basic framework for what pis and security guards do, how licensing works and how complaints about them are handled. here’s how it defines the job: private investigators ( ) a private investigator is a person who performs work, for remuneration, that consists primarily of conducting investigations in order to provide information. ( ) examples of the types of information referred to in subsection ( ) include information on (a) the character or actions of a person; (b) the business or occupation of a person; and (c) the whereabouts of persons or property. an interesting point in the act is that pis are forbidden from using terms that imply they are police: no private investigator, security guard or person who engages in the business of selling the services of private investigators or security guards shall use the following terms or variations of them: detective or private detective. law enforcement. police. officer. ontarians can find everything they need to know to get started on the ministry of the solicitor general’s private security and investigative services pages, including the application process. there are two stages to getting the license. first, a mandatory training course. second, a certification exam. cover of the syllabus the training course will follow the provincial training syllabus for private investigators (pdf). i took laws : private investigator training at fleming college (which i always think of as sandford fleming, named after the remarkable engineer), which was done online (of course) through ontario learn, a very interesting consortial online instruction system. it was taught by alex fishbein of symmetry services, and cost about $ . the course ran from september to december; each week there were course notes to read and a multiple choice test, and sometimes there were other small assignments. the workload was not onerous. it would be far more interesting to do the course live, because there are so many questions one wants to ask the instructor, but this was done asynchronously except for one live zoom session when we prepped for the final exam. meeting the minimum mark requirement on that exam gets the student a training completion number, and the information is passed on to the government. with that done, one moves to the second step: the exam. cover of test prep guide the certifying exams are administered by serco, who handle all sorts of things for canadian governments (and in the uk made a lot of money out of the pandemic). normally they’re done in person, and i thought i’d have to wait a while before i’d be able to write the test, but i was happy to discover i could do it online. test-takers need to run zoom with their camera and mike on, and pan around to show there are no papers on the table, but there’s no requirement for invasive surveillance technology like proctorio. the exam has sixty multiple-choice questions and candidates have minutes to write it, but i doubt anyone needs the whole time. the fleming course had prepared me well for it. reviewing the private investigator test preparation guide will give a good sense of what the test covers. meeting the minimum mark for that test got me another number, and now i could apply for the license. this is done through serviceontario and is all online. applicants need to show proof of citizenship and that they can work in canada (scans of a driver’s license and passport cover that) and have a signed form from a guarantor confirming all this is legit. they also need a recent passport-quality photo. once i had all those it didn’t take long to set up an account, go through the process, upload the documents and pay the $ fee. someone somewhere did a criminal check on me and approved the application in about a week. i got a digital license (a fancy name for a pdf of a temporary document) immediately and the real one will come in the mail soon. spade and archer written in window, reversed so now i’m a licensed private investigator … but that doesn’t mean i can work as one and get paid. i’d need to work for a licensed agency. that would mean working for an existing agency or getting a license for a sole proprietorship, which would cost $ (plus i’d need insurance). the first i have no intention of doing, and the second is too expensive. and anyway, i have no plans to change my job. i enjoy being a librarian. who knows what the future may bring, though. there are a number of librarians who are pis. locally i know marjan farabaksh, who runs fso research. a quick search also turned up marcy phelps and xhenet aliu (who went the other way: pi turned librarian). another librarian turned pi is cynthia hetherington, a major name in open source intelligence (osint; i must clarify the open source here is not as in floss, though there is csi linux). i’m looking forward to learning more about osint and how that kind of investigative work overlaps with library work: both involve online research, assessing the validity and authority of information, citing sources, scraping data, and so on. (see osintcurio.us or toddington or osmosiscon for more, and be amazed at what bellingcat is doing.) i found a great quote by legendary san francisco pi david fechheimer (who didn’t have a wikipedia entry, so i made one). i’ve always felt that the people best prepared to be private investigators are former graduate students, who know how to use the library. shame he overlooked the librarians who run the library. cover of gumshoe fechheimer (who dropped out of grad school to become a pi) was part of a set of great san francisco investigators with tink thompson (who was a tenured philosophy professor, but quit to be a pi), jack palladino (“he gave me my first job as a private investigator,” tweeted errol morris), sandra sutherland and hal lipset (both of whom deserve wikipedia articles). they all had incredible careers. fechheimer and thompson were great admirers of dashiell hammett, the private investigator who became a novelist. i am too. sherlock holmes and the three investigators, and later sam spade, the continental op and philip marlowe, are probably the ultimate causes of me getting licensed. finally, three podcasts i follow. they’re usually interviews with one person, and cover all sorts of pi work. even the ads are interesting, because they’re for things aimed at pis, such as databases of information about people, case management tools, or gear. pis declassified! (rss): hosted by francie koehler, who has done some really interesting work; the sound quality isn’t the best but she uses the hour to dig into a lot with the guest; i recommend this one the most; try this interview with david fechheimer and barry simon about their work on the john walker lindh defence. pi magazine: the podcast (rss): hosted by jim nanos and nicole cusanelli, who run professional investigator magazine. pi perspectives (rss): hosted by matthew spaier. francie koehler and some of the women she’s interviewed opened up a new view on the pi world to me: it’s not all men who used to be cops. there’s an awful lot of that: tough hombres with gravelly voices saying they had twenty-five years in law enforcement, working in narcotics and homicide, seeing horrible things they hope you never have to see. but there are people like fechheimer and thompson, who got into it because they loved the maltese falcon and everything about private investigations. and there are others, mostly women, who were working in some related field and discovered they were really good at finding things out, and they liked doing it, so they turned professional. all these seem to be the ones who do pro bono work for the wrongfully convicted and similar projects to help people who have nowhere else to turn, which is a really interesting sector of the work to see. i’m very happy to have my license, and looking for forward to learning more about private investigation. 	framework i’m delighted that an introduction i recorded for framework radio was used for the beginning of episode number . screenshot from framework radio the train going by was a very long freight train heading west on the cp north toronto subdivision tracks, and i caught the end of it while sitting in a park near dupont and ossington. aside from my intro there are twenty compositions mixed together into the show! it’s another great framework episode from patrick mcginley, with his usual juxtapositions and overlays (for example, the last two minutes of my intro are mixed with carlo patrao’s recording made during his mandatory post-vaccination -minute wait). follow the links in the track listing to listen to the pieces on their own. 	lacuny talk on turning data into art yesterday i was very happy to give a short talk at the lacuny institute / : turning data into art. my thanks to everyone on the organizing committee for letting me do it. in the my session the talk before me was by jennifer mcgillan (mississippi state university) called “archivists in lockdown: when your research is your self-care,” which was about her pandemic project of working through a book of award-winning recipes using heinz ketchup, published by heinz in . she’d also done research searching through old newspapers to find out about the contest and the award-winners. the talk after was by dawn wing: “let’s talk comics, let’s talk research.” she’s an artist who does comics and graphic novels, and she talked about how she uses them in her library work and about a biographical project she’s done. they were great company for my talk. we’re all taking things from our library and archives work and transforming them into something new. i also want to point out the two great examples of performance librarianship that i saw, as mentioned in my talk. it’s wonderful to see so many people using their work and experience in libraries and archives as a starting point for creative art and performance. 	listening to art volume complete today i published listening to art volume eight number twelve: rudy rucker, red scribble. (rucker’s blog is worth browsing if you’re new to him.) screenshot of this issue that’s ninety-six issues published over four years. on may i’ll start volume nine. fate willing, one day i’ll be able to get back into galleries to do some fresh recordings. meanwhile i’m pulling from my archive and making some recordings that meet my local movement restrictions. 	framework framework radio has reached episode ! it’s an incredible radio show and podcast. host and producer patrick mcginley has been running it since , and the sound and music he’s collected and edited over the years has become a remarkable body of work. framework screenshot “framework is a show consecrated to field-recording, and its use in composition. field-recording, phonography, the art of sound-hunting; open your ears and listen!” listen to a couple of recent episodes (preferable with headphones), and if it’s at all your kind of thing, subscribe and listen every week. (then consider supporting it.) 	compose key i’m probably years behind everyone else on this, but i just learned about the compose key. i’d always wondered how other people who used the latin alphabet—french-speakers in canada, even—were able to write accented characters like à or é, not to mention people further abroad who needed the icelandic þ or turkish Ş. european keyboards have different keys on them, but did people with american keyboards always copy and paste from somewhere else? in emacs i use the ivy, swiper and counsel package that lets me use counsel-unicode-char (bound to c-c ) to search for any unicode character, and c-x ret is a built-in command that does the same. but i don’t want to copy characters from a temporary emacs buffer into a web browser. happily, on unix systems it’s easy to get this going. on my ubuntu machine, gnome-tweaks lets me set up a compose key. i made it [right-alt], which i never use. now i can hit [right-alt] o c to get © and similar combinations to get many other combined characters. i am now able to use proper em—and en!—dashes in my emails, and when i put in footnotes with urls i can use ¹ and ² instead of bulky old [ ] and [ ]. juniper removes dual_ec, ansi x . algorithms | threatpost 	 	 		 	 	 	 		 			 								 	 	 newsletter subscribe to our threatpost today newsletter join thousands of people who receive the latest breaking cybersecurity news every day. the administrator of your personal data will be threatpost, inc., unicorn park, woburn, ma . detailed information on the processing of personal data can be found in the privacy policy. in addition, you will find them in the message confirming the subscription to the newsletter. 	 	* 	 	*	 								 								i agree to my personal data being stored and used to receive the newsletter 							 	*	 								 								i agree to accept information and occasional commercial offers from threatpost partners 							 	email this field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. this iframe contains the logic required to handle ajax powered gravity forms. the administrator of your personal data will be threatpost, inc., unicorn park, woburn, ma . detailed information on the processing of personal data can be found in the privacy policy. in addition, you will find them in the message confirming the subscription to the newsletter. 							 		 	 	 		 			 				 				 				 			 			 									threatpost 							 			 					cloud security 	malware 	vulnerabilities 	infosec insiders 	podcasts 				 					 						 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 					 					 						 							 								 								 search 								 							 						 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 					 						authorities arrest eight in tyupkin atm malware takedownprevious article					 	 						inexpensive webcam turned into backdoornext article					 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 											 							 																questions linger as juniper removes backdoored dual_ec rng 															 							 								 									 																				 											 										 										 											 																								author: 																								michael mimoso 											 																					 												january , : pm 											 										 									 									 										 											 												 													 													 												 											 											 												 minute read 											 										 										 										 										 											share this article: 											 												 													 	 											 										 									 								 								 									 																				 											 										 																														 											juniper networks has removed the backdoored dual_ec drbg algorithm from its screenos operating system, but new developments show juniper deployed dual_ec long after it was known to be backdoored. 										 																				 											juniper networks announced late friday it was removing the suspicious dual_ec_drbg random number generator from its screenos operating system. and while that’s heralded as a positive move considering dual_ec’s dubious origins, there remain important and unanswered questions about juniper’s decision to include what is considered to be a backdoored random number generator in its netscreen vpns, and why a number of strange coding and engineering decisions were made that could have facilitated the decryption of secure traffic. the networking giant said it was not only removing dual_ec, but also the ansi x . algorithm from screenos starting with an upcoming release sometime in the first half of this year. the announcement comes just shy of a month after juniper said it had found unauthorized code in screenos that allowed for the decryption of netscreen firewall traffic and a second issue that allowed for remote unauthorized access to netscreen appliances via ssh or telnet. juniper said it brought in third-party help to investigate its code and determined that no other “unauthorized code” lives in either screenos or junos os. “the process examined junos os source code in ‘hot spots’ where one may expect to find code similar to the code found in screenos,” juniper said in its advisory on friday. “the hot spots include vpn code, encryption code, and authentication code. we also inspected our build environments for any evidence of tampering or unauthorized access.” in the meantime, at last week’s real world crypto conference at stanford university, a team of crypto experts presented a number of revelations, including the news that juniper’s use of dual_ec dates to , perhaps , at least a year after dan shumow and neils ferguson’s landmark presentation at the crypto conference that first cast suspicion on dual_ec being backdoored by the nsa. shumow’s and ferguson’s work showed that not only was dual_ec slow compared to other pseudo random number generators, but it also contained a bias. the bias means that the random numbers generated by the algorithm aren’t so random and likely have a relationship with a second set of numbers that enable whomever knows that second set of numbers to predict the output of the prng after collecting a minimal amount of output ( bytes). stephen checkoway, assistant professor of computer science at the university of illinois at chicago, told threatpost that he and his colleagues on this investigation looked at dozens of versions of netscreen and learned that ansi x . was used exclusively until screenos . when juniper added dual_ec. it also changed the size of the nonce used with ansi x . from bytes to bytes for dual_ec, giving an attacker the necessary output to predict the prng output. “and at the same time, juniper introduced what was just a bizarre bug that caused the ansi generator to never be used and instead just use the output of dual_ec. they made all of these changes in the same version update.” checkoway said that juniper’s introduction of the bug, which was discovered by researcher willem pinckaers, broke the way that the code had worked in screenos . and earlier. “it’s very bizarre. i’ve never seen anything like that before where gone from something that was working and written in a standard manner to something as strange as this,” he said. it’s that bug that enabled another attacker to replace the dual_ec constant—thought to belong to the nsa—with their own constant. “the very presence of dual_ec enabled a third party to simply change a constant and make it so they were able to decrypt vpn traffic,” checkoway said, adding that juniper’s patch reverted the constant back from the attacker-supplied one, to a juniper-supplied constant. “i take it that juniper thought the previous code there was intended functionality.” while juniper’s decision to use dual_ec enabled this second attack, checkoway said there’s no justifiable security or engineering reason to have done so in the first place. “basically, whoever changed the code needed to change just a small portion of juniper code, a tiny fraction of their code. whereas had juniper not used dual_ec, they would have had to do something much bigger,” checkoway said. “juniper’s use of this bad random number generator really enabled the subsequent attack.” juniper, in the meantime, quickly patched the two vulnerabilities by removing the so-called “unauthorized code;” juniper representative danielle hamel refused to comment further and pointed threatpost to the company’s various blog posts explaining the situation. the scenario harkens back to the documents leaked by nsa whistleblower edward snowden, in particular the nsa’s project bullrun, which explains the nsa’s subversion of dual_ec and eventually the revelation that rsa security was allegedly paid $ million by the nsa to use the algorithm in its products. “one of the interesting things about using dual_ec as a backdoor mechanism versus the unauthorized access ssh backdoor, is that with dual_ec, it’s just a series of what looks like mistakes or bad engineering choices that coincidentally leads to their software being vulnerable,” checkoway said. “there are so many coincidences: the introduction of dual_ec, the bug, the change in the nonce from bytes to , which is really the ideal size for running this attack.” 											 												 																										 														 															share this article: 															 																 															 														 													 												 																								 													 													 															cryptography 	government 	hacks 	privacy 	vulnerabilities 	web security 													 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 					 		 		suggested articles 		 																		 						 							 																 									 																													 								 																								fbi warns of egregor attacks on businesses worldwide 								the agency said the malware has already compromised more than organizations and provided insight into its ransomware-as-a-service behavior. 								 																		 																			 											january , 										 									 																	 							 													 																								 						 							 																 									 																													 								 																								biden to appoint cybersecurity advisor to nsc – report 								anne neuberger will join the national security council, according to sources. 								 																		 																			 											january , 										 									 																	 							 													 																								 						 							 																 									 																													 								 																								nsa urges sysadmins to replace obsolete tls protocols 								the nsa released new guidance providing system administrators with the tools to update outdated tls protocols. 								 																		 																			 											january , 										 									 																		 										 											 										 									 																	 							 													 										 	 	 					 					 						discussion 						 											 				 								 										 	 	 			 								infosec insider 				 					 						 														 								 							 							 							 steps to improving ransomware resiliency 							 								 									july , 								 																 									 										 									 								 															 						 					 	 						 														 								 							 							 							why your business needs a long-term remote security strategy 							 								 									july , 								 																 									 										 									 								 															 						 					 	 						 														 								 							 							 							the evolving role of the ciso 							 								 									july , 								 																 									 										 									 								 															 						 					 	 						 														 								 							 							 							apps built better: why devsecops is your security team’s silver bullet 							 								 									july , 								 															 						 					 	 						 														 								 							 							 							is remote desktop protocol secure? it can be 							 								 									july , 								 																 									 										 									 								 															 						 					 			 		 newsletter subscribe to threatpost today join thousands of people who receive the latest breaking cybersecurity news every day. subscribe now twitter the illicit marketplace #alphabay appears to have resurfaced, four years after a high-profile takedown by internati… https://t.co/ngtvq s hours ago follow @threatpost 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 			 			 				 				 						 							 								 								 								 							 						 					 					 				 			 		 	 				 			 				 subscribe to our newsletter, threatpost today! get the latest breaking news delivered daily to your inbox. subscribe now 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 					 						threatpost 					 					the first stop for security news 				 				 					 							home 	about us 	contact us 	advertise with us 	rss feeds 					 				 				 					 											copyright © threatpost 	privacy policy 	terms and conditions 	advertise 					 					 							 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 				 				 										topics 						black hat 	breaking news 	cloud security 	critical infrastructure 	cryptography 	facebook 	government 	hacks 	iot 	malware 	mobile security 	podcasts 	privacy 	rsac 	security analyst summit 	videos 	vulnerabilities 	web security 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 				 					 					 					 				 				 					threatpost 				 				 					 						 	 	 	 	 	 	 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 							 								topics 	cloud security 	malware 	vulnerabilities 	privacy show all 	black hat 	critical infrastructure 	cryptography 	facebook 	featured 	government 	hacks 	iot 	mobile security 	podcasts 	rsac 	security analyst summit 	slideshow 	videos 	web security 							 								authors 	tara seals 	tom spring 	lisa vaas 							 								threatpost 	home 	about us 	contact us 	advertise with us 	rss feeds 				 				 					 						 							 								 								 search 								 							 						 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 						 	 	 	 	 	 	 				 				 			 		 	 infosec insider infosec insider post infosec insider content is written by a trusted community of threatpost cybersecurity subject matter experts. each contribution has a goal of bringing a unique voice to important cybersecurity topics. content strives to be of the highest quality, objective and non-commercial. sponsored sponsored content sponsored content is paid for by an advertiser. sponsored content is written and edited by members of our sponsor community. this content creates an opportunity for a sponsor to provide insight and commentary from their point-of-view directly to the threatpost audience. the threatpost editorial team does not participate in the writing or editing of sponsored content. lost in translation: proust and scott moncrieff – the public domain review 	home 	essays 	collections 	explore 	shop 	support pdr 	about 	blog search search the public domain review support pdr 	essays 	collections 	explore 	shop 	about 	blog 	 	 	 	 affinitiesa book of images to celebrate years of the public domain reviewpre-order today + images – pages – large-format – cloth-bound hardcover essays lost in translation proust and scott moncrieff by william c. carter scott moncrieff's english translation of proust's a la recherche du temps perdu is widely hailed as a masterpiece in its own right. his rendering of the title as remembrance of things past is not, however, considered a high point. william c. carter explores the two men's correspondence on this somewhat sticky issue and how the shakespearean title missed the mark regarding proust's theory of memory. published november , scroll through the whole page to download all images before printing. portrait of marcel proust painted by jacques-Émile blanche in , when proust was years old - source. although charles kenneth scott moncrieff’s translation of À la recherche du temps perdu is considered by many journalists and writers to be the best translation of any foreign work into the english language, his choice of remembrance of things past as the general title alarmed the seriously ill proust and misled generations of readers as to the novelist’s true intent. it wasn’t until that the title was finally changed to in search of lost time. “remembrance of things past” is a beautiful line from william shakespeare’s sonnet , but it conveys an idea that is really the opposite of proust’s own. when scott moncrieff chose this title, he did not know, of course, where proust was going with the story and did not correctly interpret the title, which might indeed be taken to indicate a rather passive attempt by an elderly person to recollect days gone by. proust’s theory of memory rejects the notion that we can simply sit and quietly resurrect the past in its true vividness through what he called voluntary memory. when we attempt to do this, we find that it doesn’t work very well. we remember very little and often only in a haphazard and rather bland way. on the other hand, proust’s title should be taken to suggest a different approach: the narrator’s search (recherche means both search and research in french) is an active, arduous quest in which the past must be rediscovered—largely through what proust called involuntary memory, as demonstrated in the famous madeleine scene—then analyzed and understood, and finally, if your ambition is to preserve it in writing, transposed and recreated in a book. as we will see, proust lived long enough to see the title remembrance of things past and, while he objected to it, did not take measures to change it. a native of scotland, scott moncrieff had served as a captain in the scottish borderers during world war i. before reading a la recherche du temps perdu, he had already made a name for himself as the translator of major french works, such as la chanson de roland (the song of roland) and stendhal’s two masterful novels le rouge et le noir (the red and the black) and la chartreuse de parme (the charterhouse of parma). after the great war scott moncrieff had served as secretary to lord northcliffe, in addition to being an editor at the london times. in january , a thirty-year-old scott moncrieff resigned his post at the times in order to devote himself entirely to translating À la recherche du temps perdu. scroll through the whole page to download all images before printing. portrait of charles kenneth scott-moncrieff by edward stanley mercer ( – ), date unknown - source. proust was completely unaware of his good fortune in having such a translator; his misgivings were founded in large part by a letter from sydney schiff, a british novelist and translator who wrote under the pseudonym of stephen hudson. he and his wife violet, who both knew french, had been among the first in britain to discover and love swann’s way and had subsequently struck up a friendship with proust. in london, on september , , schiff read this announcement in the athenaeum: messers chatto & windus, as publishers, and mr. scott moncrieff, as author, have almost ready the first installment of m. marcel proust’s ‘remembrance of things past’ in the english translation. the title of this initial volume is swann’s way. schiff, who had long thought he was the only englishman capable of translating À la recherche du temps perdu, objected to scott moncrieff’s titles. as incredible as it seems, schiff did not realize the overall title came from shakespeare’s sonnet, whose opening lines read: “when to the sessions of sweet silent thought/i summon up remembrance of things past. . . .” in his letter to proust, schiff lamented the loss of the french title’s double meaning — time wasted and lost, with its “melancholy nuance, etc.” but even more surprising, was schiff’s total misreading of his native language; he translated swann’s way for proust as “a la manière de swann,” (in the manner of swann), as though that were its only possible meaning. (schiff would later make amends and become a good friend of scott moncrieff’s.) naturally, proust, who knew something about the art of translation from his own translations of works by john ruskin, became alarmed on reading schiff’s reaction and his rendering of scott moncrieff’s titles. proust wrote to schiff, saying he certainly did not intend to “let du côté de chez swann appear under the title you gave me. i knew nothing about this translation.” of course, proust did know — or should have known — about scott moncrieff’s translation, since his publisher gallimard had offered to let him inspect it months earlier and the novelist had declined. proust, whose health worsened again, waited nearly a week before writing to gallimard. now, he said, in addition to “falling with every step,” his speech troubles had returned. he then conveyed schiff’s concerns about the translation to gallimard. the author could not accept the title that meant “in the manner of swann.” that was “intolerable.” he reminded gallimard that du côté de chez swann and le côté de guermantes indicated the two separate walks at combray. the english title was “nonsense;” surely it must be an error. proust concluded: “i value my work too much to allow an englishman to demolish it.” scroll through the whole page to download all images before printing. a year old proust posing with a tennis racket (playing the world's first air guitar?) in - source. gallimard replied that such a distortion of proust’s titles was indeed out of the question and he would do everything in his power to prevent it. gallimard soon received the advance copies of swann’s way in english. he had also retrieved from the files proust’s contract with the english publisher and his own letter to proust offering to let him inspect scott moncrieff’s translation. and gallimard had some encouraging news: he had spoken to victor m. llona, his agent for america and england, “who knew english admirably well” and who assured him that swann’s way was not at all bad for the title; it was in fact “quite good.” in october, proust, who was not to live long enough to appreciate the excellence of scott moncrieff’s work, exchanged letters with his translator: “i was very flattered and touched by the trouble you took to translate my swann.” because of his terrible health, proust said that it was a miracle he could thank scott moncrieff. although he had not read the entire volume, the author did have “one or two criticisms.” the first was to explain that the general title did not mean at all remembrance of things past. proust regretted the omission of “lost time,” which “is found again at the end of the work: time regained. as for swann’s way that can mean du côté de chez swann, but also swann’s manner. by adding to you would have made it all right.” proust’s suggested correction to this last title seems to confirm the content of his next sentence in which he admitted having forgotten all his english. scott moncrieff’s reply, written on savile club letterhead, was modest and brief: my dear sir, i beg that you will allow me to thank you for your very gratifying letter in english as my knowledge of french — as you have shown me, with regard to your titles — is too imperfect, too stunted a growth for me to weave from it the chapelet that i would fain offer you. are you still suffering — which i am very sorry to hear, and wish that my real sympathy could bring you some relief — i am making my reply to your critiques on another sheet, and by the aid of a machine which i hope you do not abominate: it is the machine on which swann and one-third of the jeunes filles have been translated. thus you can throw away this sheet unread, or keep it, or inflict it upon m. gallimard. charles scott moncrieff. proust or someone discarded the sheet or lost it. thus we do not know how the translator justified his choice of the general title that schiff and proust were the first, but far from the last, to criticize. proust was already ill with the chest cold that would kill him in just over two months. he died on november , . scroll through the whole page to download all images before printing. a year old proust marcel proust photographed in by paul nadar - source. scott moncrieff died in , at age forty, leaving untranslated the final volume le temps retrouvé. his task would be completed by sydney schiff, writing as stephen hudson. schiff dedicated his translation: “to the memory of my friend charles scott moncrieff, marcel proust’s incomparable translator.” le temps retrouvé had two other english translators: andreas mayor and frederick a. blossom. proust’s debt to scott moncrieff is enormous, as is that of all readers who first discovered this vast novel in english translation. in a letter to his daughter scottie, f. scott fitzgerald gave his opinion: “scott moncrieff’s proust is a masterpiece in itself.” harold bloom observes that scott moncrieff made it possible for in search of lost time to become “widely recognized as the major novel of the twentieth century.” public domain works 	remembrance of things past, vol. : swann's way marcel proust 	project gutenberg texts 	all six of scott moncrieff's proust translations – 	university of adelaide 	project gutenberg texts 	À la recherche du temps perdu by marcel proust, original french editions – 	project gutenberg 	wikisource texts 	song of roland 	internet archive texts further reading 	the proust project edited by andre aciman more info and buy 	marcel proust: a life by william c. carter more info and buy 	swann's way by marcel prousttranslated by lydia davis more info and buy 	swann's way: in search of lost time, volume by marcel proustedited by william c. cartertranslated by c.k. scott moncrieff more info and buy 	the collected poems: a dual-language edition with parallel text by marcel proustedited by harold augenbraum more info and buy books link through to amazon who will give us a small percentage of sale price (ca. . %). discover more recommended books in our dedicated pdr recommends section of the site. william c. carter is distinguished professor emeritus of french at the university of alabama at birmingham. his biography marcel proust: a life was selected as a "notable book of " by the new york times. his new annotated edition of scott moncrieff’s translation of swann’s way is now available from yale university press and in bookstores. carter’s website is proust-ink.com. categories 	books 	literature tags marcel proust translation scott moncrieff memory if you liked this… get our newsletter our latest content, your inbox, every fortnight privacy policy more info hp become a friend of the pdrwe rely on our annual donors to keep the project alive. perks include receiving twice-a-year our very special themed postcard packs and getting % off our prints.find out more prints for your walls explore our selection of fine art prints, all custom made to the highest standards, framed or unframed, and shipped to your door. start exploring 	essays 	collections 	pd remix 	conjectures 	curator’s choice 	bibliography 	shop 	pdr press books 	support pdr 	about 	contact 	blog 	contributors 	sources 	submissions subscribe to our newsletter 	 	 	 	using material 	rights labelling 	terms and conditions 	privacy policy 	returns policy 	shop faq the majority of the digital copies featured are in the public domain or under an open license all over the world, however, some works may not be so in all jurisdictions. on each collections post we’ve done our best to indicate which rights we think apply, so please do check and look into more detail where necessary, before reusing. unless otherwise stated, our essays are published under a creative commons attribution-sharealike . license. strong freedom in the zone. the public domain review is registered in the uk as a community interest company (# ), a category of company which exists primarily to benefit a community or with a view to pursuing a social purpose, with all profits having to be used for this purpose. sign up for our newsletter! the latest wonders from the site to your inbox. once every two weeks. hp privacy policy | more info you can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link in our emails. 	 	 	 i have read and agree to the terms and conditions {{ number }} {{ $localize("payment.title") }} {{ $localize('payment.no_payment') }} {{ $localize('payment.place_order') }} pay by credit card pay with paypal {{ $localize('cart.summary') }} {{ $localize('actions.edit') }} click for delivery estimates click for delivery estimates {{ $localize('cart.shipping_taxes_calculated_at_checkout')}} {{$localize('errors.order_validation.custom_fields_validation.description')}} {{ $localize('actions.checkout') }} sorry, we cannot ship to p.o. boxes. sorry, we cannot ship to p.o. boxes. binance’s insurance fund   carol alexander 	home 	academic papers 	learning resources 	phd students 	videos, news and events 	blog 	books 	cv and bio 	more use tab to navigate through the menu items. log in 	all posts search 	 coalexander 	 		aug 	 	 min read binance’s insurance fund updated: days ago how insufficient insurance funds might explain the outage of binance’s futures platform on may and the potentially toxic relationship between binance and tether. had binance’s futures platform continued to operate normally, professional traders could have realised very substantial gains on positions where counterparties had been liquidated, and these gains should have been financed from binance’s insurance fund. however, there is considerable doubt as to whether the value of the fund could have covered such extensive potential claims, so the outage of the futures platform was very convenient for binance. the winning counterparties were unable to realise their gains resulting from % price fall, and once trading resumed the gains had been wiped out. on may at lot of retail investors lost a lot of money when bitcoin fell from $ , to less than $ , in the space of minutes. as ever, other crypto assets followed suit. at the height of the crash, between : and : utc, there are video reports claiming that the binance futures platform developed some sort of bug making it impossible to add collateral to losing long positions. as the price started to recover, one would expect a lot of winning short positions to close out, to realise their gains. the data depicted in figure shows how the price fall on the btcusdt perpetual apparently precipitated a strong but highly volatile recovery – but it was on zero reported trading volume. so the winning shorts were unable to close their positions. then, shortly before : the entire platform crashed. it re-opened soon after : utc by which time bitcoin and other crypto prices had recovered to pre-crash levels and the short positions were no longer in-the-money. at the same time on may , positions on leveraged tokens recorded huge losses instead of gains. for instance, figure shows the spreads on two different up and down tokens between : and : utc on may. the upper part of figure exhibits the eth up and down token spreads and the lower part shows the sushi up and down token spreads. as the entire futures platform crashed, the eth up token spread briefly reached %. the sushi up token widened first to % then up to % and it stayed there for the next few hours. the leverage also increased to x – way outside the stated ( . , ) leverage range and, as a result, all long sushi up positions were wiped out. the events of may have been covered extensively by the wsj and numerous other press reports. as adam samson and joshua oliver explain in their july ft article about binance on may, those using leverage found positions automatically liquidated as the crypto price drop wiped out all the collateral in their margin accounts before they could transfer extra funds onto the exchanges. this blog post examines another side of the story – the actual value of binance’s insurance fund and its ability to meet the potential pay-outs on may, had the platform not been closed. i no longer believe the figures that binance shows on its website for its insurance funds, nor their liquidation reports, and i maintain that a figure of only million usdt for the btc/eth insurance fund pay-out on may is grossly inconsistent with the actual number of liquidations on btc and eth products on that day. in fact, if the futures platform had not closed, i believe that binance would have had to subsidise its insurance fund by a billion usdt or more. historical data on liquidations automatic and immediate liquidations are a feature of all the unregulated crypto derivatives exchanges which (characteristically flaunting the regulations that took years to develop in traditional markets) operate as their own central counter party (ccp) clearing house without external supervision. most exchanges report data on liquidations to bybt and these frequently run to hundreds of millions of dollars, as illustrated in figure . historically, the btcusdt perpetual is the largest contract on binance by both trading volume and open interest. figure shows the long and short liquidations on the btcusdt perpetual at a -hourly frequency from the start of this year until may. on april when the bitcoin price fell by . % between : and : utc, long positions worth over billion usdt were liquidated. figure shows the same data, as a percentage of open interest. on april over % of the open interest on the btcusdt perpetual was wiped out through long liquidations. what is striking about both figures and is that the data change dramatically after the beginning of may. however, there has been no change to binance’s clearing methodology, and both open interest and trading volume data seem accurate. the lack of liquidations is simply inconsistent with previously reported data and that is why i do not believe in these figures. on may the btcusdt price fell by more than % yet binance reported liquidations of merely million usdt – see figure . but i do not believe these data because: . on may other exchanges together reported $ . billion liquidations to bybt; . binance is larger than all the other exchanges combined; . the trading volume on binance’s btcusdt perpetual alone reached almost $ billion on may ; . there are numerous press reports of huge losses experienced through liquidations on binance on may. how binance’s insurance fund works let’s examine how the insurance fund works. binance_insurancefund_payouts .xlsx download xlsx • kb here is a simple spreadsheet based on the formula i derive below, which is used to plot figure . first, look at the example in its caption. the data were coded using the simple formula displayed below, based on the notation n for notional ($ million in the figure), for different leverage, l and return, r. the caption example assumes leverage is x and the return is - %. initial margin rates are /leverage and maintenance margin rates are half the initial margin rate. so, a maintenance margin is ( l)- n = $ , for a long position of notional amount n = $ m with leverage l = . let us call the long position holder alice. her return is based on the notional amount n. that is, when the return is r alice’s profit is rn and her loss is -rn. for instance, with a return of - % on a notional n = $ million, she loses % of $ m = $ , . at this point her maintenance margin actually changes – in fact, to be really precise, her ‘liquidation level’ changes. the liquidation level is calculated using a very complex formula with many parameters. but it is always very close to the maintenance margin, so i shall continue without adding this further level of complexity. similarly, binance use a mark price for liquidations, but again it is more complex than it needs to be – other exchanges like bybit use much less complex formulae for liquidation prices and market prices. the aim of this blog is to get a back-of-the-envelope idea of the potential claims on binance’s insurance fund, so i’m not going to make this more complex than necessary. ignoring extra complexities such as liquidation and mark price calculations, alice’s position will be liquidated if the loss exceeds the maintenance margin. that is, if -rn > /( l) x n, that is if -r > /( l). thus, the insurance fund pay-out to the short counterparty (call him bob), if bob decides to close the position immediately, is insurance pay-out = max {-[r + /( l)]n, }. to illustrate this formula with and for particular values of n and r, figure shows slices through the surface of figure at returns of - % (red), - % (blue) and - % (black) with n = . for different values of n, we just multiply the result by that value. for example: 	on a return of - % a liquidated position of billion usdt with a leverage of x would require an insurance fund pay-out of [ . – / ] = . billion usdt; 	on a return of - % a liquidated position of billion usdt with a leverage of x would require an insurance fund pay-out of [ . – / ] x = . billion usdt; 	on a return of - % a liquidated position of billion usdt with a leverage of x would require an insurance fund pay-out of [ . – / ] x = . billion usdt auto-deleveraging if bob does not close out a winning short position when his counterparty has been liquidated, he could be auto-deleveraged (adl) by the exchange. most exchanges employ a traffic light warning system about adl, such as this one from bitmex. quote from bitmex: “the insurance fund is used to prevent adl. if it is depleted for a given contract, adl will occur.” binance’s adl system appears to work similarly but the language is more obscure. the point to note here is that, in contrast with liquidations, adls typically have a warning system. if there have been a lot of liquidations of losing positions, the winning counterparties need to close out before they get adl’d. thus, bob can close his original position, with the leverage he initially chose, but if he does not close it then a gain of, say, $ , on a x leveraged position could suddenly be cut to $ , if his position is adl’d to x. in march binance issued a guarantee of no adl, provided the notional traded on some major products was less than billion usdt. on april the trading volume got pretty close to billion usdt. the threat that the no-adl guarantee could be revoked on may is one reason why professional traders on binance would want to close out winning short positions quickly. as it was, the outage of the platform killed trading volumes that day anyway, so once the platform re-opened the adl guarantee still held. besides, the price had recovered to previous levels by then and unrealised gains made on short positions had disappeared. historical data on the insurance fund according to the binance website here “binance has self-funded the majority of its insurance fund, which has steadily grown by % from its initial million usdt.” historical data on the insurance fund for each product are available to view but not to download. viewing these, you’ll see that the insurance fund on almost every product follows an almost linear upwards trend. for instance, the btcusdt futures insurance fund currently has usdt m, a rise of % since the beginning of this year. one insurance fund covers many products, but this is not stated anywhere on the binance website. nevertheless, the evidence seems clear, as follows. by laboriously looking into the history of each insurance fund here and comparing them product by product i find several funds have identical histories. for instance, the btcusdt fund value is currently , , . usdt and the eth usdt fund has exactly the same value – the two funds also have identical histories. similarly, dash, zec, atom and several other coins have identical historic fund values (currently about million) and xrp, eos, ltc, link, ada, and a bunch of other coins also appear to share the same fund, currently valued at about million. likewise for minor coins, these all seem to share the same fund, with current value about million. it seems that there are actually three main funds in binance’s aggregate insurance fund – the fund for btc/eth, the fund for dash/zec/atom/…, and the fund for xrp/eos/ltc/link/ada/…. on may the aggregate value of these funds was about million usdt, of which . million usdt was allocated to three largest funds as follows: insurance fund 				value on may 			value on may btc/eth: 					 , , usdt 			 , , usdt dash/zec/atom/…: 			 , , usdt 			 , , usdt xrp/eos/ltc/link/ada/…: 	 , , usdt 			 , , usdt taking the difference between the column sums, the three largest funds together fell by only . %, that is by , , usdt between and may. it is a difficult job to examine funds on several hundred different products – the exercise requires data scraping and then conversion of historical coin margined fund values into usdt at the prevailing rate. the only information i can find about the aggregate value of their fund is from binance’s press reports. for instance, back in march this report shows the btcusdt fund halved from million to million. again, on may binance accepted that million usdt of “the” insurance fund was used to mitigate adls. the btc/eth usdt fund dropped from to . million on may . after this, binance reported adding million usdt to “the fund” and the btc/eth usdt fund rose by about million. the xrp et al. fund rose by million usdt and the dash et al. fund rose by million. i assume the remaining million ( / th of the million reported) was added to the residual funds covering minor products. the allocation of the aggregate fund seems to be roughly proportional to trading volume: the btc/eth fund takes the lion’s share, and the other two funds listed above take up most of the rest. given the press reports, i assume the funds i haven’t examined on the binance website only take up about / th of the total insurance fund value. so, my best estimate of the aggregate value of the insurance fund at the time of writing is + + + = million usdt plus / th for products i haven’t examined, making a total aggregate fund value of about million usdt, compared with about million usdt on may. the purpose of the insurance fund is to pay the winning counterparties of liquidated positions. given the reported liquidations shown in figure it is, therefore, very strange that value of the insurance fund hardly ever decreases. for instance, % of open interest was liquidated on april, yet apparently the btc/eth usdt fund value grew by about million usdt (from to million usdt) between and april. open interest recall from figure that % of the pen interest (oi) on the btcusdt perpetual was liquidated on april. i haven’t downloaded the data but liquidations as a percentage of oi are likely to be similar on the other btc and eth futures. bybit provide data for oi relevant to the btc/eth insurance fund which covers all btc and eth futures. figure depicts the evolution of the open interest on btc (left) and eth (right) over the last months. the rapid growth in these products (and of all binance products) is clearly evident, as is the change in oi before and after the two major crashes, on april and may . estimations of insurance fund pay-outs to apply the formula for the insurance fund pay-out, for a given return on a certain notional, one can observe the return and one can estimate the notional using data on oi and percentage of liquidations. the value n is obtained by assuming % of oi was liquidated on all three funds on may, as we know it was on april. from table above, this gives n = . x . = . billion usdt for april and n = o, x . = . billion usdt on may. again, this is just for the btc/eth fund, whose value was , , . usdt on april and , , usdt on may. next, we need to estimate an average leverage l in our formula for insurance fund pay-outs. on july binance announced a new leverage limit of x, whereas previous it had been up to x, or even x on the inverse futures products. interestingly, x is also the average implied leverage calculated in my forthcoming paper alexander, deng and zou ( ) “liquidations of perpetuals, speculation indices and optimal hedging of bitcoin”. table reports my estimates of btc/eth insurance fund pay-outs on april and may, under different scenarios for average leverage. on april we know that about % of oi was liquidated. since no insurance pay-out was recorded, either no winning counterparties took their gains, or the leverage was very low (less than %), or the insurance fund data are inaccurate. but on may, even if we assume average leverage was only %, the btc/eth would have had to pay out million usdt, assuming that again % of oi was liquidated. the fund value on may was a little under million usdt, which is insufficient to cover a million usdt claim. even on conservative estimates, say only % of oi was liquidated on may, if the average leverage was just x on the btc/eth products, the potential claim on the fund (if the winning positions were able to close) was . million usdt, which is nearly million usdt more than the fund value. at x leverage, and with % of oi being liquidated, if the platform had not gone down the potential claim would have been . million usdt – i.e. almost ½ billion more than the fund’s value. since there are two other major funds to consider as well, we are looking at potential claims of well over billion usdt on may, if the winning counterparties to liquidated positions had been able to realise their profits. but the platform went down, so they couldn’t close their positions. toxic flow toxic flow is a term used by professional traders otc desks, hedge funds, high-frequency traders and other market makers. it refers to trade flow originating from informed traders who adversely select uninformed flow to their advantage. professional traders (like bob) are better informed than retail investors (like alice) and they don’t like trading against another informed trader (like eve). bob prefers to trade with a counterparty he has an informational advantage over – like alice, or carol, or dave or any other ordinary investor who doesn’t understand the market as well as bob does. binance has a business model that tries to attract retail trade. to protect retail investors, regulators such as the fca in the uk and many others globally have refused binance subsidiaries a license to operate. nevertheless, plenty of retail investors use binance and for this reason it has become the preferred venue for professional traders, especially those from the us. we can see this from the volume time-of-day patterns, and the patterns of volatility transmission which are greatest during the opening hours of us markets. see alexander, heck and kaeck ( ) “the role of binance in volatility transmission” for more information. the reason why professional traders like binance, is that their business model attracts little fish (alice, carol, dave…) for the big fish like bob and eve to feed off. it does this by providing all sorts of educational videos which aim to assure retail investors of the safety they have when trading on binance, translated by unpaid binance fans called ‘angels’. tether and the us bill tether's usage has been precipitated by demand from binance because it is almost impossible to transfer fiat currency on and off the exchange and tether is the obvious choice for u.s. traders. for instance, paolo ardoini, cto of tether and bitfinex, tweeted that binance ordered $ bn more tether to be [correction aug: issued, then swapped from tron to ethereum, but net grants issued to binance was $ bn] "minted specifically for binance", and the tether rich list attributes - % of tether coins to one of binance’s cold wallets the amount having fallen considerably since may when the supply of tether stopped. the time-of-day patterns in volume and volatility flows that alexander, heck and kaeck ( ) uncover, taken together with the binance fee structure (which rewards large trades), the pegging of tether to the u.s. dollar, the rapid and simultaneous growth in both tether market cap and binance traded volumes since july (which is when u.s. banks were first permitted custody of crypto assets) all point to the volatility transmission from the binance tether perpetual emanating from u.s. professional traders. binance may also be implicated in the long-standing concerns about tether's collateralization. the stable coin’s issuer, tether limited, originally claimed to hold one u.s. dollar for each token of tether. but in may , after recurring accusations of creating un-backed tokens and a prolonged investigation by the new york attorney general, tether reported that only . % of all tokens are actually backed by cash reserves and about % is in commercial paper, a form of unsecured debt that is normally only issued by firms with high-quality debt ratings. the simultaneous growth of binance and tether begs the question whether binance itself is the issuer of a large fraction of tether’s $ billion commercial paper. binance's b b platform is the main online broker for tether. suppose binance is in financial difficulties (possibly precipitated by using its own money rather than insurance funds to cover payment to counterparties of liquidated positions). then the tether it orders and gives to customers might not be paid for with dollars, or bitcoin or any other form of cash, but rather with an iou. that is, commerical paper on which it pays tether interest, until the term of the loan expires. no new tether has been issued since binance's order of $ bn [correction aug: net $ bn transfer] was made highly visible to the public on may. [correction: aug: another $ bn tether was issued on aug]. maybe this is because tether's next audit is imminent, and the auditers may one day investigate the identity of the issuers of the % (or more, now) of commercial paper it has for reserves. if it were found that the main issuer was binance (maybe followed by ftx) then the entire crypto asset market place would have been holding itself up with its own bootstraps! imagine a market where retail investors are injecting fiat currency -- in some cases, their entire wealth or their pension pots -- which is taken out of the system by professional traders and self-regulated financial intermediaries like binance and tether. to be replaced by tether, a digital asset with no real value because it is backed by worthless commercial paper. while the speculation surrounding the issuers of the commercial paper will continue as long as tether remains unwilling to undergo a reliable third-party audit, it is definite that both tether and binance require more attention from regulators during the forthcoming debates on the -page draft bill for a new digital asset market structure and investor protection act. carol alexander august many thanks to david twomey and andrew mann of coinstrats for providing the binance websocket data, making graphs, and for some very helpful comments. thanks also to dr. xi chen at sussex for drawing the matlab figure . all errors are my own. views comments post not marked as liked © carol alexander 	 	 	 	   the butter and egg man - wikipedia 	 	 	 	 	the butter and egg man 	 		from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 		 		 		 		 		jump to navigation 		jump to search 			the butter and egg man 	first edition 	written by	george s. kaufman 	date premiered	september  ,   ( - - ) 	place premiered	longacre theatre, new york city, new york, us 	original language	english 	setting	office of lehmac productions in new york city; a hotel in syracuse the butter and egg man is a play by george s. kaufman, the only play he wrote without collaborating. it was a broadway hit during the – season at the longacre theatre.[ ] adapted to film six times, it is still performed on stages today. contents 	 synopsis 	 production 	 . revivals 	 reception 	 adaptations 	 references 	 external links synopsis[edit] gregory kelly (center) in a scene from the broadway production of the butter and egg man ( ) the play's title, of course, is broadwayese of the moment—a generic name for all those gentlemen who come trustingly to gotham with bankrolls, bent upon either reckless expenditure or equally reckless investment. — from the dust jacket for the first edition of the butter and egg man (boni & liveright, )[ ] a s slang term popularized by texas guinan,[ ] a butter-and-egg man is a traveling businessman eager to spend large amounts of money in the big city[ ]—someone wealthy and unwary.[ ] a souvenir booklet for the original production of the butter and egg man devoted an entire page to the various claims of origin for the phrase.[ ] peter jones is a young man who arrives on broadway from chillicothe, ohio, hoping to invest $ , in a play and turn a profit sufficient to buy a local hotel back home. he is conned by joe lehman and jack mcclure into backing their play with a -percent stake. the play opens out-of-town in syracuse and bombs. lehman and mcclure want out, and jones buys them out, and revamps the play into a huge hit. jones then sells back to them at a huge profit after learning of claims that the play was stolen, and returns home to get his hotel.[ ] kaufman's comedy may be seen as a precursor to mel brooks' the producers.[ ] production[edit] james gleason directed the broadway production of the butter and egg man, in which his wife lucile webster (center) appeared with gregory kelly and sylvia field. promotional theatre token for the touring production of the butter and egg man ( ) gregory kelly as peter jones in the butter and egg man ( ) scene from the production of the butter and egg man at otterbein university produced by crosby gaige, the butter and egg man opened at the longacre theatre on september , , and played for performances.[ ] james gleason directed the following cast:[ ] 	gregory kelly as peter jones 	sylvia field as jane weston 	robert middlemass as joe lehman 	lucile webster as fanny lehman 	john a. butler as jack mcclure 	marion barney as mary martin 	tom fadden as a waiter 	harry neville as cecil benham 	harry stubbs as bernie sampson 	eloise stream as peggy marlowe 	puritan townsend as kitty humphries 	denman maley as oscar fritchie 	george alison as a.j. patterson when the broadway run of the play ended in april , gregory kelly starred in its national tour. kelly had a heart attack in pittsburgh in february , and the tour was abandoned.[ ] kelly was transferred to a new york city sanitarium by his wife, actress ruth gordon, but he was unable to recover and died july , , at age .[ ][ ] the london premiere of the butter and egg man took place august , , at the garrick theatre. presented by an american company, the play was performed times, closing on september , . robert middlemass reprised his broadway role as joe lehman.[ ] revivals[edit] recent stagings of the play include punch line theatre in manhattan in ,[ ] and by the off broadway atlantic theater company in .[ ][ ] reception[edit] new york critics were unanimous in their praise for the butter and egg man.[ ] in his review of the play's premiere, gilbert w. gabriel wrote in the sun that it was "the wittiest and liveliest jamboree of the behind-the-scenes ever distilled from the atmosphere of broadway."[ ] walter winchell wrote that "first nighters roared at the dialogue". "the audience nearly laughed itself to death", wrote john anderson of the new york evening post. alexander woollcott called the play "richly and continuously amusing". "if you like smart, funny, sentimental, satirical comedies, here is a chance to enjoy yourself", wrote percy hammond of the new york herald tribune.[ ] adaptations[edit] the butter and egg man has been adapted for motion pictures six times:[ ] 	it was first adapted for the screen in (with the same name), a silent film directed by richard wallace.[ ] 	the american comedy film the tenderfoot is based on the play.[ ] 	the british film hello, sweetheart is based on the play. 	the american film dance charlie dance is based on the play. 	the american film an angel from texas, which included ronald reagan in its cast, is based on the play.[ ] 	the musical film three sailors and a girl is based on the play p. g. wodehouse adapted the play for his novel, barmy in wonderland. references[edit] 	^ a b c gussow, mel (december , ). "theatre: the butter and egg man". the new york times. retrieved - - . 	^ "the butter and egg man". facsimile dust jackets llc. retrieved - - . 	^ a b bordman, gerald & thomas s. hischak. the oxford companion to american theatre, p. ( d ed. ) 	^ allen, irving lewis ( ). the city in slang: new york life and popular speech. oxford university press. p.  . isbn  - - - . 	^ "souvenir book for 'the butter and egg man'" (pdf). long island news and owl. december , . p.  . retrieved - - . 	^ "the butter and egg man ( )". george s. kaufman. retrieved - - . 	^ "the butter and egg man". internet broadway database. retrieved - - . 	^ kaufman, george s. ( ) [ ]. the butter and egg man: a play in three acts. samuel french. p.  . 	^ "gregory kelly ill; play tour ends". the new york times. february , . retrieved - - . 	^ "gregory kelly, actor, dies at ". the new york times. july , . retrieved - - . 	^ robinson, lauren (may , ). "untimely deaths of stage performers". mcny blog: new york stories. museum of the city of new york. retrieved - - . 	^ wearing, j.p. the london stage - : a calendar of productions, performers, and personnel, p. ( ) 	^ weber, bruce ( october ). george s. kaufman's jet-paced solo flight, the new york times 	^ isherwood, charles. ( oct ) review: the butter and egg man, variety 	^ a b crosby gaige introduces george s. kaufman's new comedy the butter and egg man with gregory kelly ( ). promotional brochure for the original production at the longacre theatre, new york city. 	^ gabriel, gilbert w. ( sept ). the drama's dairy godfather. kaufman's "the butter and egg man" sells a thousand laughs at our theater's expense, the sun, p. , col. 	^ goble, alan. the complete index to literary sources in film, p. ( ) (books lists six films based on the play: the butter and egg man ( ), the tenderfoot ( ), hello sweetheart ( ), dance charlie dance ( ), angel from texas ( ), and three sailors and a girl ( ) 	^ hall, mordaunt ( aug ). the screen: the worm that turned, the new york times 	^ hall, mordaunt ( may ). joe e. brown in a boisterous film conception of the stage comedy, "the butter and egg man.", the new york times 	^ crowther, bosley ( may ). an angel from texas (review), the new york times external links[edit] 		wikimedia commons has media related to the butter and egg man. 	the butter and egg man at the internet broadway database 	the butter and egg man at georgekaufman.com 		v 	t 	e george s. kaufman 	plays and musicals	 	some one in the house ( ) 	dulcy ( ) 	to the ladies ( ) 	the ' ers ( ) 	merton of the movies ( ) 	helen of troy, new york ( ) 	the deep tangled wildwood ( ) 	beggar on horseback ( ) 	be yourself ( ) 	minick ( ) 	the butter and egg man ( ) 	the cocoanuts ( ) 	the good fellow ( ) 	the royal family ( ) 	animal crackers ( ) 	june moon ( ) 	the channel road ( ) 	once in a lifetime ( ) 	the band wagon ( ) 	of thee i sing ( ) 	dinner at eight ( ) 	let 'em eat cake ( ) 	the dark tower ( ) 	merrily we roll along ( ) 	first lady ( ) 	stage door ( ) 	you can't take it with you ( ) 	i'd rather be right ( ) 	the fabulous invalid ( ) 	the american way ( ) 	the man who came to dinner ( ) 	george washington slept here ( ) 	the land is bright ( ) 	the late george apley ( ) 	seven lively arts ( ) 	hollywood pinafore ( ) 	bravo! ( ) 	the small hours ( ) 	fancy meeting you again ( ) 	the solid gold cadillac ( ) 	silk stockings ( ) 	musicals based on his plays	 	sherry! ( ) 	merrily we roll along ( ) 	films	 	someone must pay ( ) 	someone in the house ( ) 	dulcy ( ) 	to the ladies ( ) 	merton of the movies ( ) 	welcome home ( ) 	beggar on horseback ( ) 	the butter and egg man ( ) 	the cocoanuts ( ) 	not so dumb ( ) 	animal crackers ( ) 	the royal family of broadway ( ) 	june moon ( ) 	the expert ( ) 	the tenderfoot ( ) 	make me a star ( ) 	once in a lifetime ( ) 	dinner at eight ( ) 	roman scandals ( ) 	the man with two faces ( ) 	you can't take it with you ( ) 	films as a director	 	the senator was indiscreet ( ) retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=the_butter_and_egg_man&oldid= " 		categories: 	broadway plays 	 plays 	american plays adapted into films 	plays by george s. kaufman hidden categories: 	cs : julian–gregorian uncertainty 	commons category link is on wikidata 	 	 	navigation menu 	 		 	personal tools 	 	 		 			not logged in 	talk 	contributions 	create account 	log in 		 	 		 			 	namespaces 	 	 		 			article 	talk 		 	 			 	 	variants 	 	 		 		 		 	 		 		 			 	views 	 	 		 			read 	edit 	view history 		 	 			 	 	more 	 	 		 		 		 	 			 	 		 			search 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 	 	 	navigation 	 	 		 			main page 	contents 	current events 	random article 	about wikipedia 	contact us 	donate 		 	 	 	contribute 	 	 		 			help 	learn to edit 	community portal 	recent changes 	upload file 		 	 	tools 	 	 		 			what links here 	related changes 	upload file 	special pages 	permanent link 	page information 	cite this page 	wikidata item 		 	 	print/export 	 	 		 			download as pdf 	printable version 		 	 	in other projects 	 	 		 			wikimedia commons 		 	 	 	languages 	 	 		 		 		add links 	 		 this page was last edited on december , at :  (utc). 	text is available under the creative commons attribution-sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc., a non-profit organization. 		privacy policy 	about wikipedia 	disclaimers 	contact wikipedia 	mobile view 	developers 	statistics 	cookie statement 		 	 hidden collections • clir 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	staff 	presidential fellows 	join clir and dlf 	sponsors, members, and funders 	governance 	history 	clir brandmark 	career opportunities 	policies 	news 	publications & resources 	new publication opportunity 		faq 	reviewers 	blogs 		covid (re)collections 	re:thinking 	a year of clir 	reports 	clir issues 	material memory podcast 	annual report 	archives 	programs & grants 	digital library federation 	digitizing hidden collections 	postdoctoral fellowship program 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research in original sources 	initiatives & partnerships 	leading change institute 	affiliates & partnerships 	chief information officers in liberal arts colleges 	digital library of the middle east 	connect 	contact us 	get involved 	post on the job board 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	staff 	presidential fellows 	join clir and dlf 	sponsors, members, and funders 	governance 	history 	clir brandmark 	career opportunities 	policies 	news 	publications & resources 	new publication opportunity 		faq 	reviewers 	blogs 		covid (re)collections 	re:thinking 	a year of clir 	reports 	clir issues 	material memory podcast 	annual report 	archives 	programs & grants 	digital library federation 	digitizing hidden collections 	postdoctoral fellowship program 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research in original sources 	initiatives & partnerships 	leading change institute 	affiliates & partnerships 	chief information officers in liberal arts colleges 	digital library of the middle east 	connect 	contact us 	get involved 	post on the job board 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > hidden collections 		 				 				 				 			digitizing hidden special collections & archives 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 					 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			program links 		 				 				 				 							home 	apply for an award 	manage an award 	funded projects 	about the program 	meet the reviewers 	events 					 			 			menu 		 				home 	apply for an award 	manage an award 	funded projects 	about the program 	meet the reviewers 	events 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			amplifying unheard voices 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					digitizing hidden special collections and archives: amplifying unheard voices is a grant competition administered by the council on library and information resources (clir) for digitizing rare and unique content stewarded by collecting organizations in the us and canada. in , the call for applications will focus on projects that propose to digitize materials that deepen public understanding of the histories of people of color and other communities and populations whose work, experiences, and perspectives have been insufficiently recognized or unattended. these often “hidden” histories include, but are not limited to, those of black, indigenous, latinx, and other people of color; women; gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, non-binary, and other genderqueer people and communities; immigrants; displaced populations; blind, deaf, and disabled people and communities; and colonized, disenfranchised, enslaved, and incarcerated people. the program is generously supported by the andrew w. mellon foundation.  					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 							the program coheres around five 						 					 				 				 				 				 			public knowledge 		 				 				 				 								 					the program fuels the creation and dissemination of digitized special collections and archives as a public good. 					 						 				 				 				 			broad representation 		 				 				 				 								 					the program supports digitization projects that will thoughtfully capture and share the untapped stories of people, communities, and populations who are underrepresented in digital collections in ways that contribute to a more complete understanding of human history. 					 						 				 				 				 			authentic partnerships 		 				 				 				 								 					the program prioritizes projects that foreground meaningful engagement with the underserved communities whose stories the source materials tell, and that build inclusive teams across institutional and geographic boundaries. 					 						 				 				 				 			sustainable infrastructures 		 				 				 				 								 					the program promotes forward-thinking strategies ensuring the long-term availability, discoverability, and interconnectedness of digitized content. 					 						 				 				 				 			community-centered access 		 				 				 				 								 					the program advocates for approaches to access, description, and outreach that make digitized content as widely available and useful as possible within legal and ethical constraints, centering digital inclusion and respect for materials’ local contexts. 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			key dates 		 				 				 				 			 march initial application phase begins application guidelines and form become available  april initial application deadline last day to submit proposals for open application call july initial applicant notification applicants notified of advancement; final application opens for those invited november final application deadline full proposals submitted (for invited applicants only) april final applicant notification applicants notified of awards; public announcement follows 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 									 											 															 											 										 								 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn how to apply 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						get news about clir programs 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						contact program staff 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 								 					council on library and information resources north union street, suite -pmb , alexandria, va contact@clir.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					clir is an independent, nonprofit organization that forges strategies to enhance research, teaching, and learning environments in collaboration with libraries, cultural institutions, and communities of higher learning. privacy 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					sign up for news from clir. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education – project information literacy 	 	 		skip to content 		 		 			 			 				 	 	project information literacy 	 	 	 		 	 			 			 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 			what is pil? 	about 	publications 	smart talk interviews 	videos 	practical pil 	 	 	 		tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education 	 		 	 		 			 	 	 	 justin reich has been studying the effects of technology on teaching and learning for many years, and is an advocate for continually tinkering with technology to improve learning opportunities. after an early interest in wilderness education, teaching mountain rescue and first aid, he found himself exploring the wilderness of moocs, the massive open online courses that were the subject of much hype in . though moocs were widely predicted to disrupt and democratize post-secondary education, they proved to do neither. traditional forms of higher education, while costly, stubbornly continue to provide the most common path toward degrees, and those who participate in moocs most successfully tend to be already privileged, well-educated, and comfortable with technology. justin’s work as an assistant professor of comparative media studies/writing and executive director of the teaching systems lab at mit, is devoted to helping educators and those who train teachers to connect their practices to our increasingly networked world. in addition to publishing numerous peer-reviewed educational research articles and coauthoring books on using technology in the classroom, justin has written essays for a wider audience, appearing in publications such as the new yorker, the atlantic, and the washington post as well as the chronicle of higher education, inside higher ed, and education week. justin has also used a variety of tech platforms to share his knowledge. after concluding a six-year term as a blogger for education week, he launched the teachlab postcast. in the fall of he used zoom to convene a book club for readers of his new and most timely book, failure to disrupt: why technology alone can’t transform education. we caught up with justin in november , just as the affordances and limits of educational technology were coming into focus during a global pandemic. (interview posted: december , ). pil: as you put the finishing touches on failure to disrupt, the covid- pandemic drove schools to rely on technology to an extent that had never been attempted. what are two or three of the most relevant findings for this moment from your in-depth analysis of research into educational technology? is there anything that has surprised you? justin: in the history of education technology, two findings come up over and over again. first, when teachers get access to new technologies, they use them to extend existing practices. teachers almost always use technology to digitize what they were already doing in classrooms; it’s much more rare for new technologies to spark truly novel pedagogies and routines. the second key finding is that when learning technologies are used in powerful, interesting ways, they tend to disproportionately benefit the affluent. even when technologies are free, they rarely “democratize education” or close gaps between more and less affluent learners; instead, people with social, financial, and technical capital are best positioned to take advantage of new innovations. very early on in the pandemic, i predicted that we would see new “yawning gaps” between more and less affluent learners in terms of their experiences in remote learning. that has proven to be tragically true. for some reason, i was more optimistic that some schools and colleges might choose to be somewhat more ambitious in using learning technologies to rethink remote learning. for instance, i predicted that there would be some more-than-trivial adoptions of open courseware and massive open online courses in higher education. several universities pour substantial resources into creating online courses in typical classes like microeconomics and introduction to physics. i figured that many university faculty would tell their students “go take those free classes online, we’ll meet once a week to discuss, and i’ll write and grade your mid-term and final. these online providers can make better courses than what i can cobble together from my home office with two kids crawling under my feet.” as far as i can tell, that mostly has not happened. the two dominant technologies of the pandemic have been two of our oldest learning technologies. the first is the learning management system—things like canvas and google classroom—that were theorized in the s and s, commercialized in the s, and made open source in the s. the second dominant technology, when it was introduced in the s, was called video telephony; now we call it video conferencing. it lets individuals broadcast messages to groups, and allows for discussion and peer interaction in limited ways. together, these technologies allow for an approximation of teacher-led, whole-class direct instruction to happen synchronously. then, in secondary schools and colleges, teachers mostly walked away from their lecterns, sat down in front of their home office cameras, and kept teaching largely as they had been doing before the pandemic. a brief summary of primary school remote learning might be “unless parents are right there with their kids, nothing works.” in our lifetimes, we will never see a more powerful demonstration of the conservatism of educational systems. in march, i predicted that most things would stay as consistent as people could make them, but i think even i underestimated just how committed faculty, students, and other stakeholders would be to trying to maintain the traditional structures, routines, and pedagogies of schools. i don’t necessarily mean this as a criticism, that’s a more subjective judgment. but just descriptively, most educational systems did everything they could to select and use technologies that allowed them to reproduce classroom routines. pil: in your book, you point out “schools are complex places” and “the material conditions of learning environments” have a strong influence on how students learn. since last spring, we’ve had a crash course on how much material conditions, such as having a quiet place to study and internet connectivity, affect learning in a highly unequal society. recently you led a project to interview teachers about their experiences during the pandemic. what are some non-technological factors that could lead to a healthier learning environment for both students and teachers using technology—now, during an emergency, and down the road? justin: we need to raise children in well-supported families and households, and this goes far beyond the role of schools. in the wealthiest nation in the history of humanity, we should be able to make sure that every young person has a roof over their head, three square meals a day, guaranteed health care (include mental and dental health), and access to high quality schools, libraries, and cultural institutions. there is no education technology that can teach a hungry child. and we can’t ask schools to solve all of these problems alone; there have to be a variety of social institutions in municipalities and states that address these issues. one related issue is that in the century ahead, which will be defined by our shared climate emergency, schools will be regularly interrupted like they are now—by new pandemics, by extreme weather events, and by political conflict from migration, famine, and related issues. so we need to develop systems of schooling that are more resilient to interruption, and one way we can do that is through universal broadband access. pil: in failure to disrupt, you delve into factors that complicate the promises made about technology’s disruptive promise, including the persistence of the familiar and the “edtech matthew effect.” how do you define the edtech matthew effect, and how does this concept help explain who benefits most from the technological delivery of education? which of the three approaches to learning at scale that you explore in your book—instructor-guided designs (such as most moocs), algorithm-guided personalized learning, and peer-guided networked learning communities—do you think holds the most promise for reducing inequality in education? what is an example or two of how educators “tinkered” with technology in ways that are beneficial? justin: the edtech matthew effect is a variation of a phenomenon found widely in sociology, which is that many social forces lead the rich to become richer, and for the poor to have a tenuous hold on their wealth. edtech evangelists often claim that new technologies will democratize education and close these kinds of gaps, but in reality, they usually do the opposite. affluent people have more resources to make technology, even free technology, work well for them. i argue that this kind of as-yet intractable dilemma is a problem for all kinds of education technologies. it is a challenge that spans across the three genres of learning and scale technologies that i define. the evidence for the edtech matthew effect is substantial and in my view very persuasive.* evidence about possible solutions to this dilemma is much more sparse and less clear. i point to a handful of promising potential directions for a more equitable edtech. we can reduce the social distance between edtech developers and the communities who use these tools in schools. for example, we can imagine an edtech development ecosystem where tools aren’t just made by ivy league grads in silicon valley, but by much more diverse teams. we can study edtech implementation and outcomes by subgroups, so we make a habit of evaluating how new technologies affect different kinds of opportunity and achievement gaps. we can think beyond students to broader communities: if it takes a village to raise a child, then our education technology should empower everyone in the village. edtech tools shouldn’t just benefit students directly, but they should help parents, aunts, uncles, and other care providers build capacity, too. i’m not certain that these are exactly the right pathways to a more equitable future for edtech, but these are the kinds of issues that need to be much more central to the study and development of education technology. pil: two chapters of your book focus on data, both gathering it for routine assessment (which often emphasizes the skills that are most likely to fall to automation rather than the more complex skills needed for the future of work), and the “toxic power” of holding massive amounts of data and using it to conduct experiments on students. yet data can inform evidence-based practice. what is the role of students in these practices? are there ways students could be involved in evaluating the technologies they are asked to use? to what extent can they give informed consent for valuable educational research? justin: every teacher varies their instruction to improve student learners. teachers try this book instead of that book; this technique instead of that technique; this problem instead of that problem. typically they evaluate the efficacy of these alternatives through a combination of evidence and intuition, and usually these informal methods don’t do a great job of assessing with confidence which alternative is really better. social scientists have a specialized tool kit for comparing instructional approaches in ways that give us greater confidence in our evaluation of what worked better for whom under what conditions. when those studies give us insights into how to design technologies better for learning, we can instantiate new research insights directly into platforms that can incrementally, steadily improve over time. while i think this kind of systematic experimentation is great, it turns out that many parents are not so keen on the phrase “experiment with children.” there are also real problems with generating research infrastructures that collect vast amounts of data about children, and run the risk of indoctrinating them into a culture of normalized surveillance. kids are busy flirting, texting, playing video games, and punching each other, so i’m not sure that i’d sign them up to be the arbiters of their involvement in these debates. they should certainly be invited into public conversations about the appropriateness of research in education technology, but probably adults will need to do the bulk of this work. for instance, asking kids to grant consent presupposes that they will actually take the time to become informed, and all evidence suggests that very few people read the fine print that comes with education technology or research. moreover, and this gets into the weeds a little, but congress has specifically designated educational research as an area where research requirements should be relaxed relative to other domains, like medicine. we already compel children to go to school; we already compel children to do activities and take assessment; it doesn’t make a lot of sense to cordon off as optional a set of activities that systematically evaluate how we can do those things better, when every day students are subjected to unsystematic variation in instruction. these aren’t easy issues, but we need a way to use social science to continually improve instruction while simultaneously maintaining the trust of students, educators, and families by holding ourselves to high ethical standards and including all of these stakeholders in public discussions about research practices. pil: we were intrigued by your discussion of the dark side of peer learning online—the ways that social media platforms have enabled recruitment into dark and hate-filled parts of the open web. this kind of peer-guided learning is destructive and dangerous, but effective. given your long-term involvement with collaborative learning tools and your current experience teaching an edx course on sorting truth from fiction co-taught with sam wineburg, what are some ways educators could help students become information literate in a world where “research it yourself” is a mantra for conspiracy theorists? how can learning opportunities be curiosity-driven when social media is designed for increasing engagement rather than thoughtful critical appraisal? justin: sam wineburg’s work on civic online reasoning is definitely the place for teachers to start. sam studied middle schoolers, stanford freshman, and tenured and award-winning historians, and found that on average all three groups were not very effective at sorting truth from fiction online. then, he studied another group: fact-checkers at some of the leading journalism outlets in the country. these fact-checkers passed sam’s online search tests quickly and effectively, and most importantly they searched differently than everyone else. students and historians evaluated websites by “reading vertically,” they looked for clues and markers of authority from within a single web page. this perhaps isn’t surprising, it’s basically how we have taught a generation of people to evaluate quality on the web. take a long checklist of questions, subject the text on the website to those questions, and come up with an assessment of quality. factcheckers, by contrast, read “laterally.” they stayed just long enough on a page to get the name of an author or organization, then they left and searched the rest of the web for information about those authors or sponsors. in one memorable example, a factchecker had seven new tabs up about an organization in less than a minute! this technique of lateral reading is teachable, is realistic to do in most search settings, and it works. it’s the most important first step we can take towards online media literacy, and we need to help everyone in america learn this skill as soon as possible. *see p. , failure to disrupt, where justin writes: “from moocs to adaptive tutors to scratch, evidence suggests that an edtech matthew effect is quite common: that new technologies disproportionately benefit learners with financial, social, and technical capital to take advantage of new innovations.” justin reich’s teaching experience is varied, ranging from serving as a camp counselor, a search and rescue instructor with the blue ridge mountain rescue group, a wilderness medicine instructor with stonehearth open learning opportunities, and an international expedition leader with world challenge expeditions. he also taught at the shackleton school, an expedition-based school, and at the noble and greenough school, where he taught freshman world history, electives for seniors, and co-led the outdoor activities group. justin earned his doctorate from harvard graduate school of education and is an alumnus of the fellows program at the berkman klein center for internet and society. currently, he is an assistant professor in the comparative media studies department at the massachusetts institute of technology and an instructor in the scheller teacher education program. he also is the director of the mit teaching systems lab. smart talks are informal conversations with leading thinkers about new media, information-seeking behavior, and the use of technology for teaching and learning in the digital age. the interviews are an occasional series produced by project information literacy (pil). pil is an ongoing and national research study about how students find, use, and create information for academic courses and solving information problems in their everyday lives and as lifelong learners. smart talk interviews are open access and licensed by creative commons.​ suggested citation format: “justin reich: tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” (email interview) by barbara fister, project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. ( december ). this interview is licensed under a creative commons attribution-non-commercial . unported license. 	 			 		 	 		 		 		 			 					 	 		 						 pil does not track your interactions with our site. all of pil’s work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . international license. 		 		 	 		 						disclosures | contact us last updated on december , 		 		 	 	 	 			 		 		 	 		 			 	copyright © project information literacy — primer wordpress theme by godaddy 		 	 	 	 	 	 none none javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. foreign, commonwealth & development office - gov.uk skip to main content cookies on gov.uk we use some essential cookies to make this website work. we’d like to set additional cookies to understand how you use gov.uk, remember your settings and improve government services. we also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. accept additional cookies reject additional cookies view cookies you can change your cookie settings at any time. hide this message gov.uk show search search on gov.uk search gov.uk coronavirus (covid- ) guidance and support 	 home 	 organisations foreign, commonwealth & development office foreign, commonwealth & development office 	 travel advice 	 help and services around the world 	 passports 	 international development funding 	 development tracker featured foreign travel advice august — service get advice about travelling abroad, including the latest information on coronavirus, safety and security, entry requirements and travel warnings. uk steps up support to help british nationals leave afghanistan august — news story additional uk military personnel will deploy to afghanistan on a short-term basis to provide support to british nationals leaving the country, the defence secretary has announced. belarus: uk imposes significant new package of economic sanctions on belarus on anniversary of fraudulent election august — news story the uk has imposed new sanctions on belarus. mv mercer street attack: g foreign ministers' statement august — press release the g foreign ministers and the high representative of the european union condemned the unlawful attack on the mv mercer street on july . uk becomes dialogue partner of the association of southeast asian nations august — press release the uk has agreed a new partnership with the association of southeast asian nations (asean). uk begins donating millions of covid- vaccines overseas july — press release foreign secretary announces the uk will begin to deliver million covid- vaccines around the world to help tackle the pandemic. latest from the foreign, commonwealth & development office 	 botswana travel advice 	 august 	 travel advice 	 kosovo travel advice 	 august 	 travel advice 	 denmark travel advice 	 august 	 travel advice see all latest documents subscriptions 	 get emails 	 subscribe to feed subscribe to feed copy and paste this url into your feed reader what the foreign, commonwealth & development office does we pursue our national interests and project the uk as a force for good in the world. we promote the interests of british citizens, safeguard the uk’s security, defend our values, reduce poverty and tackle global challenges with our international partners. fcdo is a ministerial department, supported by agencies and public bodies. read more about what we do follow us 	 follow on all fcdo social media 	 follow on @fcdogovuk on twitter 	 follow on @fcdotravelgovuk on twitter 	 follow on fcdo on facebook 	 follow on fcdo travel on facebook 	 follow on instagram 	 follow on fcdo blog documents services 	 order a copy of a birth, death or marriage certificate 	 countries in the eu and eea see all services guidance and regulation 	 spain travel advice 	 july 	 travel advice 	 france travel advice 	 august 	 travel advice see all guidance and regulation news and communications 	 uk emergency medical team deployed to help tunisia tackle covid- crisis 	 august 	 press release 	 fourth anniversary of anoosheh ashoori's detention: foreign secretary statement 	 august 	 press release see all news and communications research and statistics 	 fcdo next generation economics competition winner announced 	 july 	 research and analysis 	 statistics on international development: final uk aid spend 	 july 	 national statistics see all research and statistics policy papers and consultations 	 blue planet fund 	 august 	 policy paper 	 adaptation action coalition: an overview 	 august 	 policy paper see all policy papers and consultations transparency and freedom of information releases 	 factsheet: the uk's humanitarian aid response to the syria crisis 	 august 	 transparency data 	 fcdo commercial pipeline: august to august 	 august 	 transparency data see all transparency and freedom of information releases our ministers the rt hon dominic raab mp 	 secretary of state for foreign, commonwealth and development affairs 	 first secretary of state the rt hon james cleverly mp 	 minister of state (minister for middle east and north africa) the rt hon lord goldsmith 	 minister of state (minister for pacific and the environment) unpaid nigel adams mp 	 minister of state (minister for asia) lord ahmad of wimbledon 	 minister of state (minister for south asia and the commonwealth) james duddridge mp 	 parliamentary under secretary of state (minister for africa) wendy morton mp 	 parliamentary under secretary of state (minister for european neighbourhood and the americas) our management sir philip barton kcmg obe permanent under-secretary sir tim barrow gcmg lvo mbe political director juliet chua director general, finance and corporate thomas drew cmg director general, middle east, north africa, afghanistan and pakistan moazzam malik director general, africa vijay rangarajan director general, americas and overseas territories jenny bates director general, indo-pacific kumar iyer director general, delivery sir iain macleod kcmg legal adviser nic hailey cmg director general, transformation baroness helena morrissey lead non-executive director john coffey non-executive director beverley tew non-executive director ann cormack mbe non-executive director professor carole mundell chief international science envoy special representatives lord ahmad of wimbledon prime minister’s special representative on preventing sexual violence in conflict the rt hon anne-marie trevelyan mp uk international champion on adaptation and resilience for the cop presidency the rt hon lord pickles united kingdom special envoy for post-holocaust issues fiona bruce mp prime minister’s special envoy for freedom of religion or belief helen grant mp prime minister’s special envoy for girls’ education nick bridge special representative for climate change nigel casey mvo special representative on afghanistan and pakistan robert fairweather obe special representative for sudan and south sudan jennifer townson migration and modern slavery envoy philip parham commonwealth envoy nick dyer special envoy for famine prevention and humanitarian affairs alicia herbert obe special envoy for gender equality contact fcdo office address king charles street london sw a ah united kingdom email fcdo.correspondence@fcdo.gov.uk general enquiries telephone due to coronavirus (covid- ) we cannot currently respond to letters sent by post within normal timescales. use email if possible. office address (east kilbride) abercrombie house eaglesham road east kilbride g ea united kingdom telephone fax use this phone number for overseas pensions enquiries or to contact a named member of staff. media enquiries email newsdesk@fcdo.gov.uk telephone contact the fcdo communication team via email (monitored hours a day) in the first instance, and we will respond as soon as possible. contact an embassy, high commission or consulate contact form: contact an embassy, high commission or consulate legalisation and apostille service foreign, commonwealth & development office po box milton keynes  mk xx united kingdom email legalisationenquiries@fcdo.gov.uk contact form: legalisation and apostille service enquiries between midday and pm, monday to friday if you need to use british documents for business or personal matters abroad. chevening scholarships contact form: chevening scholarships chevening scholarships are the uk government’s global scholarship programme, funded by the foreign, commonwealth & development office (fcdo) and partner organisations. lancaster house senior events manager stable yard st james’ london sw a bb united kingdom email lancasterhouse.enquiries@fcdo.gov.uk senior events manager travel advice contact form: travel advice view our travel advice pages for our latest information on the country you’re visiting. if you have a question about our advice or a topic that isn’t covered, contact us. internal audit investigations section head of internal audit internal audit department whitehall london sw a ej united kingdom email reportingconcerns@fcdo.gov.uk confidential hotline + ( ) the fcdo internal audit department’s fraud and safeguarding investigation team is for raising concerns, suspicions and/or allegations of fraud, sexual exploitation and abuse or other corrupt practices. your information will be treated in confidence. you do not have to provide your name, but doing so will assist us in taking forward your concerns. make an foi request 	 read about the freedom of information (foi) act and how to make a request. 	 check our previous releases to see if we’ve already answered your question. 	make a new request by contacting us using the details below. freedom of information requests information rights unit foreign, commonwealth & development office room wh . king charles street london sw a ah united kingdom email information.rights@fcdo.gov.uk reprioritisation of resources due to covid- and measures to prevent the spread of the virus continue to impact on our ability to respond to requests within the statutory deadline. our significantly reduced on-site working will mean delays to responses which require access to paper records. we aim to process requests as quickly as possible, and appreciate your patience at this time. you can also use these contact details to make a subject access request (sar). see also our personal information charter for information about your rights under the data protection act (dpa), including how to access any data we may hold about you. high profile groups within fcdo 	 preventing sexual violence in conflict initiative corporate information 	 our energy use 	 statistics at fcdo 	 research at fcdo 	 petitions and campaigns 	 complaints procedure 	 our governance jobs and contracts 	 working for fcdo 	 procurement at fcdo 	 jobs read about the types of information we routinely publish in our publication scheme. our personal information charter explains how we treat your personal information. read our policy on social media use. is this page useful? maybe 	 yes this page is useful 	 no this page is not useful thank you for your feedback report a problem with this page close help us improve gov.uk don’t include personal or financial information like your national insurance number or credit card details. what were you doing? what went wrong? send close help us improve gov.uk to help us improve gov.uk, we’d like to know more about your visit today. we’ll send you a link to a feedback form. it will take only minutes to fill in. don’t worry we won’t send you spam or share your email address with anyone. email address send me the survey coronavirus (covid- ) 	 coronavirus (covid- ): guidance and support brexit 	 check what you need to do services and information 	 benefits 	 births, deaths, marriages and care 	 business and self-employed 	 childcare and parenting 	 citizenship and living in the uk 	 crime, justice and the law 	 disabled people 	 driving and transport 	 education and learning 	 employing people 	 environment and countryside 	 housing and local services 	 money and tax 	 passports, travel and living abroad 	 visas and immigration 	 working, jobs and pensions departments and policy 	 how government works 	 departments 	 worldwide 	 services 	 guidance and regulation 	 news and communications 	 research and statistics 	 policy papers and consultations 	 transparency and freedom of information releases support links 	 help 	 privacy 	 cookies 	 accessibility statement 	 contact 	 terms and conditions 	 rhestr o wasanaethau cymraeg 	 government digital service all content is available under the open government licence v . , except where otherwise stated © crown copyright bloomberg - are you a robot? bloomberg need help? contact us we've detected unusual activity from your computer network to continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot. why did this happen? please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review our terms of service and cookie policy. need help? for inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference id below. block reference id: dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 it takes a village in practice - it takes a village - lyrasis wiki 	skip to content 	skip to breadcrumbs 	skip to header menu 	skip to action menu 	skip to quick search linked applicationsloading... lyrasis wiki	 spaces 	 people 	 	 hit enter to search 	 help 	 online help 	 keyboard shortcuts 	 feed builder 	 what’s new 	 available gadgets 	 about confluence 	 	 	 	 log in 	 		 			 it takes a village 	blog page tree browse pages configurespace tools 			 		 	 	 attachments ( ) 	 page history 	 people who can view 	 page information 	 resolved comments 	 view in hierarchy 	 view source 	 export to pdf 	 export to word 	 export to pdf 	 copy page tree 	 pages 	 it takes a village home skip to end of banner 	 	jira links 	 go to start of banner it takes a village in practice skip to end of metadata 	 created by megan forbes, last modified by laurie gemmill arp on oct , go to start of metadata itav in practice overview in , imls funded a second phase of it takes a village work, itav in practice, which will create and pilot an adaptable set of tools for practical use in planning and managing sustainability for open source software (oss) initiatives serving cultural and scientific heritage organizations. the project will strengthen the ability of libraries, archives, and museums to sustain community supported oss programs, which are critical to managing and growing local and national digital infrastructures. nb: the tools we will develop for itav in practice are not software tools, but things like templates, checklists, discussion guides, etc., that will help projects develop plans for long-term sustainability. itav in practice activities workshops: for each of the four sustainability facets in the itav model (governance, technology, resources, and community engagement), program staff will host a practitioner workshop, with invitees representing different oss programs and stakeholder perspectives relevant to the chosen facet. the core goal of the workshops is to map the itav guidebook content with participant expertise into a practical set of exercises and tools that can be used by any oss program working on sustainability planning. tools and resources tested by the itav team over the past year will be provided for review and feedback, additional tools and resources will be identified, and input will be sought to create new resources to address gaps. the workshops will be held in november (governance), february (technology), may (resources), and august (community engagement). toolbox development: following the workshops, program staff will work to adapt, build, or improve tools identified during the meeting. this process is expected to take - months through an iterative process of research, writing, design, review, and editing. in addition to creating specific tools and connecting to existing, useful resources, program staff will design the contextual framework for each facet (e.g., definitions, phase descriptions, etc.) and content to guide users in their interaction with the tools. beta testing: when the draft version of the facet toolbox is ready, two or more oss programs will review, test, and provide feedback to program staff. "official" best testers submitted an expression of interest to program staff and will submit feedback via a survey instrument and a : phone call with program staff. other interested programs are welcome to test the draft toolkit materials and submit feedback via the survey instrument. pilot testing: once the beta version of all four facets of itav in practice is complete, two additional oss programs will pilot the entire set of tools in consultation with program staff. results of the pilot testing and other community feedback will be incorporated into the final toolkit design. release and evaluation: the final version of the toolbox will be released in august . program staff will introduce the toolbox to the community through a series of webinars and conference presentations. a final evaluation will take place from november through january . itav in practice outputs toolbox: the core output of itav in practice is an adaptable set of tools (e.g. templates, checklists, exercises, discussion guides) for practical use in planning and managing sustainability for open source software (oss) initiatives serving cultural and scientific heritage organizations. the toolbox will be freely available via the it takes a village wiki. itav in practice: workshop attendee resources itav in practice: beta tester resources itav in practice: pilot tester resources 	 		 	 no labels 		 overview content tools all content on the lyrasis wiki is licensed under the cc by (attribution) license, unless otherwise noted. powered by a free atlassian confluence open source project license granted to fedora commons. evaluate confluence today. 	powered by atlassian confluence . . 	printed by atlassian confluence . . 	report a bug 	atlassian news atlassian {"serverduration": , "requestcorrelationid": "a d e acdc"} javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. + conversation pictures | download free images on unsplash unsplashphotos for everyone 	brands 	explore 	blog 	 submit a photo loginjoin free 	photos  	collections  . k 	users  any orientation any color sort by relevance conversation talking meeting therapy business talk discussion interview communication group conversation friends feedback conversations chat coffee images talk lying sad love sad couple people images & pictures uni two people talking business office seek advice albania durrës building hd grey wallpapers table mug student learning working hd neon wallpapers counselling psychotherapy talking counseling learn hd blue wallpapers spain barcelona ––– –––– – – –––– ––– –––– –– –––– ––––. – –– –– –––– ––– –– –– –––– ––– –– ––– – – – –– –– – – –––– – – –– –– –– – ––– – –– ––– –– –––– – –– ––– –––– – – – – –– –– ––– –––– –––– ––– work stem woman ux designer it engineer entrepreneur meeting happy teacher working woman discussion website backgrounds dealing with negativity couple silhouette tree images & pictures women images & pictures computer class questioning friend fun park young student neworking sunlight hd sky wallpapers sunset images & pictures tech diversity web designer women of colour related collections the conversation photos · curated by vinita srivastava conversation photos · curated by rachel shirk conversation cards photos · curated by keith sobus chat coffee images talk it engineer entrepreneur albania durrës building hd grey wallpapers table mug friend fun park talking counseling learn work stem woman ux designer people images & pictures uni two people talking business office seek advice couple silhouette tree images & pictures women images & pictures computer class questioning hd neon wallpapers counselling psychotherapy sunlight hd sky wallpapers sunset images & pictures hd blue wallpapers spain barcelona ––– –––– – – –––– ––– –––– –– –––– ––––. – –– –– –––– ––– –– –– –––– ––– –– ––– – – – –– –– – – –––– – – –– –– –– – ––– – –– ––– –– –––– – –– ––– –––– – – – – –– –– ––– –––– –––– ––– lying sad love sad couple meeting happy teacher working woman discussion website backgrounds dealing with negativity student learning working young student neworking related collections the conversation photos · curated by vinita srivastava conversation photos · curated by rachel shirk conversation cards photos · curated by keith sobus tech diversity web designer women of colour priscilla du preez download chat coffee images talk christina @ wocintechchat.com download work stem woman ux designer ––– –––– – – –––– ––– –––– –– –––– ––––. – –– –– –––– ––– –– –– –––– ––– –– ––– – – – –– –– – – –––– – – –– –– –– – ––– – –– ––– –– –––– – –– ––– –––– – – – – –– –– ––– –––– –––– ––– etienne boulanger download lying sad love sad couple christina @ wocintechchat.com download it engineer entrepreneur brooke cagle download people images & pictures uni two people talking amy hirschi download meeting happy teacher working woman linkedin sales solutions download business office seek advice charles deluvio download discussion website backgrounds dealing with negativity juri gianfrancesco download albania durrës building harli marten download couple silhouette tree images & pictures cody engel download hd grey wallpapers table mug mimi thian download women images & pictures computer class questioning jeshoots.com download student learning working bewakoof.com official download friend fun park jason leung download hd neon wallpapers counselling psychotherapy jessica da rosa download young student neworking priscilla du preez download talking counseling learn aarón blanco tejedor download sunlight hd sky wallpapers sunset images & pictures korney violin download hd blue wallpapers spain barcelona christina @ wocintechchat.com download tech diversity web designer women of colour make something awesome migrate to fedora - fedora .x documentation - lyrasis wiki 	skip to content 	skip to breadcrumbs 	skip to header menu 	skip to action menu 	skip to quick search linked applicationsloading... lyrasis wiki	 spaces 	 people 	 	 hit enter to search 	 help 	 online help 	 keyboard shortcuts 	 feed builder 	 what’s new 	 available gadgets 	 about confluence 	 	 	 	 log in 	 		 			 fedora .x documentation page tree browse pages configurespace tools 			 		 bleeding edge this documentation covers bleeding-edge updates to the .x version of fedora. looking for another version? see all documentation. 	 	 attachments ( ) 	 page history 	 people who can view 	 page information 	 resolved comments 	 view in hierarchy 	 view source 	 export to pdf 	 export to word 	 export to pdf 	 copy page tree 	 pages 	 fedora .x documentation 	 guides skip to end of banner 	 	jira links 	 go to start of banner migrate to fedora skip to end of metadata 	 created by danny bernstein, last modified by david wilcox on jul , go to start of metadata we are currently supporting migration to fedora from fedora , . . and . . .  this document describes the migration process for each of these pathways. the fedora → migration path overview this migration path relies on the migration-utils tool. the migration-utils tool can migrate either exported foxml (in archive or migration format), or directly migrate the fedora data stored on-disk.  we recommend the direct fedora filesystem migration. the migration-utils tool will not make any changes to your fedora repository  – it only reads data from fedora .  you will need to make sure that you have sufficient storage space available in the target fedora (ocfl) directory, as the migration will effectively create a copy of your fedora repository in the fedora format which conforms to the oxford common file layout (ocfl) specification.  once your fedora repository has been migrated to fedora , you may start up an instance of fedora on top of the newly created ocfl directory tree.  as fedora starts up it will automatically rebuild internal indices by scanning the ocfl tree.  this index initialization can take a few seconds or several hours depending on the size of your repository. note that the fedora migration utility will not migrate the following fedora features: 	disseminators (disseminator datastreams will be migrated, but they will no longer function in fedora ) 	redirect (r) and external (e) datastream content (urls will be copied) 	solr index 	resource index 	xacml policies (objects with policy datastreams attached will be migrated, but they will no longer control access in fedora ) prerequisites 	a host machine with filesystem access to both the fedora disk storage (or exported foxml files) and the target ocfl disk storage. the target allocated disk space should be roughly the size of your fedora repository occupied disk space.	note: ocfl repositories typically contain many small files, so the allocation block size of your filesystem can make a difference. we recommend using relatively small allocation block sizes if possible to avoid excess bloat in your migrated content. 	java installed on the host machine. 	knowledge of the fedora filesystem layout (legacy or akubra), if migrating directly from fedora data on disk. 	familiarity with the command line:  examining files and directories, running commands, redirecting output of commands to files, the grep utility, etc. running 	download the latest version of the  migration-utils utility 	follow the instructions in the migration-utils readme 	start up fedora on top of your newly created fedora ocfl-compliant repository using the -dfcrepo.home configuration property. the migration-utils tool is a java command-line tool.  make sure you run the utility with java . hints and warnings 	we recommend that you shut down fedora repository or put it into read-only mode, if you plan on migrating directly from fedora data on disk, to avoid issues of changes occurring while data is being written. 	when performing a sizable migration, run the utility in a screen or tmux session that you can detach from.  try not to shut down or reboot the host while the tool is running. 	if the --working-dir isn't specified, the utility will use the current directory as the working directory, so an index directory and pid directory would be created in the current directory.	an index of the datastreams will automatically be created in <working_dir>/index, and then that index will be reused for future runs of the utility. if you need to update the index, or don't want it to be used for a new run of the utility, delete <working_dir>/index and the index will be re-created. 	if the migration is interrupted, you can pick up where the migration left off by relaunching the tool with the --resume flag (keeping all the other parameters the same). 	redirect the output of the utility to a log file that you can analyze at your leisure during and after the migration.  example: redirect to log file java -jar migration-utils- . . -driver.jar \ --source-type=legacy \ --target-dir=my-fcrepo- -home \ --objects-dir=my-fcrepo- /objects \ --datastreams-dir=my-fcrepo- /datastreams > log.txt >& 	errors:  the migration tool may encounter problems copying some objects or datastreams.  the tool by default will halt at the first error;  if you wish to migrate as much as possible then go back and address errors, run the tool with the --continue-on-error flag.  objects or datastreams with errors will not be written to the ocfl repository;  they will be skipped, and the next object in the list will be processed. objects that could not be migrated will provoke a stack dump in the log, marked with the string error.  they can be extracted from the log at a later date and fixed, then migrated individually. example: grep error $ grep error log.txt error : : . (migrator) migration_failure: pid="test:badpid ", message="unable to resolve internal id "test:badpid +myds+myds. "!" error : : . (migrator) migration_failure: pid="test:badpid ", message="unable to resolve internal id "test:badpid +myds+myds. "!" error : : . (migrator) migration_failure: pid="test:badpid ", message="unable to resolve internal id "test:badpid +myds+myds. "!" ... 	warning:  the migration utility is not idempotent!  this means that if you run the utility twice over the same content to the same target, you will see an exception when the utility tries to create an object that already exists.  for the purposes of testing, delete or move out of the way previous migration attempts before running a new migration. however, you can migrate new objects to an already-existing ocfl repository, which means you can plan your migration in stages, if you desire.  note that you will need to rebuild your fedora index after the new additions. 	when adding new or fixed objects to the ocfl repository, make sure to regenerate a fresh datastream index. 	as many files are created per object and per datastream version, make sure to allocate enough inodes on your system to allow for all the files (note:  this should only be necessary for extremely large repositories, more than million objects, for example). 	see fedora to migration community updates for examples of medium- and large-scale migrations performed with the migrations tool, with benchmark data and detailed notes.	note: if migration speed is an issue, you can speed up the migration by disabled checksum validation in the migration-utils using the --no-checksum-validation flag. checksums can then be verified using the fcrepo-migration-validator as described below. 	warning: the migration can be run in multiple batches, by passing in a file containing a list of pids to migrate for each run. if you do this, make sure to remove pid/resume.txt once each batch is complete. also, note that the utility still iterates over all the foxml files in your repository for each run, so you may notice some pauses where the utility is still running, but not logging anything. example migration workflow select pids or so from your fedora repository, and migrate just those objects to an ocfl repository.  start up fedora on the sample ocfl tree, and examine.  you may also look at the contents of the ocfl repository on the filesystem – the structure and contents are easily visible to the naked eye.  use the sample run to determine the disk space required, and time needed to migrate your whole repository. full migration: 	shut down  your fedora repository or put it in offline mode. 	for a partial migration, create a file with a list of pids to be migrated (one pid per line).  you may create several pid list files, one for each batch of objects to migrate.  you can migrate just those objects in the file with the tool's --pid-file parameter. 	run the migration utility, redirecting the output to a log file.  run it with the --continue-on-error flag. 	after the migration has finished, look for objects with errors in the log file.  fix them, if possible, and create a new pid file with just the pids of the fixed objects. 	delete the datastream index directory, and re-run the migration utility, using the pid file with the fixed pids. 	repeat steps and until all objects in the pid batch are successfully migrated (or dropped from migration). 	if running partial migrations in batches, repeat the above steps with the next batch of pids. once you are satisfied with the migration, start up fedora on top of your new ocfl repository. migration-utils command line see the migration-utils readme for the different options that can be passed in. validating the results the results of a migration can be validated against the source fedora .x content using the fcrepo-migration-validator. this tool is capable of performing a number of validations and producing a report. follow these steps to run the tool and produce a report: 	download the latest version of fcrepo-migration-validator 	follow the instructions in the readme to configure and run the tool 	review the report (available as html or tsv) a sample migration from → step : run  fcrepo-migration-utils java -jar migration-utils-<latest-version>-driver.jar \ --source-type=legacy \ --limit= \ --target-dir=my-fcrepo- -home \ --working-dir=<tmp working dir> \ --objects-dir=<path to objects dir> \ --datastreams-dir=<path to datastreams dir> step : validate the results java -jar fcrepo-migration-validator-<latest-version>-driver.jar \ --source-type=legacy \ --results-dir=results \ --exported-dir=my-fcrepo- -home \ --ocfl-root-dir=my-fcrepo- -home/data/ocfl-root \   --objects-dir=<path to objects dir> \ --datastreams-dir=<path to datastreams dir> \ --checksum step : start up fedora java -dfcrepo.home=my-fcrepo- -home -jar fcrepo-webapp-<latest fedora version>-jetty-console.jar --headless the fedora →  migration path the fedora → migration path assumes your source repository is version . . . if you are running an earlier version of fedora .x please see the upgrade notes for the steps to upgrade to version . . . overview migrating from fedora → is slightly more complicated than the →   path. in a nutshell , you will need to do the following: 	export your fedora . . repository to disk using the . . release of the fedora import exporttool 	upgrade your fedora . . export to a fedora . . export using the latest release of fedora upgrade utility 	upgrade the fedora . . export to fedora compliant ocfl using the same utility except this time using the output of the previous step as the input for this task and adjusting the source and target parameters accordingly. 	start up your fedora pointing to the newly created ocfl in the previous step. a sample migration from → step : export from . .   make sure that your fedora . . instance is running.  also be sure that you are using the . . version of the import export tool. then run the following command (swapping in appropriate local values): java -jar fcrepo-import-export- . . .jar -b \ --dir my- . . -export \ --user fedoraadmin:fedoraadmin \ --mode export \ --resource http://localhost: /rest \ --binaries \ --versions step : upgrade exported . . to . . export using latest version of fcrepo-upgrade-utils: java -jar fcrepo-upgrade-utils-<latest version>.jar \ --input-dir my- . . -export \ --output-dir my- . . -export \ --source-version . . \ --target-version + step : upgrade . . export to  fedora compliant ocfl # create your destination directory for the upgrade mkdir -p my-fcrepo- -home java -jar fcrepo-upgrade-utils-<latest-version>.jar \ --input-dir my- . . -export \ --output-dir my-fcrepo- -home \ --source-version + \ --target-version + \ --base-uri http://localhost: /rest step : start up fedora java -dfcrepo.home=my-fcrepo- -home -jar fcrepo-webapp--<latest fedora version>-jetty-console.jar --headless the fedora →  migration path overview for migrating from fedora . . you will follow a similar process to the previous section, however note that you will use a different version of the import export tool to export your f repository and you will perform only one upgrade. in other words, here are the steps: 	export your fedora . . repository to disk using the latest version of the fedora import export tool. 	upgrade the fedora . . export to fedora compliant ocfl using the latest release of the  fedora upgrade utility 	start up your fedora pointing to the newly created ocfl in the previous step. below you will find a sample recipes for this migration path. a sample migration from → step : export from . . make sure that your fedora instance is running.  also be sure that you are using the latest version of the import export tool. then run the following command: java -jar fcrepo-import-export- . . .jar -b \ --dir my- . . -export \ --user fedoraadmin:fedoraadmin \ --mode export \ --repositoryroot http://localhost: /rest \ --resource http://localhost: /rest \ --binaries \ --versions step : upgrade . . export to  fedora compliant ocfl using latest version of fcrepo-upgrade-utils: java -jar fcrepo-upgrade-utils-<latest-version>.jar \ --input-dir my- . . -export \ --output-dir my-fcrepo- -home \ --source-version + \ --target-version + \ --base-uri http://localhost: /rest step : fire up fedora java -dfcrepo.home=my-fcrepo- -home -jar fcrepo-webapp-<latest fedora version>-jetty-console.jar --headless faqs why isn't fedora showing my migrated data? the very first time fedora starts it initializes the database and indexes any resources on disk. on subsequent starts these steps are not executed. if you started fedora once and either your migrated content was not in place or there was some other configuration problem that needed addressed, then fedora initialized to an empty state and it will not see your content until it has been instructed to reindex all of the resources in the repository. you can force fedora to reindex your content on startup by starting it with the following argument: -dfcrepo.rebuild.on.start=true 	 		 	 no labels 		 overview content tools all content on the lyrasis wiki is licensed under the cc by (attribution) license, unless otherwise noted. powered by a free atlassian confluence open source project license granted to fedora commons. evaluate confluence today. 	powered by atlassian confluence . . 	printed by atlassian confluence . . 	report a bug 	atlassian news atlassian {"serverduration": , "requestcorrelationid": " e e "} arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > blog and news > arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 						 													 							posted 										august , 					 								 	 													 							by 										kussmann					 								 	 													 							in 										 				ndsa, news				 					 								 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s qirab project (http://thesaurus-islamicus.org/index.htm). translations for the levels of digital preservation matrix and implementation guide were completed. links to these documents are found on the levels of digital preservation osf site (https://osf.io/qgz /). if you would be interested in translating the levels of digital preservation v . into another language please contact us at ndsa.digipres@gmail.com. الترجمات العربيَّة لمستويات الحفظ لعام والوثائق المرتبطة بها يسرُّ الاتحاد الوطني للإشراف الرقمي أن يُعلنَ عن صدور ترجمة باللغة العربيَّة لوثائق مستويات الحفظ الرقمي لعام ، نفَّذها زملاؤنا من مشروع «قِرَاب» التابع لجمعية المكنز الإسلامي. (http://thesaurus-islamicus.org)   وقد اكتملت التَّرجمات الخاصة بمصفوفة ودليل تنفيذ مستويات الحفظ الرقمي. علمًا أنه يمكن الوصولُ إلى تلك الوثائق من خلال مستويات الحفظ الرقمي لعام في الموقع الإلكتروني الخاص بمؤسسة أوبن ساينس فريم ورك (osf). (https://osf.io/qgz ) وفي حالة اهتمامكم بترجمة الإصدار الثاني من مستويات الحفظ الرقمي إلى لغةٍ أخرى، يُرجى التواصلُ معنا عبر عنوان البريد الإلكتروني التالي: ndsa.digipres@gmail.com 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			did you enjoy this post? please share! 		 				 				 				 					 								 						 															 								 								share on facebook 							 																						 																			 										facebook									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on twitter 							 																						 																			 										twitter									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on linkedin 							 																						 																			 										linkedin									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on pinterest 							 																						 																			 										pinterest									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on reddit 							 																						 																			 										reddit									 																	 													 					 						 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			related posts 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 				prevpreviouscall for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee			 							 					 				 						 				nextdlf digest: august next			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 _franklin.dvi int. j. security and networks, vol. , nos. / , a survey of key evolving cryptosystems matt franklin department of computer science, university of california, davis, ca, usa e-mail: franklin@cs.ucdavis.edu abstract: this paper presents a survey of key evolving cryptosystems in the public key setting, focusing on two main approaches: ‘forward security’ and ‘intrusion resilience’. the essential feature of this design strategy is that the secret key changes over time, while the corresponding public key remains unchanged. key evolving cryptosystems can limit the damage caused by an attacker who occasionally learns your secret key. keywords: public key cryptography; key evolution; forward security; intrusion resilience. reference to this paper should be made as follows: franklin, m. ( ) ‘a survey of key evolving cryptosystems’, int. j. security and networks, vol. , nos. / , pp. – . biographical notes: matt franklin is a professor in the computer science department at the university of california, davis. he has published widely on many aspects of cryptography and security. he received a phd in computer science from columbia university in . introduction the security of cryptosystems depends on keeping secret keys secret, but this is quite hard to achieve in the real world. attackers have a wide range of methods for learning a secret key, including brute-force search, cryptanalysis, system penetration, side channel attacks and social engineering. in recent years, cryptographic researchers have considered how to design cryptosystems that anticipate the likelihood of key exposure. the idea is to try to limit the damage that can result even when a determined attacker learns your secrets from time to time. this paper presents a survey of one important design strategy of this type: key evolving cryptosystems in the public key setting. the essential feature of this design strategy is that the secret key changes over time, while the corresponding public key remains unchanged. note that this is somewhat similar to the behaviour of a proactive threshold cryptosystem (herzberg et al., ; ostrovsky and yung, ), although without splitting the functionality of the secret key among multiple parties (desmedt and frankel, ). the emphasis in this survey is on two approaches to key evolving cryptosystems in the public key setting: ‘forward secure’ and ‘intrusion resilient’ cryptosystems. we begin with a discussion of forward secure cryptosystems, treating both forward secure digital signature and forward secure public key encryption schemes. then, we describe intrusion resilient cryptosystems, focusing on intrusion resilient public key encryption, and then touching briefly on constructions for intrusion resilient digital signatures. the final section gives some conclusions and further pointers to the literature. forward security in the public key setting in this section, we survey forward secure cryptosystems in the public key setting. this approach emerged from suggestions of back ( ) and anderson ( ), with the first formalisation by bellare and miner ( ). we begin with a discussion of forward secure digital signature schemes, followed by a treatment of forward secure public key encryption. . forward secure signatures a forward secure signature scheme is a public key signature scheme where the signing key changes over time. there is an initial signing key for the first time period. at the end of each time period, an efficient ‘key update’ function computes the new signing key for the next time period, and erases the old signing key. the verification function takes four inputs: the message, the signature, the public key and the time period. the signing function takes four inputs: the message, the public key, the time period and the signing key for the time period (see figure ). figure forward secure signature secret key update bob pk valid? signature alice bob m, time = t ( m, sig, time = t ) copyright © inderscience enterprises ltd. a survey of key evolving cryptosystems the security guarantee is that exposure of the signing key for any time period does not enable forged signatures for earlier time periods. this is the best that is possible, because from any signing key, an attacker can compute the signing keys for all future time periods. there are many constructions for forward secure signatures in the cryptographic literature, including bellare and miner ( ), abdalla and reyzin ( ), itkis and reyzin ( ), malkin et al. ( ) and kozlov and reyzin ( ). see cronin et al. ( ) for some interesting efficiency comparisons of various forward secure signature schemes. the relation of forward secure signatures to other kinds of key evolving signature primitives is explored by malkin et al. ( ). here, we sketch two basic constructions of malkin et al. ( ). let t denote the maximum allowable number of time periods in a forward secure signature scheme. note that any ordinary public key signature scheme can be viewed as a forward secure signature with t = (by erasing the signing key at the end of the single time period). . . sum composition let � and � be forward secure signature schemes with maximum allowable number of time periods t and t respectively. the sum composition (denoted � ⊕ � ) has maximum allowable number of time periods t = t + t . intuitively, � is used to sign messages for the first t time periods, and � is used to sign messages for the last t time periods. we begin with a simplified variant. the public key consists of the public keys of both � and � . the secret key starts with the secret keys for the first time period of both � and � . at the end of time period i, where i < t , the � signing key is updated to time period i + . at the end of time period t , the � signing key is completely erased. at the end of time period t + i, where i < t , the � signing key is updated to time period i + . to verify a signature from time period i, where i ≤ t , use the public key for � with time period i. to verify a signature from time period t + i, where i ≤ t , use the public key for � with time period i. the actual sum composition includes some efficiency improvements. firstly, the public key actually consists of just the hash of the public keys of � and � . then each signature during any time period includes the public keys for both � and � , and these are checked against the public hash as part of the verification procedure. the other efficiency improvement reduces the overall size of the secret key. let r be the random seed that is used by the key generation algorithm of � to generate the public key and signing key for � . then the secret key for � ⊕� starts with the following four values: the secret key of � for its first time period, the random seed r and the public keys for both � and � . at the end of time period t , the secret key of � for its first time period is recomputed from the seed r (and the secret key for � is deleted). the sum composition can be iterated. for example, suppose that � and � are ordinary signature schemes. then t = t = , and the ‘level one’ composed scheme has maximum allowable number of time periods t = . if both � and � are level one sum compositions, then their ‘level two’ sum composition has maximum allowable number of time periods t = . . . product composition let � and � be forward secure signature schemes with maximum allowable number of time periods t and t , respectively. the product composition (denoted � ⊗� ) has maximum allowable number of time periods t = t × t . intuitively, there is a unique instance of � for signing messages ‘within’ each time period of t . each time period of � is now called an ‘epoch’ because it actually lasts for t time periods. let (i, j ) denote the j th time period of the ith epoch. the public key of � ⊗ � is the public key of � . a signature of a message in time period (i, j ) contains the following values: the message signed with the j th secret key of the ith instance of � , and the public key of the ith instance of � signed with the ith secret key of � . the secret key in time period (i, j ) contains the ith secret key of � , the public key for the ith instance of � , the j th secret key for the ith instance of � and a random seed for generating future public keys and private keys of � . the verification and update algorithms are omitted. . . mmm construction a hybrid variant of the sum and product compositions yields a particularly efficient forward secure signature scheme with essentially no restriction on the maximum allowable number of time periods. see malkin et al. ( ) for details. . forward secure encryption forward secure encryption (fse) is a public key encryption scheme where the secret key changes over time. there is an initial secret key for the first time period. at the end of each time period, an efficient ‘key update’ function computes the new secret key for the next time period, and erases the old secret key. the encryption function takes three inputs: the message, the public key and the time period. the decryption function takes four inputs: the ciphertext, the public key, the time period and the secret key for the current time period (figure ). figure forward secure encryption secret key update alice bob ( c, time = t ) m, pk , time = t bob m the security guarantee is that exposure of the secret key for any time period does not compromise any ciphertexts that were encrypted for earlier time periods. this is the best that is possible. once the attacker knows one secret key, m. franklin he/she could perform the same efficient key update function to compute the secret keys for all future time periods. in this section, we describe a construction for forward secure encryption due to canetti et al. ( ). we begin by giving a brief discussion of bilinear pairings for cryptography followed by a description of a building block called ‘binary tree encryption’. . . bilinear pairings for cryptography let g and g be two groups of order q for some large prime q. it is standard to view g as an additive group and g as a multiplicative group. let ê be a function (or ‘map’) from g × g to g . we say that ê is ‘bilinear’ if ê(ap , bq) = ê(p , q)ab for all p , q ∈ g and all integers a, b. the bilinear diffie-hellman (bdh) assumption is as follows. let a, b, c be chosen randomly from [ , . . . , q − ], and let p be chosen randomly from g . given (p , ap , bp , cp ), it is hard to compute ê(p , p )abc. actually, the bdh assumption is a conjecture about hardness as the size of the problem increases. to state the assumption more formally, we define a ‘bdh parameter generator’. this is an efficient randomised algorithm that takes as input a ‘security parameter’ k, and outputs descriptions of groups g and g of prime order q > k , together with the description of an efficiently computable bilinear map ê : g × g → g . now, let a be any randomised algorithm for solving bdh problem instances with respect to any g , g , ê that might be output by the bdh parameter generator. the bdh assumption says that if the running time of a is polynomial in k, then the probability of success for a is asymptotically negligible (i.e. less than /kλ for all constant λ when k is sufficiently large). here, the probability of success for a is over the random choices of the bdh parameter generator, the random choice of p and the random choice of a, b, c. a number of candidate constructions for bdh parameter generators have been proposed that are conjectured to satisfy the bdh assumption. in these constructions, the group g may be a special kind of elliptic curve or algebraic variety, and the bilinear mapping may be the modified ‘weil pairing’ or ‘tate pairing’. see boneh and franklin ( ) for a discussion of some of these constructions. further details about the underlying mathematics will not be needed for this survey. . . binary tree encryption let t be a full binary tree of depth �. let each node in the tree be labelled by a bitstring as follows. the root is labelled with the empty string �. the left child of the root is labelled by and the right child of the root is labelled by . the four nodes at depth have labels , , , (from left to right). in general, if a node is labelled with bitstring w, then its left child has label w and its right child has label w . note that all of the nodes at depth t in the tree are labelled with bitstrings of length t . there is a single public encryption key pk for the tree. there is a secret decryption key for each node of the tree. let skw denote the secret key of the node with label w. the functionality of binary tree encryption and decryption is as follows (see figure ): • encryption takes three inputs: some message m, some node label w and the public key pk. it returns a ciphertext c. • decryption takes three inputs: some ciphertext c, some node label w and the secret key skw. it returns the original message m (assuming that the same node label was used for encryption). figure binary tree encryption w w sk w sk w sk w derive ( ) = ( , ) sk w = secret key for node w pk = public key for full binary tree w in addition, there is an efficient ‘key derivation’ algorithm with the following functionality. it takes as input the public key pk, some node with label w, and the secret key skw. it outputs secret keys skw and skw for the nodes with labels w and w . the existence of an efficient key derivation algorithm implies that any ciphertext for the node labelled by w can be decrypted, given the secret key for any ancestor of the node in the tree. intuitively, the security guarantee for binary tree encryption is that no other ciphertexts are compromised by the exposure of the secret key for any node in the tree (see canetti et al. ( ) for details and variants of the security model). for simplicity, the specification of binary tree encryption does not explicitly mention key generation. . . . construction: here is one construction for binary tree encryption, due to canetti et al. ( ) and based on earlier constructions for identity-based encryption (boneh and franklin, ; gentry and silverberg, ). let ê, g , g be a hard instance of the bdh problem, where g and g are groups of order q for some large prime q. let p be a random element of g . let q = ap , where a is some random integer in [ , . . . , q − ]. let h be a hash function from bitstrings of length at most � to g . let h be a hash function from g to bitstrings of length n, where n is the length of the messages to be encrypted. let � be the depth of the binary tree. the public key for the binary tree will consist of q, �, p , q and descriptions of ê, g , g , h , h . let w = w , w , . . . , wt be the label of a node at depth t in the tree. the secret key skw will consist of t + elements of g . these t + elements will be denoted (rw| , rw| , . . . , rw|t− , rw, sw), where w|i denotes the first i bits of w. for example, the root has secret key sk� = (s� ), the left child of the root has secret key sk = (r , s ) and a survey of key evolving cryptosystems the right child of the left child of the root has secret key sk = (r , r , s ). here is a description of the key derivation algorithm, given the secret key skw for some node with label w. choose random integers ρw and ρw in [ , . . . , q − ]. let rw = ρw p and rw = ρw p . let sw = sw + ρw h (w ) and sw = sw + ρw h (w ). then the secret key for the left child is skw = (rw| , rw| , . . . , rw|t− , rw, rw , sw ) and for the right child is skw = (rw| , rw| , . . . , rw|t− , rw, rw , sw ). the root key sk� can be computed as ah (�). consider encryption under the public key pk of some n-bit message m for some node with label w at depth t in the tree. the ciphertext always consists of t + items that can be viewed as the message exclusive-or’ed with a random one-time pad, together with t + ‘hints’ to help the decryptor recover the pad. the encryptor chooses a random γ ← [ , . . . , q − ] and computes (γ p , γ h (w ), γ h (w w ), . . . , γ h (w), m ⊕ h (ê(q, h (�)) γ )). in the special case of encryption for the root, the ciphertext includes just one hint γ p . to decrypt ciphertext c = (u , u , . . . , ut , v ) for the node with label w and secret key skw, proceed as follows. the decryptor uses the ‘hints’ to recover the random one-time pad. let num = ê(u , sw). let denom = ∏t i= ê(rw|i , ui ). then d = h (num/denom) is the random one-time pad used by the encryptor. that is, m = v ⊕ d. in the special of decryption for the root, denom = and d = num. to recap: • binary tree public key: (q, g , g , ê, p , q = αp , h , h ), for random α ←[ , . . . , q − ]. • binary tree root secret key: αh (�). • binary tree key derivation: choose random ρw , ρw ←[ , . . . q − ], and then – skw = (rw| , rw| , . . . , rw|t− , rw, rw = ρw p , sw = sw + ρw h (w )). – skw = (rw| , rw| , . . . , rw|t− , rw, rw = ρw p , sw = sw + ρw h (w )). • binary tree encrypt of m for node w: (γ p , γ h (w ), γ h (w w ), . . . , γ h (w), m ⊕ h (ê(q, h (�))γ )). • binary tree decrypt of (u , u , . . . , ut , v ) for node w: v ⊕ (h (ê(u , sw)/( ∏t i= ê(rw|i , ui ). the correctness of this construction relies on the bilinearity of the mapping ê. to see that decryption is successful, note that the decryptor reconstructs the same random one-time pad as the encryptor: num = ê(u , sw) = ê ( γ p , αh (�) + t∑ i= ρw|i h (w|i) ) = ê(p , h (�))αγ ( t∏ i= ê(p , h (w|i))γρw|i ) denom = t∏ i= ê(rw|i , ui ) = t∏ i= ê(ρw|i p , γ h (w|i)) = t∏ i= ê(p , h (w|i))γρw|i thus, num/denom = ê(p , h (�))αγ as needed. the security of this binary tree encryption scheme can be strengthened by using a variant of the fujisaki–okamoto transform (fujisaki and okamoto, ); see canetti et al. ( ) for details. a recent improved construction for binary tree encryption is due to boneh et al. ( ). . . fse from binary tree encryption the chk construction for fse is built from binary tree encryption as follows. let t be a complete binary tree of depth �. then t has � + − nodes. let the nodes be labelled with bitstrings as described earlier, and assume that we are given a binary tree encryption scheme for t . each node of t will correspond to a unique time period, according to a ‘preorder traversal’of t . a preorder traversal is the order in which nodes are first visited in a depth-first search of the tree. for convenience, the time periods are numbered from to n − , where n = �+ − . the public encryption key for the fse scheme is the public key of the underlying binary tree encryption scheme. to encrypt a message during the ith time period in the fse scheme, encrypt the message in the underlying binary tree encryption scheme with respect to the ith node in the preorder traversal of the tree. the secret decryption key for the fse scheme is a subset of secret decryption keys for the binary tree encryption scheme. the subset changes for each time period. the crucial invariant that must be maintained is that the key derivation algorithm for the binary tree encryption scheme, when applied repeatedly to the keys in the subset, should yield keys for the nodes corresponding to all time periods greater than or equal to i, but not for any time periods less than i. the efficient key update function for the fse scheme is a simple stack-based algorithm that maintains this invariant. the secret keys in the subset will be organised as a stack. during time period i, the secret key at the top of the stack will always be skw, where the node with label w is the ith node visited in the preorder traversal of the tree t . initially, the stack contains only sk� . here are the details of the fse construction: • construct a binary tree encryption scheme for a complete binary tree t of depth �, with public key pk, secret key skw for node with label w, key derivation algorithm der(pk, w, skw), encryption algorithm enc(pk, w, m) and decryption algorithm dec(pk, w, skw, c). • fse public key: pk (binary tree public key). • fse initial secret key: sk� (binary tree root secret key). • fse encrypt message m in time period i: enc(pk, w, m), where the node with label w is the ith node visited in the preorder traversal of the tree t . m. franklin • fse decrypt ciphertext c in time period i: dec(pk, w, skw, c), where the node with label w is the ith node visited in the preorder traversal of the tree t . • fse key update at end of time period i: pop the top key off of the stack. this is skw, where the node with label w is the ith node visited in the preorder traversal of the tree t . if w is not a leaf, then run the key derivation algorithm to compute skw and skw , and push them onto the stack in reverse order (first push skw and then push skw ). . . . example suppose that the complete binary tree t has depth . a preorder traversal of t would visit its nodes in this order: �, , , , , , , , , , , , , , . the node labelled by � (root) corresponds to time period , the node labelled by corresponds to time period , the node labelled by corresponds to time period and so forth. during time period , the subset of keys consists of just sk� . at the end of time period , pop sk� off the stack, derive sk , sk and push them onto the stack in reverse order. during time period , the subset of keys consists of sk , sk organised as a stack (in this order from top to bottom). at the end of time period , pop sk off the stack, derive sk , sk , and push them onto the stack in reverse order. during time period , the subset of keys consists of sk , sk , sk , organised as a stack (in this order from top to bottom). at the end of time period , pop sk off the stack, derive sk , sk and push them onto the stack in reverse order. during time period , the subset of keys consists of sk , sk , sk , sk organised as a stack (in this order from top to bottom). at the end of time period , pop sk from the stack and do nothing else, because this corresponds to a leaf in the tree. during time period , the subset of keys consists of sk , sk , sk . note that the secret key for the current time period is always at the top of the stack. also note that the keys in the stack for the current time period can be used to derive all future keys but no past keys. here is an alternative description of the stack of secret keys during the time period i, i ≥ . let w be the label of the ith node visited in the preorder traversal of the tree. then skw is at the top of the stack. let w = w , . . . , wt be the binary expansion of w, where t is the depth of the node in the tree. then the rest of the stack consists of keys of the form skw ,...,wj− , where ≤ j ≤ t and wj = . these are sorted by the size of j , with the smallest j on the bottom of the stack. the security of the fse scheme is closely related to the security of the underlying binary tree encryption scheme. in particular, it can be shown to resist a very strong chosen ciphertext attack when the underlying binary tree encryption scheme has been strengthened with the fujisaki–okamoto transformation. the proof of security is in the random oracle model, and under the bdh assumption. remarkably, canetti et al. show that the random oracle model can be avoided here. that is, protection against a very strong chosen ciphertext attack can be proved for a different fse construction under the related ‘decisional bilinear diffie-hellman assumption’. see canetti et al. ( ) for details. intrusion resilience in the public key setting in this section, we survey intrusion resilient cryptosystems in the public key setting. we begin with intrusion resilient public key encryption, and then discuss intrusion resilient signature schemes. the notion of intrusion resilience – an elaboration of forward security in the public key setting – was first formulated by itkis and reyzin ( ), building on ideas for ‘key-insulated’ cryposystems due to dodis et al. ( , ). the architecture for key-insulated cryptosystems is similar to that of intrusion resilient cryptosystems, but without incorporating forward security (and in fact allowing a kind of ‘random access’ of the secret keys). . intrusion resilient encryption intrusion resilient encryption (ire) (dodis et al., ) is an extension of the functionality of forward secure encryption. there are two entities, called the ‘user’ and the ‘base’. there is a single public encryption key that does not change over time. the user has a secret decryption key that changes over time. the base also has secret information that changes over time. in addition, there is a flow of secret messages in one direction only, from the base to the user. thus, the evolution of the user’s secrets is influenced by the secret messages sent to it by the base (see figure ). figure intrusion resilient encryption m, pk , time = t bob bob bob’s base state secret t .iskalice m ( c, time = t ) update/refresh there are actually two levels of granularity of time in an ire scheme. at the upper level, time is divided into periods just as in forward secure encryption. these periods are numbered , , , . . . , n − . at the lower level, each time period is divided into an arbitrary number of ‘refresh sub-periods’. the sub-periods of time period i are numbered i , i , . . . , ir. the value of r may be different for each time period, and is not determined beforehand. for convenience, the first sub-period of each period i is numbered i . only the upper level time granularity is visible to the outside user. anyone who encrypts a message using the public key only needs to know the current time period, and not the current refresh sub-period. the lower level time granularity reflects the frequency with which the user and base re-randomise their secret information. the user’s secret key may be different in every refresh sub-period of a survey of key evolving cryptosystems period i. nevertheless, all of these refreshed versions of the user’s secret key will be able to decrypt a message that was encrypted during period i. the power of the lower level time granularity is that it imposes an extra restriction on an attacker. the attacker learns nothing useful unless he/she compromises the user and the base in the same refresh sub-period. the size of the refresh sub-period can be made very small to make the attacker’s task difficult, while the upper level time granularity can be more leisurely to simplify the encryption process for outside users. the security guarantees are very strong. if the secrets of the user and the base are compromised in the same refresh sub-period, then the system ensures ‘forward security’. that is, the attacker gains the ability to decrypt all future ciphertexts, while all past ciphertexts remain unreadable. if the secrets of the user are compromised in any period, then of course the attacker gains the ability to decrypt all ciphertexts for that period. otherwise, the user and base may be compromised repeatedly by the attacker over time with no loss of security whatsoever (see figure ). in particular, note that the adversary gains no advantage when the secrets of the base only are compromised in any time period. figure intrusion resilience security first simultaneous break−in between refreshes past secure bob’s base future insecure bob . . functional specification of ire an ire scheme has the following components: • an efficient encryption algorithm (enc) that takes as input a public key pk, a time period i and a message m. the output is the ciphertext (i, c). • an efficient decryption algorithm (dec) that takes as input the public key pk, the current secret key skir and the ciphertext (i, c). the output is the original message m. that is, decryption (during any refresh sub-period of time period i) inverts encryption (during time period i) in the standard way. • an efficient base key update algorithm (updbase), that takes as input the current base key skbir . the output is a new base key skbi+ . for the next time period, and a key update message skui to be sent to the user. • an efficient user key update algorithm (upduser), that takes as input the current user key skuir and a key update message skui sent from the base. the output is a new user key ski+ . for the next time period. • an efficient base key refresh algorithm (refbase), that takes as input the current base key skbir . the output is a new base key skbir+ (for the next refresh sub-period of the current time period) and a key refresh message skrir to be sent to the user. • an efficient user key refresh algorithm (refuser), that takes as input the current user key skir and a key refresh message skrir from the base. the output is a new user key ski.r+ (for the next refresh sub-period of the current time interval). for simplicity, the functional specification does not explicitly include the key generation algorithm. . . construction for ire the construction for ire is closely related to the earlier construction for forward-secure encryption. the ire construction is also built on top of a binary tree encryption scheme. essentially the same binary tree encryption scheme is used, although a small optimisation is made in the key derivation algorithm. in the ire construction, only the leaves of the binary tree correspond to the time periods. thus, a complete binary tree of depth � can support n = � time periods. the time interval t corresponds to the leaf whose �-bit label is a binary representation of t . the �-bit binary representation of t is denoted < t >= t , . . . , t�. for notational convenience, we sometimes view < t > as the string t , t , . . . , t� where t = � (the empty string). during any time period t , the user has the binary tree secret key for the leaf with label < t >. this will be sufficient for the user to decrypt all of the ciphertexts for that time period. let ρ(t) = {t , t , . . . , tj− : tj = }. (for example, when � = , ρ( ) = { , , }.) the user and base will share the binary tree secret keys for all of the nodes whose labels are in ρ(t). this set consists of all right siblings of the nodes on the path from the root to the leaf with the appropriate label. notice that every leaf whose label is larger than t is contained in the subtree rooted at some node whose label is in ρ(t). during each time period t , the user holds shares of all keys for nodes whose labels are in ρ(t), along with the secret key for the leaf with label < t >. the base holds the corresponding shares of all keys for nodes whose labels are in ρ(t), but the base holds no information about the secret key for the leaf with label < t >. the user’s information is sufficient to decrypt all messages for time period < t >, but insufficient to execute a key update by itself. the base’s information is insufficient to decrypt messages for time period < t > by itself, and insufficient to execute a key update by itself. together, however, the base and the user have sufficient information to perform a key update. in fact, the key update procedure only needs a single message from the base to the user. the key refresh procedure is also done with a single message from the base to the user (dodis et al., ). m. franklin . intrusion resilient signatures the notion of ‘intrusion resilient signature’is analogous to the notion of ire described in the preceding section. there are again two entities: user and base. the user’ secret signing key changes over time, and the corresponding public verification key does not change. the base’s secret information changes over time. the flow of secret messages, and the evolution of the user’s secrets, is the same as with ire. figure can be simply changed to capture the desired functionality, as follows: flip the arrow from m to bob (input to bob’s signing algorithm), flip the arrow from bob to alice and change c to sig (output of bob’s signing algorithm) and add an arrow leading out of alice (‘yes/no’ output of alice’s signature verification algorithm). the two levels of granularity of time are the same as with ire, and figure illustrates this with no changes needed. the security guarantees are similarly strong. forward security for the signature scheme is preserved if user and base are compromised in the same refresh sub-period. otherwise, the attacker only gains the ability to sign for those specific time periods during which he/she successfully compromises the user. the first construction of an intrusion resilient signature scheme (itkis and reyzin, ) is based on a forward secure signature scheme by the same authors (itkis and reyzin, ). its security is based on a variant of the strong rsa assumption (for rsa moduli restricted to products of safe primes), with a proof of security in the random oracle model. the algorithms for signing and verifying are quite efficient. a generic construction for intrusion resilient signature schemes is given by itkis ( ). it can be built from any ordinary signature scheme. this scheme is proved secure with respect to a somewhat stronger notion of security than (itkis and reyzin, ), that is, to withstand a ‘fully adaptive’ adversary. intuitively, a fully adaptive adversary can defer each attack decision within a single round until the last possible moment. conclusion and further pointers to the literature in conclusion, we have surveyed key evolving cryptosystems in the public key setting. our focus has been on two approaches that can be applied to both public key encryption and digital signature schemes: forward security and intrusion resilience. there are other key evolving cryptosystems in the public key setting that are of interest. for example, ‘tamper evident’ signature schemes (itkis, ) are similar to forward secure signature schemes, but the secret signing key evolves in a truly unpredictable way (using a source of real randomness as one of the inputs). a public ‘divergence test’indicates whether or not two signatures were created with signing keys from the same evolutionary path. as long as the true signer continues to sign messages honestly after the key exposure, the existence of a forging attacker can be detected (although it is not possible to tell which are the forgeries and which are the honest signatures). some researchers have considered key evolving cryptosystems where the public key is allowed to evolve (naccache et al., ; itkis and xie, ). this can protect against key exposure that is coercive, for example, if an attacker demands your secret key at some point in time. the recent survey by itkis ( ) is recommended for other key evolving cryptographic constructs, applications and insights. acknowledgements the author would like to thank nsf and the packard foundation for their support of his research; the students of ecs at uc davis for helping to debug the lecture notes from which this survey was drawn; dimitri defigueiredo for drawing the figures; and jonathan katz and moti yung for many helpful comments. references abdalla, m. and reyzin, l. ( ) ‘a new forward-secure digital signature scheme’, advances in cryptology – asiacrypt , lncs , springer, pp. – . anderson, r. ( ) invited lecture at fourth acm confecence. computer and communication security, . revised version in ‘two remarks on public key cryptology’, technical report ucam-cl-tr- , university of cambridge, december . back, a. ( ) ‘non-interactive forward secrecy’, cypherpunks mailing list / / . bellare, m. and miner, s. ( ) ‘a forward-secure digital signature scheme’, advances in cryptology – crypto ’ , lncs , springer, pp. – . boneh, d., boyen, x. and goh, e. ( ) ‘hierarchical identity based encryption with constant size ciphertext’, advances in cryptology – eurocrypt , lncs , springer, pp. – . boneh, d. and franklin, m. ( ) ‘identity-based encryption from the weil pairing’, siam jounal of computing, vol. , no. , pp. – . canetti, r., halevi, s. and katz, j. ( ) ‘a forward-secure public-key encryption scheme’, advances in cryptology – eurocrypt , lncs , springer, pp. – , full version to appear in the journal of cryptology. cronin, e., jamin, s., malkin, t. and mcdaniel, p. ( ) ‘on the performance, feasibility, and use of forward-secure signatures’, acm conference computer and communication security, acm press, pp. – . desmedt, y. and frankel, y. ( ) ‘threshold cryptosystems’, advances in cryptology – crypto ’ , lncs , springer, pp. – . dodis, y., katz, j., xu, s. andyung, m. ( ) ‘key-insulated public key cryptosystems’, advances in cryptology – eurocrypt , lncs , springer, pp. – . dodis, y., katz, j., xu, s. andyung, m. ( ) ‘strong key-insulated signature schemes’, public key cryptography – pkc , lncs , springer, pp. – . dodis, y., franklin, m., katz, j., miyaji, a. and yung, m. ( ) ‘intrusion-resilient public-key encryption’, proceedings of rsa conference – cryptographer’s track, lncs , springer, pp. – . a survey of key evolving cryptosystems fujisaki, e. and okamoto, t. ( ) ‘secure integration of asymmetric and symmetric encryption schemes’, advances in cryptology - crypto ’ , lncs , springer, pp. – . gentry, c. and silverberg, a. ( ) ‘hierarchical id-based cryptography’, advances in cryptology asiacrypt , lncs , springer, pp. – . herzberg, a., jakobsson, m., jarecki, s., krawczyk, h. and yung, m.( ) ‘proactive public key and signature systems’, fourth acm conference computer and communication security, acm press, pp. – . itkis, g. ( ) ‘intrusion-resilient signatures: generic constructions, or defeating strong adversary with minimal assumptions’, conference security in communication networks (scn ’ , lncs ), springer, pp. – . itkis, g. ( ) ‘cryptographic tamper evidence’,‘tenth acm conference computer and communication security, acm press, pp. – . itkis, g. ( ) ‘forward security – adaptive cryptography: time evolution’, handbook of information security, vol. , chapter , h. bidgoli (ed). wiley publishers. itkis, g. and reyzin, l. ( ) ‘forward-secure signatures with optimal signing and verifying’, advances in cryptology – crypto , lncs , springer, pp. – . itkis, g. and reyzin, l. ( ) ‘sibir: intrusion-resilient signatures, or towards obsoletion of certificate revocation’, advances in cryptology – crypto ’ , lncs , springer, pp. – . itkis, g. and xie, p. ( ) ‘generalized key-evolving signature schemes or how to foil an armed adversary’, conference. applied cryptography and network security, lncs , springer, pp. – . kozlov, a. and reyzin, l. ( ) ‘forward-secure signatures with fast key update’, security in communication networks, third international conference, lncns , springer, pp. – . krawczyk, h. ( ) ‘simple forward-secure signatures from any signature scheme’, proceedings of the seventh acm conference computer and communication security, acm press, pp. – . malkin, t., micciancio, d. and miner, s. ( ) ‘efficient generic forward-secure signatures with an unbounded number of time periods’, advances in cryptology eurocrypt ’ , lncs , springer, pp. – . malkin, t., obana, s. and yung, m. ( ) ‘the hierarchy of key evolving signatures and a characterization of proxy signatures’, advances in cryptology eurocrypt , lncs , springer, pp. – . naccache, d., pointcheval, d. and tymen, c. ( ) ‘monotone signatures’, financial cryptography, lncs , springer, pp. – . ostrovsky, r. and yung, m. ( ) ‘how to withstand mobile virus attacks’, proceedings of the tenth acm symposium on principles of distributed computing, acm press, pp. – . cryptocurrency exchange binance banned by uk regulator skip navigation markets	pre-markets 	u.s. markets 	currencies 	cryptocurrency 	futures & commodities 	bonds 	funds & etfs business	economy 	finance 	health & science 	media 	real estate 	energy 	climate 	transportation 	industrials 	retail 	wealth 	life 	small business investing	invest in you 	personal finance 	fintech 	financial advisors 	trading nation 	options action 	etf street 	buffett archive 	earnings 	trader talk tech	cybersecurity 	enterprise 	internet 	media 	mobile 	social media 	venture capital 	tech guide politics	white house 	policy 	defense 	congress 	finding solutions cnbc tv	live tv 	live audio 	business day shows 	the news with shepard smith 	entertainment shows 	full episodes 	latest video 	top video 	ceo interviews 	cnbc documentaries 	cnbc podcasts 	cnbc world 	digital originals 	live tv schedule watchlist pro	pro news 	pro live 	subscribe 	sign in menu 	make it 	usa 	intl 	watchlive search quotes, news & videossign in markets	pre-markets 	u.s. markets 	currencies 	cryptocurrency 	futures & commodities 	bonds 	funds & etfs business	economy 	finance 	health & science 	media 	real estate 	energy 	climate 	transportation 	industrials 	retail 	wealth 	life 	small business investing	invest in you 	personal finance 	fintech 	financial advisors 	trading nation 	options action 	etf street 	buffett archive 	earnings 	trader talk tech	cybersecurity 	enterprise 	internet 	media 	mobile 	social media 	venture capital 	tech guide politics	white house 	policy 	defense 	congress 	finding solutions cnbc tv	live tv 	live audio 	business day shows 	the news with shepard smith 	entertainment shows 	full episodes 	latest video 	top video 	ceo interviews 	cnbc documentaries 	cnbc podcasts 	cnbc world 	digital originals 	live tv schedule watchlist pro	pro news 	pro live 	subscribe 	sign in menu techbinance, the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange, gets banned by uk regulator published mon, jun : am edtupdated mon, jun : pm edt ryan browne@ryan_browne_ shareshare article via facebookshare article via twittershare article via linkedinshare article via email key points 	britain's financial conduct authority said that binance markets limited "is not permitted to undertake any regulated activity in the u.k." 	from june , binance must notify u.k. users of the fca's restrictions in a prominent place on its website and apps. 	it's the latest sign of a growing crackdown on the cryptocurrency market from regulators around the world. in this article 	btc.cm= changpeng zhao, ceo of binance, speaks during a tv interview in tokyo, japan, on thursday, jan. , . akio kon | bloomberg | getty images london – cryptocurrency exchange binance has been banned from operating in the u.k. by the country's markets regulator, in the latest sign of a growing crackdown on the crypto market around the world. britain's financial conduct authority said saturday that binance markets limited, the u.k. division of binance, "is not permitted to undertake any regulated activity in the u.k." from june , the company — which already offers brits crypto trading through its website — must add a notice in a prominent place in its website and apps showing u.k. users the following text: binance markets limited is not permitted to undertake any regulated activity in the u.k. due to the imposition of requirements by the fca, binance markets limited is not currently permitted to undertake any regulated activities without the prior written consent of the fca. (no other entity in the binance group holds any form of u.k. authorisation, registration or license to conduct regulated activity in the u.k.). binance, the world's largest crypto exchange by trading volumes, was set to launch its own digital asset marketplace in britain. however, it was one of several crypto firms that withdrew applications to register with the fca due to not meeting anti-money laundering requirements. "binance markets limited withdrew their mld application on may following intensive engagement from the fca," a spokesperson for the fca told cnbc. "the action taken today on binance markets limited has been in train for some time." video : : bitcoin has the ability to resist regulatory risk, according to coin metrics co-founder techcheck the fca spokesperson clarified that the scope of the ban was limited. though binance markets limited is banned from offering regulated services in britain, non-registered firms can still interact with u.k. consumers. that means binance could still offer brits crypto trading through its website. a binance spokesperson told cnbc: "the fca u.k. notice has no direct impact on the services provided on binance.com ... our relationship with our users has not changed." "we take a collaborative approach in working with regulators and we take our compliance obligations very seriously," the spokesperson added. "we are actively keeping abreast of changing policies, rules and laws in this new space." "the fca has stated that binance is not permitted to conduct regulated activities in the u.k.," laith khalaf, financial analyst at aj bell, said via email. "providing access to cryptocurrencies itself is not a regulated activity, but offering derivatives is, which is presumably the activity the fca is clamping down on." the fca isn't the only regulator clamping down on the crypto industry. japan's financial services agency warned last week that binance was operating in the country without its permission. meanwhile, china has stepped up efforts to stamp out crypto speculation, ordering digital currency miners to cease operations in a number of regions and urging banks and payment firms not to offer crypto-related services. increased regulatory scrutiny has weighed on the nascent crypto market. bitcoin had a solid start to the year, rallying to an all-time high of almost $ , in april. but it's since almost halved in value, trading at $ , as of monday morning. "this isn't a step change in regulation which is going to knock the crypto craze on the head, but it is part of a growing trend of regulatory intervention in crypto markets," khalaf said, referring to the fca's restrictions on binance. "the idea that policy makers are simply going to allow a decentralised shadow payments system to emerge without any regulatory oversight is fantastical, and if the use of cryptoassets becomes more widespread, we can expect beefed-up regulation to follow suit." tv watch livewatch in the app up next | etlisten 	subscribe to cnbc pro 	licensing & reprints 	cnbc councils 	supply chain values 	cnbc on peacock 	advertise with us 	join the cnbc panel 	digital products 	news releases 	closed captioning 	corrections 	about cnbc 	internships 	site map 	podcasts 	ad choices 	careers 	help 	contact 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 news tips got a confidential news tip? we want to hear from you. get in touch cnbc newsletters sign up for free newsletters and get more cnbc delivered to your inbox sign up nowget this delivered to your inbox, and more info about our products and services.  privacy policy|do not sell my personal information|ca notice|terms of service © cnbc llc. all rights reserved. a division of nbcuniversal data is a real-time snapshot *data is delayed at least minutes. global business and financial news, stock quotes, and market data and analysis. market data terms of use and disclaimers data also provided by 	.st {fill:#ffffff;} 	.st {fill:# fa ;} 	.st {fill:#c a;} 	.st {fill:# cf;} 	.st {fill:#f f ;} 	.st {fill:# db b;} 	.st {fill:#fcb ;} 	 		 			 				 				 					 					 					 					 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 	.st {fill:#ffffff;} 	.st {fill:# fa ;} 	.st {fill:#c a;} 	.st {fill:# cf;} 	.st {fill:#f f ;} 	.st {fill:# db b;} 	.st {fill:#fcb ;} 	 		 			 				 				 					 					 					 					 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 .cls- {fill:none;}.cls- {fill:#fff;} refinitiv_h_tm_w none bitcoin mining difficulty drops after hashrate collapse in china skip navigation markets	pre-markets 	u.s. markets 	currencies 	cryptocurrency 	futures & commodities 	bonds 	funds & etfs business	economy 	finance 	health & science 	media 	real estate 	energy 	climate 	transportation 	industrials 	retail 	wealth 	life 	small business investing	invest in you 	personal finance 	fintech 	financial advisors 	trading nation 	options action 	etf street 	buffett archive 	earnings 	trader talk tech	cybersecurity 	enterprise 	internet 	media 	mobile 	social media 	venture capital 	tech guide politics	white house 	policy 	defense 	congress 	finding solutions cnbc tv	live tv 	live audio 	business day shows 	the news with shepard smith 	entertainment shows 	full episodes 	latest video 	top video 	ceo interviews 	cnbc documentaries 	cnbc podcasts 	cnbc world 	digital originals 	live tv schedule watchlist pro	pro news 	pro live 	subscribe 	sign in menu 	make it 	usa 	intl 	watchlive search quotes, news & videossign in markets	pre-markets 	u.s. markets 	currencies 	cryptocurrency 	futures & commodities 	bonds 	funds & etfs business	economy 	finance 	health & science 	media 	real estate 	energy 	climate 	transportation 	industrials 	retail 	wealth 	life 	small business investing	invest in you 	personal finance 	fintech 	financial advisors 	trading nation 	options action 	etf street 	buffett archive 	earnings 	trader talk tech	cybersecurity 	enterprise 	internet 	media 	mobile 	social media 	venture capital 	tech guide politics	white house 	policy 	defense 	congress 	finding solutions cnbc tv	live tv 	live audio 	business day shows 	the news with shepard smith 	entertainment shows 	full episodes 	latest video 	top video 	ceo interviews 	cnbc documentaries 	cnbc podcasts 	cnbc world 	digital originals 	live tv schedule watchlist pro	pro news 	pro live 	subscribe 	sign in menu techbitcoin mining is now easier and more profitable as algorithm adjusts after china crackdown published sat, jul : am edtupdated sat, jul : am edt mackenzie sigalos@kenziesigalos shareshare article via facebookshare article via twittershare article via linkedinshare article via email key points 	more than % of bitcoin's hashrate, which is the collective computing power of miners worldwide, has dropped off the network since its market peak in may. 	the bitcoin code has re-calibrated to make it % less difficult to mine. 	miners who are still plugged into the network stand to make greater profits while most of the network's miners remains offline. a bitcoin mine near kongyuxiang, sichuan, china on august , . paul ratje | the washington post | getty images it just became a whole lot easier and much more profitable to mine for bitcoin. the world has known for months that more than half the world's bitcoin miners would be going dark as china cracked down on mining. now that it's happened, the bitcoin algorithm has adjusted accordingly to make sure miner productivity doesn't continue to fall off a cliff.  that adjustment – which took effect early saturday morning – also means that way more cash is going to the bitcoin miners who remain online. "this will be a revenue party for miners," said bitcoin mining engineer brandon arvanaghi. "they suddenly own a meaningfully larger piece of the pie, meaning they earn more bitcoin every day." mining made easier a bitcoin miner runs a program on a computer to try to solve a puzzle before anyone else does. solving that puzzle is what completes a block, a process that both creates new bitcoin and updates the digital ledger keeping track of all bitcoin transactions.  china had long been the epicenter of bitcoin miners, with past estimates indicating that % to % of the world's bitcoin mining happened there, but a government-led crackdown has effectively banished the country's crypto miners.  "for the first time in the bitcoin network's history, we have a complete shutdown of mining in a targeted geographic region that affected more than % of the network," said darin feinstein, founder of blockcap and core scientific.  more than % of the hashrate – the collective computing power of miners worldwide – has dropped off the network since its market peak in may. fewer people mining means that fewer blocks are solved each day. typically, it takes about minutes to complete a block, but feinstein told cnbc the bitcoin network has slowed down to - to -minute block times. this is precisely why bitcoin re-calibrates every blocks, or about every two weeks, resetting how tough it is for miners to mine. on saturday, the bitcoin code automatically made it about % less difficult to mine – a historically unprecedented drop for the network – thereby restoring block times back to the optimal -minute window.  the bitcoin algorithm is programmed to handle an increase or decrease in mining machines, according to mike colyer, ceo of digital currency company foundry. "it is a self-regulating market that does not require any outside committee to determine what to do. this is a very powerful concept," he said. video : : why does bitcoin use so much energy? cnbc explains fewer competitors and less difficulty means that any miner with a machine plugged in is going to see a significant increase in profitability and more predictable revenue. "all bitcoin miners share in the same economics and are mining on the same network, so miners both public and private will see the uplift in revenue," said kevin zhang, former chief mining officer at greenridge generation, the first major u.s. power plant to begin mining behind-the-meter at a large scale.  assuming fixed power costs, zhang estimates revenues of $ per day for those using the latest-generation bitmain miner, versus $ per day prior to the change. longer-term, although miner income can fluctuate with the price of the coin, zhang also noted that mining revenues have dropped only % from the bitcoin price peak in april, whereas the coin's price has dropped about %. read more about cryptocurrencies from cnbc pro major analysts are talking about coinbase’s second-quarter earnings. here’s what they said fundstrat says bitcoin is headed to $ , by year-end as a trading rule kicks in the world’s second-biggest cryptocurrency is rallying more than bitcoin "we are expecting a period of much higher mining profitability for compass mining clients," said whit gibbs, ceo and founder of compass, a bitcoin mining service provider. "we expect miners to be approximately % more profitable." blockcap's feinstein agrees. "we are expecting a revenue and profit increase for the foreseeable future.  this was an unexpected gift to the network, not just on revenues but on decentralization and sustainable energy metrics." although the difficulty drop benefits all miners, those using new-generation equipment stand to benefit the most. feinstein tells cnbc that most of the gear in china that was turned off was old-generation equipment, which is inefficient and runs on much smaller profit margins.   six-month surge it is hard to predict how long the hashrate deficit will last. barbour said that it is totally possible that beijing could simply reverse their policy, and this could only be a short-term interruption.  if not, most mining crypto experts agree that it will take anywhere from six to months for all of that idle and displaced mining hardware to migrate. "it's going to take a long time for the surplus to find a home," said barbour.  gibbs thinks miners should see heightened revenue for at least the rest of . "every day the chinese miners are searching globally for places to turn their machines back on. there is very limited space at the moment," said colyer. part of the problem, according to feinstein, is that even before china cut off mining, there was already a lack of infrastructure to house the new-generation miners being deployed monthly by beijing-based manufacturer bitmain. now that the market is flooded with an over-supply of used mining rigs, it is tough to say how fast countries will be able to absorb the influx of gear.  "some mining companies have had everything built and were just waiting for these asics to plug in, which would only take a couple days," explained arvanaghi. "others may need to build containers, extend warehouses, or increase their power capacity. we won't see the hashrate reach what it used to be overnight, but we'll see it tick back up over the next few months," he continued. of all the possible destinations for this equipment, the u.s. appears to be especially well-positioned to absorb this stray hashrate. cnbc is told that major u.s. mining operators are already signing deals to patriate some of these homeless bitmain miners.  u.s. bitcoin mining is booming, and has venture capital flowing to it, so they are poised to take advantage of the miner migration, arvanaghi told cnbc.  "many u.s. bitcoin miners that were funded when bitcoin's price started rising in november and december of means that they were already building out their power capacity when the china mining ban took hold," he said. "it's great timing." but barbour believes that much smaller players in the residential u.s. also stand a chance at capturing these excess miners.  "i think this is a signal that in the future, bitcoin mining will be more distributed by necessity," said barbour. "less mega-mines like the + megawatt ones we see in texas and more small mines on small commercial and eventually residential spaces. it's much harder for a politician to shut down a mine in someone's garage." video : : bitcoin miners look to us cities amid chinese crackdown cryptocurrency tv watch livewatch in the app up next | etlisten 	subscribe to cnbc pro 	licensing & reprints 	cnbc councils 	supply chain values 	cnbc on peacock 	advertise with us 	join the cnbc panel 	digital products 	news releases 	closed captioning 	corrections 	about cnbc 	internships 	site map 	podcasts 	ad choices 	careers 	help 	contact 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 news tips got a confidential news tip? we want to hear from you. get in touch cnbc newsletters sign up for free newsletters and get more cnbc delivered to your inbox sign up nowget this delivered to your inbox, and more info about our products and services.  privacy policy|do not sell my personal information|ca notice|terms of service © cnbc llc. all rights reserved. a division of nbcuniversal data is a real-time snapshot *data is delayed at least minutes. global business and financial news, stock quotes, and market data and analysis. market data terms of use and disclaimers data also provided by 	.st {fill:#ffffff;} 	.st {fill:# fa ;} 	.st {fill:#c a;} 	.st {fill:# cf;} 	.st {fill:#f f ;} 	.st {fill:# db b;} 	.st {fill:#fcb ;} 	 		 			 				 				 					 					 					 					 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 	.st {fill:#ffffff;} 	.st {fill:# fa ;} 	.st {fill:#c a;} 	.st {fill:# cf;} 	.st {fill:#f f ;} 	.st {fill:# db b;} 	.st {fill:#fcb ;} 	 		 			 				 				 					 					 					 					 					 					 				 			 		 		 			 				 				 				 				 			 		 	 .cls- {fill:none;}.cls- {fill:#fff;} refinitiv_h_tm_w influx library user experience influx library user experience just another wordpress site dlf dlf digital library federation 	building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group are continuing to foster a partnership aimed at building transatlantic collaborations and connections. the read more the post building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward appeared first on dlf. 	dlf digest: august a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf digital library pedagogy group invites all interested digital pedagogy practitioners to contribute to a literacy- and competency-centered #dlfteach toolkit, an online, open resource focused on lesson plans and concrete instructional read more the post dlf digest: august appeared first on dlf. 	arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s qirab project (http://thesaurus-islamicus.org/index.htm). translations for the levels of digital preservation matrix and implementation guide were completed. links to these documents are found on the levels of digital preservation osf read more the post arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation appeared first on dlf. 	call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee ndsa will be electing three members to its coordinating committee (cc) this year, with terms starting in january . cc members serve a three year term, participate in a monthly call, and meet at the annual digital preservation conference. the coordinating committee provides strategic leadership to the organization in coordination with group co-chairs. ndsa is read more the post call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee appeared first on dlf. 	catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd nominations are now being accepted for the ndsa excellence awards. in , epadd won the ndsa innovation award in the project category. at that time, this project was an undertaking to develop free and open-source computational analysis software that facilitates screening, browsing, and access for historically and culturally significant email collections. the software incorporates read more the post catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd appeared first on dlf. 	dlf digest: july a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation. this month’s news: clir/dlf will be closed monday, july th. newly published in information technology and libraries, vol. no. : “persistent urls and citations offered for digital objects by digital libraries,” a study reviewing read more the post dlf digest: july appeared first on dlf. 	levels of preservation teaching, advocacy, and outreach update the levels of preservation steering group is pleased to announce the official release of its first round of training support materials for those who want to teach and educate others in the levels of preservation. this has been the product of many months’ refinement and editing &# ; not to mention lots of wordsmithing! our heartfelt read more the post levels of preservation teaching, advocacy, and outreach update appeared first on dlf. 	ndsa adds three new members as of june , the ndsa leadership unanimously voted to welcome its three most recent applicants into the membership. university of california los angeles (ucla) the crowley company matthew breitbart (affiliate member) each new member brings a host of skills and experience to our group. ucla is the largest digital library in the university read more the post ndsa adds three new members appeared first on dlf. 	it’s here, the ndsa fixity survey! do you manage and preserve content? if so, we’d like to know what your fixity practices are! the ndsa fixity working group is back again, with our latest iteration of the nsda fixity survey. please contribute to our longitudinal research designed to gain insight into how organizations worldwide use various fixity methods to ensure the read more the post it’s here, the ndsa fixity survey! appeared first on dlf. 	building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries on april , , fifty colleagues from research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group came together to explore the possibilities and benefits of creating a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange. those working within research libraries will know that digital scholarship can be complex. read more the post building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries appeared first on dlf. 	announcing the ndsa excellence awards! the ndsa excellence awards working group (formerly the innovation awards working group) is excited to announce the expansion and renaming of the awards to recognize the important contributions that are being made in the areas of sustainability and maintenance. the ndsa excellence awards will highlight and commend all forms of creative and meaningful contributions by read more the post announcing the ndsa excellence awards! appeared first on dlf. 	german translation for the levels of preservation matrix now available german translation for the levels of preservation matrix  the ndsa levels of digital preservation matrix has been translated into german. please find a link to the german translation below.  citation information and a link to the german translation is as follows:  lindlar, micky (orcid: - - - ); rudnik, pia (orcid: - - - )  ( ). ndsa digital read more the post german translation for the levels of preservation matrix now available appeared first on dlf. 	amia+dlf cross-pollinator reflection: justine thomas this post was written by justine thomas, who received the amia+dlf cross-pollinator registration award to attend the virtual amia spring conference. justine (@justinethomasm) is currently a digital programs contractor at the national museum of american history (nmah) focusing on digital asset management and collections information support. prior to graduating in with a master’s read more the post amia+dlf cross-pollinator reflection: justine thomas appeared first on dlf. 	the #dlfteach toolkit: recommending epubs for accessibility this post was written by hal hinderliter, as part of practitioner perspectives: developing, adapting, and contextualizing the #dlfteach toolkit, a blog series from dlf’s digital library pedagogy group highlighting the experiences of  digital librarians and archivists who utilize the #dlfteach toolkit and are new to teaching and/or digital tools. the digital library pedagogy working group, also known as read more the post the #dlfteach toolkit: recommending epubs for accessibility appeared first on dlf. 	the #dlfteach toolkit: participatory mapping in a pandemic this post was written by jeanine finn (claremont colleges library), as part of practitioner perspectives: developing, adapting, and contextualizing the #dlfteach toolkit, a blog series from dlf&# ;s digital library pedagogy group highlighting the experiences of  digital librarians and archivists who utilize the #dlfteach toolkit and are new to teaching and/or digital tools. the digital library read more the post the #dlfteach toolkit: participatory mapping in a pandemic appeared first on dlf. 	call for proposals open for ndsa digital preservation ! the ndsa is very pleased to announce the call for proposals is open for digital preservation : embracing digitality (#digipres ) to be held online this year on november th, during world digital preservation day. submissions from members and nonmembers alike are welcome, and you can learn more about session format options through the cfp. read more the post call for proposals open for ndsa digital preservation ! appeared first on dlf. 	 amia cross-pollinator: justine thomas the association of moving image archivists (amia) and dlf will be sending justine thomas to attend the virtual dlf/amia hack day and amia spring conference! as this year&# ;s “cross-pollinator,” justine will enrich both the hack day event and the amia conference, sharing a vision of the library world from her perspective. about the awardee read more the post amia cross-pollinator: justine thomas appeared first on dlf. 	 dlf forum, digipres, and learn@dlf calls for proposals we’re delighted to share that it’s cfp season for clir’s annual events. based on community feedback, we’ve made the decision to take our events online again in . we look forward to new and better ways to come together—as always, with community at the center. our events will take place on the following dates: the read more the post dlf forum, digipres, and learn@dlf calls for proposals appeared first on dlf. 	good migrations: a checklist for migrating your digital preservation infrastructure my, how time flies. about half a decade ago, in , i became one of the ndsa infrastructure interest group co-chairs. this was part of the ndsa transition from being hosted by the library of congress to a new host, which would eventually be clir/dlf. earlier that year, the infrastructure working group (as it was read more the post good migrations: a checklist for migrating your digital preservation infrastructure appeared first on dlf. 	request for participation in fixity and staffing survey working groups proposals have been accepted by the ndsa coordinating committee for starting up the staffing survey working group and the fixity survey working group. both surveys were last published in . if you are interested in participating in either of these groups please read the scope of work for each and complete the form below by read more the post request for participation in fixity and staffing survey working groups appeared first on dlf. 	amia+dlf cross-pollinator registration award &# ; &# ; &# ; &# ; &# ; the association of moving image archivists (amia) and the digital library federation (dlf) are pleased to partner once again in sponsoring an amia+dlf hack day. this year’s amia+dlf hack day takes place remotely with activities from april - . registration is free, and you do not need to be registered for read more the post amia+dlf cross-pollinator registration award appeared first on dlf. 	ndsa welcomes two new members today, the ndsa coordinating committee unanimously voted to welcome two new members. each of these members bring a host of skills and experience to our group. please help us to welcome: university of wisconsin &# ; parkside: uw parkside&# ;s primary mission is to document the history of the university of wisconsin &# ; parkside by collecting both read more the post ndsa welcomes two new members appeared first on dlf. 	what is metadata assessment? this blog post was authored by hannah tarver and steven gentry, members of the digital library assessment interest group’s metadata assessment working group (dlf aig mwg). it is intended to provide a summary overview of metadata assessment in digital libraries, including its importance and benefits.  if you are interested in metadata evaluation, or want to read more the post what is metadata assessment? appeared first on dlf. 	call for volunteers: ndsa task force on membership engagement and recruitment the ndsa leadership group is spinning up a new group around ndsa membership and invites you to consider volunteering for the task force on membership engagement and recruitment. the focus of the task force will be to examine membership engagement, benefits/drawbacks of the current model type, and recruitment efforts of the ndsa. through research and read more the post call for volunteers: ndsa task force on membership engagement and recruitment appeared first on dlf. 	metadata during covid this post was written by members of the metadata working group, a subgroup of dlf&# ;s assessment interest group. digital collections work has changed in a number of ways during the covid- pandemic. for many libraries and archives, this has meant working remotely and shifting toward tasks that can be done online. within the dlf aig read more the post metadata during covid appeared first on dlf. 	three new ndsa members since january , the ndsa coordinating committee unanimously voted to welcome three new members. each of these members bring a host of skills and experience to our group. please help us to welcome: arkivum: arkivum is recognized internationally for its expertise in the archiving and digital preservation of valuable data and digitized assets in large read more the post three new ndsa members appeared first on dlf. 	virtual ndsa digital preservation recordings available online! session recordings from the virtual ndsa digital preservation conference are now available on ndsa’s youtube channel, as well as on aviary. the full program from digital preservation : get active with digital preservation, which took place online november , , is free and open to the public. ndsa is an affiliate of the digital read more the post virtual ndsa digital preservation recordings available online! appeared first on dlf. 	announcing finnish translations of the levels of preservation matrix and assessment tool the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into finnish by our colleagues from csc – it center for science and the finnish digital preservation collaboration group.  translations for the assessment tool template and both versions of the levels of digital preservation matrix were completed.   links to read more the post announcing finnish translations of the levels of preservation matrix and assessment tool appeared first on dlf. 	clir now hiring: senior program officer, dlf clir is now seeking applicants for a senior program officer to lead the digital library federation (dlf) program. this position will play a pivotal role in the strategic direction of dlf and provide vital leadership and guidance both within clir and the wider community. in line with the program&# ;s mission, the senior program officer will read more the post clir now hiring: senior program officer, dlf appeared first on dlf. 	levels of digital preservation digital curation decision guide published it is with great pleasure to announce that the levels of digital preservation work continues to roll out. in these waning days of , the curatorial team of the levels has released its first published edition of the digital curation decision guide. this guide forms the basis of a series of decision points around collections read more the post levels of digital preservation digital curation decision guide published appeared first on dlf. 	dlf forum community journalist reflection: lisa covington this post was written by lisa covington (@prof_cov), who was selected to be one of this year’s virtual dlf forum community journalists. lisa covington, ma is a phd candidate at the university of iowa studying sociology of education, digital humanities and african american studies. her dissertation work is “mediating black girlhood: a multi-level comparative analysis of read more the post dlf forum community journalist reflection: lisa covington appeared first on dlf. 	calls for volunteers for digital preservation conference the ndsa calls for volunteers to join our planning committee for the digital preservation conference. digital preservation (digipres) is the ndsa’s annual conference &# ; open to members and non-members alike &# ; focused on stewardship, curation, and preservation of digital information and cultural heritage. the meeting will take place on november - th in read more the post calls for volunteers for digital preservation conference appeared first on dlf. 	dlf forum community journalist reflection: betsy yoon this post was written by betsy yoon (@betsyoon), who was selected to be one of this year’s virtual dlf forum community journalists. betsy yoon (she/they) is an adjunct assistant professor and oer/reference librarian at the college of staten island, cuny and earned her mlis in . she also has a master of international affairs. she lives read more the post dlf forum community journalist reflection: betsy yoon appeared first on dlf. 	dlf forum community journalist reflection: carolina hernandez this post was written by carolina hernandez (@carolina_hrndz), who was selected to be one of this year’s virtual dlf forum community journalists. carolina hernandez is currently an instruction librarian at the university of houston where she collaborates on creating inclusive learning environments for students. previously, she was the journalism librarian at the university of oregon, where read more the post dlf forum community journalist reflection: carolina hernandez appeared first on dlf. 	dlf forum community journalist reflection: rebecca bayeck this post was written by rebecca bayeck (@rybayeck), who was selected to be one of this year’s virtual dlf forum community journalists. rebecca y. bayeck is a dual-phd holder in learning design &# ; technology and comparative &# ; international education from the pennsylvania state university. currently a clir postdoctoral fellow at the schomburg center for research in read more the post dlf forum community journalist reflection: rebecca bayeck appeared first on dlf. 	dlf forum community journalist reflection: ana hilda figueroa de jesús this post was written by ana hilda figueroa de jesús, who was selected to be one of this year’s virtual dlf forum community journalists. ana hilda figueroa de jesús will be graduating next spring from the universidad de puerto rico in río piedras with a ba in history of art. her research interest focuses on education, read more the post dlf forum community journalist reflection: ana hilda figueroa de jesús appeared first on dlf. building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > blog and news > building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 						 													 							posted 										august , 					 								 	 													 							by 										gayle					 								 	 													 							in 										 				collaborations, community, news				 					 								 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group are continuing to foster a partnership aimed at building transatlantic collaborations and connections. the two groups have had a series of conversations, and we have now hosted two joint meetings. at an april event, we divided into small groups to share ideas about the potential collaborative future of our two groups.  then we conducted a follow-up expressions of interest survey in april-may .  in response to the april event and the expressions of interest survey, we hosted a second event on july , at which we launched a beta skills exchange directory, and we offered a series of tailored “skills conversations.”  this post provides more detail on the july event and plans for next steps in our transatlantic collaboration. july event one of the main takeaways from the first event in april was that participants appreciated being able to meet colleagues both from the uk and us so we were keen to facilitate this again and started the july event with or small group “meet and greets”. participants enjoyed the serendipity of these meetings and individual connections have already been made.  the second part of the event was more structured and aimed to build on the information we had gathered from the expressions of interest survey. from this survey we were able to identify key areas of digital scholarship skills that colleagues were most keen to develop and could match these with colleagues who were willing to share their expertise in these areas by facilitating curated conversations. the areas identified were: 	artificial intelligence and machine learning  	tools for digital scholarship  	planning and managing a digital scholarship centre  	assessment and metrics the success of these curated conversations was dependent on the experts being willing to share their knowledge and we are grateful to carol chiodo (harvard library), alexandra sarkozy (wayne state university),  sarah melton (boston college), kirsty lingstadt (university of edinburgh), eleonora gandolfi (university of southampton), gavin boyce (university of sheffield) and matt philips (university of southampton) for being so willing to participate and share their experiences so openly.  in these breakout sessions the experts talked about their services and how they developed skills for mins each and then participants who had signed up for the session were able to ask follow up questions. dsn and dds partners acted as moderators in each breakout session and we were impressed with how informative and interactive the sessions were. if you weren’t able to make it to the july event, each session documented the conversation in a shared notes document. these interactive sessions are core for the success of a skills exchange but the finale of this event was the launch of the skills directory – a dynamic resource through which colleagues from both groups can share their skills and expertise with one another.  transatlantic skills directory participants were introduced to the directory (designed by stephanie jesper and susan halfpenny at university of york) and shown how to search (via the google sheets filter function) to identify colleagues with varying levels of expertise across skills areas relating to digital scholarship activities within research libraries. the directory includes the names and contact details of colleagues who are willing to share their skills and expertise around a skills area, and the means through which they are willing to do so (e.g. one-on-one conversation, contributing to a training session etc). due to the potential demand on colleagues the directory is only available to dsn and dds members but a recording of the introduction to the directory from the session is available here.   the success of the directory depends on colleagues signing up to share their skills and after the demonstration participants were given time to register their own skills – the group were impressed by the response. as we write this, colleagues have registered in the directory, offering more than skills between them. however, we still need more and encourage members of rluk dsn and dlf dds to register their skills. we need your expertise to make this a success! we also encourage members to make good use of the directory to learn new skills or move forward with digital scholarship services and would be keen to hear of any contacts made via the directory. next steps these events and tools have helped us learn more about our colleagues on both sides of the atlantic, and rluk dsn and dlf dds look forward to continuing this partnership. please check out the shared meeting notes, resources, and other materials available on our open science framework site. we plan to host more joint events to support networking and idea-generation, and we will continue to expand the directory with more colleagues who are interested in exchanging skills. thanks to everyone involved in arranging these events and the directory and of course to everyone who participates in the skills exchange! colleagues leading this work beth clark, associate director, digital scholarship & innovation, london school of economics, and rluk dsn member. sara mannheimer, associate professor, data librarian, montana state university, and dlf dds co-convener. jason clark, professor, lead for research informatics, montana state university, and dlf dds co-convener. susan halfpenny, head of digital scholarship & innovation, university of york, and rluk dsn member. matt greenhall, deputy executive director, rluk thanks go to gayle schechter (program associate, clir/dlf), louisa m. kwasigroch (director, outreach and engagement at clir and interim dlf senior program officer), kirsty lingstadt (deputy director, university of edinburgh and rluk dsn co-convener), eleonora gandolfi (head of digital scholarship and innovation, university of southampton and rluk dsn co-convener), stephanie jesper (teaching & learning advisor, university of york), and melanie cheung (rluk executive assistant). 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			did you enjoy this post? please share! 		 				 				 				 					 								 						 															 								 								share on facebook 							 																						 																			 										facebook									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on twitter 							 																						 																			 										twitter									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on linkedin 							 																						 																			 										linkedin									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on pinterest 							 																						 																			 										pinterest									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on reddit 							 																						 																			 										reddit									 																	 													 					 						 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			related posts 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 				prevpreviousdlf digest: august 			 							 					 				 						 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 			 		skip to content 				 			 				 		 			 		 						 					 				 				 		 menu 		 					 					home 	services 	services overview 	site audit service 	training and education 	vocabulary extension 	blog 	about 	founder 	contact 			 	 					 						 		 		 				 					 					structured data / schema.org site audit service launched check out our new fixed price service to find out how your site is performing! 					 						 							find out more 							 						 					 				 		 			 				 				 		 	 			 	 		data value 			liberating business, social, economic, enterprise, and financial value from data of all types delivers benefits to the media, governments, commerce, academia and individuals. data liberate, and its founder richard wallis, focus on introducing, simplifying, and demystifying, these often superficially complex techniques and technologies. advice, guidance, evaluation, training, consultancy services, writing, podcasting, conference keynotes and presentations are some of the ways that data liberate can help you and your organisation identify and release value from your data, within the enterprise and on the public web of data 		 recent postings from the blog… 	 	 		 			library metadata evolution: the final mile 			 				posted on may , may , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	when schema.org arrived on the scene i thought we might have arrived at the point where library metadata  could finally blossom; adding value outside of library systems to help library curated resources become first class citizens, and hence results, in the global web we all inhabit.  but as yet it has not happened. read more ... 		 			posted in bibframe, data liberate, knowledge graph, libraries, schema.org, structured datatagged bibframe schema.org, libraries, library of congress comment		 		 	 	 	 		 			something for archives in schema.org 			 				posted on april , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	the recent release of the schema.org vocabulary (version . ) includes new types and properties, proposed by the w c schema architypes community group, specifically target at facilitating the web sharing of archives data to aid discovery. when the group, which i have the privilege to chair, approached the challenge of building a proposal to make schema.org useful for archives, it was identified that the vocabulary could be already used to describe the things & collections that you find in archives.  what was missing was the ability to identify the archive holding organisation, and the fact that an item is being held … read more ... 		 			posted in archives, data publishing, linked data, schema.org, webtagged archives, schema.orgleave a comment		 		 	 	 	 		 			bibframe – schema.org – chocolate teapots 			 				posted on august , august , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	in a session at the ifla wlic in kuala lumpur – my core theme being that there is a need to use two [linked data] vocabularies when describing library resources — bibframe for cataloguing and [linked] metadata interchange — schema.org for sharing on the web for discovery. read more ... 		 			posted in bibframe, libraries, linked data, marc, schema.org, structured datatagged libraries, linked data, schema.orgleave a comment		 		 	 	 	 		 			schema.org introduces defined terms 			 				posted on june , june , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	do you have a list of terms relevant to your data? things such as subjects, topics, job titles, a glossary or dictionary of terms, blog post categories, ‘official names’ for things/people/organisations, material types, forms of technology, etc. read more ... 		 			posted in data publishing, schema.org, uncategorizedtagged #linkeddata, schema.org, seo comments		 		 	 	 	 		 			schema.org significant updates for tourism and trips 			 				posted on june , june , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	the latest release of schema.org ( . ) includes some significant enhancements for those interested in marking up tourism, and trips in general. for tourism markup two new types touristdestination and touristtrip have joined the already useful touristattraction read more ... 		 			posted in data publishing, knowledge graph, schema.org, seo, tourism, webtagged schema.org, seo, tourismleave a comment		 		 	 	 	 		 			the three linked data choices for libraries 			 				posted on may , may , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	we are [finally] on the cusp of establishing a de facto linked data approach for libraries and their system suppliers – not there yet but getting there. we have a choice between bibframe . , schema.org, linky marc and doing nothing. read more ... 		 			posted in bibframe, data publishing, libraries, linked data, marc, schema.org, semantic web, structured datatagged bibframe, libraries, linked data, marc, schema.ogleave a comment		 		 	 	 	 		 			structured data: helping google understand your site 			 				posted on november , may , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	add schema.org structured data to your pages because during indexing, we will be able to better understand what your site is about. read more ... 		 			posted in data publishing, google, linked data, schema.org, structured data		 		 	 	 	 		 			schema.org for tourism 			 				posted on september , june , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	these touristattraction enhancements have significantly improved the capability for describing tourist attractions and hopefully enabling more tourist discoveries read more ... 		 			posted in data publishing, schema.org, seo, tourismtagged linkeddata, schema.org, seo, tourism comment		 		 	 	 	 		 			schema.org: describing global corporations local cafés and everything in-between 			 				posted on september , may , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	there have been  discussions in schema.org about the way organizations their offices, branches and other locations can be marked up; they exposed a lack of clarity in the way to structure descriptions of organizations and their locations, offices, branches , etc. to address that lack of clarity i thought it would be useful to share some examples here. read more ... 		 			posted in data publishing, schema.org, seotagged schema.og, seo		 		 	 	 	 		 			a discovery opportunity for archives? 			 				posted on june , june , by richard wallis			 					 						 	 	 									 		 		 	so why am i now suggesting that there maybe an opportunity for the discovery of archives and their resources? read more ... 		 			posted in archives, linked data, open data, schema.orgtagged #linkeddata, archives, schema.orgleave a comment		 		 	 	 	 			 	 			 			 		follow 	 		 			 			twitter 		 	 	 		 			 			linkedin 	 	 	 		 			 			rss 	 	 	 client engagements 	 		developer advocate at 		working on: 		 	 	 	 		schema.org/bibframe education, consultancy, & implementation for: 		 			 		 		 	 	 	 		technology evangelist and advisor for: 	 	 	 		 schema.org consultancy for europeana 	 	 	 		fibo schema.org working group 	 	 	 		 schema.org consultancy for the british library 	 	 	 		schema.org consultancy for: 		 			 		 	 w c community groups bibframe schema.org - chair schema bib extend - chair schema architypes - chair tourism structured web data - co-chair schema course extension financial industry business ontology 	sport schema tweets data liberate @dataliberate #structureddata https://t.co/cch oectub (about days ago) data liberate @dataliberate post: library metadata evolution: the final mile? https://t.co/cibwjuf o many of the elements of this process are… https://t.co/a ddjxvpmz (about days ago) data liberate @dataliberate post: something for archives in https://t.co/ kzbg oj archives focussed additions in new #schema.org ( . ) versi… https://t.co/ qxispxmm (about days ago) follow @dataliberate speaking calandar archives 				may 	april 	august 	june 	may 	november 	september 	june 	september 	august 	march 	february 	august 	june 	april 	december 	september 	april 	march 	february 	september 	june 	may 	april 	march 	december 	november 	august 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	march 	january 	december 	january 				 	 			 			 	 		 	 				copyright © •fabulous fluid by catch themes 		 	 		 			 		 		 			 	 		search for: 		 	 	search 			 		 scroll up	home 	services 	services overview 	site audit service 	training and education 	vocabulary extension 	blog 	about 	founder 	contact 			 				 			 			this site uses cookies: find out more.ok glynn edwards' profile | stanford profiles stanford profiles menu 	 browse 	 schools 	graduate school of business 	graduate school of education 	school of earth, energy and environmental sciences 	school of engineering 	school of humanities and sciences 	school of medicine 	 institutes & research centers 	bio-x 	freeman spogli institute for international studies 	institute for computational and mathematical engineering (icme) 	institute for human-centered artificial intelligence (hai) 	institute for stem cell biology and regenerative medicine 	precourt institute for energy 	slac national accelerator laboratory 	stanford chem-h 	stanford institute for economic policy research (siepr) 	stanford pulse institute 	stanford woods institute for the environment 	wu tsai neurosciences institute 	 administration 	office of external relations 	office of vp for university human resources 	office of vice president for business affairs and chief financial officer 	stanford university libraries 	vice provost and dean of research 	vice provost for student affairs 	vice provost for undergraduate education 	 sign in 	 edit my profile glynn edwards assistant director, special collections web page: https://library.stanford.edu/spc 	 print profile 	 email profile 	 view stanford-only profile tab menu 	 bio 	 professional 	 publications current role at stanford glynn is the assistant director in the department of special collections & university archives is primarily in charge of the collection services division and the libraries' born- and acquired-digital programs. she also collaborates with other managers to develop new programs and directions within the department. collection services staff work collaboratively with over subject specialists and curators throughout the library; we take in over collections each year, totaling between , and , linear feet (this is equivalent to . - million documents) a year. our focus is on collection management as well as discovery and access including: acquisitions, cataloging and processing of incoming material in any format - from rare books and papyrus fragments to artifacts and computer media. we also manage all digitization projects and descriptive metadata for special collections materials in conjunction with subject specialists and the digital library group. the departments' born-digital program collaborates with digital libraries systems and services as well as the libraries' metadata development unit. the department of special collections also directs the epadd project - developing software to acquire, process and deliver email archives in our collections. a new release of epadd software (version . ) came out in winter . honors & awards 	 digital preservation award for research and innovation - epadd project, digital preservation coalition ( ) 	 ndsa innovation award - epadd project, national digital stewardship alliance ( ) 	 ndsa innovation award - an inter-institutional model for stewardship project, national digital stewardship alliance ( ) education & certifications 	 mlis, simmons college, archives management 	 ma, simmons college, history 	 ab, brown university, classics projects 	 epadd project: nhprc-funded, development of email processing and access software, stanford university library (july , - june , ) a two-year project to develop a software program to make email archives available for research. it is funded by a grant from the national historical publications and records commission. location stanford, ca collaborators 	josh schneider, assistant university archivist, special collections, stanford university libraries 	 benoit mandelbrot papers - digitization & processing project, stanford university ( / / ) to process and make available the papers and born-digital material created by benoit mandelbrot. location broadway st., redwood city, california 	 clir processing project - maldef & crla, stanford university (september , - february , ) processing the records of two legal aid organizations: mexican american legal defense & education fund (maldef) and california rural legal assistance (crla). location escondido mall, stanford, ca 	 stop aids project records - processing & digitization project, stanford university (october , - september , ) stop aids project san francisco location escondido mall, stanford, ca collaborators 	catherine aster, librarian - product & service manager, library technology, stanford university libraries and academic information resources 	 aims born digital collections: an inter-institutional model for stewardship project, stanford university (october , - september , ) collaborative project with university of virginia, yale university, and hull university (u.k.) location escondido mall, stanford, ca collaborators 	michael olson, librarian, library technology, stanford university libraries and academic information resources 	 hummel family papers - digitization & processing project, stanford university (september , - august , ) location escondido mall, stanford, ca contact 	 academic gedwards@stanford.edu university - academic staff department:&nbspspecial collections position: assistant director 	 broadway 	 dept. of special collections, stanford libraries 	 redwood city,  california    	 ( ) - (office) ( ) - (cell) additional info 	 mail code: links 	special collections unbound 	linkedin professional affiliations and activities 	 member, society of american archivists ( - present) 	 member, program committee ( - ), society of california archivists ( - present) 	 member, american library association ( - present) 	 member, rare books & manuscripts section (rbms) of arcl ( - present) 	 member, northern california technical processes group ( - present) all publications 	 	epadd: computational analysis software enabling screening, browsing, and access for email collections schneider, j., chan, p., edwards, g., hangal, s. 	ipres . 	kyoto, japan. 	 	 	 	 implementing controlled vocabularies for computer game platforms and media formats in skos journal of library metadata kaltman, e., wardrip-fruin, n., mastroni, m., lowood, h., de groat, g., edwards, g., barrett, m., caldwell, c. ; ( ): - view details for doi . / . . 	 	coremetadata schema for cataloging video games version greta, d., glynn, e., henry, l. 	game metadata and citation project. 	california. 	 ; game metadata and citation project tech report 	 	 	 capturing and processing born-digital files in the stop aids project records: a case study journal of western archives wilsey, l. ; ( ) 	 aims born-digital collections: an inter-institutional model for stewardship aims project 	 born-digital material at stanford saa technology and science newsletter edwards, g. 	 experiments in navigation: the art of charles hobson hobson, c. special collections, stanford university library. 	 report accessibility issues 	 powered by cap network 	 	 stanford university 	 su home 	 maps & directions 	 search stanford 	 terms of use 	 copyright complaints © stanford university, stanford, california posters - samvera - samvera wiki samvera home spaces apps templates create samvera overview space shortcuts interest group and working group hub samvera community asks samvera meeting & events calendar samvera partner calls tech calls pages 	samvera 	samvera connect meetings 	samvera connect posters 	 	 	 	 created by richard green last updated: dec , by kate lynch conference main page workshops: nd october  program: rd and th - th october  community building (aka social) events registration conference shop previous samvera connect conferences have featured a "poster session" which has always proved popular.  we have tried to recreate this experience in an on-line environment.  institutions within the samvera community were invited to provide a "poster" that could be displayed in a browser with, or without, an accompanying commentary.  we have provided a slack channel where you can ask questions about, or comment upon, these posters in an asynchronous manner.  (if you don't have a samvera slack account and need one, use this link to request one.)  in addition, the poster providers have each agreed to be on-line for minutes on one of the days monday th - wednesday st october to take your questions and comments "live"; details of these on-line sessions are available to registered conference attendees via the conference sched instance. dates and times for q & a sessions are currently provisional - see sched for further details. avalon media system - maria whitaker, jon cameron click image to open in browser or use this link to download the files from samvera's repository q&a tuesday october th, . pm edt british library - ilkay holt, sara gould, jenny basford, f. madden, r. kotarski, ellen ramsey click image to open in browser or use this link to download the files from samvera's repository open explanatory text q&a tuesday october th, . pm edt indiana university - james halliday click image to open in browser or use this link to download the files from samvera's repository open explanatory text q&a wednesday st october, . pm edt notch - kevin kochanski, shana moore, bess sadler click image to open in browser or use this link to download the file from samvera's repository q&a monday th october, . pm edt oregon digital - franny gaede, kevin kochanski, margaret mellinger, crystal richardson, bess sadler click image to open in browser or use this link to download the file from samvera's repository q&a  tuesday th october, . pm edt palci/palni - gretchen gueguen, amanda hurford click image to open in browser or use this link to download the file from samvera's repository q&a  monday th october, . pm edt princeton university - kate lynch, christina chortaria, carolyn cole, esmé cowles, james griffin iii, anna headley, eliot jordan, francis kayiwa, trey pendragon click image to open in browser or use this link to download the file from samvera's repository q&a  tuesday th october, . pm edt science history institute - jonathan rochkind click image to open in browser or use this link to download the file from samvera's repository q&a  wednesday st october, . pm edt tufts university - travis lilleberg, mike korcynski, alicia morris click image to open in browser or use this link to download the files from samvera's repository download zip file of tufts' code q&a  wednesday st october, . pm edt download poster q&a chat transcript university of hull - chris awre click image to open in browser or use this link to download the files from samvera's repository open explanatory text q&a  monday th october, . pm edt like {"serverduration": , "requestcorrelationid": "b fe f d "} mark e. phillips journal 	 		 			mark e. phillips journal 			 		 		 			menu 			skip to content 				home 	about 		 			 	 	 		 		 							 	 				 			 						 				metadata events system: accounting for time 			 										 					leave a reply				 					 				 			 in the last post, i mentioned that there four primary things that we have needed in order to move a large portion of our student and staff workers to full remote work during this quarantine. in this post, i wanted to jump ahead a bit and talk a bit about how we are accounting for remote workers’ time. this is one of the things that the university wrestled with when thinking about moving students offline, how would we be able to account for time. well, one of the ways we are trying to track time is by using the activity in the metadata editing system to help managers understand what their workers are working on. over the past two weeks, the software development unit at the unt libraries has been working hard to push out quite a few changes to a system we call events. this system has been sitting in the background of our metadata editing infrastructure for a number of years collecting what we call “edit events”. an edit event is logged in the event system and contains information about the username, which record they edited, the timestamp for when it was edited, and how long the metadata edit window was open while they were doing metadata. this is then aggregated for users in a dashboard that they can view. for a few years now this system has been unusable because of some code that needed to be refactored now that we have almost . million edit events. that’s what we have been working on for the past few weeks. the first thing to note for users of our edit system is “how do you get to the events pages”. well in the upper left corner of the screen, if you click on the “home” icon you will see an events option in the dropdown. getting to edit events from edit search dashboard this will take you to the events landing page, where you are greeted with an overview of what is going on with the events system. all data is divided into today, this month, and all time and gives you statistics for the number of edits, the number of active users, and the number of unique items that have been edited. clicking on the different buttons will take you to different places. i am going to walk through by clicking on any of the blue buttons for today. edit events overall stats by clicking on any of the today buttons, you are presented with statistics for the edit events that have happened in the system today. you can get an overview of everything that has happened in the system. you can also navigate to different days by clicking on the previous day button. daily stats view for march , at the top of the page, you will see an overview of stats for the day. this includes the number of edits, the number of unique records edited, and how much aggregate time has been spent during the day editing. we also show the first and most recent edit, the number of users that have edited during the day, and then we list the user who has the most edits along with their edit count. events daily stats detail next up is a view of the activity by hour section. i have been amazed to see the time of day when users are editing records. for example, on saturday the th there were users who edited records in of the hours during the day. events hourly stats detail below that block is the activity by user for the day. you can see a listing of all of the users who have edited during the day as well as some statistics related to their activity including the number of edits, number of records, total editing duration and the average time per edit, and the average time per record. clicking on any of the names will take you to an overview of that user’s activity. daily activity by user a user’s page gives information going back a little over a month so that managers can easily verify the time for pay periods that are either every two weeks or one month. in addition to an overview of all of the user’s activity in the events system, you can see a breakdown of what days they have edited records as well as statistics about what activity they completed during that day. by clicking on the day link you can see information specific to that day for that user. user daily activity view the user hourly detail view presents statistics for a user on a specific day. it includes similar information as the overview pages mentioned previously. there is also an hourly table that shows when the user was editing records, including how many edits, hours, duration and average time per edit and record for a given hour. user hourly detail view below the hourly breakdown of activity, you see all of the edits performed by the user on that day. you can link directly to the edit event or you can view information about the record that they have edited. below you will see the detail for a record in the events system. you see how many total edits have taken place with a record including when, and which user performed the edits. there is a link on the page to view the records summary in the edit system to see more information about the record that was edited. record activity view when you click on that link you are taken to the record summary page in the edit interface. record in edit system if you want to dig deeper into what happened with the record, you can click on the view history link and view different versions of the record to see what changes were made. metadata history page there are two other views in the edit events interface that can be useful. if you had clicked on the orange users button on the edit landing page you would see a list of all of the users who have been active during the current week (starting sunday). user activity for this week if you click on the orange items button on the events landing page you get to a view that shows a listing of the records that were edited this week. it also includes the number of edits and the duration of editing for that week. record activity for this week we are hoping that the improved events pages will be useful for managers as they begin to review timesheets for students that they supervise. i know that i have been pleasantly surprised by the data when i can view the number of edits we are getting at all hours of the day. i think it shows the opportunities that we have with our digital library systems for providing engaging, meaningful work to a wide range of users during this quarantine. i skipped forward in my list of components we have needed for this process. over the next blog posts, i will go back and pick up where i left off describing the infrastructure we have in place to communicate instructions and documentation, and finally how we are identifying work that needs to be done in the system. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud and tagged covid- , metadata editing on march , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				managing metadata editing for telecommuting. 			 										 					leave a reply				 					 				 			 many of us in the us, and around the world for that matter, are now sitting at home working remotely trying to maintain some semblance of normalcy during quarantine for covid- . i’m going to write up a few of the things that we have been working on her at the unt libraries to try and provide as many of the library employees, including student employees, with activities that they can do remotely. on march th it became quite clear that there was going to be a large number of folks from the library needing to work remotely, many of us have activities that we can do remotely, and some of us even prefer to work remotely when we have the opportunity. there are however a large group of people at the library that don’t have jobs that directly transfer to working remotely, or in the situation where there aren’t students on campus to directly serve, the work that they would be doing isn’t available for them. we wanted to provide an option for these individuals to create metadata for the unt libraries digital collections if they were interested in doing so. additionally, this would give supervisors some meaningful activity that could be verified in the event that we had to move the workforce remotely because of this pandemic. what we needed there were a few things that we needed to have in place in order to move people online to edit metadata records. 	web-based system for editing metadata 	clear instructions and guides 	a way of identifying work to be done 	a way of coordinating activity 	a way of verifying/tracking activity for timekeeping web-based editing system. there were a number of things that we have in place that allow us to move a large number of people into the metadata creation workflow. first, we have been using a web-based metadata editing system for the entire time that we have had our digital collections. here at unt libraries we creatively call this system edit. this system is built around the metadata format that we have been using locally called untl. we can add a user in the system, assign them to a subset of the collection, usually based on collections, and give them permission to begin editing metadata. we have a system in place to register new users in batches and then invite them to join the editing system. in addition to our own work here in the libraries, we have made use of this metadata editing system for a number of metadata classes of library school students to give them real-world experience writing metadata records in a production system. because of these previous experiences, the task of creating - new accounts for users in the library wasn’t too daunting. for setting up user accounts we make use of a django app that we wrote a few years ago called django_invite (https://github.com/unt-libraries/django-invite). generally, the workflow we follow for new accounts is that we are given one or more new users who need accounts. the information we need is just a name, an email address, and the scope of the collection they need access to. we can enter multiple names at once if they have the same permissions. the permissions for this app are based on the standard django permission and group concepts. django invite once you submit users, the system sends out an invitation email for the user to complete the registration process by picking a name. we are able to see who has established their account and if needed, resend the invitation email. this process makes it fairly straightforward to get people set up in the system. editing records as i said, we have been using a web-based editing system for the unt libraries digital collections for over a decade now. the editing system (edit) starts a user with a view of all of the records that they can access based on their permissions. we call this view the “search dashboard”. edit system: search dashboard from here a user can search the metadata for a record, sort results, and limit their result sets based on any of the facets on the left-hand side of the screen. for those interested, the facets include. 	system 	collections 	partners 	resource type 	visibility (hidden or not) 	date validity (valid edtf dates) 	my edits (records you have edited) 	record completeness 	location data (with/without placenames, geocodes, or bounding boxes) 	recently edited records (last h, h, d, d, d, d, d) edit system: limiting to collection from there a user gets back their results where they can be further refined by sorting. edit system: limited collection the current sort options include: 	title (default) 	date added (newest/oldest 	creation date (newest/oldest) 	date last modified (newest/oldest) 	ark identifier (lowest/highest) 	completeness (lowest/highest) they are also able to see basic information about the object including a thumbnail, the system, collections, and partner in which the item belongs. they can see the accession date and the last date that the item was edited. finally, they can see a visibility flag, green for visible to the public and a red check for not visible. they can choose to go to one of two places for a record, the edit view or the summary view. i will start with an overview of the summary view. edit system: item summary the summary view provides an overview of the record including a compact version of the record itself. we provide an edit timeline to get a better sense of when the item has been edited, and when it became available online. additionally, it has links and other information that are helpful for metadata creators. i will walk through a few of those links now. first up is the view item screen. edit system: view item this view is for the metadata creator to interact with the object itself, they are able to see all of the pages of the item and zoom in to look at the details. for audio and video, they have the ability to view the item in a player as well as download the media files as needed. we also have the ability to see the history of edits that have occurred for a record. this history page presents information about who, when, and a high-level overview of what has happened to the item over time. you might notice a number of edits for this record. one of the things we have noticed in our metadata editing practice is that we tend to take a “column” approach to the editing of records instead of a “row” approach. we will find an issue, maybe an incorrectly formatted name, and fix all of those instances in the system. this results in many edits per record but allows editors to focus on a single task. as you can see, all of the record edits are versioned so it is possible to go back and view what was changed and by whom. edit system: item history the final view is the metadata editor itself. i’ve mentioned this in a number of other posts over time so i won’t go into too much detail here. basically all of the work of editing gets done here. users can add, subtract, reorder, and edit elements. most elements have qualifiers to designate the type of element being used such as the main title, added title, serial title, or series title for the title element. some element such as creator, contributor, and publisher have a type ahead that pull from our name authority system (unt names) and include information about the type of name (personal/organization), the role (author, photographer, editor) and an info field for other bits of info about the agent. all dropdown values are pulled from a centralized vocabulary management system. some of the fields have popup modals for controlled vocabularies, picking locations from a map, or assigning bounding box information to an object. from here users can mark an object as hidden or visible, and publish the record in order to save it back into the system. edit system: edit record as i mentioned above there are a number of other components that are proving to be important as we move a large number of works into our metadata system. in the past week, we have created over new accounts for students and staff in the library so that they can begin to incorporate metadata editing into their work. in the next few posts, i will go over how we are attempting to manage who is doing what and how we are providing social and technical infrastructure to help managers keep track of what is going on with the folks they are responsible for. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud and tagged covid- , metadata editing on march , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				user session analysis: unt scholarly works 			 								 				 			this is a continuation of a series of posts that i never got around to writing earlier this semester.  i posted the first and second post in the series in february but never got around to writing the rest of them.  this time i am looking at if users use items from multiple collections in the unt digital library. the dataset i am using is a subset of the , , user sessions logged in the unt libraries digital collections in .  this subset is specifically for the unt scholarly works repository.  there are a total of , sessions in this dataset and these have been processed in the same way as was mentioned in previous posts. of these , sessions, there were , that were sessions that involved interactions with a single item.  this means % of the time when a user made use of an object in the unt scholarly works repository, it was for just one item.   this leaves us , of the sessions in that would be interesting to look at for our further analysis. 	items accessed	sessions	percentages of all sessions 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % 	 	 	 . % based on what i see in this table i’m choosing item uses as the cutoff point for further analysis.  this means that i will be looking at all of the sessions that have – items per session.  this is % of the , unt scholarly works sessions and % of the sessions that have more than one item used. this represents , user sessions we are analyzing in the rest of this post.. looking at the sessions with the dataset layout we have we can easily go through and look at the partners, resource types, and finally the collections used per session.  let’s get started. the first category we will look at are the partners present in the sessions.  in the unt scholarly works collection there is generally a single partner field for a record.  this partner is usually the contributing college, department, or center on campus where the author of the resource is contributing from.  the model is flat and doesn’t allow for any nuance for multiple authors from different colleges but seems to work pretty well for many of the items in the repository.  as i said there is generally a one-to-one relationship between an object and a partner field in the dataset. unt scholarly works: partners per session from the partners per session graph we can see that there are many sessions that make use of items from multiple partners in a single session.  in fact . % of the sessions that accessed - items made use of items from more than one partner.  to me that is really telling that there are discoveries being made that span disciplines in this collection.  so a user could pull an article that was contributed by the college of information and in the same session pull up something that is from the college of music. that’s pretty cool. the next thing we can look at is the number of different resource types that are used in a given session.  there is generally one resource type per digital object.  these resource types could be an article, a book chapter, a report, a poster, or a presentation.  we are interested in seeing how often a session will include multiple different types of resources. unt scholarly works: types per session in looking at the graph above we can see that for sessions that included between and items there were % of the sessions where users made use of items that were different types. the final area we will look is at the collections per session.  this is a little bit messier to explain because it is possible (and common) for a single digital object to have multiple collections.  we had to take this into account in the way that we counted the collections per session. unt scholarly works: collections per session this graph matches the same kind of pattern that we saw for partners and resource types.  for sessions that used between two and eleven items % of the sessions used two or more different collection combinations.  this means that when a user looked at two or more different records there was a very high chance that they were going to be pulling up a digital object that was from another collection in the unt digital library. so how does this happen?  i can come up with four different ways that this can happen. 	a user is using the main search on https://digital.library.unt.edu/ and just pulls up items that are from a number of collections. 	a user is searching one of the combined search interfaces we have for the library that includes all million metadata records in the unt libraries digital collections. 	a user is coming to our content from a google search that lands them in a collection and they navigate more broadly to get to a resource. 	a user has multiple different browser tabs open and might even have two different search tasks going on but they are getting combined into one session because of the way we are grouping things for this analysis. there are probably other ways that this is happening which might be a good thing to look at in more depth in the future.  i looked briefly at the full list of collections that get used together and some of the combinations aren’t immediately interpretable with a logical story of how these items were viewed together within a session.  the web gets messy. cross-collection sessions in looking at the number of sessions that spanned more than one collection i was interested in understanding which collections were most used with the unt scholarly works repository collection. i took all of the collections present in each session and created pairs of collections in the form of (‘untsw’, ‘untetd’) or (‘untsw’, ‘trail’). these were then grouped and then the results placed into a table to show how everything matches up. 		untsw	untetd	osti	trail	ota	tdnp	mdid	crsr	jnds	untgw 	untsw	 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 , 	 	 	 	 	untetd	 , 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	osti	 , 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	trail	 , 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	ota	 , 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	tdnp	 , 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	mdid	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	crsr	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	jnds	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	untgw	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 the table needs just one piece of information to keep in mind.  when you start comparing collections that don’t include untsw you need to remember that because we limited our dataset to sessions that included untsw you should always add that into your interpretation.  for example if you were looking at how often do items from untetd (our theses and dissertation collection) get used with trail (technial report archive and image library collection) you will get sessions.  but you also have to add into that untsw so it is really, how often does untetd, trail and untsw get used together which is . just looking at the first column of the table will give us the collections that are most often accessed within sessions with the unt scholarly works repository.  i pulled those out into the chart below. cross-collection sessions by far the most commonly used collection with the unt scholarly works repository collection is the unt theses and dissertations collection. this occurs % of the time when there are two or more collections used in a session.  the other collections drop off very quickly after untetd. this analysis is just another quick stab at understanding how the digital collections are being accessed by our users.  i think that there is more that we can do with this data and hopefully i’ll get around to doing a bit more analysis this summer.  there are still a few research questions from our original post that we haven’t answered. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on june , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				introducing sampling and new algorithms to the clustering dashboard 			 								 				 			one of the things that we were excited about when we adding the clustering dashboard to the unt libraries’ edit system was the ability to experiment with new algorithms for grouping or clustering metadata values.  i gave a rundown of the cluster dashboard in a previous blog post  this post is going to walk through some of things that we’ve been doing to try and bring new data views to the metadata we are managing here at the unt libraries. the need to sample i’m going to talk a bit about the need to sample values first and then get to the algorithms that make use of it in a bit. when we first developed the cluster dashboard we were working with a process that would take all of the values of a selected metadata element, convert those values into a hash value of some sort and then and identify where there were more than one value that produces the same hash.  we were only interested in the instances that contained multiple values that had the same hash.  while there were a large number of clusters for some of the elements, each cluster had a small number of values.  i think the biggest cluster i’ve seen in the system had values.  this is easy to display to the user in the dashboard so that’s what we did. moving forward we wanted to make use of some algorithms that would result in hundreds, thousands, and even tens of thousands of values per cluster.  an example of this is trying to cluster on the length of a field.  in our dataset there are  , different creator values that are twelve characters in length.  if we tried to display all of that to the user we would quickly blow up the browser for the user which is never any fun. what we have found is that there are some algorithms we want to use that will always return all of the values and not only when there are multiple values that share a common hash.  for these situations we want to be proactive and sample the cluster members so that we don’t overwhelm the users interface. sampling options in cluster dashboard you can see in the screenshot above that there are a few different ways that you can sample the values of a cluster. 	random 	first alphabetically 	last alphabetically 	 most frequent 	 least frequent this sampling allows us to provide some new types of algorithms but still keep the system pretty responsive.  so far we’ve found this works because when you are using these cluster algorithms that return so many value you generally aren’t interested in the clusters that are the giant clusters. you are typically looking for anomalies that show up in smaller clusters, like really long or really short values for a field. cluster options in dashboard showing sampled and non-sampled clustering algorithms. we divided the algorithm selection dropdown into two parts to try and show the user the algorithms that will be sampled and the ones that don’t require sampling.  the option to select a sample method will only show up when it is required by the algorithm selected. new algorithms as i mentioned briefly above we’ve added a new set of algorithms to the cluster dashboard.  these algorithms have been implemented to find anomalies in the data that are a bit hard to find other ways.  first on the list is the length algorithm.  this algorithm uses the number of characters or length of the value as the clustering key.  generally the very short and the very long values are the ones that we are interested in. i’ll show some screenshots of what this reveals about our subject element.  i always feel like i should make some sort of defense of our metadata when i show these screenshots but i have a feeling that anyone actually reading this will know that metadata is messy. subject clustered by length (shortest) subject clustered by length (longest) so quickly we can get to values that we probably want to change. in this case the subject values that are only one character in length or those that are over , characters in length. a quick story about how this is useful.  we had a metadata creator a few years back accidentally pasted the contents of a personal email into the title field of a photograph because they just got their clipboard mixed up.  they didn’t notice this so it went unnoticed for a few weeks until it was stumbled on by another metadata editor.  this sort of thing happens from time to time and can show up with this kind of view. there are a few variations on the length that we provide.  instead of the number of characters we have another view that is the count of tokens in the metadata value.  so a value of “university of north texas” would have a token count of .  this gives a similar but different view as the length. beyond that we provide some algorithms that look at the length of tokens within the values.  so the value of “university of north texas” would have an average token length of . .  i’ve honestly not found a good use for the average token length, median token length, token length mode, or token length range yet but maybe we will? finally there is the pattern mask algorithm that was implemented primarily for the date field in our metadata records.  this algorithm takes in the selected metadata element values and converts all digits to   and all of the letters to an a.  it leaves all punctuation characters alone. so a value of “ ” maps to “ ” or a value of “july , ” maps to “aaaa , ”. pattern mask on date element in the example above you can quickly see the patterns that we will want to address as we continue to clean up our date element. as i mentioned at the beginning of the post, one of the things that we were excited about when we implemented the cluster dashboard was the ability to try out different algorithms for looking at our metadata.  this is our first set of “new” algorithms for the system.  we also had to add the ability to sample the clusters because the can quickly get crazy with the number of values.  hopefully we will be able to add additional clustering algorithms to the system in the future. are there any ideas that you have for us that you would like us to try out in the interface?  if so please let me know, we would love to experiment a bit. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on april , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				user session analysis: investigating sessions 			 								 				 			in the previous post in this series i laid out the work that we were going to do with session data from the unt libraries’ digital collections.  in order to get the background that this post builds from take a quick look at that post. in this post we are going to look at the data for the  , , user sessions that we generated from the apache access logs from the unt libraries digital collections. items per sessions the first thing that we will take a look at in the dataset is information about how many different digital objects or items are viewed during a session. 	items accessed	sessions	percentage of all sessions 	 	 , , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 - 	 , 	 . % 	 - 	 , 	 . % 	 - 	 , 	 . % 	 - 	 , 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 , 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 - 	 	 . % 	 +	 	 . % i grouped the item uses per session in order to make the table a little easier to read.  with % of sessions being single item accesses that means we have % of the sessions that have more than one item access. this is still  , , sessions that we can look at in the dataset so not bad. you can also see that there are a few sessions that have a very large number of items associated with them. for example there are sessions that have over , items being used.  i would guess that this is some sort of script or harvester that is masquerading as a browser. here are some descriptive statistics for the items per session data. 	n	min	median	max	mean	stdev 	 , , 	 	 	 , 	 . 	 . for further analysis we will probably restrict our sessions to those that have under items used in a single session.  while this might remove some legitimate sessions that used a large number of items, it will give us numbers that we can feel a bit more confident about.  that will leave , , or % of the sessions with more than one item used still in the dataset for further analysis. duration of sessions the next thing we will look at is the duration of sessions in the dataset.  we limited a single session to all interactions by an ip address in a thirty minute window so that gives us the possibility of sessions up to , seconds. 	minutes	sessions	percentage of sessions 	 	 , , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % 	 	 , 	 . % the table above groups a session into buckets for each minute.  the biggest bucket by number of sessions is the bucket of minutes. this bucket has sessions that are up to seconds in length and accounts for  , , or % of the sessions in the dataset. 	duration	sessions	percent of sessions under min 	 sec	 , , 	 % 	 - sec	 , , 	 % 	 - sec	 , 	 % 	 - sec	 , 	 % 	 - sec	 , 	 % 	 - sec	 , 	 % 	 - sec	 , 	 % you might be wondering about those sessions that lasted only zero seconds.  there are , , of them which is % of the sessions that were under one minute.  these are almost always sessions that used items as part of an embedded link, a pdf view directly from another site (google, twitter, webpage) or a similar kind of view. next steps this post helped us get a better look at the data that we are working with.  there is a bit of strangeness here and there with the data but this is pretty normal for situations where you work with access logs.  the web is a strange place full of people, spiders, bots,  and scripts. next up we will actually dig into some of the research questions we had in the first post.  we know how we are going to limit our data a bit to get rid of some of the outliers in the number of items used and we’ve given a bit of information about the large number of very short duration sessions.  so more to come. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on february , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				user session analysis: connections between collections, type, institutions 			 								 				 			i’ve been putting off some analysis that a few of us at the unt libraries have wanted to do with the log files of the unt libraries digital collections.  this post (and probably a short series to follow) is an effort to get back on track. there are three systems that we use to provide access to content and those include: the portal to texas history, the unt digital library, and the gateway to oklahoma history. in our digital collections there are a few things that we’ve said over time that we feel very strongly about but which we’ve never really measured.  first off we have said that there is value in co-locating all of our content in the same fairly uniform system instead of building visually and functionally distinct systems for different collections of items.  so instead of each new project or collection going into a new system, we’ve said there is not only cost savings, but real value in putting them all together in a single system.  we’ve said “there is an opportunity for users to not only find content from your collection, but they could find useful connections to other items in the overall digital library”. another thing we’ve said is that there is value in putting all different types of digital objects together into our digital systems.  we put the newspapers, photographs, maps, audio, video, and datasets together and we think there is value in that.  we’ve said that users will be able to find newspaper issues, photographs, and maps that might meet their need.  if we had a separate newspaper system, separate video or audio system some of this cross-type discovery would never take place. finally we’ve said that there is great value in locating collections from many institutions together in a system like the portal to texas history.  we thought (and still think) that users would be able to do a search and it will pull resources together from across institutions in texas that have matching resources. because of the geography of the state, you might be finding things that are physically located or hours away from each other at different institutions. in the portal, these could be displayed together, something that would be challenging if they weren’t co-located in a system. in our mind these aren’t completely crazy concepts but we do run into other institutions and practitioner that don’t always feel as strongly about this as we do.  the one thing that we’ve never done locally is look at the usage data of the systems and find out: 	do users discover and use items from different collections? 	do users discover and use items that are different types? 	do users discover and use items that are from different contributing partners? this blog post is going to be the first in a short series that takes a  look at the usage data in the unt libraries digital collections in an attempt to try and answer some of these questions. hopefully that is enough background, now let’s get started: how to answer the questions. in order to get started we had to think a little bit about how we wanted to pull together data on this.  we have been generating item-based usage for the digital library collections for a while.  these get aggregated into collection and partner statistics that we make available in the different systems.  the problem with this data is that it just shows what items were used and how many times in a day they were used.  it doesn’t show what was used together. we decided that we needed to go back to the log files from the digital collections and re-create user sessions to group item usage together.  after we have information about what items were used together we can sprinkle in some metadata about those items and start answering our questions. with that as a plan we can move to the next step. preparing the data we decided to use all of the log files for from our digital collections servers.  this ends up being  , , , lines of apache access logs (geez, over . billion, or . million server requests a day).  the data came from two different servers that collectively host all of the application traffic for the three systems that make up the unt libraries’ digital collections. we decided that we would define a session as all of the interactions that a single ip address has with the system in a minute window.  if a user uses the system for more than minutes, say minutes, that would count as one thirty minute session and one fifteen minute session. we started by writing a script that would do three things.  first it would ignore lines in the log file that were from robots and crawlers.  we have a pretty decent list of these bots so that was easy to remove.  next we further reduced the data by only looking at digital object accesses.  specifically lines that looked something like ‘/ark:/ /metapth /`. this pattern in our system denotes an item access and these are what we were interested in.  finally we only were concerned with accesses that returned content so we only looked at lines that returned a status code. we filtered the log files down to three columns of data.  the first column was the timestamp for when the http access was made,  the second column was the has of the hashed ip address used to make the request, and the final column was the digital item path requested.  this resulted in a much smaller dataset to work with, from , , , down to  , , individual lines of data. here is what a snipped of data looks like dce e d a e a b a ec e /ark:/ /metadc /m / /high_res_d/bulletin .pdf fa cf b a fe f /ark:/ /metadc /m / /high_res/ fa cf b a fe f /ark:/ /metadc /m / /high_res/ b e b aadb d c ab /ark:/ /metadc /m / /high_res_d/dissertation.pdf accb d f ef d bfb /ark:/ /metacrs /m / /high_res_d/rs _ may .pdf decabc fc bad b /ark:/ /metadc /m / /small_res/ f b f b fd c beee c /ark:/ /metadc / f b f b fd c beee c /ark:/ /metadc /m / /small_res/ c a f b a fabd f c /ark:/ /metadc /m / /med_res_d/ f b f b fd c beee c /ark:/ /metadc /m / /med_res/ f b f b fd c beee c /ark:/ /metadc /m / /small_res/ f b f b fd c beee c /ark:/ /metadc /m / /small_res/ f b f b fd c beee c /ark:/ /metadc /m / /small_res/ ef c dd cb b b f b /ark:/ /metadc /m / /small_res/ a ce e cd e b c df d a /ark:/ /metadc /m / /med_res/ ea ba d a d ff c e e /ark:/ /metadc /m / /high_res/ you can see the three columns in the data there. the next step was actually to sort all of this data by the timestamp in the first column.  you might notice that not all of the lines are in chronological order in the sample above.  by sorting on the timestamp, things will fall into order based on time. the next step was to further reduce this data down into sessions.  we created a short script that we could feed the data into and it would keep track of the ip addresses it came across, note the objects that the ip hash used, and after a thirty minute period of time (based on the timestamp) it would start the aggregation again. the result was a short json structure that looked like this. { "arks": ["metapth ", "metapth "], "ip_hash": " ebfe f b c b e ead e ", "timestamp_end": , "timestamp_start": } this json has the ip hash, the starting and ending timestamp for that session, and finally the items that were used.  each of these json structures were placed into a file, a line-oriented set of json “files” that would get used in the following steps. this new line-oriented json file is , , lines long, with one line representing a single user session for the unt libraries’ digital collections.  i think that’s pretty cool. i think i’m going to wrap up this post but in the next post i will take a look at what these users sessions look like with a little bit of sorting, grouping, plotting, and graphing. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on february , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				metadata quality interfaces: cluster dashboard (openrefine clustering baked right in) 			 								 				 			this is the last of the updates from our summer’s activities in creating new metadata interfaces for the unt libraries digital collections.  if you are interested in the others in this series you can view the past few posts on this blog where i talk about our facet, count, search, and item interfaces. this time i am going to talk a bit about our cluster dashboard.  this interface took a little bit longer than the others to complete.  because of this, we are just rolling it out this week, but it is before autumn so i’m calling it a summer interface. i warn you that there are going to be a bunch of screenshots here, so if you don’t like those, you probably won’t like this post. cluster dashboard for a number of years i have been using openrefine for working with spreadsheets of data before we load them into our digital repository.  this tool has a number of great features that help you get an overview of the data you are working with, as well as identifying some problem areas that you should think about cleaning up.  the feature that i have always felt was the most interesting was their data clustering interface.  the idea of this interface is that you choose a facet, (dimension, column) of your data and then group like values together.  there are a number of ways of doing this grouping and for an in-depth discussion of those algorithms i will point you to the wonderful openrefine clustering documentation. openrefine is a wonderful tool for working with spreadsheets (and a whole bunch of other types of data) but there are a few challenges that you run into when you are working with data from our digital library collections.  first of all our data generally isn’t rectangular.  it doesn’t easily fit into a spreadsheet.  we have some records with one creator, we have some records with dozens of creators.  there are ways to work with these multiple values but things get complicated. the bigger challenge we generally have is that while many systems can generate a spreadsheet of their data for exporting, very few of them (our system included) have a way of importing those changes back into the system in a spreadsheet format.  this means that while you could pull data from the system, clean it up in openrefine, when you were ready to put it back in the system you would run into the problem that there wasn’t a way to get that nice clean data back into the system. a way that you could use openrefine was to identify records to change and then have to go back into the system and change records there. but that is far from ideal. so how did we overcome this? we wanted to use the openrefine clustering but couldn’t get data easily back into our system.  our solution?  bake the openrefine clustering right into the system.  that’s what this post is about. the first thing you see when you load up the cluster dashboard is a quick bit of information about how many records, collections, and partners you are going to be working on values from.  this is helpful to let you know the scope of what you are cluster, both to understand why it might take a while to generate clusters, but also because it is generally better to run these clustering tools over the largest sets of data that you can because it can pull in variations from many different records.  other than that you are presented with a pretty standard dashboard interface from the unt libraries’ edit system. you can limit to subsets of records with the facets on the left side and the number of items you cluster over will change accordingly. cluster dashboard the next thing that you will see is a little help box below the clustering stats. this is a help interface that helps to explain how to use the clustering dashboard and a little more information about how the different algorithms work.  metadata folks generally like to know the fine details about how the algorithms work, or at least be able to find that information if they want to know it later. cluster dashboard help the first thing you do is select a field/element/facet that you are interested in clustering. in the example below i’m going to select the contributor field. choosing an element to cluster once you make a selection you can further limit it to a qualifier, in this case you could limit it to just the contributors that are organizations, or contributors that are composers.  as i said above, using more data generally works better so we will just run the algorithms over all of the values. you next have the option of choosing an algorithm for your clustering.  we recommend to people that they start with the default fingerprint algorithm because it is a great starting point.  i will discuss the other algorithms later in this post. choosing an algorithm after you select your algorithm, you hit submit and things start working.  you are given a screen that will have a spinner that tells you the clusters are generating. generating clusters depending on your dataset size and the number of unique values of the selected element, you could get your results back on a second or dozens of seconds.  the general flow of data after you hit submit is to query the solr backend for all of the facet values and their counts.  these values are then processed with the chosen algorithm that creates a “key” for that value.  another way to think about it is that the values are placed into a bucket that groups similar values together.  there are some calculations that are preformed on the clusters and then they are cached for about ten minutes by the system.  after you wait for the clusters to generate the first time they are much quicker for the next ten minutes. in the screen below you can see the results of this first clustering.  i will go into detail about the values and options you have to work with the clusters. contributor clusters with fingerprint key collision hashing the first thing that you might want to do is sort the clusters in a different way.  by default they are sorted with the value of the cluster key.  sometimes this makes sense, sometimes it doesn’t make sense as to why something is in a given order.  we thought about displaying the key but found that it was also distracting in the interface. different ways of sorting clusters one of the ways that i like to sort the clusters is by the number of cluster members.  the image below shows the clusters with this sort applied. contributor field sorted by members here is a more detailed view of a few clusters.  you can see that the name of the russian composer shostakovich has been grouped into a cluster of members.  this represents different records in the system with a contributor element for this composer.  next to each member value you will see a number in parenthesis, this is the number of records that uses that variation of the value. contributor cluster detail you can also sort based on the number of records that a cluster contains.  this brings up the most frequently used values.  generally there are a large number that have a value and then a few records that have a competing value.  usually pretty easy to fix. contributor element sorted by records sorting by the average length variation can help find values that are strange duplications of themselves.  repeated phrases, a double copy and paste, strange things like that come to the surface. contributor element sorted by average length variation finally sorting by average length is helpful if you want to work with the longest or shortest values that are similar. contributor element sorted by average length different algorithms i’m going to go through the different algorithms that we currently have in production.  our hope is that as time moves forward we will introduce new algorithms or slight variations of algorithms to really get at some of the oddities of the data in the system.  first up is the fingerprint algorithm.  this is a direct clone of the default fingerprint algorithm used by openrefine. contributor element clustered using fingerprint key collision a small variation we introduced was instead of replacing punctuation with a whitespace character, the fingerprint-ns (no space) just removes the punctuation without adding whitespace.  this would group f.b.i with fbi where the other fingerprint algorithm wouldn’t group them together.  this small variation surfaces different clusters.  we had to keep reminding ourselves that when we created the algorithms that there wasn’t such a thing as “best”, or “better”, but instead they were just “different”. contributor element clustered using fingerprint (no space) key collision one thing that is really common for names in bibliographic metadata is that they have many dates.  birth, death, flourished, and so on.  we have a variation of the fingerprint algorithm that removes all numbers in addition to punctuation.  we call this one fingerprint-nd (no dates).  this is helpful for grouping names that are missing dates with versions of the name that have dates.  in the second cluster below i pointed out an instance of mozart’s name that wouldn’t have been grouped with the default fingerprint algorithm.  remember, different, not better or best. contributor element clustered using fingerprint (no dates) key collision from there we branch out into a few simpler algorithms.  the caseless algorithm just lowercases all of the values and you can see clusters that only differ in ways that are related to upper case or lower case values. contributor element clustered using caseless (lowercase) key collision next up is the ascii algorithm which tries to group together values that only differ in diacritics.  so for instance the name jose and josé would be grouped together. contributor element clustered using ascii key collision the final algorithm is just a whitespace normalization called normalize whitespace, it removes consecutive whitespace characters to group values. contributor element clustered using normalized whitespace key collision you may have noticed that the number of clusters went down dramatically from the fingerprint algorithms to the caseless, ascii, or normalize whitespace, we generally want people to start with the fingerprint algorithms because they will be useful most of the time. other example elements here are a few more examples from other fields.  i’ve gone ahead and sorted them by members (high to low) because i think that’s the best way to see the value of this interface.  first up is the creator field. creator element clustered with fingerprint algorithm and sorted by members next up is the subject field.  we have so so many ways of saying “ou football” subject element clustered with fingerprint algorithm and sorted by members the real power of this interface is when you start fixing things.  in the example below i’m wanting to focus in on the value “football (o u )”.  i do this by clicking the link for that member value. subject element cluster detail you are taken directly to a result set that has the records for that selected value.  in this case there are two records with “football (o u )”. selected records all you have to do at this point is open up a record, make the edit and publish that record back. many of you will say “yeah but wouldn’t some sort of batch editing be faster here?”  and i will answer “absolutely,  we are going to look into how we would do that!” (but it is a non-trivial activity due to how we manage and store metadata, so sadface 🙁 ) subject value in the record there you have it, the cluster dashboard and how it works.  the hope is to empower our metadata creators and metadata managers to better understand and if needed, clean up the values in our metadata records.  by doing so we are improving the ability for people to connect different records based on common valuse between the records. as we move forward we will introduce a number of other algorithms that we can use to cluster values.  there are also some other metrics that we will look at for sorting records to try and tease out “which clusters would be the most helpful to our users to correct first”.  that is always something we are keeping in the back of our head,  how can we provide a sorted list of things that are most in need of human fixing.  so if you are interested in that sort of thing stay tuned, i will probably talk about it on this blog. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on september , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				metadata interfaces: search dashboard 			 								 				 			this is the next blog post in a series that discusses some of the metadata interfaces that we have been working on improving over the summer for the unt libraries digital collections.  you can catch up on those posts about our item views, facet dashboard, and element count dashboard if you are curious. in this post i’m going to talk about our search dashboard.  this dashboard is really the bread and butter of our whole metadata editing application.  about % of the time a user who is doing some metadata work will login and work with this interface to find the records that they need to create or edit. the records that they see and can search are only ones that they have privileges to edit.  in this post you will see what i see when i login to the system, the nearly . million records that we are currently managing in our systems. let’s get started. search dashboard if you have read the other post you will probably notice quite a bit of similarity between the interfaces.  all of those other interfaces were based off of this search interfaces.  you can divide the dashboard into three primary sections.  on the left side there are facets that allow you to refine your view in a number of ways.  at the top of the right column is an area where you can search for a term or phrase in a record you are interested in.  finally under the search box there is a result set of items and various ways to interact with those results. by default all the records that you have access to are viewable if you haven’t refined your view with a search or a limiting facet. edit interface search dashboard the search section of the dashboard lets you find a specific record or set of records that you are interested in working with.  you can choose to search across all of the fields in the metadata record or just a specific metadata field using the dropdown next to where you enter your search term.  you can search single words, phrases, or unique identifiers for records if you have those.  once you hit the search button you are on your way. search and view options for records once you have submitted your search you will get back a set of results.  i’ll go over these more in depth in a little bit. record detail you can sort your results in a variety of ways.  by default they are returned in title order but you can sort them by the date they were added to the system, the date the original item was created, the date that the metadata record was last modified, the ark identifier and finally by a completeness metric.   you also have the option to change your view from the default list view to the grid view. sort options here is a look at the grid view.  it presents a more visually compact view of the records you might be interested in working with. grid view the image below is a detail of a record view. we tried to pack as much useful information into each row as we  could.  we have the title, a thumbnail, several links to either the edit or summary item view on the left part of the row.  following that we have the system, collection, and partner that the record belongs to. we have the unique ark identifier for the object, the date that it was added to the unt libraries’ digital collections, and the date the metadata was last modified.  finally we have a green check if the item is visible to the public or a red x if the item is hidden from the public. record detail facet section there are a number of different facets that a user can use to limit the records they are working with to a smaller subset.  the list is pretty long so i’ll first show you it in a single image and then go over some of the specifics in more detail below. facet options the first three facets are the system, collection and partner facets.  we have three systems that we manage records for with this interface, the portal to texas history, the unt digital library, and the gateway to oklahoma history. each digital item can belong to multiple collections and generally belongs to a single partner organization.  if you are interested in just working on the records for the kxas-nbc new collection you can limit your view of records by selecting that value from the collections facet area. system, collections and partners facet options next are the resource type and visibility facets.  it is often helpful to limit to just a specific resource type, like maps when you are doing your metadata editing so that you don’t see things that you aren’t interested in working with.  likewise there are some kinds of metadata editing that you want to focus primarily on items that are already viewable to the public and you don’t want the hidden records to get in the way. you can do this with the visibility facet. resource type and visibility facet options next we start getting into the new facet types that we added this summer to help identify records that need some metadata uplift.  we have the date validity, my edits, and location data facets. date validity is a facet that allows you to identify records that have dates in them that are not valid according to the extended date time format (edtf).  there are two different fields in a record that are checked, the date field and the coverage field (which can contain dates).  if any of these aren’t valid edtf strings then we mark the whole record as having invalid dates.  you can use this facet to identify these and go in a correct those values. next up is a facet for just the records that you have edited in the past.  this can be helpful for a number of reasons.  i use it from time to time to see if any of the records that i’ve edited have developed any issues like dates that aren’t valid since i last edited them.  it doesn’t happen often but can be helpful. finally there is a section of location data.  this set of facets is helpful for identifying records which have or don’t have a place name, place point, or place box in the record.  helpful if you are working through a collection trying to add geographic information to the records. date validity, my edits, and location data facet options the final set of facets are recently edited records, and record completeness.  the first is the recently edited records which is pretty straight forward.  this just a listing of how many records have been edited in the past h, h, d, d, d, d in the system.  one note that causes a bit of confusion here is that these are records that are edited by  anyone in the past period of time.  it is often misunderstood as “your edits” in a given period of time which isn’t true.  still very helpful but can get you into some strange results if you think about it the other way. the last facet value is for the record completeness. we really have two categories, records that have a completeness of . (complete records) or records that are less than . (incomplete records).  this metric is calculated when the item is indexed in the system and based on our notion of a minimally viable record. recently edited records and record completeness facet options this finishes this post about the search dashboard for the unt libraries digital collections.  we have been working to build out this metadata environment for about the last eight years and have slowly refined it to the metadata creation and editing workflows that seem to work for the widest number of folks here at unt.  there are always improvements that we can make and we have been steadily chipping away at those over time. there are a few other things that we’ve been working on over the summer that i will post about in the next week or so, so stay tuned for more. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on september , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				metadata quality interfaces: element count dashboard 			 								 				 			next up in our review of the new metadata quality interfaces we have implemented this summer is our element count dashboard. the basics of this are that whenever we index metadata records in our solr index we go ahead and count the number of instances of a given element, or a given element with a specific qualifier and store those away in the index.  this results in hundreds of fields that are the counts of element instances in those fields. we built an interface on top of these counts because we had a hunch that we would be able to use this information to help us identify problems in our metadata records.  it feels like i’m showing some things in our metadata that we probably don’t want to really highlight but it is all for helping others understand.  so onward! element count dashboard the dashboard is similar to other dashboards in the edit system.  you have the ability to limit your view to just the collection, partner or system you are interested in working with. count dashboard from there you can select an element you are interested in viewing counts for.  in the example below i am interested in looking at the description element or field. select an element to view counts once your selection is made you are presented with the number of instances of the description field in a record.  this is a little more helpful if you know that in our metadata world, a nice clean record will generally have two description fields.  one for a content description and one for a physical description of the item. more than two is usually strange and less than one is usually bad. counts for description elements to get a clearer view you can see the detail below.  this again is for the top level description element where we like to have two descriptions. detail of description counts you can also limit to a qualifier specifically.  in the example below you see the counts of description elements with a content qualifier.  the , records that have two description elements with a content qualifier are pretty strange.  we should probably fix those. detail of description counts for content qualifier next we limit to just the physical description qualifier. you will see that there are a bunch that don’t have any sort of physical description and then that have two. we should fix both of those record sets. detail of description counts for physical qualifier because of the way that we index things we can also get at the description elements that don’t have either a content or physical qualifier selected.  these are identified with a value of none for the qualifier.  you can see that there are , , records that have zero description elements with a none qualifier.  that’s awesome.  you can also see that have one element and that have two elements that are missing qualifiers.  that’s not awesome. detail of description counts for none qualifier i’m hoping you are starting to see how this kind of interface could be useful to drill into records that might look a little strange.  when you identify something strange all you have to do is click on the number and you are taken directly to the records that match what you’ve asked for.  in the example below we are seeing all of the records that have two physical descriptions because this is something we are interested in correcting. records with multiple duplicate physical qualifiers if you open up a record to edit you will see that yes, in fact there are two physical descriptions in this record. it looks like the first one should actually be a content description. example of two physical descriptions that need to be fixed once we change that value we can hit the publish button and be on our way fixing other metadata records.  the counts will update about thirty seconds later to reflect the corrections that you have made. fixed physical and content descriptions even more of a good thing. because i think this is a little different than other interfaces you might be used to, it might be good to see another example. this time we are looking at the creator element in the element count dashboard. creator counts you will see that there are different counts from zero way up into way way too many creators on an item (silly physics articles). i was curious to see what the counts looked like for creator elements that were missing a role qualifier.  these are identified by selecting the none value from the qualifier dropdown. creator counts for missing qualifiers you can see that the majority of our records don’t have creator elements missing the role qualifier but there are a number that do.  we can fix those.  if you wanted to look at those records that have five different creator elements that don’t have a role you would end up getting to records that loo like the one below. example of multiple missing types and roles you will notice that when a record has a problem there are often multiple things wrong with it. in this case not only is it missing role information for each of these creator elements but there is also name type information that is missing.  once we fix those we can move along and edit some more. and a final example. i’m hoping you are starting to see how this interface could be useful.  here is another example if you aren’t convinced yet.  we are completing a retrospective digitization of theses and dissertations here at unt.  not only is this a bunch of digitization but it is quite a bit of metadata that we are adding to both the unt digital library as well as our traditional library catalog.   let’s look at some of those records. you can limit your dashboard view to the collection you are interested in working on.  in this case we choose the unt theses and dissertations collection. next up we take a look at the number of creator elements per record. theses and dissertations are generally authored by just one person.  it would be strange to see counts other than one. creator counts for these and dissertations collection it looks lie there are records that are missing creator elements and a single record that for some reason has two creator elements.  this is strange and we should take a look. below you will see the view of the records that are missing a creator element.  sadly at the time of writing there are seven of these that are visible to the public so that’s something we really need to fix in a hurry. example theses that are missing creators that’s it for this post about our element count dashboard.  i hope that you find this sort of interface interesting.  i’d be interested to hear if you have interfaces like this for your digital library collections or if you think something like this would be useful in your metadata work. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter. 					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on september , by vphill.								 	 							 	 				 			 						 				metadata quality interfaces: facet dashboard 			 								 				 			this is the second post in a series that discusses the new metadata interfaces we have been developing for the unt libraries’ digital collections metadata editing environment. the previous post was related to the item views that we have created. this post discusses our facet dashboard in a bit of depth.  let’s get started. facet dashboard a little bit of background is in order so that you can better understand the data that we are working with in our metadata system.  the unt libraries uses a locally-extended dublin core metadata element set. in addition to locally-extending the elements to include things like collection, partner, degree, citation, note, and meta fields we also qualify many of the fields. a qualifier usually specifics what type of value is represented.  so a subject could be a keyword, or an lcsh value. a creator could be an author, or a photographer.  many of the fields have the ability to have one qualifier for the value. when we index records in our solr instance we store strings of each of these elements, and each of the elements plus qualifiers, so we have fields we can facet on.  this results in facet fields for creator as well as specifically creator_author, or creator_photographer.  for fields that we expect the use of a qualifier we also capture when there isn’t a qualifier in a field like creator_none.  this results in many hundreds of fields in our solr index but we do this for good reason,  to be able to get at the data in ways that are helpful for metadata maintainers. the first view we created around this data was our facet dashboard.  the image below shows what you get when you go to this view. default facet dashboard on the left side of the screen you are presented with facets that you can make use of to limit and refine the information you are interested in viewing.  i’m currently looking at all of the records from all partners and all collections.  this is a bit over . million records. the next step is to decide which field you are interested in seeing the facet values for.  in this case i am choosing the creator field. selecting a field to view facet values after you make a selection you are presented with a paginated view of all of the creator values in the dataset ( , unique values in this case). these are sorted alphabetically so the first values are the ones that generally start with punctuation. in addition to the string value you are presented the number of records in the system that have that given value. all creator values because there can be many many pages of results sometimes it is helpful to jump directly to a subset of the records.  this can be accomplished with a “begins with” dropdown in the left menu.  i’m choosing to look at only facets that start with the letter d. limit to a specific letter after making a selection you are presented with the facets that start with the letter d instead of the whole set.  this makes it a bit easier to target just the values you are looking for. creator values starting with d sometimes when you are looking at the facet values you are trying to identify values that fall next to each other but that might differ only a little bit. one of the things that can make this a bit easier is having a button that can highlight just the whitespace in the strings themselves. highlight whitespace button once you click this button you see that the whitespace is now highlighted in green.  this highlighting in combination with using a monospace font makes it easier to see when values only differ with the amount of whitespace. highlighted whitespace once you have identified a value that you want to change the next thing to do is just click on the link for that facet value. identified value to correct you are taken to a new tab in your browser that has just the records that have the selected value.  in this case there was just one record with “d & h photo” that we wanted to edit. record with identified value we have a convenient highlighting of visited rows on the facet dashboard so you know which values you have clicked on. highlighted reminder of selected value in addition to just seeing all of the values for the creator field you can also limit your view to a specific qualifier by selecting the qualifier dropdown when it is available. select an optional qualifier you can also look at items that don’t have a given value, for example creator values that don’t have a name type designated.  this is identified with a qualifier value of none-type. creator values without a designated type you get just the + values in the system that don’t have a name type designated. all of this can be performed on any of the elements or any of the qualified elements of the metadata records. while this is a useful first step in getting metadata editors directly to both the values of fields and their counts in the form of facets, it can be improved upon.  this view still requires users to scan a long long list of items to try and identify values that should be collapsed because they are just different ways of expressing the same thing with differences in spacing or punctuation. it is only possible to identify these values if they are located near each other alphabetically.  this can be a problem if you have a field like a name field that can have inverted or non-inverted strings for names.  so there is room for improvement of these interfaces for our users. our next interface to talk about is our count dashboard.  but that will be in another post. if you have questions or comments about this post,  please let me know via twitter.       					 		 		 			this entry was posted in thinking outloud on august , by vphill.								 	 			 						 				post navigation 				← older posts 				 			 			 		 		 	 			 			 				 					search for: 					 					 				 			 		 		recent posts 			 					metadata events system: accounting for time 									 	 					managing metadata editing for telecommuting. 									 	 					user session analysis: unt scholarly works 									 	 					introducing sampling and new algorithms to the clustering dashboard 									 	 					user session analysis: investigating sessions 									 		recent comments 	government data at risk – uc portal on how many of the eot pdf files were harvested in eot 	news roundup | lj infodocket on how do metadata records change over time? 	news roundup | lj infodocket on how do metadata records change over time? 	news roundup | lj infodocket on how do metadata records change over time? 	the internet archive has preserved tb of government website data during transition to trump administration - techsqrd.com on how many of the eot pdf files were harvested in eot 		 		 	 		 									 				proudly powered by wordpress			 		 	 information flaneur information flaneur hugh rundle top big library ideas in history sun jul : : gmt+ (australian eastern standard time) a barbaric yawp mon apr : : gmt+ (australian eastern standard time) how to write a static site generator in lines or less mon mar : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) re-live the excitement of generous and open glam sun feb : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) automation workflows with github actions and webhooks: library map part sat jan : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) library map part : how thu jan : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) library map part : why mon jan : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) rear vision mon jan : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) recursive sun dec : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) for what we will mon dec : : gmt+ (australian eastern daylight time) 	home 	about 	archive 	privacy 	rss i've published my thoughts about libraries and technology on this blog for several years. some of my views have evolved over time - past writing may not reflect my current opinion. all content © hugh rundle except as noted in acknowledgements. text licensed cc-by . . please ensure any redistribution adheres to the creative commons best practices for attribution. published with eleventy. buterin explains why ethereum . upgrade won’t arrive until late - the tokenist newsletter 	 news 	 investing 	 best of 	best online stock brokers 	best stock trading apps 	best day trading brokers 	best futures brokers 	best investment apps 	best robo advisors 	best penny stock brokers 	 reviews 	acorns 	robinhood 	betterment 	ig group 	interactive brokers 	etoro 	sofi invest 	 forex 	best forex brokers 	best forex trading apps 	best beginner forex broker 	best u.s. forex brokers 	best u.k. forex brokers 	best canadian forex brokers 	 options 	best options brokers 	best binary options brokers 	best us binary options brokers 	options trading 	options trading strategies 	call option 	put option 	 loans 	 bad credit 	best installment loans 	best business loans 	debt consolidation loans 	consolidation for bad credit 	bad credit mortgage loans 	debt consolidation 	guide to debt relief 	 credit repair 	best credit repair companies 	best credit repair software 	best credit monitors 	sky blue credit repair review 	creditrepair.com review 	understand a credit report 	free credit report 	 personal loans 	bad credit loans 	fair credit loans 	good credit loans 	excellent credit loans 	best personal loans 	low interest personal loans 	how to get a personal loan 	 lending platforms 	sofi lending 	marcus by goldman sachs 	lightstream 	fundera 	kabbage 	payoff 	moneymutual 	 education 	 investing 	investing 	stocks vs bonds 	stocks vs mutual funds 	stocks vs options 	growth vs value stocks 	stocks that pay dividends 	tax-loss harvesting 	 analysis 	how to research stocks 	how to read stock charts 	how the stock market works 	stock market returns 	technical analysis 	fundamental analysis 	mutual funds 	 beginner 	what's a stock broker 	how to choose a broker 	what's a robo-advisor 	robo vs human advisor 	what's a forex broker 	guide to u.s. forex regs 	how options work 	 guides 	how to buy stock 	stock trading 	forex trading guide 	options trading 	how to invest in stocks 	security tokens 	sustainable investing (sri) 	 opinions 	 research 	remote learning survey 	bitcoin adoption survey 	 	 newsletter image courtesy of rf. news / blockchain buterin explains why ethereum . upgrade won’t arrive until late proof-of-stake is not coming to eth anytime soon - and the reason why, is apparently not due to technical problems. by kai morris last updated on june , neither the author, kai morris, nor this website, the tokenist, provide financial advice. please consult our website policy prior to making financial decisions. vitalik buterin, co-founder of ethereum and one of the industry’s prominent thought-leaders, recently spoke at the hong kong’s startmeuphk festival tech conference. among many topics, buterin shared his thoughts on ethereum’s hotly-anticipated shift from proof-of-work (pow) to proof-of-stake (pos). to the disappointment of many however, the shipping of shard chains is not expected until sometime in late , according to ethereum’s latest roadmap. while a transition from pow to pos is expected to take place sometime in / , the inclusion of shard chains is seen by many as the official completion of the ethereum . upgrade. while many have believed the delay was due to the technically-burdensome transition, the actual issue is apparently something different. ethereum . delay: people problems, not technical problems at the conference, buterin explained: “one of the biggest problems i’ve found with our project is not the technical problems, it’s problems related with people”. this might come as a surprise, as many people had thought the delays to pos were due to computational, or programming-based issues, as changing the consensus algorithm of the largest blockchain ecosystem certainly sounds tough. but this is apparently not the case. he spoke about disagreements and issues with the etheruem team, stating that “we have a lot of internal team conflicts in these five years. if you are building a team, it is important to know who you are working with”. this is not the most shocking revelation when you consider how many ethereum co-founders have left in the past to build rival blockchains. just think of individuals such as gavin wood, co-founder of polkadot and kusama, and charles hoskinson, founder of cardano. in fact, of ethereum’s original co-founders, buterin is the only one still at the company. buterin’s reveal that it is the people holding back etheruem’s upgrades, rather than the technology, is bittersweet. on one hand, it shows that the upgrades are computationally and practically possible, meaning that we will eventually see them rolled out in the future. but on the other hand, it gives us a damning picture of how the etheruem team functions and operates.  buterin’s citing of team conflicts also seems contradictory to what we have previously known about ethereum’s struggles. this largely due to comments made by others working on the blockchain such as tim beiko. in the past, he was spoken about ethereum’s struggles as primarily technological ones.  for instance, earlier in the year, beiko noted that sharding (the ability to run nodes on lower spec computers) was one of the biggest factors holding back the blockchain. however, buterin’s most recent words suggest otherwise. join our telegram group and stay connected to all things crypto, defi, and finance. ethereum needs pos more than ever the demand for etheruem to switch consensus algorithms has never been higher. the late - bull market has acted as a stress test for the blockchain, and one that it is unfortunately failing. gas fees are astronomical, and transaction times are taking longer than usual.  during the last few months, many users turned away from ethereum because it was simply too expensive and time-consuming to use, especially for smaller payments. this is damning for defi, as projects that use automated market makers (amms) such as uniswap and aave have become unsustainable due to congestion. as a result, alternatives such as the binance smart chain have thrived.  not only this, but with recent concerns regarding pow’s environmental impact, people have been attentively watching ethereum’s progress. the switch to pos was being haled as a saving grace for crypto in the long run, in part due to this.  considering the sheer size of ethereum’s ecosystem, if it cannot fix its congestion issues in due time, it could temporarily prevent the market from growing further, as high fees and slow times disenfranchise retail investors. at the moment, ethereum supporters can only hope that these internal conflicts get swiftly resolved, as the future of the blockchain looks poorer and poorer as its problems persist.  what sort of internal conflicts do you think the ethereum team has been facing? let us know in the comments below. ethereum proof-of-stake proof-of-work upgrade about the author kai morris linkedin email kai morris is a crypto and defi specialist and researcher. he has a b.a hons in law and philosophy at the university of essex, where he studied complex economic, legal, and ethical theory relevant to the fintech landscape. kai has a particular interest in decentralization and privacy blockchains, as they directly relate to our human rights and flourishing. he cares about blockchain, dag, and defi as a means of positively changing our lived experiences. kai is an investor in ethereum and monero. you may also like / blockchain, trending what can axie’s % revenue growth teach us about blockchain gaming? / blockchain key takeaways: musk, dorsey, wood share thoughts on bitcoin / blockchain u.s. government’s stance on crypto is becoming divided / blockchain gensler: stock tokens fall under sec’s ‘securities regime’ / blockchain, trending bitcoin’s on-chain analysis still has bullish indicators / blockchain yellen says stablecoins to be regulated ‘quickly’, what that could look like / blockchain, payments why $ k is a crucial threshold in bitcoin’s ongoing supercycle / blockchain square, processor of $ billion+ in , announces new firm to bring defi to bitcoin / blockchain stablecoin transaction volume was $ . trillion in q , up % from q 	about us 	careers 	contact us 	press room 	advertise with us 	terms of service 	report an error 	submit a press release 	best online stock brokers 	best robo advisors 	best stock trading apps 	best mortgage lenders 	glba privacy notice 	privacy policy 	web accessibility policy 	do not sell my information 	how we earn money 	review methodology 	sitemap general disclaimer: the tokenist is an independent website managed by tim (that’s me), who, despite a background in corporate finance and private equity, should not be considered an “expert” on all financial matters. the knowledge shared on this site comes from his own personal research and experience. he does his best to provide accurate, useful information about financial products and services, but makes no guarantee that all readers will achieve the same level of success. if you have questions, consult a licensed financial advisor. advertising disclosure: some offers on this page may promote affiliates, which means the tokenist earns a commission if you purchase products or services through the links provided. all opinions expressed here are the author’s and not of any other entity. the content at the tokenist has not been endorsed by any entity mentioned at the site. for additional information, please review our full advertising disclosure. copyright © . the tokenist media llc. all rights reserved. cookies & privacy the tokenist uses cookies to provide you with a great experience and enables you to enjoy all the functionality of the site. accept cookies energy-saving bitcoin rival chia raises from a z, plans mini-ipo – techcrunch 	 	 		 			 	 						energy-saving bitcoin rival chia raises from a z, plans mini-ipo 			legit crypto startups are ditching the ico 		 			 			 			 			josh constine		 		 							@joshconstine 				 / 						 years		 	 		 	 			 			 		 	 			 				bram cohen invented torrenting. now he’s building a cryptocurrency called chia that doesn’t waste electricity like bitcoin, and top investors are lining up. chia has just raised a $ . million seed round led by angellist’s naval ravikant and joined by andreessen horowitz, greylock and more. the money will help the startup build out its chia coin and blockchain powered by proofs of space and time instead of bitcoin’s energy-sucking proofs of work, which it plans to launch in q . but that’s just the start of chia’s ambitious plan to disrupt bitcoin. it’s avoiding the often-abused ico process that chia president ryan singer says comes with “a lot of issues with regulatory uncertainty and investor protection.” instead, it’s working with its general council and the sec to do a mini-ipo this summer or fall through the jobs act’s regulation a+ equity crowdfunding rule. that could let chia raise a maximum of $ million from the public, non-accredited amateur investors included. “people who buy in an ico are uncertain of how the company will spend the money and how they’ll get the things they were promised,” says singer, who was coo of cryptocurrency exchange tradehill and started several other blockchain companies. “we’re going to operate the company with the transparency and accountability expected of a public company, which is very different than most icos.” [update: burstcoin is another cryptocurrency started years earlier that relies on proofs of capacity, but some developers consider it vulnerable to grinding attacks.] chia network co-founder and president ryan singer chia will do a pre-mine of its currency but initially retain ownership of percent of the coins, using the mini-ipo to foster a community of investors. “we’re planning on issuing a dividend of chia to our shareholders in advance of the network launch,” says singer. “this ensures we can get it in people’s hands to use on the network without marketing and selling it as a security or investment opportunity.” because the public offering is capped at $ million, chia will use an auction where investors choose how much they’ll bid for how many shares. it’s similar to the process google used to ipo. the more popular it is and higher people bid, the less equity chia will have to sell to get the $ million. once a clearing price is locked in, everyone who bid below it will get no shares and their deposit back, while those who bid over get their shares plus a refund of the difference between their high bid and actual price. “this may be the first fully compliant public offering for a crypto company,” a chia spokesperson writes. the killer feature in crypto: legitimacy after cohen invented the torrenting file transfer protocol in and co-founded a company around it called bittorrent, the startup suffered through a decade of mismanagement by other ceos. so this time around, he seems determined to keep control, holding the ceo title himself. still, singer the businessman has been the one orchestrating the fundraises and growing chia’s team to six, while cohen works to derisk the startup’s complex technical roadmap. “there’s been a fair amount of pretty deep algorithmic work and that’s been going quite well, but these are things that have to be taken seriously,” says cohen, who makes maddeningly difficult handheld d puzzles in his spare time. “you absolutely must worry on a technical level about all the ways something could go wrong because building secure distributed databases is hard.” it’s quite a statement from a guy who built the protocol bittorrent said at one point moved percent of world’s internet traffic per day. chia is now aggressively hiring engineers with experience in decentralized network protocols, math and cryptography to lay the code for its coin launch. they’ll be working on an alternative to bitcoin’s proofs of work, which require cpus and gpus that drain huge amounts of electricity in order to verify the blockchain. this has led to massive bitcoin mining pools that split the proceeds while operating near cheap electricity sources and cold air to cool the mining rigs, like in the pacific northwest. these centralized teams of miners threaten to allow manipulation of bitcoin’s price and network. chia ditched proofs of work for proofs relying on file storage space that people often have sitting around unused on their computers and can use for free. chia layers on proofs of time that thwart a range of attacks on proofs of space. it’s also building in “non-outsourceability” that prevents mining pools from forming. essentially, anyone in a chia mining pool could secretly run off with the rewards without sharing them, so no one will want to trust their fellow miners not to rip them off. cohen believes these features of chia will fix both the electricity waste and centralization of bitcoin. “do you have a white paper?” he says people ask, referring to the often vague, theoretical and unverified claims blockchain companies make about their technology. “we have actual papers in refereed journals,” cohen laughs. chia had a peer-reviewed article published in the -years-running cryptography conference asiacrypt’s journal. the regulated public offering, the scientific rigor and the seed round joined by true ventures, danhuacap, dcm and ravikant’s metastable crypto hedge fund are all part of a campaign to establish chia as more reputable than the rest of the blockchain industry. “it’s important to us to be seen by the marketplace as a real investment and not just a pump and dump, hence us going for more institutional investors that aren’t trying to flip their positions as soon as they become liquid,” cohen explains. the cryptocurrency space has been dominated by bold claims, weak follow-through, limited utility and plenty of scams. that’s poisoned the well, souring the public and inviting government regulation. chia has a lot to live up to. even if the technology works, beating the network effect of other cryptocurrencies and getting enough chia owners so it actually becomes useful will be tough. but with a solid team, set of investors and plan, chia could prove the blockchain’s worth beyond bitcoin. for more on chia, read our scoop about it coming out of stealth: bittorrent inventor announces eco-friendly bitcoin competitor chia 			 			 									 								 		 	 		 	 	 	 		 		 	 	 	 	 	 javascript is not available. we’ve detected that javascript is disabled in this browser. please enable javascript or switch to a supported browser to continue using twitter.com. you can see a list of supported browsers in our help center. help center terms of service privacy policy cookie policy imprint ads info © twitter, inc. something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. microsoft word - arl nancy fried foster.docx arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?  paper presented at the association of research library’s library assessment  conference, baltimore, maryland, october  ,       nancy fried foster  director of anthropological research  river campus libraries  university of rochester  nancy.foster@rochester.edu  abstract  is there a fundamental conflict between the professional, library‐school model of finding  resources and the real‐life practices of researchers? and, if so, what does that mean  about the professional practices of librarians? these questions provide a practical focus  for the interpretation of interviews of librarians, faculty members, and undergraduates  at the university of rochester. beyond this, the paper uses the theoretical work of jean  lave and andrew abbott to question what research is, and ask why that matters to the  practice of librarians.  introduction  in this paper, i argue that we can use empirical research on the work practices of  scholars to describe a set of characteristic processes they use in conducting library  research. further, we can use an emerging body of theory to understand those  processes and make decisions about library practice. i conclude that current library  services and tools are excellent for meeting such needs as finding known items or doing  last‐minute work on a paper in which a student has no intrinsic interest; importantly,  emerging library tools also support the tracing of networks of authors and their  publications. however, we also see evidence in our research at the university of  rochester of a clash between the library‐based research practices of productive  scholars, on the one hand, and the services delivered at the reference desk or in  bibliographic instruction, on the other. i explain what i mean by this “clash” and offer a  way to address it.  the practice of library‐based research  the library research process of students and faculty members has been discussed in  reports on research at the university of rochester,  as well as in the work of the  sociologist andrew abbott.  by library research, i refer to the process theorized by  abbott (summarized below) that is followed by those researchers who depend primarily  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  on the library for their informational and theoretical resources. much of the process  occurs outside of the library, but the library is essential to the process, and the way the  library is used and the way it is central differentiate the library research process from  the research process in the sciences, which is characterized by the generation of data in  the laboratory.   key features of the library research process include:  • building up a knowledge of key works and key authors as well as an  informational and theoretical base in one’s discipline and especially in one’s area  of specialization  • keeping up in one’s field, however defined, through continuous scanning or  browsing of new books and journals, conference schedules and abstracts,  departmental talks (at one’s own department and other departments that are  known to be strong), and conversation with colleagues in the same and related  fields  • developing connections to others who share one’s interests, from entering  students to luminaries in the field, using a variety of means, including attending  talks and conferences, corresponding or speaking in person, and otherwise  participating in scholarly networks  • utilizing the world of sources and resources wherever they may be and  however they may be found and used, including materials in library stacks,  electronic journals, archives and special collections, and “the web” – and using  whatever tools could possibly work to find and get hold of these sources and  resources  • maintaining one’s own library of resources, including print and electronic  documents, books, journals, papers, notes and correspondence, with some  organizational scheme, or set of schemes, to enhance understanding on first  reading and to support accretion and retrieval of information and the  development and increasing complexity of one’s own work  • producing one’s own work, incorporating one’s own past work and the work of  others, and then publishing or otherwise sharing manuscripts, books, reports,  articles, presentations and so on  for a researcher, using a library catalog or database represents a small portion of a large  number of tactics that might be employed to get resources for specific projects and  generally to keep up in one’s fields this, of course, stands in opposition to the library  view in which the central position is accorded to the opac – the online public access  catalog – and databases – electronic indexes to bodies of literature, often journal and  newspaper articles. it is no surprise that library technology looks different to different  people. each of us sees the world from a personal perspective, a perspective  constrained by our interests and, especially, by our responsibilities. we would expect  the people who are responsible for the library’s finding aids and technologies and who  use them as tools in their own work to place them front and center. however, there is  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  an explanatory benefit in seeing research from the perspective of the researcher, that is,  in imagining what the world looks like to library patrons who use the opac and  databases and all the other resources, services and tools the library offers.   scholars conducting library research are driven by questions and engaged in a network  of scholars, their works, and a variety of artifacts that inform the research pursuit. this  view of library‐based research and the pursuits of researchers accords people and things  equivalent agency in the network of science work.  such things as journal articles and  their persuasive arguments may become, for a time, at least, inarguable truths (“black  boxes”), acting as authorities as much as the authors – the people – in the network act  as authorities.  in interviews for the extensible catalog project,  we see the enormous importance given  to both kinds of authority – that of respected scholars and that of classic works and  discoveries. both are used as points of departure in library research, and both are used a  relatively large proportion of the time, according to our studies.  indeed, authors are  very much the favored nodes in our interviewees’ networks; when we ask how  researchers found the works they are currently using, the answer was frequently that  they found them through a personal contact (a conversation with a colleague, for  example), or through a search for the author (already a known authority), or through a  search of an authority’s footnotes and bibliographies. of course, this approach –  through authors and authorities – requires a base of knowledge, one we might assume  to belong only to advanced scholars. however, our research also shows that even  undergraduates, when they are motivated and interested in their academic work,  quickly begin to build up this kind of knowledge base, in which key authorities figure  prominently. one of the surprising findings of research for extensible catalog is that  many of the undergraduates who are most successful at research have attended a  scholarly conference at which they met some key people in their field. indeed, there is  some evidence in our research that a key moment in the intellectual development of  undergraduate researchers is the realization that all those books and articles are written  by people, and that they might meet and talk with those people, and perhaps study with  them or become their colleagues one day.  research support at the desk  when an undergraduate approaches a librarian at the desk, the librarian may respond in  a variety of ways, since there is no single, uniform process or method of conducting a  reference interview. when i questioned librarians at the university of rochester about  their training in library school and about standard or influential models of the reference  interview, they averred that there is no consistency in training or practice, and that the  same was true of bibliographic instruction. a limited search of the literature, conducted  by two reference librarians and the author, supported this. documents from the website  of the american library association put forth standards of librarian behavior at the  reference desk and in the classroom.  these standards revolve mainly around helping  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  patrons focus their questions and then using a variety of tools to locate appropriate  items; they also provide guidance on such aspects of public service as being  approachable, demonstrating interest, and listening attentively. these documents do  not present or consider the perspective or the practices of the researcher, other than to  acknowledge that the researcher comes to the librarian with a question or an  assignment, which serves as the starting point for the interaction. this starting point is  implicit in other sources that our search identified. for example, we found many journal  articles that focus on instructional strategies and updated approaches for reaching  today’s students ; most of this literature is practical and process oriented, sometimes  presenting typologies  or using psychological theories to understand and reach out to  students.   an interesting approach is used by wang,  who works within a vygotskian framework  via the work of jean lave to propose literacy‐teaching activities based on a theory of  learning in practice. lave’s work on “cognition in practice” presupposes that learning  goes on everywhere, at all times, and that it is part of larger social processes whereby  members of “communities of practice” move to the center (positions of expertise and  leadership) from the periphery (a “legitimate” starting point for the novice ). wang  suggests that librarians might harness the dynamics of peer‐to‐peer and peer‐to‐expert  groups to activate the movement from novice toward expert in the area of information  literacy. while wang’s work focuses on learning, not on research, it assumes that  research is a social process; it is about the social context of inside‐the‐head  development, the psychological side of lave.  the sociological side of lave is also useful for understanding what research is, that is, for  contributing to a theory of library research and then illuminating the empirical research  and helping us apply it to library practice. if learning is movement from periphery to  center in a community of practice, we could say that different students are moving  toward the center of different communities of practice; indeed, one student may be  involved in research that engages multiple communities of practice. for example, we  interviewed a student who is interested in underwater archaeology – he is currently  pursuing an advanced degree in this area – and who wrote papers on a variety of topics,  some central to his interests and others less compelling to him, personally. when doing  research for a paper related to his area of specialization, the student already knew some  of the key authors and classic texts and had a substantial informational base. he even  has some standing in the community of underwater archaeologists from past projects  and conference attendance and thus was able to launch his research from a substantial  base. in writing this paper, the student was working toward centrality in the community  of underwater archaeologists; in other classes and on other papers, he may have been  working toward centrality in a community with little or no relation to his academic and  vocational interests. for example, he might in other courses be engaged with a  community of students at his college who are on track to complete their degrees or who  know something about science or humanities ‐ communities, to be sure, but ones that  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  do little to forward this student’s engagement with the literature in his or any other  field.   students, engaged in many communities, may find that their research assignments help  them move toward greater centrality in those communities in which they are working in  additional ways to build relationships and gain information. that is, depending upon the  assignment, one student may be engaged and informed because of past experience and  ongoing interests, while another may simply be getting the job done. this is in contrast  to senior scholars who tend to occupy central positions in their fields of research across  projects. put another way, when a student approaches a librarian, the student might or  might not be informed and interested in the assignment, but when a faculty member  approaches a library about his or her own research, that faculty member is almost  certain to have advanced knowledge and be densely enmeshed in the associated  scholarly networks.  published guidelines for reference service and information literacy instruction, with  their focus on the clarification of questions and the use of finding aids, are best suited  either for students who have little grounding in the topic and are looking for items that  will help them complete an assignment or for more advanced scholars who need help  finding particular resources or want to trace through the work of other authors to find  previously unknown works. however, these guidelines do not speak to the way that  serious scholars do their research by the process, glossed above, in which a sustained  inquiry into a set of intellectual and informational problems drives the development of  relations with other authors and researchers and their ideas and writings. in fact, they  clash in practice and in theory, as i explain, below.  librarians are researchers, too  with regard to research, we most often see librarians acting as librarians in libraries,  responding to requests for research help, and we see faculty members and students,  likewise, in the academic setting, working on short‐ or long‐term projects. what would  happen, we wondered, if we watched librarians, faculty members and students do  research on their own areas of academic specialization, or on non‐academic topics?  would they follow a similar process to each other? and would that process resemble  the library research process of scholars? as far as our preliminary results go, yes and  yes. across these three groups, the process of finding information on a topic close to  one’s heart, for which accurate, timely, and robust information is required, the question  drives the process, the researcher builds up a base of knowledge through key works  (books, pamphlets, websites) and authorities (known experts, friends, fellow fans,  salespeople, respected organizations) and then works these connections for more  information, using whatever tools are at his or her disposal, including google, wikipedia  and amazon, museum collections, local libraries, online literature, personal libraries,  and the information offerings of hardware stores, sporting goods stores, garden centers  and other retail establishments.  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  what follows are four examples in which librarians and faculty members recounted for  us how they found information in non‐academic areas that are of great personal  interest to them  a librarian talks about finding literature about a certain kind of antique textile, mainly  on a used book site, and using the literature to identify gaps in her collection:  i had some books that had a bibliography in the back, and started looking that  way. and then had people’s last names. [searches abe books for authors.]  if you look at the sources [referring, for example, to the catalog of a major  collector]. these are collections that have great, big coffee table books. […] so  you can see the whole range of what’s out there.  another librarian describes a variety of tools she used in a process of seeking  information about a health problem:  so, running injuries. ok. and how did i come up with the name of my problem?  plantar faschiitis […]. i’m sure i googled but i put in lots of words. i read a lot of  articles that talk about, i mean, the way people search they’ll just put in one  word or they might just put in “heel pain” and put in “heel pain running de‐dah‐ de‐dah” – i put in a bunch of words to try to get something closer to the mark. i  might actually go to somewhere like a medlineplus.gov […] the right way to do it!  […] no – all we ever do is google. […] i went to youtube and i searched youtube.  and there are a whole bunch of videos of exercises and what to do about the  problem. […] [m]y husband, he is always telling me oh, youtube has videos on  how to juggle and how to do this and how to‐. […] here’s another one. a friend of  mine from a theatre company said, oh, i had that problem and there’s an article  in runner’s world about strengthening your hips to fix your feet. […] i never  found that article. she had to send it to me. […] i know it fixed her problem. i  know she’s a really dedicated runner.  a faculty member describes the process he used to do background research for a novel  he is writing. much of the action takes place in a suburb, g, of the city, m.  i’m writing a novel set in m. i know that there’s a portion of the book that is set  in this suburb of g. i didn’t spend a lot of time in g when i was in m, and so  something that i did do [conducting google search on name of suburb.] so i  actually ended up using this [information about contact person, listed on public  website] to call her. and so i called her, and i explained, “i’m writing this book.  you serve in the government of g, but you work in real estate; you’re in the  garden club.” and i was telling her about this house, this large house that i  imagined things being set in, and i thought she might have some advice about  what the grounds might look like, or what the garden club element might be. this  led to a conversation that actually led to me then talking to somebody who led  me to talk to somebody who led to somebody, and then when i went back to m  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  recently, i met her. she drove me around and sort of showed me some of the  developments and things.  another faculty member talks about using the local library and building a small personal  collection of information to find out about local amish and mennonite communities:  so, i visited a shaker museum a few years ago, and then i wanted to read about  them, and then utopian societies; things like that. for that, i always go to the  library and get books. i’m reading right now a little bit about amish and  mennonite societies, just because in this part of the world, we brush shoulders  fairly frequently. […] yeah, so for those‐. for that sort of interest, i always just go  to the library and look on the shelves for books. and i’ve never actually ever  looked it up on the internet; i don’t know why. […] there’s two—i would call  them booklets—next to my bed, and i think they were both authored by someone  named hoffstetler, who is a member of a plain folk community, as he has  described. but i read another great book from the library, and i don’t remember  who wrote it. […] those i own; my husband got them for me as a gift at the‐.  they’re used. he found them at the little antique co‐op downtown, because he  knew i was interested, because i was reading this other book, which i had to keep  checking out over and over and over because i read it so slowly; two or three  pages a night.  faculty members use similar processes whether conducting library research in their  academic specialties or finding information about the things in their private lives that  intrigue them. they put the question first and use libraries, personal connections, and  other means to get the information they need. the building of a network of  connections, with people and objects at the nodes, is quite clear as they describe what  they did to get information for a particular project or need.  librarians have an extraordinary skill in using online catalogs, databases and other  finding aids to get the information they want for personal reasons, and they use this skill  and these tools for some of their research, but only for some. like other researchers,  when pursuing their own interests, librarians put the question first and use whatever  tools will work, developing a base of knowledge through the accretion of classic or  reliable information sources (people and objects). the clash is not between librarians,  on the one hand, and faculty members and students, on the other. it is between  librarians pursuing their own research interests and librarians in the professional  setting.  understanding research  the sociologist andrew abbott provides a theory of library research, writing specifically  of the advanced research of scholars who rely primarily or very heavily on academic  libraries and similar collections for their data, as is the case in many disciplines in the  humanities and social sciences, such as history and literature.  contrasting library  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  research to the “standard research” associated with science disciplines, abbott points  first to the difference in the organization of the data. while standard researchers  organize their data themselves, library researchers work with complexly organized  collections.  standard researchers measure their data while library researchers read and  browse; in his computational framework, this means that the two use very different  algorithms for finding, absorbing and using the data. standard research is ordered and  sequential, library research partial and recursive, and so on. one of abbott’s key insights  is the artisanal nature of library research and the “multitasking” it requires; again, in the  computational framework, abbott experiences his brain working at many levels, some in  the forefront – such as looking for information through a variety of sources – and some  in the background – assessing those sources for reliability, for example. but perhaps the  most striking of abbott’s characterizations of library research is that it requires its  practitioners to be “prepared” – that is, to bring to the task of library research the  foundation of information, experience and skill that is required for successful browsing  and reading, searching and assessing. and as to the goals of library research, “the  overall thing library researchers aim to optimize is not a ‘truth’ but a richness and  plenitude of interpretations.”   while abbott writes from the point of view of the researcher, elucidating the scholar’s  process, he considers this process in its broader context. the context is another kind of  network, one of people, ideas, books and articles, lab equipment and so on. this  network looks different to the various students, librarians and faculty members who are  bringing more or less richly developed neural networks to the task. the longer people  work in a field, the more they know and see of this network. those who have put in the  most years, read a lot, met a lot of people, gone to conferences and so on, see the  most.   the more advanced scholars are familiar with the classic works and authors and they  know many of the active researchers in their field, hear about their projects, read their  articles, and understand the connections between the various scholars, labs,  departments, books and articles, reports, and so on. accordingly, our studies at the  university of rochester, yale university, ohio state university and cornell university  suggest that full‐fledged researchers search for information through people. for  example, many of the faculty members we studied googled the names of people they  knew, found their work on departmental web pages, and then networked from those  people to others working on related problems.  faculty members and others who are  accomplished researchers see big portions of research networks.  students see a smaller portion ‐ they see what pokes up on the small surface of what  they know. they see mainly books and articles, although those with the interest and the  opportunity, say, to attend a conference see some – but only some – of the connections.  librarians at the university of rochester say that when engaged in reference work, they  themselves tend to have a professional view of books and articles as objects out there.   arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  they use specialized tools to find them, tools that are designed to find known objects or  find objects related deep in their metadata or that cite or are cited by others. we are  finding that this professional approach to finding is at odds not only with what faculty  researchers do, it is at odds with what librarians themselves do when they are doing  research on something that is within their own sphere of expertise. nonetheless, it is  the approach that they use with students, and it reinforces the fundamental difference  between the research practices of faculty members and the approach of many students,  especially younger students or students researching topics in which they have little  interest. the librarian conspires with students to search through this imagined field of  books and articles scattered about, with the game being to find the right ones in the  shortest amount of time. what i would like to suggest is that this approach is excellent  for a last‐minute assignment, a narrowly focused search, or tracking back through cited  works, but that research is much more than this. and that librarians are already good at  the other methods used by the serious researchers abbott discusses, because in their  own areas of interest, librarians are serious researchers.  librarians can benefit from gaining empirical data about what research is so they can be  more conscious of their own research processes and use that knowledge to develop  tools for helping others do research, at the desk and in the classroom. seeing  themselves as researchers with a big bag of tricks, a good foundation of knowledge in  their fields of interest, and connections to others who share those interests could help  librarians encourage student to develop a more mature perspective, one more closely  aligned with that of their professors. and it could help librarians develop strategies that  are more likely to work because they are informed by theory and based on empirical  data about real researchers in real situations.  librarians have four years to work with undergraduates in a variety of situations, from  last‐minute crises to sustained projects of great interest, and they have many more  years to build relationships with graduate students and faculty members. with students,  there are opportunities to use a theory‐based approach to help students recognize, use  and build networks ( ).  with faculty members, there is a prospect of partnership in  this regard, as well as opportunities to expand support from “searching” to  “researching” – to the more sustained building of knowledge through library‐based  research and the browsing and reading and connecting it entails, researcher to  researcher.  acknowledgments  the author thanks all of the librarians and library staff who have participated in  numerous projects at the university of rochester’s river campus libraries, and  particularly the team that worked on the “finding trusted information” project: helen  anderson, kathy mcgowan, harish nayak and sarah sexstone. kathy mcgowan and judi  briden helped search the literature on models of library practice and judi also provided  invaluable advice on a draft of this paper – many thanks to both of them. thanks also to  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved  the institute for museum and library services and the andrew w. mellon foundation  for their generous support. the author is grateful to susan gibbons for helping to make  this paper a more readable and meaningful piece of writing and for continuing support  of the research on which it is based.                                                            nancy fried foster and susan gibbons, “understanding faculty to improve content  recruitment for institutional repositories,” d‐lib magazine  , no.   (january  ),  http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january /foster/ foster.html; ryan randall et al., the next  generation of academics: a report on a study conducted at the university of rochester  (university of rochester,  ), http://hdl.handle.net/ / ; nancy fried foster  and susan gibbons, eds., studying students: the undergraduate research project at the  university of rochester (association of college and research libraries),  http://hdl.handle.net/ / ; nancy fried foster, xc user research preliminary  report (university of rochester,  ), http://hdl.handle.net/ / ; nancy fried  foster, forthcoming, “what researchers do: a report on user research for the  extensible catalog,” http://hdl.handle.net/ / ; nancy fried foster et al., eds.,  forthcoming, the research process: findings of user research for the extensible catalog,  http://hdl.handle.net/ / .   andrew abbott, “library research and its infrastructure in the twentieth century”  (presented at the windsor lecture, university of illinois,  a),  http://home.uchicago.edu/~aabbott/papers/illinois.pdf; andrew abbott, “publication  and the future of knowledge,” june  ,  b,  http://home.uchicago.edu/~aabbott/papers/aaup.pdf; andrew abbott, “the traditional  future: a computational theory of library research,” college and research libraries  ,  no.   (november  c):  ‐ .   bruno latour, science in action: how to follow scientists and engineers through society  (cambridge, mass.: harvard university press,  ).   we conducted a total of   workplace interviews of faculty members, graduate  students and undergraduates at four institutions, focusing mainly on how they had  acquired the sources and resources they were using and how they keep up in their  fields. we interviewed productive scholars – established scholars who are actively  publishing or students who are deemed by their professors to show promise – in all  fields but mostly in the humanities and humanistic social sciences. for more  information, see nancy fried foster, xc user research preliminary report (university of  rochester,  ), http://hdl.handle.net/ /  and nancy fried foster, “what  researchers do: a report on user research for the extensible catalog,”  http://hdl.handle.net/ / .   nancy fried foster (forthcoming).   ala reference & user services assn., “guidelines for behavioral performance of  reference and information services professionals,”  ,  http://www.ala.org/template.cfm?section=home&template=/contentmanagement/co ntentdisplay.cfm&contentid= ; association of college & research libraries,  arl   assessment conference: foster    (cc) creative commons license – some rights reserved                                                                                                                                                                        “objectives for information literacy instruction: a model statement for academic  librarians,”  ,  http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/objectivesinformation.cfm.   lynn kennedy, charles cole, and susan carter, “connecting online search strategies  and information needs: a user‐centered, focus‐labeling approach,” rq  , no.    (summer  ):  ‐ ,  http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?action=interpret&contentset=iac‐ documents&type=retrieve&tabid=t &prodid=itof&docid=a &source=gale &srcprod=itof&version= . &usergroupname=nysl_ro_rochstru&finalauth=true;  debbie malone and carol videon, first year student library instruction programs  (association of college & research libraries,  ); dianne oberg, “teaching the  research process ‐ for discovery and personal growth,” paper presented at the  th ifla  council and general conference, bangkok, thailand ( ),  http://archive.ifla.org/iv/ifla /papers/ ‐ e.htm.   marilyn domas white, “the reference interview: impact of environmental  constraints,” paper  (presented at the joint meeting of the district of columbia library  association and the virginia library association, crystal city, va ( ),  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ericwebportal/contentdelivery/servlet/ericservlet?accno=ed .   elizabeth j. mcneer, “learning theories and library instruction,” journal of academic  librarianship  , no.   (november  ):  ‐ ,  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&an= &site=e host‐live.   l. wang, “sociocultural learning theories and information literacy teaching activities  in higher education,” reference & user services quarterly  , no.   (winter  ):  .   jean lave, cognition in practice: mind, mathematics and culture in everyday life (new  york, ny: cambridge university press,  ).   andrew abbott,  c.   andrew abbott,  c, p.  .   a future paper will look at the constraints imposed by the assemblage of selected  books, papers, ideas, equipment and so on, discussed by latour, op. cit., but not  considered here.   nancy fried foster, forthcoming.   i owe this insight to helen anderson, head of collection development at the  university of rochester’s river campus libraries; it was confirmed in subsequent  conversations with many other rochester librarians.   rob weir, “using library experts wisely,” inside higher ed, july  ,  , sec. instant  mentor, http://www.insidehighered.com/advice/instant_mentor/weir .  seagate's roadmap: the path to tb hard drives welcome log out login register 	about 	bench 	forums 	podcast about bench forums podcast login register pc components▼ 	cpus 	gpus 	motherboards 	ssds 	cases/cooling/psus 	memory 	nas 	storage smartphones & tablets▼ 	smartphones 	tablets 	huawei 	htc 	samsung 	google/android 	microsoft 	apple 	socs systems▼ 	notebook reviews 	desktop reviews 	mac reviews 	ultrabooks enterprise & it guides▼ 	best cpus 	best ssds 	best laptops 	best android phones 	best video cards 	best psus 	best motherboards 	best gaming laptops 	best mechanical keyboards 	best consumer hdds deals 	 home> storage menu 	 pc components▼ 	cpus 	gpus 	motherboards 	ssds 	cases/cooling/psus 	memory 	nas 	storage 	 smartphones & tablets▼ 	smartphones 	tablets 	huawei 	htc 	samsung 	google/android 	microsoft 	apple 	socs 	 systems▼ 	notebook reviews 	desktop reviews 	mac reviews 	ultrabooks 	 enterprise & it 	 guides▼ 	best cpus 	best ssds 	best laptops 	best android phones 	best video cards 	best psus 	best motherboards 	best gaming laptops 	best mechanical keyboards 	best consumer hdds 	 deals 	trending topics 	intel 	amd 	cpus 	motherboards 	gpus 	mobile 	smartphones 	asus 	storage 	home> 	storage seagate's roadmap: the path to tb hard drives by anton shilov on march , : pm est 	posted in 	storage 	seagate 	hdds 	bpmr 	hamr 	hdd 	 tb comments | add a comment comments + add a comment seagate recently published its long-term technology roadmap revealing plans to produce ~ tb hard drives by and + tb hdds after . in the coming years, seagate is set to leverage usage of heat-assisted magnetic recording (hamr), adopt bit patterned media (bpm) in the long term, and to expand usage of multi-actuator technology (mat) for high-capacity drives. this is all within the . -inch form factor. "we can use our recent experience, productizing our tb hamr drive to translate from laboratory demonstrations to products, which puts us on track to deliver terabytes by ," said john morris, chief technology officer of seagate. "we have drive technologies planned which will enable long term hamr growth and a path to over tb devices. and hard disk drives will continue to service the needs of mass capacity storage with the most optimal, total cost of ownership for the next decade and beyond." hamr to enable tb hdds in the recent years hdd capacity has been increasing rather slowly as perpendicular magnetic recording (pmr),  even boosted with two-dimensional magnetic recording (tdmr), is reaching its limits. seagate's current top-of-the-range hdd features a tb capacity and is based on hamr, which not only promises to enable . -inch hard drives with a ~ tb capacity in the long term, but also to allow seagate to increase capacities of its products faster. in particular, seagate expects + tb hdds to arrive in calendar , then + tb drives in ~ , and then + tb hdds sometimes in . this was revealed at its recent virtual analyst event. in , the manufacturer intends to release a tb hdd, with tb units following on later next decade. to hit these higher capacities, seagate is looking to adopt new types of media. "as we approach the maximum useful capacity of pmr technology, each successive drive increases by tb or tb at a time," said jeff fochtman, seagate's svp of business and marketing at the company's analyst meeting. "with hamr technology, it allows us to jump in steps of terabytes, terabytes, or even terabytes at a time." today's tb hamr hdd uses nine . -tb platters featuring an areal density of around . tb/inch . to build a nine-platter tb hard drive, the company needs hamr media featuring an areal density of approximately . tb tb/inch . back in ~ the company already achieved a . tb/inch areal density in spinstand testing in its lab and recently it actually managed to hit . tb/inch in the lab, so the company knows how to build media for tb hdds. however to build a complete product, it will still need to develop the suitable head, drive controller, and other electronics for its tb drive, which will take several years. bit patterned media (bpm) to enable hdds up to tb in general, seagate projects hamr technology to continue scaling for years to come without cardinal changes. the company expects hamr and nanogranular media based on glass substrates and featuring iron platinum alloy (fept) magnetic films to scale to ~ tb/inch  in areal density. this should enable hard drives of up to tb in capacity. in a bid to hit something like tb, seagate expects to use ordered-granular media with ~ tb/inch areal density. to go further, the world's largest hdd manufacturer plans to use 'fully' bit patterned media (bpm) with an tb/inch areal density or higher. all new types of media will still require some sort of assisted magnetic recording, so hamr will stay with us in one form or another for years to come. "we see an opportunity to scale this design space with granular media into the range of tb/inch to tb/inch , at which point we plan to add patterning in one dimension through the use of ordered grain media," said morris. "this, we expect to be a steppingstone in media to open up the range of tb/inch to tb/inch . then we will transition to fully patterned media to open up densities to tb/inch and even higher. with the areal density cagr just introduced, we have a path to tb per disk by . this then represents our outlook for technology limits over the next to years." performance improvements included increasing the capacity of hard drives is extremely important to keep them competitive with solid-state drives, but in a bid to stay relevant for operators of cloud datacenters, hdds also need to improve sequential and random performance. sequential performance of hard drives surges along with areal density, so we see gradual hdd performance bumps every year. but as the capacity of a drive increase, the random iops-per-tb performance drops, which requires operators of large datacenters to mitigate this with caches to maintain their quality-of-service, which means additional costs. seagate and western digital have been looking to radically increase sequential and random performance of hdds by installing more than one actuator, with multiple read/write heads into one drive. seagate's mach. technology — which embraces two actuators — can almost double iops-per-tb performance of a hard drive and substantially increase its sequential read/write speeds. furthermore, with two independent actuators, seagate can almost halve the time it needs to test one drive before shipping, which reduces its manufacturing costs. the advantage of two actuators will become even more significant as hdd makers transit to platforms with more platters. "a notable benefit to dual actuator technology standardization is that it drastically cuts down test time, and therefore, hard drive production time is greatly reduced," said fochtman. "this is a benefit we're looking forward to recognizing on the cost side of the business." there are about a dozen of customers that already use seagate's mach. pmr-based hdds in their datacenters, although these drives do not have a commercial branding. eventually, the company plans to make mach. hdds available to other clients, yet the company does not disclose when this is set to happen. however, the manufacturer is poised to use its mach. technology more broadly once its drives hit capacities of above tb, as drives with one actuator will not have sufficient performance, and a one-actuator design would increase the total cost of ownership. "although mach. is ramped and being used now, it is also really still in a technology-staging mode," said fochtman. "when we reach capacity points above terabytes, it will become a standard feature in many large data center environments." hdd tco to remain low speaking of tco, seagate is confident that hard drives will remain cost-effective storage devices for many years to come. seagate believes that d nand will not beat hdds in terms of per-gb cost any time soon and tco of hard drives will remain at competitive levels. right now, % of data stored by cloud datacenters is stored on hdds and seagate expects this to continue. "we believe that the tco for hard disk drives and ssds will stay approximately in equilibrium," said morris. "both ssds and hard disk drives will continue to improve their value proposition, and storage demand for both will continue to grow. they are both critical enabling technologies for the growing datasphere, and their synergistic relationship in the data center infrastructure will persist." related reading 	toshiba unveils world's first fc-mamr hdd: tb, helium filled 	western digital expands tb purple surveillance storage 	toshiba to expand hdd production: tb & -platter drives coming 	demand for hdd storage booming: eb shipped in q 	seagate: tb hdd due in first half , tb drive to ship in late 	western digital tb hdd: crazy capacity for cold storage 	toshiba's hdd tech roadmap: a mix of smr, mamr, tdmr, and hamr tweet print this article 	 post your comment please log in or sign up to comment. post a comment comments view all comments 	 wereweeb - wednesday, march , - link ctrl+f "yo go further", should be "to go further" reply 	 ryan smith - wednesday, march , - link thanks! reply 	 menhirmike - wednesday, march , - link as much as i would love to throw out spinning rust, there's just no alternative for capacity. i guess these will still have an error rate of in ^ ? (that's in tib, so still not a huge issue, but in ^ seemed a lot also at some point in time) reply 	 wereweeb - wednesday, march , - link i assume they'll find other ways to improve the error rate. doesn't zfs have a kind of built-in ecc? reply 	 heffeque - wednesday, march , - link yes, and it does it in the background, but it's not good for when there's a constant high i/o. reply 	 eastcoast_pete - wednesday, march , - link also, doesn't zfs like (needs) enough ram and some processing oomph to run at good speeds? great file system, though! reply 	 kgardas - thursday, march , - link was running zfs mirror on two spinning rusts as main workstation storage years ago with just gb ram. if you have > gb you are fine. it's completely meaning less to speak about zfs ram requirements these days when common workstation does have more than gb ram... reply 	 scineram - friday, march , - link no. reply 	 phoenix_rizzen - monday, march , - link no, zfs will run fine on a -bit pentium system with gb of ram (that was my home server for years). you do need to do some manual tweaking, but it runs fine. obviously, the more ram you have, the larger the arc will be and the better it will perform. the only feature that requires lots of ram is deduplication. and times out of , you really don't want to enable dedupe. :) compression will get you virtually the same benefits, without any of the drawbacks. reply 	 scineram - friday, march , - link no. reply 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 ▶ pipeline stories + submit news at deals: amd ryzen threadripper x cpu just $ at newegg intel isn’t losing its new head of foundry services best cpus for gaming: august 	at deals: lg uk -b -inch ips uhd monitor now $ 	nvidia announces rtx a video card: low profile & low power for proviz 	best amd motherboards: august 	best intel motherboards: august 	minisforum unveils cezanne elitemini hx and tiger lake elitemini tl mini-pcs 	at deals: viewsonic -inch adobergb wqhd monitor now $ 	asrock rack announces two atx ice lake sp motherboards 	google teases pixel and pixel pro with new "tensor" soc 	asus unveils rog crosshair viii extreme motherboard: flagship x tweets 	iancutress: @elvara @alexthegreatish @ericlacasse @linustech two videos! https://t.co/kuoht ghzp 	iancutress: @binarydebt it might just be about securing supply for its partners 	iancutress: @rohbear i'm saying that by your definitions, if we take them to the conclusionary end, means neither an oem nor a… https://t.co/ ttunob tf 	iancutress: in case you fall into the same heffalump trap i did when reading some headlines. https://t.co/c lptxtrj 	iancutress: @rohbear so you're saying no-one can ever sign a service agreement longer than a nanosecond? or is that still too long? 	ryansmithat: @krewell not going to be publishing one, i'm afraid. i have the card and it'll eventually go into the bench system,… https://t.co/w vm btpzn 	andreif : first flagships from @honorglobal after the huawei split - looking forward especially how the company does the soft… https://t.co/b y hkvtgv 	andreif : @jack_mangano wtf. i was just explaining my stance on it. 	andreif : @jack_mangano i've only ever talked about width of the phone for the past years when it comes to the handling and s… https://t.co/wgzhvphnqt 	andreif : stop. talking. screen. diagonals. they're utterly meaningless in terms of form-factor when the aspect ratio change… https://t.co/uohtf whnh 	andreif : @capframex aida's single value issue is that it's affected by cache, on needs to go far away at like > mb to full… https://t.co/ancc nhei 	ryansmithat: @danmatte speaking of display matters, did sony ever explain what was going on with the console's hdmi bandwidth? 	ryansmithat: rt @danmatte: it’s starting to get alarmingly late in the game for sony not to have vrr working yet on the ps . 	ryansmithat: @iancutress @supercomputing seeing as how i typically lose steak bets, i'm going to bet against myself on this one.… https://t.co/j s vw rgm 	ryansmithat: @iancutress the last time i did a system rebuild, i made a virtual machine of my previous system first. that helped… https://t.co/j oqzfcwq 	ganeshts: @ricswi looks like that requirement is home-only. other editions will still allow local accounts. i can't remember… https://t.co/qovpnduauy 	ganeshts: @laughing_man @hnpn benson, is there an update planned for the twinkie pd to support epr? i still use the usbc-t… https://t.co/d g nmqvb 	ganeshts: @bdmurdock not aware of a standard way, but i have seen simulator wrapper scripts with a `timeout' prefix. also o… https://t.co/aigutoexcx 	ganeshts: @mikeev @bretthowse @iancutress for games, a combination of powershell + (winappdriver / autohotkey) works, but it… https://t.co/fhh j vzla 	ganeshts: @mikeev @bretthowse @iancutress i use perl & python on rhel for my primary work, and powershell for all anandtech-r… https://t.co/ ucllpz t follow @anandtech   links 	home 	about 	forums 	rss 	pipeline news 	bench 	terms of use 	contact us topics 	cpus 	motherboards 	ssd/hdd 	gpus 	mobile 	enterprise & it 	smartphones 	memory 	cases/cooling/psu(s) 	displays 	mac 	systems 	cloud 	trade shows 	guides follow 	 facebook 	 twitter 	 rss the most trusted in tech since 	about 	advertising 	privacy policy copyright © . all rights reserved. 	topics 	follow 	about 	cpus 	motherboards 	ssd/hdd 	gpus 	mobile 	enterprise & it 	smartphones 	memory 	cases/cooling/psu(s) 	displays 	mac 	systems 	cloud 	trade shows 	guides facebook twitter rss about advertising privacy policy contact us terms of use show full site copyright © . all rights reserved. bench 	cpu 	ssd 	gpu 	gpu 	smartphone 	mobile topics 	cpus 	motherboards 	ssd/hdd 	gpus 	mobile 	enterprise & it 	smartphones 	memory 	cases/cooling/psu(s) 	displays 	mac 	systems 	cloud 	trade shows 	guides follow facebook twitter rss about 	about 	advertising 	privacy policy 	contact us 	show full site 	copyright © . all rights reserved. log in don't have an account? sign up now username password remember me lost your password? we’ve updated our terms. by continuing to use the site and/or by logging into your account, you agree to the site’s updated terms of use and privacy policy. multicolored motorcycle speedometer photo – free sinhgad college of engineering image on unsplash unsplashphotos for everyone 	brands 	explore 	blog 	 submit a photo loginjoin free atharva tulsi available for hire download free – –– –––– ––– – ––– – – – –– –––– ––– – ––– – – share info sinhgad college of engineering, pune, india published on december , free to use under the unsplash license travel till you can no more related tags sinhgad college of engineering pune india scooter moped speedo rusty old hd color wallpapers colour painted speed rust broken gauge free stock photos related collections classic vehicles photos · curated by bob applegate classic vehicle car images & pictures a s c e t i s m photos · curated by kelsey roberts texture backgrounds hd grey wallpapers india dashboard photos · curated by eric langrognet dashboard hd grey wallpapers gauge become an ft subscriber to read | financial times accessibility helpskip to navigationskip to contentskip to footer	sign in 	subscribe open side navigation menuopen search bar myft search the ftsearchclose search bar 	home 	worldsections 	world home 	global economy 	uk 	us 	china 	africa 	asia pacific 	emerging markets 	europe 	americas 	middle east and north africa most read 	taliban encircles kabul after taking afghanistan’s second city 	‘lord of the rings’ abandons new zealand and moves production to uk 	london politician quits over cost of ‘rubbish’ marble arch mound 	kabul residents brace for feared taliban advance 	spike in uk coronavirus cases likely in next weeks, experts warn 	ussections 	us home 	us economy 	us companies 	us politics & policy most read 	joe biden’s credibility has been shredded in afghanistan 	taliban encircles kabul after taking afghanistan’s second city 	learning to live with climate change: lessons from los angeles 	kabul residents brace for feared taliban advance 	treasury yields slide as concerns over delta virus knock us consumer sentiment 	companiessections 	companies home 	energy 	financials 	health 	industrials 	media 	professional services 	retail & consumer 	tech sector 	telecoms 	transport most read 	norway battery group rejects factory fears despite brexit tariffs 	credit suisse brings in former ubs executive to head risk committee 	branson’s virgin group takes in $ bn from galactic share sales 	the coming battle over the metaverse 	ports face biggest crisis since start of container shipping 	tech 	marketssections 	markets home 	alphaville 	markets data 	capital markets 	commodities 	currencies 	equities 	fund management 	trading 	moral money 	etf hub 	cryptocurrencies most read 	quitting qe may be harder than the bank of england believes 	the crypto ‘wild west’ needs a good sheriff 	uk competition watchdog to explore ‘immediate’ action on fees for pcr tests 	faang investors are ignoring the antitrust rumblings 	the crypto crowd gets loud and proud on capitol hill 	climate 	opinionsections 	opinion home 	columnists 	the ft view 	the big read 	lex 	obituaries 	letters most read 	first to vaccinate and first to party, israel now mulls lockdowns 	joe biden’s credibility has been shredded in afghanistan 	the people vs novak djokovic 	lionel messi: football’s shy magician takes flight 	quitting qe may be harder than the bank of england believes 	work & careerssections 	work & careers home 	business school rankings 	business education 	entrepreneurship 	recruitment 	business books 	business travel most read 	betterup rides the mental health tech boom 	necessary but corrosive: lucy kellaway on ambition 	business travel will not recover any time soon, but so what? 	entain boss builds tech army to expand interactive entertainment 	beauty and the beastly habit of picking surface over substance 	life & artssections 	life & arts home 	arts 	books 	food & drink 	ft magazine 	house & home 	style 	travel 	ft globetrotter most read 	pfizer chief albert bourla: ‘we are the most efficient vaccine machine’ 	second thoughts on the second-home sales boom 	the people vs novak djokovic 	uk plans to force tech companies to report sellers’ income to hmrc 	going on holiday? leave the ‘to do’ list at home 	how to spend it 	sign in 	subscribe menusearch 	home 	world 	us 	companies 	tech 	markets 	climate 	opinion 	work & careers 	life & arts 	how to spend it financial times 	sign in 	subscribe search the ftsearchclose search bar become an ft subscriber to read: hedge funds back away from binance after regulatory assault make informed decisions with the ft keep abreast of significant corporate, financial and political developments around the world. stay informed and spot emerging risks and opportunities with independent global reporting, expert commentary and analysis you can trust. choose a subscription to read this article and more trial try full digital access and see why over million readers subscribe to the ft $ for weeks then $ per month new customers only cancel anytime during your trial select mix & match select any topics of interest to personalise your subscription. read daily stories about what's most important to you. $ per month cancel anytime select relevant for you digital be informed with the essential news and opinion $ per month or $ for year best value - save % select print ft print edition delivered monday - saturday along with epaper access $ for months introductory offer then $ . every months select team or enterprise premium ft.com access for multiple users, with integrations & admin tools pay based on use does my organisation subscribe? select group subscription full terms and conditions apply to all subscriptions. or, if you are already a subscriber sign in other options premium digitalpremium digital + printpremium digital + weekend printweekend print useful links support view site tipshelp centrecontact usabout usaccessibilitymyft tourcareers legal & privacy terms & conditionsprivacy policycookiescopyrightslavery statement & policies services share news tips securelyindividual subscriptionsgroup subscriptionsrepublishingcontracts & tendersexecutive job searchadvertise with the ftfollow the ft on twitterft transactsecondary schools tools portfoliotoday's newspaper (epaper)alerts hubbusiness school rankingsenterprise toolsnews feednewsletterscurrency converter community & events ft communityft liveft forumsboard director programme more from the ft group markets data delayed by at least minutes. © the financial times ltd . ft and ‘financial times’ are trademarks of the financial times ltd. the financial times and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the ft editorial code of practice. close drawer menufinancial timesinternational edition search the ftsearch 	switch to uk edition 	top sections 	home 	worldshow more world 	global economy 	uk 	us 	china 	africa 	asia pacific 	emerging markets 	europe 	americas 	middle east and north africa 	usshow more us 	us economy 	us companies 	us politics & policy 	companiesshow more companies 	energy 	financials 	health 	industrials 	media 	professional services 	retail & consumer 	tech sector 	telecoms 	transport 	tech 	marketsshow more markets 	alphaville 	markets data 	capital markets 	commodities 	currencies 	equities 	fund management 	trading 	moral money 	etf hub 	cryptocurrencies 	climate 	opinionshow more opinion 	columnists 	the ft view 	the big read 	lex 	obituaries 	letters 	work & careersshow more work & careers 	business school rankings 	business education 	entrepreneurship 	recruitment 	business books 	business travel 	life & artsshow more life & arts 	arts 	books 	food & drink 	ft magazine 	house & home 	style 	travel 	ft globetrotter 	personal financeshow more personal finance 	property & mortgages 	investments 	pensions 	tax 	banking & savings 	advice & comment 	next act 	how to spend it 	special reports 	ft recommends 	graphics 	lex 	alphaville 	lunch with the ft 	ft globetrotter 	#techasia 	moral money 	ftfm 	newsletters 	video 	podcasts 	news feed 	ft community 	myft 	portfolio 	today's newspaper (epaper) 	crossword 	our apps 	help centre 	subscribe 	sign in council on library and information resources (clir) • clir 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	staff 	presidential fellows 	join clir and dlf 	sponsors, members, and funders 	governance 	history 	clir brandmark 	career opportunities 	policies 	news 	publications & resources 	new publication opportunity 		faq 	reviewers 	blogs 		covid (re)collections 	re:thinking 	a year of clir 	reports 	clir issues 	material memory podcast 	annual report 	archives 	programs & grants 	digital library federation 	digitizing hidden collections 	postdoctoral fellowship program 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research in original sources 	initiatives & partnerships 	leading change institute 	affiliates & partnerships 	chief information officers in liberal arts colleges 	digital library of the middle east 	connect 	contact us 	get involved 	post on the job board 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	staff 	presidential fellows 	join clir and dlf 	sponsors, members, and funders 	governance 	history 	clir brandmark 	career opportunities 	policies 	news 	publications & resources 	new publication opportunity 		faq 	reviewers 	blogs 		covid (re)collections 	re:thinking 	a year of clir 	reports 	clir issues 	material memory podcast 	annual report 	archives 	programs & grants 	digital library federation 	digitizing hidden collections 	postdoctoral fellowship program 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research in original sources 	initiatives & partnerships 	leading change institute 	affiliates & partnerships 	chief information officers in liberal arts colleges 	digital library of the middle east 	connect 	contact us 	get involved 	post on the job board 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			hello & welcome to the 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			council on library & information resources 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 					clir forges strategies to enhance research, teaching, and learning environments in collaboration with libraries, cultural institutions, and communities of higher learning. we foster collaboration by investing in cross-disciplinary intellectual leadership, strategic programs, and professional development opportunities. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						about us 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						programs 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			stay up to date 		 				 				 				 			the latest news 		 				 				 				 					 				 			 				 			 		 				featured 				 				 			 				clir launches new publication series, appoints editorial committee			 		 				 			clir today issued a call for proposals (cfp) for a new publication series and announced an editorial committee to review submissions. the new series invites 		 				 				 					 			june , 		 				 					 		 				 			 				 			 		 				clir issues 				 				 			 				clir issues 			 		 				 			number   may/june issn - (online version) contents re: vision clir launches new publication series, appoints editorial committee digital library of the middle east 		 				 				 					 			june , 		 				 					 		 				 			 				 			 		 				featured 				 				 			 				digital library of the middle east implements major upgrades			 		 				 			improvements to the platform’s interface provide enhanced capabilities for browsing, searching, and organizing content   the council on library and information resources (clir), qatar national 		 				 				 					 			june , 		 				 					 		 				 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						read more news 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			listen material memory, a clir original podcast 		 				 				 				 								 					season two – “cultural memory and the climate crisis” 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						listen now 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			did you know that dlf facilitates working groups? 		 				 				 				 								 					get involved today! 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			the clir & dlf job board 		 				 				 				 								 					find the latest jobs in libraries, archives, cultural institutions, and communities of higher learning.​ 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 				 			 					 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			mark your calendars for the dlf forum, digipres, and learn@dlf! 		 				 				 				 								 					event programs and registration will be available late summer 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			publications 		 				 				 				 			read newsletters, reports & more 		 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						report 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 			 		 				 				 			 				capacity assessment of latin american and caribbean partners: report of symposium and recommendations			 		 				 			hadassah st. hubert, jennifer isasi, nicté fuller medina and margie montañez february . pp. (electronic only)clir pub pdf download: english >> français >> 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						blog 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 			 		 				 				 			 				digitizing in pandemic times: reflections on clir grant recipient reports			 		 				 			by lauren sorensen editor’s note: lauren sorensen is consulting data analyst, contracted by clir to assist with regular reporting requirements to the andrew w. mellon 		 				 				 				 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						podcast 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 			crisis as catalyst: notes from dcdc (special episode) 		 				 				 				 								 					in this special episode, material memory is partnering with the uk-based dcdc conference to bring you three stories about the theme, “crisis as a catalyst for change.” 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 					 			 						 						see publications 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 				 			join our cause 		 				 				 				 			help clir continue creating a culture of accessible information 		 				 				 				 								 					we believe the future depends on the preservation, organization, and accessibility of knowledge. through collaboration with cultural institutions across the globe, we foster cross-disciplinary thought leadership, tactical programs, and professional development opportunities. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join us! 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 								 					council on library and information resources north union street, suite -pmb , alexandria, va contact@clir.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					clir is an independent, nonprofit organization that forges strategies to enhance research, teaching, and learning environments in collaboration with libraries, cultural institutions, and communities of higher learning. privacy 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					sign up for news from clir. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 example domain example domain this domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. you may use this domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission. more information... none dlf groups - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > dlf groups 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			dlf groups 		 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 								 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 					dlf is built for grassroots action. a committed community gravitates to us from within and beyond dlf’s institutional membership, working across boundaries of many kinds and making the digital library federation a force for good. here you can learn what our more active dlf groups are up to. interested in the dlf digest, our monthly dlf groups news round-up? subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv.. want to start a new group or revive an older one? check out the dlf organizer’s toolkit. we’re not big on red tape. just let us know what you’re planning and how we can help. (see also our shortcut list of ways to get involved with groups, and learn more about clir/dlf affiliates and membership cohorts.) 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 																										 						 				 				 				 			what's the dlf? 		 				 				 				 								 					networked member institutions and a robust community of practice—advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			our groups 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			asessment interest group 		 				 				 				 								 					from cultural assessment to user needs, costs, and re-use, the aig has a sub-group for you. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			digital library pedagogy group 		 				 				 				 								 					building community around teaching in/with digital libraries; staff as perpetual learners. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf forum mentors group 		 				 				 				 								 					this group re-forms annually to run a welcoming mentorship program at the dlf forum. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			records transparency / accountability group 		 				 				 				 								 					cross-sector exchange and advocacy work on gov’t info, from foia to title and endangered data week. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf project managers group 		 				 				 				 								 					sharing methods, tools, and best practices in project management. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			working group on labor in digital libraries 		 				 				 				 								 					currently working on issues of contingency, precarity, and valuing labor. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			linked open data zotero group 		 				 				 				 								 					low-key information sharing on linked open data for libraries, archives, and museums. a dlf/lita joint. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			born-digital access working group 		 				 				 				 								 					producing research on and advancing the practice of providing access to born-digital collections. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf metadata support group 		 				 				 				 								 					metadata is hard. join us in slack to get help! 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			privacy & ethics in technology 		 				 				 				 								 					interrogating our relationships with data collection technologies. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			data & digital scholarship working group 		 				 				 				 								 					for digital scholarship coordinators, especially those working outside of major dh/ds centers. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf committee for equity and inclusion 		 				 				 				 								 					aiming to build and support more inclusive, diverse, and equitable communities of practice. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			digital accessibility group 		 				 				 				 								 					exploring issues related to ensuring that digital resources in information organizations meet the needs of disabled users and staff. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			dlf museums cohort 		 				 				 				 								 					building bridges between museum, library, & archives professionals. open to anyone with museum interests or engaged in museum projects. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						learn more 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			subscribe to dlf's newsletter 		 				 				 				 								 					every other month, find out the latest updates on group projects, open meetings, & calls to action. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						subscribe 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 none catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > blog and news > catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			catching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 						 													 							posted 										july , 					 								 	 													 							by 										ggraf					 								 	 													 							in 										 				ndsa				 					 								 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			nominations are now being accepted for the ndsa excellence awards. in , epadd won the ndsa innovation award in the project category. at that time, this project was an undertaking to develop free and open-source computational analysis software that facilitates screening, browsing, and access for historically and culturally significant email collections. the software incorporates techniques from computer science and computational linguistics, including natural language processing, named entity recognition, and other statistical machine-learning associated processes. glynn edwards accepted the award on behalf of the project. she is currently the assistant director in the department of special collections & university archives at stanford university and kindly took a few minutes to help us catch up on where the project stands today. what have you been doing since receiving an ndsa innovation award in ? we completed two additional phases of software development for epadd. phase , funded by the institute of museum & library studies (imls) national leadership grant (nlg) and phase , funded by the andrew w. mellon foundation. these rounds of development focused on adding new features and functionality to the software to support the appraisal, processing, discovery, and delivery of email collections of historic value. our project team also changed before this third phase with sally debauche, our new digital archivist, taking over project management full-time for months.  before phase launched in january with harvard library as our official partner, jessica smith, ian gifford, and jochen farwer from the university of manchester contacted us about their own independent project to redevelop aspects of epadd. they created a prototype version of epadd that would display a full-text email archive in the discovery module, allowing users to view an email collection online.  meetings with the harvard team, represented by tricia patterson & stephen abrams, progressed to the proposal of ceasing the redevelopment of their in-house email processing and preservation software, eas, and instead collaborating with us to add specific preservation functionality to epadd. at this stage, we brought the team from the university of manchester into those discussions to help us shape the requirements for a new version of epadd with greater support for preservation workflows. concurrently with our phase grant, our three institutions began working on a joint grant proposal for phase of epadd’s software development, funded by the university of illinois’s email archives: building capacity and community (ea:bcc) re-grant program, supported by the andrew w. mellon foundation. we have been meeting together for the past year as we document requirements, identify roles and responsibilities for each of our units to carry out this work. for this phase of the project, we have contracted with an independent software development team, sartography, to implement changes to the software, while retaining epadd’s original development team to ensure consistency in our approach. internally at stanford, we continue to use epadd as our production tool for appraising, processing, and delivering email archives at stanford. our digital archives team, sally debauche & annie schweikert, have presented on the software to our group of curators and have been in contact with them about appraising and processing new acquisitions. annie & sally have processed several new email collections, including the ted nelson email archive and the don knuth email archive. we have also launched a new multi-institutional online epadd discovery website at epadd.org, featuring the archive of literary critic and historical theorist, hayden white, from the uc santa cruz archives. to accompany the site, we have created documentation about contributing to the discovery site.  what did receiving the ndsa award mean to you? beyond the recognition of our colleagues, it raised the profile of the epadd software which garnered more users and interest. this greater following gave us the impetus for our third grant from the mellon foundation and allowed us to create a more stable program that can be used as a production tool for email archives. what efforts/advances/ideas of the last few years have you been impressed with or admired in the field of data stewardship and/or digital preservation? there has been a lot of development in the field since we started with the epadd project. but i have been very impressed with the eaasi project (emulation), for which stanford serves as a node host. this project will be a game changer for our stakeholders across the university and beyond, as well as colleagues throughout the library who use this platform to provide access to legacy software and files that rely on unique and outdated software. how has the epadd project evolved since you won the innovation award? i included a lot of this in # above – but i would add that the raised profile and increased interest and use of epadd, has brought dedicated partners. the stanford-harvard-manchester partnership began during our third grant and has increased exposure of epadd+ (as we now refer to it) and with the greater involvement from colleagues at each institution has allowed the larger team to focus on different aspects of running and managing the project. one exciting outcome is the commitment of more software testers and greater input from a wider community. what do you currently see as some of the biggest challenges in email assessment and preservation? while i am still hoping for a more holistic way to search across all types of archival content, i think that sustainability is one of the major issues facing open-source software development projects. the cost of bug-fixes and updates with new versions of underlying programs might not always be inordinate, but securing dedicated funding is not simple and is often very time consuming. even more difficult is getting concrete buy-in for funds needed to pay developers to create significant enhancements. we are excited to see the progress from the it takes a village in practice project that aims to provide guidance to open-source software development projects on sustainability. we are engaged in beta testing for the tools that they are developing, and it will be very interesting to see how they can be of service to the broader community. 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			did you enjoy this post? please share! 		 				 				 				 					 								 						 															 								 								share on facebook 							 																						 																			 										facebook									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on twitter 							 																						 																			 										twitter									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on linkedin 							 																						 																			 										linkedin									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on pinterest 							 																						 																			 										pinterest									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on reddit 							 																						 																			 										reddit									 																	 													 					 						 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			related posts 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 				prevpreviouslevels of preservation teaching, advocacy, and outreach update			 							 					 				 						 				nextcall for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committeenext			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 past interests and themes - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 						 							 							 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > dlf groups > past interests and themes 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			past interests and themes 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 					you’ll find more recent and active dlf working groups listed on our main groups page. below are some entries covering collaborations, group activity, and themes of broad interest–some from years past. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 						arl/dlf/duraspace e-science institute 	curatecamp 	data curation 	developers roundtable 	digital humanities 	dlf eresearch network 	dpla beta sprint 	dpla content & scope workstream 	linked open data zotero group 	mets editorial board 	service frameworks initiative 	text encoding initiative special interest group on libraries 					 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 					 		 								 					 		 						 						 					 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 four sources of metadata about things 	 about 	 contact 	 tags 	 writing 	 presentations 	 career 	 membership 	 *orweblog 	 search search lorcandempsey.net 	 home 	 *classics 	 books 	 collaboration 	 collections 	 institutions 	 meta 	 research/learning 	 social 	 systems 	 ux four sources of metadata about things lorcan may : read in minutes 	 	 	 	 	 	 institutionssocialsystems i think it is useful to think of four sources of descriptive metadata in libraries. these are not mutually exclusive, and one of the interesting questions we have to address is how they will be mobilized effectively together. i don’t have good names for these. how about: professional, contributed, programmatically promoted, and intentional? professional the curatorial professions have made major investments in knowledge organization, through the development and application of cataloging rules, controlled vocabularies, authorities, gazetteers, and so on. one of our major challenges is releasing the value that has been created through those approaches in web environments. there is much to think about here, and many folks are thinking about it. currently, these approaches do not tend to work well across silos, they are not made available as web resources themselves so that they can be part of the connected fabric of the web, they only work with the other approaches i mention in particular projects or services, their ‘relating’ power is underused, and higher level services based on data mining or statistical analysis are limited. now, these types of issues are being addressed, but are some way from routine systemwide application. i believe that these approaches will continue, within a reconfigured system, and we need to make that data work harder. my personal view is that the curatorial professions need to invest more in the shared production of resources which identify and describe authors, subjects, places, time periods, and works. contributed a major phenomenon of recent years has been the emergence of many sites which invite, aggregate and mine data contributed by users, and mobilize that data to rank, recommend and relate resources. these include, for example, flickr, librarything, and connotea. these services have a different focus, and create real value in the way that they organize resources. they also have value in that they reveal relations between people. libraries have begun to experiment with these approaches, but individual libraries may not have the scale to iron out local or personal idiosyncrasy or emphasis. this is another area which lends itself to shared attention. there are real advantages to be gained. so, for example, as we digitize photographic and other community collections, we will want to mobilize knowledge about those collections that does not exist within the library. or, if you think about a service like worldcat identities, at some stage we will want to allow those ‘identities’ themselves to comment, augment, amend. what this means is that we will have to get rather more sophisticated about managing assertions about resources from different sources. programmatically promoted we are handling more digital materials, where it is possible to programmatically identify and promote metadata from resources themselves or groups of resources. we will also do more to mine collections, including collections of metadata, to discern pattern and relations. we are increasingly familiar with clustering, entity identification, automatic classification and other approaches. look at the home page for books that google is creating to see a resource created from mining scholar, google book search, and big google to deliver a range of related materials. intentional i have used this term to refer to the data that we are collecting about use and usage. pagerank is based on aggregate linking choices. amazon recommendations are based on aggregate purchase choices. we use holdings data in ranking algorithms, which aggregates selection choices of libraries. this type of data has emerged as a central factor in the major web presences as they seek to provide useful paths through massive amounts of data. to repeat, these approaches are not mutually exclusive and will increasingly be deployed alongside each other. for example, authority lists may support programmatic identification of personal or place names in large text resources. the shared interests revealed in social networking applications may be abstracted into a form of intentional data to drive recommendations or ‘related work’ services. patterns of association and interaction will develop between tags and subject headings. and so on. much of our discussion pits these approaches against each other. this seems like the wrong approach. clearly there will always be choices about where one invests effort, especially as the network continues to reconfigure what we do, but the starting point should be how we create better services and what approaches support that, and not a ‘techeological’ position around one or other approach which confuses ideology and technology. related entries: 	all that is solid melts into flows 	circulating intentional data 	 	 	 	 	 	 institutionssocialsystems comment? comments sign in or become a lorcandempsey.net member to comment. see membership page for more detail. send a log in link great! please check your inbox (or spam folder) for a log in link. something didn't work. please try again. lorcan responsible for membership and research at oclc, serving libraries around the world. you might also like the library network and the scholarly record the library community is a highly interconnected one. networks are motivated both by library mission and effective management of resources. this trend will accelerate as the internet favors shared services, and libraries will see more benefit in building such shared services. the hathi trust is an important example. the growth lorcan feb institutions stuff as a service ... first, a note on a couple of recent media experiences … we went to the boat that rocked (aka pirate radio) recently and were determined to enjoy it. for those that don’t know, it is a movie set in on a ‘pirate radio’ ship broadcasting lorcan dec books 	 	 	 	 	 	 featured posts two metadata directions jul working with ghost: a review apr collection directions accelerated? pandemic effects. may memory institutions redux: pluralizing memories and a stay against forgetting dec the powers of library consortia : how consortia scale capacity, learning, innovation and influence feb news presentation: two metadata directions jul a new web presence: transitions and towers apr presentation: college, consortium, collaboration, collective collection jan interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. tags systems institutions ux books research/learning social collections *classics meta collaboration navigation 	 about 	 membership 	 contact 	 blog posts newsletter interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. lorcan dempsey on libraries, services and networks © lorcandempsey.net - published with ghost & modified krabi 	people 	product 	insights search subscribe about 	about us 	contact 	careers 	feedback 	media relations regulatory 	regulatory affairs 	criteria 	code of conduct & ethics 	privacy policy product 	rating actions 	coverage 	research & analytics 	rating products & tools 	newsletters region 	europe 	north america 	africa 	asia 	latin america 	middle east sectors 	economics 	banks 	insurance 	sovereigns 	corporates 	structured finance 	non-bank financial institutions 	public finance - international 	public finance - united states 	infrastructure & project finance fitch group 	fitch bohua 	fitch learning 	fitch solutions copyright © fitch ratings, inc., fitch ratings, inc., fitch solutions, inc. and their subsidiaries. policies | manage cookies | manage preferences build v . . 	 	 <abstract> abstract | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<abstract> abstract 				 				 					a very brief summary of the materials being described, used primarily to encode bits of biographical or historical information about the creator and abridged statements about the scope, content, arrangement, or other descriptive details about the archival unit or one of its components. it may be extracted from other fields, such as <bioghist> and <scopecontent>. within a <c> <did>, it indicates information specific to that component. it may occur within <did> or <archref>. for the purposes of this outline, we’ll be showing it inside <did>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. 	label – not required. this can be used when a meaningful display label for an element can’t be derived by the stylesheet from its name. it is available in all <did> subelements. 	langcode – not required. the three-letter code for the language in which the abstract is written. it should come from iso - b. 	type – not required. this attribute may be used within a number of elements. its characteristics depend on the element to which it applies. there is no list of specific values for type within <abstract>, but it may be used for encoding information. subelements <abstract> will contain pcdata itself and may contain the following generic elements: <abbr>, <archref>, <bibref>, <emph>, <expan>, <lb />, <linkgrp>, <ptr>, <ref>, and <title>. our ead file so far let’s put in a basic abstract and not forget the label attribute: 	<ead> 	<eadheader> 		<eadid countrycode="us" mainagencycode="dgwl" url="http://www.eadiva.com/sample/">rkt- </eadid> 		<filedesc> 			<titlestmt> 				<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 				<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 				<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 				<sponsor>encoding thanks to eadiva's donation of her spare time.</sponsor> 			</titlestmt> 			<editionstmt><edition> st ed.</edition> 			<p>didn't need to specify since it's first edition, but wanted to use the fields.</p> 			</editionstmt> 			<publicationstmt> 				<date> </date> 				<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 				<address> 					<addressline> pennsylvania ave</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</publicationstmt> 			<seriesstmt><p>bell family papers</p> 			</seriesstmt> 			<notestmt> 				<note> 					<p>the materials in this finding aid are based on an actual collection of sarah j. bell kitchin's letters.</p> 				</note> 				<note> 					<p>this finding aid was created as a project for the eadiva.com website.</p> 				</note> 			</notestmt> 		</filedesc> 		<profiledesc> 			<creation>this finding aid was encoded by ruth k. tillman, on <date normal=" ">november th, </date>, using notepad++. material was generated off the top of her head.</creation> 			<langusage>this finding aid is written in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langusage> 			<descrules>this finding aid was prepared using ruth's understanding of ead and her use of the loc ead official website.</descrules> 		</profiledesc> 		<revisiondesc> 			<change> 				<date normal=" ">december , </date> 				<item>this finding aid was edited by ruth tillman in order to clarify contents in eadheader.</item> 			</change> 		</revisiondesc> 	</eadheader> 	<frontmatter> 		<div><head>preface</head> 		<p>this inventory was prepared as part of the eadiva website to demonstrate ead encoding of finding aids. it encodes information about the collection of the papers of sarah bell kitchin as well as made-up information used to make the finding aid use more example elements. like this one.</p></div> 		<titlepage> 			<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 			<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 			<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 			<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 		</titlepage> 	</frontmatter> 	<archdesc level="collection"> 		<did><head>overview</head> 			<abstract label="abstract">sarah j. bell kitchin, a peace corps volunteer and professor of linguistics at the university of british columbia. her letters home from the philippines ( - ) and russia. letters from members of the bell family ( - ). 			</abstract> 		</did> 	</archdesc> </ead> <ead> 	<eadheader> 		<eadid countrycode="us" mainagencycode="dgwl" url="http://www.eadiva.com/sample/">rkt- </eadid> 		<filedesc> 			<titlestmt> 				<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 				<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 				<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 				<sponsor>encoding thanks to eadiva's donation of her spare time.</sponsor> 			</titlestmt> 			<editionstmt><edition> st ed.</edition> 			<p>didn't need to specify since it's first edition, but wanted to use the fields.</p> 			</editionstmt> 			<publicationstmt> 				<date> </date> 				<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 				<address> 					<addressline> pennsylvania ave</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</publicationstmt> 			<seriesstmt><p>bell family papers</p> 			</seriesstmt> 			<notestmt> 				<note> 					<p>the materials in this finding aid are based on an actual collection of sarah j. bell kitchin's letters.</p> 				</note> 				<note> 					<p>this finding aid was created as a project for the eadiva.com website.</p> 				</note> 			</notestmt> 		</filedesc> 		<profiledesc> 			<creation>this finding aid was encoded by ruth k. tillman, on <date normal=" ">november th, </date>, using notepad++. material was generated off the top of her head.</creation> 			<langusage>this finding aid is written in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langusage> 			<descrules>this finding aid was prepared using ruth's understanding of ead and her use of the loc ead official website.</descrules> 		</profiledesc> 		<revisiondesc> 			<change> 				<date normal=" ">december , </date> 				<item>this finding aid was edited by ruth tillman in order to clarify contents in eadheader.</item> 			</change> 		</revisiondesc> 	</eadheader> 	<frontmatter> 		<div><head>preface</head> 		<p>this inventory was prepared as part of the eadiva website to demonstrate ead encoding of finding aids. it encodes information about the collection of the papers of sarah bell kitchin as well as made-up information used to make the finding aid use more example elements. like this one.</p></div> 		<titlepage> 			<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 			<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 			<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 			<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 		</titlepage> 	</frontmatter> 	<archdesc level="collection"> 		<did><head>overview</head> 			<abstract label="abstract">sarah j. bell kitchin, a peace corps volunteer and professor of linguistics at the university of british columbia. her letters home from the philippines ( - ) and russia. letters from members of the bell family ( - ). 			</abstract> 		</did> 	</archdesc> </ead> ead tag library entry for <abstract>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 hectic pace – a view on libraries, the library business, and the business of libraries skip to content hectic pace my pre-covid things posted on dec by andrew k. pace authors note: these parodies are always about libraries and always based on christmas songs, stories, or poems. being what it is, this year is an exception to both…that’s right, i’m siding with my family and admitting that my favorite things is not a christmas song. (sung to the tune of “my favorite things”) [click the youtube link to listen while you sing along.] eating in restaurants and movies on big screenspeople who don’t doubt the virtue of vaccines.inspiring leaders who don’t act like kings.these were a few of my pre-covid things. live music venues and in-person classes.no masks or … tagged with: / category: christmas parody / leave a comment sitting in the reading room all day posted on dec by andrew k. pace (sung to the tune of “walking in a winter wonderland”) [click the youtube link to listen while you sing along.] people shhhhhh, are you listening? in the stacks, laptops glistening the reading light’s bright the library’s right for sitting in the reading room all day. gone away are the book stacks here to stay, the only town’s fax. we share all our books without judgy looks. sitting in the reading room all day. in the lobby we could build a book tree. readers guide is green and they stack well. i’ll say ‘do we have ’em?’ you’ll say, ‘yeah man.’ … tagged with: / category: christmas parody / comment it’s the best library time of the year posted on dec by andrew k. pace (sung to the tune of “it’s the most wonderful time of the year”)  press play to sing along with the instrumental track! it’s the best library time of the year with no more children yelling and no one is telling you “get it in gear!” it’s the best library time of the year it’s the qui-quietest season at school only smile-filled greetings and no more dull meetings where bosses are cruel it’s the qui-quietest season at school there’ll be books for re-stocking vendor end-of-year-hawking and overdue fine cash for beer send the word out to pre-schools drag queen visit … tagged with: / category: christmas parody / leave a comment 	 		posts navigation 		 … next 	 			 			about 				a blog and its author 			 search the archive 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 archives 		archives 		select month december  ( ) december  ( ) december  ( ) december  ( ) july  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) may  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) july  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) june  ( ) april  ( ) december  ( ) october  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) may  ( ) april  ( ) march  ( ) february  ( ) january  ( ) december  ( ) november  ( ) october  ( ) september  ( ) august  ( ) july  ( ) june  ( ) 			 categories categoriesselect category .   ( ) ala  ( ) april fool’s  ( ) catalogs  ( ) christmas parody  ( ) community development  ( ) e-books  ( ) ebsco  ( ) education  ( ) equity, diversity, & inclusion  ( ) general  ( ) google  ( ) innovation  ( ) lita  ( ) mergers & acquisitions  ( ) metasearch  ( ) niso  ( ) oclc  ( ) open source  ( ) openurl  ( ) product management  ( ) public libraries  ( ) publishers  ( ) sacred cows  ( ) search  ( ) standards  ( ) vendors  ( ) web-scale  ( ) wms  ( ) worldshare  ( ) 			 oclc next 	women in technology: we are all stakeholders anna jones 	four ways to avoid the “transition trap” in your strategic planning stuart hunt 	the cat that didn’t bark david whitehair oclc colleagues 	 . : the dewey blog 	the digital shift (roy tennant) 	hanging together 	lorcan dempsey’s weblog 	oclc next 	webjunction library colleagues 	librarian.net 	screwy decimal 	the shifted librarian 	librarian in black 	free range librarian 	the travelin’ librarian 	david lee king 	jenny arch 	justin the librarian 	mr. library dude 	thoughts from carl grant search worldcat 			 enter title, subject, person, or keyword 		 hectic pace rss feeds 	entries rss 	comments rss 		 	 	 		 			© – . all rights reserved, hectic pace 		 	 		 			 			 			 			 				 					 				 				 					 						 						 						 							 						 													 																											 											write a comment... 											 											 												 																											 															email 															 														 														 															name 															 														 														 															website 															 														 																									 												 												  												 											 										 																								 							 							 								loading comments... 							 											 					 						 														comment 													 						 						 						 					 				 			 			 				 			 			 				 			 			× 		 		 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 <bioghist> biography or history | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<bioghist> biography or history 				 				 					<bioghist> is an essay or chronology which puts the materials in a historical context. it may contain the information as simple text inside <p> elements or a <chronlist>. it may be nested within itself for complex biographical and historical data (for example, multiple family members). <bioghist> is one of the elements which may be used within <archdesc>, <archdescgrp>, <c>, <c > through <c >, and <descgrp>.it may also be used in <scopecontent>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. 	type – not required. may be used to designate the type of information. subelements <bioghist> may contain further <bioghist> elements, as well as <address>, <blockquote>, <chronlist>, <dao>, <daogrp>, <head>, <list>, <note>, <p>, and <table>. note, since pcdata is not used within this element, it serves as a wrapper, at least of a <p> element containing the actual text. dacs see dacs section . , administrative/biographical history. (page of edition; page of edition pdf.) for more on writing this content, see dacs section , administrative/biographical history. (page of edition; page of edition pdf.) examples some examples of how <bioghist> may be used: 	<bioghist> 	<head>biography</head> 	<p><persname normal="bell, sarah j.">sarah j. bell</persname> was born in hillsboro ohio in . after graduating from <corpname normal="st. john's college (annapolis, md)" source="lcnaf">st. john's college</corpname> in , she joined the recently-formed <corpname normal="peace corps (u.s.)" source="lcnaf">peace corps</corpname> and was sent to teach math on the island of mindanao, philippines. she spent two years teaching math to students and high school teachers at <corpname source="lcnaf">central mindanao university</corpname> in musuan. after returning to the united states, she worked measuring air pollutants in ann arundel county, md, before obtaining a phd in linguistics from <corpname normal="massachusetts institute of technology" source="lcnaf">mit</corpname>. she taught at the <corpname source="lcnaf">university of british columbia</corpname>, bc, canada and studied the language of the secwepemc (also called shuswap) people of the interior of british columbia.</p>   	<p>in , she married <persname normal="kitchin, bruce b.">bruce b. kitchin</persname> and moved to delaware, united states. upon the birth of her first child in , she retired from college-level teaching and instead taught adult literacy classes with <corpname normal="literacy volunteers of america" source="lcnaf">literacy volunteers</corpname>. in , she began teaching latin to middle school students at <corpname source="local">towle institute</corpname> in delaware, where she continued to teach until the end of , months before her death from carcinoid cancer.</p> </bioghist> <bioghist> 	<head>biography</head> 	<p><persname normal="bell, sarah j.">sarah j. bell</persname> was born in hillsboro ohio in . after graduating from <corpname normal="st. john's college (annapolis, md)" source="lcnaf">st. john's college</corpname> in , she joined the recently-formed <corpname normal="peace corps (u.s.)" source="lcnaf">peace corps</corpname> and was sent to teach math on the island of mindanao, philippines. she spent two years teaching math to students and high school teachers at <corpname source="lcnaf">central mindanao university</corpname> in musuan. after returning to the united states, she worked measuring air pollutants in ann arundel county, md, before obtaining a phd in linguistics from <corpname normal="massachusetts institute of technology" source="lcnaf">mit</corpname>. she taught at the <corpname source="lcnaf">university of british columbia</corpname>, bc, canada and studied the language of the secwepemc (also called shuswap) people of the interior of british columbia.</p> 	<p>in , she married <persname normal="kitchin, bruce b.">bruce b. kitchin</persname> and moved to delaware, united states. upon the birth of her first child in , she retired from college-level teaching and instead taught adult literacy classes with <corpname normal="literacy volunteers of america" source="lcnaf">literacy volunteers</corpname>. in , she began teaching latin to middle school students at <corpname source="local">towle institute</corpname> in delaware, where she continued to teach until the end of , months before her death from carcinoid cancer.</p> </bioghist> let’s make this a chronological list for a particular folder. 	<bioghist> 	<head>chronological events</head> 	<chronlist> 		<chronitem><date normal=" ">october , </date> 		<event><persname normal="wossname, samuel">sam wossname</persname> succeeds <persname normal="othername, john">john othername</persname> as department head.</event> 		</chronitem> 		<chronitem><date normal=" ">march , </date> 		<event>departmental reorganization.</event> 		</chronitem> 	</chronlist> </bioghist> <bioghist> 	<head>chronological events</head> 	<chronlist> 		<chronitem><date normal=" ">october , </date> 		<event><persname normal="wossname, samuel">sam wossname</persname> succeeds <persname normal="othername, john">john othername</persname> as department head.</event> 		</chronitem> 		<chronitem><date normal=" ">march , </date> 		<event>departmental reorganization.</event> 		</chronitem> 	</chronlist> </bioghist> ead tag library entry for <bioghist>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 	library metadata evolution: the final mile when schema.org arrived on the scene i thought we might have arrived at the point where library metadata  could finally blossom; adding value outside of library systems to help library curated resources become first class citizens, and hence results, in the global web we all inhabit.  but as yet it has not happened. 	something for archives in schema.org the recent release of the schema.org vocabulary (version . ) includes new types and properties, proposed by the w c schema architypes community group, specifically target at facilitating the web sharing of archives data to aid discovery. when the group, which i have the privilege to chair, approached the challenge of building a proposal to make schema.org useful for archives, it was identified that the vocabulary could be already used to describe the things &# ; collections that you find in archives.  what was missing was the ability to identify the archive holding organisation, and the fact that an item is being held ... 	bibframe – schema.org – chocolate teapots in a session at the ifla wlic in kuala lumpur - my core theme being that there is a need to use two [linked data] vocabularies when describing library resources — bibframe for cataloguing and [linked] metadata interchange — schema.org for sharing on the web for discovery. 	schema.org introduces defined terms do you have a list of terms relevant to your data? things such as subjects, topics, job titles, a glossary or dictionary of terms, blog post categories, ‘official names’ for things/people/organisations, material types, forms of technology, etc. 	schema.org significant updates for tourism and trips the latest release of schema.org ( . ) includes some significant enhancements for those interested in marking up tourism, and trips in general. for tourism markup two new types touristdestination and touristtrip have joined the already useful touristattraction 	the three linked data choices for libraries we are [finally] on the cusp of establishing a de facto linked data approach for libraries and their system suppliers - not there yet but getting there. we have a choice between bibframe . , schema.org, linky marc and doing nothing. 	structured data: helping google understand your site add schema.org structured data to your pages because during indexing, we will be able to better understand what your site is about. 	schema.org for tourism these touristattraction enhancements have significantly improved the capability for describing tourist attractions and hopefully enabling more tourist discoveries 	schema.org: describing global corporations local cafés and everything in-between there have been  discussions in schema.org about the way organizations their offices, branches and other locations can be marked up; they exposed a lack of clarity in the way to structure descriptions of organizations and their locations, offices, branches , etc. to address that lack of clarity i thought it would be useful to share some examples here. 	a discovery opportunity for archives? so why am i now suggesting that there maybe an opportunity for the discovery of archives and their resources? coral sheldon-hess coral sheldon-hess tech teacher, data geek, maker, bird nerd 	slack-like tools in the online classroom a slack-type tool fills in a really important gap in student-student and student-professor communication. without something slack-like, your choices for communication are the learning management system (lms) discussion boards or email. i think it's uncontroversial to say we all hate lms discussion boards. ... as for email, i'll go out on a limb and say that i suspect most professors do not enjoy answering multiple versions of the same question over and over, one by one, especially when they have to choose between knowing in their hearts that some students aren't asking and won't know, versus making yet another lms announcement to address any given issue. 	the online unconference of niche interests if you're looking for a fun and educational thing to do this weekend, you might consider attending the second quarterly(??) online unconference of niche interests ("ouni" for short), scheduled to run from pm until a bit after pm eastern standard time, this sunday, november . we have a set of volunteer presenters who will each talk for up to minutes about a niche topic they're into. 	what i’m telling family about covid- a family member asked me to tell them about covid- . it was a general question, which i chose to interpret as "how does transmission work, and what is the real risk?" this is what i said. as i told them, i'm not a biologist of any sort, and i will accept corrections (both from people who are biologists and from those who can cite sources), of course. both this person and i have autoimmune issues, so i take that as a given in this post. 	what i’ve been up to during all this how my household is doing perhaps the best place to start writing about what i&# ;ve been up to is to be really clear: i&# ;m ok, and, at least for now, so are my loved ones. my spouse and i are both incredibly lucky to have jobs that can be done&# ; 	get that bread i want to tell you about my take on the new artisan bread in five minutes a day recipe. the things i have to add to the discussion: ) a couple of hacks for people who, like me, do not have a kitchen fan that vents outdoors (i promise i'll explain why this matters) and who like at least a little bit of whole grain in their bread, plus ) photos of some of the steps they don't show as clearly in the book. i'm still experimenting (always!), but i have a base recipe/approach that i like and that i think is good enough to share. 	 year-end post we&# ;re rapidly approaching the time for the traditional year-end post, which i&# ;ve been known to skip in recent years—i had a run of several really rough years, there. while wasn&# ;t without personal challenges and setbacks (and a whole lot of frightening developments in the us and abroad), it brought&# ; 	belated update right now i should be grading or preparing for classes, but honestly i&# ;m three blog posts behind where i wanted to be by now (i haven&# ;t forgotten my wiscon promise to make a post about tabletop roleplaying games) and fighting a pretty nasty headache. so what if i take a&# ; 	doing data things tldr: i took two classes this semester, and i'm going to teach at least one, probably . , classes next semester. i'm super psyched about it. i'll still work for the library where i'm an adjunct, too, but fewer hours per week. i'm still available for full-time hire, if you have data for me to work with. 	 i usually do a year-end post. that&# ;s not happening in . this year took so much from me, and from people i care about, that i refuse to write about it. but i&# ;d like to write about . not &# ;resolutions&# ; so much as &# ;plans and goals&# ;&# ;and maybe not even those&# ; 	a librarian again over the past few years, i’ve come to dread the “what do you do?” question, because what people generally mean is “where do you work?” and it’s awkward when you can’t have that conversation the way they expect. dlf digital accessibility working group add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf digital accessibility working group contact us at info@diglib.org for call-in information dlf dawg on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/digital_accessibility_group join the dawg google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/dlf-accessibility-working-group 	when 	wed aug , pm – pm coordinated universal time logging in ruby with logger and lograge - honeybadger developer blog 	 product tour 	 pricing 	 blog 	 docs 	 status 	 contact 	 meet the 'badgers 	 start free trial 	 log in 	 blog home 	 ruby 	 honeybadger 	 rails 	 javascript 	 devops 	 posts by tag ruby ( ) honeybadger ( ) rails ( ) javascript ( ) devops ( ) elixir ( ) go ( ) founderquest ( ) briefing- -q ( ) briefing ( ) conferences ( ) php ( ) security ( ) python ( ) developer-tools ( ) heroku ( ) node ( ) js ( ) events ( ) jekyll ( ) startup-advice ( ) guest-post ( ) sidekiq ( ) aws ( ) debugging ( ) serverless ( ) laravel ( ) git ( ) case-studies ( ) front-end ( ) performance ( ) allocation_stats ( ) integrations ( ) bitbucket ( ) mobile ( ) gophercon ( ) golang ( ) clients ( ) testing ( ) vue ( ) lambda ( ) turbolinks ( ) redis ( ) circleci ( ) github ( ) 	 write for us 	 rss feed logging in ruby with logger and lograge logging is tricky. you want logs to include enough detail to be useful, but not so much that you're drowning in noise - or violating regulations like gdpr. in this article, diogo souza introduces us to ruby's logging system and the lograge gem. he shows us how to create custom logs, output the logs in formats like json, and reduce the verbosity of default rails logs. 	 by diogo souza author twitter 	 #ruby 	 mar , working with logs in ruby logging is one of the primary tasks an application usually addresses. logs are used when you need to, for example, 	see what’s happening inside of your apps, 	monitor them, or 	collect metrics for some specific data. when learning a new programming language, the first obvious pick to log information is the native mechanism. it is usually easy, documented, and well-spread throughout the community. log data varies a lot depending on the company, business, and type of application you’re working with. therefore, it’s very important to understand how the logging solution you and your team chose will impact its overall use. in this article, we’ll take a ride through the available options of logging for ruby and rails, from the built-in ones to the beloved third-party community frameworks. let’s go! ruby's built-in options ruby comes with two built-in options to handle logging: printing commands (specially designed for command-line scenarios) and the logger class. let’s explore them a little bit. printing to the console ruby has four common ways to print text to the console: puts, print, p, and pp. the puts method prints anything you pass to it, followed by a new line: . . : > puts "hey, i'm a log!" hey, i'm a log! => nil the print method is similar to puts, however it always converts arguments to strings using the to_s method. finally, the p and pp methods will both print the raw object you’re passing to them without performing conversions; the only difference is that the latter formats the output in a more indented way, while the former does not. application logs for applications running on servers, it doesn't make sense to print to console. instead, we use the logger class, which is much more flexible. here's how you might use it to print a "debug" log: require "logger" logger = logger.new(stdout) logger.debug("i'm a debug log") we could also configure it to store the logs to a file, or send them to a log aggregator instead of printing to stdout if we wanted to. in case you're wondering, "debug" is a log level. log levels let you tell the system "this log message is related to a certain kind of event." there are six built-in log levels: fatal, error, warn, info, debug and unknown. logger.debug("i'm a debug log") logger.info("i'm an info log") logger.warn("i'm a warn log") logger.error("i'm an error log: error message") logger.fatal("i'm a fatal log") when we look at the log output, we see that the log level, process id and timestamp have been appended to each line: another great feature is the ability to set your logger object at a specific level: logger.level = logger::warn when you do this, logger will only handle the logs equal or higher to warn in importance. this is very useful in production, where we may not want to save "debug" logs due to size or security reasons. this should be the output: customizing your logs if you want to customize your logs, there’s plenty of options. to change the date and time, for example, just overwrite the default one: logger.datetime_format = "%y-%m-%d %h:%m" here’s an example of the output: w, [ - - : # ] warn -- : i'm a warn log the date_time format follows the standard specification, so be sure to refer to it when performing such changes. sometimes, however, you may need to fully modify the format of your logs. for this purpose, ruby provides the formatter class. it works by allowing devs to overwrite the default template that logger uses to print logs. imagine that your app makes use of a centralized logs analysis tool and needs all of your logs to be printed in the name=value format. this would be the new formatter code: logger.formatter = proc do |severity, datetime, progname, msg| date_format = datetime.strftime("%y-%m-%d %h:%m:%s") "date=[#{date_format}] severity=#{severity.ljust( )} pid=##{process.pid} message='#{msg}'\n" end here, we’re making use of a proc to intercept all the logs and change the default way they're printed to the desired one. now, we have the following result: with just a few lines of code, all of your app logs can now be indexed by the tool. logging to json with the power of formatter in hand, it’s easy to customize your logs to whatever output type you want. for example, we could use the json module to output our logs in that format. require "json" logger.formatter = proc do |severity, datetime, progname, msg| date_format = datetime.strftime("%y-%m-%d %h:%m:%s") json.dump(date: "#{date_format}", severity:"#{severity.ljust( )}", pid:"##{process.pid}", message: msg) + "\n" end and, here are the resulting logs: logging to a file as seen before, the logger constructor receives, as the first argument, the place where the log should be stored. if you want to save your logs to a file, just say so: require 'logger' logger = logger.new('my_logs.log') this will create a new file my_logs.log in the same folder where your ruby file containing this code is located: however, the class also allows a bunch of custom options, such as a retention policy config. take the following example: # keep data for the current week. logger.new('my_weekly_logs.log', 'weekly') # keep data for today and the past months. logger.new('my_latest_ _months_logs.log', , 'monthly') # restarts the log over when it exceeds gb in size. logger.new('my_custom_logs.log', , * * * ) as a second param, logger accepts a definition of how frequently it should keep the logs or erase them. in the first object, the logs will be kept for one week only. the second will store them for a range of two months, while the latest will analyze just the size of the file (e.g., whenever it reaches gb, it’ll be discarded) based on the third param. logging in ruby on rails most of the benefits of logger we’ve seen so far can all be used along with rails apps. the rails version of logger is just a simple extension of ruby’s native class. apart from that, rails also adds a nice feature to allow devs to broadcast their logs to multiple loggers. thus, if you want to work with more than one logging library, you can do so within rails logger: custom_logger = logger.new(stdout) rails.logger.extend(activesupport::logger.broadcast(custom_logger)) this can also be useful when you need some intelligence regarding the places your logs should go. some parts of your app may need logs in different locations or different formats. choosing a third-party logging framework if ruby's built-in logger doesn't do exactly what you need, you have options. there are plenty of options when it comes to picking up a rd-party logging framework. the most popular of these is lograge. let's take a look at it! first steps with lograge lograge was made for rails apps. if you’re working with vanilla ruby, it may not be a good choice. to install it, just add the following gem: bundle add lograge then, create a new config file at config/initializers/lograge.rb with the following code: rails.application.configure do config.lograge.enabled = true config.lograge.custom_options = lambda do |event| { time: event.time } end end this config enables lograge and defines the time that a log, considered an event to the framework, has to be printed. when you start the rails app and access the first endpoint, lograge will print the request summary. comparing the logs before and after lograge setup, respectively, results in something like shown below: again, lograge is not a silver bullet; it is actually a very opinionated framework. so, you’ll probably need to use it along with the built-in logger (or other frameworks of your preference). wrapping up in the end, it becomes clearer that logging is not only a crucial part of your projects but also very underestimated. to better understand the tools you’re using, regardless of whether they are native, will help you to achieve better results too. be sure to always conduct a lot of testing to adopting a new framework. sometimes your platform already comes bundled with great built-in options. if that’s not the case, determine whether it allows the use of other frameworks integrated with the one that’s already inside. best of luck! honeybadger has your back when it counts. we're the only error tracker that combines exception monitoring, uptime monitoring, and cron monitoring into a single, simple to use platform. our mission: to tame production and make you a better, more productive developer. learn more diogo souza diogo is a more of an explorer than a programmer. most of the best discoveries are made prior to the code itself. `if free_time > read() draw() eat() end` @diogosouzac author twitter “we’ve looked at a lot of error management systems. honeybadger is head and shoulders above the rest and somehow gets better with every new release.” michael smith try error monitoring free for days level up your software development career join our community of kick-ass developers as we learn engineering, devops, cloud architecture, and bootstrapping remote software companies. tell me more → let me in we're honeybadger. we'll never send you spam; we will send you cool stuff like exclusive content, memes, and special swag. are you using bugsnag, rollbar, or airbrake for your monitoring? honeybadger includes exception, uptime, and check-in monitoring — all for probably less than you’re paying now. discover why so many companies are switching to honeybadger here. try error monitoring free for days stop digging through chat logs to find the bug-fix someone mentioned last month. honeybadger's built-in issue tracker keeps discussion central to each error, so that if it pops up again you'll be able to pick up right where you left off. try error monitoring free for days product 	 tour 	 integrations 	 plans & pricing 	 gdpr 	 security 	 hb vs. error trackers stacks 	 rails 	 laravel 	 javascript 	 ruby 	 elixir 	 python 	 php 	 crystal 	 go 	 cocoa company 	 meet the 'badgers 	 job openings 	 brand assets 	 terms of use 	 privacy statement 	 contact us resources 	 developer docs 	 developer blog 	 leveling up 	 exceptional creatures 	 founderquest 	 twitter 	 you're not being tracked first mover: how a defi trader made an % profit in minutes slinging stablecoins - coindesk 	news	latest 	opinion 	features 	videos 	markets 	 get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tech 	business 	policy & regulation 	people 	topics	altcoins 	bitcoin 	cryptocurrency markets 	defi 	ethereum 	ethereum . 	ethereum mining 	ethereum staking 	pos 	pow 	learn	 guides	bitcoin 	blockchain 	ethereum 	trading all guides 	assets	 x (zrx) 	cosmos 	gemini dollar 	zcash 	grin see all 	companies	crosstower 	ark invest 	vision hill 	cryptocompare 	gda capital see all 	people	anthony pompliano 	vitalik buterin 	jimmy song 	jameson lopp 	satoshi nakamoto see all get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tv 	videos 	podcasts 	research events	 trending 	 ethereum market wrap: ethereum keeps burning and price is hot bradley keounfrances yueaug , 	 cardano cardano jumps on signals smart contracts coming next month frances yueaug , 	 polygon polygon merges with hermez network in $ m deal cheyenne ligonaug , 	 pos ethereum miners make multimillion-dollar bet on upgrade delay david panaug , 	 prices bitcoin shows signs of exhaustion as rally ‘falters’ before next leg up: sources sebastian sinclairaug , bitcoin h $ , . - . % bitcoin h $ , . - . - . % ethereum h $ , . - . % ethereum h $ , . - . - . % xrp h $ . + . % xrp h $ . + . + . % cardano h $ . + . % cardano h $ . + . + . % stellar h $ . + . % stellar h $ . + . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . + . % uniswap h $ . - . % uniswap h $ . - . - . % chainlink h $ . + . % chainlink h $ . + . + . % polkadot h $ . + . % polkadot h $ . + . + . % polygon h $ . + . % polygon h $ . + . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . + . % litecoin h $ . - . % litecoin h $ . - . - . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . - . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . - . - . % the graph h $ . - . % the graph h $ . - . - . % ethereum classic h $ . + . % ethereum classic h $ . + . + . % filecoin h $ . + . % filecoin h $ . + . + . % aave h $ . - . % aave h $ . - . - . % tron h $ . + . % tron h $ . + . + . % neo h $ . + . % neo h $ . + . + . % algorand h $ . - . % algorand h $ . - . - . % eos h $ . + . % eos h $ . + . + . % monero h $ . - . % monero h $ . - . - . % bittorrent h $ . - . % bittorrent h $ . - . - . % cosmos h $ . + . % cosmos h $ . + . + . % maker h $ , . - . % maker h $ , . - . - . % iota h $ . + . % iota h $ . + . + . % tezos h $ . - . % tezos h $ . - . - . % bitcoin sv h $ . - . % bitcoin sv h $ . - . - . % waves h $ . + . % waves h $ . + . + . % decred h $ . - . % decred h $ . - . - . % dash h $ . + . % dash h $ . + . + . % nem h $ . + . % nem h $ . + . + . % decentraland h $ . - . % decentraland h $ . - . - . % zcash h $ . - . % zcash h $ . - . - . % qtum h $ . + . % qtum h $ . + . + . % yearn finance h $ , . - . % yearn finance h $ , . - , . - . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . + . % basic attention token h $ . - . % basic attention token h $ . - . - . % nucypher h $ . - . % nucypher h $ . - . - . % icon h $ . - . % icon h $ . - . - . % x h $ . - . % x h $ . - . - . % bancor h $ . - . % bancor h $ . - . - . % paxos standard h $ . + . % paxos standard h $ . + . + . % siacoin h $ . + . % siacoin h $ . + . + . % kava.io h $ . - . % kava.io h $ . - . - . % nano h $ . - . % nano h $ . - . - . % band protocol h $ . - . % band protocol h $ . - . - . % omg network h $ . - . % omg network h $ . - . - . % lisk h $ . + . % lisk h $ . + . + . % fetch.ai h $ . - . % fetch.ai h $ . - . - . % storj h $ . + . % storj h $ . + . + . % ren h $ . - . % ren h $ . - . - . % numeraire h $ . - . % numeraire h $ . - . - . % loopring h $ . + . % loopring h $ . + . + . % orchid h $ . - . % orchid h $ . - . - . % civic h $ . - . % civic h $ . - . - . % pax gold h $ , . + . % pax gold h $ , . + . + . % augur h $ . + . % augur h $ . + . + . % aragon h $ . + . % aragon h $ . + . + . % district x h $ . + . % district x h $ . + . + . % enzyme h $ . - . % enzyme h $ . - . - . % kyber network h $ . + . % kyber network h $ . + . + . % singulardtv h $ . - . % singulardtv h $ . - . - . % tether h $ . + . % tether h $ . + . + . % usd coin h $ . + . % usd coin h $ . + . + . % dai h $ . + . % dai h $ . + . + . % indexes top assets please consider using a different web browser for better experience. story from markets first mover: how a defi trader made an % profit in minutes slinging stablecoins schematic of aug. stablecoin arbitrage trade using defi. (etherscan, coindesk) daniel cawrey sebastian sinclair aug , at : p.m. utcupdated aug , at : p.m. utc first mover: how a defi trader made an % profit in minutes slinging stablecoins in digital-asset markets, stablecoins like tether and usdc are supposed to represent $ of value. but their prices often fluctuate on the pubescent trading platforms of decentralized finance, or defi.  so cryptocurrency traders are now apparently devising strategies to profit from slinging stablecoins in these fast-growing but often janky and thinly traded markets. you’re reading first mover, coindesk’s daily markets newsletter. assembled by the coindesk markets team, first mover starts your day with the most up-to-date sentiment around crypto markets, which of course never close, putting in context every wild swing in bitcoin and more. we follow the money so you don’t have to. you can subscribe here.  subscribe to , subscribe by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy. in one aug. transaction on the ethereum blockchain, a trader appears to have used a series of transactions in tether and usdc on the decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges uniswap, curve and dydx to net a tidy $ , profit off a $ , initial investment. that works out to an % gain in what was likely a matter of minutes.  the whole transaction can be seen on the website etherscan, used to access data recorded on the ethereum blockchain. here’s that looks like: screen grab of transactions used in aug. stablecoin arbitrage trade. source: etherscan what happened was this: ) trader started with roughly $ , in usdc tokens and borrowed another $ , on dydx, for a total of $ , in usdc.  ) exploiting temporary differences between the stablecoins’ face value of $ and quoted prices, the trader was able to use uniswap to exchange the $ , of usdc for $ , of usdt.  ) trader swapped $ , of usdt for $ , of usdc on curve.  ) trader paid off the $ , loan from dydx and had $ , usdc remaining.  ) the transactions cost about $ , in fees.  ) trader netted $ , profit on $ , of initial capital. schematic of aug. stablecoin arbitrage trade using defi. source: etherscan, coindesk the transaction drew eyeballs on tuesday from flabbergasted (and perhaps admiring) twitter users. at first glance, the strategy appears similar to prior exploits of these largely untested defi systems, such as in june when a hacker drained $ , from the liquidity provider balancer.  but this week’s operation appears legal, merely a version of a classic arbitrage strategy used across wall street and cryptocurrency markets every day. not bad for a few minutes of work. but just imagine how long it took for someone to figure this out.  tweet of the day bitcoin watch source: tradingview btc: price: $ , (bpi) | -hr high: $ , | -hr low: $ , trend: bitcoin’s bullish long-term trend looks to be on a summer holiday this week, with prices generally languishing well beneath the psychological price level of $ , . tuesday’s . % rejection from around $ , to a low of $ , hints at further downside risk on larger time frames backed by decreasing levels of weekly trade volume. bitcoin’s weekly chart reveals the possibility of a sell-off for september – historically a bearish month for the world’s largest cryptocurrency by market cap. for example, based on data from the last three years, bitcoin has experienced losses between % and % in september after a peak in august.  the recent rejection at overbought levels near . on the relative strength index (rsi), a tool used by traders to judge market exuberance, could lead to a deeper pullback. immediate support stands at the former resistance level near $ , with long-term support hanging at $ , along the -period moving average on the weekly chart. a short-term push by opportunistic buyers could drive prices to retest $ , once more. however, failing to cement a new yearly high could result in a longer-term pullback as bitcoin heads into its historically poor month. sign up to receive first mover in your inbox, every weekday. read more about... arbitragemarketsstablecoinsusdcnewslettersfirst mover disclosurethe leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. related 	 crypto trading what does liquidation mean and how to avoid it? andrey sergeenkovaug , 	 ethereum market wrap: ethereum keeps burning and price is hot bradley keounfrances yueaug , 	 cardano cardano jumps on signals smart contracts coming next month frances yueaug , 	 ponzi schemes founder of alleged $ m ponzi nabbed in russia, more sought anna baydakovaaug , 	 bitcoin bitcoin back above $ k on low daily volume as altcoins outperform sebastian sinclairaug , what is undefined? about masthead ethics policy contributors jobs events advertise follow us get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address terms & conditions privacy policy newsletters © coindesk english the leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} kaseya was warned about security flaws years ahead of ransomware attack | engadget 	home 	reviews 	gear 	gaming 	entertainment 	products 	tomorrow 	podcasts 	video 	deals 	buying guides 	back to school 	outdoor gear 	parents & kids 	holiday gift guide 	phones 	laptops 	view all login sign up login 	reviews 	gear 	gaming 	entertainment 	products 	tomorrow 	podcasts 	video 	deals 	buying guides 	back to school 	outdoor gear 	parents & kids 	holiday gift guide 	phones 	laptops 	view all 	facebook 	twitter 	youtube sections	reviews 	gear 	gaming 	entertainment 	products 	tomorrow 	podcasts 	video 	deals login kaseya was warned about security flaws years ahead of ransomware attack employees say they quit or were fired over obvious problems. j. fingas| . . @jonfingas sponsored links j. fingas @jonfingas july th, in this article: news, gear, kaseya, internet, ransomware, security, malware, revil, hack reuters/dado ruvic/illustrationthe giant ransomware attack against kaseya might have been entirely avoidable. former staff talking to bloomberg claim they warned executives of "critical" security flaws in kaseya's products several times between and , but that the company didn't truly address them. multiple staff either quit or said they were fired over inaction. employees reportedly complained that kaseya was using old code, implemented poor encryption and even failed to routinely patch software. the company's virtual system administrator (vsa), the remote maintenance tool that fell prey to ransomware, was supposedly rife with enough problems that workers wanted the software replaced. one employee claimed he was fired two weeks after sending executives a -page briefing on security problems. others simply left in frustration with a seeming focus on new features and releases instead of fixing basic issues. kaseya also laid off some employees in in favor of outsourcing work to belarus, which some staff considered a security risk given local leaders' partnerships with the russian government. kaseya has declined to comment. the company has showed signs of wanting to mend issues. it fixed some problems after dutch researchers pointed out vulnerabilities. it didn't fix everything, however, and it didn't take long before analyst firms like truesec found glaring flaws in kaseya's platform. this wasn't the first time kaseya faced security issues, either. the company's software was reportedly used to launch ransomware at least twice between and , and it didn't significantly rethink its security strategy. however accurate the reports may be, kaseya's situation wouldn't be unique. staff at solarwinds, twitter and others have described security lapses that weren't fixed in time. that just makes the situation worse, mind you. it suggests that key parts of american online infrastructure have been vulnerable due to neglect, and that these basic missteps are all too common. all products recommended by engadget are selected by our editorial team, independent of our parent company. some of our stories include affiliate links. if you buy something through one of these links, we may earn an affiliate commission. popular on engadget	disney says it found ways to compensate talent in the wake of 'black widow' lawsuit 	lamborghini's countach lpi - is an -horsepower hybrid supercar 	warner bros. 'reminiscence' promo uses deepfake tech to put you in the trailer 	best buy discounts surface laptops, galaxy tablets in its latest weekend sale about about engadgetabout our adsadvertisebrand kitfaqrss feed sections reviewsgeargamingentertainmenttomorrowthe buyers guidevideopodcastsdeals contribute comment guidelinessupport international 繁體中文简体中文日本版 subscribeplease enter a valid email address follow us	 	 	 	 	 © verizon media inc. 	about verizon media 	reprints and permissions 	suggestions 	privacy policy (updated) 	terms of service (updated) 	trademarks 	advertise canalys newsroom- global cloud services market q 	about 	what we doanalysis analysis mobility strategy smartphone analysis pc analysis wearable band analysis smart speaker analysis smart personal audio analysis channel strategy channels analysis candefero partner program analysis managed services analysis enterprise technology cloud channels analysis infrastructure analysis cybersecurity analysis emerging technology intelligent vehicle analysis consulting canapii partner assessment partner community 	events 	blog 	jobs 	newsroom 	resources 	log in 	contact 	translate 	home 	newsroom 	global cloud services market q global cloud services market q shanghai (china), bengaluru (india), singapore, reading (uk) and portland (us) – thursday, april canalys: global cloud services market reaches us$ billion in q cloud infrastructure services spending grew % to us$ .  billion in the first quarter of . the trend of using cloud services for data analytics and machine learning, data center consolidation, application migration, cloud native development and service delivery continued at pace. overall, customer spending exceeded us$ billion a quarter for the first time in q , with total expenditure nearly us$ billion higher than in q and nearly us$ billion more than in q , according to canalys data. the acceleration of digital transformation over the last months, with organizations adapting to new working practices, customer engagement, and business process and supply chain dynamics, has elevated demand for these services. this, combined with the rebound in some economies, in line with government stimuli, the roll-out of mass covid- vaccination programs and subsequent easing of restrictions, has increased customer confidence in committing to multi-year contracts. amazon web services (aws) was the leading cloud service provider in q , growing % on an annual basis to account for % of total spend. in the last quarter it announced new cloudfront edge locations in croatia and indonesia and extended its wavelength zones for g networks to japan and across the united states. it launched its new ex x gd instances based on the aws-designed graviton cpu for memory-intensive workloads and improved price-performance. microsoft azure grew % for the third consecutive quarter, taking % market share in q . growth was boosted by cloud consumption and longer-term customer commitments enabled by investments in azure arc for hybrid-it control plane management, azure synapse for data analytics, and ai as a platform. it introduced new industry clouds propositions for financial services, manufacturing and non-profit organizations, adding to healthcare and retail. google cloud maintained its momentum, benefiting from its google one approach driving cross-sell and integration opportunities across its portfolio. overall, it grew % in the latest quarter to account for a % market share. cloud-native development and accelerated cloud migration among its customers has been boosted by its focus on industry-specific solutions, machine learning, analytics and data management. it announced a new cloud region in israel. “cloud emerged as a winner across all sectors over the last year, basically since the start of the covid- pandemic and the implementation of lockdowns. organizations depended on digital services and being online to maintain operations and adapt to the unfolding situation,” said canalys research analyst blake murray. “though saw large-scale cloud infrastructure spending, most enterprise workloads have not yet transitioned to the cloud. migration and cloud spend will continue as customer confidence rises during . large projects that were postponed last year will resurface, while new use cases will expand the addressable market.” investment at the edge, including g, is a key area, especially for the development of ultra-low latency applications and use cases, such as autonomous vehicles, industrial robotics and augmented or virtual reality. competition among the leading cloud service providers to capitalize on these opportunities will continue to intensify. “geographic expansion for data sovereignty and to improve latency, either via full-region deployment or a local city point of presence, is one area of focus for the cloud service providers,” said canalys chief analyst matthew ball. “but differentiation through custom hardware development for optimized compute instances, industry-specific clouds, hybrid-it management, analytics, databases and ai-driven services is increasing. but it is not just a contest between the cloud service providers, but also a race with the on-premises infrastructure vendors, such as dell technologies, hpe and lenovo, which have established competitive as-a-service offerings. the challenge will be demonstrating a differentiated value proposition for each.” canalys defines cloud infrastructure services as services that provide infrastructure as a service and platform as a service, either on dedicated hosted private infrastructure or shared infrastructure. this excludes software as a service expenditure directly, but includes revenue generated from the infrastructure services being consumed to host and operate them.   for more information, please contact: canalys china nicole peng: nicole_peng@canalys.com + canalys india rushabh doshi: rushabh_doshi@canalys.com + canalys singapore  sharon hiu: sharon_hiu@canalys.com + canalys uk matthew ball: matthew_ball@canalys.com + alastair edwards: alastair_edwards@canalys.com + canalys usa alex smith: alex_smith@canalys.com +   blake murray: blake_murray@canalys.com +   about canalys canalys is an independent analyst company that strives to guide clients on the future of the technology industry and to think beyond the business models of the past. we deliver smart market insights to it, channel and service provider professionals around the world. we stake our reputation on the quality of our data, our innovative use of technology and our high level of customer service. receiving updates to receive media alerts directly, or for more information about our events, services or custom research and consulting capabilities, please contact us. alternatively, you can email press@canalys.com.   please click here to unsubscribe   copyright © canalys. all rights reserved.     for more information: e-mail press@canalys.com   pdf download  global cloud services market q    canalys：中国智能手机市场 年来首次增长， 年第一季度出货量同比增长 % registration opens for canalys forums as more sponsors revealed  share this article   tweets by canalys   select language × english 中文 日本語 한국어 ไทย bahasa indonesia español português deutsch français * the site will be machine translated close 	 wechat id: canalys_china 	 	 copyright canalys - . all rights reserved. | privacy policy   dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 gfdrr skip to main content header main navigation 	 who we are 	 how we work 	 where we work 	 knowledge hub 	 what's new 	 dropdown main navigation 	 who we are + 	 funding structure & partnerships 	 meet our team 	 how we work + 	 gfdrr labs 	 challenge fund 	 understanding risk 	 open data for resilience initiative 	 disruptive technologies 	 resilient infrastructure 	 building regulation for resilience 	 global program for safer schools 	 global program for resilient housing 	 nature-based solutions 	 resilient cities 	 city resilience program 	 hydromet services 	 africa hydromet program 	 climate risk and early warning systems (crews) 	 crews caribbean 	 financial protection 	 sfrarr central asia 	 caribbean regional resilience building facility 	 drf analytics 	 drfi in caribbean octs 	 global risk financing facility 	 inclusive drm & gender equality 	 community participation and citizen engagement 	 gender 	 disability inclusion 	 drm-fcv nexus 	 resilience to climate change 	 small island states resilience initiative 	 canada-caribbean resilience facility 	 resilient recovery 	 where we work + 	 africa 	 europe and central asia 	 east asia and pacific 	 latin america and caribbean 	 middle east and north africa 	 south asia 	 search grants 	 knowledge hub + 	 publications 	 online tools 	 e-learning 	 podcasts 	 what's new + 	 feature stories 	 events 	 blogs 	 news 	 videos 	 search image the latest news and insights feature in europe & central asia, the poor lose more when disaster strikes learn more > blog #freetownthetreetown campaign: using digital tools to encourage tree cultivation in cities learn more > blog challenges in central american humanitarian assistance after a disaster learn more > news catastrophe bond provides $ million in storm protection for jamaica learn more > publication global lessons learned for urban resilience: informing turkey’s urban transformation learn more > blog resilient roads: critical lifelines in mountainous tajikistan learn more > blog resilient buildings make urban morocco safer learn more > publication legal dimensions of sea level rise - pacific perspectives learn more > 	 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 who we are the global facility for disaster reduction and recovery (gfdrr) is a global partnership that helps developing countries better understand and reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change. learn more what we do gfdrr is organized around these eight priority topics. image gfdrr labs gfdrr labs uses cutting-edge science and technology to make high-quality risk information available faster and at lower costs, and develop new tools that allow decision-makers and communities to collect, share, and understand risk information. learn more image resilient infrastructure infrastructure is the critical lifeline of social and economic activity, connecting communities, industry and markets with essential services for the operation of daily life. learn more image resilient cities we support cities in strengthening their ability to better manage stresses and shocks from disaster and climate hazards. learn more image hydromet services and early warning systems we help countries plan and prepare for extreme weather by working with them to strengthen their hydromet monitoring, forecasting and early warning systems. learn more image financial protection we support countries in their efforts to design and implement financial protection strategies and instruments which can help them manage the costs of disaster and climate shocks. learn more image inclusive disaster risk management & gender equality the impacts of disasters do not affect all people equally. groups such as women, girls, persons with disabilities, ethnic and racial minorities, indigenous peoples, youth, and other marginalized communities are often disproportionately affected by shocks. learn more image resilience to climate change we work with countries to strengthen their ability to plan, design and implement climate resilient policies and investments. learn more image resilient recovery we support governments prepare for and respond to emergencies to ensure quicker and more resilient post-disaster recovery. learn more image image image image image image image image image knowledge hub explore our repository of knowledge on resilience and disaster risk management. visit the hub image “there is an ability now for the city to manage its natural resources and mitigate critical recurring hazards." yvonne denise aki-sawyerr, obe, mayor of freetown, on gfdrr support for sierra leone's capital city highlights take a deep dive into some of our work at the cutting edge of resilience and disaster risk management. publication gfdrr strategy - a blueprint for scaling up and mainstreaming resilience in a world of compound risks. learn more publication gender dimensions of disaster risk and resilience: existing evidence breaking down the facts and evidence on the gender dimensions of drm. learn more publication lifelines: the resilient infrastructure opportunity the business case for investing in more resilient infrastructure worldwide. learn more follow us 	 	 	 	 	 	 our key partners featured programs the japan-world bank program for mainstreaming drm acp-eu natural disaster risk reduction program gfdrr members & observers australia austria canada germany india italy japan luxembourg norway serbia sweden switzerland united states africa, caribbean & pacific (acp) secretariat european union united nations office for disaster risk reduction world bank group denmark finland france portugal spain saudi arabia united kingdom global network of civil society organisations for disaster reduction huairou commission international federation of red cross and red crescent societies islamic development bank organisation for economic co-operation and development united nations development programme world meteorological organization global facility for disaster reduction and recovery (gfdrr) world bank headquarters h street nw washington dc (u.s.) footer main navigation 	 who we are 	 funding structure & partnerships 	 meet our team 	 how we work 	 gfdrr labs 	 resilient infrastructure 	 resilient cities 	 hydromet services 	 financial protection 	 inclusive drm & gender equality 	 resilience to climate change 	 resilient recovery 	 where we work 	 africa 	 europe and central asia 	 east asia and pacific 	 latin america and caribbean 	 middle east and north africa 	 south asia 	 search grants 	 knowledge hub 	 publications 	 online tools 	 e-learning 	 podcasts 	 what's new 	 feature stories 	 events 	 blogs 	 news 	 videos 	 search follow us ©  global facility for disaster reduction and recovery terms of use privacy policy contact us dlf museums cohort meeting add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf museums cohort meeting join us on the  th wednesday of every month at am pacific / pm eastern via dlf’s zoom video conference line. topics covered in the past have included workflows for email archiving, preserving born-digital materials, using tools like bitcurator.  for zoom call-in information, email info@diglib.org dlf museums cohort on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/museums_cohort 	when 	wed aug , pm – pm coordinated universal time building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > blog and news > building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 						 													 							posted 										may , 					 								 	 													 							by 										gayle					 								 	 													 							in 										 				collaborations, community, news				 					 								 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			 on april , , fifty colleagues from research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group came together to explore the possibilities and benefits of creating a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange. those working within research libraries will know that digital scholarship can be complex. as a loosely defined umbrella term, it can include a wide variety of processes, services, and applications from gis and data mapping, to computational analysis, from the application of artificial intelligence to library processes, to research data management. as a result of its multifaceted nature, those working around digital scholarship within research libraries need a wide variety of ever changing skills to reflect the ongoing development of techniques, practices, and tools. these skills not only relate to increasingly complex technical processes, but also include more generic skills such as enabling effective advocacy, developing grant applications, and project management. although formal training programs and courses are available, on a wide variety of topics relating to digital scholarship, not all of these are applicable to research library environments. they can be expensive and it can sometimes be difficult to translate classroom-based learning into real-world application and practice. as a result of these challenges, a number of bespoke and tailored training and skills development programs have been created to support digital scholarship within research libraries and cultural institutions, at institutional, regional, or national levels. there is also a wealth of knowledge and expertise contained within the community, both the result of formal training, real-world experience, and self tuition. how might we harness this wealth of collective expertise, knowledge, and experience for the mutual benefit of one another and the research library community?  before answering this, we needed to know more about motivations. the importance of skills development the joint meeting began with an open question: why are we here? why are we interested in developing our skills around digital scholarship processes and tools within research libraries? and how would a transatlantic skills exchange meet our skills needs? through a short mentimeter poll, colleagues immediately identified that skills development was either quite ( % of respondents) or really important to them as individuals ( %). the motivations for skills development varied, but career development, the necessity of skills development for individual roles, and the individual passions and interest of colleagues in these areas all ranked highly. having established that skills development was important to colleagues, and for a variety of reasons, our final question centered on where colleagues were currently receiving their training from. potentially reflecting the diverse and emerging nature of many digital scholarship processes and projects, colleagues gave a variety of responses from that they relied on self-tuition for their skills development ( %), learnt informally from colleagues ( %), or received training from national consortia or associations ( %). immediately, from this short mentimeter survey, we confirmed that: 	skills development is important 	colleagues are interested in developing their skills for both professional and personal reasons 	a skills exchange would sit alongside self-tuition, informal learning from colleagues, and national programs as another source of skills development. a transatlantic skills exchange: what might it look like? the session then considered: what might a skills exchange comprise of and are there any models from which we can learn?  colleagues from the dlf dds outlined the success of their consultation model, which previously formed part of the dlf’s eresearch network. the dds consultation model is centered on the mutually beneficial exchange of expertise centered around a specific challenge or problem posted by a colleague. it enables the creation of a community of practice of colleagues working in an area through which questions or challenges can be posed, and responses made by the community. getting to know one another….. the majority of the session was then dedicated to one of the most important elements of a potential skills exchange: bringing colleagues together from different institutions who had a similar interest around skills. through a series of small group breakout rooms (consisting of - people), colleagues came together to share their own experiences and perceptions of digital scholarship within their institutions, the areas where they would like to develop, and the topics around which they might offer their expertise. through a series of slightly larger groups, colleagues then discussed what the potential benefits of establishing a transatlantic skills program might be, the potential features of any such program, whether there are good examples from elsewhere from which we might learn, and how it might be sustained. through lively and enthusiastic group discussion, a series of jamboards were quickly filled with ideas and questions. jamboards: https://drive.google.com/file/d/ jj mesligulmy_bwf f k tszolv ze/view?usp=sharing  expression of interest: join an international community of practice having established the collective enthusiasm for establishing such a program, colleagues were asked to complete a short expression of interest if they were interested in participating in its first iteration. so what happens now? next steps? members of the dlf dds and rluk’s dsn were delighted by the positivity and enthusiasm shared on behalf of colleagues during the joint session. colleagues embraced the opportunity of creating a transatlantic skills exchange program that was community driven, providing a safe and supportive place to share ideas, thoughts, and most importantly, challenges and problems. colleagues commented that it was refreshing to be able to come together with colleagues from different institutions, from another country, and find that they were experiencing the same challenges and issues as they were.  missed the discussion? catch up below! watch the session presentations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x gqzwayhbi  register your interest (rluk and dlf colleagues): https://bit.ly/ qgb km  matt greenhall, deputy executive director, rluk the colleagues leading this work are: jason clark, professor, lead for research informatics, montana state university library, and dlf dds co-convener. sara mannheimer, data librarian and associate professor, montana state university library, and dlf dds co-convener. beth clark, head of digital scholarship, london school of economics, and rluk dsn member. susan halfpenny, teaching and learning manager, university of york, and rluk dsn member. matt greenhall, deputy executive director, rluk thanks go to gayle schechter (program associate, clir/dlf), louisa m. kwasigroch (director, outreach and engagement at clir and interim dlf senior program officer), kirsty lingstadt (deputy director, university of edinburgh and rluk dsn co-convener), eleonora gandolfi (head of digital scholarship, university of southampton and rluk dsn co-convener), and melanie cheung (rluk executive assistant). 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			did you enjoy this post? please share! 		 				 				 				 					 								 						 															 								 								share on facebook 							 																						 																			 										facebook									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on twitter 							 																						 																			 										twitter									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on linkedin 							 																						 																			 										linkedin									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on pinterest 							 																						 																			 										pinterest									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on reddit 							 																						 																			 										reddit									 																	 													 					 						 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			related posts 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 				prevpreviousannouncing the ndsa excellence awards!			 							 					 				 						 				nextlevels of preservation teaching, advocacy, and outreach updatenext			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 lg- -ols- | institute of museum and library services skip to main content toggle navigation main navigation 	 about 	 mission 	 strategic plan 	 board 	 policy 	 jobs 	 visit us 	 donate 	 grants 	 grant programs 	 apply for a grant 	 manage your award 	 search awarded grants 	 peer review 	 our work 	 priority areas 	 publications 	 national medals 	 partnerships 	 grant spotlights 	 data 	 research & evaluation 	 data catalog 	 library search & compare 	 about the numbers 	 news 	 news releases 	 blog 	 events 	 webinars 	 subscribe 	 coronavirus (covid- ) updates 	 contact 	 contact us 	 staff directory facebook twitter youtube flickr search search 	 home 	 advanced search 	 lg- -ols- program national leadership grants - libraries fiscal year federal funds $ , city atlanta state ga lyrasis inc. log number: lg- -ols- the duraspace community supported programs at lyrasis will develop, pilot, and document migration tools and paths to upgrade the repository software fedora , which is widely used but no longer supported, to fedora . hundreds of u.s. libraries and archives use fedora repository software to preserve and deliver scholarly, scientific, and cultural heritage resources and services to patrons, often including unique digital content. continued community reliance on fedora puts the stability, security, accessibility, and functionality of these repositories at risk. the community identified migration tools and documentation during a planning project as important resources to support fedora upgrade and migration processes, which are necessary to sustain repositories that provide critical access to digital collections. pilot migrations will be conducted and documented for two fedora repositories; a toolkit then will be shared through training programs to support broad community adoption. project proposals 	attachment	size 	 lg- -ols- -full-proposal.pdf 	 . kb 	 lg- -ols- -preliminary-proposal.pdf 	 . kb facebook twitter youtube flickr contact us - - imlsinfo@imls.gov l'enfant plaza north, sw, suite , washington, d.c. - footer 	 viewers & players 	 foia 	 no fear 	 privacy & terms of use 	 eeo 	 accessibility 	 open government 	 office of special counsel 	 usa.gov new trickbot module bruteforces rdp connections, targets select telecommunication services in us and hong kong 	 support how can we help? support for home productssupport for business products 	 my account your account log in to your bitdefender account and manage security for what matters. bitdefender centralgravityzone cloud control center for home for business for partners company labs support my account security plans 	premium security complete protection and unlimited vpn for users. 	total security 	most popular complete protection for or devices. limited vpn. 	internet security windows only security with limited vpn. 	antivirus plus for windows basic protection for windows only. 	antivirus for mac basic protection for mac only. 	bitdefender premium vpn ultra-fast vpn that keeps your online identity and activities safe from hackers, isp's and snoops. 	see all security plans for existing customers 	renewal & upgrade 	support trial & free products 	security plan trials 	antivirus free 	see all bitdefender premium services all solutions pc mac mobile multiplatform products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender internet security 	bitdefender antivirus plus 	bitdefender family pack already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	bitdefender home network support 	bitdefender computer tune-up 	bitdefender vip support 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free 	home scanner 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender family pack 	bitdefender antivirus for mac already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	virus scanner for mac 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender mobile security for android 	bitdefender mobile security for ios already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free for android 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender family pack already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools solutions overview products solutions & services threat research why bitdefender mid-market & enterprise 	gravityzone elite 	 prevention, hardening, risk, and incident analytics 	endpoint detection and response advanced attack visibility with guided investigation 	gravityzone ultra integrated prevention, edr and risk analytics 	managed detection and response soc-driven, security-focused outcomes small business 	gravityzone advanced business security 	 next-gen av for all infrastructures 	gravityzone business security 	 next-gen av for small businesses specialty & add-on 	gravityzone security for virtualized environments protection for virtual servers and desktops 	gravityzone email security cloud-based email security 	gravityzone security for containers purpose-built container and linux security managed service providers 	gravityzone cloud msp security advanced msp security suite 	security for aws optimized protection for aws gravityzone platform 	solutions overview 	compare products 	online deals 	renew & upgrade 	try for free 	switching from symantec? all products 	full list 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) solutions 	next-gen endpoint security 	small & medium businesses 	secure software-defined datacenter 	secure hyperconverged infrastructure 	datacenter revolution and security security services 	managed detection and response 	advanced threat intelligence support & professional services 	enterprise standard support 	enterprise premium support 	professional services specific usecases 	service providers 	healthcare 	gdpr compliance 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) latest news 	analysis from bitdefender labs 	new 	events and webinars 	threat map research 	threat research papers 	annual threat report tools 	free security tools 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) at a glance 	awards & certifications 	technology alliances 	oem partnerships 	business insights blog resources 	webinars 	case studies 	white papers 	resource library innovation & technologies 	anti-ransomware 	advanced threat protection 	hypervisor introspection 	browser isolation 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) reseller partners 	reselling partner program overview 	become a reseller 	find a reseller 	log in to pan portal service providers 	msp partner program overview 	become an msp partner 	find an msp partner 	log in to pan portal technology licensing solutions 	oem technology solutions 	advanced threat intelligence 	endpoint protection sdks 	gateway protection sdks licensing options 	sdk integration 	rebranding 	bundling connected home partners 	iot security platform about us 	overview 	management 	security experts 	awards & certifications 	customers 	analyst relations 	careers news 	blogs 	media relations 	latest news resources 	research 	industry reports 	white papers 	threat map support for home productssupport for business products log in to your bitdefender account and manage security for what matters. bitdefender centralgravityzone cloud control center consumer insights labs business insights anti-malware research whitepapers min read new trickbot module bruteforces rdp connections, targets select telecommunication services in us and hong kong liviu arsene march , bitdefender researchers have discovered a new trickbot module (rdpscandll) built for rdp bruteforcing operations on select targets. the new module was discovered on january and, based on the ip addresses it targets, victims seem to be us and hong kong-based, predominantly in the telecom industry. while trickbot is a trojan that has been around since , it started out as a credential-harvesting threat mostly focusing on e-banking, while its plugin-based design has made it much more than just a threat focused on financial data theft. security companies and researchers have previously analyzed a wide range of modules, proving that the trojan is still under active development and undergoing constant “feature upgrades”. key findings: rdpscandll: •    new module that bruteforces rdp for a specific list of victims •    still in development, as the module features a broken attack mode •    targets mostly in telecom, education, and financial services in the united states and hong kong trickbot: •    lateral movement modules receive the most updates •    dynamic c&c infrastructure, mostly based in russia. •    over new c&c ips added each month, with an average lifetime of about days the flexibility allowed by this modular architecture has turned trickbot into a very complex and sophisticated malware capable of a wide range of malicious activities, as long as there is a plugin for it. trickbot has been mostly distributed through spam campaigns but it was also seen in cahoots with other threats. distributed by the emotet spam-sending botnet to deliver ryuk ransomware, trickbot operators have extended its capabilities into one of the most advanced malware delivery vehicles out there. bitdefender have kept a close eye on trickbot and on january , , our monitoring systems reported the delivery of a new module, performing bruteforce operations on a list of targets defined and sent by the attackers. a complete analysis of the analyzed components can be found in the researcher paper available below. an up-to-date and complete list of indicators of compromise is available to bitdefender advanced threat intelligence users. download the whitepaper tags anti-malware research whitepapers author liviu arsene liviu arsene is the proud owner of the secret to the fountain of never-ending energy. that's what's been helping him work his everything off as a passionate tech news editor for the past few years. view all posts right now top posts miscellaneous a note from the bitdefender labs team on ransomware and decryptors may , min read anti-malware research whitepapers new nebulae backdoor linked with the naikon group april , min read anti-malware research free tools good riddance, gandcrab! we’re still fixing the mess you left behind. june , min read follow us on social media you might also like anti-malware research luminousmoth – plugx, file exfiltration and persistence revisited bogdan botezatuvictor vrabie july , min read anti-malware research debugging mosaicloader, one step at a time janos gergo szelesbogdan botezatu july , min read anti-malware research trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar bogdan botezaturadu tudorica july , min read bookmarks © bitdefender. all rights reserved dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 binance's chief finance exec has abruptly left the company - coindesk 	news	latest 	opinion 	features 	videos 	markets 	 get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tech 	business 	policy & regulation 	people 	topics	bitcoin 	defi 	ether 	ethereum . 	ethereum mining 	ethereum staking 	hack 	pos 	pow 	poly network 	learn	 guides	bitcoin 	blockchain 	ethereum 	trading all guides 	assets	 x (zrx) 	cosmos 	gemini dollar 	zcash 	grin see all 	companies	crosstower 	ark invest 	vision hill 	cryptocompare 	gda capital see all 	people	anthony pompliano 	vitalik buterin 	jimmy song 	jameson lopp 	satoshi nakamoto see all get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tv 	videos 	podcasts 	research events	 trending 	 pos ethereum miners make multimillion-dollar bet on upgrade delay david panaug , 	 prices bitcoin shows signs of exhaustion as rally ‘falters’ before next leg up: sources sebastian sinclairaug , 	 fintech fintech app titan adds actively managed crypto basket cheyenne ligonaug , 	 bitcoin price market wrap: bitcoin slips as infrastructure bill with crypto tax provision heads to house damanick dantesfrances yueaug , 	 defi cross-chain defi site poly network hacked; hundreds of millions potentially lost eliza gkritsimuyao shenaug , bitcoin h $ , . + . % bitcoin h $ , . + , . + . % ethereum h $ , . + . % ethereum h $ , . + . + . % xrp h $ . + . % xrp h $ . + . + . % cardano h $ . + . % cardano h $ . + . + . % stellar h $ . + . % stellar h $ . + . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . + . % uniswap h $ . + . % uniswap h $ . + . + . % chainlink h $ . + . % chainlink h $ . + . + . % polkadot h $ . + . % polkadot h $ . + . + . % polygon h $ . + . % polygon h $ . + . + . % litecoin h $ . + . % litecoin h $ . + . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . + . % the graph h $ . + . % the graph h $ . + . + . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . + . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . + , . + . % ethereum classic h $ . + . % ethereum classic h $ . + . + . % filecoin h $ . + . % filecoin h $ . + . + . % aave h $ . + . % aave h $ . + . + . % tron h $ . + . % tron h $ . + . + . % algorand h $ . + . % algorand h $ . + . + . % neo h $ . + . % neo h $ . + . + . % monero h $ . + . % monero h $ . + . + . % eos h $ . + . % eos h $ . + . + . % bittorrent h $ . + . % bittorrent h $ . + . + . % cosmos h $ . + . % cosmos h $ . + . + . % maker h $ , . + . % maker h $ , . + . + . % bitcoin sv h $ . + . % bitcoin sv h $ . + . + . % tezos h $ . + . % tezos h $ . + . + . % iota h $ . + . % iota h $ . + . + . % decred h $ . + . % decred h $ . + . + . % waves h $ . + . % waves h $ . + . + . % dash h $ . + . % dash h $ . + . + . % decentraland h $ . + . % decentraland h $ . + . + . % nem h $ . + . % nem h $ . + . + . % zcash h $ . + . % zcash h $ . + . + . % yearn finance h $ , . + . % yearn finance h $ , . + , . + . % qtum h $ . + . % qtum h $ . + . + . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . + . % basic attention token h $ . + . % basic attention token h $ . + . + . % nucypher h $ . + . % nucypher h $ . + . + . % icon h $ . + . % icon h $ . + . + . % x h $ . + . % x h $ . + . + . % bancor h $ . + . % bancor h $ . + . + . % paxos standard h $ . - . % paxos standard h $ . - . - . % siacoin h $ . + . % siacoin h $ . + . + . % nano h $ . + . % nano h $ . + . + . % kava.io h $ . + . % kava.io h $ . + . + . % band protocol h $ . + . % band protocol h $ . + . + . % omg network h $ . + . % omg network h $ . + . + . % lisk h $ . + . % lisk h $ . + . + . % fetch.ai h $ . + . % fetch.ai h $ . + . + . % storj h $ . + . % storj h $ . + . + . % ren h $ . + . % ren h $ . + . + . % numeraire h $ . + . % numeraire h $ . + . + . % loopring h $ . + . % loopring h $ . + . + . % orchid h $ . + . % orchid h $ . + . + . % civic h $ . + . % civic h $ . + . + . % pax gold h $ , . + . % pax gold h $ , . + . + . % augur h $ . + . % augur h $ . + . + . % district x h $ . + . % district x h $ . + . + . % aragon h $ . + . % aragon h $ . + . + . % enzyme h $ . + . % enzyme h $ . + . + . % kyber network h $ . + . % kyber network h $ . + . + . % singulardtv h $ . + . % singulardtv h $ . + . + . % tether h $ . - . % tether h $ . - . - . % usd coin h $ . - . % usd coin h $ . - . - . % dai h $ . - . % dai h $ . - . - . % indexes top assets please consider using a different web browser for better experience. story from news binance’s chief finance exec has abruptly left the company binance declined to comment on wei's whereabouts. binance's cfo has left the biggest crypto exchange in the world.(binance twitter account) muyao shen jun , at : p.m. utcupdated jun , at : p.m. utc binance’s chief finance exec has abruptly left the company wei zhou, the chief finance officer at binance, has left the company, according to a spokesperson at the biggest crypto exchange by trading volume, after having worked there for nearly three years. “after three years at binance, wei has decided to leave for personal reasons,” the spokesperson said in an email. “while we cannot comment on what wei will do next, we would like to thank him for his services and contributions during his time here.” it is unclear when specifically he left the exchange, but a twitter account appeared to be associated with him was still tweeting about binance as of june . binance later clarified with coindesk that the account does not represent zhou and has reported the impersonation account to twitter. binance recruited zhou in for his “over years of executive experience” in both finance and technology industries. zhou graduated from harvard university and served as the vice chairman at grindr, the world’s leading lgbtq social platform, before he came to the exchange. given his track record of creating initial public offerings, there were rumors at the time of zhou’s hiring that binance was considering going public. changpeng zhao, the ceo of binance, denied the rumor. subscribe to , subscribe by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy. zhou did not immediately return a request for comment sent via twitter. update (june , , : utc): binance’s spokesperson later clarified with coindesk that the twitter account associated with wei zhou was an impersonation account. read more about... ipobinanceczcrypto exchange disclosurethe leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. related 	 polygon polygon merges with hermez network in $ m deal cheyenne ligonaug , 	 binance binance discontinues south korean won trading pairs, payment options jamie crawleyaug , 	 technical analysis ether upside strengthens relative to bitcoin damanick dantesaug , 	 cryptocurrency markets market wrap: bitcoin slides as us lawmakers wrangle over crypto tax proposal bradley keounfrances yueaug , 	 hack crypto fundraising dao loses over $ m in latest crypto exploit muyao shenaug , what is undefined? about masthead ethics policy contributors jobs events advertise follow us get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address terms & conditions privacy policy newsletters © coindesk english the leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} two metadata directions in libraries 	 about 	 contact 	 tags 	 writing 	 presentations 	 career 	 membership 	 *orweblog 	 search search lorcandempsey.net 	 home 	 *classics 	 books 	 collaboration 	 collections 	 institutions 	 meta 	 research/learning 	 social 	 systems 	 ux two metadata directions metadata practice is evolving. i discuss two important trends here: entification and pluralization. lorcan jul : read in minutes 	 	 	 	 	 	 systems this short piece is based on a presentation i delivered by video to the eurasian academic libraries conference - , organized by the nazarbayev university library and the association of university libraries in the republic of kazakhstan. thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and for encouragement as i prepared the presentation and blog entry. i was asked to talk about metadata and to mention oclc developments. the conference topic was: contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment. the growing role and value of metadata libraries are very used to managing metadata for information resources - for books, images, journal articles and other resources. metadata practice is rich and varied. we also work with geospatial data, archives, images, and many other specialist resources. authority work has focused on people, places and things (subjects). archivists are concerned about evidential integrity, context and provenance. and so on. in the network environment, general metadata requirements have continued to evolve in various ways: information resource diversification. we want to discover, manage or otherwise interact with a progressively broader range of resources, research data, for example, or open educational resources. resource type diversification. however, we are also increasingly interested in more resource types than informational alone. the network connects together many entities or types of resource in new ways, and interaction between these entities requires advance knowledge, often provided by metadata, to be efficient. workflows tie people, applications and devices together to get things done. to be effective, each of these resources needs to be described. social applications like strava tie together people, activities, places, and so on. scholarly engines like google scholar, semantic scholar, scopus or dimensions tie together research outputs, researchers, funders, and institutions. the advance knowledge required for these workflows and environments to work well is provided by metadata and so we are increasingly interested in metadata about a broad range of entities. functional diversification. we want to discover, manage, request or buy resources. we also want to provide context about resources, ascertain their validity or integrity over time, determine their provenance. we want to compare resources, collect data about usage, track and measure. we want to make connections between entities, understand relationships, and actually create new knowledge. we do not just want to find individual information resources or people, we want to make sense of networks of people, resources, institutions, and so on and the relations between them. source diversification.  i have spoken about four sources of metadata in the past. versions of these are becoming more important, but so is how they are used together to tackle the growing demands on metadata in digital environments. 	professional. our primary model of metadata has been a professional one, where librarians, abstract writers, archivists and so on are the primary source. libraries have streamlined metadata creation and provision for acquired resources. many libraries, archives and others, devote professional attention and expertise to unique resources - special collections, archives, digitised and born-digital materials, institutional research outputs, faculty profiles, and so on. 	community.  i described the second as crowdsourced, and certainly the collection of contributions in this way has been of importance, in digital projects, community initiatives and in other places. however, one might extend this to a broader community source. the subject of the description or the communities from which the resources originate are an increasingly important source. this is especially the case as we pluralize description as i discuss further below.  an interesting example here is local contexts which works with collecting institutions and indigenous communities and "provides a new set of procedural workflows that emphasize vetting content, collaborative curation, ethical management and sustained outreach practices within institutions." 	programmatically promoted. the programmatic promotion of metadata is becoming increasingly important. we will see more algorithmically generated metadata, as natural language processing, entity recognition, machine learning, image recognition, and other approaches become more common. this is especially the case as we move towards more entity-based approaches where the algorithmic identification of entities and relationships across various resources becomes important. at the same time, we are more aware of the need for responsible operations, where dominant perspectives also influence construction of algorithms and learning sets. 	intentional. a fourth source is intentional data, or usage data, data about how resources are downloaded, cited, linked and so on. this may be used to rate and rank, or to refine other descriptions. again, appropriate use of this data needs to be responsibly managed. perspective diversification. a purported feature of much professional metadata activity has been neutral or objective description. however, we are aware that to be 'neutral' can actually mean to be aligned with dominant perspectives. we know that metadata and subject description have very often been partial, harmful or unknowing about the resources described, or have continued obsolescent or superseded perspectives, or have not described resources or people in ways that a relevant community expects or can easily find. this may be in relation to race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, or other contexts. this awareness leads directly into the second direction i discuss below, pluralization. it also highlights the increasing reliance on community perspectives. it is important to understand context, cultural protocols, community meanings and expectations, through more reciprocal approaches. and as noted above, use of programmatically promoted or intentional data needs to be responsibly approached, alert to ways in which preferences or bias can be present. so we want to make metadata work harder, but we also need more metadata and more types of metadata. metadata helps us to work in network environments. a more formal definition of metadata might run something like: "schematized assertions about a resource of interest." however, as we think about navigating increasingly digital workflows and environments, i like to think about metadata in this general way: data which relieves a potential user (whether human or machine) of having to have full advance knowledge of the existence or characteristics of a resource of potential interest in the environment. metadata allows applications and users to act more intelligently, and this becomes more important in our increasingly involved digital workflows and environments. given this importance, and given the importance of such digital environments to our working, learning and social lives, it also becomes more important to think about how metadata is created, who controls it, how it is used, and how it is stewarded over time. metadata is about both value and values. in this short piece, and in the presentation on which it is based, i limit my attention to two important directions. certainly, this is a part only of the larger picture of evolving metadata creation, use and design in libraries and beyond. two metadata directions i want to talk about two important directions here. 	entification. 	pluralization. entification: strings and things google popularized the notion of moving from 'strings' to 'things' when it introduced the google knowledge graph. by this we mean that it is difficult to rely on string matching for effective search, management or measurement of resources. strings are ambiguous. what we are actually interested in are the 'things' themselves, actual entities which may be referred to in different ways. entification involves establishing a singular identity for 'things' so that they can be operationalized in applications, gathering information about those 'things,' and relating those 'things' to other entities of interest. research information management and the scholarly ecosystem provide a good example of this. this image shows a variety of entities of interest in a research information management system. these include researchers, research outputs, institutions, grants and other entities. relationships between these include affiliation (researcher to institution), collaborator (researcher to researcher), authorship (researcher to research output), and so on. we want to know that the professor who got this grant is the same one as the one who teaches this course or published that paper. these identities could be (and are) established within each system or service. so, this means that a research information management system does not only return strings that match a text search. it can facilitate the prospecting of a body of institutional research outputs, a set of scholars, a collection of labs and departments, and so on, and allow links to related works, scholars and institutions to be made. similarly, a scholarly engine like scopus, or semantic scholar, or dimensions will bring together scholarly entities and offer access to a more or less rich network of results. of course, in this case, the metadata may be under less close control. typically, they will also be using metadata sourced in the four ways i described above, as 'professionally created' metadata works with metadata contributed by, say, individual researchers, as entities may be established and related programmatically, and as usage data helps organize resources. wikidata is an important resource in this context, as a globally addressable identity base for entities of all types. of course one wants to work with entities across systems and services. researchers move between institutions, collaborate with others, cite research outputs, and so on. one may need to determine whether an identity in one context refers to the same entity as an identity in another context. so important entity backbone services have emerged which allow entities to be identified across systems and services by assigning globally unique identifiers. these include orcid for researchers, doi for research outputs, and the emerging ror for institutions. these initiatives aim to create a singular identity for resources, gather some metadata about them, and make this available for other services to use. so a researcher may have an orcid, for example, which is associated with a list of research outputs, an affiliation, and so on. this orcid identity may then be used across services, supporting global identification and contextualization. here, for example, is a profile generated programmatically by dimensions (from digital science) for my colleague lynn connaway. it aims to generate a description, but then also to recognize and link to other entities (e.g. topics, institutions, or collaborators). again, the goal is to present a profile, and then to allow us to prospect a body of work and its connections. it pulls data from various places. we are accustomed to this more generally now with knowledge cards in google (underpinned by google's knowledge graph). of course, this is not complete, and there has been some interesting discussion about improved use of identifiers from the scholarly entity backbone services. meadows and jones talk about the practical advantages to scholarly communication of a 'pid-optimized world.' (pid=persistent identifier.) in these systems and services, the entities i have been talking about will typically be nodes in an underlying knowledge graph or ontology.   today, kgs are used extensively in anything from search engines and chatbots to product recommenders and autonomous systems. in data science, common use cases are around adding identifiers and descriptions to data of various modalities to enable sense-making, integration, and explainable analysis.  [...] a knowledge graph organises and integrates data according to an ontology, which is called the schema of the knowledge graph, and applies a reasoner to derive new knowledge. knowledge graphs can be created from scratch, e.g., by domain experts, learned from unstructured or semi-structured data sources, or assembled from existing knowledge graphs, typically aided by various semi-automatic or automated data validation and integration mechanisms. // the alan turing institute the knowledge graph may be internal to a particular service (google for example) or may be used within a domain or globally. again, wikidata is important because it publishes its underlying knowledge graph and can be used to provide context, matches, and so on for other resources. the library of congress, other national libraries, oclc ,and others now manage entity backbones for the library community, sometimes rooted in traditional authority files. there is a growing awareness of the usefulness of entity-based approaches and of the importance of identifiers in this context. in this way, it is expected that applications will be able to work across these services. for example, an orcid identity may be matched with identifiers from other services, viaf for example, to provide additional context or detail, or wikidata to provide demographic or other data not typically found in bibliographic services. in this way, we can expect to see a decentralized infrastructure which can be tied together to achieve particular goals. pluralizing description “nobody should be compelled to us a slur to search a catalogue” - @mentionthewar #dcdc — david prosser (@rluk_david) june , systems of description are inevitably both explicitly and implicitly constructed within particular perspectives. metadata and subject description have long been criticized for embodying dominant perspectives, and for actively shunning or overlooking the experiences, memories or expectations of parts of the communities they serve. they may also contain superseded, obsolescent or harmful descriptions. libraries have spoken about "knowledge organization" but such a phrase has to reckon with two challenges. first, it is acknowledged that there are different  knowledges. the tk labels support the inclusion of local protocols for access and use to cultural heritage that is digitally circulating outside community contexts. the tk labels identify and clarify community-specific rules and responsibilities regarding access and future use of traditional knowledge. this includes sacred and/or ceremonial material, material that has gender restrictions, seasonal conditions of use and/or materials specifically designed for outreach purposes. // local contexts, [traditional knowledge] labels second, knowledge may be contested, where it has been constructed within particular power relations and dominant perspectives. others described “the look of horror” on the face of someone who has been told to search using the term “indians of north america.” students — indigenous as well as settler—who work with the collections point out to staff the many incorrect or outdated terms they encounter. // towards respectful and inclusive description my research library partnership colleagues carried out a survey on equity, diversity and inclusion in . while it is interesting to note the mention of archival description as among the most changed features, there was clearly a sense that metadata description and terminologies required attention, and there was an intention to address these next. such work may be retrospective, including remediation of existing description by linking to or substituting more appropriate descriptions. and there is certainly now a strong prospective focus, working on pluralizing description, on decentering dominant perspectives to respectfully and appropriately describe resources. this work has been pronounced in australia, new zealand and canada, countries which recognize the need to address harmful practices in relation to indigenous populations. in early , my rlp colleagues interviewed library staff from institutions in australia, new zealand, canada and the us to talk about respectful and inclusive description: of those interviewed, no one felt they were doing an adequate job of outreach to communities. several people weren’t even sure how to go about connecting with stakeholder communities. some brought up the possibility of working with a campus or community-based indigenous center. these organizations can be a locus for making connections and holding conversations. a few working in a university setting have found strong allies and partners to advocate for increased resources in faculty members of the indigenous studies department (or similar unit). those with the most developed outreach efforts saw those activities as being anchored in exchanges that originated at the reference desk, such as when tribal members came into the library to learn something about their own history, language or culture using materials that are stewarded by the library. engaging with these communities to understand needs offers the opportunity to transform interactions with them from one-time transactions to ongoing, meaningful relationships.  learning how indigenous community members use and relate to these materials can decenter default approaches to description and inspire more culturally appropriate ways. some institutions have developed fellowships to foster increased use of materials by community members. // towards respectful and inclusive description the murder of george floyd in the us caused a general personal, institutional and community reckoning with racism. this has extended to addressing bias in library collections and descriptions. materials in our collections, which comprise a part of the cultural and historical record, may depict offensive and objectionable perspectives, imagery, and norms. while we have control over description of our collections, we cannot alter the content. we are committed to reassessing and modifying description when possible so that it more accurately and transparently reflects the content of materials that are harmful and triggering in any way and for any reason. as librarians and archivists at nyu libraries, we are actively confronting and remediating how we describe our collection materials. we know that language can and does perpetuate harm, and the work we are undertaking centers on anti-oppressive practices. we are also making reparative changes, all to ensure that the descriptive language we use upholds and enacts our values of inclusion, diversity, equity, belonging, and accessibility. // nyu libraries, archival collections management, statement on harmful language. many individual libraries, archives and other organizations are now taking steps to address these issues in their catalogs. the national library of scotland has produced an interesting inclusive terminology guide and glossary, which includes a list of areas of attention. of course, the two directions i have mentioned can be connected, as entification and linking strategies may offer ways of pluralizing description in the future: other magic included technical solutions, such as linked data solutions, specifically, mapping inappropriate terms to more appropriate ones, or connecting the numerous alternative terms with the single concept they represent. for example, preferred names and terms may vary by community, generation, and context—what is considered incorrect or inappropriate may be a matter of perspective. systems can also play a role: the discovery layers should have a disclaimer stating that users may find terms that are not currently considered appropriate. terms that are known to be offensive terms could be blurred out (with an option to reveal them). // towards respectful and inclusive description oclc initiatives now i will turn to discuss one important initiative oclc has under each of these two directions. entification at oclc: towards a shared entity management infrastructure for linked data to move into common use, libraries need reliable and persistent identifiers and metadata for the critical entities they rely on. this project [semi] begins to build that infrastructure and advances the whole field // lorcan dempsey oclc has long worked with entification in the context of several linked data initiatives. viaf (the virtual international authority file) has been foundational here. this brings together name authority files from national libraries around the world, and establishes a singular identity for persons across them. it adds bibliographic and other data for context. and it matches to some other identifiers. viaf has become an important source of identity data for persons in the library community. project passage is also an important landmark. in this project we worked with wikibase to experiment with linked data and entification at scale. my colleague andrew pace provides an overview of the lessons learned: 	the building blocks of wikibase can be used to create structured data with a precision that exceeds current library standards. 	the wikibase platform enables user-driven ontology design but raises concerns about how to manage and maintain ontologies. 	the wikibase platform, supplemented with oclc’s enhancements and stand-alone utilities, enables librarians to see the results of their effort in a discovery interface without leaving the metadata-creation workflow. 	robust tools are required for local data management. to populate knowledge graphs with library metadata, tools that facilitate the import and enhancement of data created elsewhere are recommended. 	the pilot underscored the need for interoperability between data sources, both for ingest and export. 	the traditional distinction between authority and bibliographic data disappears in a wikibase description. these initiatives paved the way for semi (shared entity management infrastructure). supported by the andrew w. mellon foundation, semi is building the infrastructure which will support oclc's production entity management services. the goal is to have infrastructure which allows libraries to create, manage and use entity data at scale. the initial focus is on providing infrastructure for work and person entities. it is advancing with input from a broad base of partners and a variety of data inputs, and will be released for general use in . pluralization at oclc: towards reimagining descriptive workflows oclc recognizes its important role in the library metadata environment and has been reviewing its own vocabulary and practices. for example, it has deprecated the term 'master record' in favor of 'worldcat record.' it was also recognized that there were multiple community and institutional initiatives which were proceeding independently and that there would be value in a convening to discuss shared directions. accordingly, again supported by the andrew w mellon foundation, oclc, in consultation with shift collective and an advisory group of community leaders, is developing a program to consider these issues at scale. the following activities are being undertaken over several months: 	convene a conversation of community stakeholders about how to address the systemic issues of bias and racial equity within our current collection description infrastructure. 	share with member libraries the need to build more inclusive and equitable library collections and to provide description approaches that promote effective representation and discovery of previously neglected or mis-characterized peoples, events, and experiences. 	develop a community agenda that will be of great value in clarifying issues for those who do knowledge work in libraries, archives, and museums, identifying priority areas for attention from these institutions, and providing valuable guidance for those national agencies and suppliers. it is hoped that the community agenda will help mobilize activity across communities of interest, and will also provide useful input into oclc development directions. find out more .. resources to check out the oclc research library partners metadata managers focus group is an important venue for discussion of metadata directions and community needs. this report synthesizes six years ( - ) of discussion, and traces how metadata services are evolving: transitioning to the next generation of metadata oclcoclc this post brings together a series of international discussions about the report and its ramifications for services, staffs and organization. next-generation metadata and the semantic continuum for updates about oclc's semi initiative, see here: worldcat - shared entity management infrastructure | oclc learn more about how oclc is developing a shared oclc for more about about reimagining descriptive workflows, see here: reimagine descriptive workflows oclc has been awarded a grant from the andrew w. mellon foundation to convene a diverse group of experts, practitioners, and community members to determine ways to improve descriptive practices, tools, infrastructure and workflows in libraries and archives. the multi-day virtual convening is part of… oclc the project passage summary and report is here: creating library linked data with wikibase: lessons learned from project passage the oclc research linked data wikibase prototype (“project passage”) provided a sandbox in which librarians from us institutions could experiment with creating linked data to describe resources—without requiring knowledge of the technical machinery of linked data. this report provides an overview… oclcoclc acknowledgements: thanks to my colleagues john chapman, rachel frick, erica melko, andrew pace and merrilee proffitt for providing material and/or advice as i prepared the presentation and this entry. again, thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and for encouragement along the way. for more information about the conference, check out these pages: nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home nazarbayev university libguides at nazarbayev university picture: i took the feature picture at sydney airport, australia (through a window). the pandemic is affecting how we think about work travel and the design of events, although in as yet unclear ways. one pandemic effect, certainly, has been the ability to think about both audiences and speakers differently. it is unlikely that i would have attended this conference had it been face to face, however, i readily agreed to be an online participant. 	 	 	 	 	 	 systems comment? comments sign in or become a lorcandempsey.net member to comment. see membership page for more detail. send a log in link great! please check your inbox (or spam folder) for a log in link. something didn't work. please try again. lorcan responsible for membership and research at oclc, serving libraries around the world. you might also like the library network and the scholarly record the library community is a highly interconnected one. networks are motivated both by library mission and effective management of resources. this trend will accelerate as the internet favors shared services, and libraries will see more benefit in building such shared services. the hathi trust is an important example. the growth lorcan feb institutions stuff as a service ... first, a note on a couple of recent media experiences … we went to the boat that rocked (aka pirate radio) recently and were determined to enjoy it. for those that don’t know, it is a movie set in on a ‘pirate radio’ ship broadcasting lorcan dec books 	 	 	 	 	 	 featured posts two metadata directions jul working with ghost: a review apr collection directions accelerated? pandemic effects. may memory institutions redux: pluralizing memories and a stay against forgetting dec the powers of library consortia : how consortia scale capacity, learning, innovation and influence feb news presentation: two metadata directions jul a new web presence: transitions and towers apr presentation: college, consortium, collaboration, collective collection jan interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. tags systems institutions ux books research/learning social collections *classics meta collaboration navigation 	 about 	 membership 	 contact 	 blog posts newsletter interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. lorcan dempsey on libraries, services and networks © lorcandempsey.net - published with ghost & modified krabi winkle – decentralised checkpointing for proof-of-stake – bentham’s gaze 	skip to content 	 		 			 										bentham’s gaze 												information security research & education, university college london (ucl) 										menu and widgets 			 		 			 					 					about this site 	subscribing to bentham’s gaze 	information security research group @ ucl 	ace-csr @ ucl 	msc information security 	contribution policy 	privacy policy 			 		 					 					follow us on twitter 	follow us on facebook 	follow us on linkedin 			 		 					 				 				 					search for: 					 				 				 			 		 		recent posts 			 					exploring an attack on image scaling algorithms 									 	 					what went wrong with horizon: learning from the post office trial 									 	 					making sense of emv card data – how to decode the tlv data format 									 	 					evidence critical systems: designing for dispute resolution 									 	 					aggregatable distributed key generation 									 		september 	m	t	w	t	f	s	s 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  		« jun 		  		oct » 	 archives 				august 	july 	june 	april 	march 	october 	september 	june 	april 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 			recent comments 	mr declan brennan on what went wrong with horizon: learning from the post office trial 	steven j. murdoch on what went wrong with horizon: learning from the post office trial 	nicholas oatridge on what went wrong with horizon: learning from the post office trial 	senorfloppynuts on a longitudinal measurement study of chan’s politically incorrect forum and its effect on the web 	nicholas bohm on evidence critical systems: designing for dispute resolution categories 				advertising 	authentication 	banking security 	biometrics 	blockchain 	censorship resistance 	crime science 	cryptocurrencies 	cryptography 	cyber crime 	education 	genomics 	hardware 	information hiding 	infosec group 	inside infosec 	internet security 	law enforcement 	legal issues 	machine learning 	malware 	measurement 	meta 	mobile 	modelling 	networking 	operating systems 	philosophy of science 	privacy 	public policy 	research projects 	security economics 	security usability 	social networks 	talks and panels 	the conversation 	voting 			meta 			log in 	entries feed 	comments feed 					 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 	 		 				 	 	 		winkle – decentralised checkpointing for proof-of-stake 	 	 		several blockchain projects are considering proof-of-stake mechanisms in place of proof-of-work, attracted by the lower energy costs. some proof-of-stake protocols based on bft systems such as hotstuff or tendermint appear to provide faster and deterministic finality. in these protocols, a set of nodes known as validators, that are identified by their public key, operates the consensus protocol such that any user can verify it using only publicly available information by verifying the validators’ signatures. the set of validators changes periodically, with respect to a specific governance mechanism. however, as any consensus protocol that is not based on resource consumption (such as proof-of-work, proof-of-space and so on) they are vulnerable to an attack known in the literature as long-range attack. in a long-range attack, an adversary obtains the secret keys of past validators (e.g., by bribing them at no cost since they do not use these keys any more) and is thus able to re-write the entire history of the blockchain with those. a user that has been offline for a long period of time could then be fooled by the adversarial chain. the number of keys holding a given fraction of stake (logarithmic scale). to solve this problem, we propose winkle, a decentralised checkpointing mechanism operated by coin holders, whose keys are harder to compromise than validators’ as they are more numerous. by analogy, in bitcoin, taking control of one-third of the total supply of money would require at least keys, whereas only mining pools control more than half of the hash power (see figure above). our protocol the idea of winkle is that coin holders will checkpoint the honest chain, such that if an adversary creates an alternative chain, its chain will not be checkpointed (since the adversary does not control the keys of coin holders) and is thus easily differentiable from the honest chain. every time someone sends a transaction, it will contain a vote for a checkpoint. every coin carries the vote of its sender (we call this the propagation rule). the vote is also associated with the remaining value in the account. for example, if an account a has coins and sends coin to an account a with a vote for checkpoint ckpt, then there is a system-wide vote with a weight of for checkpoint ckpt: of which is associated with a and associated with a . this also means that an account could have different votes for different coins held, e.g., if a received one coin from account a with a vote for ckpt and one coin from another account a that voted for a previous checkpoint ckpt′, then a carries one vote for ckpt and one vote for ckpt′. whenever a sends a new vote, then all of the coins in the account will be counted towards that new vote, and the previous votes are over-written. a send a coin to c and votes for b . b sends a coin to a and votes for b . whenever some fraction of the money has voted for a checkpoint, it is accepted. because consensus based on bft does not allow forks, users need not choose which block to vote on; this is implied by the consensus protocol. only users who are offline for a long time may be fooled. the difficulty of designing such a scheme comes from the fact that money changes hands constantly, by design. we thus need to make sure that checkpoints stay consistent even if the coin holders set changes entirely from one state of the database to another. we achieve this by relying on a realistic and flexible set of assumptions both on the fraction of accounts that are corrupted at any point in time and on the amount of money that is sent during one block. to provide security guarantees even in the case of leakage of honest coin holders keys to the adversary, we additionally incorporate key rotations in our mechanism. this means that if keys are leaked to the adversary after users have carried out a key rotation, the scheme stays secure (this is also known as forward secrecy). the adversary that knows pka and pkb cannot use both keys in its forking chain because the second key rotation includes a commitment to block b , which includes the first key rotation, healing the compromised key. lastly, our scheme is robust even when money is created and destroyed (as is the case with the proposed libra stablecoins), and when the key used to mint and destroy money has been leaked to the adversary. this is achieved by requiring that every minting event takes effect only after the block containing it gets confirmed as a checkpoint. another challenge with this design is its high latency. it can indeed take a long time before enough coins vote. for example, if winkle was implemented on top of bitcoin or ethereum, it would currently take up to three years for a checkpoint to be accepted. see below some graphs for the finality time (the time it would take for a checkpoint to be accepted) in ethereum and bitcoin. for ethereum a checkpoint takes between days and up to a year to be confirmed (with mean days), and for bitcoin, a checkpoint takes between months and up to three years to be confirmed (with mean days). note that this finality time is different than the time online users need to wait before their transaction is confirmed. it represents the time validators need to stay honest to ensure the security of the protocol even after key compromise. under the assumptions that validators remain honest for longer than finality, then transactions are confirmed instantaneously as per the underlying consensus protocol. checkpoint confirmation delay without delegates. to speed things up, we also propose a delegation scheme. users can now delegate their stake to another user. whenever the delegate votes, this vote will count with the weight of all of the coins that are under their control. this means that we do not need to wait for every user to vote in order to get a checkpoint accepted, as long as the idle users have delegated their stake to an active delegate. delegation can, however, be seen as adding more centralisation and thus making a long-range attack on coin-holders more likely since there would be fewer keys to compromise. to be sure that our delegation scheme is decentralised enough, while still providing good enough latency, we add on top of it a reward system, inspired by the one presented by brunjes et al. that incentivises the creation of exactly k pools. this prevents having all the users delegating to the same delegates as long as they are rational. with such a delegation scheme, our simulators show that the finality time could be reduced to hours (instead of years). checkpoint confirmation delay with different number of delegates. our paper, “winkle: foiling long-range attacks in proof-of-stake systems”, includes further details and proofs. this work will be presented at the second acm advances in financial technologies (aft’ ) in october. 	 	 	 		posted on - - - - author sarah azouvicategories blockchain, cryptocurrencies			 			 			one thought on “winkle – decentralised checkpointing for proof-of-stake”		 		 			 			 				 					 												trevelyan says:					 					 						 - - at : utc					 									 				 					perceptive to treat spendable utxo as “stake”. some feedback on the specific implementation: > it can indeed take a long time before enough coins vote. most blockchains have the same utxo circulating repeatedly, so this mechanism seems to only require attackers to control a small portion of utxo in practice. this suggests you’d be better off modifying the saito approach and deriving work from fees paid instead of money transferred. add a mechanism to burn a portion of those fees, and you’ve imposed a cost-of-attack as attackers are forced to burn money proportional to the transaction fees they are required to fund on their stealth chain. this should be better than just layering a pos mechanism atop another pos mechanism as you get genuine economic security — there is always a cost required for attack. how to implement some sort of cost-of-attack lottery in the mechanism is the real question though, especially if the lower-layer blockchain still makes the production of blocks free. 				 				reply 			 		 		 	 	 		 		leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published. required fields are marked * comment name * email * website 	 	 	 		post navigation 		previous previous post: the role of usability, power dynamics, and incentives in dispute resolutions around computer evidence next next post: thoughts on the future implications of microsoft’s legal approach towards the trickbot takedown 	 		 	 	 	 		 						privacy policy			 				proudly powered by wordpress			 		 	 specialcollections.txt | the new york public library 	 skip to main content 	 click to learn about accessibility at the library the new york public library 	log in 	nypl locations near me 	open search 	open navigation the new york public library	log in 	locations 	get a library card 	get email updates 	donate 	shop 	books/music/movies 	research 	education 	events 	connect 	give 	get help search get a library cardget email updatesshop nypldonate 	blogs	blog channels 	posts by subject 	about nypl blogs 	blogger profiles 	audio & video 	digital projects 	print publications 	connect with nypl specialcollections.txt exploring the digital space of the special collections division, our work with digitized and born-digital material, and the systems that make this work possible. reflections from the pratt digital preservation & archives fellow at nypl: part by anne boissonnault may , see this follow-up on a semester of detailed research and preservation, a treat for digital archivists and archive enthusiasts. leave a comment reflections from the pratt digital preservation & archives fellow at nypl: part by anne boissonnault march , what goes into being an archivist? here's a look at current projects from a student working across nypl departments and locations. leave a comment implementing archivesspace at nypl: part by alexander duryee january , the archives unit provides an inside look at their implementation of the archivesspace data management system. if you're fascinated by archive and data storage, this post is for you. leave a comment let's start with a box: special collections & object management by mary kidd, special collections operations and systems coordinator july , in an effort to address this issue, key staff of special collections came together to form the object data model group. over a series of months we thought conceptually about what we wanted an ideal system for object management to accomplish.leave a comment understanding file formats by nick krabbenhoeft, head of digital preservation may , trying to come up with a list of all file formats is an endless, seemingly impossible, but ultimately necessary task for all of the staff that works with digital materials at nypl. this series of posts will discuss how we in nypl's special collections understand and use formats.leave a comment implementing archivesspace at nypl: part by alexander duryee march , in , the archives unit at the new york public library began its evaluation of archivesspace. following a rigorous review of the application, we began implementation in earnest in , and started using it in production earlier this year. leave a comment nypl’s new digital archives lab by susan malsbury january , in august, the digital archives program, took an exciting and long-awaited step by moving into our own space. leave a comment subscribe to nypl blogs rss feeds 	specialcollections.txt 	all nypl blogs 	 	accessibility 	press 	careers 	space rental 	 	privacy policy 	other policies 	terms & conditions 	governance 	 	rules & regulations 	about nypl 	language 	 	 	 	 © the new york public library, the new york public library is a (c)( ) | ein - building a national finding aid network | oclc javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	support & training 	community center 	developer network 	webjunction  covid- | information and resources to help skip to page content. 	 research areas 	 partnership 	 people 	 news & events 	 publications 	 presentations 	 about 		settings 	menu 	search 	 research 	 research areas 	 user research 	 building a national finding aid network building a national finding aid network oclc research is collaborating on the california digital library-led, imls-funded project nafan to build the foundations for a national finding aid discovery infrastructure in the united states. oclc will be leading research efforts with cultural heritage institutions that steward archival collections and the researchers who use those to inform project outcomes. building a national finding aid network (nafan),  is a two-year, institute of museum and library services-funded (grant number lg- -ols- ) research and demonstration project (september to august ) with the goal of providing inclusive, comprehensive, and persistent access to descriptions of archival collections, or "finding aids." nafan is guided by the belief that the archival community can more sustainably manage and equitably provide access to the collections in their care by developing a large-scale, national finding aid network that is community driven, sustained, and governed. oclc will be working on the california digital library-led initiative—along with project partners at shift collective, university of virginia, and the chain bridge group—to build the foundation for a national archival finding aid network. project partners will be conducting work in parallel across multiple focus areas, including:   	research that investigates end user and cultural heritage insitutions needs for finding aid aggregations 	evaluating the quality of existing finding aid data 	technical assessments of potential systems to support network functions, and formulating system requirements for a minimum viable product instantiation of the network 	community building, sustainability planning, and governance modeling to support subsequent phases moving from a project to a program, post- oclc research will be involved in the first two focus areas, leading qualitative research with end users and contributors of archival description, as well as a quantitative analysis of extant aggregated archival description from state and regional aggregators. full project website (california digital library) this project is an outcome of a - planning initiative. oclc was also a participant in the earlier project, which produced both findings and a subsequent action plan. oclc project lead chela scott weber oclc team members lynn silipigni connaway lesley langa chris cyr brittany bannon janet mason merrilee proffitt bruce washburn full project team full grant project team list outputs presentations who searches archives online? results from a user survey from state and regional archival finding aid aggregators (nafan) by lesley a. langa, phd  and chris cyr, phd  presented at the saa research forum , july , langa and cyr provide an overview of the nafan pop-up survey users. observing changes in ead tag usage to support discovery, - by bruce washburn and merrilee proffitt presented at the saa research forum , july , washburn and proffitt describe the comparative analysis of ead tags and next steps for analysis of finding aids for the building a national finding aid network (nafan) project. blog posts how well does ead tag usage support finding aid discovery? july by bruce washburn washburn describes a comparative analysis of encoded archival description (ead) tags from two studies that inform the building a national finding aid network project. oclc research and the national finding aid network project blog post | november by merrilee proffitt proffitt shares details about our involvement in the building a national finding aid network project, which has received funding from the institute of museum and library services. posted on the hanging together blog.     follow oclc research:   © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates this site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. see oclc's cookie notice to learn more. 	privacy statement 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 lorcandempsey.net 	 about 	 contact 	 tags 	 writing 	 presentations 	 career 	 membership 	 *orweblog 	 search search lorcandempsey.net 	 home 	 *classics 	 books 	 collaboration 	 collections 	 institutions 	 meta 	 research/learning 	 social 	 systems 	 ux presentation: two metadata directions here are some materials from my recent presentation on two metadata directions, including slides, video and a link to a fuller discussion. lorcan jul systems two metadata directions metadata practice is evolving. i discuss two important trends here: entification and pluralization. lorcan jul systems working with ghost: a review this site is built with ghost and the krabi template. i use it for blogging and as a professional home on the web. why ghost? here are some initial thoughts. ask me again in a year's time ... lorcan apr meta a new web presence: transitions and towers this is a new web presence for lorcan dempsey! my goal is to provide a contact point and to bring together various elements of my work, writing and career. in part i am influenced by the decentralizing impulse to control your own archive. lorcan apr meta presentation: college, consortium, collaboration, collective collection constance malpas and i gave a presentation to the boston library consortium board of directors about the dynamics of library collaboration in consortia. it talks about collective collections as an example. lorcan jan collections presentation: the rluk digital shift forum i was pleased to inaugurate the rluk digital shift forum, with a presentation on pandemic effects and collection directions. i was especially pleased to be kindly introduced by my longstanding colleague robin green, university librarian at warwick university, and current chair of rluk. lorcan jan collections collection directions accelerated? pandemic effects. over the past few years i have been talking about three systemic ways in which collections, broadly understood, are evolving in a network environment. they are: the collective collection, the facilitated collection, and the inside-out collection. lorcan may collections calgary central library: combining intimacy and civic statement the calgary central library was on first impression the finest public building i have been in for years. lorcan sep institutions more posts 	 	 	 	 	 	 featured posts two metadata directions jul working with ghost: a review apr collection directions accelerated? pandemic effects. may memory institutions redux: pluralizing memories and a stay against forgetting dec the powers of library consortia : how consortia scale capacity, learning, innovation and influence feb news presentation: two metadata directions jul a new web presence: transitions and towers apr presentation: college, consortium, collaboration, collective collection jan interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. tags systems institutions ux books research/learning social collections *classics meta collaboration navigation 	 about 	 membership 	 contact 	 blog posts newsletter interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. lorcan dempsey on libraries, services and networks © lorcandempsey.net - published with ghost & modified krabi become an ft subscriber to read | financial times accessibility helpskip to navigationskip to contentskip to footer	sign in 	subscribe open side navigation menuopen search bar myft search the ftsearchclose search bar 	home 	worldsections 	world home 	global economy 	uk 	us 	china 	africa 	asia pacific 	emerging markets 	europe 	americas 	middle east and north africa most read 	taliban encircles kabul after taking afghanistan’s second city 	‘lord of the rings’ abandons new zealand and moves production to uk 	london politician quits over cost of ‘rubbish’ marble arch mound 	kabul residents brace for feared taliban advance 	spike in uk coronavirus cases likely in next weeks, experts warn 	ussections 	us home 	us economy 	us companies 	us politics & policy most read 	joe biden’s credibility has been shredded in afghanistan 	taliban encircles kabul after taking afghanistan’s second city 	learning to live with climate change: lessons from los angeles 	kabul residents brace for feared taliban advance 	treasury yields slide as concerns over delta virus knock us consumer sentiment 	companiessections 	companies home 	energy 	financials 	health 	industrials 	media 	professional services 	retail & consumer 	tech sector 	telecoms 	transport most read 	norway battery group rejects factory fears despite brexit tariffs 	credit suisse brings in former ubs executive to head risk committee 	branson’s virgin group takes in $ bn from galactic share sales 	the coming battle over the metaverse 	ports face biggest crisis since start of container shipping 	tech 	marketssections 	markets home 	alphaville 	markets data 	capital markets 	commodities 	currencies 	equities 	fund management 	trading 	moral money 	etf hub 	cryptocurrencies most read 	quitting qe may be harder than the bank of england believes 	the crypto ‘wild west’ needs a good sheriff 	uk competition watchdog to explore ‘immediate’ action on fees for pcr tests 	faang investors are ignoring the antitrust rumblings 	the crypto crowd gets loud and proud on capitol hill 	climate 	opinionsections 	opinion home 	columnists 	the ft view 	the big read 	lex 	obituaries 	letters most read 	first to vaccinate and first to party, israel now mulls lockdowns 	joe biden’s credibility has been shredded in afghanistan 	the people vs novak djokovic 	lionel messi: football’s shy magician takes flight 	quitting qe may be harder than the bank of england believes 	work & careerssections 	work & careers home 	business school rankings 	business education 	entrepreneurship 	recruitment 	business books 	business travel most read 	betterup rides the mental health tech boom 	necessary but corrosive: lucy kellaway on ambition 	business travel will not recover any time soon, but so what? 	entain boss builds tech army to expand interactive entertainment 	beauty and the beastly habit of picking surface over substance 	life & artssections 	life & arts home 	arts 	books 	food & drink 	ft magazine 	house & home 	style 	travel 	ft globetrotter most read 	pfizer chief albert bourla: ‘we are the most efficient vaccine machine’ 	second thoughts on the second-home sales boom 	the people vs novak djokovic 	uk plans to force tech companies to report sellers’ income to hmrc 	going on holiday? leave the ‘to do’ list at home 	how to spend it 	sign in 	subscribe menusearch 	home 	world 	us 	companies 	tech 	markets 	climate 	opinion 	work & careers 	life & arts 	how to spend it financial times 	sign in 	subscribe search the ftsearchclose search bar become an ft subscriber to read: “misunderstanding financial crises”, a q&a with gary gorton make informed decisions with the ft keep abreast of significant corporate, financial and political developments around the world. stay informed and spot emerging risks and opportunities with independent global reporting, expert commentary and analysis you can trust. choose a subscription to read this article and more trial try full digital access and see why over million readers subscribe to the ft $ for weeks then $ per month new customers only cancel anytime during your trial select stories per month don’t need a full subscription? get access to up to ft stories of your choice, monthly. $ per month cancel anytime select relevant for you digital be informed with the essential news and opinion $ per month or $ for year best value - save % select print ft print edition delivered monday - saturday along with epaper access $ for months introductory offer then $ . every months select team or enterprise premium ft.com access for multiple users, with integrations & admin tools pay based on use does my organisation subscribe? select group subscription full terms and conditions apply to all subscriptions. or, if you are already a subscriber sign in other options premium digitalpremium digital + printpremium digital + weekend printweekend print useful links support view site tipshelp centrecontact usabout usaccessibilitymyft tourcareers legal & privacy terms & conditionsprivacy policycookiescopyrightslavery statement & policies services share news tips securelyindividual subscriptionsgroup subscriptionsrepublishingcontracts & tendersexecutive job searchadvertise with the ftfollow the ft on twitterft transactsecondary schools tools portfoliotoday's newspaper (epaper)alerts hubbusiness school rankingsenterprise toolsnews feednewsletterscurrency converter community & events ft communityft liveft forumsboard director programme more from the ft group markets data delayed by at least minutes. © the financial times ltd . ft and ‘financial times’ are trademarks of the financial times ltd. the financial times and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the ft editorial code of practice. close drawer menufinancial timesinternational edition search the ftsearch 	switch to uk edition 	top sections 	home 	worldshow more world 	global economy 	uk 	us 	china 	africa 	asia pacific 	emerging markets 	europe 	americas 	middle east and north africa 	usshow more us 	us economy 	us companies 	us politics & policy 	companiesshow more companies 	energy 	financials 	health 	industrials 	media 	professional services 	retail & consumer 	tech sector 	telecoms 	transport 	tech 	marketsshow more markets 	alphaville 	markets data 	capital markets 	commodities 	currencies 	equities 	fund management 	trading 	moral money 	etf hub 	cryptocurrencies 	climate 	opinionshow more opinion 	columnists 	the ft view 	the big read 	lex 	obituaries 	letters 	work & careersshow more work & careers 	business school rankings 	business education 	entrepreneurship 	recruitment 	business books 	business travel 	life & artsshow more life & arts 	arts 	books 	food & drink 	ft magazine 	house & home 	style 	travel 	ft globetrotter 	personal financeshow more personal finance 	property & mortgages 	investments 	pensions 	tax 	banking & savings 	advice & comment 	next act 	how to spend it 	special reports 	ft recommends 	graphics 	lex 	alphaville 	lunch with the ft 	ft globetrotter 	#techasia 	moral money 	ftfm 	newsletters 	video 	podcasts 	news feed 	ft community 	myft 	portfolio 	today's newspaper (epaper) 	crossword 	our apps 	help centre 	subscribe 	sign in presentation: two metadata directions 	 about 	 contact 	 tags 	 writing 	 presentations 	 career 	 membership 	 *orweblog 	 search search lorcandempsey.net 	 home 	 *classics 	 books 	 collaboration 	 collections 	 institutions 	 meta 	 research/learning 	 social 	 systems 	 ux presentation: two metadata directions here are some materials from my recent presentation on two metadata directions, including slides, video and a link to a fuller discussion. lorcan jul : read in minutes 	 	 	 	 	 	 systems conference i was pleased to deliver a presentation at the eurasian academic libraries conference - , organized by the nazarbayev university library and the association of university libraries in the republic of kazakhstan. thanks to april manabat of nazarbayev university for the invitation and support. i was asked to talk about metadata and to mention oclc developments. the conference topic was: contemporary trends in information organization in the academic library environment. further information here: nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home nazarbayev university libguides: eurasian academic libraries conference - : home nazarbayev university libguides at nazarbayev university topic i spoke about two trends in metadata developments: entification and pluralization. each of these is important and i provided an example under each head of a related initiative at oclc. i discuss these trends in more detail in a recent blog entry, which recapitulated and extends the material presented at the conference: two metadata directions in libraries metadata practice is evolving. i discuss two important trends here: entification and pluralization. lorcandempsey.netlorcan additional materials the slides as presented are here: kazak.pptx this is a presentation about trends in metadata, focusing on two important issues. the first is entification, moving from strings to things. the second is pluralization, as we seek to better represent the diversity of perspectives, experiences and memories. it discusses an oclc initiative associated… figshare the conference organizers have made a video of the sessions available. here is the video for day two, which should begin as i begin speaking. move back to see more of the presentations. as we prepared the video, i did reflect on the future of conferences and conference-going. clearly, much to work through here, and we are certainly seeing new and engaging online and hybrid experiences. in writing the accompanying blog entry, i finished with this observation: the pandemic is affecting how we think about work travel and the design of events, although in as yet unclear ways. one pandemic effect, certainly, has been the ability to think about both audiences and speakers differently. it is unlikely that i would have attended this conference had it been face to face, however, i readily agreed to be an online participant. // two metadata directions 	 	 	 	 	 	 systems comment? comments sign in or become a lorcandempsey.net member to comment. see membership page for more detail. send a log in link great! please check your inbox (or spam folder) for a log in link. something didn't work. please try again. lorcan responsible for membership and research at oclc, serving libraries around the world. you might also like the library network and the scholarly record the library community is a highly interconnected one. networks are motivated both by library mission and effective management of resources. this trend will accelerate as the internet favors shared services, and libraries will see more benefit in building such shared services. the hathi trust is an important example. the growth lorcan feb institutions stuff as a service ... first, a note on a couple of recent media experiences … we went to the boat that rocked (aka pirate radio) recently and were determined to enjoy it. for those that don’t know, it is a movie set in on a ‘pirate radio’ ship broadcasting lorcan dec books 	 	 	 	 	 	 featured posts two metadata directions jul working with ghost: a review apr collection directions accelerated? pandemic effects. may memory institutions redux: pluralizing memories and a stay against forgetting dec the powers of library consortia : how consortia scale capacity, learning, innovation and influence feb news presentation: two metadata directions jul a new web presence: transitions and towers apr presentation: college, consortium, collaboration, collective collection jan interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. tags systems institutions ux books research/learning social collections *classics meta collaboration navigation 	 about 	 membership 	 contact 	 blog posts newsletter interesting? get updates! your email address signup please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. please enter a valid email address! an error occurred, please try again later. lorcan dempsey on libraries, services and networks © lorcandempsey.net - published with ghost & modified krabi dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 dlf committee for equity & inclusion add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf committee for equity & inclusion contact us at info@diglib.org for call-in information dlf-cei on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/committee_for_equity_and_inclusion 	when 	thu aug , pm – pm coordinated universal time stanford seminar - stopping grinding attacks in proofs of space - youtube aboutpresscopyrightcontact uscreatorsadvertisedeveloperstermsprivacypolicy & safetyhow youtube workstest new features© google llc worldcat - shared entity management infrastructure | oclc javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	research 	support & training 	community center 	developer network 	webjunction  covid- | information and resources to help skip to page content. close based on your browser settings, we have selected english as your preferred language on the oclc.org website. this setting will be used whenever content in that language is available. you can change your preferred language below. english 	 deutsch 	 español 	 français 	 nederlands 	 中文简体 	 deutsch 	 español 	 français 	 nederlands 	 中文简体 searching for items in a library? try worldcat.org. 	 membership 	 products 	 support 	 research 	 events 	 about 	 contacts 	 sign in to services 		settings 	menu 	search 	 overview 	 inside worldcat 	 oclc delivers quality 	 libraries provide the foundation 	 partners support growth 	 linked data shared entity management infrastructure for decades, oclc has provided reliable infrastructure for oclc numbers and authority records. now, with financial support from the andrew w. mellon foundation, we’re building a persistent, shared, and centralized entity management infrastructure for library linked data work. when completed in december , this infrastructure will include easily accessible authoritative descriptions of works and persons, enhanced and managed by oclc and the library community. connections to other external vocabularies will place library collections in a broader context across the web. as always, we’re closely collaborating with the library community to fully understand and address needs. our entity management infrastructure will be largely api-based, allowing librarians to customize their workflows around linked data opportunities. we will also create a basic user interface for librarians to create and manage entities. no matter how far along your library is with using new data models (including bibframe), or even if you wish to continue to work in marc, you’ll see improved data quality and workflow efficiency as a result of this new entity management infrastructure. “reliable identifiers...” “for linked data to move into common use, libraries need reliable and persistent identifiers and metadata for the critical entities they rely on. this project begins to build that infrastructure and advances the whole field.” lorcan dempsey vice president membership and research, and chief strategist oclc latest updates 	 how your library will benefit from linked data 	 september as we move toward new ways to create and share information about library collections, i believe that no matter what type of library you are associated with, you and your users will benefit from this project. 	 new oclc linked data recording and advisory group members 	 september be sure to watch our "moving from research to reality" on-demand recording and welcome to our new advisory group members.  shared entity management infrastructure advisory group members agence bibliographique de l’enseignement supérieur (abes) biblioteca universitaria di bologna biblioteca nazionale centrale di roma bibliothèque nationale de france (bnf) brigham young university library british library central michigan university libraries cleveland public library cornell university library deutsche nationalbibliothek (dnb) harvard university national library board, singapore national library of medicine national library of new zealand new york university libraries oxford university libraries princeton university library smithsonian libraries   temple university libraries u.s. army engineer research and development center university of california, davis library university of illinois at urbana-champaign university of minnesota libraries university of pennsylvania libraries university of tennessee libraries university of victoria libraries yale university library   have a question? if you have a question, please contact us. shared entity management advisory board contact on-demand webinars march oclc and linked data: the transition to contextual metadata learn more about the impacts of contextual linked metadata on the library community. about 	about oclc 	latest news 	leadership 	financial statements and reports 	oclc technology 	advancing racial equity 	next blog 	contact us events 	upcoming events 	upcoming webinars information for 	academic libraries 	public libraries 	research libraries 	special libraries 	groups and consortia 	partners membership 	overview 	libraries and groups 	individuals 	councils 	resources products 	wise 	worldshare management services 	worldshare interlibrary loan 	worldcat discovery 	oclc cataloging subscription 	ezproxy 	dewey services 	contentdm 	all products and services » visit related sites 	support & training 	oclc community center 	oclc research 	developer network 	webjunction 	president's leadership blog careers 	about careers 	view open positions in the americas 	view open positions in europe and asia pacific @oclc @oclc_anz   © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates 	privacy statement 	cookie notice 	cookie settings 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate - - _ - - | ed summers | flickr 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 							 				 			 				 						 							explore 						 							 								recent photos 	 								trending 	 									events 								 	 								the commons 							 	 								flickr galleries 							 	 								world map 							 	 								camera finder 							 	 								flickr blog 							 					 	 						 							prints 						 							 								 									prints & wall art 								 							 	 								 									photo books 								 							 					 	 						get pro 					 				 						 						 	 		 		 	 	 	 						 					 	 						 							upload 						 					 	 						log in 					 	 						sign up 					 			 			 							 								 									log in 								 							 						 							 								explore 							 						 	trending 	events 	the commons 	flickr galleries 	flickr blog 						 							 								prints & wall art 							 						 	 							 								photo books 							 						 						 							 								get pro 							 						 					 	about 	jobs 	blog 	developers 	guidelines 	help 	help forum 	privacy 	terms 			cookies 	 		english 		 			 		 	 	 			 		 	 	 	 	 	← 				 				 				 			 			 			 			 			 				 			 	 	→ 		 		 		 		 		 back to photostream 	 	 			 					 						 					 	ed summers 	by: ed summers 	 	 			 					 - - _ - - 			 				 			 			 		done 	 	 	 		 	 	 				 					 		views 	 		 					 						 					 			faves 		 	 				 				 		comments 	 	 		 		 				taken on december , 		 		 		 				 some rights reserved 		 	 	 	 	 		 				about 	jobs 	blog 	developers 	guidelines 	privacy 	terms 	help 	report abuse 	help forum 	 					english 					 				 	 						 							 								smugmug+flickr. 							 						 					 	 					 							 								 							 							 	 								 							 	 								 								 							 					 				 		 		 			 					privacy 	terms 	cookies 			 				 					 						smugmug+flickr. 					 					 						connecting people through photography. 					 				 			 					 						 					 	 						 					 	 						 					 			 		 	 	 		 				about 	jobs 	blog 	developers 	guidelines 	report abuse 	privacy 	terms 	help forum 	 					english 					 				 		 		 			 					privacy 	terms 	cookies 	help 			 				 					 						smugmug+flickr. 					 					 						connecting people through photography. 					 				 			 					 						 					 	 						 					 	 						 					 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 	 	 dlf community calendar - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > opportunities > dlf community calendar 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			dlf community calendar 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			our community calendar covers events relevant to digital libraries and archives, digital humanities, and digital museums, as well as a growing number of open science and digital publishing events worldwide. it also lists the calls for dlf and ndsa working groups. we welcome your help in keeping the calendar up-to-date for your field! please let us know if you would like to add something to it or be granted permission to edit the calendar directly.   visit the dlf community calendar.  about the calendar: in , dlf revitalized and began maintaining this digital conferences calendar, which was begun by former clir postdoc amanda french in . for ease of use, we also make it available here: digital-conferences-calendar.info. another great resource is the library of congress’ digital preservation outreach and education (dpoe) program’s free national calendar of continuing-education courses and workshops nationwide in digital preservation. 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 influx library user experience – just another wordpress site 	 contact partner with influx and create delightful experiences for your patrons a few things we do prefab we've already built a great website for your library. ux evaluations what is your library doing well, and what can you improve?  website reviews looking for some expert feedback on your website? get our eyes on it. presentations level up your staff's ux skills. website redesign full service research / design / build and anything in-between. contact hello@weareinflux.com . . be nice and have fun be nice and have fun be nice and have fun × 	 contact <controlaccess> controlled access headings | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<controlaccess> controlled access headings 				 				 					<controlaccess> is a wrapper element used to designate key access points for descibed materials. it enables authority-controlled searching across finding aids on a network. it may be used at multiple levels within a finding aid. higher-level <controlaccess> elements should encode access points which are relevant to larger portions of the collection, whereas lower-level ones may specify access points which only apply to a file or item. <controlaccess> is one of the elements which may be used within <archdesc>, <archdescgrp>, <c>, <c > through <c >, and <descgrp>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. subelements <controlaccess> may contain further <controlaccess> elements, as well as <address>, <blockquote>, <chronlist>, <corpname>, <famname>, <function>, <genreform>, <geogname>, <head>, <list>, <name>, <note>, <occupation>, <p>, <persname>, <subject>, <table>, and <title>. note, since pcdata is not used within this element, it serves as a wrapper, at least of a <p> element containing the actual text. although names and terms from locally-controlled vocabularies are permissible, the <controlaccess> subelements (<corpname>, <famname>, <function>, <genreform>, <geogname>, <occupation>, <persname>, <subject>, and <title>) should come from national or international vocabularies whenever they are available to enable searches in information systems that include multiple finding aids, or finding aids and bibliographic records from many institutions. the subelements mentioned in the previous paragraph all have source attributes, which should be used to specify the source of the heading (such as source=”lcsh”). their rules element may be used to specify the descreptive rules which were used to formulate the heading (such as rules=”aacr ″). the attribute authfilenumber may be used to identify the authority file record which provides additional information about the access term. if using authfilenumber, source should also be used. role may be used to specify the heading’s role in the collection—creator, subject, etc. examples an example of how <controlaccess> may be used: 	<controlaccess> 	<head>personal, corporate, and subject headings</head> 	<controlaccess> 		<head>persons</head> 		<persname source="local">bell, sarah j.</persname> 	</controlaccess> 	<controlaccess> 		<head>corporate bodies</head> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">central mindanao university</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">literacy volunteers of america</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">massachusetts institute of technology</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">st. john's college (annapolis, md)</corpname> 		<corpname source="local">towle institute</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">university of british columbia</corpname> 	</controlaccess> 	<controlaccess> 		<head>subjects</head> 		<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 		<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> 	</controlaccess> </controlaccess> <controlaccess> 	<head>personal, corporate, and subject headings</head> 	<controlaccess> 		<head>persons</head> 		<persname source="local">bell, sarah j.</persname> 	</controlaccess> 	<controlaccess> 		<head>corporate bodies</head> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">central mindanao university</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">literacy volunteers of america</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">massachusetts institute of technology</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">st. john's college (annapolis, md)</corpname> 		<corpname source="local">towle institute</corpname> 		<corpname source="lcnaf">university of british columbia</corpname> 	</controlaccess> 	<controlaccess> 		<head>subjects</head> 		<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 		<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> 	</controlaccess> </controlaccess> ead tag library entry for <controlaccess>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 ruma - your home in matrix 	home 	news 	projects using ruma 	donate on liberapay 	documentation your home in matrix. what is matrix? matrix is an open specification for an online communication protocol. it includes all the features you'd expect from a modern chat platform including instant messaging, group chats, audio and video calls, searchable message history, synchronization across all your devices, and end-to-end encryption. matrix is federated, so no single company controls the system or your data. you can use an existing server you trust or run your own, and the servers synchronize messages seamlessly. learn more in the introduction to matrix. what is rust? rust is a systems programming language from mozilla built with safety, concurrency, and performance in mind. its novel approach to memory safety and its rich type system make it an excellent choice for writing fast, secure, and reliable programs. learn more at www.rust-lang.org. what is ruma? ruma is a set of rust library crates for working with the matrix protocol. ruma's approach to matrix emphasizes correctness, security, stability and performance. read and download ruma source code on github. get caught up with the latest developments in the news and on twitter. join the discussion in #ruma:matrix.org. how venture capitalists are deforming capitalism | the new yorker skip to main content 	newsletter to revisit this article, select my account, then  close alert sign in search 	news 	books & culture 	fiction & poetry 	humor & cartoons 	magazine 	puzzles & games 	video 	podcasts 	archive 	goings on 	shop open navigation menu to revisit this article, visit my profile, then view saved stories close alert letter from silicon valley november , issue how venture capitalists are deforming capitalism even the worst-run startup can beat competitors if investors prop it up. the v.c. firm benchmark helped enable wework to make one wild mistake after another—hoping that its gamble would pay off before disaster struck. by charles duhigg november , 	 	 	 	 	 save this story for later. startups increasingly want investors who won’t interfere or ask questions. venture capitalists must be “founder-friendly.”illustration by golden cosmos 	 	 	 	 	 save this story for later. content in , jeremy neuner and ryan coonerty, two city-hall employees in santa cruz, california, decided to open a co-working space. they leased a cavernous building a few steps from a surf shop and a sex-toy boutique, and equipped it with desks, power strips, fast wi-fi, and a deluxe coffee-maker. neuner and coonerty named their company nextspace coworking. neuner, who had attended harvard’s kennedy school after serving in the navy, was looking to be part of a movement. “we really believed that this would be a totally new way of working,” he told me. nextspace provided a refuge for local freelancers desperate for office camaraderie, and within six months the company was turning a small profit. soon, nextspace opened locations in san francisco, los angeles, and san jose. neuner and coonerty also started looking for venture capital. they had raised some money from family and friends, but, as neuner put it to me, “v.c. funding is the stamp of approval.” he noted, “in every startup story, the v.c.s supercharge everything. they’re the fairy godmothers of success.” in , neuner went to a co-working-industry conference, in austin, texas, to appear on a panel and try to meet investors. one of the conference’s other speakers was adam neumann, a six-foot-five israeli with flowing black hair, who wore designer jeans and a dark blazer—fancy dress amid the crowd’s t-shirts. neumann told the audience that he ran a company in new york, named wework, that was “the world’s first physical social network.” his self-assuredness was mesmerizing. “we’re planning to be all over the country very, very soon,” he said. although wework was just two years old, and neumann was only thirty-two, the company already controlled more than three hundred thousand square feet of office space; he declared that wework would soon have ten thousand clients. “our company is about we and about collaboration,” neumann proclaimed. “together, we can build a community that can change the world.” when jeremy neuner began having meetings with venture capitalists, he said, “their first question was ‘how do you compete with wework? why should we invest with you instead of them?’ ” wework was reportedly losing millions of dollars each month, but it was expanding to new locations at a feverish pace. neumann’s promises to v.c.s were so wildly optimistic, bordering on ridiculous, that neuner was convinced wework had to be a scam. “they were saying they would become the biggest office-space provider in the world,” neuner recalled. “what do i say to compete with that? do i tell v.c.s, ‘you know, wework must be lying, so you should accept my smaller returns instead’? no one wanted to hear that. all the v.c.s couldn’t wait to drink the kool-aid.” a real-estate agent informed neuner that wework had opened a location in san francisco, just a few blocks from nextspace, and was charging cheaper rates. as nextspace grew, eventually opening a fifth california location, wework opened competing offices alongside each one of its facilities, never more than a few blocks away. invariably, wework charged tenants slightly less. neuner began hearing similar stories from other co-working entrepreneurs: wework came to town, opened near an existing co-working office, and undercut the competitor on price. sometimes wework promised tenants a moving bonus if they terminated an existing lease; in other instances, the company obtained client directories from competitors’ web sites and offered everyone on the lists three months of free rent. jerome chang, the owner of blankspaces, in los angeles, told me, “my average rate was five hundred and fifty dollars per desk per month, and i was just scraping by. then wework arrived, and i had to drop it to four hundred and fifty, and then three hundred and fifty. it eviscerated my business.” rebecca brian pan, who founded a co-working company named covo, said, “no one could make money at these prices. but they kept lowering them so that they were cheaper than everyone else. it was like they had a bottomless bank account that made it impossible for anyone else to survive.” neuner began slashing nextspace’s prices and adding amenities—free beer; lunchtime classes on accounting, coding, and chakra cleansing—but none of it mattered. wework’s prices were too low. by the end of , wework had raised more than half a billion dollars from venture capitalists. although it was now losing six million dollars a month, it was growing faster than ever before, with plans for sixty locations in more than a dozen cities. meanwhile, one of silicon valley’s most prominent investors, bruce dunlevie, of the venture-capital firm benchmark, had joined wework’s board of directors. benchmark, founded in in menlo park, had funded such silicon valley startups as ebay, twitter, and instagram. dunlevie admitted to a partner that he wasn’t certain how wework would ever become profitable, but he was taken with neumann. dunlevie said to the partner, “let’s give him some money, and he’ll figure it out.” around this time, benchmark made its first investment in wework—seventeen million dollars. “yes, kids, this is where hand sanitizer comes from.”	 	 	 	 cartoon by victoria robertsventure capitalists began telling jeremy neuner that making piddly investments in his company wasn’t worth their time; moreover, if they funded nextspace, they might be excluded from buying into wework someday. to neuner, this seemed nuts. he was building a solid business, but the v.c.s wanted fantasy. “all we needed was five million dollars a year in revenues, and we would have made money for everyone,” he told me. “that’s enough to earn a living and buy a house and put your kids through school. but no one wanted something that just made a healthy living. they all wanted to find the next zuckerberg.” neuner was frustrated, but he wasn’t surprised. he knew that american history was filled with entrepreneurs like p. t. barnum, walt disney, and charles ponzi, self-promoters whose audaciousness created new industries and vast riches—and who, occasionally, ended up in jail. what neuner hadn’t realized was that some venture capitalists had become co-conspirators with such hype artists, handing them millions of dollars and encouraging their worst tendencies, in the hope that one lucky wager would more than offset many bad bets. in six years, neuner opened nine nextspace locations, as far east as chicago. “but i was so burnt out by everyone saying i was a failure just because i didn’t want to dominate the globe,” he said. in , neuner resigned, and nextspace began closing its sites. “it was heartbreaking,” he said. “v.c.s seem like these quiet, boring guys who are good at math, encourage you to dream big, and have private planes. you know who else is quiet, good at math, and has private planes? drug cartels.” as nextspace’s offices shut down or were sold off, wework opened forty new locations and announced that it had raised hundreds of millions of dollars more. it became one of the biggest property lessors in new york, london, and washington, d.c. one fall day in , as neuner was browsing in a bookstore near nextspace’s original location, in santa cruz, he passed a magazine rack and saw that forbes had put adam neumann on its cover. the accompanying article described how neumann had met with masayoshi son, one of japan’s wealthiest men and the head of the enormous investment firm softbank. son had been so impressed by a twelve-minute tour of wework’s headquarters that he had scribbled out a spur-of-the-moment contract to invest $ . billion in the company. that backing, neumann had explained to the forbes reporter, was based not on financial estimates but, rather, “on our energy and spirituality.” the article also detailed how, a few months after son made that commitment, neumann travelled to tokyo to toast the deal with him. as they celebrated, son asked neumann a philosophical question: “in a fight, who wins—the smart guy or the crazy guy?” “crazy guy,” neumann replied. “you are correct,” son said. “but you,” he added, with a hint of concern, “are not crazy enough.” from the start, venture capitalists have presented their profession as an elevated calling. they weren’t mere speculators—they were midwives to innovation. the first v.c. firms were designed to make money by identifying and supporting the most brilliant startup ideas, providing the funds and the strategic advice that daring entrepreneurs needed in order to prosper. for decades, such boasts were merited. genentech, which helped invent synthetic insulin, in the nineteen-seventies, succeeded in large part because of the stewardship of the venture capitalist tom perkins, whose company, kleiner perkins, made an initial hundred-thousand-dollar investment. perkins demanded a seat on genentech’s board of directors, and then began spending one afternoon a week in the startup’s offices, scrutinizing spending reports and browbeating inexperienced executives. in subsequent years, kleiner perkins nurtured such tech startups as amazon, google, sun microsystems, and compaq. when perkins died, in , at the age of eighty-four, an obituary in the financial times remembered him as “part of a new movement in finance that saw investors roll up their sleeves and play an active role in management.” the v.c. industry has grown exponentially since perkins’s heyday, but it has also become increasingly avaricious and cynical. it is now dominated by a few dozen firms, which, collectively, control hundreds of billions of dollars. most professional v.c.s fit a narrow mold: according to surveys, just under half of them attended either harvard or stanford, and eighty per cent are male. although v.c.s depict themselves as perpetually on the hunt for radical business ideas, they often seem to be hyping the same silicon valley trends—and their managerial oversight has dwindled, making their investments look more like trading-floor bets. steve blank, an entrepreneur who currently teaches at stanford’s engineering school, said, “i’ve watched the industry become a money-hungry mob. v.c.s today aren’t interested in the public good. they’re not interested in anything except optimizing their own profits and chasing the herd, and so they waste billions of dollars that could have gone to innovation that actually helps people.” this clubby, self-serving approach has made many v.c.s rich. in january, , the national venture capital association hailed a “record decade” of “hyper growth” in which its members had given nearly eight hundred billion dollars to startups, “fueling the economy of tomorrow.” the pandemic has slowed things down, but not much. according to a report by pitchbook, a company that provides data on the industry, five of the top twenty venture-capital firms are currently making more deals than they did last year. in recent decades, the gambles taken by v.c.s have grown dramatically larger. a million-dollar investment in a thriving young company might yield ten million dollars in profits. a fifty-million-dollar investment in the same startup could deliver half a billion dollars. “honestly, it stopped making sense to look at investments that were smaller than thirty or forty million,” a prominent venture capitalist told me. “it’s the same amount of due diligence, the same amount of time going to board meetings, the same amount of work, regardless of how much you invest.” critics of the venture-capital industry have observed that, lately, it has given one dubious startup after another gigantic infusions of money. the blood-testing company theranos received seven hundred million dollars from a number of investors, including rupert murdoch and betsy devos, before it was revealed as a fraud; in , its founders were indicted. juicero, which sold a wi-fi-enabled juice press for seven hundred dollars, raised more than a hundred million dollars from such sources as google’s investment arm, but shut down after only four years. (consumers posted videos demonstrating that they could press juice just as efficiently with their own hands.) two years ago, when wag!, an uber-like service for dog walking, went looking for seventy-five million dollars in venture capital, its founders—among them, a pair of brothers in their twenties, with little business experience—discovered that investors were interested, as long as wag! agreed to accept three hundred million dollars. the startup planned to use those funds to expand internationally, but it was too poorly run to flourish. it began shedding its employees after, among other things, the new york city council accused the firm of losing dogs. increasingly, the venture-capital industry has become fixated on creating “unicorns”: startups whose valuations exceed a billion dollars. some of these companies become lasting successes, but many of them—such as uber, the data-mining giant palantir, and the scandal-plagued software firm zenefits—never seemed to have a realistic plan for turning a profit. a paper co-written by martin kenney, a professor at the university of california, davis, argued that, thanks to the prodigious bets made by today’s v.c.s, “money-losing firms can continue operating and undercutting incumbents for far longer than previously.” in the traditional capitalist model, the most efficient and capable company succeeds; in the new model, the company with the most funding wins. such firms are often “destroying economic value”—that is, undermining sound rivals—and creating “disruption without social benefit.” many venture capitalists say that they have no choice but to flood startups with cash. in order for a silicon valley startup to become a true unicorn, it typically must wipe out its competitors and emerge as the dominant brand. jeff housenbold, a managing partner at softbank, told me, “once uber is founded, within a year you suddenly have three hundred copycats. the only way to protect your company is to get big fast by investing hundreds of millions.” what’s more, v.c.s say, the big venture firms are all looking at the same deals, and trying to persuade the same coveted entrepreneurs to accept their investment dollars. to win, v.c.s must give entrepreneurs what they demand. particularly in silicon valley, founders often want venture capitalists who promise not to interfere or to ask too many questions. v.c.s have started boasting that they are “founder-friendly” and uninterested in, say, spending an afternoon a week at a company’s offices or second-guessing a young c.e.o. josh lerner, a professor at harvard business school, told me, “proclaiming founder loyalty is kind of expected now.” one of the bigger v.c. firms, the founders fund, which has more than six billion dollars under management, declares on its web site that it “has never removed a single founder” and that, when it finds entrepreneurs with “audacious vision,” “a near-messianic attitude,” and “wild-eyed passion,” it essentially seeks to give them veto-proof authority over the board of directors, so that an entrepreneur need never worry about being reined in, let alone fired. whereas venture capitalists like tom perkins once prided themselves on installing good governance and closely monitoring companies, v.c.s today are more likely to encourage entrepreneurs’ undisciplined eccentricities. masayoshi son, the softbank venture capitalist who promised wework $ . billion after less than twenty minutes, embodies this approach. in , he began raising a hundred-billion-dollar vision fund, the largest pool of money ever devoted to venture-capital investment. “masa decided to deliberately inject cocaine into the bloodstream of these young companies,” a former softbank senior executive said. “you approach an entrepreneur and say, ‘hey, either take a billion dollars from me right now, or i’ll give it to your competitor and you’ll go out of business.’ ” this strategy might sound reckless, but it has paid off handsomely for son. in the mid-nineties, he gave billions of dollars to hundreds of tech firms, including twenty million dollars to a small chinese online marketplace named alibaba. when the first internet bubble burst, in , son lost almost seventy billion dollars, but alibaba had enough of a war chest to outlast its competitors, and today it’s valued at more than seven hundred billion dollars. softbank’s stake in the firm is more than a hundred billion dollars—far exceeding all of son’s other losses. “venture capital has become a lottery,” the former softbank executive told me. “masa is not a particularly deep thinker, but he has one strength: he’s devoted to buying more lottery tickets than anyone else.” as nextspace dissolved and wework expanded, a perverse dynamic emerged: the more that rumors spread about wework’s predatory tactics and odd culture, the more that adam neumann was courted by venture capitalists. investors whispered that wework’s top employees were told to attend weekly sessions with a guru; tales circulated of office tequila parties and recreational drug use among the staff. sex at the wework headquarters was so commonplace, one employee told me, that every day for a week she found a different used condom in a stairwell. neumann smoked marijuana at the office; someone who worked closely with him told me that, on her first day, neumann “lights up a joint and starts blowing it in my face, almost like a test.” neumann also spent lavishly on perks for himself, such as a maybach car and a chauffeur, and a cold-plunge pool and an infrared sauna in his office. despite the unprofessional atmosphere at wework, its valuation was doubling every year. “everyone wanted in,” a venture capitalist told me. “if you could deliver a piece of wework to your partners, they’d never fire you.” neumann lay at the heart of the company’s allure. he had moved to new york in , intent, he later said, on “hitting on every girl in the city.” not long afterward, he started a company that sold women’s shoes with collapsible heels. when that venture failed, he founded krawlers, a company that made baby clothes with kneepads. its tagline: “just because they don’t tell you, doesn’t mean they don’t hurt.” after that startup also sputtered, neumann and a partner, miguel mckelvey, rented an office in brooklyn, divided it into small spaces, and established themselves as co-working entrepreneurs. when potential funders came to visit, neumann instructed employees to pretend to be his tenants, socializing enthusiastically in the hallways. “he was crazy, but exactly the right kind of crazy to make you believe he could pull this off,” another venture capitalist said. “he was the most charismatic pitchman i ever saw.” by , neumann was fielding so many inquiries from v.c.s that he issued an ultimatum: henceforth, he would work only with investors willing to give him a majority of voting control over the company’s board. bruce dunlevie, the investor at benchmark who sat on wework’s board, had become a mentor to neumann, and he thought that this unfettered authority was a bad idea. he took it upon himself to get neumann to abandon his demand. dunlevie is widely considered to be one of silicon valley’s intellectuals. most v.c.s are technocrats in tesla fleeces obsessed with obscure nutritional supplements; dunlevie donates to museums, has a history degree from cambridge, and is known for quoting nineteenth-century english writers. he once helped save an independent bookstore after amazon had pushed it to the edge of extinction. he described himself to me as being in the “persuasion business,” and as someone who succeeds by nudging headstrong founders to make better choices. (to underscore the point, he keeps a textbook of pediatric psychiatry on his desk.) at a board meeting, dunlevie urged wework’s other directors to deny neumann’s demand for complete control by quoting lord acton: “power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” neumann, who attended the meeting, said that he didn’t care about lord acton. nobody else on the wework board supported dunlevie’s effort. at that moment, dunlevie could have resigned from wework’s board of directors, or gone public with his objections. he had taken such stands in the past. in the late nineties, dunlevie and benchmark planned on partnering with toys r us to create what everyone anticipated would be one of the largest online retailers. dunlevie had recently helped propel ebay to enormous success, earning benchmark five billion dollars in profits. toys r us asked for guidance in entering the e-commerce sphere, and promised to give benchmark a free hand to do what was necessary. “bruce was a total rock star,” a toys r us executive from that period told me. “he had this incredible vision and moral authority. he knew exactly what we needed to do, and was there, every step of the way, pushing to make it happen.” it quickly became clear, however, that numerous middle managers at toys r us felt threatened by the e-commerce plans and were undermining the effort. dunlevie, who is six feet four and played quarterback in high school in texas, called the company’s chief executive. “this is bullshit!” he told him. “none of what you represented is true!” as randall e. stross reported in a book about benchmark, “eboys,” dunlevie soon met with his benchmark partners about toys r us and told them that his “every inclination is just to say, ‘let’s get the fuck out of here.’ ” the only thing holding him back, he said, was a sense of obligation to toys r us’s president. “he’s not a bad guy,” dunlevie told his partners. “this poor son of a bitch needs us.” over the next month, dunlevie cajoled executives, and pleaded with new hires to stick around. “he did everything possible,” the former toys r us executive said. “he fought and fought.” but the internal resistance was too great, so dunlevie cancelled the planned partnership with toys r us, forfeiting a guaranteed hundred-million-dollar payout. the toy retailer, he announced, had not been up front about its internal deficiencies. “bruce stood on principle,” the former executive said. “he refused to be part of something that was so dysfunctional.” dunlevie took a different approach with wework. when neumann demanded total control, dunlevie objected, but he did not threaten to resign. doing so, one of dunlevie’s colleagues at benchmark told me, “would have been the stupidest fucking idea on earth.” benchmark had “invested when wework was worth, like, eighty million dollars, and now it’s worth fifteen billion, and we should walk away? or, even worse, complain?” the colleague continued, “you could stand on principle and resign from the board, or vote no and marginalize yourself, but that’s not going to change anything. that’s not the world we fucking live in.” in a phone interview, dunlevie told me,“we get paid to deal with these wild and crazy entrepreneurs,” and “we’re expected to remain in the ring and keep swinging, even when we’re getting our ass kicked.” in the end, dunlevie banded with other investors and agreed to give neumann the voting control he wanted. they also approved additional investments of hundreds of millions of dollars. wework had a number of internal problems that should have concerned dunlevie and the other board members. in the spring of , the board learned that a senior vice-president had prepared a lawsuit accusing a colleague of giving her a date-rape drug. she also alleged that executives often referred to female co-workers with such epithets as “bitch,” “slut,” and “whore.” (the senior vice-president received a settlement, and the suit was not filed; dunlevie told me that he has no recollection of the complaint.) there were reports, too, of top executives using cocaine at events, dating subordinates, and sending texts like “i think i should sleep with a wework employee.” some board members knew that neumann used drugs, that he had once punched his personal trainer during a workout session in his office, and that—as the journalist reeves wiedeman details in his new book, “billion dollar loser”—a raucous party in neumann’s office had ended with a glass wall shattered by a tequila bottle. the board had also allowed neumann, a passionate surfer, to take thirteen million dollars in wework funds and invest them in a company that made artificial-wave pools, even though surfing had nothing to do with wework’s business. neumann spent millions more to finance an idea from laird hamilton, a professional surfer, to manufacture “performance mushrooms.” the board knew that wework had spent sixty million dollars on a corporate jet, which neumann and his family took to various surf spots. it had stood by as wework’s name was changed to the we company; not long afterward, the company paid neumann $ . million in stock, because he had trademarked the word “we.” (the payment was later returned.) the board had approved stock sales and loans to neumann worth seven hundred million dollars, not to mention loans worth millions more to other executives and to a board member. when neumann’s wife, rebekah, abruptly declared that the company should go meat-free, board members remained silent. the sudden prohibition, which occurred while rebekah and adam were travelling in israel, caused internal chaos at wework, as employees began debating whether they could order cold-cut sandwiches anymore or needed to throw out tenants’ leather furniture. (neumann, who ate lamb for dinner after the command went out, eventually moderated the vegetarian decree.) 	 	 	 	 cartoon by edward steeda former high-ranking wework executive told me that, by , “our job had basically become to make sure adam didn’t do anything really stupid or really illegal—the board knew adam was the key to raising money, and, as long as their valuations kept going up, they weren’t going to risk upsetting him.” the company continued to grow rapidly; it would soon be opening a new location nearly every day, and adding hundreds of new employees each month, many of whom were paid partly in stock—making those workers, in effect, a new venture-capital class for the firm. however, as reports of wework’s oddities began appearing in the media, board members who once had been willing to publicly defend neumann started declining interview requests. in early , when the wall street journal was poised to report that neumann had been personally buying buildings and then leasing them to wework—a form of self-dealing that would have been grounds for censure at almost any other firm—company executives pleaded with board members to defend neumann in the press. all of them refused. “they were embarrassed,” a wework executive recalled. “they were a vichy board, and there was obviously this tension between, like, upholding good corporate governance and frankly just saying, ‘i don’t give a fuck, because my investment is getting better every day, and so it doesn’t really matter what adam does as long as i can get my money out at some point.’ ” although neumann had been given voting control, the board of directors still had numerous ways to curb his behavior. it could have established committees to review his actions, or tried to veto his outlandish acquisitions, or, at a minimum, formally declared its concerns and requested frequent updates. board members could have stepped in when neumann kept borrowing money against his wework stock. instead, they approved nearly every proposal that neumann formally submitted to the board. another former high-ranking wework executive, who regularly participated in board meetings, told me, “if you review the minutes of our board meetings, you would see that never has there been a board vote that wasn’t unanimous. there was never a budget plan, or a growth plan, that wasn’t approved unanimously. if board members had concerns, they never once officially said them.” (dunlevie told me that directors expressed disagreement with neumann behind closed doors, and sometimes privately urged him to change course.) by early , neumann had started missing board meetings. the other directors didn’t chide him for his truancy. “you don’t want to get a reputation as being founder-unfriendly,” a professional investor told me. “that’s the kiss of death.” many of the venture capitalists believed that they could afford to stay quiet for the time being, because the plan was for wework to go public; once an i.p.o. happened, shareholders and regulators from the securities and exchange commission would surely exert discipline on neumann. the board members, meanwhile, could sell their shares, pocket hundreds of millions of dollars, and be done with the company altogether. by the summer of , wework had five hundred and twenty-eight locations, in twenty-nine countries. the company had raised $ . billion but was losing two hundred and nineteen thousand dollars an hour. the normal process of planning an i.p.o. begins by hiring investment bankers, consultants, pension-fund liaisons, and the like to, in the parlance of wall street, “put lipstick on the pig”—make the company look as promising as possible. wall street’s major banks had been wooing neumann for years, in the hope of overseeing the i.p.o. (one banker told me that wework’s i.p.o. was likely worth at least fifty million dollars in fees.) jpmorgan chase, as part of its charm offensive, had loaned neumann more than ninety-five million dollars, some of it to help finance the purchase of five mansions. traditionally, a board of directors is deeply involved in the i.p.o. process. but at wework the board declined to participate much. “there was a general sense that the bankers ought to be in charge, that they’d bring some discipline to the process,” one person close to the board said. “but, it turned out, all the bankers saw was a big payday, and so they told adam whatever he wanted to hear.” representatives of morgan stanley had informed neumann that they believed wework could go public at a valuation of a hundred and four billion dollars, making it worth more than american express. bankers from goldman sachs were more modest in their valuation—ninety-six billion—but in their presentation to neumann they compared him to mother theresa, steve jobs, and lin-manuel miranda, and lauded the “wework effect” for allowing people to “live a true life,” combat loneliness, and avoid deathbed regrets. at the core of an i.p.o. is an s- —a document, approved by a board of directors, that lays out a company’s financial details to the s.e.c. and to the public. throughout the spring and summer of , neumann, in between surfing sessions and a multi-week birthday party in the maldives, collaborated with wework executives and investment bankers to write up the s- . soon, neumann began adding clauses. “adam controls a majority of the company’s voting power,” the s- said. it further specified that, after the i.p.o., neumann would be given unambiguous authority to fire or overrule any director or employee, and he’d receive additional stock worth as much as $ . billion. neumann also inserted a provision that, “in the event that adam is permanently disabled or deceased,” his wife would approve his successor as chief executive. (at one point, rebekah neumann demanded that the s- contain a provision committing wework to saving the world’s mammals and oceans, but agreed to withdraw her request after executives placated her by spending thousands of dollars to adorn the document with nature photographs.) most s- s are dry recitations of financial details. neumann adopted a more poetic tone. “adam is a unique leader who has proven he can simultaneously wear the hats of visionary, operator and innovator, while thriving as a community and culture creator,” the document read. “our mission is to elevate the world’s consciousness.” as summer ended in , the s- was approved by the company’s board of directors and by the underwriting committees at jpmorgan chase, goldman sachs, bank of america, citigroup, and barclays. “we had the biggest leaders in finance telling us this was the most amazing s- they had ever seen,” miguel mckelvey, the wework co-founder, told me. the s- was blessed by hundreds of lawyers, accountants, consultants, communications professionals, and other people advising wework, all of whom stood to earn millions of dollars when the i.p.o. went through. bruce dunlevie signed off, too. many wework executives suspected that the s- might cause problems when it became public, but they didn’t say anything, because “there was this massive pot of gold just over the horizon,” one former executive told me. “basically, we chose willful ignorance and greed over admitting this was obviously batshit crazy. “and you know what? if it had worked, and we had gotten rich, then everyone in tech and wall street would be saying that adam was a genius right now, and that wework is an example of how american capitalism is supposed to work.” when venture capitalists join a company’s board of directors, they take on a legal duty to protect all shareholders equally, and they must pledge not to prioritize their own gains over the profits of anyone else. this obligation is critical, because directors have ultimate authority over a company’s actions, and they essentially serve as stewards for everyone who hasn’t been invited into the boardroom. directors are compelled by law to speak up if they see something that might damage the smallest shareholders, even if staying silent might be financially advantageous to them. proving that a director has violated this legal obligation is complicated, but among publicly traded corporations the standard is vigorously enforced. indeed, whenever anything bad happens at a publicly traded firm—a data breach, a chemical spill, a #metoo complaint—dozens of lawyers tend to file lawsuits on behalf of minority shareholders, claiming that the board of directors knew, or should have known, about the issue and ought to have intervened. (often, these lawsuits work out better for the lawyers, who collect multimillion-dollar fees, than for the jilted shareholders.) among privately held companies—where boards of directors typically consist of the company’s founder, venture capitalists, and some of the founder’s friends—such lawsuits are much less common. “it’s a clubby industry,” steve kraus, of bessemer venture partners, said. “you need other v.c.s to like you, because they refer you into deals. if you get a reputation as a complainer, it can really hurt your business.” as the venture-capital industry has become specialized and concentrated—last year, the ten largest firms raised sixteen billion dollars, nearly a third of all new v.c. fund-raising—it has become even more cliquish. today, most major v.c. deals are “syndicated,” or divvied up, among the big firms. this cartel-like atmosphere has encouraged v.c.s to remain silent when confronted with unethical behavior. kraus, who has been critical of the industry’s myopia, told me, “if you’re on a board that empowered some wacky founder, or you didn’t pay attention to governance—or something happened that, in retrospect, sort of skirted the law, like at uber—you’re fine, as long as you post decent returns.” he added, “you’re remembered for your winners, not your losers. in ten years, no one is going to remember all the bad stuff at wework. all they’ll remember is who made money.” politicians have generally been reluctant to criticize the venture-capital industry, in part because it has successfully portrayed itself as crucial to innovation. martin kenney, the professor at the university of california, davis, said, “obama loved silicon valley and v.c.s, and trump craved their approval.” he went on, “regulators have been totally defanged from doing real investigations of venture-capital firms. i think people are finally waking up to the damage the tech industry and v.c.s can do, but it’s slow going.” senator elizabeth warren has proposed reforms that would make it easier for shareholders to sue directors who fail to report unethical behavior. other democrats have proposed laws that would force venture capitalists to pay higher taxes. president-elect joe biden supports greater protections for stockholding employees. while campaigning in pennsylvania, he promised, “i’ll be laser-focussed on working families, the middle-class families i came from here in scranton, not the wealthy investor class—they don’t need me.” even as many silicon valley founders, from facebook’s mark zuckerberg to uber’s travis kalanick, have become public villains, the venture capitalists who have funded and enabled them have escaped scrutiny. steve blank, the stanford professor, said, “the first time you see a venture capitalist prosecuted for failing to uphold their duty as a board member, you’re going to see silicon valley transform overnight. all it takes is one v.c. doing a perp walk and everyone gets the message—you’re responsible, you have a legal duty, and if you do things that are bad for society you’ll be called to account.” such a reckoning might be a ways off yet. there have been thousands of articles written about wework, but none of the company’s board members have spoken openly about their experiences with the firm. they have not explained why they never tried to restrict or censure neumann, nor have they offered many criticisms of their colleagues. all the company’s board members during neumann’s tenure were contacted for this story. none agreed to speak except dunlevie (who consented to an interview only after receiving fact-checking inquiries). on a range of other topics, venture capitalists are not shy. they pontificate on twitter, dispense wisdom via podcasts, publish books about “the hard thing about hard things,” and otherwise foist their insights on the world. yet there have been few public accountings by v.c.s of how uber, or theranos, or any number of other tech companies went awry. instances of venture capitalists calling out one another are rare. one of dunlevie’s partners at benchmark, bill gurley, served on the board of uber for six years. eventually, after the times and other publications spent months reporting serious ethical lapses at the company, benchmark initiated a lawsuit with the aim of ridding the board of kalanick, the company’s founder and former chief executive. kalanick ultimately left the board after the lawsuit was dropped—but since then some members of benchmark have become regretful that the dispute was so public. “all we got was a shitload of flak from within the industry for doing it,” one of gurley’s colleagues told me. “lesson learned. that’s what you get for trying to do what’s quote-unquote ‘the right thing.’ ” wework’s s- was formally released to the public on august  , . it opened with a dedication “to the energy of we” and closed, three hundred and fifty pages later, with photographs of a tropical forest that adam and rebekah neumann had promised to protect. there was a memorable centerfold: a photograph of neumann with his arms outstretched like jesus, amid a blizzard of confetti. “adam and rebekah felt like they had finally shared their vision,” a former executive told me. “the s- was their masterpiece.” stock analysts, journalists, and investors were not impressed. a widely read summary by a harvard business school professor, nori gerardo lietz, noted that the document exposed wework’s “byzantine corporate structure, the continuing projected losses, the plethora of conflicts, the complete absence of any substantive corporate governance, and the uncommon ‘new age’ parlance.” at the same time, she wrote, the s- failed to provide many conventional financial details. gerardo lietz later told me she felt that the s- was “misleading, and probably fraudulent.” other observers argued that the s- laid bare a basic truth: wework’s dominant position in the co-working industry wasn’t a result of operational prowess or a superior product. instead, wework had beaten its rivals because it had access to a near-limitless supply of funds, much of which it had squandered on expensive furniture, flamboyant perks, and promotions luring customers with below-market rents. “we were having a discussion, and i wasn’t even angry, then he said, ‘take it easy, janine.’ next thing i knew, he’s begging me to take his hand out of the panini press.”	 	 	 	 cartoon by teresa burns parkhurstthe only opinions that truly mattered, however, were those of decision-makers at such investment houses as goldman sachs and blackrock, which typically order huge blocks of stock before an i.p.o. neumann had set up dozens of meetings with these potentates. under normal circumstances, such meetings unfold with a c.e.o. speaking for about ten minutes and then taking investors’ questions. at neumann’s meetings, he spoke and spoke and spoke. “no one else could get a word in,” one attendee recalled. afterward, neumann often called participants—without lawyers or compliance officials on the line—and lobbied them further. “that’s risking s.e.c. violations,” the attendee said. jamie dimon, of jpmorgan chase, called neumann and warned him to stop. “these are personal friends of mine,” neumann told dimon. “why shouldn’t i call my friends and tell them what i think?” investors began admitting to wework’s bankers that the s- did not inspire confidence. wework amended the document’s language, promising to reduce neumann’s control and lower the price investors would pay. the moves didn’t allay concerns. two days before wework was set to officially launch its “roadshow”—the public kickoff of the i.p.o. process—neumann went to the company’s headquarters to film a short video. he spent six hours flubbing lines and arguing over the script, and around midnight started serving tequila shots. a group of bankers, working in one of wework’s conference rooms, telephoned their bosses—who were already concerned about wework, because they’d heard that a forthcoming wall street journal article would reveal that neumann had smoked marijuana on a private jet during a flight to israel, and had hidden more of the drug in a cereal box, for the return trip. the article also said that neumann had told people he planned to become the prime minister of israel, or possibly the “president of the world,” as well as the first trillionaire. “this whole company was built around adam,” a high-ranking wework executive told me. “and now we have a situation where people are saying, ‘this guy seems crazy,’ and the bankers are saying he’s stoned.” the board called an emergency meeting and decided to delay the i.p.o. even then, no one was willing to confront neumann. almost a week went by, with daily newspaper headlines detailing the tumult inside wework, but each time neumann contacted a board member he was assured of the member’s support. finally, about a dozen bankers and wework executives reached a breaking point. (“it was like babysitting a pyromaniac,” one executive told me.) they contacted wework’s board and demanded that it acknowledge that neumann had become a liability. the i.p.o. would have to be cancelled: the company could not go public as long as neumann remained chief executive. he had become an obstacle to everyone’s ability to cash out. once the venture capitalists realized that their profits were at risk, they acted. dimon called neumann and, according to someone who observed the conversation, said, “the best thing for the company is if you step down. if you do, we’ll make sure to take care of you.” not long afterward, at a dinner with neumann, dunlevie delivered an even starker message. with the i.p.o. in doubt, dunlevie warned, all of neumann’s loans that were backed by his wework stock could be called in, ruining him. dunlevie told neumann that he had killed the company, and that, if he didn’t step down, he would go bankrupt. dunlevie also told neumann that he was toxic, and threatened to break his arm if he didn’t resign. a few days later, on september th, neumann stepped down as chief executive. his e-mail account was closed, his key cards deactivated. two senior wework executives were named interim c.e.o.s; within days, they had fired dozens of neumann’s confidants. soon, more than twenty-four hundred additional employees—from mid-level accountants to minimum-wage workers—were laid off. “the board let adam get away with terrorizing employees and wasting billions, and didn’t really care,” a former wework executive said. “but, once he threatened their personal payouts, they cut his throat.” at this point, the board could have assumed strong oversight of the company and started the hard work of rebuilding. instead, the directors cut a deal with masayoshi son, of softbank. the directors agreed to essentially give wework to son, if he promised to loan the company money and spend three billion dollars to buy out neumann, the v.c.s, and other investors. benchmark would pocket roughly three hundred million dollars. neumann would get about seven hundred and twenty-five million. the proposal passed unanimously. a person close to dunlevie and benchmark told me that, all things considered, the firm’s investment turned out o.k.: “i don’t know if ‘happy’ is the right word, because obviously i think there was a lot of hope that it could be worth a lot more. but it’s been a fine investment on a cash-on-cash basis.” wework’s employees, along with many other minority investors, were not fine. according to the wall street journal, for more than ninety per cent of the company’s current and former employees the deal effectively made worthless any stock or stock options that they held. “the employees got screwed,” a top wework executive told me. other investors who had bought into wework at the height of its valuation—including mutual-fund companies that invest on behalf of retirement plans—lost hundreds of millions of dollars. neumann believes that he, too, is a victim. after his ouster, he told someone, “what’s really painful is, i made so many good decisions.” the venture capitalists, he complained, had made out well: “everyone, at this point, has made, what, twenty, thirty, forty times their money?” he conceded that thousands of wework employees had lost their jobs, that billions of dollars had been spent recklessly, and that there were landlords and tenants across the world who had no idea if their leases would be honored. but he also deserved sympathy. “i feel hurt,” neumann said. when the coronavirus spread across the globe, wework’s business model—shoulder-to-shoulder desks, shared conference rooms, office-wide happy hours—became untenable. although nearly all of wework’s locations remain open, many resemble ghost towns. since the beginning of the year, the company has laid off thousands more employees. nevertheless, the pandemic has created opportunities for some of wework’s venture capitalists. in april, masayoshi son and softbank indicated that they would continue controlling wework but, on second thought, would not be paying three billion dollars to neumann, dunlevie, and other investors and stakeholders. in response, a special committee of the wework board, guided by dunlevie, prepared a lawsuit against softbank, and neumann filed a suit of his own. dunlevie’s committee released a statement accusing softbank of being “completely unethical.” (a softbank spokesperson said, “softbank denies all of the special committee’s allegations. softbank has honored its agreement.”) the litigation is expected to last for years. neumann and many of the v.c.s have already collected hundreds of millions of dollars, by off-loading stock to other investors. benchmark alone has received a return of more than a thousand per cent on its investment. but benchmark is committed to fighting for more. wework has said that it expects to achieve profitability by , and analysts think that it’s possible the firm may become a long-term financial success. (the company, which is now led by sandeep mathrani, a veteran real-estate executive, declined to comment for this article.) in many ways, however, the company remains an organizational mess: among other things, one faction of the board of directors is, in essence, suing another faction. if wework succeeds, it will likely depend on the same factors that propelled its prior growth: the firm still has a giant reservoir of v.c. funding, which has allowed it to continue undercutting its rivals on price. it is almost guaranteed to be the largest co-working company when america eventually reopens, if for no other reason than that all other co-working firms have less of a cushion. the drama at wework, venture capitalists say, has given the co-working industry an unsavory tinge. steve kraus noted, “when theranos blew up, it destroyed the blood-testing-startup scene. any company in that space trying to raise money for a good idea—it’s basically impossible.” wework’s implosion was different—the company was undone by incompetence rather than by fraud—but the debacle has similarly scared investors away from other co-working entrepreneurs. the messiness has even spread to other industries. in early march, the trucking startup nikola was forced to sell itself to a competitor because, it said, the wework debacle had turned off potential investors. “there are probably a dozen or two really awesome entrepreneurs, and every one of them said the capital just became incredibly difficult after wework,” the company’s president told a freight-industry publication. “wework really ruined a lot of things.” for decades, venture capitalists have succeeded in defining themselves as judicious meritocrats who direct money to those who will use it best. but examples like wework make it harder to believe that v.c.s help balance greedy impulses with enlightened innovation. rather, v.c.s seem to embody the cynical shape of modern capitalism, which too often rewards crafty middlemen and bombastic charlatans rather than hardworking employees and creative businesspeople. jeremy neuner, the nextspace co-founder, said, “you can’t blame adam neumann for being adam neumann. it was clear to everyone he was selling something too good to be true. he never pretended to be sensible, or down to earth, or anything besides a crazy optimist. but you can blame the venture capitalists.” neuner went on, “when you get involved in the startup world, you meet all these amazing entrepreneurs with fantastic ideas, and, over time, you watch them get pushed by v.c.s to take too much money, and make bad choices, and grow as fast as possible. and then they blow up. and, eventually, you start to realize: no matter what happens, the v.c.s still end up rich.” ♦ published in the print edition of the november , , issue, with the headline “the enablers.” charles duhigg is the author of “the power of habit” and “smarter faster better.” he was a member of the times team that won the pulitzer prize for explanatory reporting. more:silicon valleybusinessventure capitalistsweworkstartupsfinancewall streetriskcapitalism this week’s issue never miss a big new yorker story again. sign up for this week’s issue and get an e-mail every week with the stories you have to read. enter your e-mail address sign upby signing up, you agree to our user agreement and privacy policy & cookie statement. read more video how to make your anxiety funny the new yorker cartoonist jason adam katzenstein discusses the thoughts that keep him up at night. sections 	news 	books & culture 	fiction & poetry 	humor & cartoons 	magazine 	crossword 	video 	podcasts 	archive 	goings on more 	customer care 	shop the new yorker 	buy covers and cartoons 	condé nast store 	digital access 	newsletters 	jigsaw puzzle 	rss 	site map 	about 	careers 	contact 	f.a.q. 	media kit 	press 	accessibility help 	condé nast spotlight © condé nast. all rights reserved. use of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement and privacy policy and cookie statement and your california privacy rights. the new yorker may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our affiliate partnerships with retailers. the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of condé nast. ad choices 	 	 	 	 	 do not sell my personal info dlf-aig: cultural assessment working group all-hands call add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf-aig: cultural assessment working group all-hands call contact us at info@diglib.org for call-in info dlf-aig cawg on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/assessment:cultural_assessment join the aig cawg google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/dlf-cultural-assessment-working-group/join 	when 	mon aug , pm – pm coordinated universal time dlf-aig: cost assessment working group add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf-aig: cost assessment working group contact us at info@diglib.org for call-in info dlf-aig cost working group on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/assessment:costs join the google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/dlf-aig-cost-assessment 	when 	mon aug , pm – pm coordinated universal time <occupation> occupation | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<occupation> occupation 				 				 					<occupation> is a term identifying a type of work, profession, trade, business, or avocation significantly reflected in the described materials. not all occupations need to be tagged, but those for which greater retrieval should be provided may be tagged. the element may be used to tag any function during a paragraph, with the normal attribute supplying the proper form of the term. occupations which feature significantly in the material should be listed within <controlaccess> even if they are indicated elsewhere. <occupation> may be used within <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, and <unittitle>. <occupation> should not be confused with <function>, which is used to designate the spheres of activities that generated the materials, rather than a profession, etc. it should also not be confused with the role attribute on various other names which is used to specify the relationship of that name to the materials, vs. an occupation which features in the materials. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc field . 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the name is being used informally within narrative text, etc. 	role – not required. may be used to designate the role which the term played in the collection, e.g. “subject.” 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the term. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary, e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <occupation> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. examples 	<bioghist> ... <p>... during this period, she <occupation normal="math teacher" source="local">taught math</occupation> at the <corpname source="lcsh">central mindanao university</corpname>.</p> <bioghist> <bioghist> ... <p>... during this period, she <occupation normal="math teacher" source="local">taught math</occupation> at the <corpname source="lcsh">central mindanao university</corpname>.</p> <bioghist> 	<controlaccess> 	<head>occupations:</head> 	<occupation source="local">peace corps volunteer</occupation> 	<occupation source="local">math teacher</occupation> 	<occupation source="local">linguistics professor</occupation> </controlaccess> <controlaccess> 	<head>occupations:</head> 	<occupation source="local">peace corps volunteer</occupation> 	<occupation source="local">math teacher</occupation> 	<occupation source="local">linguistics professor</occupation> </controlaccess> ead tag library entry for <occupation>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 biden announces investigation into international ransomware attack | hacking | the guardian 				skip to main content 				skip to navigation advertisement us edition	us edition 	uk edition 	australian edition 	international edition the guardian - back to home search jobs sign insearch 	news 	opinion 	sport 	culture 	lifestyle showmoreshow more	news	us news 	world news 	environment 	soccer 	us politics 	business 	tech 	science 	newsletters 	green light 	opinion	the guardian view 	columnists 	letters 	opinion videos 	cartoons 	sport	soccer 	nfl 	tennis 	mlb 	mls 	nba 	nhl 	culture	film 	books 	music 	art & design 	tv & radio 	stage 	classical 	games 	lifestyle	fashion 	food 	recipes 	love & sex 	home & garden 	health & fitness 	family 	travel 	money 	make a contribution 	subscribe 		search jobs 	digital archive 	guardian puzzles app 	the guardian app 	video 	podcasts 	pictures 	inside the guardian 	guardian weekly 	crosswords 		search jobs 	digital archive 	guardian puzzles app 	us 	world 	environment 	soccer 	us politics 	business 	tech 	science 	newsletters 	green light hacking this article is more than month old biden announces investigation into international ransomware attack this article is more than month old president addresses hack of kaseya software that has affected hundreds of us businesses and shut down swedish shops joe biden departs air force one as he arrives in traverse city, michigan, on saturday. photograph: joshua roberts/reuters joe biden departs air force one as he arrives in traverse city, michigan, on saturday. photograph: joshua roberts/reuters guardian staff and agencies sat jul . edtfirst published on sat jul . edt 	 	 	 joe biden said on saturday he had directed us intelligence agencies to investigate a sophisticated ransomware attack that hit hundreds of american businesses as the fourth of july holiday weekend began and aroused suspicions of russian gang involvement. joe biden cherry-picks audience to promote bipartisan infrastructure deal read more huntress, a security company, said on friday it believed the russia-linked revil ransomware gang was to blame. last month, the fbi blamed the same group for paralyzing the meat packer jbs. active since april , revil develops network-paralyzing software and leases it to so-called affiliates who infect targets and earn the lion’s share of ransoms. jbs, a brazil-based meat company, said it had paid the equivalent of an $ m ransom, escalating calls by us law enforcement to bring such groups to justice. on a visit to michigan, biden was asked about the hack while shopping for pies at a cherry orchard. the president said “we’re not certain” who is behind the attack. “the initial thinking was it was not the russian government but we’re not sure yet,” he said. biden said he had directed us intelligence agencies to investigate, and the us would respond if it determined russia was to blame. at a summit in geneva on june, biden urged vladimir putin to crack down on hackers from russia and warned of consequences if ransomware attacks continued. the hackers who struck on friday hijacked widely used technology management software from a supplier, kaseya, that has headquarters in dublin and miami. they changed a tool called vsa, used by companies that manage technology at smaller businesses, then encrypted the files of those providers’ customers. kaseya said it was investigating a “potential attack” on vsa, which is used by it professionals to manage servers, desktops, network devices and printers. huntress said it was tracking eight managed service providers that had been used to infect about clients. the effects were felt internationally. in sweden, most of the grocery chain coop’s stores were unable to open because cash registers weren’t working, according to the public broadcaster. state railways and a major pharmacy chain were also affected. “this is a colossal and devastating supply chain attack,” said john hammond, huntress senior security researcher, referring to an increasingly high-profile technique of hijacking one piece of software to compromise hundreds or thousands of users. kaseya’s chief executive, fred voccola, said the company believed it had identified the source of the vulnerability and would “release that patch as quickly as possible to get our customers back up and running”. voccola said fewer than kaseya customers were known to be affected, but the ransomware could be affecting hundreds of companies that rely on kaseya clients. voccola said the problem was only affecting “on-premise” customers, organizations running their own data centers. it was not affecting cloud-based services running software for customers, though kaseya had shut down those servers as a precaution, he said. the company said “customers who experienced ransomware and receive a communication from the attackers should not click on any links – they may be weaponised”. a gartner analyst, katell thielemann, said it was clear kaseya “reacted with an abundance of caution. but the reality of this event is it was architected for maximum impact, combining a supply chain attack with a ransomware attack.” complicating the response was that the attack happened at the start of a major holiday in the us, when most corporate it teams are not fully staffed. that could leave organizations unable to address other security vulnerabilities such as a dangerous microsoft bug affecting software for print jobs, said james shank, a threat intelligence analyst. “customers of kaseya are in the worst possible situation,” shank said. “they’re racing against time to get the updates out on other critical bugs.” shank said “it’s reasonable to think that the timing was planned” for the holiday. the us cybersecurity and infrastructure security agency (cisa) said it was “taking action to understand and address the recent supply-chain ransomware attack”. such attacks have crept to the top of the cybersecurity agenda after the us accused hackers of operating at the russian government’s direction and tampering with a network monitoring tool built by a texas software company, solarwinds. on thursday, us and british authorities said russian spies accused of interfering in the us election had spent much of the past two years abusing virtual private networks (vpns) to target organizations worldwide. russia’s embassy in washington denied the charge. topics	hacking 	cybercrime 	internet 	sweden 	news 	 	 	 	 	 	 reuse this content 	us 	world 	environment 	soccer 	us politics 	business 	tech 	science 	newsletters 	green light 	news 	opinion 	sport 	culture 	lifestyle 	about us 	contact us 	complaints & corrections 	securedrop 	work for us 	privacy policy 	cookie policy 	terms & conditions 	help 	all topics 	all writers 	digital newspaper archive 	facebook 	youtube 	instagram 	linkedin 	twitter 	newsletters 	advertise with us 	guardian labs 	search jobs back to top © guardian news & media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved. (modern) dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 bitcoin rival chia 'destroyed' hard disc supply chains, says its boss | new scientist × newsletters sign up to read our regular email newsletters image/svg+xml subscribe and save menu 	news 	podcasts 	video 	technology 	space 	physics 	health 	more	mind 	environment 	crosswords 	shop 	courses 	events 	tours 	jobs 	sign up to the daily newsletter sign in search bitcoin rival chia 'destroyed' hard disc supply chains, says its boss technology may by matthew sparkes chia miners are buying up hard discs shutterstock / nikkytok chia, a cryptocurrency intended to be a “green” alternative to bitcoin has instead caused a global shortage of hard discs. gene hoffman, the president of chia network, the company behind the currency, admits that “we’ve kind of destroyed the short-term supply chain”, but he denies it will become an environmental drain. bitcoin requires so-called miners to do vast amounts of useless calculations to maintain the network, a system that is known as proof of work. the most recent studies show that bitcoin may currently consume . per cent of the world’s electricity supply. chia instead uses a proof-of-space approach that ditches these calculations and relies on empty hard disc space. the more space a miner devotes to the task, the higher their probability of receiving new coins. in theory, this would consume less energy, but there has been a surge in demand for hard discs since the currency launched earlier this year. around million terabytes of hard disc space is currently being used to mine chia, having risen on an exponential curve since its launch in march. when new scientist first reported on chia just two weeks ago, that figure was only at million terabytes. advertisement these discs still require energy to produce and run, and there are reports that the constant reading and writing involved in mining can wear them out in weeks, rendering them useless. hoffman says this problem only affects the cheapest discs. the resulting increase in demand has caused significant price rises for hard discs, especially higher-end models. the share price of hard disc maker western digital has increased from $ at the start of the year to $ , while competitor seagate is up from $ to $ over the same period. hoffman says he is surprised at the speed at which the hard disc capacity devoted to chia has grown and admits that this is likely to cause disruptions to the supply chain for some time. in the long term, he thinks the increased demand being driven by chia will lower the cost of hard discs as manufacturers ramp up production. he is also adamant that even with continued growth, the network won’t approach bitcoin’s energy consumption. read more: ‘green’ bitcoin alternative chia is leading to hard disc shortages hoffman says that if all hard discs sold in a year – which could hold data totalling roughly zettabyte, or billion terabytes – were used exclusively for mining chia, it would still use less than per cent of the energy currently used by bitcoin. however, the exact energy consumption of the chia network is currently unknown, as the cryptocurrency is too new for researchers to have produced reliable estimates. “i’m pretty sure that if we had all zettabytes of storage [the estimated figure for global hard disc capacity], every piece of storage out there – you shut down google, you shut down amazon, you shut down facebook – it’d still be less annual energy consumption,” says hoffman. but he does concede that the growth of chia will require significant resources. “frankly, a tesla isn’t green compared to running a bicycle, but we all know how those trade-offs work,” he says. hoffman argues that bitcoin is unsustainable in its current form, but was “so close to being exactly right”. he suggests that issues with bitcoin began when specialised hardware was developed that could mine coins faster than standard computers. this kick-started an arms race that has led to its vast energy use, he says, but he insists that chia is impervious to such a development. aggelos kiayias at the university of edinburgh, uk, says it is vital to analyse new cryptocurrency technologies to see if the resources they require, such as vast numbers of hard discs, justify the benefit. “given the current numbers, being merely less resource hungry compared to bitcoin is a rather low bar as far as ‘green’ technology is concerned,” he says. more on these topics: 	 bitcoin & cryptocurrency advertisement trending latest video free 	 real milk, no cows needed: lab-made dairy products are now a reality 	 handheld railgun as powerful as an air rifle to go on sale in the us 	 do you phub? ignoring friends for your phone is linked to personality 	 us wildfire pollution linked to more covid- cases and deaths 	 journey to infinity review: m. c. escher's art of the impossible 	 ancient comb jelly had more complex nerves than its modern relatives 	 journey to infinity review: m. c. escher's art of the impossible 	 bacterial probiotics could help protect corals from ocean warming 	 us wildfire pollution linked to more covid- cases and deaths 	 covid- : why the uk needs to forget about herd immunity 	 inside the fight to stop destructive fishing in marine protected areas 	 single-celled organism uses natural mechanical computer to walk 	 cockatoos are figuring out how to open bins by copying each other 	 can kelp forests recover after trawler fishing ban? 	 wally funk and the future of female astronauts 	 what is the smallest whole number with no interesting properties? 	 journey to infinity review: m. c. escher's art of the impossible 	 us wildfire pollution linked to more covid- cases and deaths 	 nasa’s perseverance rover took its first mars sample – but it’s empty 	 don't miss: delightful disney+ docuseries, growing up animal 	 subscribe 	view in the app 	buy in print advertisement more from new scientist coal-powered bitcoin mining soars in kazakhstan following chinese ban technology streamlined jpeg xl images could cut global data use by per cent technology ethereum cryptocurrency creator voices concern over carbon footprint technology how large is a cubic metre of water? sign up to our newsletters enter your email address to get started 	contact us 	help 	about us 	privacy policy 	cookie policy 	terms & conditions 	advertise 	write for us 	events 	science jobs 	syndication 	rss feeds 	gift subscriptions 	student subscriptions 	educational subscriptions 	corporate subscriptions cookie settings get the app follow us © copyright new scientist ltd. back to top none none logging uri query params with lograge : ruby press j to jump to the feed. press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts search within r/rubyr/ruby log insign up user account menu logging uri query params with lograge close posted by days ago logging uri query params with lograge bibwild.wordpress.com/ / ... commentsshare save hide report sort by: best view all comments level · d · edited d *looks around nervously* controller.request.send(:filtered_query_string) this is a private method, but using it will ensure that you don't log sensitive values in query params, such as token, if your app uses them. edit: you could also use path: controller.request.filtered_path, which includes the filtered query string. replyshare reportsave level op · d · edited d oh wow, good catch! thanks so much! although i don't think i have anything confidential in my own query string. a bit unfortunate that's not a public method? is there a filtered version of params? looks like request.filtered_parameters? (edit, while filtered_query_string isn't public, filtered_path and filtered_parameters are!) this is why we post things on the internet. :) i will update my post tomorrow (about to be off for today), and credit you. i wonder if a pr should be made to lograge readme using filtered_parameters... although not sure anyone's around to merge it... replyshare reportsave view entire discussion ( comments) more posts from the ruby community continue browsing in r/ruby r/ruby welcome to ruby . k members online created jan , join helpreddit coinsreddit premiumreddit gifts aboutcareerspressadvertiseblogtermscontent policyprivacy policymod policy reddit inc © . all rights reserved back to top rluk digital scholarship network & dlf data & digital scholarship working group skills directory - youtube aboutpresscopyrightcontact uscreatorsadvertisedeveloperstermsprivacypolicy & safetyhow youtube workstest new features© google llc dlf digest: august - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > blog and news > dlf digest: august 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			dlf digest: august 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 						 													 							posted 										august , 					 								 	 													 							by 										gayle					 								 	 													 							in 										 				community, interest groups, news				 					 								 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			 a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: 	the dlf digital library pedagogy group invites all interested digital pedagogy practitioners to contribute to a literacy- and competency-centered #dlfteach toolkit, an online, open resource focused on lesson plans and concrete instructional strategies. for additional information, see the cfp. if you are interested in contributing a lesson to the toolkit and/or being a peer reviewer, please complete the intent to contribute form. proposals are due by september , . questions can be sent to dlfteach.toolkit @gmail.com. 	on august , all twitter updates about clir’s recordings at risk and digitizing hidden collections grants and grantees will move to one account, @clirgrants. make sure to follow the @clirhc twitter account so you’ll be ready once it transitions to @clirgrants! 	registration for the dlf forum and affiliated events opens soon. subscribe to the dlf forum newsletter for the latest updates on this fall’s virtual events.  this month’s dlf group events: dlf digital library pedagogy group – #dlfteach twitter chat tuesday, august , pm et/ pm pt; participate on twitter using the hashtag #dlfteach join the dlf digital library pedagogy group for this month’s twitter chat on building stronger community engagement for open source. twitter chat details, instructions, and archives of past #dlfteach chats are available on the dlf wiki. this month’s open dlf group meetings: for the most up-to-date schedule of dlf group meetings and events (plus ndsa meetings, conferences, and more), make sure to bookmark the dlf community calendar. can’t find meeting call-in information? email us at info@diglib.org.  	dlf-aig metadata assessment working group: thursdays, august & , : pm et/ : am pt 	dlf-aig cultural assessment working group: monday, august , pm et/ am pt 	dlf-aig cost assessment working group: monday, august , pm et/ pm pt 	dlf digital accessibility working group: wednesday, august , pm et/ am pt 	dlf digital accessibility working group-education & advocacy subgroup: monday, august , pm et/ am pt 	dlf committee for equity & inclusion: thursday, august , pm et/ pm pt 	dlf museums cohort: wednesday, august , pm et/ am pt 	dlf-aig user experience working group: friday, august , pm et/ am pt dlf groups are open to all, regardless of whether or not you’re affiliated with a dlf member institution. learn more about our working groups and how to get involved on the dlf website. interested in starting a new working group or reviving an older one? need to schedule an upcoming working group call? check out the dlf organizer’s toolkit to learn more about how team dlf supports our working groups, and send us a message at info@diglib.org to let us know how we can help.  		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			did you enjoy this post? please share! 		 				 				 				 					 								 						 															 								 								share on facebook 							 																						 																			 										facebook									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on twitter 							 																						 																			 										twitter									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on linkedin 							 																						 																			 										linkedin									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on pinterest 							 																						 																			 										pinterest									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on reddit 							 																						 																			 										reddit									 																	 													 					 						 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			related posts 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 				prevpreviousarabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 							 					 				 						 				nextbuilding a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forwardnext			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 none dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 google brass set as deadline to beat amazon, microsoft in cloud — the information sign in exclusive amazon google cloud google brass set as deadline to beat amazon, microsoft in cloud by nick bastone , kevin mclaughlin	kevin@theinformation.c­om 	profile and archive → 	follow kevin on twitter and amir efrati	amir@theinformation.c­om 	profile and archive → 	follow amir on twitter  |  dec. , : am pst photo: google cloud ceo thomas kurian at a company event in april. photo by bloomberg the clock is ticking for google cloud. the google unit, which sells computing services to big companies, is under pressure from top management to pass amazon or microsoft—currently first and second, respectively, in cloud market share—or risk losing funding. while the company has invested heavily in the business since last year, google wants its cloud group to outrank those of one or both of its two main rivals by , said people with knowledge of the matter. that timeline was devised early last year, after an intense monthslong debate among senior leaders at google and its parent company alphabet over the future of the cloud business, a person with direct knowledge of the matter told the information. the group, which included google ceo sundar pichai, alphabet chief financial officer ruth porat and then-ceo of alphabet larry page, discussed whether google could “win” in the business, who would be best to lead the effort and the difficulties of competing on things other than technology, such as sales and marketing. the group even talked about—and eventually dismissed—the idea of leaving the market entirely, this person said. join now to read the full story get started join now to read the full story continue with apple or continue with email get access to exclusive coverage read deeply reported stories from the largest newsroom in tech. latest articles   the briefing amazon google where have all amazon’s investor fans gone? by martin peers · aug. , : pm pdt this week concluded the bulk of tech’s summer earnings season (although zoom video and snowflake are among the stragglers still to report). we’ve learned a lot about how robust the digital ad market is (very), the state of play in ride-hailing (so-so) and food delivery (still strong). it’s notable that some of the newly public crop of tech companies love publishing earnings reports with both... latest briefs   sonos scores initial win in patent infringement case against google by sarah krouse · aug. , neobank chime raises $ million at $ billion valuation by kate clark · aug. , google expands kroger grocery pickup footprint by sarah krouse · aug. , stay in the know receive a summary of the day's top tech news—distilled into one email. access on the go view stories on our mobile app and tune into our weekly podcast. join live video q&a’s deep-dive into topics like startups and autonomous vehicles with our top reporters and other executives. enjoy a clutter-free experience read without any banner ads. recent popular stories enterprise startups six networking startups to watch by kevin mclaughlin chipmaker marvell’s $ . billion acquisition last week of innovium, a chip startup that competes with networking chip behemoth broadcom, signaled a major shift in the chip market. exclusive doordash recently held talks to buy instacart by josh sisco, martin peers and jessica e. lessin doordash held talks to buy instacart over the past two months, say people familiar with the situation, for a price that likely would have been between $ billion and $ billion. exclusive startups e-commerce how three startups are racing to beat amazon in one-click checkouts by malique morris for more than a decade, amazon’s one-click–checkout feature gave it an edge over other online retailers by eliminating the hassle of reentering passwords and payment information. exclusive autonomous vehicles enterprise how ruth porat tamed google’s spending binge by sarah krouse for several years, a team inside x—the secretive research lab within alphabet, google’s parent company—has been working on a gadget to give people augmented-hearing abilities that would let them listen to select voices in a crowd. venture capital startups the dark side of the funding boom: skimpy due diligence, burnout by kate clark eye-popping valuations. mega rounds. lawyers so busy they’re turning away clients. it may seem like the greatest moment in history to be a venture capitalist, founder or one of the many service providers that caters to startups. the takeaway venture capital what the vc reckoning means for entrepreneurs by jessica e. lessin when i finished reading sam’s excellent column this week on the end of venture capital as we know it , i had one question: what do the changes mean for entrepreneurs? org charts about video events get started © - the information. all rights reserved. terms · privacy · payment policy · help & support · rss feed · tips · careers 	 home 	 newsletters  new 	 opinion 	 briefings 	 about us 	 events 	 video 	 corporate sales org charts (+) 	 airbnb 	 amazon 	 amazon web services 	 apple 	 aptiv 	 bytedance 	 coinbase 	 cruise 	 didi chuxing 	 disney's media distribution group 	 endeavor 	 european commission 	 facebook 	 google 	 lyft 	 microsoft 	 netflix 	 opendoor 	 robinhood 	 shopify 	 snap 	 spotify 	 stripe 	 tencent 	 tesla 	 twitter 	 uber 	 viacomcbs 	 walmart 	 warnermedia 	 waymo 	 wework projects (+) 	 big tech probe tracker 	 creator economy database 	 the information 	 vc diversity index 	 pressed documentary 	 search 	 subscribe 	 log in 	 help & support - tara robertson consulting 	skip to content 	 		 		 			 		 	 	 		 		 							tara robertson consulting 			 							diversity, equity + inclusion 					 		 	 					 				 					 	 		 menu	 		about 	services 	presentations 	media 	blog 	contact 			 scroll down to content 	 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 				 			 			 				i work with leaders to make companies more diverse, equitable and inclusive so that they can make inclusive and innovative products and services that the world needs. 			 		 	 		 	 		 		 			 				 	 					 				tara robertson consulting is located in vancouver, canada on the unceded xʷməθkwəy̓əm (musqueam), skwxwú mesh (squamish), səl̓ílwətaʔ/selilwitulh (tsleil-waututh) territories 			 				 					 							twitter 	linkedin 					 					 		 		proudly powered by wordpress	 			 		 	 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 none ftx and binance, cryptocurrency leaders, move to curb high risk trades - the new york times sectionssearch skip to contentskip to site index politics today’s paper politics|leaders in cryptocurrency industry move to curb the highest-risk trades https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/cryptocurrency-ftx-high-risk-trade.html	 	 	 	 	 	 advertisement continue reading the main story supported by continue reading the main story leaders in cryptocurrency industry move to curb the highest-risk trades the moves would reduce the size of the bets that investors can make by drastically cutting the maximum leverage offered. 	 	 	 	 	 	 many users on these exchanges are betting on future price fluctuations of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin rather than buying and selling the currencies, and they are borrowing to make those bets even bigger.credit...toya sarno jordan/reuters by ephrat livni and eric lipton published july , updated aug. , two of the world’s most popular cryptocurrency exchanges announced on sunday that they would curb a type of high-risk trading that has been blamed in part for sharp fluctuations in the value of bitcoin and the casino-like atmosphere on such platforms globally. the first move came from the exchange, ftx, which said it would reduce the size of the bets investors can make by lowering the amount of leverage it offers to times from times. leverage multiplies the traders’ chance for not only profit, but also loss. “we’re going to be the ones to take the first step here,” sam bankman-fried, , the billionaire founder of the platform, which operates from hong kong, said on twitter on sunday. “today, we’re removing high leverage from ftx. the greatest allowable will be x.” about hours later, changpeng zhao, the founder of binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, echoed the move by ftx, announcing that his company had already started to limit leverage to times for new users and it would soon expand this limit to other existing clients. it had previously offered a maximum of times, meaning that an investment of $ , could be turned instantly into a bet of as much as $ , on binance. now, with the new cap, the maximum in that transaction would be $ , . “in the interest of consumer protection, we will apply this to existing users progressively over the next few weeks,” mr. zhao wrote on twitter. the announcements came after the new york times, in an article published online friday, detailed the risky trades offered on ftx and other global exchanges like binance and bitmex that accelerated a global crash in may. that month, more than $ billion worth of those bets were liquidated on cryptocurrency exchanges worldwide. mr. zhao and mr. bankman-fried were both asked about the high-leverage offerings — and the risks they create — on several occasions over the past two months by the times. mr. bankman-fried said on sunday that lowering the leverage amounted to “a step in the direction the industry is headed, and has been headed for a while,” adding that “while we think that many of the arguments are high leverage miss the mark, we also don’t think it’s an important part of the crypto ecosystem, and in some cases it’s not a healthy part of it.” global platforms like ftx and binance allow traders to borrow big when betting on price fluctuations. traders do not buy and sell cryptocurrencies but instead predict where prices in the underlying assets will head. those bets, known as derivatives, allow investors to make a bet on the future price of a cryptocurrency rather than buying and selling the actual underlying cryptocurrency. they bet on bitcoin price moves without actually purchasing it. this type of transaction is not supposed to be available to nonprofessional investors in the united states, but in the past some amateur investors have found workarounds to trade on the sites. image sam bankman-fried, , the billionaire founder of the cryptocurrency exchange ftx.credit...lam yik fei for the new york times leverage leaves investors much more vulnerable to having their accounts liquidated as a result of an automated margin call if the price of cryptocurrency moves against their prediction, and they do not have enough collateral in their accounts to back up their bets. that is what happened in may. once prices of cryptocurrency began dropping based on market-moving events, like china’s announcement of a regulatory crackdown or the decision by tesla to halt bitcoin payments, it automatically prompted the exchanges to liquidate the accounts of the most highly leveraged investors before their collateral became insufficient to cover their positions. “these liquidations are obviously a huge factor in the price crash,” clara medalie, the research lead at kaiko, a cryptocurrency market data provider in paris, said, recalling the sudden decline in cryptocurrency value in mid-may. “it is a vicious cycle.” mr. bankman-fried said on sunday that only a small percentage of traders take advantage of the maximum available leverage. he also argued that ftx had fewer liquidations than other exchanges and he had long tried to “encourage responsible trading.” still, he had predicted in an interview last week that some investors might not welcome any move to cut leverage. “we would get consumer outcry if we got rid of it, and we’d get very bad press,” he said. “but it might be the right thing to do.” mr. bankman-fried also acknowledged that high leverage created a perception that exchanges like his encouraged risky trading, even though he asserted this was not a fair conclusion. that perception is in part why regulators around the world are eying binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange. just since june, the exchange has faced increased scrutiny from financial regulators in britain, the cayman islands, hong kong, lithuania, italy, poland and thailand, many of them critical of its high-leverage derivatives offerings or a new product line introduced this spring that allows customers to buy cryptocurrency-linked versions of stocks like tesla and apple. mr. zhao, the chinese-canadian founder of binance and a developer tracing his professional roots to wall street, has said that the extreme leverage figures were just a “marketing gimmick” and that most traders do not use them. timothy massad, the former chairman of the commodity futures trading commission, which regulates derivatives in the united states, said that he embraced ftx’s decision and that he hoped other platforms would follow. binance and ftx are two of the world’s largest exchanges, but others including phemex and bitmex, were still offering, at least according to their websites, times leverage as of sunday. the move by ftx, mr. massad said, might be motivated in part by ftx’s success this past week in raising $ million in venture capital, the most ever for a cryptocurrency exchange. the high-leverage offerings on ftx are more of a reputational liability as mr. bankman-fried looks to expand his platform’s global reach, mr. massad said. “sam has bigger visions and this move eliminates a flash point that might get in the way,” mr. massad said. “take it off the table.” advertisement continue reading the main story site index site information navigation 	©   the new york times company 	nytco 	contact us 	accessibility 	work with us 	advertise 	t brand studio 	your ad choices 	privacy policy 	terms of service 	terms of sale 	site map 	canada 	international 	help 	subscriptions none trickbot is dead. long live trickbot! 	 support how can we help? support for home productssupport for business products 	 my account your account log in to your bitdefender account and manage security for what matters. bitdefender centralgravityzone cloud control center for home for business for partners company labs support my account security plans 	premium security complete protection and unlimited vpn for users. 	total security 	most popular complete protection for or devices. limited vpn. 	internet security windows only security with limited vpn. 	antivirus plus for windows basic protection for windows only. 	antivirus for mac basic protection for mac only. 	bitdefender premium vpn ultra-fast vpn that keeps your online identity and activities safe from hackers, isp's and snoops. 	see all security plans for existing customers 	renewal & upgrade 	support trial & free products 	security plan trials 	antivirus free 	see all bitdefender premium services all solutions pc mac mobile multiplatform products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender internet security 	bitdefender antivirus plus 	bitdefender family pack already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	bitdefender home network support 	bitdefender computer tune-up 	bitdefender vip support 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free 	home scanner 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender family pack 	bitdefender antivirus for mac already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	virus scanner for mac 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender mobile security for android 	bitdefender mobile security for ios already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free for android 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender family pack already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools solutions overview products solutions & services threat research why bitdefender mid-market & enterprise 	gravityzone elite 	 prevention, hardening, risk, and incident analytics 	endpoint detection and response advanced attack visibility with guided investigation 	gravityzone ultra integrated prevention, edr and risk analytics 	managed detection and response soc-driven, security-focused outcomes small business 	gravityzone advanced business security 	 next-gen av for all infrastructures 	gravityzone business security 	 next-gen av for small businesses specialty & add-on 	gravityzone security for virtualized environments protection for virtual servers and desktops 	gravityzone email security cloud-based email security 	gravityzone security for containers purpose-built container and linux security managed service providers 	gravityzone cloud msp security advanced msp security suite 	security for aws optimized protection for aws gravityzone platform 	solutions overview 	compare products 	online deals 	renew & upgrade 	try for free 	switching from symantec? all products 	full list 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) solutions 	next-gen endpoint security 	small & medium businesses 	secure software-defined datacenter 	secure hyperconverged infrastructure 	datacenter revolution and security security services 	managed detection and response 	advanced threat intelligence support & professional services 	enterprise standard support 	enterprise premium support 	professional services specific usecases 	service providers 	healthcare 	gdpr compliance 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) latest news 	analysis from bitdefender labs 	new 	events and webinars 	threat map research 	threat research papers 	annual threat report tools 	free security tools 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) at a glance 	awards & certifications 	technology alliances 	oem partnerships 	business insights blog resources 	webinars 	case studies 	white papers 	resource library innovation & technologies 	anti-ransomware 	advanced threat protection 	hypervisor introspection 	browser isolation 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) reseller partners 	reselling partner program overview 	become a reseller 	find a reseller 	log in to pan portal service providers 	msp partner program overview 	become an msp partner 	find an msp partner 	log in to pan portal technology licensing solutions 	oem technology solutions 	advanced threat intelligence 	endpoint protection sdks 	gateway protection sdks licensing options 	sdk integration 	rebranding 	bundling connected home partners 	iot security platform about us 	overview 	management 	security experts 	awards & certifications 	customers 	analyst relations 	careers news 	blogs 	media relations 	latest news resources 	research 	industry reports 	white papers 	threat map support for home productssupport for business products log in to your bitdefender account and manage security for what matters. bitdefender centralgravityzone cloud control center consumer insights labs business insights anti-malware research min read trickbot is dead. long live trickbot! liviu arseneradu tudorica november , trickbot still crawls despite law enforcement kneecapping operation. it’s operators are scrambling to restore the botnet back to its former glory, bitdefender researchers have found. an analysis of samples reveals updated communication mechanisms, new c infrastructure that uses mikrotik routers, and packed modules trickbot has arguably been one of the most popular trojans for the past couple of years, used by threat actors mostly because of its modular design and highly resilient infrastructure. bitdefender researchers even analyzed one of its modules earlier this year, particularly because it targeted telecom, education, and financial services in the us and hong kong. however, when microsoft decided to take down trickbot before the us elections, fearing the massive botnet could be used to thwart the voting process in some way, the endeavor proved to be more like a “kneecapping” operation rather than cutting the hydra’s heads. this was likely a short-term tactic, potentially just to make sure that trickbot wouldn’t cause any issues during the elections. key findings: 	mikrotik routers used as c&c servers 	version update responses are digitally signed with bcrypt for some 	plugin sever list no longer contains hidden services the group behind trickbot seems to have actively pushed new versions of the trojan and maintained the full list of modules used in previous versions. however, in the recently analyzed samples, it seems that the sharedll – or msharedll in its packed version – was no longer present. in fact, now there’s only the sharedll, which is packed, with msharedll completely removed. this probably indicates that trickbot operators are moving away from unpacked modules, cleaning up their list of lateral movement modules to only use packed ones. versioning before trickbot’s takedown, the latest known version was , from august , . however, on november rd, we found the new “ ” version that seems to feature all the improvements mentioned above. trickbot operators seem to have then settled on going back to the original format, but resetting the versioning. consequently, the latest version we’ve found is now “ ”, available from november . c&c infrastructure in terms of communication between victims and c&cs, trickbot update responses seem to have been digitally signed using bcrypt, potentially in an effort to impede future takedowns. this particular improvement ensures that each new update for trickbot is legitimate. this particular behavior was observed for the version, but not for the version. the c&c servers for the “ ” version seem to involve only the use of mikrotik routers: 	ip 	 country  	 . . .  	 bd  	 . . .  	 id  	 . . .  	 za  	 . . .  	 bd  	 . . .  	 not found  	 . . .  	 id  	 . . .  	 bd  	 . . .  	 not found  	 . . .  	 not found  another interesting change is that, among the updated c&c sever list, there’s also an emerdns domain used as a backup in case no known c&c server responds. what’s interesting about this particular domain is that the emercoin key (eezbyqoturr tpnbk iapx wj ufbacbr) used to administer the server, also administers some c&c servers that belong to the bazar backdoor. the analyzed sample ( e de b b fd f f c c ef ) uses the morganfreeman.bazar domain, which has the . . . ip address and running  mikrotik v . . . plugin server configuration there are also some major differences between the lists of plugin server configurations, as seen below: fig. – previous versions of trickbot plugin server configurations fig. – new versions of trickbot plugin server configurations 	ip	 country 	 . . . 	 us 	 . . . 	 de 	 . . . 	 de 	 . . . 	 us 	 . . . 	 ro 	 . . . 	 us 	 . . . 	 us 	 . . . 	 us 	 . . . 	 us trickbot operators have apparently eliminated the tor plugin services and have added the new <psrva> tags, which seem to be obfuscated ips, a technique also used by the bazar backdoor. although these look like legitimate ip address, they’re not. the <srva> tag appears to only be used for c&c servers, a number that seems to have been reduced considerably compared to previous trickbot versions. victims of the new version based our own telemetry, the most reports from systems that have encountered this new version of trickbot seem to involve connections from malaysia, followed by the united states, romania, russia and malta. conclusions completely dismantling trickbot has proven more than difficult, and similar operations in the past against popular trojans has proven that the cybercriminal community will always push to bring back into operation something that’s profitable, versatile and popular. trickbot might have suffered a serious blow, but its operators seem to be scrambling to bring it back, potentially more resilient and difficult to extirpate than ever before. tags anti-malware research author liviu arsene liviu arsene is the proud owner of the secret to the fountain of never-ending energy. that's what's been helping him work his everything off as a passionate tech news editor for the past few years. view all posts radu tudorica i'm a security researcher at bitdefender. passionate about malware research, apts, and cybercrime investigations, i love reverse engineering and taking hardware apart and putting it back together. view all posts right now top posts miscellaneous a note from the bitdefender labs team on ransomware and decryptors may , min read anti-malware research whitepapers new nebulae backdoor linked with the naikon group april , min read anti-malware research free tools good riddance, gandcrab! we’re still fixing the mess you left behind. june , min read follow us on social media you might also like anti-malware research luminousmoth – plugx, file exfiltration and persistence revisited bogdan botezatuvictor vrabie july , min read anti-malware research debugging mosaicloader, one step at a time janos gergo szelesbogdan botezatu july , min read anti-malware research trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar bogdan botezaturadu tudorica july , min read bookmarks © bitdefender. all rights reserved reimagine descriptive workflows javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	support & training 	community center 	developer network 	webjunction  covid- | information and resources to help skip to page content. 	 research areas 	 partnership 	 people 	 news & events 	 publications 	 presentations 	 about 		settings 	menu 	search 	 research 	 research areas 	 libraries as community catalysts 	 reimagine descriptive workflows equity, diversity, and inclusion initiatives reimagine descriptive workflows description, subject analysis, classification, authority control, and cataloging practices are part of a powerful naming and labeling process in bibliographic archival description. collections’ metadata include outdated and racist terminology that cause harm and contributes to experiences, memories, and achievements of communities being mischaracterized or overlooked. it is time to interrogate the systems and structures libraries and archives rely on and to initiate reckoning with this painful history. an effective and sustainable remedy cannot be established without strong participation from the groups affected by the existing systems. with support from the andrew w. mellon foundation, the project reimagine descriptive workflows seeks to unpack and address these harmful practices by convening a diverse group of experts, practitioners, and community members to determine ways of improving descriptive practices, tools, infrastructure, and workflows in libraries and archives. this series of collective, community-centered efforts will explore opportunities for reforming our systems and to chart a path toward implementation of antiracist and inclusive language in metadata descriptions at scale and at a community level. over the course of eight months, oclc, in consultation with shift collective and an advisory group of community leaders, will: 	convene a conversation of community stakeholders about how to address the systemic issues of bias and racial equity within our current collection description infrastructure. 	share with member libraries the need to build more inclusive and equitable library collections and to provide description approaches that promote effective representation and discovery of previously neglected or mis-characterized peoples, events, and experiences. 	develop a community agenda that will be of great value in clarifying issues for those who do knowledge work in libraries, archives, and museums, identifying priority areas for attention from these institutions, and providing valuable guidance for those national agencies and suppliers. as we seek to build respectful and reciprocal relationships with all community members, libraries and archives find that their efforts are impeded by the fact that discovery systems force users to search with or encounter harmful terms; it impacts the reputation of institutions who seek to create bridges to underrepresented communities. this project is a significant landmark in repairing the bibliographic infrastructure that we all rely on. it will allow oclc and other stakeholders an opportunity to listen and gain a better understanding of the problem space and to create possible, scalable pathways to address harmful descriptive practices. the community agenda, as a published output, will be used to frame future global community conversations, inform oclc product pilots, and to identify further research and learning opportunities. outputs presentations project briefing on "reimagine descriptive workflows"; use of the homosaurus at u kentucky libraries (youtube) ld conference on linked data  presented by merrilee proffit  live streamed july , reimagining description for libraries, archives, and special collections: an anti-racist approach acrl presented by mary sauer games, merrilee proffitt april , blog posts reimagine descriptive workflows: meeting the challenges of inclusive description in shared infrastructure july , - by merrilee proffitt ‘reimagine descriptive workflows’ in libraries and archives may , - by merrilee proffitt libraries as community catalysts lead rachel frick definitions early in our work, we consulted the definitions in the american library association’s statement on equity, diversity and inclusion: “equity” takes difference into account to ensure a fair process and, ultimately, a fair outcome. equity recognizes that some groups were (and are) disadvantaged in accessing educational and employment opportunities and are, therefore, underrepresented or marginalized in many organizations and institutions. equity, therefore, means increasing diversity by ameliorating conditions of disadvantaged groups. “diversity” can be defined as the sum of the ways that people are both alike and different. when we recognize, value, and embrace diversity, we are recognizing, valuing, and embracing the uniqueness of each individual. “inclusion” means an environment in which all individuals are treated fairly and respectfully; are valued for their distinctive skills, experiences, and perspectives; have equal access to resources and opportunities; and can contribute fully to the organization’s success. advisory group dr. stacy allison-cassin, citizen of the métis nation of ontario;assistant professor faculty of information, university of toronto; co-lead, cfla im, joint committee on subject headings and classification; co-chair, cfla joint task group on indigenous subject headings; lead, ifla wikidata and wikibase working group jennifer baxmeyer, assistant university librarian for metadata services, princeton university; chair, program for cooperative cataloging advisory committee on diversity, equity, and inclusion dorothy berry, digital collections program manager at houghton library, harvard university dr. kimberley bugg, associate library director, auc woodruff library center camille callison, indigenous strategies librarian, university of manitoba libraries; chair of ifla indigenous matters section and secretary of ieee p ™ recommended practice for provenance of indigenous peoples’ data. lillian chavez, library director, mescalero community library; president american indian library association - ; chair of ascla tribal librarians interest group trevor a. dawes, vice provost for libraries and museums and may morris university librarian, university of delaware jarret martin drake, liberatory memory worker and phd candidate of the department of anthropology, harvard university bergis jules, senior consultant, shift collective cellia joe-olsen, heritage advice coordinator, alexander turnbull library, national library of new zealand. national council te rōpū whakahau. ifla indigenous matters standing committee member katrina tamaira, research librarian māori, alexander turnbull library, national library of new zealand. archifacts editor: journal of the archives & records association of new zealand te huinga mahara damien webb, manager - indigenous engagement branch, state library of new south wales   the role of oclc oclc occupies a critical place in the bibliographic ecosystem for library technical services and global discovery. oclc staff and thousands of member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain worldcat, the most comprehensive global network of data about library collections. “as a steward of the world’s library data, oclc has an important role to play to help create inclusive descriptions,” said mary sauer-games, vice president of global product management. “we are honored to work with community partners to examine and address obsolete, discriminatory and harmful language in bibliographic descriptions. this project is a significant step forward to address these issues on a scale that will result in lasting change.” learn more about oclc’s commitment to advancing racial equity. follow oclc research:   © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates this site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. see oclc's cookie notice to learn more. 	privacy statement 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate chia coin's initially high prices could cause a storage shortage | tom's hardware skip to main content tom's hardware search rss uk us australia canada 	 	 reviews 	 best picks 	 raspberry pi 	 cpus 	 gpus 	 coupons 	 more 	 laptops 	 ssds 	 motherboards 	 cooling 	 desktops 	 pc builds 	 monitors 	 ram 	 pc cases 	 keyboards 	 headsets 	 mice 	 power supplies 	 vr headsets 	 windows tips forums trending 	 raspberry pi stops porch pirates 	 windows iso 	 ryzen g 	 intel process roadmap tom's hardware is supported by its audience. when you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. learn more 	home 	news chia coin's initially high prices could cause a storage shortage by jarred walton may the price is dropping but still looks far too enticing. 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 comments ( ) (image credit: tom's hardware) after about a month of preparation, following the initial mainnet launch, cryptocurrency chia coin (xch) has officially started trading — which means it's possibly preparing to suck up all of the best ssds like ethereum (see how to mine ethereum) has been gobbling up the best graphics cards. early chia calculators suggested an estimated starting price of $ per xch. that was way off, but with the initial fervor and hype subsiding, we're ready to look at where things stand and where they might stabilize. to recap, chia is a novel approach to cryptocurrencies, ditching the proof of work hashing used by most coins (i.e., bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin, dogecoin, and others) and instead opting for a new proof of time and space algorithm. using storage capacity helps reduce the potential power footprint, obviously at the cost of storage. and let's be clear: the amount of storage space (aka netspace) already used by the chia network is astonishing. it passed eib (exbibyte, or ^ bytes) of storage on april , and just a few days later it's approaching the eib mark. where will it stop? that's the $ billion dollar question. all of that space goes to storing plots of chia, which are basically massive . gib bingo cards. each online plot has an equal chance, based on the total netspace, of 'winning' the block solution. this occurs at a rate of approximately blocks per minutes, with xch as the reward per block. right now, assuming every chia plot was stored on a tb hdd (which obviously isn't accurate, but roll with it for a moment), that would require about , hdds worth of chia farms. assuming w per hdd, since they're just sitting idle for the most part, that's potentially mw of power use. that might sound like a lot, and it is — about . gwh per year — but it pales in comparison to the amount of power going into bitcoin and ethereum. ethereum, as an example, currently uses an estimated . twh per year of power because it relies primarily on the best mining gpus, while bitcoin uses . twh per year. that's around , and , times more power than chia at present, respectively. of course, ethereum and bitcoin are also far more valuable than chia at current exchange rates, and chia has a long way to go to prove itself a viable cryptocoin.  (image credit: tom's hardware)back to the launch, though. only a few cryptocurrency exchanges have picked up xch trading so far, and none of them are what we would call major exchanges. considering how many things have gone wrong in the past (like the turkish exchange where the founder appears to have walked off with $ billion in bitcoins), discretion is definitely the best approach. initially, according to coinmarketcap, gate.io accounted for around % of transactions, mxc.com was around . %, and bibox made up the remaining . %. since then, msc and gate.io swapped places, with mxc now sitting at % of all transactions. by way of reference, gate.io only accounts for around . % of all bitcoin transactions, and mxc doesn't even show up on coinmarketcap's list of the top btc exchange pairs. so, we're talking about small-time trading right now, on riskier platforms, with a total trading volume of around $ million in the first day. that might sound like a lot, but it's only a fraction of bitcoin's $ billion or so in daily trade volume. chia started at an initial trading price of nearly $ , per xch, peaked in early trading to peak at around $ , , and has been on a steady downward slope since then. at present, the price seems to mostly have flattened out (at least temporarily) at around $ . it could certainly end up going a lot lower, however, so we wouldn't recommend betting the farm on chia, but even at $ per xch a lot of miners/crypto-farmers are likely to jump on the bandwagon. as with many cryptocoins, chia is searching for equilibrium right now. tb of storage dedicated to chia plots would be enough for a farm of plots and should in theory account for . % of the netspace. that would mean about . xch per day of potential farming, except you're flying solo (proper chia pools don't exist yet), so it would take on average days to farm a block — and that's assuming netspace doesn't continue to increase, which it will. but if you could bring in a steady stream of . xch per day, even if we lowball things with a value of $ , that's $ -$ per day, from a tb hdd that only costs about $ . scale that up to ten drives and you'd be looking at $ per day, albeit with returns trending downward over time. gpu miners have paid a lot more than that for similar returns, and the power and complexity of running lots of gpus (or asics) ends up being far higher than running a chia farm. in fact, the recommended approach to chia farming is to get the plots set up using a high-end pc, and then connect all the storage to a raspberry pi afterwards for low-power farming. you could run around tb hdds for the same amount of power as a single rtx mining ethereum. seed size not to scale. ☺ (image credit: shutterstock)it's important to note that it takes a decent amount of time to get a chia farm up and running. if you have a server with a -core epyc processor, gb of ram, and at least tb of fast ssd storage, you could potentially create up to plots at a time, at a rate of around six (give or take) hours per group of plots. that's enough to create plots per day, filling over . tb hdds with data. for a more typical pc, with an -core cpu (e.g, ryzen x or core i - k), gb of ram, and an enterprise ssd with at least . tb of storage, doing eight concurrent plots should be feasible. the higher clocks on consumer cpus probably mean you could do a group of plots in four hours, which means plots per day occupying about half of a tb hdd. that's still a relatively fast ramp to a bunch of drives running a chia farm, though. in either case, the potential returns even with a price of $ per xch amount to hundreds of dollars per month. obviously, that's way too high of a return rate, so things will continue to change. keep in mind that where a gpu can cost $ -$ in power per month (depending on the price of electricity), a hard drive running / will only cost $ . . so what's a reasonable rate of return for filling up a hard drive or ssd and letting it sit, farming chia? if we target $ per month for a $ tb hdd, then either chia's netspace needs to balloon to around eib, or the price needs to drop to around $ per xch — or more likely some combination of more netspace and lower prices.  in the meantime, don't be surprised if prices on storage shoots up. it was already starting to happen, but like the gpu and other component shortages, it might be set to get a lot worse.  topics cryptocurrency see all comments ( ) comments comment from the forums 	 spongiemaster fargin icehole... reply 	 jasonelmore whats with all the chia coin shilling. you guys act like it's the first crypto to offer a proof of storage blockchain. filecoin offers the same technology, is not based in china, and has mature tokenomics. you can't even buy chia coin. reply 	 caseym the tb and tb drives are really hard to find already. what a fracking waste of energy and storage. what's next? basing money on baby's teeth? reply 	 lvt caseym said: what's next? basing money on baby's teeth? could be ddr / / ram farming. the more ram you have, the more crypto money you earn. reply 	 mrv_co decision time!!!! chia coin? porn stash? chia coin? porn stash? reply 	 jarredwaltongpu jasonelmore said: whats with all the chia coin shilling. you guys act like it's the first crypto to offer a proof of storage blockchain. filecoin offers the same technology, is not based in china, and has mature tokenomics. you can't even buy chia coin. nope, it's not at all the same: https://docs.filecoin.io/mine/hardware-requirements/ while filecoin has been around a while, and it's proof of spacetime may be similar to (or even the same as — it's not really important) chia's proof of time and space, the way farming works on chia is decidedly different. that's why miners/farmers in china have been buying up storage during the past month or two. as for why we report on it, this has the potential to impact computer enthusiasts and hobbyists, just like gpu mining has impacted us. some will be interested in trying to earn a buck via farming chia, others will just want to know why storage prices are going up. either way, it's relatively big news right now in the storage sector. reply 	 watzupken it is still worth because prices of hard drives are still fairly low, even though they have gone up considerably with this chia mining. i am not surprise as this gets more popular, prolong shortage due to extremely high demand will see the drive prices trend upwards. at some stage it will hit a tipping point. reply 	 jarredwaltongpu watzupken said: it is still worth because prices of hard drives are still fairly low, even though they have gone up considerably with this chia mining. i am not surprise as this gets more popular, prolong shortage due to extremely high demand will see the drive prices trend upwards. at some stage it will hit a tipping point. the biggest roadblock right now, imo, is that there's no proper pooled mining -- everyone is basically flying solo. so the big mining groups can scale up way faster than individual miners (farmers), and if you want to have a reasonable chance of solving a block and getting paid, like say once per two weeks, you'd need at least tb of storage filled with plots. at an ambitious ramp in plots, a single pc might be able to add plots per day, so it will take days just to create the plots. days ago, the netspace for chia was only around pib. so in days the netspace has increased five-fold. i don't think it's going to be up to eib in the next days, but at the current rate of scaling, it could easily be at – eib. which means tib of plots will then take more like – days on average to solve a block. it's like the early days of many cryptocoins, where there's a ton of hype and a rush to grab as much of the hashing / farming / staking / whatever power as possible in the shortest time possible. and we still can't really say whether chia will stick around long-term. reply 	 cryoburner jasonelmore said: whats with all the chia coin shilling. it wouldn't surprise me if they had piles of review-sample drives grinding away at mining them. ...and chia has a long way to go to prove itself a viable cryptocoin. i would think a "viable" coin would be one that sees widespread use as an actual currency, not just a useless collectible to trade in for real money to speculative investors before the market for it inevitably collapses. like other cryptocurrencies, this is just another scam designed to make the creators and early adopters money by essentially stealing from those who will eventually be left holding onto what is essentially a worthless product. reply 	 view all comments show more comments be in the know get instant access to breaking news, in-depth reviews and helpful tips. contact me with news and offers from other future brands receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors thank you for signing up to tom's hardware. you will receive a verification email shortly. there was a problem. please refresh the page and try again. by submitting your information you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy policy and are aged or over. most popular most shared 	 radeon rx revival: dual-gpu mining beast hits mh/s 	 ddr - clashes with ddr - in alder lake benchmarks 	 corsair k keyboard with cherry mx speed switches is $ 	 microsoft delivers windows insider preview build . with updates to windows apps 	 amd adds rdna -based van gogh enabling firmware to linux 	 radeon rx revival: dual-gpu mining beast hits mh/s 	 ddr - clashes with ddr - in alder lake benchmarks 	 corsair k keyboard with cherry mx speed switches is $ 	 microsoft delivers windows insider preview build . with updates to windows apps 	 amd adds rdna -based van gogh enabling firmware to linux tom's hardware is part of future us inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. visit our corporate site. 	terms and conditions 	privacy policy 	cookies policy 	accessibility statement 	advertise 	about us 	contact us 	coupons © future us, inc. west nd street, th floor, new york, ny . strategic and effective storytelling with data - tara robertson consulting 	skip to content 	 		 		 			 		 	 	 		 		 							tara robertson consulting 			 							diversity, equity + inclusion 					 		 	 					 				 					 	 		 menu	 		about 	services 	presentations 	media 	blog 	contact 	 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 	 		 			 		 		posted on july , july , by tara robertson strategic and effective storytelling with data 	 	 	 		 i was delighted to speak at data science by design’s creator conference. dsxd is a community of researchers, educators, artists, computer scientists who conference organizers described as curious, dynamic, creative and interdisciplinary. i chose to talk about the challenge of communicating about diversity metrics in a way that informs and inspires your audience to want to push for change using mozilla’s last external diversity disclosure as an example.  here are important things to keep in mind when storytelling using data: 	understand who your audience is 	share the context of the data with your audience 	think about how you want your audience to feel  (and what you want them to do) after seeing the data  audience as this was an external disclosure it is obvious that one audience was people outside mozilla. transparency about dei metrics is table stakes for companies that say they care about these things. it’s also an important part of a company’s employer brand, especially for younger workers. when i’ve been interested in a job, i’m checking to see if companies are sharing their diversity metrics, what photos they use to illustrate who works there, what diversity in senior leadership looks like and how they’re telling the story of what their culture is like. when i see stories of free beer fridays, ping pong tables and “a work hard play hard” culture, i am much less interested in applying. i don’t drink alcohol, i don’t like ping pong, and i value work-life balance. equally important to me was the internal audience at mozilla. we had done a lot of internal systems work including redesigning our hiring process, removing meritocracy from our governance and leadership structures, and improving accessibility internally by live captioning all company meetings being more intentional about accessibility at events. i wanted people to see that all of these projects laddered up to measurable change. i wanted them to see progress and feel proud of all of our hard work. context a few years ago this is something i would have said:  by the end of , representation of women in technical roles was . %. this would prompt many questions from people, including: 	is this any good?  	how do we compare to other companies? 	how do we compare to the labor market? 	what does our pipeline look like? 	are we getting better or worse? 	what do you mean by technical role? is a data analyst a technical role? what about a data scientist?  context is so important!  i decided to add an explainer video to the disclosure to help people understand the context. in addition, the video starts with the big picture context on why we were invested in d&i at mozilla:  	from the the individual experience of feeling like you belong 	to being directly connected to the mission “to make the internet open and accessible for all” 	as well as the business case on innovation and performance. emotion taking a data-driven approach is necessary in an engineering organization–most people want to see and understand the numbers. for the last diversity disclosure i prepared, i saw the opportunity to try and tell a story that could connect to people’s heads and hearts.    i wanted them to feel something, whether that was pride at the progress we’d made, or frustration that we weren’t making change quickly enough. my ideal outcome was to pique people’s curiosity and have them ask “what can i do to make mozilla a diverse and inclusive inclusive place?”. my worst case scenario is that people heard this update and thought “meh, whatever”. here’s the minute video: drew merit is the illustrator who brought this idea to life. i’d love examples from your work, or examples that you’ve seen out in the wild where people have used data to tell a story that inspires the audience to take action. share this: 	click to share on twitter (opens in new window) 	click to share on facebook (opens in new window) 	 	related 	 	 tags#data, #datastorytelling, #diversityreport, dei 	 		post navigation 		previous postprevious distributing dei work across the organization 	 		 	 	 	 	 		search for: 	 	 	 search 		 		 			 				 	 					 				tara robertson consulting is located in vancouver, canada on the unceded xʷməθkwəy̓əm (musqueam), skwxwú mesh (squamish), səl̓ílwətaʔ/selilwitulh (tsleil-waututh) territories 			 				 					 							twitter 	linkedin 					 					 		 		proudly powered by wordpress	 			 		 	 	 				 public impact algorithms | my site copy   skip to main content 			 				 			 			 the justice programme a project of open knowledge foundation working to ensure public impact algorithms do no harm 	what we do 	training 	advocacy 	strategic litigation 	community 	public impact algorithms 	about 	who we work with 	press 	team 	more use tab to navigate through the menu items. 	 contact us at justice@okfn.org calling all legal practitioners. you are invited to an interactive workshop on immigration and automation public impact algorithms public impact algorithms are algorithms that are used to make decisions, by governments or large corporate bodies, that have the potential to cause serious negative impacts to individuals and communities. the impact of covid the covid crisis has further accelerated the deployment of algorithmic solutions, such as remote proctoring technologies, and working-from-home (wfh) surveillance apps. ​ governments around the world are operating with expanded “emergency powers” at the moment to fight the coronavirus pandemic.   there’s a certain amount of public goodwill in the face of these perilous times.   but the fear is that such temporary measures could become permanent in a quiet way – what we call the “mission creep effect”.  in many cases, when algorithms and ai go wrong, the impact is trivial.    sometimes, however, serious negative impacts may arise because the decision or data concerns fundamental rights, such as a person’s liberty, or safety, or welfare entitlements.   algorithms may embed mass surveillance, biased processes or racist outcomes into public policy, public service delivery and commercial products. ​ serious harms may arise because the decision or data concerns fundamental rights, such as a person’s liberty, or safety, or welfare entitlements.   public impact algorithms have been shown to embed mass surveillance, biased processes or racist outcomes into public policy, public service delivery and commercial products too. ​ read more about this on our blog or in an interview we gave to the privacy collective. sign up for our newsletter here ​ the justice programme is a project of open knowledge foundation   none in the library with the lead pipe – an open access, peer reviewed journal 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			(atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jun 				 				 					bridgette comanda, jaci wilkinson, faith bradham, amanda koziura and maura seale 					/ comments 				 				 											service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			by bridgette comanda, jaci wilkinson, faith bradham, amanda koziura, and maura seale in brief academic librarian salaries are shrinking, but conferences and professional membership fees are increasing. how is this impacting our field and our colleagues? during early , we fielded a national survey of academic librarians about their professional development and service costs that... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					may 				 				 					amanda roth and dominique turnbow 					/ comments 				 				 											equitable but not diverse: universal design for learning is not enough 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			by amanda roth, gayatri singh (posthumous), and dominique turnbow in brief information literacy instruction is increasingly being delivered online, particularly through the use of learning objects. the development practice for creating learning objects often uses the universal design for learning (udl) framework to meet needs for inclusivity. however, missing from this framework is the lens... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					mar 				 				 					katy divittorio and lorelle gianelli 					/ comments 				 				 											ethical financial stewardship: one library’s examination of vendors’ business practices 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			by katy divittorio and lorelle gianelli in brief the evaluation of library collections rarely digs into the practices or other business ventures of the companies that create or sell library resources. as financial stewards, academic acquisition librarians are in a unique position to consider the business philosophy and practices of our vendors as they align... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					feb 				 				 					amelia gibson, kristen bowen and dana hanson 					/ comments 				 				 											we need to talk about how we talk about disability: a critical quasi-systematic review 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			by amelia gibson, kristen bowen, and dana hanson in brief this quasi-systematic review uses a critical disability framework to assess definitions of disability, use of critical disability approaches, and hierarchies of credibility in lis research between and . we present quantitative and qualitative findings about trends and gaps in the research, and discuss the... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					dec 				 				 					craig arthur, freddy paige, la' portia perkins, jasmine weiss and michael williams 					/ comments 				 				 											culturally responsive community engagement programming and the university library: lessons learned from half a decade of vtditc 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			by craig e. arthur, dr. freddy paige, la’ portia perkins, jasmine weiss, and dr. michael williams (good homie signs’ “hip hop @ vt” mural / ) in brief vtditc: hip hop studies at virginia tech is an award-winning series of experiential learning-focused, culturally responsive community engagement programs. it is deeply rooted in hip hop culture and... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					oct 				 				 					jeremiah paschke-wood, ellen dubinsky and leslie sult 					/ comments 				 				 											creating a student-centered alternative to research guides: developing the infrastructure to support novice learners 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			in brief: research and course guides typically feature long lists of resources without the contextual or instructional framework to direct novice researchers through the research process. an investigation of guide usage and user interactions at a large university in the southwestern u.s. revealed a need to reexamine the way research guides can be developed and... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					sep 				 				 					danya leebaw and alexis logsdon 					/ comments 				 				 											power and status (and lack thereof) in academe: academic freedom and academic librarians 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			in brief academic librarians do not experience full academic freedom protections, despite the fact that they are expected to exercise independent judgment, be civically engaged, and practice applied scholarship. academic freedom for academic librarians is not widely studied or well understood. to learn more, we conducted a survey which received over responses from academic... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					sep 				 				 					jennie rose halperin 					/ comments 				 				 											the library commons: an imagination and an invocation 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			by jennie rose halperin in brief commons theory can provide important interventions within neoliberal managerial information capitalism when applied to the library as an institution. the commons and its associated practices provide a model of abundance, sharing, and cooperation. libraries can and should participate in alternative economic and management models to create an inclusive vision... read more 			 					 	 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					aug 				 				 					dave ellenwood 					/ comments 				 				 											“information has value”: the political economy of information capitalism 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			in brief information capitalism dominates the production and flow of information across the globe. it produces massive information institutions that are as harmful to everyday people as they are powerful. to this point, information literacy (il) educators do not have a theory and pedagogy of information capitalism. this article appraises the current state of political... read more 			 					 	 … next › 				 				 				 			 			 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 none trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar 	 support how can we help? support for home productssupport for business products 	 my account your account log in to your bitdefender account and manage security for what matters. bitdefender centralgravityzone cloud control center for home for business for partners company labs support my account security plans 	premium security complete protection and unlimited vpn for users. 	total security 	most popular complete protection for or devices. limited vpn. 	internet security windows only security with limited vpn. 	antivirus plus for windows basic protection for windows only. 	antivirus for mac basic protection for mac only. 	bitdefender premium vpn ultra-fast vpn that keeps your online identity and activities safe from hackers, isp's and snoops. 	see all security plans for existing customers 	renewal & upgrade 	support trial & free products 	security plan trials 	antivirus free 	see all bitdefender premium services all solutions pc mac mobile multiplatform products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender internet security 	bitdefender antivirus plus 	bitdefender family pack already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	bitdefender home network support 	bitdefender computer tune-up 	bitdefender vip support 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free 	home scanner 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender family pack 	bitdefender antivirus for mac already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	virus scanner for mac 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender mobile security for android 	bitdefender mobile security for ios already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free for android 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools products 	bitdefender box 	internet of things 	bitdefender premium security 	bitdefender small office security 	bitdefender total security 	bitdefender family pack already a customer? 	renewal & upgrade 	get support 	join the community! services 	bitdefender digital identity protection 	new 	bitdefender premium vpn 	premium services live support offered by certified experts toolbox 	free tools 	antivirus free 	compare solutions 	trial downloads 	log in to central 	free tools solutions overview products solutions & services threat research why bitdefender mid-market & enterprise 	gravityzone elite 	 prevention, hardening, risk, and incident analytics 	endpoint detection and response advanced attack visibility with guided investigation 	gravityzone ultra integrated prevention, edr and risk analytics 	managed detection and response soc-driven, security-focused outcomes small business 	gravityzone advanced business security 	 next-gen av for all infrastructures 	gravityzone business security 	 next-gen av for small businesses specialty & add-on 	gravityzone security for virtualized environments protection for virtual servers and desktops 	gravityzone email security cloud-based email security 	gravityzone security for containers purpose-built container and linux security managed service providers 	gravityzone cloud msp security advanced msp security suite 	security for aws optimized protection for aws gravityzone platform 	solutions overview 	compare products 	online deals 	renew & upgrade 	try for free 	switching from symantec? all products 	full list 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) solutions 	next-gen endpoint security 	small & medium businesses 	secure software-defined datacenter 	secure hyperconverged infrastructure 	datacenter revolution and security security services 	managed detection and response 	advanced threat intelligence support & professional services 	enterprise standard support 	enterprise premium support 	professional services specific usecases 	service providers 	healthcare 	gdpr compliance 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) latest news 	analysis from bitdefender labs 	new 	events and webinars 	threat map research 	threat research papers 	annual threat report tools 	free security tools 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) at a glance 	awards & certifications 	technology alliances 	oem partnerships 	business insights blog resources 	webinars 	case studies 	white papers 	resource library innovation & technologies 	anti-ransomware 	advanced threat protection 	hypervisor introspection 	browser isolation 	solutions overview 	compare products 	contact 	log in to gravityzone 	find a partner 	all products (a-z) reseller partners 	reselling partner program overview 	become a reseller 	find a reseller 	log in to pan portal service providers 	msp partner program overview 	become an msp partner 	find an msp partner 	log in to pan portal technology licensing solutions 	oem technology solutions 	advanced threat intelligence 	endpoint protection sdks 	gateway protection sdks licensing options 	sdk integration 	rebranding 	bundling connected home partners 	iot security platform about us 	overview 	management 	security experts 	awards & certifications 	customers 	analyst relations 	careers news 	blogs 	media relations 	latest news resources 	research 	industry reports 	white papers 	threat map support for home productssupport for business products log in to your bitdefender account and manage security for what matters. bitdefender centralgravityzone cloud control center consumer insights labs business insights anti-malware research min read trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar bogdan botezaturadu tudorica july , trickbot has been around since late , when it appeared in the form of a banker and credential-stealing application. drawing inspiration from dyre (or dyreza), trickbot consists of an ecosystem of plugin modules and helper components. the trickbot group, which has infected millions of computers worldwide, has recently played an active role in disseminating ransomware. we have been reporting on notable developments in trickbot’s lifecycle, with highlights including the analysis in of one of its modules used to bruteforce rdp connections and an analysis of its new c infrastructure in the wake of the massive crackdown in october . despite the takedown attempt, trickbot is more active than ever. in may , our systems started to pick up an updated version of the vncdll module that trickbot uses against select high-profile targets. this module, known as tvncdll, is used for monitoring and intelligence gathering. it seems to be still under development, since the group has a frequent update schedule, regularly adding new functionalities and bug fixes. in addition to upgraded modules, bitdefender has noted a significant increase in command-and-control centers deployed around the world. this new research focuses on an updated vnc module, which includes new functionalities for monitoring and intelligence gathering. additionally, bitdefender researchers have identified the software application that the attackers use to interact with the victims through the c servers. this tool is described in a dedicated chapter. a complete analysis of the new component can be found in the researcher paper available below. an up-to-date and complete list of indicators of compromise is available to bitdefender advanced threat intelligence users. download the whitepaper tags anti-malware research author bogdan botezatu information security professional. living my second childhood at @bitdefender as director of threat research. view all posts radu tudorica i'm a security researcher at bitdefender. passionate about malware research, apts, and cybercrime investigations, i love reverse engineering and taking hardware apart and putting it back together. view all posts right now top posts miscellaneous a note from the bitdefender labs team on ransomware and decryptors may , min read anti-malware research whitepapers new nebulae backdoor linked with the naikon group april , min read anti-malware research free tools good riddance, gandcrab! we’re still fixing the mess you left behind. june , min read follow us on social media you might also like anti-malware research luminousmoth – plugx, file exfiltration and persistence revisited bogdan botezatuvictor vrabie july , min read anti-malware research debugging mosaicloader, one step at a time janos gergo szelesbogdan botezatu july , min read anti-malware research trickbot activity increases; new vnc module on the radar bogdan botezaturadu tudorica july , min read bookmarks © bitdefender. all rights reserved none dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 librarian of things 	 		skip to content 		 			 				 					 											librarian of things 									 							 					 		 	 		 		 			 			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 § zotero pdf reader a new look and functionality for zotero’s pdf reader is still in beta. i can’t wait for this version to be unleashed! § mit d o earlier this week, mit press announced a new open access monograph program. it appears that the transition of scholarly ebooks to another form of subscription product is continuing. § ai but canadian i’m glad to see that the federal government has an advisory council on ai and i hope they are going to meaningfully fulfill their mandate. we are already late of the gate on this front. the city where i live is already trialing software that will suggest where road safety investments should be made based on an ai’s recommendations. § discovering science misconduct via image integrity not new but new to me. i’ve recently started following elisabeth bik on twitter and it has been an eye-opening experience. bik, a microbiologist from the netherlands who moved to the united states almost two decades ago, is a widely lauded super-spotter of duplicated images in the scientific literature. on a typical day, she’ll scan dozens of biomedical papers by eye, looking for instances in which images are reused and reported as results from different experiments, or where parts of images are cloned, flipped, shifted or rotated to create ‘new’ data… her skill and doggedness have earned her a worldwide following. “she has an uncommon ability to detect even the most complicated manipulation,” says enrico bucci, co-founder of the research-integrity firm resis in samone, italy. not every issue means a paper is fraudulent or wrong. but some do, which causes deep concern for many researchers. “it’s a terrible problem that we can’t rely on some aspects of the scientific literature,” says ferric fang, a microbiologist at the university of washington, seattle, who worked on a study with bik in which she analysed more than , biomedical papers, finding problematic duplications in roughly % of them (e. m. bik et al. mbio , e - ; ). “you have postdocs and students wasting months or years chasing things which turn out to not be valid,” he says. nature , - ( ), doi: https://doi.org/ . /d - - -z § and here’s one thing i did this week! 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on march , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote (late) 	 	 	 	 		 last week i had a week that was more taxing than normal and i had nothing in the tank by friday. so i’m putting together last week’s weeknotes today. also, going forward each section heading has been anchor tagged for your link sharing needs. e.g. § § § § § and § . i say this recognizing that the weeknote format resists social sharing which i consider a feature not a bug. § we are here from library and archives canada: over the past three years, we are here: sharing stories has digitized and described over , images of archival and published materials related to first nations, inuit and the métis nation. digitized and described content includes textual documents, photographs, artworks and maps as well as numerous language publications. all items are searchable and linked in our collection search or aurora databases. in order to make it easier to locate recently digitized indigenous heritage content at lac, we have created a searchable list of the collections and introduced a google map feature – allowing users to browse archival materials by geographic region! visit the we are here: sharing stories page to pick your destination and start your research! those who know me, know that i’ve been advocating for more means of discovery via maps and location for a while now. while my own mapping has slowed down, i still bookmarked georeferencing in qgis . from the programming historian today. if used appropriately, maps hold a great deal of potential as a means to discover works related to indigenous peoples. some forms of indigenous knowledge organization such as the x̱wi x̱wa classification scheme emphasize geographic grouping over alphabetical grouping. § bookfeedme, seymour! * not every author has a newsletter that you can subscribe to in order to be informed when they have a new book out. you would think it would be easier to be notified otherwise, but with the mothballing of amazon alerts, the only other way i know to be notified is through bookfeed.io which uses the google books api at its core. if don’t have a familiarity with rss, see about feeds for more help. * musical reference § best article title in librarianship for ain’t no party like a libguides party / ’cause a libguides party is mandatory ** ** musical reference § this is the time and this is the record of the time *** scholcomm librarians ask: do we want a version of record or record of versions? *** musical reference § the fingers of dr. t **** a hand with many fingers is a first-person investigative thriller. while searching through a dusty cia archive you uncover a real cold war conspiracy. every document you find has new leads to research. but the archive might not be as empty as you think…   – slowly unravel a thrilling historical conspiracy – discover new clues through careful archival research – assemble your theories using corkboard and twine – experience a story of creeping paranoia **** musical reference / movie reference hat tip: errant signal’s bad bosses, beautiful vistas, and baffling mysteries: blips episode § citational politics bibliography i’m not entirely sure how this bibliography on the politics of citation and references crossed my twitter stream, but i immediately bookmarked it. the bibliography is from a working group of clear from memorial university: civic laboratory for environmental action research (clear) is an interdisciplinary natural and social science lab space dedicated to good land relations directed by dr. max liboiron at memorial university, canada. equal parts research space, methods incubator, and social collective, clear’s ways of doing things, from environmental monitoring of plastic pollution to how we run lab meetings, are based on values of humility, accountability, and anti-colonial research relations. we specialize in community-based and citizen science monitoring of plastic pollution, particularly in wild food webs, and the creation and use of anti-colonial research methodologies. to change science and research from its colonial, macho, and elitist norms, clear works at the level of protocol. rather than lead with good intentions, we work to ensure that every step of research and every moment of laboratory life exemplifies our values and commitments. to see more of how we do this, see the clear lab book, our methodologies, and media coverage of the lab. about clear i have no musical reference for this. 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on march , categories citations, weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote (late) 			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 today the library is closed as is my place of work’s tradition on the last day of reading week. but as i have three events (helping in a workshop, giving a presentation, participating in a focus group) in my calendar, i’m just going to work the day and bank the time for later. § barbara fister in the atlantic! we are experiencing a moment that is exposing a schism between two groups: those who have faith that there is a way to arrive at truth using epistemological practices that originated during the enlightenment, and those who believe that events and experiences are portents to be interpreted in ways that align with their personal values. as the sociologist and media scholar francesca tripodi has demonstrated, many conservatives read the news using techniques learned through bible study, shunning secular interpretations of events as biased and inconsistent with their exegesis of primary texts such as presidential speeches and the constitution. the faithful can even acquire anthologies of donald trump’s infamous tweets to aid in their study of coded messages. while people using these literacy practices are not unaware of mainstream media narratives, they distrust them in favor of their own research, which is tied to personal experience and a high level of skepticism toward secular institutions of knowledge. this opens up opportunities for conservative and extremist political actors to exploit the strong ties between the republican party and white evangelical christians. the conspiracy theory known as qanon is a perfect—and worrisome—example of how this works. after all, qanon is something of a syncretic religion. but its influence doesn’t stop with religious communities. while at its core it’s a st-century reboot of a medieval anti-semitic trope (blood libel), it has shed some of its christian vestments to gain significant traction among non-evangelical audiences. § new to me: andromeda yelton’s course reading list dedicated to ai in the library. hat-tip to beck tench. § i recently suggested that mpow’s next journal club should deviate from looking at the library literature and reflect on personal knowledge management. i’m not sure how much take up there will be on the topic, but i love reading about how other people deliberately set up how they set up systems to help them learn. case in point: cecily walker’s thoughts like a runaway train: notes on information management with zettelkasten fun fact: i first learned of zettelkasten from beck tench. 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on february , categories weeknotes comments on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 another week in which i was doing a lot of behind the scenes work. § duly noted: here’s the article in full. § years ago, i gave a keynote called libraries are for use. and by use, i mean copying that featured the short and sad story of a person who was unable to donate their ebook to their local library. i thought of this slide this week when i learned the the dpla is now offering an ebook creation service that allows library to an ebook collection — albeit of openly licensed or public domain works. i downloaded the simplye app for my ipad and i found it simple and well-designed. having access to a good set of public domain work is great although i was slightly disappointed that there it wasn’t possible to import my own collection of ebooks into the app. but if i was a library, that’s what i could do. § i’m not ready to share my thoughts on this next matter yet but i’ve been recently re-considering how much of our knowledge is socially constructed. as such, i am still mulling over harold jarche’s subject matter networks. it begins, we live in a networked world. is it even possible for one person to have sufficient expertise to understand a complex situation such as this pandemic? so do we rely on one subject matter expert or rather a subject matter network? 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on february , february , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 § last friday i was interviewed for the podcast the grasscast — a game-themed podcast named after the book, the grasshopper: games, life, and utopia. i ramble a little bit in the episode as i tried to be more open and conversational than concise and correct. but i also spoke that way because for some of the questions, no pat answer came immediately to mind. there was one question that stumped me but in my trying to answer, i think i found something i had not considered before. the question was, what is one bad thing about games? and i tried to convey that, unlike video games where you can play with strangers, most tabletop games are generally constrained by the preferences of your social circles. in order to convince others to spend time on a game that might think is too complicated for them or not for them, you need to have be a successful evangelist. also the episode drifts into chatter about libraries, copyright and ebooks. § this week, i reviewed and published another batch of works for our institutional repository from our department of history that was prepared by our library assistants at leddy at this point, we have reviewed and uploaded the works of half the faculty from this department. i’m hoping to finish the rest this month but i think i have some outstanding h p work that might push the end of this project til march. § this morning i assisted with an online workshop called data analysis and visualization in r for ecologists that was being lead by a colleague of mine. r version . . (“bunny-wunnies freak out”) was released on - - . the release of r . . (“lost library book”) is scheduled for monday - - . § on sunday, i published a short response to “windsor works – an economic development strategy” which is going to city council on monday. why am i writing about this document here? i am mention this here because the proposed strategy (l.i.f.t.) lists the following as potential metric for measuring the strategy’s success… take it from me, someone who knows a quite a bit about citations — the city should use another metric — perhaps one pertaining to local unemployment levels instead. § a viral post from resurfaced on my fb feed this week and unlike most of the posts i read there, this one did spark joy: and it struck me how much i loved that the anti-prom was being at the library. so i started doing some research! it appears to me that some anti-proms are technically better described as alternative proms. these proms have been established as an explicitly safe place where lgbtq young people can enjoy prom. other anti-proms are true morps. i now wonder what other anti-traditions should find a home at the public library. 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on february , february , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 i don’t have much that i can report in this week’s note. you are just going to have to take my word that this week, a large amount of my time was spent at meetings pertaining to my library department, my union, and anti-black racism work. § last year, around this same time, some colleagues from the university and i organized an speaking event called safer communities in a ‘smart tech’ world: we need to talk about amazon ring in windsor. windsor’s mayor proposes we be the first city in canada to buy into the ring network. as residents of windsor, we have concerns with this potential project. seeing no venue for residents of windsor to share their fears of surveillance and loss of privacy through this private-partnership, we hosted an evening of talks on january nd, at the performance hall at the university of windsor’s school of creative arts windsor armories building. our keynote speaker was chris gilliard, heard recently on cbc’s spark. since that evening, we have been in the media raising our concerns, asking questions, and encouraging others to do the same. the city of windsor has yet to have entered an agreement with amazon ring. this is good news. this week, the city of windsor announced that it has entered a one-year deal partnership with ford mobility canada to share data and insights via ford’s safety insights platform. i don’t think this is good news for reasons outlined in this post called safety insights, data privacy, and spatial justice. § this week i learned a neat tweetdeck hack. if set up a search as column, you can limit the results for that term using the number of ‘engagements’: § § i haven’t read this but i have it bookmarked for potential future reference: the weaponization of web archives: data craft and covid- publics: an unprecedented volume of harmful health misinformation linked to the coronavirus pandemic has led to the appearance of misinformation tactics that leverage web archives in order to evade content moderation on social media platforms. here we present newly identified manipulation techniques designed to maximize the value, longevity, and spread of harmful and non-factual content across social media using provenance information from web archives and social media analytics. after identifying conspiracy content that has been archived by human actors with the wayback machine, we report on user patterns of “screensampling,” where images of archived misinformation are spread via social platforms. we argue that archived web resources from the internet archive’s wayback machine and subsequent screenshots contribute to the covid- “misinfodemic” in platforms. understanding these manipulation tactics that use sources from web archives reveals something vexing about information practices during pandemics—the desire to access reliable information even after it has been moderated and fact-checked, for some individuals, will give health misinformation and conspiracy theories more traction because it has been labeled as specious content by platforms. § i’m going to leave this tweet here because i might pick up this thread in the future: this reminds me of a talk given in by data & society founder and president, danah boyd called you think you want media literacy… do you? this essay still haunts me, largely because we still don’t have good answers for the questions that dr. boyd asks of us and the stakes have only gotten higher. 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on january , january , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 hey. i missed last week’s weeknote. but we are here now. § this week i gave a class on searching scientific literature to a group of biology masters students. while i was making my slides comparing the advanced search capabilities of web of science and scopus, i discovered this weird behaviour of google scholar: a phrase search generated more hits than not. i understand that google scholar performs ‘stemming’ instead of truncation in generating search results but this still makes no sense to me. § new to me: if you belong to an organization that is already a member of crossref, you are eligible to use a similarity check of documents for an additional fee. perhaps this is a service we could provide to our ojs editors. § i’m still working through the canadian journal of academic librarianship special issue on academic libraries and the irrational. long time readers know that i have a fondness for the study of organizational culture and so it should not be too surprising that the first piece i wanted to read was the digital disease in academic libraries. it begins…. though several recent books and articles have been written about change and adaptation in contemporary academic libraries (mossop ; eden ; lewis ), there are few critical examinations of change practices at the organizational level. one example, from which this paper draws its title, is braden cannon’s ( ) the canadian disease, where the term disease is used to explore the trend of amalgamating libraries, archives, and museums into monolithic organizations. though it is centered on the impact of institutional convergence, cannon’s analysis uses an ethical lens to critique the bureaucratic absurdity of combined library-archive-museum structures. this article follows in cannon’s steps, using observations from organizational de-sign and management literature to critique a current trend in the strategic planning processes and structures of contemporary academic libraries. my target is our field’s ongoing obsession with digital transformation beyond the shift from paper-based to electronic resources, examined in a north american context and framed here as the digital disease. i don’t want to spoil the article but i do want to include this zinger of a symptom which is the first of several: if your library’s organizational chart highlights digital forms of existing functions, you might have the digital disease. kris joseph, the digital disease in academic libraries, canadian journal of academic librarianship, vol ( ) ouch. that truth hurts almost as much as this tweet did: 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on january , january , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 this week’s post is not going to capture my ability to be productive while white supremacists appeared to be ushered in and out of the us capitol building by complicit police and covid- continued to ravage my community because our provincial government doesn’t want to spend money on the most vulnerable. instead, i’m just going to share what i’ve learned this week that might prove useful to others. this week i added works to three faculty member’s orcid profiles using orcid’s trusted individual functionality. one of these professors was works in the field of psychology and i found the most works for that researcher using base (bielefeld academic search engine) including apa datasets not found elsewhere. similarly, i found obscure eric documents using the lens.org. unfortunately, you can’t directly import records into the lens into an orcid profile unless you create a lens profile for yourself. i’ve added the lens to my list of free resources to consult when looking for research. this list already includes google scholar and dimensions.ai. fin 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on january , february , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 § it looks like andromeda yelton is sharing weeknotes (“this week in ai“). i can’t wait to see what she shares with us all in . § earlier this fall, clarivate analytics announced that it was moving toward a future that calculated the journal impact factor (jif) based on the date of electronic publication and not the date of print publication… this discrepancy between how clarivate treated traditional print versus online-only journals aroused skepticism among scientists, some of whom… cynically suggested that editors may be purposefully extending their lag in an attempt to artificially raise their scores. changes to journal impact factor announced for , scholarly kitchen, phil davis, dec , i don’t think there is anything cynical about the observation that journal publishers picked up a trick from those booksellers who actively engage in promoting pre-publication book sales because those weeks of sales are accumulated and counted in the first week of publication which results in a better chance of landing on the new york times bestseller list. § in , a team at georgia state university compiled a report on virtual learning best practices. while evidence in the field is “sparse” and “inconsistent,” the report noted that logistical issues like accessing materials—and not content-specific problems like failures of comprehension—were often among the most significant obstacles to online learning. it wasn’t that students didn’t understand photosynthesis in a virtual setting, in other words—it was that they didn’t find (or simply didn’t access) the lesson on photosynthesis at all. that basic insight echoed a study that highlighted the crucial need to organize virtual classrooms even more intentionally than physical ones. remote teachers should use a single, dedicated hub for important documents like assignments… the most significant education studies of , edutopia, by youki terada, stephen merrill, december , § i’m pleased to say that with some much appreciated asssistance, our ojs instances are now able to allow to connect authors with their orcid profiles. this means that all authors who have articles accepted by these journals will receive an email asking if they would like to connect to orcid. i was curious how many authors from one of our existing journals had existing orcid profiles and so i did a quick check. this is how i did it. first, i used ojs’s export function to download all the metadata available at an article level. next, i used the the information from that .csv file to create a new spreadsheet of full names. i then opened this file using openrefine. then, through the generosity from jeff chiu, i was able check these last names with the orcid api using the openrefine reconciliation service and chiu’s smartname server: http://refine.codefork.com/reconcile/orcid/smartnames. using the smart name integration, i can limit the list to those names very likely to match. with this set of likely suspects in hand, i can locate the authors in the ojs backend and then send invitations from the ojs server from their author profile (via the published article’s metadata page): § i can’t wait to properly tuck into this issue of the canadian journal of academic librarianship with its special focus on academic libraries and the irrational § happy solstice, everyone. 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on december , december , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		 		weeknote ( ) 	 	 	 	 		 § i don’t have much to report in regards to the work i’ve been doing this week. i tried to get our orcid-ojs plugin to work but there is some small strange bug that needs to be squished. luckily, next week i will have the benefit of assistance from the good people of crkn and orcid-ca. what else? i uploaded a bunch of files into our ir. i set up a site for an online-only conference being planned for next year. and i finally got around to trying to update a manuscript for potential publication. but this writing has been very difficult as my attention has been sent elsewhere many times this week. § unfortunately i wasn’t able to catch the live teach-in #againstsurveillance on tuesday but luckily the talks have been captured and made available at http://againstsurveillance.net/ so many of our platforms are designed to extract user data. but not all of them are. our institutions of higher education could choose to invest in free range ed-tech instead. § bonus links! 	making a hash out of knitting with data 	shannon_mattern’s library | zotero 	mystery file! 	 	 		author mita williamsposted on december , december , categories weeknotesleave a comment on weeknote ( )			 	 		posts navigation 		page page … page next page 	 		 	 	 		about me 			librarian of things is a blog by me, mita williams, who used to blog at new jack librarian until blogger.com finally gave up the ghost. if you don’t have an rss reader, you can subscribe for email delivery through mailchimp. you can learn more about my work at aedileworks.com as well as my other blogs and my weekly newsletter. if you are an editor of a scholarly journal and think that a post could be expanded into a more academic form, please let me know. 		 	 		search for: 		 	 	search 		 		recent posts 			 					weeknote ( ) 									 	 					weeknote (late) 									 	 					weeknote ( ) 									 	 					weeknote ( ) 									 	 					weeknote ( ) 									 		archives 				march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	june 	may 	april 	october 	june 	may 	april 	march 	january 	july 	june 	may 	april 	december 	june 	may 	april 	november 	august 	july 			meta 			log in 	entries feed 	comments feed 	wordpress.org 			 		 		 			 			 			 								librarian of things 								 					proudly powered by wordpress				 			 		 	 the foilies | electronic frontier foundation skip to main content 	about	contact 	press 	people 	opportunities 	issues	free speech 	privacy 	creativity and innovation 	transparency 	international 	security 	our work	deeplinks blog 	press releases 	events 	legal cases 	whitepapers 	take action	action center 	electronic frontier alliance 	volunteer 	tools	privacy badger 	https everywhere 	surveillance self-defense 	certbot 	atlas of surveillance 	cover your tracks 	crocodile hunter 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	membership faq 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	 search form search email updates on news, actions, and events in your area. join eff lists 	copyright (cc by) 	trademark 	privacy policy 	thanks electronic frontier foundation donate electronic frontier foundation 	about	contact 	press 	people 	opportunities 	issues	free speech 	privacy 	creativity and innovation 	transparency 	international 	security 	our work	deeplinks blog 	press releases 	events 	legal cases 	whitepapers 	take action	action center 	electronic frontier alliance 	volunteer 	tools	privacy badger 	https everywhere 	surveillance self-defense 	certbot 	atlas of surveillance 	cover your tracks 	crocodile hunter 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	membership faq 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	 search form search the foilies deeplinks blog by dave maass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer march , the foilies share it share on twitter share on facebook copy link recognizing the year’s worst in government transparency government transparency laws like the freedom of information act exist to enforce the public’s right to inspect records so we can all figure out what the heck is being done in our name and with our tax dollars.  but when a public agency ignores, breaks or twists the law, your recourse varies by jurisdiction. in some states, when an official improperly responds to your public records request, you can appeal to a higher bureaucratic authority or seek help from an ombudsperson. in most states, you can take the dispute to court. public shaming and sarcasm, however, are tactics that can be applied anywhere. the california-based news organization reveal tweets photos of chickpeas or coffee beans to represent each day a foia response is overdue, and asks followers to guess how many there are. the alt weekly digboston has sent multiple birthday cakes and edible arrangements to local agencies on the one-year anniversary of delayed public records requests. and here, at the electronic frontier foundation, we give out the foilies during sunshine week, an annual celebration of open-government advocacy. in its fourth year, the foilies recognizes the worst responses to records requests, outrageous efforts to stymie transparency and the most absurd redactions. these tongue-in-cheek pseudo-awards are hand-chosen by eff’s team based on nominations from fellow transparency advocates, participants in #foiafriday on twitter, and, in some cases, our own personal experience.  if you haven’t heard of us before, eff is a nonprofit based in san francisco that works on the local, national and global level to defend and advance civil liberties as technology develops. as part of this work, we file scores of public records requests and take agencies like the u.s. department of justice, the department of homeland security, and the los angeles police department to court to liberate information that belongs to the public.  because shining a spotlight is sometimes the best the litigation strategy, we are pleased to announce the winners of the foilies. quick links to the winners:  	the mulligan award - pres. donald j. trump 	foia fee of the year - texas department of criminal justice 	best set design in a transparency theater production - atlanta mayor kasim reed 	special achievement for analog conversion - former seattle mayor ed murray 	the winger award for foia feet dragging - fbi 	the prime example award – midcoast regional redevelopment authority (maine) 	el premio del desayuno más redactado - cia 	the courthouse bully award - every agency suing a requester 	the lawless agency award - u.s. customs and border protection 	the franz kafka award for most secrets about secretive secrecy - cia 	special recognition for congressional overreach - u.s. house of representatives 	the data disappearance award - trump administration 	the danger in the dark award - the army corps of engineers 	the business protection agency award - the food and drug administration 	the exhausted mailman award - bureau of indian affairs 	crime & punishment award - martin county commissioners (florida) 	the square footage award - jacksonville sheriff’s office (florida) 	these aren’t the records you’re looking for award - san diego city councilmember chris cate the mulligan award - pres. donald j. trump  since assuming the presidency, donald trump has skipped town more than days to visit his mar-a-lago resort in florida, according to sites like trumpgolfcount.com and nbc. he calls it his “winter white house,” where he wines and dines and openly strategizes how to respond to north korean ballistic missile tests with the japanese prime minister for all his paid guests to see and post on facebook. the fact that trump’s properties have become secondary offices and remain a source of income for his family raises significant questions about transparency, particularly if club membership comes with special access to the president. to hold the administration accountable, citizens for responsibility and ethics in washington filed a foia request for the visitor logs, but received little in response. crew sued and, after taking another look, the secret service provided details about the japanese leader’s entourage. as politico and others reported, the secret service ultimately admitted they’re not actually keeping track. the same can’t be said about trump’s golf score.  foia fee of the year - texas department of criminal justice sexual assault in prison is notoriously difficult to measure due to stigma, intimidation, and apathetic bureaucracy. nevertheless, muckrock reporter nathanael king made a valiant effort to find out whatever he could about these investigations in texas, a state once described by the dallas voice as the “prison rape capital of the u.s.” however, the numbers that the texas department of criminal justice came back with weren’t quite was he was expecting. tdcj demanded he fork over a whopping $ , , . before the agency would release , pages of records that it said would take , hours of staff time to process. that in itself may be an indicator of the scope of the problem. however, to the agency’s credit, they pointed the reporter in the direction of other statistical records compiled to comply with the federal prison rape elimination act, which tdcj provided for free.  best set design in a transparency theater production - atlanta mayor kasim reed “transparency theater” is the term we use to describe an empty gesture meant to look like an agency is embracing open government, when really it’s meant to obfuscate. for example, an agency may dump an overwhelming number of documents and put them on display for cameras. but because there are so many records, the practice actually subverts transparency by making it extremely difficult to find the most relevant records in the haystack. such was the case with atlanta mayor kasim reed, who released . million documents about a corruption probe to show his office was supporting public accountability. “the documents filled hundreds of white cardboard boxes, many stacked up waist high against walls and spread out over rows of tables in the cavernous old city council chamber,” atlanta journal-constitution reporter leon stafford wrote. “reed used some of the boxes as the backdrop for his remarks, creating a six-foot wall behind him.”  foia papercuts credit: j. scott trubey/ajc journalists began to dig through the documents and quickly discovered that many were blank pages or fully redacted, and in some cases the type was too small for anyone to read. ajc reporter j. scott trubey’s hands became covered in papercut gore. ultimately, the whole spectacle was a waste of trees: the records already existed in a digital format. it’s just that a couple of hard drives on a desk don’t make for a great photo op. special achievement for analog conversion - former seattle mayor ed murray  credit: phil mocek in the increasingly digital age, more and more routine office communication is occurring over mobile devices. with that in mind, transparency activist phil mocek filed a request for text messages (and other app communications) sent or received by now-former seattle mayor ed murray and many of his aides. the good news is the city at least partially complied. the weird news is that rather than seek the help of an it professional to export the text messages, some staff simply plopped a cell phone onto a photocopier. mocek tells eff he’s frustrated that the mayor’s office refused to search their personal devices for relevant text messages. they argued that city policy forbids using personal phones for city business—and of course, no one would violate those rules. however, we’ll concede that thwarting transparency is probably the least of the allegations against murray, who resigned in september amid a child sex-abuse scandal. the winger award for foia feet dragging - fbi thirty years ago, the hair-rock band winger released “seventeen”—a song about young love that really hasn’t withstood the test of time. similarly, the fbi’s claim that it would take years to produce a series of records about civil rights-era surveillance also didn’t withstand the judicial test of time.  as politico reported, george washington university professor and documentary filmmaker nina seavey asked for records about how the fbi spied on antiwar and civil rights activists in the s and s. the fbi claimed they would only process pages a month, which would mean the full set of , pages wouldn’t be complete until .  just as winger’s girlfriend’s dad disapproved in the song, so did a federal judge, writing in her opinion: “the agency's desire for administrative convenience is simply not a valid justification for telling professor seavey that she must wait decades for the documents she needs to complete her work.” the prime example award – midcoast regional redevelopment authority  (maine) when amazon announced last year it was seeking a home for its second headquarters, municipalities around the country rushed to put together proposals to lure the tech giant to their region. knowing that in seattle amazon left a substantial footprint on a community (particularly around housing), transparency organizations like muckrock and the lucy parsons labs followed up with records requests for these cities’ sales pitches.  more than cities, such as chula vista, california, and toledo, ohio, produced the records—but other agencies, including albuquerque, new mexico, and jacksonville, florida, refused to turn over the documents. the excuses varied, but perhaps the worst response came from maine’s midcoast regional redevelopment authority. the agency did provide the records, but claimed that by opening an email containing pages of documents, muckrock had automatically agreed to pay an exorbitant $ in “administrative and legal fees.” remind us to disable one-click ordering.  el premio del desayuno más redactado - cia buzzfeed reporter jason leopold has filed thousands of records requests over his career, but one redaction has become his all-time favorite. leopold was curious whether cia staff are assailed by the same stream of office announcements as every other workplace. so, he filed a foia request—and holy hillenkoetter, do they. deep in the document set was an announcement that “the breakfast burritos are back by popular demand,” with a gigantic redaction covering half the page citing a personal privacy exemption. what are they hiding? is anthony bourdain secretly a covert agent? did david petraeus demand extra guac? this could be the cia’s greatest latin american mystery since nicaraguan contra drug-trafficking.  the courthouse bully award - every agency suing a requester   as director of the privacy advocacy group we see you watching lexington, michael maharrey filed a public records request to find out how his city was spending money on surveillance cameras. after the lexington police department denied the request, he appealed to the kentucky attorney general’s office—and won.  rather than listen to the state’s top law enforcement official, lexington police hauled maharrey into court.  as the associated press reported last year, lawsuits like these are reaching epidemic proportions. the louisiana department of education sued a retired educator who was seeking school enrollment data for his blog. portland public schools in oregon sued a parent who was curious about employees paid while on leave for alleged misconduct. michigan state university sued espn after it requested police reports on football players allegedly involved in a sexual assault. meanwhile, the university of kentucky and western kentucky university have each sued their own student newspapers whose reporters were investigating sexual misconduct by school staff. these lawsuits are despicable. at their most charitable, they expose huge gaps in public records laws that put requesters on the hook for defending lawsuits they never anticipated. at their worst, they are part of a systematic effort to discourage reporters and concerned citizens from even thinking of filing a public records request in the first place.  the lawless agency award - u.s. customs and border protection  in the chaos of president trump’s immigration ban in early , the actions of u.s. customs and border protection agents and higher-ups verged on unlawful. and if cbp officials already had their mind set on violating all sorts of laws and the constitution, flouting foia seems like small potatoes.  yet that’s precisely what cbp did when the aclu filed a series of foia requests to understand local cbp agents’ actions as they implemented trump’s immigration order. aclu affiliates throughout the country filed separate foia requests with cbp, each of which targeted records documenting how specific field offices, often located at airports or at physical border crossings, were managing and implementing the ban. the requests made clear that they were not seeking agency-wide documents but rather wanted information about each specific location’s activities. cbp ignored the requests and, when several aclu affiliates filed different lawsuits, cbp sought to further delay responding by asking a federal court panel to consolidate all the cases into a single lawsuit. to use this procedure—which is usually reserved for class actions or other complex national cases—cbp essentially misled courts about each of the foia requests and claimed each was seeking the exact same set of records. the court panel saw through cbp’s shenanigans and refused to consolidate the cases. but cbp basically ignored the panel’s decision, acting as though it had won. first, it behaved as though all the requests came from a single lawsuit by processing and batching all the documents from the various requests into a single production given to the aclu. second, it selectively released records to particular aclu attorneys, even when those records weren’t related to their lawsuits about activities at local cbp offices. laughably, cbp blames the aclu for its self-created mess, calling their requests and lawsuits “haphazard” and arguing that the aclu and other foia requesters have strained the agency’s resources in seeking records about the immigration ban. none of that would be a problem if cbp had responded to the foia requests in the first place. of course, the whole mess could also have been avoided if cbp never implemented an unconstitutional immigration order.  the franz kafka award for most secrets about secretive secrecy - cia  the cia’s aversion to foia is legendary, but this year the agency doubled down on its mission of thwarting transparency. as emma best detailed for muckrock, the intelligence agency had compiled a -page report that laid out at least reasons why it could deny foia requests that officials believed would disclose the agency’s “sources and methods.”  but that report? yeah, it’s totally classified. so not only do you not get to know what the cia’s up to, but its reasons for rejecting your foia request are also a state secret.  special recognition for congressional overreach - u.s. house of representatives  because congress wrote the freedom of information act, it had the awesome and not-at-all-a-conflict-of-interest power to determine which parts of the federal government must obey it. that’s why it may not shock you that since passing foia more than years ago, congress has never made itself subject to the law. so far, requesters have been able to fill in the gaps by requesting records from federal agencies that correspond with congress. for example, maybe a lawmaker writes to the u.s. department of puppies asking for statistics on labradoodles. that adorable email chain wouldn’t be available through congress, but you could get it from the puppies department’s foia office. (just to be clear: this isn’t a real federal agency. we just wish it was.) in it’s become increasingly clear that some members of congress believe that foia can never reach anything they do, even when they or their staffs share documents or correspond with federal agencies. the house committee on financial services sent a threatening letter to the treasury department telling them to not comply with foia. after the department of health and human services and the office of management and budget released records that came from the house ways and means committee, the house intervened in litigation to argue that their records cannot be obtained under foia. in many cases, congressional correspondence with agencies is automatically covered by foia, and the fact that a document originated with congress isn’t by itself enough to shield it from disclosure. the constitution says congress gets to write laws; it’s just too bad it doesn’t require congress to actually read them. the data disappearance award - trump administration last year, we gave the “make america opaque again award” award to newly inaugurated president trump for failing to follow tradition and release his tax returns during the campaign. his talent for refusing to make information available to the public has snowballed into an administration that deletes public records from government websites. from the national park service’s climate action plans for national parks, to the u.s.d.a. animal welfare datasets, to nonpartisan research on the corporate income tax, the trump administration has decided to make facts that don’t support its positions disappear. the best example of this vanishing game is the environmental protection agency’s removal of the climate change website in april , which only went back online after being scrubbed of climate change references, studies and information to educate the public. the danger in the dark award - the army corps of engineers when reporters researching the dakota access pipeline on contested tribal lands asked for the u.s. army corps of engineers’ environmental impact statement, they were told nope, you can’t have it. officials cited public safety concerns as reason to deny the request: “the referenced document contains information related to sensitive infrastructure that if misused could endanger peoples’ lives and property.” funny thing is, the army corps had already published the same document on its website a year earlier. what changed in that year? politics. the standing rock sioux, other tribal leaders and “water protector” allies had since staged a multi-month peaceful protest and sit-in to halt construction of the pipeline.  the need for public scrutiny of the document became clear in june when a u.s. federal judge found that the environmental impact statement omitted key considerations, such as the impact of an oil spill on the standing rock sioux’s hunting and fishing rights as well as the impact on environmental justice.  the business protection agency award - the food and drug administration the fda’s mission is to protect the public from harmful pharmaceuticals, but they’ve recently fallen into the habit of protecting powerful drug companies rather than informing people about potential drug risks.  this past year, charles seife at the scientific american requested documents about the drug approval process for a controversial drug to treat duchenne muscular dystrophy (dmd). the agency cited business exemptions and obscured listed side effects as well as testing methodology for the drug, despite claims that the drug company manipulated results during product trials and pressured the fda to push an ineffective drug onto the market. the agency even redacted portions of a bloomberg businessweek article about the drug because the story provided names and pictures of teenagers living with dmd.  the exhausted mailman award - bureau of indian affairs credit: russ kick requesting information that has already been made public should be quick and fairly simple—but not when you’re dealing with the bureau of indian affairs. a nomination sent into eff requested all logs of previously released foia information by the bia. the requester even stated that he’d prefer links to the information, which agencies typically provide for records they have already put on their website. instead, bia printed , pages of those logs, stuffed them into separate envelopes, and sent them via registered mail for a grand total cost to taxpayers of $ . crime & punishment award - martin county commissioners, florida generally the foilies skew cynical, because in many states, open records laws are toothless and treated as recommendations rather than mandates. one major exception to the rule is florida, where violations of its “sunshine law” can result in criminal prosecution.  that brings us to martin county commissioners ed fielding and sarah heard and former commissioner anne scott, each of whom were booked into jail in november on multiple charges related to violations of the state’s public records law. as jose lambiet of gossipextra and the miami herald reported, the case emerges from a dispute between the county and a mining company that already resulted in taxpayers footing a $ , settlement in a public records lawsuit. among the allegations, the officials were accused of destroying, delaying and altering records.  the cases are set to go to trial in december , lambiet told eff. of course, people are innocent until proven guilty, but that doesn’t make public officials immune to the foilies.  the square footage award - jacksonville sheriff’s office  (florida) when a government mistake results in a death, it’s important for the community to get all the facts. in the case of -year-old blane land, who was fatally hit by a jacksonville sheriff patrol car, those facts include dozens of internal investigations against the officer behind the wheel. the officer, tim james, has since been arrested on allegations that he beat a handcuffed youth, raising the question of why he was still on duty after the vehicular fatality. land’s family hired an attorney, and the attorney filed a request for records. rather than having a complete airing of the cop’s alleged misdeeds, the sheriff came back with a demand for $ , . to produce the records, almost all of which was for processing and searching by the internal affairs division. amid public outcry over the prohibitive fee, the sheriff took to social media to complain about how much work it would take to go through all the records in the , -foot cubic storage room filled with old-school filing cabinets.  the family is not responsible for the sheriff’s filing system or feng shui, nor is it the family’s fault that the sheriff kept an officer on the force as the complaints—and the accompanying disciplinary records—stacked up. these aren’t the records you’re looking for award - san diego city councilmember chris cate shortly after last year’s san diego comic-con and shortly before the release of star wars: the last jedi, the city of san diego held a ceremony to name a street after former resident and actor mark hamill. a private citizen (whose day job involves writing the foilies) wanted to know: how does a hollywood star get his own roadway? the city produced hundreds of pages related to his request that showed how an effort to change the name of chargers boulevard after the football team abandoned the city led to the creation of mark hamill drive. the document set even included twitter direct messages between city councilmember chris cate and the actor. however, cate used an ineffective black marker to redact, accidentally releasing hamill’s cell phone number and other personal contact details.  as tempting as it was to put luke skywalker (and the voice of the joker) on speed dial, the requester did not want to be responsible for doxxing one of the world’s most beloved actors. he alerted cate’s office of the error, which then re-uploaded properly redacted documents. related issues transparency the foilies: recognizing the worst in government transparency share it share on twitter share on facebook copy link join eff lists join our newsletter! email updates on news, actions, events in your area, and more. email address postal code (optional) anti-spam question: enter the three-letter abbreviation for electronic frontier foundation: don't fill out this field (required) thanks, you're awesome! please check your email for a confirmation link. oops something is broken right now, please try again later. related updates deeplinks blog by rory mir, cory doctorow | august , facebook’s attack on research is everyone's problem facebook recently banned the accounts of several new york university (nyu) researchers who run ad observer, an accountability project that tracks paid disinformation, from its platform. this has major implications: not just for transparency, but for user autonomy and the fight for interoperable software.ad observer is a free/open source... press release | july , eff sues u.s. postal service for records about covert social media spying program washington d.c.—the electronic frontier foundation (eff) filed a freedom of information act (foia) lawsuit against the u.s. postal service and its inspection agency seeking records about a covert program to secretly comb through online posts of social media users before street protests, raising concerns about chilling the privacy and... legal case eff v. usps - social media monitoring (icop) the postal service has secretly combed through the online expression of social media users, raising concerns about chilling the privacy and expressive activity of internet users. eff filed a freedom of information action (foia) suit to learn more about the program.on april , , yahoo news reported that the... deeplinks blog by karen gullo, katitza rodriguez | july , council of europe’s actions belie its pledges to involve civil society in development of cross border police powers treaty as the council of europe’s flawed cross border surveillance treaty moves through its final phases of approval, time is running out to ensure cross-border investigations occur with robust privacy and human rights safeguards in place. the innocuously named “second additional protocol” to the council of europe’s (coe)... deeplinks blog by matthew guariglia, karen gullo | june , emails from show amazon ring's hold on the lapd through camera giveaways in march , “smart” doorbell camera maker ring was a growing company attempting to market its wireless smart security camera when it received an email from an officer in the los angeles police department (lapd) gang and narcotics division, who was interested in purchasing a slew of devices.the los... deeplinks blog by dave maass | april , here are california law enforcement agencies' policy documents all in one place eff in partnership with stanford libraries' systemic racism tracker project has released a data set with links to policy manuals from california law enforcement agencies, including most police departments and sheriff offices and some district attorney offices, school district police departments, and university public safety departments. this data set... press release | march , eff’s crowd-sourced atlas of surveillance project honored with award for advancing public’s right to know about police spying san francisco—the electronic frontier foundation (eff) is pleased to announce it has received the james madison freedom of information award for electronic access for its groundbreaking, crowd-sourced atlas of surveillance, the largest-ever collection of searchable data on the use of surveillance technologies by law enforcement agencies across the... deeplinks blog by kit walsh | february , federal court agrees: prosecutors can’t keep forensic evidence secret from defendants when the government tries to convict you of a crime, you have a right to challenge its evidence. this is a fundamental principle of due process, yet prosecutors and technology vendors have routinely argued against disclosing how forensic technology works.for the first time, a federal court has ruled on... deeplinks blog by matthew guariglia | february , eff joins dozens of organizations urging more government transparency eff has joined other organizations, including the aclu, the knight institute, and the national security archive calling for the new biden administration to fulfill its promise to “bring transparency and truth back to government.” specifically, these organizations are asking the administration and the federal government at large to... press release | february , racial and immigrant justice groups sue government for records of covid- data surveillance san francisco - the electronic frontier foundation (eff) is representing four racial and immigrant justice groups— just futures law, mediajustice, mijente support committee, and the immigrant defense project—suing the u.s. departments of homeland security and health and human services under the freedom of information act... join our newsletter! email updates on news, actions, events in your area, and more. email address postal code (optional) anti-spam question: enter the three-letter abbreviation for electronic frontier foundation: don't fill out this field (required) thanks, you're awesome! please check your email for a confirmation link. oops something is broken right now, please try again later. share it share on twitter share on facebook copy link related issues transparency the foilies: recognizing the worst in government transparency back to top follow eff: 	twitter 	facebook 	instagram 	youtube 	flicker 	rss contact 	general 	legal 	security 	membership 	press about 	calendar 	volunteer 	victories 	history 	internships 	jobs 	staff 	diversity & inclusion issues 	free speech 	privacy 	creativity & innovation 	transparency 	international 	security updates 	blog 	press releases 	events 	legal cases 	whitepapers 	effector newsletter press 	press contact donate 	join or renew membership online 	one-time donation online 	shop 	other ways to give 	copyright (cc by) 	trademark 	privacy policy 	thanks javascript license information dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 biden warns putin to act against russian ransomware group - the new york times sectionssearch skip to contentskip to site index politics today’s paper politics|biden warns putin to act against ransomware groups, or u.s. will strike back https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/biden-putin-ransomware-russia.html	 	 	 	 	 	 biden’s agenda 	daily political briefing 	infrastructure bill passes 	increase in child tax credit 	$ trillion economic plan advertisement continue reading the main story supported by continue reading the main story biden warns putin to act against ransomware groups, or u.s. will strike back mr. biden’s phone call appeared to be a pointed ultimatum to stop the hackers, who have attacked computer networks in the united states with relative impunity. 	 	 	 	 	 	 for president biden, the specific challenge to president vladimir v. putin of russia to act could pose a major credibility test in coming weeks.credit...sarahbeth maney/the new york times by david e. sanger and nicole perlroth july , president biden warned president vladimir v. putin of russia on friday that time was running out for him to rein in the ransomware groups striking the united states, telegraphing that this could be mr. putin’s final chance to take action on russia’s harboring of cybercriminals before the united states moved to dismantle the threat. in mr. biden’s starkest warning yet, he conveyed in a phone call to mr. putin that the attacks would no longer be treated only as criminal acts, but as national security threats — and thus may provoke a far more severe response, administration officials said. it is a rationale that has echoes of the legal justification used by the united states and other nations when they cross inside another country’s borders to rout terrorist groups or drug cartels. “i made it very clear to him that the united states expects, when a ransomware operation is coming from his soil, even though it’s not sponsored by the state, we expect them to act if we give them enough information to act on who that is,” mr. biden told reporters. later, as he was leaving for delaware for the weekend, mr. biden appeared to specify one of the ways the united states could respond. asked if it might attack the servers russian cybercriminals have used to hijack american networks — meaning knock them offline — mr. biden responded, “yes,” according to a pool report. the heightened tension over the ransomware attacks highlights the complexity of a new type of conflict unfolding between the united states and russia, one in which the well-established rules and understandings of the cold war no longer apply. administration officials say mr. biden is conscious of the need to avoid an escalating series of actions that could damage both nations, but also of maintaining his credibility after repeatedly warning mr. putin, so far without success. the very nature of the attacks also makes responding and deterring them difficult. while the ransomware criminals in this case may be operating from russian territory as they devise their attacks and collect their ransoms in cryptocurrency transactions, the attacks themselves can be launched from computer servers anywhere around the world. and unlike u.s. military incursions into afghanistan to rout terrorists, or joint drug enforcement actions in colombia or mexico to dismantle drug cartels, the united states is not protected from retaliation by oceans or missile defenses when it comes to cyberattacks. mr. biden is under increasing pressure to take action to stem the costly hacks that threaten critical american infrastructure. after weeks of generic warnings and diplomatic maneuvering, the phone call on friday appeared to be a pointed ultimatum in advance of some kind of effort to dismantle the criminal enterprises that have threatened the flow of gasoline, the production of beef and now the networks that connect american businesses. understand the infrastructure bill 		one trillion dollar package passed. the senate passed a sweeping bipartisan infrastructure package on aug. , capping weeks of intense negotiations and debate over the largest federal investment in the nation’s aging public works system in more than a decade. 	the final vote. the final tally in the senate was in favor to against. the legislation, which still must pass the house, would touch nearly every facet of the american economy and fortify the nation’s response to the warming of the planet. 	main areas of spending. overall, the bipartisan plan focuses spending on transportation, utilities and pollution cleanup. 	transportation. about $ billion would go to roads, bridges and other transportation projects; $ billion for airports; and $ billion for railways, giving amtrak the most funding it has received since it was founded in . 	utilities. senators have also included $ billion meant to connect hard-to-reach rural communities to high-speed internet and help sign up low-income city dwellers who cannot afford it, and $ billion for western water infrastructure. 	pollution cleanup: roughly $ billion would go to cleaning up abandoned wells and mines, and superfund sites. but that would be a complex and potentially risky task. briefing reporters after the call between the two leaders, a senior administration official said any actions would be a mix of clandestine and public. “some of them will be manifest and visible,” said the official, who spoke on the condition that he not be named, “some of them may not be. but we expect that those take place in the days and weeks ahead.” mr. biden’s ultimatum was prompted by a sophisticated ransomware attack last weekend by the russian-speaking ransomware group revil, short for “ransomware evil,” that officials contend operates with impunity from inside russia. friday’s call came only three weeks after the onslaught of ransomware attacks dominated their first summit, in geneva. immediately after that meeting, mr. biden said he told the russian president he would respond “in a cyber way” against russia if mr. putin failed to take action against groups operating on its territory. but that three-hour meeting was largely a generic discussion of the issue, and an effort to convince mr. putin that the presence of the criminal cybergroups on russian networks was not in moscow’s interest, either. by calling right after revil’s latest attack, he was essentially creating a test of mr. putin’s willingness to act. but mr. biden declined to say whether the united states had asked for specific action against individuals that it believes are part of revil. while the united states and russia have long sparred over state-sponsored attacks — including the solarwinds espionage operation by russia’s elite s.v.r. intelligence agency, or the russian military intelligence unit’s hacking of the democratic national committee and its release of embarrassing emails in — ransomware attacks are of a different nature. administration officials fear that, if left unaddressed, they could cripple key sectors of the u.s. economy. and they suspect that russian authorities are tolerating the groups — and sometimes dipping into their talent pool for intelligence and other cyberoperations. the white house blamed a russian ransomware group, called darkside, for the attack on colonial pipeline that halted gasoline and jet fuel deliveries up the east coast this spring. revil is believed to have been behind the attack against one of the country’s largest meat processors, jbs, that briefly shut down production in late may. the company paid revil $ million in cryptocurrency. biden’s agenda › politics updates updated aug. , , : p.m. et 	pelosi says the house will raise the maximum annual pay rate for capitol hill aides. 	biden presses congress to move on price controls for prescription drugs. 	h.h.s. will require its health workers to get the covid vaccine. but revil’s attack over the fourth of july holiday was an escalation, officials said, not only for its timing, following the geneva summit, but because the attack was unusually advanced in technique and aggressive in scope. instead of targeting one company directly, revil breached a florida technology company that holds high-level access to tech firms that service thousands of other companies. had the company, kaseya, not caught the attack quickly, the effects could have been cataclysmic, officials and cybersecurity experts say. mr. biden’s challenge to mr. putin could pose a major credibility test in coming weeks — and further escalate a cold war-like series of confrontations between the united states and russia, now fought in cyberspace rather than across the berlin wall. until recently, the united states has largely treated ransomware as a criminal problem, indicting leading actors if it could identify them. few ever saw the inside of an american courtroom. but the colonial pipeline attack crystallized a change in thinking. while the ransomware attack was aimed at the company’s business operations — encrypting data, then demanding millions of dollars for a key to decrypt it — the firm took the pre-emptive step of shutting down the pipeline. the attack set off panic buying and gas shortages and could have halted chemical refineries and mass transit had the shutdown lasted even two days longer. mr. biden and his staff grew increasingly alarmed, knowing that ransomware actors — and governments — learn from each attack and often accelerate them. that sped a shift already underway toward treating cybercriminals like terrorists or cartels that pose a fundamental threat to the united states — and thus put the response into hands of u.s. cyber command, the military’s cyber arm, to disrupt their operations, even if that means acting on networks inside russian territory. mr. biden handed mr. putin, in geneva, the department of homeland security’s list of critical sectors, and warned him these had to be off-limits — the beginning of an effort to put what his national security adviser, jake sullivan, called “guardrails” on malicious action. officials said mr. biden did not specify to mr. putin which actions the united states might take against a target. but based on recent history, he could order cyber command to shut down the group’s command and control servers, freeze their bank accounts or seize their cryptocurrency wallets to deprive them of the illicit gains of their ransom demands. image the call between the two leaders came only three weeks after the onslaught of ransomware attacks dominated their first summit meeting in geneva.credit...doug mills/the new york times cyber command took similar action in the run-up to the election, when it feared a russian criminal group, called trickbot, might lease out its infrastructure to ransomware groups, or the state, to freeze voter registration data or other systems to disrupt the presidential election. more recently, the f.b.i. was able to grab back more than half of a $ million ransom paid by colonial pipeline, in an operation still shrouded in some mystery. but those moves failed to deter future attacks. after the trickbot takedown, the group reassembled and its operators launched an aggressive ransomware assault on american hospitals. it froze patient records and prevented cancer patients from getting timely treatment. and the f.b.i. seizure of a bitcoin wallet used by darkside did not deter revil from accelerating its ransomware attacks. (the f.b.i. has yet to recoup a subsequent $ million ransom that jbs, the meat producer, said it paid revil in its attack) before gaining the attention of the white house, revil accounted for less than ten percent of known ransomware victims; now it accounts for percent, according to recorded future, a cybersecurity company. “it might feel like this problem is new but it’s been exhausting security teams for years now,” said john hultquist, a director of threat intelligence at fireeye. “ransoms have exploded and actors have become more audacious. where we are now was entirely predictable. it has been like watching a slow motion car crash.” inside the white house, mr. biden’s senior aides acknowledge that america’s cyberdefenses have been woefully neglected over the past three administrations, a period of time that includes mr. biden’s service as vice president. now they say it is up to mr. biden to shore up those defenses and make adversaries, state or criminal, pay a price for attacks on american targets. but unlike strong-arm states like russia, china, iran and north korea, the united states has less authority over how critical systems like gas, power and water — the vast majority of which are run by the private sector — are defended. many still lack basic protections like multifactor authentication and still use decade-old software that software makers, like microsoft, stopped patching long ago. until his administration finds a way to shore up its defense, the risk of blowback from a u.s. cyberstrike remains high. on saturday, the same day revil’s latest attack was underway, mr. putin pledged to “take symmetrical and asymmetric measures” to prevent “unfriendly actions” by foreign states. as michael sulmeyer, now a senior adviser to u.s. cyber command, put it before he entered government, america still “lives in the glassiest of glass houses.” michael d. shear contributed reporting. advertisement continue reading the main story site index site information navigation 	©   the new york times company 	nytco 	contact us 	accessibility 	work with us 	advertise 	t brand studio 	your ad choices 	privacy policy 	terms of service 	terms of sale 	site map 	canada 	international 	help 	subscriptions open contracting partnership: open, fair & efficient public contracting 		 	 		 			 				 			 		 		 				 						what is open contracting 						 								 										global principles 									 	 										global procurement spend 									 	 										beneficial ownership 									 	 										covid- 									 	 										extractives 									 	 										gender 									 	 										health 									 	 										infrastructure 									 						 						 							 								 									 										 											 												 												what is open contracting 											 										 										 											learn about open contracting, why it matters, and how a data standard has changed public procurement. 										 										 											 												 														 																global principles 															 	 																global procurement spend 															 	 																countries and cities working on open contracting 															 												 												 												 											 												 												 														 															open contracting and... 																 																		beneficial ownership 																	 	 																		covid- 																	 	 																		extractives 																	 	 																		gender 																	 	 																		infrastructure 																	 	 																		health 																	 	 																		mythbusting commercial confidentiality 																	 														 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 	 						impact 						 								 										impact stories 									 	 										why openness matters 									 	 										evidence 									 	 										our research 									 						 						 							 								 									 										 											 												 												open contracting delivers. the impact 											 										 										 											open contracting delivers. learn about facts, evidence, and impact globally. 										 										 											 												 														 																impact stories 															 	 																evidence for open contracting 															 	 																why openness matters 															 	 																our research 															 												 												 												 											 												 														 																countries and cities working on open contracting 															 												 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 	 						implement 						 								 										our services 									 	 										lift 									 	 										publications and tools 									 						 						 							 								 									 										 											 												 												get started implementing open contracting 											 										 										 											create better, faster and deeper procurement reforms through open contracting. let us help you. learn about our services and get in touch. 										 										 											 												 														 																set clear goals 															 	 																publish, use & improve data 															 	 																monitoring & feedback processes 															 	 																measure & institutionalize reforms 															 												 												 												 											 												 												 														 															resources and support 																 																		publications and tools 																	 	 																		open contracting lift 																	 	 																		our services 																	 	 																		virtual learning resources 																	 														 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 	 						data 						 								 										open contracting data standard 									 	 										documentation 									 	 										using open contracting data 									 						 						 							 								 									 										 											 												 												all about open contracting data 											 										 										 											data is only useful once it is used. learn about how to publish data through the open contracting data standard and how to find and use it. 										 										 											 												 														 																open contracting data standard 															 	 																why implement ocds 															 	 																implement the ocds 															 	 																implement the oc ids 															 												 												 												 											 												 														 																using open contracting data 															 	 																data analysis tools and guidance 															 	 																access open contracting data 															 												 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 	 						learn 						 						 							 								 									 										 											 												 												all about learning 											 										 										 											build the knowledge you need to implement and improve open contracting practices. 										 										 											 												 												 												 														 															publish 																 																		discover the open contracting data standard 																	 	 																		connect ocds to the contracting process 																	 	 																		implement ocds to publish contracting data 																	 	 																		view all 																	 														 												 											 												 												 												 														 															use 																 																		explore open contracting data using common tools 																	 	 																		analyze, visualize, and interpret contracting data 																	 	 																		apply open contracting data to real-world situations 																	 	 																		view all 																	 														 												 											 												 														 																understand - what is open contracting 															 	 																learning library 															 												 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 	 						about us 						 								 										our team 									 	 										our advisory board 									 	 										our governance 									 	 										our finances 									 	 										our partners 									 	 										work with us 									 	 										people & culture 									 	 										contact us 									 						 						 							 								 									 										 											 												 												learn more about who we are 											 										 										 											we transform public contracting so that it is fair and efficient. learn about who we are, our vision, mission, strategy and values. 										 										 											 												 														 																our team 															 	 																our advisory board 															 	 																our governance 															 	 																our finances 															 												 												 												 											 												 														 																our partners 															 	 																what we're learning 															 	 																work with us 															 	 																people & culture 															 	 																contact us 															 												 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 	 						news 						 						 							 								 									 										 											 												 												all the latest blogs and updates 											 										 										 											get the latest updates from the open contracting community through our blogs. 										 										 											 												 														 																blogs 															 	 																news and announcements 															 	 																events 															 												 												 												 											 												 														 																latest resources and data tools 															 												 												 												 											 										 									 								 							 						 					 			 					 								 									español 								 							 	 								 									Русский 								 							 			 		 		 							data standard 							publications and tools 							worldwide 			 			 				 					language 					english español Русский 					 				 			 			 				 				 					 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 			 			 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 		 		 	 	 		 			 		 	 	 		our world runs on public contracts. we make sure they are open, fair & efficient. 	 	 						 	 		 			 		 		 	 	 		 			from open data to joined-up government: driving efficiency with ba obras 		 		 			 			 				 					 					 				 			 		 	 						 	 		 			 		 		 	 	 		 			procurement with a purpose: reimagining city contracting in the u.s. 		 		 			 			 				 					 					 				 			 		 	 						 	 		 			 		 		 	 	 		 			looking to promote the participation of more women-led businesses in public procurement? 		 		 			 			 				 					 					 				 			 		 	 						 	 		 			 		 		 	 	 		 			do you need support with implementing open contracting in eastern europe and central asia 		 		 			 			 				 					 					 				 			 		 	 		 	 	 		 			 				 			 			 				 			 		 		 			 				 	 		 		 			 				from open data to joined-up government: driving efficiency with ba obras 			 			 				 					 						a case study for open contracting in public works 					 				 			 		 	 			 				 	 		 		 			 				procurement with a purpose: reimagining city contracting in the u.s. 			 			 				 					 						join our webinar series 					 				 			 		 	 			 				 	 		 		 			 				looking to promote the participation of more women-led businesses in public procurement? 			 			 				 					 						read this “towards gender balance in public procurement” report for research-based insights 					 				 			 		 	 			 				 	 		 		 			 				do you need support with implementing open contracting in eastern europe and central asia 			 			 				 					 						contact viktor now 					 				 			 		 	 			 		 	 	 	 		 							what’s new 			 			 				 					 					all latest news 				 			 		 		 			 				 						 	 		 			 		 		 			 				blog 			 		 	 	 		 			transparency, accountability and effectiveness of public procurement in central asia: civil society recommendations 		 		 							 jul viktor nestulia 			 			 				 					 					read 				 			 		 	 				 						 	 		 			 		 		 			 				blog 			 		 	 	 		 			introducing: procurement with a purpose—an ocp webinar series 		 		 							 jul kisha bwenge 			 			 				 					 					read 				 			 		 	 				 						 	 		 			 		 		 			 				blog 			 		 	 	 		 			opentender.net, the site helping indonesians spot shady government spending 		 		 							 jul sophie brown 			 			 				 					 					read 				 			 		 	 				 			 			 		 	 	 	 		as seen in: 		 			 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 											 					 					 						 					 											 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 							get started 			 			 				 					 						start implementing goal-driven procurement reforms. 					 				 				 				 				 			 				 				 				 					 						 							 								 								learn what you can do to implement open contracting 							 						 							 								 								explore our publications, tools and resources 							 						 					 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 					 						 						 							 						 					 					 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 							publish and use data 			 			 				 				 				 					 						 							 								 								start implementing the open contracting data standard 							 						 							 								 								find and use open contracting data 							 						 					 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 					 						 						 							 						 					 					 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 		 							how we can help 			 			 				 					 						we’re working to make public contracting fair and effective, so it provides everyone, everywhere with the public goods, works and services that they need. how can we help you get started on open contracting? learn more about our free helpdesk, implementation guidance and other services. 					 				 				 				 				 			 				 				 				 					 						 							 								 								our strategy 							 						 							 								 								our services 							 						 							 								 								our reform support program lift 							 						 					 				 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 					 																			 						 							 						 					 					 					 				 			 		 	 	 	 					our community 		 		 			 				 					“when you don’t know what to do, you must do the right thing. what was good for the country was that there be open data.” 					silvana vallejo, director, sercop 				 			 				 					“open data and government accountability can’t be sacrificed, even when radical and urgent steps are needed.” 					vasyl zadvornyy, ceo, prozorro 				 			 				 					“when we went to the field with information provided by the procuring entity, a lot of projects were very different to what was on paper. the utility of having standards came to the fore.” 					gift maxwell, ppdc, nigeria, 				 			 				 					“there are no trade secrets in public contracts. winning business through an open contracting process is not altruism, it’s good business.” 					mo ibrahim, philantropist 				 			 				 					“we had been trying to participate directly in the school feeding program for the last years. now, we can sell to the city directly.” 					luz marina rojas, entrepreneur, colombia 				 			 				 					“with the open contracting data standard it was like asking me to dig an olympic pool and giving me an excavator instead of a teaspoon.” 					juan pane, paraguay 				 			 				 					“for citizens to be engaged in promoting accountability for effective service delivery, they must have information on the contracts in their localities.” 					edwin muhumuza, ppda, uganda 				 			 				 					“when we started prozorro, at first they didn’t believe, then they laughed, then they started putting obstacles in our way. and then we won. it was too late.” 					yuriy bugay, ukraine 				 			 		 		 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 			 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“when you don’t know what to do, you must do the right thing. what was good for the country was that there be open data.” 		silvana vallejo, director, sercop 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“open data and government accountability can’t be sacrificed, even when radical and urgent steps are needed.” 		vasyl zadvornyy, ceo, prozorro 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“when we went to the field with information provided by the procuring entity, a lot of projects were very different to what was on paper. the utility of having standards came to the fore.” 		gift maxwell, ppdc, nigeria, 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“there are no trade secrets in public contracts. winning business through an open contracting process is not altruism, it’s good business.” 		mo ibrahim, philantropist 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“we had been trying to participate directly in the school feeding program for the last years. now, we can sell to the city directly.” 		luz marina rojas, entrepreneur, colombia 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“with the open contracting data standard it was like asking me to dig an olympic pool and giving me an excavator instead of a teaspoon.” 		juan pane, paraguay 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“for citizens to be engaged in promoting accountability for effective service delivery, they must have information on the contracts in their localities.” 		edwin muhumuza, ppda, uganda 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 					 						 	 		 	 	 		“when we started prozorro, at first they didn’t believe, then they laughed, then they started putting obstacles in our way. and then we won. it was too late.” 		yuriy bugay, ukraine 	 	 		 			 		 	 					 				 			 		 	 			 	 	 	 		 			join our community 			 				 					join the growing community of open contracting champions and innovators and receive regular updates on what’s happening around the world, exciting tools and latest research. 				 			 		 		 			 									get our newsletter 				 				 					 					 						 					 				 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 		 			 		 			 					what is open contracting 					 				 	 					impact 					 				 	 					implement 					 				 	 					about 					 				 	 					latest 					 				 		 			 				 				get our newsletter 			 		 		 			contact 			engage@open-contracting.org 			open contracting partnership, th street nw, suite , washington, d.c., usa 		 		 			connect with us: 			 				 					 						 					 				 				 					 						 					 				 				 					 						 					 				 				 					 						 					 				 				 					 						 					 				 				 					 						 					 				 			 		 		 			this work by the open contracting partnership, unless otherwise noted, is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. 		 		 			open contracting partnership 			terms 		 	 		 				 		 			 		 		 		 	 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 ethereum classic hit by third % attack in a month - coindesk 	news	latest 	opinion 	features 	videos 	markets 	 get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tech 	business 	policy & regulation 	people 	topics	altcoins 	bitcoin 	cryptocurrency markets 	defi 	ethereum 	ethereum . 	ethereum mining 	ethereum staking 	pos 	pow 	learn	 guides	bitcoin 	blockchain 	ethereum 	trading all guides 	assets	 x (zrx) 	cosmos 	gemini dollar 	zcash 	grin see all 	companies	crosstower 	ark invest 	vision hill 	cryptocompare 	gda capital see all 	people	anthony pompliano 	vitalik buterin 	jimmy song 	jameson lopp 	satoshi nakamoto see all get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tv 	videos 	podcasts 	research events	 trending 	 ethereum market wrap: ethereum keeps burning and price is hot bradley keounfrances yueaug , 	 cardano cardano jumps on signals smart contracts coming next month frances yueaug , 	 polygon polygon merges with hermez network in $ m deal cheyenne ligonaug , 	 pos ethereum miners make multimillion-dollar bet on upgrade delay david panaug , 	 prices bitcoin shows signs of exhaustion as rally ‘falters’ before next leg up: sources sebastian sinclairaug , bitcoin h $ , . - . % bitcoin h $ , . - . - . % ethereum h $ , . - . % ethereum h $ , . - . - . % xrp h $ . + . % xrp h $ . + . + . % cardano h $ . + . % cardano h $ . + . + . % stellar h $ . + . % stellar h $ . + . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . + . % uniswap h $ . - . % uniswap h $ . - . - . % chainlink h $ . + . % chainlink h $ . + . + . % polkadot h $ . + . % polkadot h $ . + . + . % polygon h $ . + . % polygon h $ . + . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . + . % litecoin h $ . - . % litecoin h $ . - . - . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . - . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . - . - . % the graph h $ . - . % the graph h $ . - . - . % ethereum classic h $ . + . % ethereum classic h $ . + . + . % filecoin h $ . + . % filecoin h $ . + . + . % aave h $ . - . % aave h $ . - . - . % tron h $ . + . % tron h $ . + . + . % neo h $ . + . % neo h $ . + . + . % algorand h $ . - . % algorand h $ . - . - . % eos h $ . + . % eos h $ . + . + . % monero h $ . - . % monero h $ . - . - . % bittorrent h $ . - . % bittorrent h $ . - . - . % cosmos h $ . + . % cosmos h $ . + . + . % maker h $ , . - . % maker h $ , . - . - . % iota h $ . + . % iota h $ . + . + . % tezos h $ . - . % tezos h $ . - . - . % bitcoin sv h $ . - . % bitcoin sv h $ . - . - . % waves h $ . + . % waves h $ . + . + . % decred h $ . - . % decred h $ . - . - . % dash h $ . + . % dash h $ . + . + . % nem h $ . + . % nem h $ . + . + . % decentraland h $ . - . % decentraland h $ . - . - . % zcash h $ . - . % zcash h $ . - . - . % qtum h $ . + . % qtum h $ . + . + . % yearn finance h $ , . - . % yearn finance h $ , . - , . - . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . + . % basic attention token h $ . - . % basic attention token h $ . - . - . % nucypher h $ . - . % nucypher h $ . - . - . % icon h $ . - . % icon h $ . - . - . % x h $ . - . % x h $ . - . - . % bancor h $ . - . % bancor h $ . - . - . % paxos standard h $ . + . % paxos standard h $ . + . + . % siacoin h $ . + . % siacoin h $ . + . + . % kava.io h $ . - . % kava.io h $ . - . - . % nano h $ . - . % nano h $ . - . - . % band protocol h $ . - . % band protocol h $ . - . - . % omg network h $ . - . % omg network h $ . - . - . % lisk h $ . + . % lisk h $ . + . + . % fetch.ai h $ . - . % fetch.ai h $ . - . - . % storj h $ . + . % storj h $ . + . + . % ren h $ . - . % ren h $ . - . - . % numeraire h $ . - . % numeraire h $ . - . - . % loopring h $ . + . % loopring h $ . + . + . % orchid h $ . - . % orchid h $ . - . - . % civic h $ . - . % civic h $ . - . - . % pax gold h $ , . + . % pax gold h $ , . + . + . % augur h $ . + . % augur h $ . + . + . % aragon h $ . + . % aragon h $ . + . + . % district x h $ . + . % district x h $ . + . + . % enzyme h $ . - . % enzyme h $ . - . - . % kyber network h $ . + . % kyber network h $ . + . + . % singulardtv h $ . - . % singulardtv h $ . - . - . % tether h $ . + . % tether h $ . + . + . % usd coin h $ . + . % usd coin h $ . + . + . % dai h $ . + . % dai h $ . + . + . % indexes top assets please consider using a different web browser for better experience. story from markets ethereum classic hit by third % attack in a month (ethereum classic) zack voell aug , at : p.m. utcupdated aug , at : p.m. utc ethereum classic hit by third % attack in a month the ethereum classic blockchain suffered a % attack saturday evening, its third such attack this month, noticed by mining company bitfly, which also spotted the first attack on aug. . 	the attack reorganized over , blocks, or two days' worth of mining, according to a tweet shared by bitfly. the first two attacks reorganized , and , blocks respectively. 	notably, a leading organization behind the ethereum classic network, etc labs, announced its strategy to protect the network from additional attacks last week, including defensive mining that is intended to stabilize the network's plummeting hashrate and resist future % attacks. 	stevan lohja, technology coordinator at etc labs, in a private message with coindesk, said he finds the timing of the attack "very suspicious" as it came just a day after a meeting of ethereum classic core developers regarding "aggressive innovation" in the blockchain's proof of work. 	etc cooperative, another prominent foundation supporting the network's development, took to twitter following saturday's attack saying, "we are aware of today's attack and are working with others to test and evaluate proposed solutions as quickly as possible." 	after the first two attacks, exchange okex responded by saying it will consider delisting the asset due to the network's severe lack of security. coinbase also took drastic measures by extending deposit and withdrawal confirmation times for etc to roughly two weeks. 	following the latest attack, leading cryptocurrency derivatives exchange ftx will reconsider its etc perpetual futures contracts, according to ceo sam bankman-fried in a private message to coindesk. he said this is so even though ftx doesn't support spot trading and the cryptocurrency network's insecurity has less of a direct effect on the risk of offering futures trading. 	the cryptocurrency seems largely unaffected by the series of attacks, trading at $ . at last check, less than % below its price during the second attack. the coin has traded hands between $ and $ for nearly the entire month of august. update (aug. , : utc): adding comment from etc cooperative. update (aug. , : utc): adding comment from etc labs’ technology coordinator. update (aug. , : utc): clarifying lohja’s comment in reference to ethereum classic core developers, not “ethereum core” developers subscribe to , subscribe by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy. read more about... % attacksethereum classic disclosurethe leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. related 	 crypto trading what does liquidation mean and how to avoid it? andrey sergeenkovaug , 	 ethereum market wrap: ethereum keeps burning and price is hot bradley keounfrances yueaug , 	 cardano cardano jumps on signals smart contracts coming next month frances yueaug , 	 tax evasion puerto rico: una isla con impuestos bajos donde el ecosistema cripto prospera daniel kuhnandrés engleraug , 	 technical analysis ether upside strengthens relative to bitcoin damanick dantesaug , what is undefined? about masthead ethics policy contributors jobs events advertise follow us get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address terms & conditions privacy policy newsletters © coindesk english the leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} dlf-aig user experience working group meeting add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf-aig user experience working group meeting contact us at info@diblib.org for call-in info dlf-aig ux on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/assessment:user/ux join the dlf-aig ux google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/dlf-aig-ux-working-group 	when 	fri aug , pm – pm coordinated universal time none free ebooks | project gutenberg menu▾ 	 	about ▾ 	 ▾ 	 		about project gutenberg 	collection development 	contact us 	history & philosophy 	permissions & license 	privacy policy 	terms of use 	 	search and browse 	 ▾ 	 	▾ 	book search 	bookshelves 	frequently downloaded 	offline catalogs 	 	help ▾ 	 ▾ 	 		all help topics → 	copyright procedures 	errata, fixes and bug reports 	file formats 	frequently asked questions 	policies → 	public domain ebook submission 	submitting your own work 	tablets, phones and ereaders 	the attic → 	donate donation welcome to project gutenberg project gutenberg is a library of over , free ebooks choose among free epub and kindle ebooks, download them or read them online. you will find the world’s great literature here, with focus on older works for which u.s. copyright has expired. thousands of volunteers digitized and diligently proofread the ebooks, for you to enjoy. the tale of genji the great harry thaw case the junior trophy the little review, april (vol. , no. ) kihlatut florida trails as seen from jacksonville to key west and from november to april the millbank case dirty work for doughgod pictorial beauty on the screen the interpretation of dreams some of our latest ebooks click here for more latest books! years of ebooks - . the first ebook for reading enjoyment and unlimited free redistribution was created on july , by founder michael s. hart. read more about this lasting innovation. project gutenberg is grateful to all volunteers who helped to reach this milestone anniversary. project gutenberg offers a vibrant and growing collection of the world’s great literature. read, enjoy, and share! no fee or registration! everything from project gutenberg is gratis, libre, and completely without cost to readers. if you find project gutenberg useful, please consider a small donation to help project gutenberg digitize more books, maintain its online presence, and improve project gutenberg programs and offerings. other ways to help include digitizing, proofreading and formatting, or reporting errors. no special apps needed! project gutenberg ebooks require no special apps to read, just the regular web browsers or ebook readers that are included with computers and mobile devices. there have been reports of sites that charge fees for custom apps, or for the same ebooks that are freely available from project gutenberg. some of the apps might have worthwhile features, but none are required to enjoy project gutenberg ebooks. find free ebooks 	search and browse. by author, title, subject, language, type, popularity, and more. 	bookshelves of related ebooks. 	frequently downloaded: top , or ranked by popularity. 	offline catalogs: handy ebook listings and metadata to consult offline. 	recently added. the latest new and updated ebooks. 	visit self.gutenberg.org for free ebooks by contemporary authors. get help 	frequently asked questions about project gutenberg. 	help, how-to and faqs: in depth information about many topics. 	tablets, phones and ereaders how-to: using tablets, kindle, nook, cell phone, and other mobile devices and readers. how to help 	distributed proofreaders welcomes new volunteers. this is the main source of new project gutenberg ebooks. getting started is easy, and just a page a day will help! 	fix and improve project gutenberg by reporting errors, bugs, typos, and suggesting changes. 	record audiobooks with our friends at librivox. special areas 	about project gutenberg. 	donating to project gutenberg. 	feeds of new ebooks. 	linking to project gutenberg and roboting or crawling the site. 	partners and affiliates. 	permissions, copyright, licensing, and trademark information. 	what does free ebook (no cost or freedom?) mean? terms of use project gutenberg ebooks may be freely used in the united states because most are not protected by u.s. copyright law. they may not be free of copyright in other countries. readers outside of the united states must check the copyright terms of their countries before accessing, downloading or redistributing ebooks. we also have a number of copyrighted titles, for which the copyright holder has given permission for unlimited non-commercial worldwide use. the project gutenberg website is for human users only. use of automated tools to access the website may trigger a block of your access. this site utilizes cookies, captchas and related technologies to help assure the site is maximally available for human users. see full terms of use here. social media 	 	 	news feeds of new ebooks 	 	 	 privacy policy 	 about project gutenberg 	 terms of use 	 contact information 	get help dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 binance doesn’t have a headquarters because bitcoin doesn’t, says ceo - coindesk 	news	latest 	opinion 	features 	videos 	markets 	 get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tech 	business 	policy & regulation 	people 	topics	altcoins 	bitcoin 	cryptocurrency markets 	defi 	ethereum 	ethereum . 	ethereum mining 	ethereum staking 	pos 	pow 	learn	 guides	bitcoin 	blockchain 	ethereum 	trading all guides 	assets	 x (zrx) 	cosmos 	gemini dollar 	zcash 	grin see all 	companies	crosstower 	ark invest 	vision hill 	cryptocompare 	gda capital see all 	people	anthony pompliano 	vitalik buterin 	jimmy song 	jameson lopp 	satoshi nakamoto see all get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tv 	videos 	podcasts 	research events	 trending 	 ethereum market wrap: ethereum keeps burning and price is hot bradley keounfrances yueaug , 	 cardano cardano jumps on signals smart contracts coming next month frances yueaug , 	 polygon polygon merges with hermez network in $ m deal cheyenne ligonaug , 	 pos ethereum miners make multimillion-dollar bet on upgrade delay david panaug , 	 prices bitcoin shows signs of exhaustion as rally ‘falters’ before next leg up: sources sebastian sinclairaug , bitcoin h $ , . - . % bitcoin h $ , . - . - . % ethereum h $ , . - . % ethereum h $ , . - . - . % xrp h $ . + . % xrp h $ . + . + . % cardano h $ . + . % cardano h $ . + . + . % stellar h $ . + . % stellar h $ . + . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . + . % uniswap h $ . - . % uniswap h $ . - . - . % chainlink h $ . + . % chainlink h $ . + . + . % polkadot h $ . + . % polkadot h $ . + . + . % polygon h $ . + . % polygon h $ . + . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . + . % litecoin h $ . - . % litecoin h $ . - . - . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . - . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . - . - . % the graph h $ . - . % the graph h $ . - . - . % ethereum classic h $ . + . % ethereum classic h $ . + . + . % filecoin h $ . + . % filecoin h $ . + . + . % aave h $ . - . % aave h $ . - . - . % tron h $ . + . % tron h $ . + . + . % neo h $ . + . % neo h $ . + . + . % algorand h $ . - . % algorand h $ . - . - . % eos h $ . + . % eos h $ . + . + . % monero h $ . - . % monero h $ . - . - . % bittorrent h $ . - . % bittorrent h $ . - . - . % cosmos h $ . + . % cosmos h $ . + . + . % maker h $ , . - . % maker h $ , . - . - . % iota h $ . + . % iota h $ . + . + . % tezos h $ . - . % tezos h $ . - . - . % bitcoin sv h $ . - . % bitcoin sv h $ . - . - . % waves h $ . + . % waves h $ . + . + . % decred h $ . - . % decred h $ . - . - . % dash h $ . + . % dash h $ . + . + . % nem h $ . + . % nem h $ . + . + . % decentraland h $ . - . % decentraland h $ . - . - . % zcash h $ . - . % zcash h $ . - . - . % qtum h $ . + . % qtum h $ . + . + . % yearn finance h $ , . - . % yearn finance h $ , . - , . - . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . + . % basic attention token h $ . - . % basic attention token h $ . - . - . % nucypher h $ . - . % nucypher h $ . - . - . % icon h $ . - . % icon h $ . - . - . % x h $ . - . % x h $ . - . - . % bancor h $ . - . % bancor h $ . - . - . % paxos standard h $ . + . % paxos standard h $ . + . + . % siacoin h $ . + . % siacoin h $ . + . + . % kava.io h $ . - . % kava.io h $ . - . - . % nano h $ . - . % nano h $ . - . - . % band protocol h $ . - . % band protocol h $ . - . - . % omg network h $ . - . % omg network h $ . - . - . % lisk h $ . + . % lisk h $ . + . + . % fetch.ai h $ . - . % fetch.ai h $ . - . - . % storj h $ . + . % storj h $ . + . + . % ren h $ . - . % ren h $ . - . - . % numeraire h $ . - . % numeraire h $ . - . - . % loopring h $ . + . % loopring h $ . + . + . % orchid h $ . - . % orchid h $ . - . - . % civic h $ . - . % civic h $ . - . - . % pax gold h $ , . + . % pax gold h $ , . + . + . % augur h $ . + . % augur h $ . + . + . % aragon h $ . + . % aragon h $ . + . + . % district x h $ . + . % district x h $ . + . + . % enzyme h $ . - . % enzyme h $ . - . - . % kyber network h $ . + . % kyber network h $ . + . + . % singulardtv h $ . - . % singulardtv h $ . - . - . % tether h $ . + . % tether h $ . + . + . % usd coin h $ . + . % usd coin h $ . + . + . % dai h $ . + . % dai h $ . + . + . % indexes top assets please consider using a different web browser for better experience. story from news binance doesn’t have a headquarters because bitcoin doesn’t, says ceo binance ceo changpeng "cz" zhao (binance) paddy baker may , at : p.m. utcupdated may , at : p.m. utc binance doesn’t have a headquarters because bitcoin doesn’t, says ceo binance ceo changpeng “cz” zhao really doesn’t want to tell you where his firm’s headquarters is located. to kick off consensys’ ethereal summit on thursday, unchained podcast host laura shin held a cozy fireside chat with zhao who, to mark the occasion, was wearing a personalized football shirt emblazoned with the binance brand. scheduled for minutes, zhao spent most of it explaining how libra and china’s digital yuan were unlikely to be competitors to existing stablecoin providers; how binance’s smart chain wouldn’t tread on ethereum’s toes – “that depends on the definition of competing,” he said – and how binance had an incentive to keep its newly acquired coinmarketcap independent from the exchange. subscribe to , subscribe by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy. there were only five minutes left on the clock. zhao was looking confident; he had just batted away a thorny question about an ongoing lawsuit. it was looking like the home stretch. then it hit. shin asked the one question zhao really didn’t want to have to answer, but many want to know: where is binance’s headquarters? this seemingly simple question is actually more complex. until february, binance was considered to be based in malta. that changed when the island european nation announced that, no, binance is not under its jurisdiction. since then binance has not said just where, exactly, it is now headquartered. little wonder that when asked zhao reddened; he stammered. he looked off-camera, possibly to an aide. “well, i think what this is is the beauty of the blockchain, right, so you don’t have to … like where’s the bitcoin office, because bitcoin doesn’t have an office,” he said. the line trailed off, then inspiration hit. “what kind of horse is a car?” zhao asked. binance has loads of offices, he continued, with staff in countries. it was a new type of organization that doesn’t need registered bank accounts and postal addresses. “wherever i sit, is going to be the binance office. wherever i need somebody, is going to be the binance office,” he said. see also: binance is not under our jurisdiction, says malta regulator zhao may have been hoping the host would move onto something easier. but shin wasn’t finished: “but even to do things like to handle, you know, taxes for your employees, like, i think you need a registered business entity, so like why are you obfuscating it, why not just be open about it like, you know, the headquarters is registered in this place, why not just say that?” zhao glanced away again, possibly at the person behind the camera. their program had less than two minutes remaining. “it’s not that we don’t want to admit it, it’s not that we want to obfuscate it or we want to kind of hide it. we’re not hiding, we’re in the open,” he said. shin interjected: “what are you saying that you’re already some kind of dao [decentralized autonomous organization]? i mean what are you saying? because it’s not the old way [having a headquarters], it’s actually the current way … i actually don’t know what you are or what you’re claiming to be.” zhao said binance isn’t a traditional company, more a large team of people “that works together for a common goal.” he added: “to be honest, if we classified as a dao, then there’s going to be a lot of debate about why we’re not a dao. so i don’t want to go there, either.” “i mean nobody would call you guys a dao,” shin said, likely disappointed that this wasn’t the interview where zhao made his big reveal. see also: binance ceo says crypto exchange has applied for a singapore license time was up. for an easy question to close, shin asked where zhao was working from during the coronavirus pandemic. “i’m in asia,” zhao said. the blank white wall behind him didn’t provide any clues about where in asia he might be. shin asked if he could say which country – after all, it’s the earth’s largest continent. “i prefer not to disclose that. i think that’s my own privacy,” he cut in, ending the interview. read more about... exchangeschangpeng zhaobinance disclosurethe leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. related 	 crypto trading what does liquidation mean and how to avoid it? andrey sergeenkovaug , 	 ethereum market wrap: ethereum keeps burning and price is hot bradley keounfrances yueaug , 	 cardano cardano jumps on signals smart contracts coming next month frances yueaug , 	 binance binance ordered by london high court to trace $ . m hackers jamie crawleyaug , 	 binance binance discontinues south korean won trading pairs, payment options jamie crawleyaug , what is undefined? about masthead ethics policy contributors jobs events advertise follow us get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address terms & conditions privacy policy newsletters © coindesk english the leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 none bitcoin currency could have been destroyed by ' %' attack | bitcoin | the guardian 				skip to main content 				skip to navigation advertisement us edition	us edition 	uk edition 	australian edition 	international edition the guardian - back to home search jobs sign insearch 	news 	opinion 	sport 	culture 	lifestyle showmoreshow more	news	us news 	world news 	environment 	soccer 	us politics 	business 	tech 	science 	newsletters 	green light 	opinion	the guardian view 	columnists 	letters 	opinion videos 	cartoons 	sport	soccer 	nfl 	tennis 	mlb 	mls 	nba 	nhl 	culture	film 	books 	music 	art & design 	tv & radio 	stage 	classical 	games 	lifestyle	fashion 	food 	recipes 	love & sex 	home & garden 	health & fitness 	family 	travel 	money 	make a contribution 	subscribe 		search jobs 	digital archive 	guardian puzzles app 	the guardian app 	video 	podcasts 	pictures 	inside the guardian 	guardian weekly 	crosswords 		search jobs 	digital archive 	guardian puzzles app 	us 	world 	environment 	soccer 	us politics 	business 	tech 	science 	newsletters 	green light bitcoin this article is more than years old bitcoin currency could have been destroyed by ' %' attack this article is more than years old 'impossible' attack briefly possible for ghash.io consortium, putting entire bitcoin network at risk – and it could happen again during a bitcoin conference in amsterdam a local cafe takes advantage of the attending clientele accepting bitcoins. photograph: alamy photograph: alamy during a bitcoin conference in amsterdam a local cafe takes advantage of the attending clientele accepting bitcoins. photograph: alamy photograph: alamy alex hern @alexhern mon jun . edtlast modified on tue feb . est 	 	 	 bitcoin has stared down an existential threat, after a consortium of miners briefly gained enough processing power to theoretically destroy the currency. for a few hours on friday, mining pool ghash.io controlled % of all the processing power being used to perform the calculations that keep bitcoin secure. if it had abused that power, it would have had the ability to indirectly take money from other users, for instance by buying something and then rewriting history so that the purchase never happened. but shortly after the threshold was breached, some members of the mining pool pulled their computing power from the group, averting – or at least, delaying – catastrophe. "the high level of combined hash power in the ghash pool is concerning to many participants in the system," said one such member, bitfury, an industrial bitcoin mining firm. "as a leader and trusted partner in the bitcoin system, bitfury has decided to transfer some of its hashing power away from ghash to help reduce these concerns." the bitcoin network runs with the aid of peer participants performing a function called "mining", which involves spending large amounts of processing power in order to verify transactions as accurate. miners are given financial rewards for doing so, and since there are so many of them, it is typically impossible to force a fake transaction into the bitcoin ledger: more than half the processing power of the network would need to verify the fake transaction. but many miners lump their processing power together, in "pools" such as ghash, in order to increase the chances of getting rewards. while that makes financial sense for any individual miner, it has long posed the threat of ending the decentralised aspect that makes bitcoin so popular. for the brief period when ghash had % of the network, the security of bitcoin wasn't a result of its impressive mathematical background, but merely the trust that the users of ghash would notice and respond if the pool's administrators decided to try and abuse their position. it's not the first time the "impossible" attack on bitcoin has been scarily close. in january, ghash hit % of the network, and was forced to "take steps" to prevent % from being breached. those steps were apparently insufficient. there is no evidence that ghash actually tried to abuse its position, and once contributors like bitfury pulled their computers, its proportion of the mining dropped to a healthier %. that has led some experts, such as andreessen horowitz's chris dixon, to dub the problem "a minor issue." "it would be very hard for the pool to pull off more than a minor short term attack," dixon tweeted sunday night. the real protection isn't technology but economics. someone controlling % of the bitcoin network could theoretically extort or otherwise gain control of a large quantity of bitcoins. but defenders point out that the very action of performing a " % attack" would demolish the value of bitcoin to such an extent that it would be impossible to profit from the attack. that won't keep it safe from troublemakers, but could ensure that organised attempts to recreate ghash's % – or steal it from under them – flounder in the preparation. fx the % attack is the first headline news to happen to bitcoin in a long time, but even as the media grows tired of the currency, development continues. users of google finance and yahoo finance can now use the sites to convert between bitcoin and usd dollars. google goes one step further, treating bitcoin identically to conventional currencies, offering users a selection of news headlines alongside the latest price. both firms are several months behind microsoft, which added bitcoin to its bing finance product in february, and even the normally-measured financial types at bloomberg, which included the cryptocurrency in february. tellingly, neither google nor yahoo's press offices were aware the changes had been made when the guardian contacted them, though google later responded to say "we're always working to provide more of the financial data people are looking for." ibitcoin on monday, the first bitcoin apps to take advantage of apple's new rules allowing cryptocurrencies on the app store began to appear. coinpocket was previously only accessible as an html web app, to get around the restrictions, but now the wallet app, which lets users spend and receive their bitcoins, is relaunched as a native iphone app. the new version also includes the ability to spend bitcoin by scanning qr codes. perhaps more importantly, apps which let users spend bitcoin for digital goods have also turned up on the app store. betcoin and egifter both allow bitcoin purchases, the former as part of a simple betting game and the latter for gift cards. while the apps might still be pulled by apple after the fact, their existence on the app store could signal another major change in direction from the company. bitcoin: a life in hacks topics	bitcoin 	cryptocurrencies 	hacking 	data and computer security 	news 	 	 	 	 	 	 reuse this content comments (…) commenting has been disabled at this time but you can still sign in or create your guardian account to join the discussion when it's back comments (…) commenting has been disabled at this time but you can still sign in or create your guardian account to join the discussion when it's back 	us 	world 	environment 	soccer 	us politics 	business 	tech 	science 	newsletters 	green light 	news 	opinion 	sport 	culture 	lifestyle 	about us 	contact us 	complaints & corrections 	securedrop 	work for us 	privacy policy 	cookie policy 	terms & conditions 	help 	all topics 	all writers 	digital newspaper archive 	facebook 	youtube 	instagram 	linkedin 	twitter 	newsletters 	advertise with us 	guardian labs 	search jobs back to top © guardian news & media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved. (modern) dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 dlf digital accessibility education & advocacy subgroup add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf digital accessibility education & advocacy subgroup contact us at info@diglib.org for call-in information dlf dawg on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/digital_accessibility_group join the dawg google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/dlf-accessibility-working-group 	when 	mon aug , pm – pm coordinated universal time dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee - dlf 		 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						fellowships & grants 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						dlf 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						publications 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						clir global 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						join 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 						 							 						give 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 							clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 					 			 			menu 		 				clir programs 	digital library federation 	dlf forum 	digital library of the middle east 	digitizing hidden special collections and archives 	recordings at risk 	mellon fellowships for dissertation research 	leading change institute 	postdoctoral fellowship program 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 				 				 							about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 					 			 			menu 		 				about 	about dlf 	our staff 	our members 	governance 	dlf code of conduct 	events 	dlf year-round 	 dlf forum 	past forums 	dlf forum news 	social events checklist 	resources 	dlf organizers’ toolkit 	blog and news 	#dlfcontribute series 	digitizing special formats 	dlf cost calculator 	dlf jobs board 	groups 	dlf working groups 	clir/dlf affiliates 	dlf membership cohorts 	get involved with groups 	opportunities 	grants and fellowships 	authenticity project 	dlf community calendar 	data curation postdocs 	community/capacity awards 	post a job/find a job 	contact 	get in touch 	stay connected 	join dlf 	our members 	benefits 				 				 				 				 					 									 								search 			 						 								 																 					 					close 				 							 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 							 							 							 					 			 							 						 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 			home > blog and news > call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 				 			call for nominations to the ndsa coordinating committee 		 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 						 													 							posted 										july , 					 								 	 													 							by 										nathan tallman					 								 	 													 							in 										 				ndsa				 					 								 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			ndsa will be electing three members to its coordinating committee (cc) this year, with terms starting in january . cc members serve a three year term, participate in a monthly call, and meet at the annual digital preservation conference. the coordinating committee provides strategic leadership to the organization in coordination with group co-chairs. ndsa is a diverse community with a critical mission, and we seek candidates to join the cc that bring a variety of cultures and orientations, skills, perspectives and experiences, to bear on leadership initiatives. working on the cc is an opportunity to contribute your leadership for the community as a whole, while collaborating with a wonderful group of dynamic and motivated professionals.  if you are interested in joining the ndsa coordinating committee (cc) or want to nominate another member, please complete the nomination form by : pm edt friday, august , , which asks for the name, e-mail address, brief bio/candidate statement (nominee-approved), and ndsa-affiliated institution of the nominee. we particularly encourage and welcome nominations of people from underrepresented groups and sectors.  as members of the ndsa, we join together to form a consortium of more than partnering organizations, including businesses, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, professional associations and universities, all engaged in the long-term preservation of digital information. committed to preserving access to our national digital heritage, we each offer our diverse skills, perspectives, experiences, cultures and orientations to achieve what we could not do alone.  the cc is dedicated to ensuring a strategic direction for ndsa, to the advancement of ndsa activities to achieve community goals, and to further communication among digital preservation professionals and ndsa member organizations. the cc is responsible for reviewing and approving ndsa membership applications and publications; updating eligibility standards for membership in the alliance, and other strategic documents; engaging with stakeholders in the community; and working to enroll new members committed to our core mission. more information about the duties and responsibilities of cc members can be found at the ndsa’s leadership page. we hope you will give this opportunity serious consideration and we value your continued contributions and leadership in our community. any questions can be directed to ndsadigipres@gmail.com.   thank you, nathan tallman, vice chair on behalf of the ndsa coordinating committee 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			did you enjoy this post? please share! 		 				 				 				 					 								 						 															 								 								share on facebook 							 																						 																			 										facebook									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on twitter 							 																						 																			 										twitter									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on linkedin 							 																						 																			 										linkedin									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on pinterest 							 																						 																			 										pinterest									 																	 													 					 									 						 															 								 								share on reddit 							 																						 																			 										reddit									 																	 													 					 						 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 			related posts 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 				 				 				 			 				building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			there may be an ocean between the us and the uk, but in the age of zoom, collaboration can transcend geographical boundaries. research libraries uk’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				dlf digest: august 			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			a monthly round-up of news, upcoming working group meetings and events, and clir program updates from the digital library federation.  this month’s news: the dlf 		 				 				 				 				 				 			 				arabic translations available of the levels of digital preservation			 		 				 					 			august , 		 				 				 			the ndsa is pleased to announce that the levels of preservation documents have been translated into arabic by our colleagues from thesaurus islamicus foundation’s 		 				 				 				 				 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 					 			 				prevpreviouscatching up with past ndsa innovation awards winners: epadd			 							 					 				 						 				nextarabic translations available of the levels of digital preservationnext			 		 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 				 		 					 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 				 				 								 					clir+dlf north union street suite -pmb alexandria, va e: info@diglib.org 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			about 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					the digital library federation is a network of member institutions and a robust community of practice — advancing research, learning, social justice, & the public good through the creative design and wise application of digital library technologies 					 						 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 			stay in touch​ 		 				 				 				 					 			 						 		 				 				 				 				 								 					subscribe to the dlf-announce listserv for all the latest in the #dlfvillage. 					 						 				 				 				 					 			 						 						sign up 		 					 		 				 				 				 				 			follow us 		 				 				 				 					 							 					 						facebook 											 				 							 					 						twitter 											 				 							 					 						youtube 											 				 							 					 						linkedin 											 				 							 					 						rss 											 				 					 				 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 						 							 					 			 							 						 				 					 			 						 						clir 		 					 		 				 				 						 					 		 				 			 							 						 				 								 					unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under cc by-sa . license 					 						 				 				 				 								 													 															 														 						 				 						 					 		 								 					 		 				 		 		 		skip to content 				 			 				 					open toolbar 					 											 				 			 			 				 					accessibility tools 					 						 								 									increase text								 							 	 								 									decrease text								 							 	 								 									grayscale								 							 	 								 									high contrast								 							 	 							 								negative contrast							 						 	 								 									light background								 							 	 								 									links underline								 							 	 								 									readable font								 							 	 							 								 								reset 							 						 									 			 		 		 dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 none lorcandempsey.net lorcandempsey.net lorcan dempsey on libraries, services and networks 	presentation: two metadata directions here are some materials from my recent presentation on two metadata directions, including slides, video and a link to a fuller discussion. 	two metadata directions metadata practice is evolving. i discuss two important trends here: entification and pluralization. 	working with ghost: a review this site is built with ghost and the krabi template. i use it for blogging and as a professional home on the web. why ghost? here are some initial thoughts. ask me again in a year's time ... 	a new web presence: transitions and towers this is a new web presence for lorcan dempsey! my goal is to provide a contact point and to bring together various elements of my work, writing and career. in part i am influenced by the decentralizing impulse to control your own archive. 	presentation: college, consortium, collaboration, collective collection constance malpas and i gave a presentation to the boston library consortium board of directors about the dynamics of library collaboration in consortia. it talks about collective collections as an example. 	presentation: the rluk digital shift forum i was pleased to inaugurate the rluk digital shift forum, with a presentation on pandemic effects and collection directions. i was especially pleased to be kindly introduced by my longstanding colleague robin green, university librarian at warwick university, and current chair of rluk. 	collection directions accelerated? pandemic effects. over the past few years i have been talking about three systemic ways in which collections, broadly understood, are evolving in a network environment. they are: the collective collection, the facilitated collection, and the inside-out collection. 	calgary central library: combining intimacy and civic statement the calgary central library was on first impression the finest public building i have been in for years. 	the (digital) library environment: years after lorcan dempsey considers how the digital library environment has changed in the ten years since ariadne was first published. 	book review: the cambridge history of libraries in britain and ireland lorcan dempsey reviews volume iii of a landmark collection on the history of libraries in 'britain and ireland' from to . dlf-aig metadata working group add to my google calendar | learn about google calendar dlf-aig metadata working group contact us at info@diglib.org for call-in information dlf-aig mwg on the dlf wiki: https://wiki.diglib.org/assessment:metadata join the mwg google group: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/dlf-aig-metadata-assessment-working-group 	when 	thu aug , : pm – : pm coordinated universal time silvergate bank to end binance usd deposits, withdrawals - coindesk 	news	latest 	opinion 	features 	videos 	markets 	 get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tech 	business 	policy & regulation 	people 	topics	bitcoin 	defi 	ether 	ethereum 	ethereum . 	ethereum mining 	ethereum staking 	hack 	pos 	pow 	learn	 guides	bitcoin 	blockchain 	ethereum 	trading all guides 	assets	 x (zrx) 	cosmos 	gemini dollar 	zcash 	grin see all 	companies	crosstower 	ark invest 	vision hill 	cryptocompare 	gda capital see all 	people	anthony pompliano 	vitalik buterin 	jimmy song 	jameson lopp 	satoshi nakamoto see all get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address 	tv 	videos 	podcasts 	research events	 trending 	 cardano cardano jumps on signals smart contracts coming next month frances yueaug , 	 pos ethereum miners make multimillion-dollar bet on upgrade delay david panaug , 	 prices bitcoin shows signs of exhaustion as rally ‘falters’ before next leg up: sources sebastian sinclairaug , 	 bitcoin price market wrap: bitcoin slips as infrastructure bill with crypto tax provision heads to house damanick dantesfrances yueaug , 	 defi cross-chain defi site poly network hacked; hundreds of millions potentially lost eliza gkritsimuyao shenaug , bitcoin h $ , . + . % bitcoin h $ , . + , . + . % ethereum h $ , . + . % ethereum h $ , . + . + . % xrp h $ . + . % xrp h $ . + . + . % cardano h $ . + . % cardano h $ . + . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . % dogecoin h $ . + . + . % stellar h $ . + . % stellar h $ . + . + . % uniswap h $ . + . % uniswap h $ . + . + . % chainlink h $ . + . % chainlink h $ . + . + . % polkadot h $ . + . % polkadot h $ . + . + . % polygon h $ . + . % polygon h $ . + . + . % litecoin h $ . + . % litecoin h $ . + . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . % bitcoin cash h $ . + . + . % the graph h $ . - . % the graph h $ . - . - . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . + . % wrapped bitcoin h $ , . + , . + . % ethereum classic h $ . + . % ethereum classic h $ . + . + . % filecoin h $ . + . % filecoin h $ . + . + . % aave h $ . + . % aave h $ . + . + . % tron h $ . + . % tron h $ . + . + . % neo h $ . + . % neo h $ . + . + . % algorand h $ . + . % algorand h $ . + . + . % eos h $ . + . % eos h $ . + . + . % monero h $ . + . % monero h $ . + . + . % bittorrent h $ . + . % bittorrent h $ . + . + . % cosmos h $ . + . % cosmos h $ . + . + . % maker h $ , . + . % maker h $ , . + . + . % tezos h $ . + . % tezos h $ . + . + . % bitcoin sv h $ . + . % bitcoin sv h $ . + . + . % iota h $ . + . % iota h $ . + . + . % decred h $ . + . % decred h $ . + . + . % dash h $ . + . % dash h $ . + . + . % waves h $ . - . % waves h $ . - . - . % decentraland h $ . + . % decentraland h $ . + . + . % nem h $ . + . % nem h $ . + . + . % zcash h $ . + . % zcash h $ . + . + . % qtum h $ . + . % qtum h $ . + . + . % yearn finance h $ , . + . % yearn finance h $ , . + , . + . % nucypher h $ . + . % nucypher h $ . + . + . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . % bitcoin gold h $ . + . + . % basic attention token h $ . + . % basic attention token h $ . + . + . % icon h $ . + . % icon h $ . + . + . % x h $ . + . % x h $ . + . + . % bancor h $ . + . % bancor h $ . + . + . % paxos standard h $ . - . % paxos standard h $ . - . - . % siacoin h $ . + . % siacoin h $ . + . + . % nano h $ . + . % nano h $ . + . + . % kava.io h $ . + . % kava.io h $ . + . + . % band protocol h $ . + . % band protocol h $ . + . + . % omg network h $ . + . % omg network h $ . + . + . % lisk h $ . + . % lisk h $ . + . + . % fetch.ai h $ . + . % fetch.ai h $ . + . + . % storj h $ . + . % storj h $ . + . + . % ren h $ . + . % ren h $ . + . + . % numeraire h $ . + . % numeraire h $ . + . + . % loopring h $ . + . % loopring h $ . + . + . % orchid h $ . + . % orchid h $ . + . + . % civic h $ . + . % civic h $ . + . + . % pax gold h $ , . + . % pax gold h $ , . + . + . % augur h $ . + . % augur h $ . + . + . % aragon h $ . + . % aragon h $ . + . + . % district x h $ . + . % district x h $ . + . + . % enzyme h $ . + . % enzyme h $ . + . + . % kyber network h $ . + . % kyber network h $ . + . + . % singulardtv h $ . + . % singulardtv h $ . + . + . % tether h $ . - . % tether h $ . - . - . % usd coin h $ . - . % usd coin h $ . - . - . % dai h $ . + . % dai h $ . + . + . % indexes top assets please consider using a different web browser for better experience. story from business silvergate bank to discontinue binance usd deposits, withdrawals “we are working hard to provide an alternative usd solution,” the exchange told traders in a widely shared email whose authenticity coindesk confirmed. tanzeel akhtar jun , at : p.m. utcupdated jun , at : p.m. utc silvergate bank to discontinue binance usd deposits, withdrawals silvergate bank, one of the few financial institutions serving cryptocurrency firms, will stop processing u.s. dollar deposits and withdrawals for exchange giant binance, people familiar with the situation confirmed. 	according to an email from binance being circulated thursday on twitter and reddit, starting friday any usd deposits and withdrawals through la jolla, calif.-based silvergate bank will be discontinued. 	the email, whose authenticity coindesk’s sources confirmed, goes on to say, “rest assured, we are working hard to provide an alternative usd solution.” in the meantime, users have other options. 	binance declined to comment on the post. “we don’t have anything to add at this time,” said a spokesperson, who did not respond to a followup email.  	silvergate and binance.us, the global exchange’s stateside affiliate, were unavailable for comment at press time. another source said the u.s. division was unaffected. 	indeed, the bank went so far as to tweet late thursday afternoon that binance.us "is a customer in good standing and an active participant on the silvergate exchange network," without mentioning the mothership. 	the silvergate funding option was introduced for binance users in december. as of late afternoon new york time thursday, the faq page for the service was still up. 	it is unclear what prompted silvergate to end the service. bloomberg recently reported that binance was under investigation by the u.s. department of justice, internal revenue service and the commodity futures trading commission (cftc). no wrongdoing has been alleged in any of these reported investigations. read more: binance’s chief finance exec has abruptly left the company omkar godbole contributed reporting. update ( : utc): added sentence about silvergate confirming binance.us remains in good standing. subscribe to , subscribe by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy. read more about... silvergate bankbinance disclosurethe leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. related 	 nfts dolce & gabbana sets date for haute couture nft drop tanzeel akhtaraug , 	 binance binance ordered by london high court to trace $ . m hackers jamie crawleyaug , 	 bitcoin mining marathon digital shares rise as q earnings beat estimates nelson wangaug , 	 binance binance discontinues south korean won trading pairs, payment options jamie crawleyaug , 	 nfts polygon’s new gaming studio launches with cricket nft platform cheyenne ligonaug , what is undefined? about masthead ethics policy contributors jobs events advertise follow us get the latest from coindesk sign up for our newsletters learn more by signing up, you will receive emails about coindesk products and you agree to our terms & conditions and privacy policy sign up please enter a valid email address terms & conditions privacy policy newsletters © coindesk english the leader in news and information on cryptocurrency, digital assets and the future of money, coindesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. coindesk is an independent operating subsidiary of digital currency group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups. .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:#fff} .st {fill:none;stroke:#fff;stroke-miterlimit: } .st {fill:#f bb d}.st {fill:#fff} book.fm , rev. c october sata product manual st dm st dm st dm © seagate technology llc. all rights reserved. publication number: , rev. c october seagate, seagate technology, barracuda and the spiral logo are registered trademarks of seagate technology llc in the united states and/or other countries. powerchoice and seatools are either trademarks or registered trademarks of seagate technology llc or one of its affiliated companies in the united states and/or other countries. the fips logo is a cer- tification mark of nist, which does not imply product endorsement by nist, the u.s., or canadian governments. all other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. no part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of seagate technology llc. call -pub-tek ( - - ) to request permission. when referring to drive capacity, one gigabyte, or gb, equals one billion bytes and one terabyte, or tb, equals one trillion bytes. your computer’s operating system may use a different standard of measurement and report a lower capacity. in addition, some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions, and thus will not be available for data storage. actual quantities will vary based on various factors, including file size, file format, features and application software. actual data rates may vary depending on operating environment and other factors. the export or re-export of hardware or software containing encryption may be regulated by the u.s. department of commerce, bureau of industry and security (for more information, visit www.bis.doc.gov), and controlled for import and use outside of the u.s. seagate reserves the right to change, without notice, product offerings or specifications. document revision history revision date pages affected and description of changes rev. a / / initial release. rev. b / / & : updated max sust. data transfer rate to mb/s for tb & mb/s for & tb : updated figure - tb - typical v and v startup and operation current profile - : updated safety, emc, fcc & rohs sections . through . . , per compliance council : updated fastener penetration depth to . inches in text and figure rev. c / / : updated table : taiwan - restricted substances - unit row header s= hdd & pcba - : updated fastener penetration depth in section . & figs. & = . in. http://www.bis.doc.gov seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c contents seagate® technology support services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about the serial ata interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . drive specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . specification summary tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . formatted capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lba mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . recording and interface technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . start/stop times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . power specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . power consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . conducted noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . voltage tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . extended power conditions - powerchoicetm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . environmental limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . humidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . effective altitude (sea level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . test for prominent discrete tones (pdts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . electromagnetic immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . annualized failure rate (afr) and mean time between failures (mtbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seagate® rescue™ data recovery service program terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . agency and safety certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . safety certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . european union (eu) ce marking requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . australian rcm compliance mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . canada ices- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . south korean kc certification mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . morocco commodity mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . taiwanese bsmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fcc verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . environmental protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . european union restriction of hazardous substance law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . china requirements —china rohs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . taiwan requirements — taiwan rohs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . corrosive environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shipping, repair and returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c contents . configuring and mounting the drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . handling and static-discharge precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . configuring the drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . serial ata cables and connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . drive mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mechanical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . serial ata (sata) interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hot-plug compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . serial ata device plug connector pin definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . supported ata commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . identify device command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . set features command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s.m.a.r.t. commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c for information regarding online support and services, visit: http://www.seagate.com/contacts/ for information regarding warranty support, visit: http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/ for information regarding data recovery services, visit: http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/ for seagate oem, distribution partner and reseller portals, visit: http://www.seagate.com/partners/ seagate® technology support services http://www.seagate.com/services-software/data-recovery-services/ http://www.seagate.com/contacts/ http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/ http://www.seagate.com/services-software/data-recovery-services/ http://www.seagate.com/partners/ seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . introduction this manual describes the functional, mechanical and interface specifications for the following: seagate® barracuda pro sata model drives:. these drives provide the following key features: • mb data buffer. • rpm spindle speed. • full-track multiple-sector transfer capability without local processor intervention. • high instantaneous (burst) data-transfer rates (up to mb per second). • native command queuing with command ordering to increase performance in demanding applications. • perpendicular recording technology provides the drives with increased areal density. • powerchoice™ for selectable power savings • seatools™ diagnostic software performs a drive self-test that eliminates unnecessary drive returns. • state-of-the-art cache and on-the-fly error-correction algorithms. • support for s.m.a.r.t. drive monitoring and reporting. • supports latching sata cables and connectors. • top cover attached motor for excellent vibration tolerance • worldwide name (wwn) capability uniquely identifies the drive. . about the serial ata interface the serial ata interface provides several advantages over the traditional (parallel) ata interface. the primary advantages include: • easy installation and configuration with true plug-and-play connectivity. it is not necessary to set any jumpers or other configuration options. • thinner and more flexible cabling for improved enclosure airflow and ease of installation. • scalability to higher performance levels. in addition, serial ata makes the transition from parallel ata easy by providing legacy software support. serial ata was designed to allow users to install a serial ata host adapter and serial ata disk drive in the current system and expect all of the existing applications to work as normal. the serial ata interface connects each disk drive in a point-to-point configuration with the serial ata host adapter. there is no master/slave relationship with serial ata devices like there is with parallel ata. if two drives are attached on one serial ata host adapter, the host operating system views the two devices as if they were both “masters” on two separate ports. this essentially means both drives behave as if they are device (master) devices. the serial ata host adapter and drive share the function of emulating parallel ata device behavior to provide backward compatibility with existing host systems and software. the command and control block registers, pio and dma data transfers, resets, and interrupts are all emulated. the serial ata host adapter contains a set of registers that shadow the contents of the traditional device registers, referred to as the shadow register block. all serial ata devices behave like device devices. for additional information about how serial ata emulates parallel ata, refer to the “serial ata: high speed serialized at attachment” specification. the specification can be downloaded from www.serialata.org. standard e models st dm st dm st dm note seagate recommends validating the configuration with the selected hba/raid controller manufacturer to ensure use of full capacity is supported. note the host adapter may, optionally, emulate a master/slave environment to host software where two devices on separate serial ata ports are represented to host software as a device (master) and device (slave) accessed at the same set of host bus addresses. a host adapter that emulates a master/slave environment manages two sets of shadow registers. this is not a typical serial ata environment. http://www.serialata.org seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . drive specifications unless otherwise noted, all specifications are measured under ambient conditions, at °c, and nominal power. for convenience, the phrases the drive and this drive are used throughout this manual to indicate the drive models. . specification summary tables the specifications listed in the following tables are for quick reference. for details on specification measurement or definition, see the appropriate section of this manual. table drive specifications summary drive specification* st dm st dm st dm formatted ( bytes/sector)** tb tb tb guaranteed sectors (see section . ) bytes per logical sector bytes per physical sector recording density, kbpi (kb/in max) track density, ktpi (ktracks/in avg.) areal density, (gb/in avg) spindle speed (rpm) internal data transfer rate (mb/s max) max sustained transfer rate, od read (mib/s) ( mb/s max) ( mb/s max) i/o data-transfer rate (mb/s max) ata data-transfer modes supported pio modes – multiword dma modes – ultra dma modes – cache buffer mb weight: (maximum) g ( . lb) average latency . ms power-on to ready (sec) (typ/max) / standby to ready (sec) (typ/max) / startup current (typical) v (peak) <= . a voltage tolerance (including noise) v ± % v ± % non-operating (ambient °c) – ° to ° operating ambient temperature (min °c) ° operating temperature (drive case max °c) ° † temperature gradient (°c per hour max) °c (operating) °c (non-operating) relative humidity % to % (operating) % to % (non-operating) relative humidity gradient % per hour max altitude, operating – . m to , m (– ft to , + ft) altitude, non-operating (below mean sea level, max) – . m to , m (– ft to , + ft) operational shock ( ms - typical) read gs / write gs non-operational shock ( ms- typical) gs vibration, operating – hz: . gs, limited displacement – hz: . gs – hz: . gs vibration, non-operating – hz: . grms ref drive acoustics, sound power (bels) idle*** . (typical) . (max) seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c * all specifications above are based on native configurations. ** one gb equals one billion bytes and tb equals one trillion bytes when referring to hard drive capacity. accessible capacity may vary depending on operating environment and formatting. *** during periods of drive idle, some offline activity may occur according to the s.m.a.r.t. specification, which may increase acoustic and power to operational levels. † seagate does not recommend operating at sustained case temperatures above °c. operating at higher temperatures will reduce useful life of the product. performance seek . (typical) . (max) non-recoverable read errors sector per bits read annualized failure rate (afr) < % based on poh rated workload maximum rate of tb/year. workloads exceeding the annualized rate may degrade the drive mtbf and impact product reliability. the annualized workload rate is in units of tb per year, or tb per power on hours. workload rate = tb transferred * ( / recorded power on hours). warranty to determine the warranty for a specific drive, use a web browser to access the following web page: http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/. from this page, click on the “is my drive under warranty” link. the following are required to be provided: the drive serial number, model number (or part number) and country of purchase.the system will display the warranty information for the drive. load-unload cycles , supports hotplug operation per serial ata revision . specification yes drive specification* st dm st dm st dm http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/ http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/ seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . formatted capacity * one gb equals one billion bytes when referring to hard drive capacity. accessible capacity may vary depending on operating environment and formatting.. . . lba mode when addressing these drives in lba mode, all blocks (sectors) are consecutively numbered from to n– , where n is the number of guaranteed sectors as defined above. see section . . , "identify device command" (words - and - ) for additional information about -bit addressing support of drives with capacities over gb. . recording and interface technology . start/stop times st models formatted capacity* guaranteed sectors bytes per logical sector st dm tb , , , st dm tb , , , st dm tb , , , note lba counts for drive capacities greater than tb are calculated based upon the sff- standard publication. ftp://ftp.seagate.com/sff/sff- .pdf models st dm st dm st dm interface serial ata (sata) recording method perpendicular recording density, kbpi (kb/in max) track density, ktpi (ktracks/in avg) areal density (gb/in avg) spindle speed (rpm) (± . %) internal data transfer rate (mb/s max) maximum sustained transfer rate (mib/s) ( mb/s max) ( mb/s max) i/o data-transfer rate (mb/s max) (ultra dma mode ) power-on to ready (sec) (typ/max) / standby to ready (sec) (typ/max) / ready to spindle stop (sec) (max) ftp://ftp.seagate.com/sff/sff- .pdf seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . power specifications the drive receives dc power (+ v or + v) through a native sata power connector. see figure on page . . . power consumption power requirements for the drives are listed in table . typical power measurements are based on an average of drives tested, under nominal conditions, using . v and . v input voltage at °c ambient temperature. table dc power requirements (st dm ) . gb mode voltage + v + v watts regulation ± % ± % total avg idle current * . . . advanced idle current * idle_a . . . idle_b . . . idle_c . . . standby . . . maximum start current dc (peak dc) . . ac (peak dc) . . operating current (random read k q): typical dc . . . maximum dc . . . maximum dc (peak) . . operating current (random write k q) typical dc . . . maximum dc . . . maximum dc (peak) . . operating current (sequential read k q) typical dc . . . maximum dc . . . maximum dc (peak) . . operating current (sequential write k q) typical dc . . . maximum dc . . . maximum dc (peak) . . seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c * during periods of drive idle, some offline activity may occur according to the s.m.a.r.t. specification, which may increase acoustic and power to operational levels table dc power requirements (st dm & st dm ) . gb mode voltage + v + v watts regulation ± % ± % total avg idle current * . . . advanced idle current * idle_a . . . idle_b . . . idle_c . . . standby . . . maximum start current dc (peak dc) . . ac (peak dc) . . delayed motor start (dc max) . . operating current (random read k q): typical dc . . . maximum dc . . maximum dc (peak) . . operating current (random write k q) typical dc . . . maximum dc . . maximum dc (peak) . . operating current (sequential read k q) typical dc . . . maximum dc . . maximum dc (peak) . . operating current (sequential write k q) typical dc . . . maximum dc . . maximum dc (peak) . . seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . . typical current profiles figure . tb - typical v and v startup and operation current profiles seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . . typical current profiles figure . tb & tb - typical v and v startup and operation current profiles . . conducted noise input noise ripple is measured at the host system power supply across an equivalent -ohm resistive load on the + v line or an equivalent -ohm resistive load on the + v line. • using v power, the drive is expected to operate with a maximum of mv peak-to-peak square-wave injected noise at up to mhz. • using v power, the drive is expected to operate with a maximum of mv peak-to-peak square-wave injected noise at up to mhz. . . voltage tolerance voltage tolerance (including noise): v ± % v ± % note equivalent resistance is calculated by dividing the nominal voltage by the typical rms read/write current. seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . extended power conditions - powerchoicetm utilizing the load/unload architecture a programmable power management interface is provided to tailor systems for reduced power consumption and performance requirements. the table below lists the supported power conditions available in powerchoice. power conditions are ordered from highest power consumption (and shortest recovery time) to lowest power consumption (and longest recovery time) as follows: idle_a power >= idle_b power >= idle_c power >= standby_z power. the further users go down in the table, the more power savings is actualized. for example, idle_b results in greater power savings than the idle_a power condition. standby results in the greatest power savings. each power condition has a set of current, saved and default settings. default settings are not modifiable. default and saved settings persist across power-on resets. the current settings do not persist across power-on resets. at the time of manufacture, the default, saved and current settings are in the power conditions log match. powerchoice is invoked using one of two methods • automatic power transitions which are triggered by expiration of individual power condition timers. these timer values may be customized and enabled using the extended power conditions (epc) feature set using the standardized set features command interface. • immediate host commanded power transitions may be initiated using an epc set features "go to power condition" subcommand to enter any supported power condition. legacy power commands standby immediate and idle immediate also provide a method to directly transition the drive into supported power conditions. powerchoice exits power saving states under the following conditions • any command which requires the drive to enter the pm : active state (media access) • power on reset powerchoice provides the following reporting methods for tracking purposes check power mode command • reports the current power state of the drive identify device command • epc feature set supported flag • epc feature enabled flag is set if at least one idle power condition timer is enabled power condition log reports the following for each power condition • nominal recovery time from the power condition to active • if the power condition is supported, changeable, and savable • default enabled state, and timer value • saved enabled state, and timer value • current enabled state, and timer value s.m.a.r.t. read data reports • attribute - emergency retract count • attribute - load/unload cycle count power condition name power condition id description idle_a h reduced electronics idle_b h heads unloaded. disks spinning at full rpm idle_c h heads unloaded. disks spinning at reduced rpm standby_z h heads unloaded. motor stopped (disks not spinning) seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c powerchoice manufacture default power condition timer values default power condition timer values have been established to assure product reliability and data integrity. a minimum timer value threshold of two minutes ensures the appropriate amount of background drive maintenance activities occur. attempting to set a timer values less than the specified minimum timer value threshold will result in an aborted epc "set power condition timer" subcommand. setting power condition timer values less than the manufacturer specified defaults or issuing the epc "go to power condition" subcommand at a rate exceeding the default timers may limit this products reliability and data integrity. powerchoice supported extended power condition feature subcommands powerchoice supported extended power condition identifiers power condition name manufacturer default timer values idle_a ms idle_b min idle_c min standby_z min epc subcommand description h restore power condition settings h go to power condition h set power condition timer h set power condition state h enable epc feature set h disable epc feature set power condition identifiers power condition name h standby_z - h reserved h idle_a h idle_b h idle_c - feh reserved ffh all epc power conditions seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . environmental limits temperature and humidity values experienced by the drive must be such that condensation does not occur on any drive part. altitude and atmospheric pressure specifications are referenced to a standard day at . °f ( . °c). . . temperature a. operating °f to °f ( °c to °c) drive case temperature range with a maximum temperature gradient of °f ( °c) per hour. the maximum allowable drive case temperature is °f ( °c). air flow may be required to achieve consistent nominal case temperature values (see section . ). to confirm that the required cooling is provided for the electronics and hda, place the drive in its final mechanical configuration, and perform random write/ read operations. after the temperatures stabilize, measure the case temperature of the drive. see figure for hda temperature checkpoint. b. non-operating – ° to °f (– ° to °c) package ambient with a maximum gradient of °f ( °c) per hour. this specification assumes that the drive is packaged in the shipping container designed by seagate for use with drive. figure . location of the hda temperature check point . . humidity the values below assume that no condensation on the drive occurs. maximum wet bulb temperature is . °f ( °c). . . . relative humidity . . effective altitude (sea level) note to maintain optimal performance drives should be run at nominal drive temperatures and humidity. note seagate does not recommend operating at sustained case temperatures above °c. operating at higher temperatures will reduce useful life of the product. note image is for reference only, may not represent actual drive operating: % to % non-condensing relative humidity with a maximum gradient of % per hour. nonoperating: % to % non-condensing relative humidity with a maximum gradient of % per hour. operating: – . m to m (– ft. to , + ft.) nonoperating: – . m to , m (– ft. to , + ft.) hda temperature check point seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . shock all shock specifications assume that the drive is mounted securely with the input shock applied at the drive mounting screws. shock may be applied in the x, y or z axis. . . . operating shock these drives comply with the performance levels specified in this document when subjected to a maximum operating shock of gs (read) and gs (write) based on half-sine shock pulses of ms. shocks should not be repeated more than two times per second. . . . nonoperating shock the nonoperating shock level that the drive can experience without incurring physical damage or degradation in performance when subsequently put into operation is gs based on a nonrepetitive half-sine shock pulse of ms duration. . . vibration all vibration specifications assume that the drive is mounted securely with the input vibration applied at the drive mounting screws. vibration may be applied in the x, y or z axis. . . . operating vibration the maximum vibration levels that the drive may experience while meeting the performance standards specified in this document are specified below. . . . nonoperating vibration the maximum nonoperating vibration levels that the drive may experience without incurring physical damage or degradation in performance when subsequently put into operation are specified below. . – hz . gs – hz . gs – hz . gs – hz linear random . grms ref freq (hz) g /hz . . . . seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . acoustics drive acoustics are measured as overall a-weighted acoustic sound power levels (no pure tones). all measurements are consistent with iso document . sound power measurements are taken under essentially free-field conditions over a reflecting plane. for all tests, the drive is oriented with the cover facing upward. ) * during periods of drive idle, some offline activity may occur according to the s.m.a.r.t. specification, which may increase acoustic and power to operational levels. . test for prominent discrete tones (pdts) seagate follows the ecma- standards for measurement and identification of pdts. an exception to this process is the use of the absolute threshold of hearing. seagate uses this threshold curve (originated in iso - ) to discern tone audibility and to compensate for the inaudible components of sound prior to computation of tone ratios according to annex d of the ecma- standards. . electromagnetic immunity when properly installed in a representative host system, the drive operates without errors or degradation in performance when subjected to the radio frequency (rf) environments defined in the following table: note for seek mode tests, the drive is placed in seek mode only. the number of seeks per second is defined by the following equation: number of seeks per second = . / (average latency + average access time) table fluid dynamic bearing (fdb) motor acoustics idle* performance seek . bels (typ) . bels (max) . bels (typ) . bels (max) table radio frequency environments test description performance level reference standard electrostatic discharge contact, hcp, vcp: ± kv; air: ± kv b en - - : radiated rf immunity to mhz, v/m, % am with khz sine mhz, v/m, % pulse modulation @ hz a en - - : env : electrical fast transient ± kv on ac mains, ± . kv on external i/o b en - - : surge immunity ± kv differential, ± kv common, ac mains b en - - : conducted rf immunity khz to mhz, vrms, % am with khz sine a en - - : voltage dips, interrupts % open, seconds % short, seconds %, . seconds %, . seconds c c c b en - - : seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . reliability . . annualized failure rate (afr) and mean time between failures (mtbf) the production disk drive shall achieve an annualized failure-rate of < % (mtbf of , , hours) over a year service life when used in storage field conditions as limited by the following: • power-on hours per year. • hda temperature as reported by the drive <= °c • ambient wet bulb temp <= °c • typical workload • the afr (mtbf) is a population statistic not relevant to individual units • ansi/isa s . - g classification levels and dust contamination to iso - class standards (as measured at the device) the mtbf specification for the drive assumes the operating environment is designed to maintain nominal drive temperature and humidity. occasional excursions in operating conditions between the rated mtbf conditions and the maximum drive operating conditions may occur without significant impact to the rated mtbf. however continual or sustained operation beyond the rated mtbf conditions will degrade the drive mtbf and reduce product reliability.. . . storage maximum storage periods are days within original unopened seagate shipping package or days unpackaged within the defined non-operating limits (refer to environmental section in this manual). storage can be extended to year packaged or unpackaged under optimal environmental conditions ( °c, < % relative humidity non-condensing, and non-corrosive environment). during any storage period the drive non-operational temperature, humidity, wet bulb, atmospheric conditions, shock, vibration, magnetic and electrical field specifications should be followed. nonrecoverable read errors per bits read, max load unload cycles , cycles rated workload maximum rate of tb/year. workloads exceeding the annualized rate may degrade the drive mtbf and impact product reliability. the annualized workload rate is in units of tb per year, or tb per power on hours. workload rate = tb transferred * ( / recorded power on hours). warranty to determine the warranty for a specific drive, use a web browser to access the following web page: http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/. from this page, click on the “is my drive under warranty” link. the following are required to be provided: the drive serial number, model number (or part number) and country of purchase. the system will display the warranty information for the drive. preventive maintenance none required. http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/ http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/ seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . seagate® rescue™ data recovery service program terms -year hdd warranty coverage + concurrent year rescue data recovery service. to enable rescue data recovery warranty coverage register at seagate.com/register. if you suffer a data loss event within the first years of your year warranty and you are eligible to participate in and submit a case under the seagate rescue data recovery program, contact srs at - - or if you are calling from outside the us, please visit our website for numbers in your local and language: http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/resources/. an srs representative will review your case to confirm your eligibility, and to assess whether your data may be recoverable by remote recovery services or whether you will need to send your device to srs for in-lab servicing. rescue™ general terms these rescue™ general terms together with the rescue™ faq’s make up the rescue™ program terms. by submitting a case under the rescue™ program (“program”) you agree to be bound by the program terms, including these general terms and the faq communications. all communications relating to your request will be available on our web site in your account and sent via e-mail to the address you provide to us unless you request, in writing, to receive such communications via regular mail. personal data. you must provide true, accurate and complete information about yourself as prompted by the request form, including, without limitation, your name, address, e-mail address, and telephone number, as applicable (collectively, “personal data”). you must maintain and promptly update your personal data. you acknowledge that we may send you important information and notices regarding your requests by e-mail and that we shall have no liability associated with or arising from your failure to maintain accurate personal data. capacity; legal rights; indemnity. you represent to srs that you are of the legal age of majority in your state or country of residence, with the full capacity to agree to these program terms. you warrant that you are the legal owner or the authorized representative of the legal owner of the device you submit to srs (the “device”) and data. you warrant that the data on the device is legal and that you have the unrestricted legal right to (a) give us remote access to the data, (b) have the data recovered and reproduced on a backup medium, (c) receive the recovered data, and (d) agree to these program terms. you will defend and indemnify us (including our directors, officers, employees, agents, delegates, and contractors) from any claims or actions relating to the device or data, or your rights or lack of rights thereto. confidentiality. we will protect the confidentiality of your data against unauthorized disclosure using the same degree of care as we use to protect our own confidential information. disclaimer of warranties, representations and guarantees. we provide the program and any services provided or attempted hereunder “as is,” with all faults, at your sole risk. we do not extend any express warranties, representations, conditions or guarantees regarding our rescue services or any results thereof. to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law and subject to any statutory warranties that cannot be excluded, we expressly disclaim all implied warranties, including any implied warranty or condition of merchantability, warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, or warranty of accuracy or completeness with respect to this program and services. this program and disclaimer is unrelated to, and does not affect any warranties relating to your device that we or the seller may have extended to you. limitation of liability. we will not be liable for any harm caused, unless you prove that we caused such harm intentionally. without limiting the generality of the foregoing, we will not be liable for the condition, existence, or loss of the data you send us or the data we recover (if any), any loss of revenue or loss of profits, or any indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages however caused. to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, this limitation shall apply to any and all damages, regardless of the legal theory on which they are asserted (including, without limitation, contract, breach of contract, and tort), and regardless of whether we have been advised of the possibility of loss or damages - unless you prove that srs caused damages to you intentionally. to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the amount of our liability will not exceed the total price you actually pay for the device, the essential purpose of which is to limit our liability arising from or related to the program and any data recovery services. http://seagate.com/register http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/resources/ http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/resources/ seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c this allocation of risk is reflected in the price charged for this program or services, if any. you acknowledge that the price of this program would be much greater if we undertook more extensive liability. this paragraph will apply notwithstanding any other provisions in these terms, or the failure of any remedy. compliance with laws. you agree to comply with all such laws and regulations and all other applicable laws, statutes, ordinances and regulations relating to the program. you acknowledge that violations of these program terms could subject you to criminal or civil penalties. the goods licensed or provided, or services provided, through the program, which may include technology and software, are subject to the customs and export control laws and regulations of the u.s. and may also be subject to the customs and export laws and regulations of the country in which the products are manufactured or received. further, under u.s. law, such goods may not be sold, leased or otherwise transferred to restricted countries, or used by a restricted end-user or an end-user engaged in activities related to weapons of mass destruction including, without limitation, activities related to designing, developing, producing or using nuclear weapons, materials, or facilities, missiles or supporting missile projects, or chemical or biological weapons. you acknowledge you are not a restricted end-user or involved in any of the restricted activities above, and that you will comply with and abide by these laws and regulations. seagate reserves the right to refuse service to or the return of any storage devices that have been determined to violate these regulations. cancellation. you may cancel the program at any time by contacting srs at - -seagate ( - - - ) in the us, or at such other number available at http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/resources/, or you simply may refrain from submitting a request for rescue services. these program terms remain applicable to your and srs's rights and obligations with respect to any services requested by you under this program. assignment. you may not assign your rights or obligations under these program terms without srs’ express written consent. dispute resolution. the parties will attempt to resolve any dispute arising out of or related to these program terms or any data recovery services requested or attempted hereunder through good faith negotiation. to the extent permitted by applicable law, if the parties are unable to resolve the dispute through good faith negotiation, then the dispute will be submitted to final and binding arbitration with the judicial arbitration and mediation services. each party will bear its own costs in arbitration, provided that seagate reserves the right, in its discretion, to pre-pay certain fees you may incur in connection with the arbitration subject to refund if you do not prevail. both parties waive their rights to a jury trial. all proceedings will take place in santa clara county, california, usa. the laws of the state of california will exclusively govern these program terms and our provision of any data recovery services, without regard to california's conflicts of laws rules. you consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in santa clara county, california, usa. severability. if any provision of these program terms is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable, such provision shall be enforced to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law and the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not be affected thereby. legal effect. these program terms describe certain legal rights. you may have other rights under applicable law. these program terms do not change your rights under applicable law if such laws do not permit these program terms to do so. also, the program and these program terms are in addition and unrelated to any rights you may have under a seagate warranty statement. srs companies. the following srs companies may provide the services described in these program terms: (a) seagate technology llc, with offices at jay street, suite , santa clara, california ; (b) seagate technology canada inc., with offices at bristol circle, suite a , oakville, ontario, canada l h s ; and/or (c) seagate technology (netherlands) b.v., with offices at koolhovenlaan , pa, schiphol-rijk, the netherlands. http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/resources/ http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/resources/ http://www.seagate.com/services-software/recover/resources/ seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . agency and safety certifications each hard drive and solid state drive ("drives") has a product label that includes certifications that are applicable to that specific drive. the following information provides an overview of requirements that may be applicable to the drive. . . safety certification the drives are recognized in accordance with ul/cul - and en - . . . european union (eu) ce marking requirements drives that display the ce mark comply with the european union (eu) requirements specified in the electromagnetic compatibility directive ( / /eu) put into force on april . testing is performed to the levels specified by the product standards for information technology equipment (ite). emission levels are defined by en : , class b and the immunity levels are defined by en : . the drives also meet the requirements of the low voltage directive (lvd) / /eu. seagate drives are tested in representative end-user systems. although ce-marked seagate drives comply with all relevant regulatory requirements and standards for the drives, seagate cannot guarantee that all system-level products into which the drives are installed comply with all regulatory requirements and standards applicable to the system-level products. the drive is designed for operation inside a properly designed system (e.g., enclosure designed for the drive), with properly shielded i/o cable (if necessary) and terminators on all unused i/o ports. computer manufacturers and system integrators should confirm emc compliance and provide ce marking for the system-level products. for compliance with the rohs "recast" directive / /eu (rohs ), see section . . on page . . . australian rcm compliance mark if these models have the rcm marking, they comply with the australia/new zealand standard as/nz cispr and meet the electromagnetic compatibility (emc) framework requirements of the australian communication and media authority (acma). . . canada ices- if this model has the ices- : marking it complies with requirements of ices tested per ansi c . - . . . south korean kc certification mark the south korean kc certification mark means the drives comply with paragraph of article of the electromagnetic compatibility control regulation and meet the electromagnetic compatibility (emc) framework requirements of the radio research agency (rra) communications commission, republic of korea.these drives have been tested and comply with the electromagnetic interference/ electromagnetic susceptibility (emi/ems) for class b products. drives are tested in a representative, end-user system by a korean- recognized lab. seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . morocco commodity mark to satisfy our oem customers, seagate has added the moroccan commodity mark to the drives provided to the oem for the sale of customer kits produced by our oem customers that are intended to be incorporated into the oem's finished system-level product by an end user. the customer kits are considered 'devices' under morocco's order of the minister of industry, trade, investment and digital economy no. - of ramadan ( july ) on electromagnetic compatibility of equipment. seagate drives are tested for compliance and complies with the european union (eu) electromagnetic compatibility (emc) directive / /eu and the low voltage directive (lvd) / /eu. accordingly, the drives also meets the requirements of morocco's order of the minister of industry, trade, investment and digital economy no. - of ramadan ( july ) on electromagnetic compatibility of equipment. . . taiwanese bsmi drives with the taiwanese certification mark comply with chinese national standard, cns . for compliance with the taiwan bureau of standards, metrology and inspection’s (bsmi) requirements, see section . . on page . . . fcc verification these drives are intended to be contained solely within a personal computer or similar enclosure (not attached as an external device). as such, each drive is considered to be a subassembly even when it is individually marketed to the customer. as a subassembly, no federal communications commission verification or certification of the device is required. seagate has tested this device in enclosures as described above to ensure that the total assembly (enclosure, disk drive, motherboard, power supply, etc.) does comply with the limits for a class b computing device, pursuant to subpart j, part of the fcc rules. operation with noncertified assemblies is likely to result in interference to radio and television reception. radio and television interference. this equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause interference to radio and television reception. this equipment is designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. however, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. if this equipment does cause interference to radio or television, which can be determined by turning the equipment on and off, users are encouraged to try one or more of the following corrective measures: • reorient the receiving antenna. • move the device to one side or the other of the radio or tv. • move the device farther away from the radio or tv. • plug the computer into a different outlet so that the receiver and computer are on different branch outlets. if necessary, users should consult a dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for additional suggestions. users may find helpful the following booklet prepared by the federal communications commission: how to identify and resolve radio-television interference problems. this booklet is available from the superintendent of documents, u.s. government printing office, washington, dc . refer to publication number - - - . seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . environmental protection seagate designs its products to meet environmental protection requirements worldwide, including regulations restricting certain chemical substances. . . european union restriction of hazardous substance law . . . restriction of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment seagate drives are designed to be compliant with the european union rohs "recast" directive / /eu (rohs ) as amended by directive (eu) / . the rohs restricts the use of certain hazardous substances such as lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (pbb) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde), bisbis( -ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp), benzyl butyl phthalate (bbp), dibutyl phthalate (dbp), and diisobutyl phthalate (dibp) in electrical and electronic equipment (eee). . . . substances of very high concern (svhc) the european union reach (registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals) regulation (ec) / regulates chemicals shipped into and used in europe. a number of parts and materials in seagate products are procured from external suppliers. we rely on the representations of our suppliers regarding the presence of reach substances in these articles and materials. our supplier contracts require compliance with our chemical substance restrictions, and our suppliers document their compliance with our requirements by providing full-disclosure material content declarations that disclose inclusion of any reach- regulated substance in such articles or materials. product-specific reach declarations are available upon request through your seagate sales representative. . . china requirements —china rohs china rohs refers to the ministry of industry and information technology order no. , effective july , , titled management methods for the restriction of the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic products. to comply with china rohs , seagate determines this product's environmental protection use period (epup) to be years in accordance with the marking for the restricted use of hazardous substances in electronic and electrical products, sjt - . table china - hazardous substances 部件名称 part name 有害物质 hazardous substances 铅 (pb) 汞 (hg) 镉 (cd) 六价铬 (cr+ ) 多溴联苯 (pbb) 多溴二苯醚 (pbde) 硬盘驱动器 hdd x o o o o o 印刷电路板组装 pcba x o o o o o 本表格依据 sj/t 的规定编制。 this table is prepared in accordance with the provisions of sj/t - o：表示该有害物质在该部件所有均质材料中的含量均在 gb/t 规定的限量要求以下。 o：indicates that the hazardous substance contained in all of the homogeneous materials for this part is below the limit requirement of gb/t . x：表示该有害物质至少在该部件的某一均质材料中的含量超出 gb/t 规定的限量要求。 x：indicates that the hazardous substance contained in at least one of the homogeneous materials used for this part is above the limit requirement of gb/t . seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . taiwan requirements — taiwan rohs taiwan rohs refers to the taiwan bureau of standards, metrology and inspection’s (bsmi) requirements in standard cns , guidance to reduction of the restricted chemical substances in electrical and electronic equipment. seagate products must comply with the “marking of presence” requirements in section of cns , effective january , . this product is taiwan rohs compliant. the following table meets the section “marking of presence” requirements. table taiwan - restricted substances 設備名稱：硬盤設備，型號：僅適用于內部使用 equipment name: hard disk device, type designation: internal use only 單元 unit 限用物質及其化學符號 restricted substance and its chemical symbol 铅 (pb) 汞 (hg) 镉 (cd) 六价铬 (cr+ ) 多溴联苯 (pbb) 多溴二苯醚 (pbde) 硬盤驅動器 hdd — o o o o o 印刷电路板组装 pcba — o o o o o 備考 . "o" 係指該项限用物質之百分比含量未超出百分比含量基準值。 note . "o" indicates that the percentage content of the restricted substance does not exceed the percentage of reference value of presence. 備考 . "—" 係指該项限用物質為排除項目。 note . "—" indicates that the restricted substance corresponds to the exemption. seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . corrosive environment seagate electronic drive components pass accelerated corrosion testing equivalent to years exposure to light industrial environments containing sulfurous gases, chlorine and nitric oxide, classes g and h per astm b . however, this accelerated testing cannot duplicate every potential application environment. users should use caution exposing any electronic components to uncontrolled chemical pollutants and corrosive chemicals as electronic drive component reliability can be affected by the installation environment. the silver, copper, nickel and gold films used in hard disk drives are especially sensitive to the presence of sulfide, chloride, and nitrate contaminants. sulfur is found to be the most damaging. materials used in cabinet fabrication, such as vulcanized rubber, that can outgas corrosive compounds should be minimized or eliminated. the useful life of any electronic equipment may be extended by replacing materials near circuitry with sulfide-free alternatives. seagate recommends that data centers be kept clean by monitoring and controlling the dust and gaseous contamination. gaseous contamination should be within ansi/isa s . - g classification levels (as measured on copper and silver coupons), and dust contamination to iso - class standards, and mtbf rated conditions as defined in the annualized failure rate (afr) and mean time between failure (mtbf) section. . shipping, repair and returns shipping when transporting or shipping a drive, use only a seagate-approved container. keep the original box. seagate approved containers are easily identified by the seagate approved package label. shipping a drive in a non-approved container voids the drive warranty. seagate repair centers may refuse receipt of components improperly packaged or obviously damaged in transit. contact the authorized seagate distributor to purchase additional boxes. seagate recommends shipping by an air-ride carrier experienced in handling computer equipment. product repair and return information seagate customer service centers are the only facilities authorized to service seagate drives. seagate does not sanction any third- party repair facilities. any unauthorized repair or tampering with the factory seal voids the warranty. seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . configuring and mounting the drive this section contains the specifications and instructions for configuring and mounting the drive. . handling and static-discharge precautions after unpacking, and before installation, the drive may be exposed to potential handling and electrostatic discharge (esd) hazards. observe the following standard handling and static-discharge precautions: . configuring the drive each drive on the serial ata interface connects point-to-point with the serial ata host adapter. there is no master/slave relationship because each drive is considered a master in a point-to-point relationship. if two drives are attached on one serial ata host adapter, the host operating system views the two devices as if they were both “masters” on two separate ports. both drives behave as if they are device (master) devices. . serial ata cables and connectors the serial ata interface cable consists of four conductors in two differential pairs, plus three ground connections. the cable size may be to awg with a maximum length of one meter ( . in). see table for connector pin definitions. either end of the sata signal cable can be attached to the drive or host. for direct backplane connection, the drive connectors are inserted directly into the host receptacle. the drive and the host receptacle incorporate features that enable the direct connection to be hot pluggable and blind mateable. for installations which require cables, users can connect the drive as illustrated in figure . figure . attaching sata cabling each cable is keyed to ensure correct orientation. barracuda pro sata drives support latching sata connectors. caution • before handling the drive, put on a grounded wrist strap, or ground oneself frequently by touching the metal chassis of a computer that is plugged into a grounded outlet. wear a grounded wrist strap throughout the entire installation procedure. • handle the drive by its edges or frame only. • the drive is extremely fragile—handle it with care. do not press down on the drive top cover. • always rest the drive on a padded, antistatic surface until mounting it in the computer. • do not touch the connector pins or the printed circuit board. • do not remove the factory-installed labels from the drive or cover them with additional labels. removal voids the warranty. some factory-installed labels contain information needed to service the drive. other labels are used to seal out dirt and con- tamination. power cable signal cable signal connector power connector seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . drive mounting users can mount the drive in any orientation using four screws in the side-mounting holes or four screws in the bottom-mounting holes. see figure for drive mounting dimensions. follow these important mounting precautions when mounting the drive: • allow a minimum clearance of . in ( . mm) around the entire perimeter of the drive for cooling. • use only - unc mounting screws. • the screws should be inserted no more than . in ( . mm) into the bottom or side mounting holes. • do not overtighten the mounting screws (maximum torque: in-lb). . . mechanical specifications refer to figure for detailed mounting configuration dimensions. see section . , “drive mounting.” figure . mounting configuration dimensions for tb models weight: . lb g note the image is for mechanical dimension reference only and may not represent the actual drive. x . ±. x . ±. . . ±. . ±. . ±. . . x - unc b min thread depth . max fastener penetration mounting hole. max torque in/lbs b y . ±. . max . mm . ±. . ±. x - unc b min thread depth . max fastener penetration mounting holes both sides. max torque in/lbs yz . max . mm . ±. . cl of drive cl of drive cl of conn z seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c figure . mounting configuration dimensions for tb & tb models) note the image is for mechanical dimension reference only and may not represent the actual drive. seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . serial ata (sata) interface these drives use the industry-standard serial ata interface that supports fis data transfers. it supports ata programmed input/ output (pio) modes – ; multiword dma modes – , and ultra dma modes – . for detailed information about the serial ata interface, refer to the “serial ata: high speed serialized at attachment” specification. . hot-plug compatibility barracuda pro sata drives incorporate connectors which enable users to hot plug these drives in accordance with the serial ata revision . specification. this specification can be downloaded from www.serialata.org. caution: the drive motor must come to a complete stop (ready to spindle stop time indicated in section . ) prior to changing the plane of operation. this time is required to insure data integrity. . serial ata device plug connector pin definitions table summarizes the signals on the serial ata interface and power connectors. notes: . all pins are in a single row, with a . mm ( . ”) pitch. . the comments on the mating sequence apply to the case of backplane blindmate connector only. in this case, the mating sequences are: • the ground pins p and p . • the pre-charge power pins and the other ground pins. • the signal pins and the rest of the power pins. . there are three power pins for each voltage. one pin from each voltage is used for pre-charge when installed in a blind-mate backplane config- uration. . all used voltage pins (vx) must be terminated. table serial ata connector pin definitions segment pin function definition signal s ground nd mate s a+ differential signal pair a from phy s a- s ground nd mate s b- differential signal pair b from phy s b+ s ground nd mate key and spacing separate signal and power segments power p v . v power p v . v power p v . v power, pre-charge, nd mate p ground st mate p ground nd mate p ground nd mate p v v power, pre-charge, nd mate p v v power p v v power p ground nd mate p ground or led signal if grounded, drive does not use deferred spin p ground st mate. p v v power, pre-charge, nd mate p v v power p v v power http://www.serialata.org seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . supported ata commands the following table lists serial ata standard commands that the drive supports. for a detailed description of the ata commands, refer to the serial ata: high speed serialized at attachment specification. see “s.m.a.r.t. commands” on page .for details and subcommands used in the s.m.a.r.t. implementation. table supported ata commands command name command code (in hex) accessible max address configuration get native max address ext h / h set accessible max address ext h / h freeze accessible max address ext h / h check power mode e h download microcode h execute device diagnostics h flush cache e h flush cache extended eah identify device ech idle e h idle immediate e h nop h read buffer e h read buffer dma e h read dma c h read dma extended h read fpdma queued h read log dma ext h read log ext fh read multiple c h read multiple extended h read sectors h read sectors extended h read sectors without retries h read verify sectors h read verify sectors extended h read verify sectors without retries h receive fpdma queued h request sense data ext bh security disable password f h security erase prepare f h security erase unit f h security freeze f h security set password f h security unlock f h seek h send fpdma queued h seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c set date & time ext h set features efh set multiple mode c h sleep e h s.m.a.r.t. disable operations b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. enable/disable autosave b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. enable operations b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. execute offline b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. read attribute thresholds b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. read data b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. read log sector b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. return status b h / dah s.m.a.r.t. save attribute values b h / d h s.m.a.r.t. write log sector b h / d h standby e h standby immediate e h trusted send eh (sed drives only) trusted send dma fh (sed drives only) trusted receive ch (sed drives only) trusted receive dma dh (sed drives only) write buffer e h write buffer dma ebh write dma cah write dma extended h write dma fua extended dh write fpdma queued h write log dma ext h write log extended fh write multiple c h write multiple extended h write multiple fua extended ceh write sectors h write sectors without retries h write sectors extended h write uncorrectable h command name command code (in hex) seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . identify device command the identify device command (command code ech) transfers information about the drive to the host following power up. the data is organized as a single -byte block of data, whose contents are shown in table on page . all reserved bits or words should be set to zero. parameters listed with an “x” are drive-specific or vary with the state of the drive. see section . on page for default parameter settings. the following commands contain drive-specific features that may not be included in the serial ata specification. word description value configuration information: • bit : = ata; = atapi • bit : removable media • bit : removable controller • bit : reserved c ah obsolete , ata-reserved h obsolete retired h retired h obsolete fh – retired h – serial number: ( ascii characters, h = none) ascii - retired h obsolete h – firmware revision ( ascii character string, padded with blanks to end of string) x.xx – drive model number: ( ascii characters, padded with blanks to end of string) (bits – ) maximum sectors per interrupt on read multiple and write multiple ( ) h trusted computing feature set supported bit (sed only) h standard standby timer, iordy supported and may be disabled f h capabilities h - obsolete xxxxh - words – , – and are valid xxxxh – obsolete xxxxh (bit : ) block erase ext not supported (bit : ) overwrite ext supported (bit : x) crypto scramble ext supported (sed only) (bit : ) sanitize feature set supported (bit : ) commands allowed during sanitize op as specified in acs- (bit : ) sanitize antifreeze lock ext command supported sc h – total number of user-addressable lba sectors available (see section for related information) *note: the maximum value allowed in this field is: fffffffh ( , , sectors, gb). drives with capacities over gb will have fffffffh in this field and the actual number of user-addressable lbas specified in words - . this is required for drives that support the -bit addressing feature. fffffffh* obsolete h multiword dma active and modes supported (see note following this table) xx h advanced pio modes supported (modes and supported) h minimum multiword dma transfer cycle time per word ( ns) h recommended multiword dma transfer cycle time per word ( ns) h seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c minimum pio cycle time without iordy flow control ( ns) h minimum pio cycle time with iordy flow control ( ns) h additional supported h – ata-reserved h queue depth fh serial ata capabilities d eh (bit : ) send/receive fpdma queued commands supported xx xh serial ata features supported xxxxh serial ata features enabled xxxxh major version number f h minor version number h command sets supported bh command sets supported h command sets support extension (see note following this table) h command sets enabled h command sets enabled b h command sets enable extension h ultra dma support and current mode (see note following this table) xx fh security erase time xxxxh enhanced security erase time xxxxh master password revision code fffeh hardware reset value xxxxh – ata-reserved h – total number of user-addressable lba sectors available (see section for related informa- tion). these words are required for drives that support the -bit addressing feature. maxi- mum value: ffffffffffffh. st dm = , , , st dm = , , , st dm = , , , – ata-reserved h physical/logical sector size h ata-reserved h – the mandatory value of the world wide name (wwn) for the drive. note: this field is valid if word , bit is set to indicating -bit wwn support. each drive will have a unique value. – ata-reserved h commands and feature sets supported deh commands and feature sets supported or enabled ch - ata-reserved h security status h – seagate-reserved xxxxh – ata-reserved h sct command transport command set. if bit is set to one, then the device supports sct command transport. bits : indicate individual sct feature support. xxbdh - ata-reserved h integrity word xxa h note see the bit descriptions below for words , , and of the identify drive data. word description value seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c description (if bit is set to ) bit word multiword dma mode is supported. multiword dma mode is supported. multiword dma mode is supported. multiword dma mode is currently active. multiword dma mode is currently active. multiword dma mode is currently active. bit word smart error logging is supported. smart self-test is supported. media serial number is supported. media card pass through command feature set is supported. streaming feature set is supported. gpl feature set is supported. write dma fua ext and write multiple fua ext commands are supported. write dma queued fua ext command is supported. -bit world wide name is supported. - obsolete. - reserved for tlc. idle immediate command with iunload feature is supported. shall be set to . shall be cleared to . bit word ultra dma mode is supported. ultra dma mode is supported. ultra dma mode is supported. ultra dma mode is supported. ultra dma mode is supported. ultra dma mode is supported. ultra dma mode is supported. ultra dma mode is currently active. ultra dma mode is currently active. ultra dma mode is currently active. ultra dma mode is currently active. ultra dma mode is currently active. ultra dma mode is currently active. ultra dma mode is currently active. seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . set features command this command controls the implementation of various features that the drive supports. when the drive receives this command, it sets bsy, checks the contents of the features register, clears bsy and generates an interrupt. if the value in the register does not represent a feature that the drive supports, the command is aborted. power-on default has the read look-ahead and write caching features enabled. the acceptable values for the features register are defined as follows table set features command values h enable write cache (default). h set transfer mode (based on value in sector count register). sector count register values: h set pio mode to default (pio mode ). h set pio mode to default and disable iordy (pio mode ). h pio mode h pio mode ah pio mode bh pio mode ch pio mode (default) h multiword dma mode h multiword dma mode h multiword dma mode h ultra dma mode h ultra dma mode h ultra dma mode h ultra dma mode h ultra dma mode h ultra dma mode h ultra dma mode h enable use of sata features h disable read look-ahead (read cache) feature. h disable write cache h disable use of sata features aah enable read look-ahead (read cache) feature (default). f h report full capacity available note at power-on, or after a hardware or software reset, the default values of the features are as indicated above. seagate barracuda pro sata product manual, rev. c . . s.m.a.r.t. commands s.m.a.r.t. provides near-term failure prediction for disk drives. when s.m.a.r.t. is enabled, the drive monitors predetermined drive attributes that are susceptible to degradation over time. if self-monitoring determines that a failure is likely, s.m.a.r.t. makes a status report available to the host. not all failures are predictable. s.m.a.r.t. predictability is limited to the attributes the drive can monitor. for more information on s.m.a.r.t. commands and implementation, see the draft ata- standard. seatools diagnostic software activates a built-in drive self-test (dst s.m.a.r.t. command for d h) that eliminates unnecessary drive returns. the diagnostic software ships with all new drives and is also available at: http://www.seagate.com/support/downloads/seatools/. this drive is shipped with s.m.a.r.t. features disabled. users must have a recent bios or software package that supports s.m.a.r.t. to enable this feature. the table below shows the s.m.a.r.t. command codes that the drive uses. table s.m.a.r.t. commands code in features register s.m.a.r.t. command d h s.m.a.r.t. read data d h s.m.a.r.t. enable/disable attribute autosave d h s.m.a.r.t. save attribute values d h s.m.a.r.t. execute off-line immediate (runs dst) d h s.m.a.r.t. read log sector d h s.m.a.r.t. write log sector d h s.m.a.r.t. enable operations d h s.m.a.r.t. disable operations dah s.m.a.r.t. return status note if an appropriate code is not written to the features register, the command is aborted and x (abort) is written to the error register. http://www.seagate.com/support/downloads/seatools/ seagate technology llc americas seagate technology llc south de anza boulevard, cupertino, california , united states, - - asia/pacific seagate singapore international headquarters pte. ltd. ang mo kio avenue , singapore , - - europe, middle east and africa seagate technology sas - rue du dôme, boulogne-billancourt, france, - publication number: , rev. c october 	sata product manual 	seagate® technology support services 	 . introduction 	 . about the serial ata interface 	 . drive specifications 	 . specification summary tables 	 . formatted capacity 	 . . lba mode 	 . recording and interface technology 	 . start/stop times 	 . power specifications 	 . . power consumption 	 . . conducted noise 	 . . voltage tolerance 	 . . extended power conditions - powerchoicetm 	 . environmental limits 	 . . temperature 	 . . humidity 	 . . effective altitude (sea level) 	 . . shock 	 . . vibration 	 . acoustics 	 . test for prominent discrete tones (pdts) 	 . electromagnetic immunity 	 . reliability 	 . . annualized failure rate (afr) and mean time between failures (mtbf) 	 . . storage 	 . . seagate® rescue™ data recovery service program terms 	 . agency and safety certifications 	 . . safety certification 	 . . european union (eu) ce marking requirements 	 . . australian rcm compliance mark 	 . . canada ices- 	 . . south korean kc certification mark 	 . . morocco commodity mark 	 . . taiwanese bsmi 	 . . fcc verification 	 . environmental protection 	 . . european union restriction of hazardous substance law 	 . . china requirements —china rohs 	 . . taiwan requirements — taiwan rohs 	 . corrosive environment 	 . shipping, repair and returns 	 . configuring and mounting the drive 	 . handling and static-discharge precautions 	 . configuring the drive 	 . serial ata cables and connectors 	 . drive mounting 	 . . mechanical specifications 	 . serial ata (sata) interface 	 . hot-plug compatibility 	 . serial ata device plug connector pin definitions 	 . supported ata commands 	 . . identify device command 	 . . set features command 	 . . s.m.a.r.t. commands dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 none top big library ideas in history information flaneur top big library ideas in history sun jul : : gmt+ (australian eastern standard time) glamblogclub glam blog club has the first in a new approach to themes this month - top five big.... i'm also taking a new approach, with some shitty drawings to spice things up. i hope you enjoy. - found in translation (academy of gondishapur, persia) the academy of gondishapur (modern day iran) was centred around a library of medical books from around the world known to persia, and a school of talented translators to make it all readable in persian. - oppression through "standards" (library of congress, united states of america) most libraries in the anglosphere use library of congress subject headings or variations based on them, for classifying knowledge. it's pretty ridiculous for a primary school library in fiji to organise knowledge according to the worldview of american politicians, but it sure is effective soft power. - shelve it like you stole it (library of alexandria) the ptolomies wanted their library to have a copy of every book in the known world. woe betide anyone foolish enough to turn up with a boatload of books. - give communists somewhere to write (british library, london) world champion grump and famous communist karl marx washed up in london after he was thrown out of everywhere else in europe. the british library famously became the place he wrote most of his world-changing book capital. - read in the bath (baths of trajan, rome) the enormous baths of trajan in ancient rome were commissioned by emperor trajan and included several cold and hot baths, a swimming pool, sports stadium, and two libraries (greek, and latin). 	home 	about 	archive 	privacy 	rss i've published my thoughts about libraries and technology on this blog for several years. some of my views have evolved over time - past writing may not reflect my current opinion. all content © hugh rundle except as noted in acknowledgements. text licensed cc-by . . please ensure any redistribution adheres to the creative commons best practices for attribution. published with eleventy. <famname> family name | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<famname> family name 				 				 					<famname> encodes the proper noun designated by a group of persons closely related by blood or forming a household. this could be a single family unit, or an extended family. not all family names in the finding aid need to be tagged, but this element may be used to encode any for which more than keyword searching access should be available. it may be used within <bibref>, <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <origination>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, <repository>, and <unittitle>. families with major representation in the materials should be listed within <controlaccess> even if they are indicated elsewhere. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc fields , , . 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the name is being used informally within narrative text, etc. 	role – not required. may be used to designate the role which the family played in the collection, e.g. “compiler,” “creator,” “subject,” etc. 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the name. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary, e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <famname> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. examples 	<controlaccess> 	<head>subjects</head> 	<persname source="local">kitchin, sarah j. bell</persname> 	<famname source="local">bell family.</famname> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> </controlaccess> <controlaccess> 	<head>subjects</head> 	<persname source="local">kitchin, sarah j. bell</persname> 	<famname source="local">bell family.</famname> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> </controlaccess> 	<bioghist> ... 	<p>following the death of <persname normal="bell, arthur">arthur bell</persname>, the <famname normal="bell family">family</famname> moved to hillsboro, ohio. ...</p> </bioghist> <bioghist> ... 	<p>following the death of <persname normal="bell, arthur">arthur bell</persname>, the <famname normal="bell family">family</famname> moved to hillsboro, ohio. ...</p> </bioghist> ead tag library entry for <famname>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 code lib photos on flickr | flickr 			 		 	 	 	 		 			 			 				 							 				 			 				 						 							explore 						 							 								recent photos 	 								trending 	 									events 								 	 								the commons 							 	 								flickr galleries 							 	 								world map 							 	 								camera finder 							 	 								flickr blog 							 					 	 						 							prints 						 							 								 									prints & wall art 								 							 	 								 									photo books 								 							 					 	 						get pro 					 				 						 						 	 		 		 	 	 	 						 					 	 						 							upload 						 					 	 						log in 					 	 						sign up 					 			 			 							 								 									log in 								 							 						 							 								explore 							 						 	trending 	events 	the commons 	flickr galleries 	flickr blog 						 							 								prints & wall art 							 						 	 							 								photo books 							 						 						 							 								get pro 							 						 					 	about 	jobs 	blog 	developers 	guidelines 	help 	help forum 	privacy 	terms 			cookies 	 		english 		 			 		 	 	 			 		 	 	 	 	 	 		 				 						 							explore 							 						 						 					 	 						 							trending 							 						 						 					 	 						 							events 							 						 						 					 	 					more 					 				 			 				more 				 			 		 		 	 		 		tags 				 code lib 	 	 		 		 	 related groups — code lib 	 			 			 		 			 				 					 				 			 			 				kittens and beer 			 				 		 			 						 			 	 			 			view allall photos tagged code lib 		 		 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				disassembling a quasi-authority database "hankalat musiikkinimet" with #screenscraping, #xquery and #basex. #code lib 				 							by mace ojala 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 the database has a human-operateable interface for mapping from discouraged to encouraged (and vice versa) ways to spell musicisian names. i'm made it's data computer readable by screenscraping an some xquery. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				 dollars of thirsty 				 							by kurt nordstrom 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 i saw this bottle of water out of the corner of my eye when we entered our hotel room, and went to get it when i had some thirst...only a big blue tag on the neck of the bottle stopped me dead. four bucks for a crummy bottle of water? get outta here. i filled a glass from the tap, and it was great tasting. i guess you just get used to mediocre water living in texas. oregonians got it good.  the next morning though, two young ladies entered our elevator, drinking out of similar bottles. guess the hotel got bucks richer. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				shit, my tool to check quasi-authority control database hankalat musiikkinimet works. #xquery #likeaboss #code lib 				 							by mace ojala 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				just received . gb of marc records, now indexing to basex. let the weekend begin! 				 							by mace ojala 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				zomg, nostalgia 				 							by kurt nordstrom 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 continuing our walk around downtown portland, we dropped in on powell's technical books, not realizing that the place was famous. they had a lot of books, but even cooler (to me), was a bunch of old computers that they had set up all over the place. stole this picture, and woulda taken some more, but i'm skittish about photography inside of stores. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				kittens... or beer? 				 							by sylvar 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 the code lib cage match topic.  kittens: www.flickr.com/photos/earthandeden/ /  beer: www.flickr.com/photos/peterkaminski/ / 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				pineapple rice 				 							by kurt nordstrom 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 brandon (who is ending up in a lot of my shots), models his lunch at e-san's, which was pineapple fried rice...served in a pineapple. pretty durn cool. only, he got it with tofu. who eats tofu? seriously. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				the minivan 				 							by gabriel farrell 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				luis salazar 				 							by nicole c. baratta 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				laptop in the minivan 				 							by gabriel farrell 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				brandon, with beers 				 							by kurt nordstrom 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 brandon, my co-worker, graciously models for us at dinnertime. after walking around downtown portland for a while, we succumbed to hunger (and thirst) and stopped into a place called "the life of riley". nice beer selection and excellent food. i had the fish and chips. mark and i (not pictured), were drinking ipas, and brandon (pictured) had a porter. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				 -feb- 				 							by paul joseph 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 everyone's got a laptop at the code lib conference in asheville, north carolina 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				the great wall of "standards" 				 							by casey bisson 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 (image from my code lib presentation)  though programmers in libraries face many of the same challenges as those outside libraries, we use unique "standards" that are unsupported outside our small community and limit cross-polination with the outside world. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				p 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				and some tshirts from apress 				 							by ed summers 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				coverage of authority control in our subject headings. #xquery #code lib #datamining 				 							by mace ojala 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				counting subject heading distribution per thesaurus. #xquery #basex #code lib #sundayeveningwellspent 				 							by mace ojala 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				chocolate milk 				 							by casey bisson 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 sweet nectar, provided for one of the conference breaks. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				_mg_ 				 							by declan fleming 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				jaaaaaaahas... 				 							by mace ojala 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				#brainmelt with xml namespaces on #marc records >_<' #basex 				 							by mace ojala 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				amazon 				 							by graham triggs 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				classy, yet clever? 				 							by kurt nordstrom 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 yeah, so, somebody got funny with the baby changing station in the bathroom of the powell's technical bookstore. i don't know whether to snicker, or roll my eyes. guess i'll do both. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				visualizing library data 				 							by uldis bojārs 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 the more info slide from #code lib talk "visualizing library data" by @librarywebchic 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				_mg_ 				 							by declan fleming 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				_mg_ 				 							by declan fleming 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				voodoo doughnuts! 				 							by bess sadler 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 david moody got a voodoo doll doughnut (filled with raspberry jelly) and i got a "dirty old bastard" doughnut. 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				_mg_ 				 							by declan fleming 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				dsc_ 				 							by ray schwartz 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 	 	 		 		 	 		 				_mg_ 				 							by declan fleming 				 		 		 				 					 						 					 					 						 					 				 			 				 					 				 				 					 				 			 		 	 	 		 			 			 			 			 			 			 			 			••• 			 			 		 	 		 				about 	jobs 	blog 	developers 	guidelines 	privacy 	terms 	help 	report abuse 	help forum 	 					english 					 				 	 						 							 								smugmug+flickr. 							 						 					 	 					 							 								 							 							 	 								 							 	 								 								 							 					 				 		 		 			 					privacy 	terms 	cookies 			 				 					 						smugmug+flickr. 					 					 						connecting people through photography. 					 				 			 					 						 					 	 						 					 	 						 					 			 		 	 	 		 				about 	jobs 	blog 	developers 	guidelines 	report abuse 	privacy 	terms 	help forum 	 					english 					 				 		 		 			 					privacy 	terms 	cookies 	help 			 				 					 						smugmug+flickr. 					 					 						connecting people through photography. 					 				 			 					 						 					 	 						 					 	 						 					 			 		 	 	 	 	 		 		 	 	 none police destroy , bitcoin miners with big ass steamroller in malaysia sign increate account + english 	video 	tv 	news 	tech 	rec room 	food 	world news 	the : project 	games 	music 	health 	money 	drugs 	identity 	entertainment 	environment 	travel 	horoscopes 	sex 	vice magazine 	the gender spectrum collection 	 	 	 sign increate account 	video 	tv 	podcasts 	apps 	vice voices 	newsletters 	rec room 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	news 	tech 	rec room 	food 	world news 	the : project 	games 	music 	health 	money 	drugs 	identity 	entertainment 	environment 	travel 	horoscopes 	sex 	vice magazine 	the gender spectrum collection 	about 	jobs 	partner 	vice voices 	content funding on vice 	security policy 	privacy & terms 	accessibility statement 	 © vice media group police destroy , bitcoin miners with big ass steamroller in malaysia malaysian authorities did not mess around when they broke up a cryptocurrency mining farm and charged the operators with stealing electricity. ah by andrew hayward july , , : pm 	share 	tweet 	snap screengrab: youtube/dayakdaily as bitcoin’s price surged this spring to a new all-time high, the spotlight shining on its controversial mining process only got brighter. bitcoin, ethereum, and many other cryptocurrencies use an energy-intensive “proof-of-work” process that makes computers on its decentralized network compete to solve complex mathematical equations to verify a batch of transactions; this makes the network less susceptible to certain attacks, and earns miners crypto rewards. advertisement given the competitive element in the quest for valuable cryptocurrency, powerful mining rigs—essentially, pcs purpose-built to maximize mining rewards—are the preferred tool of serious crypto miners. they are expensive, and persistent demand and manufacturing delays can mean months-long waits for rigs to be delivered. this week, police in malaysia crushed , of them with a steamroller. authorities in the city of miri in sarawak, malaysia seized , rigs from miners alleged to have stolen electricity for their operations, per a report from local publication the star. the devices were seized in a joint operation between miri police and sarawak energy berhad between february and april, and have an estimated value of rm . million ($ . million usd), according to the outlet. six individuals were arrested for electricity theft in the operation, and “have been fined up to rm , and jailed for up to eight months," according to a statement from miri police chief acp hakemal hawari that was quoted by the star. local sarawak news outlet dayak daily adds that the rigs were collected over the course of six separate raids. sarawak energy berhad estimates that it lost rm . million ($ million usd) in energy that was stolen from its lines for the mining operation, the outlet reported. dayak daily also uploaded a video to youtube showing the miners being steamrolled.  neither outlet stated why the police felt it was necessary to destroy the machines in such dramatic fashion, though it certainly sends a strong message. electricity theft is a persistent issue in numerous regions where bitcoin is mined, as some operators use illegal means to secure the cheap electricity necessary to make a big profit mining cryptocurrency.  "the electricity theft for mining bitcoin activities has caused frequent power outages, and in , three houses were razed due to illegal electricity supply connections," the star quotes  hawari as saying. advertisement according to the report, the mining rigs were demolished in the parking lot of the miri district police headquarters this week, as seen in the video above. bitcoin enthusiasts might watch the video and see dreams of prospective crypto wealth crushed to bits, while anti-mining advocates are likely to see bitcoin’s ecological impact being slightly curtailed amidst all of that e-waste. tech feds raid cryptocurrency mine filled with thousands of playstation s in ukraine andrew hayward . . bitcoin’s distributed ledger design ensures the security and stability of the blockchain network, but the mining model requires exorbitant amounts of energy. digiconomist estimates that the bitcoin network now uses as much energy annually as the entire county of sweden, and the energy use of the network is sure to rise as more mining power is added to the network (and vice versa).  the leading cryptocurrency’s early-year surge was halted in part by tesla announcing in may that it would no longer accept bitcoin payments, citing concerns over the use of fossil fuels in mining. it was an about-face for the electric car maker, which announced in february that it had purchased  $ . billion worth of bitcoin to hold on its balance sheet, and soon after began accepting bitcoin payments for a brief span. tesla ceo elon musk, the terminally-online dogecoin memer, has since become reviled by many crypto enthusiasts for his perceived meddling in the scene, including the formation of a “bitcoin mining council.” bitcoin’s price fell swiftly following tesla’s announcement, and at a current price just above $ , per coin, it’s worth about half of its all-time high set in april. china’s increasing crackdown on cryptocurrency has also recently dampened enthusiasm around the industry. crypto mining has been banned in multiple provinces, causing the bitcoin network’s hash rate (or total computational power) to sink as miners shut down or move abroad. the people’s bank of china also told top banks and payments services to root out cryptocurrency users and implement stricter know-your-customer processes. earlier this week, the ukrainian security service (sbu) similarly busted a crypto mining operation for allegedly stealing electricity from a nearby regional energy provider. that bust had its own unique hook: some , playstation consoles made up the majority of the seized devices, as the systems had apparently been modified to mine an unidentified cryptocurrency. game consoles are significantly less powerful than dedicated pc mining rigs, but there’s still potential for profit when the energy cost is zero. tagged:bitcoincryptocurrencymalaysiabitcoin miningworldnews original reporting on everything that matters in your inbox. subscribe by signing up to the vice newsletter you agree to receive electronic communications from vice that may sometimes include advertisements or sponsored content. advertisement 	about 	jobs 	partner 	vice voices 	content funding on vice 	security policy 	privacy & terms 	accessibility statement 	 © vice media group dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 none revil, hacking group behind major ransomware attack, disappears - the new york times sectionssearch skip to contentskip to site index politics today’s paper politics|russia’s most aggressive ransomware group disappeared. it’s unclear who made that happen. https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/russia-hacking-ransomware-revil.html	 	 	 	 	 	 	 biden’s agenda 	daily political briefing 	infrastructure bill passes 	increase in child tax credit 	$ trillion economic plan advertisement continue reading the main story daily political briefing russia’s most aggressive ransomware group disappeared. it’s unclear who made that happen. during a meeting in geneva on june , president biden pressured russia’s president, vladimir v. putin, to take action against cybercriminals who are attacking american targets. in starker terms, mr. biden demanded that mr. putin take action in a call last week.credit...doug mills/the new york times by david e. sanger 	july , just days after president biden demanded that president vladimir v. putin of russia shut down ransomware groups attacking american targets, the most aggressive of the groups suddenly went off-line early tuesday. the mystery is who made it happen. the group, called revil, short for “ransomware evil,” has been identified by u.s. intelligence agencies as responsible for the attack on one of america’s largest beef producers, jbs. two weeks after mr. biden and mr. putin met in geneva last month, revil took credit for a hack that affected thousands of businesses around the world over the july holiday. that latest attack led to mr. biden’s ultimatum in a phone call on friday to the russian president. later, mr. biden said that “we expect them to act,” and when asked by a reporter later if he would take down the group’s servers if mr. putin did not, the president simply said, “yes.” he may have done exactly that. but that is only one possible explanation for what happened around a.m. eastern time on tuesday, when the group’s sites on the dark web suddenly disappeared. gone was the publicly available “happy blog” the group maintained, listing some of its victims and the group’s earnings from its digital extortion schemes. internet security groups said the custom-made sites — think of them as virtual conference rooms — where victims negotiated with revil over how much ransom they would pay to get their data unlocked also disappeared. so did the infrastructure for making payments. while the disappearance of the hackers’ online presence was celebrated by many who see ransomware as a new scourge — one mr. biden has called a critical national security threat — it left some of the group’s targets in the lurch, unable to pay the ransom to get their data back and get their businesses running again. “what’s the plan for the victims?” asked kurtis minder, the chief executive of groupsense, a digital risk protection company that was negotiating with the extortionists on behalf of a law firm whose data was locked up. understand the infrastructure bill 		one trillion dollar package passed. the senate passed a sweeping bipartisan infrastructure package on aug. , capping weeks of intense negotiations and debate over the largest federal investment in the nation’s aging public works system in more than a decade. 	the final vote. the final tally in the senate was in favor to against. the legislation, which still must pass the house, would touch nearly every facet of the american economy and fortify the nation’s response to the warming of the planet. 	main areas of spending. overall, the bipartisan plan focuses spending on transportation, utilities and pollution cleanup. 	transportation. about $ billion would go to roads, bridges and other transportation projects; $ billion for airports; and $ billion for railways, giving amtrak the most funding it has received since it was founded in . 	utilities. senators have also included $ billion meant to connect hard-to-reach rural communities to high-speed internet and help sign up low-income city dwellers who cannot afford it, and $ billion for western water infrastructure. 	pollution cleanup: roughly $ billion would go to cleaning up abandoned wells and mines, and superfund sites. there were three main theories about why revil — which seemed to revel in the publicity and reaped huge ransoms, including $ million from jbs — suddenly disappeared. one is that mr. biden ordered the united states cyber command, working with domestic law enforcement agencies, including the f.b.i., to bring the group’s sites down. cyber command proved last year that it could do just that, paralyzing a ransomware group it feared might turn its skills to freezing up voter registrations or other election data in the election. the second theory is that mr. putin ordered the group’s sites taken down. if so, that would be a gesture toward heeding mr. biden’s warning, which he had also conveyed, in more general terms, when the two leaders met on june in geneva. and it would come just a day or two before a u.s.-russia working group on the issue, set up during the geneva meeting, is supposed to hold a virtual meeting. a third theory is that revil decided that the heat was too intense, and took the sites down itself to avoid becoming caught in the crossfire between the american and russian presidents. that is what another russian-based group, darkside, did after the ransomware attack on colonial pipeline, the u.s. company that in may had to shut down the pipeline that provides gasoline and jet fuel to much of the east coast after its computer network was breached. but many experts think that darkside’s going-out-of-business move was nothing but digital theater, and that all of the group’s key ransomware talent will reassemble under a different name. if so, the same could happen with revil, which recorded future, a massachusetts cybersecurity firm, estimates has been responsible for roughly a quarter of all the sophisticated ransomware attacks on western targets. . allan liska, a senior intelligence analyst at recorded future, said that if revil has disappeared, he doubted it was voluntary. “if anything, these guys are braggadocios,” mr. liska said. “and we didn’t see any notes, any bragging. it sure feels like they abandoned everything under pressure.” there were suggestions that the pressure may have come from russia. the commander of united states cyber command and director of the national security agency, gen. paul m. nakasone, was not expected to get the full options for u.s. action against ransomware actors until later this week, several officials said. and there was no evidence that revil’s sites had been “seized” by a court order, which the justice department frequently posts. cyber command declined to comment. while shutting revil for now would give mr. putin and mr. biden a chance to show they were confronting the problem, it could also give the ransomware actors an opportunity to walk away with their winnings. the big losers would be the companies and towns that do not get their encryption keys, and are locked out of their data, perhaps forever. (often when ransomware groups disband, they publish their decryption keys. that did not happen on tuesday.) mr. biden is expected to roll out a ransomware strategy in coming weeks, making the case that colonial pipeline and other recent attacks show how crippling critical infrastructure constitutes a major national security threat. “and it’s also why we’re elevating ransomware in our engagements with russia,” said secretary of state antony j. blinken. “our message is clear: countries that harbor cybercriminals have a responsibility to take action. if they don’t, we will.” the plan is expected to be full of incentives for companies and local governments to improve their basic defenses. for example, insurance companies that write cyberinsurance policies, which pay victims of attacks, could insist that customers meet higher security standards before the policies are issued. but mr. biden, having repeatedly warned that he will strike back at russian “bad actors” who threaten american security, may also soon have to demonstrate that he plans on enforcing his red line — if not against revil, then against its successors and competitors. “this is a problem for biden because in cyber, there’s a temptation to be stealthy and send your message in a very quiet, targeted way, but now, having made the threat, he has to say to the american public and the world, ‘this is what we did,’” said paul rosenzweig, a scholar at the free market advocacy group r street institute and a member of the american bar association’s cybersecurity legal task force. “and some of the most important effects are very hard to do in public,” he added, because they can risk revealing american capabilities. in an article in lawfare published just before revil’s unexplained disappearance, jack goldsmith, a harvard law professor who writes frequently on cybersecurity issues, got at a central problem: while the united states has threatened russia with “consequences” for both state-sponsored attacks and criminal ransomware, the penalties so far have been light. “this talk has persisted even as adverse cyberoperations have grown more frequent and damaging,” he wrote. “it is ineffective and, in the aggregate, self-defeating.” so it was unsurprising that just as revil closed down, or at least took a holiday, solarwinds, the company at the center of a highly sophisticated hack that became public during mr. biden’s presidential transition, announced that it had been hacked anew. the new incident did not appear anywhere near as far-reaching as the original solarwinds intrusion, which u.s. intelligence says was the work of the s.v.r., russia’s most savvy spying agency. it was unclear if russia was part of the second hack, too. but it was only a few months ago that mr. biden placed sanctions on russian officials and agencies for the damage done by the first solarwinds hack, which got into network management software that the company sells to government agencies and most major companies in the united states. once inside the updates to that software, the s.v.r. had access to vast troves of government and corporate data. it chose only about targets out of nearly , that downloaded the software. nicole perlroth and julian e. barnes contributed reporting. advertisement continue reading the main story site index site information navigation 	©   the new york times company 	nytco 	contact us 	accessibility 	work with us 	advertise 	t brand studio 	your ad choices 	privacy policy 	terms of service 	terms of sale 	site map 	canada 	international 	help 	subscriptions dismantling the evaluation framework – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				 							 	 		 	 			 		 		 			 				 					 										 						 						 	 				 		 		 			 				 					 					 					jul 				 				 					alaina c. bull, margy macmillan and alison head 					/ comments 				 				 											dismantling the evaluation framework 								 					 				 				 			 			 		 			 (atharva tulsi, unsplash, https://unsplash.com/photos/rvpcatjhyua) by alaina c. bull, margy macmillan, and alison j. head in brief for almost years, instruction librarians have relied on variations of two models, the craap test and sift, to teach students how to evaluate printed and web-based materials. dramatic changes to the information ecosystem, however, present new challenges amid a flood of misinformation where algorithms lie beneath the surface of popular and library platforms collecting clicks and shaping content. when applied to increasingly connected networks, these existing evaluation heuristics have limited value. drawing on our combined experience at community colleges and universities in the u.s. and canada, and with project information literacy (pil), a national research institute studying college students’ information practices for the past decade, this paper presents a new evaluative approach for teaching students to see information as the agent, rather than themselves. opportunities and strategies are identified for evaluating the veracity of sources, first as students, leveraging the expertise they bring with them into the classroom, and then as lifelong learners in search of information they can trust and rely on. . introduction arriving at deeply considered answers to important questions is an increasingly difficult task. it often requires time, effort, discernment, and a willingness to dig below the surface of google-ready answers. careful investigation of content is needed more than ever in a world where information is in limitless supply but often tainted by misinformation, while insidious algorithms track and shape content that users see on their screens. teaching college students evaluative strategies essential for academic success and in their daily lives is one of the greatest challenges of information literacy instruction today. in the last decade, information evaluation — the ability to ferret out the reliability, validity, or accuracy of sources — has changed substantively in both teaching practice and meaning. the halcyon days of teaching students the craap test , a handy checklist for determining the credibility of digital resources, are over ; and, in many cases, sift , another reputation heuristic, is now in use on numerous campuses. at the same time, evaluative strategies have become more nuanced and complex as librarians continue to debate how to best teach these critically important skills in changing times.   in this article, we introduce the idea of proactivity as an approach that instruction librarians can use for re-imagining evaluation. we explore new ways of encouraging students to question how information works, how information finds them, and how they can draw on their own strengths and experiences to develop skills for determining credibility, usefulness, and trust of sources in response to an information ecosystem rife with deception and misinformation. ultimately, we discuss how a proactive approach empowers students to become experts in their own right as they search for reliable information they can trust. . a short history of two models for teaching evaluation mention “information literacy instruction” and most academic librarians and faculty think of evaluation frameworks or heuristics that have been used and adapted for nearly two decades. the most widely known are the craap method, and more recently, sift, both designed to determine the validity and reliability of claims and sources. craap debuted in when several academic librarians developed an easy to use assessment framework for helping students and instructors evaluate information for academic papers. craap, a catchy acronym for currency, relevancy, accuracy, authority, purpose, walks students through the criteria for assessing found content. for librarians, this approach to evaluation is a manifestation of the information literacy competency standards for higher education developed by the acrl and especially an outcome of standard . : “examines and compares information from various sources in order to evaluate reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness, and point of view or bias.” when the craap method was first deployed nearly years ago, the world was still making the transition from web . to web . . most online content was meant to be consumed, not interacted with, altered, changed, and shared. craap was developed in a time when you found information, before the dramatic shift to information finding you. as monolithic players like google and facebook began using tracking software on their platforms in and selling access to this information in , web evaluation became a very different process. in a role reversal, media and retail platforms, such as amazon, had begun to evaluate their users to determine what information they should receive, rather than users evaluating what information they found. since , criticism has mounted about the craap test, despite its continued and widespread use on campuses. checklists like craap are meant to reduce cognitive overload, but they can actually increase it, leading students to make poor decisions about the credibility of sources, especially in densely interconnected networks. as one critic has summed it up: “craap isn’t about critical thinking – it’s about oversimplified binaries.” we agree: craap was designed for a fairly narrow range of situations, where students might have little background knowledge to assist in judging claims and often had to apply constraints of format, date, or other instructor-imposed requirements; but these bore little resemblance to everyday interactions with information, even then. when mike caulfield published the sift model in , it gave instruction librarians a  progressive alternative to the craap test. caulfield described his evaluation methods as a “networked reputation heuristic,” developed in response to the spread of misinformation and disinformation in the post-truth era. the four “moves” he identified — stop, investigate, find, trace — are meant to help people recontextualize information through placing a particular work and its claims within the larger realm of content about a topic. sift offers major improvements over craap in speed, simplicity, and applicability to a wider scope of print and online publications, platforms, and purposes. recently, researchers have identified the benefits of using this approach, and, in particular, the lateral reading strategies it incorporates. sift encourages students to base evaluation on cues that go beyond the intrinsic qualities of the article and to use comparisons across media sources to understand the trustworthiness of an article. this is what justin reich, director of the mit teaching systems lab, noted in a project information literacy (pil) interview, calling sift a useful “first step,” since it may assist students in acquiring the background knowledge they need to evaluate the next piece of information they encounter on the topic.  crucially, sift also includes the context of the information needed as part of evaluation – some situations require a higher level of verification than others. the actions sift recommends are more closely aligned with the kind of checking students are already using to detect bias and decide what to believe and how researchers themselves judge the quality of information. and while it is much better suited to today’s context, where misinformation abounds and algorithms proliferate, sift is still based on students encountering individual information objects, without necessarily understanding them as part of a system.  our proposed next step, what we call proactive evaluation, would allow them not only to evaluate what they’re seeing but consider why they’re seeing what they do and what might be missing. sift, like craap, is based on a reactive approach: the individual is an agent, acting upon information objects they find. in today’s information landscape, we think it is more useful to invert this relationship and consider the information object as the agent that is acting on the individual it finds.  .  information with agency thinking of information as having agency allows us to re-examine the information environment we think we know. by the time they get to college, today’s students are embedded in the information infrastructure: a social phenomenon of interconnected sources, creators, processes, filters, stories, formats, platforms, motivations, channels, and audiences. their profiles and behaviors affect not only what they see and share but also the relative prominence of stories, images, and articles in others’ feeds and search results. information enters, flows through, and ricochets around the systems they inhabit – fueled, funded, and filtered by data gathered from every interaction. research from pil, and elsewhere, indicates that students who see algorithmic personalization at work in their everyday information activities already perceive information as having agency, specifically, the  ability to find them, follow them across platforms, and keep them in filter bubbles. they understand the bargain they are required to make with corporations like amazon, alphabet, and facebook where they exchange personal data for participation in communities, transactions, or search efficiency. when pil interviewed undergraduates at eight u.s. colleges and universities in for the algorithm study, one student at a liberal arts college described worries we heard from others about the broader social impact of these systems: “i’m more concerned about the large-scale trend of predicting what we want, but then also predicting what we want in ways that push a lot of people towards the same cultural and political endpoint.” this student’s concern relates to the effects of algorithmic personalization and highlights student awareness of deliberate efforts to affect and, in many cases, infect the system. subverting the flow of information for fun and profit has become all too common practice for trolls, governments, corporations, and other interest groups. the tactics we’ve taught students for evaluating items one at a time provide slim defenses against the networked efforts of organizations that flood feeds, timelines, and search results. while sift at least considers information as part of an ecosystem, we still need to help students go beyond evaluating individual information objects and understand the systems that intervene during the search processes, sending results with the agency to nudge, if not shove, users in certain directions.  that is why it is time to consider a new approach to the teaching of source evaluation in order to keep up with the volatile information ecosystem. allowing for information to have agency, i.e. acknowledging information as active, targeted, and capable of influencing action, fundamentally alters the position of the student in the act of evaluation and demands a different approach from instruction librarians. we call this approach proactive evaluation. . proactive evaluation what happens if we shift our paradigm from assuming that students are agents in the information-student interaction to assuming that the information source is the agent? this change in perspective will dramatically reframe our instruction in important ways. this perspective may initially seem to disempower the information literacy student and instructor, but given widespread disinformation in this post-truth era, this reversal might keep us, as instructors, grounded in our understanding of information literacy. once we shift the understanding of who is acting upon whom, we can shift our approaches and techniques to reflect this perspective. this change in thinking allows us to move from reactive evaluation, that is, “here is what i found, what do i think of it?” to proactive evaluation, “because i understand where this information came from and why i’m seeing it, i can trust it for this kind of information, and for this purpose.” what does a proactive approach look like? table presents comparisons between reactive and proactive approaches to information literacy as a starting point for thinking about this shift in thinking. this typology acknowledges that college and university students come into our classrooms with a deep and wide knowledge of the information landscapes in which they exist.   a model for transitioning from reactive to proactive evaluation 	reactive		proactive 	understanding of information 	individual objects you find	→	networked objects that find you 	understanding of evaluation 	intrinsic (to the object)	→	contextual (within the network) 	user is the agent	information is the agent→	both the user and the information have agency in a dynamic relationship 	how/what we teach 	closed yes/no questions with defined answers	→	open questions 	binaries (good/bad, scholarly/popular)	→	contextual continua (useful for topic x in circumstance y if complemented by z) 	student as perpetual novice (evaluates from scratch every time)	→	student as developing expert with existing knowledge, who brings expertise about information, subject, sources, processes 	evaluate individual objects with novice tools and surface heuristics	→	evaluate based on network context and connections, and build networks of trusted knowledge/sources 	craap	sift→	into the unknown as this typology suggests, our thinking rejects the “banking model of education” where students are empty vessels that educators must fill. to illustrate this point, pil’s algorithm study has confirmed what we have long suspected: many students are already using evasive strategies to circumvent algorithmic tracking and bias. their tactics, learned from friends and family, not their instructors, range from creating throwaway email accounts to using vpns and ad-blocking apps to guard their personal data from algorithms. students know that information is constantly trying to find them, identify them, label them, and sway them. and they may know this better than the faculty that teach them. applying this to information literacy instruction means acknowledging that students approach information skeptically, and at least some students arrive in the classroom with defensive practices for safeguarding their privacy and mitigating invasive, biased information as they navigate the web and search for information. to build on this premise, we should be asking students to apply their defensive strategies to classroom-based tasks. “if this information showed up in your news stream, what tactics would you use to decide if you wanted to pass it along?” “what do you look for to know if this is valid or useful information?” “instead of asking yes/no questions, e.g., ‘is it written by an expert?’” “is it current?” in particular, we should shift our assessment questions to an open-ended inquiry with students.  an example of how this could work would be asking the class what they do when they encounter a new piece of information in their own information landscape, such as a news story. how would students go about deciding if they would reshare it?  what are their motivations for sharing a news story? in pil’s news study, for instance, more than half of the almost , students surveyed ( %) said their reason for sharing news on social media was to let friends and followers know about something they should be aware of, while more than two fifths ( %) said sharing news gives them a voice about a larger political or social cause. does the same drive hold true for students in this classroom example?  for librarians using a proactive approach like this one, they could have a classroom discussion to see if their students also see themselves as stewards of what is important to know, while having a voice about larger causes in the world. a proactive approach also allows students to bring their prior networked knowledge into the discussion, rather than looking at a single point of information in isolation when directed by an instruction librarian. asking students to make their tacit processes more explicit will also help them see the information networks they have already built more clearly. they may be using other factors in their decision-making, like who recommended a source or the context in which the information will be used. these evaluation points are also used by researchers when assessing the credibility of information. providing opportunities for students to reflect on and articulate their interactions with information in the subject areas where they feel confident may allow them to transfer skills more easily to new, less familiar, academic domains. students sharing these kinds of spontaneous reflections can leverage the social aspect of information skills. pil studies have shown repeatedly that students lean on each other when they evaluate content for academic, employment, and everyday purposes; when necessary they also look to experts, including their instructors, to suggest or validate resources. evaluation is fundamentally a social practice, but the existing heuristics don’t approach it this way. reliance on other people as part of trusted information networks is rarely even acknowledged, let alone explicitly taught in formal instruction, as we tend to focus on the stereotype of the solitary scholar. gaining understanding of their own information networks, students can learn to see the operations of other networks, within disciplines, news, and other commercial media. if they are aware of the interconnectedness of information, they can use those connections to evaluate content and develop their mental rolodexes of trusted sources. understanding which sources are trustworthy for which kinds of information in which contexts is foundational knowledge for both academic work and civic engagement. building on sift strategies, it’s possible for students to accumulate knowledge about sources by validating them with tools like wikipedia. comparing and corroborating may illuminate the impact of algorithms and other systems that make up the information infrastructure. developing this kind of map of their network of trusted sources can help them search and verify more strategically within that network, whether they’re in school or not. as they come to understand themselves as part of the information infrastructure, students may be able to reclaim some agency from the platforms that constrain and control the information they see. while they may not ever be able to fully escape mass personalization, looking more closely at its effects may increase awareness of when and how search results and news feeds are being manipulated. students need to understand why they see the information that streams at them, the news that comes into their social media feeds, the results that show up at the top of a search, and what they can do to balance out the agency equation and regain some control. admittedly, this form of instruction is clearly more difficult to implement than turnkey checklists and frameworks. it is much harder to fit into the precious time of a one-shot. it requires trust in the students, trust in their prior knowledge, and trust in their sense-making skills. this change in perspective about how we teach evaluation is not a magic bullet for fixing our flawed instruction practices. but we see proactive evaluation as an important step for moving our profession forward in teaching students how to navigate an ever-changing information landscape. this proactive model can be used in conjunction with, or independent of, sift to create a more complex information literacy. reactive evaluation considers found information objects in isolation, based on intrinsic qualities, regardless of the user or intended use. in a proactive approach, the user considers the source while evaluating information contextually, through its relationships to other sources and to the user. over time, a user can construct their own matrix of trusted sources. it’s similar to getting to know a new city; a newcomer’s mental map gradually develops overlays of shortcuts, the safe and not-so-safe zones, and the likely places to find what they need in a given situation. eventually, they learn where to go for what, a critical thinking skill they can take with them through the rest of their education and everyday lives and apply with confidence long after graduation. . into the unknown reactive approaches to evaluation are not sufficient to equip students to navigate the current and evolving information landscape. what we have proposed in this paper is an alternative, what we call a proactive approach, to information evaluation that moves away from finite and simple source evaluation questions to open-ended and networked questions. while a proactive approach may feel unfamiliar and overwhelming at first, it moves away from the known to the unknown to create a more information-literate generation of students and lifelong learners.   but what if this approach is actually not as unfamiliar as it may seem? the current acrl framework paints a picture of the “information-literate student” that speaks to a pedagogy that cultivates a complex and nuanced understanding of the information creation process and landscape. for example, in the “scholarship as conversation” frame, these dispositions include “recognize that scholarly conversations take place in various venues,” and “value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others.”   both dispositions require a nuanced understanding of the socialness of scholarship and imply evaluation within a social context. and while heuristics that rely on finite and binary responses are easy to teach, they create more problems than they solve. focusing on the network processes that deliver the information in front of us, instead of focusing on these finite questions, allows for a different kind of knowing.  the next question for instructors to tackle is what this proactive approach looks like in the classroom. in our field, discussions of “guide on the side” and “sage on the stage” are popular, but what we are actually advocating in this article isn’t a guide or a sage, as both assume a power structure and expertise that is incomplete and outdated. in the classroom, we advocate a shift from guiding or lecturing to conversation. we do not have a set of desired answers that we are hoping to coax out of the students: which of these sources is valid? who authored this source, and are they an expert? rather, a proactive approach encourages students to engage and interact with their ideas and previous experiences around information agency, the socialness of the information, and how they evaluate non-academic sources. this will allow students to bring their deep expertise into the classroom. we have alluded to open-ended questions as part of the proactive approach, but this is more accurately described as an open dialogue. this type of instruction is difficult in the one-shot structure, as it relies on trust. an unsuccessful session looks like your worst instruction experience, with the students staring blankly at you and not engaging, leaving lots of empty space and the strong desire to revert to lecturing on database structures. a successful session will feel like an intellectual conversation where you as the “teacher” learn as much as you impart, and the conversation with students is free-flowing and engaging.  returning to the earlier example of asking how a student would chose whether or not to reshare a news story, this type of dialogue could include conversations about what they already know about the news source, what they know about the person or account that initially shared it, how they might go about reading laterally, what their instincts say, how this does or does not fit with their prior knowledge on the subject, and their related reactions. during the course of the discussion, it will lead to what areas of information literacy and assessment need more dialogue and what areas the students are already skilled and comfortable in.  the kind of information literacy instruction that assumes agency rests solely with the user, who finds and then evaluates individual information objects, is no longer valid now that information seeks out the user through networked connections. this reversal of the power dynamic underlies many of the gaps between how evaluation is taught in academic settings and how it occurs in everyday life. the approach we advocate balances out these extremes and helps students recognize and regain some of their agency. by understanding how information infrastructures work and their roles within them, students can adapt the tactics that many of them are already using to become more conscious actors. . looking ahead  in this article, we have discussed an alternative to current evaluation approaches that is closely tied to the issue of trust: trusting our students to bring their own experiences and expertise to the information literacy classroom. but our work doesn’t end there. our approach also requires us to trust ourselves as instructors. we will need to trust that we do in fact understand the continuously changing information landscape well enough to engage with open-ended, complex questions, rather than a prescribed step-by-step model. we must continue to inform ourselves and reevaluate information systems — the architectures, infrastructures, and fundamental belief systems — so we can determine what is trustworthy. we have to let go of simple solutions to teach about researching complex, messy problems. for college students in america today, knowing how to evaluate news and information is not only essential for academic success but urgently needed for making sound choices during tumultuous times. we must embrace that instruction, and information evaluation, are going to be ugly, hard, and confusing for us to tackle but worth it in the end to remain relevant and useful to the students we teach.  acknowledgements we are grateful to barbara fister, contributing editor of the “pil provocation series” at project information literacy (pil) for making incisive suggestions for improving this paper, and steven braun, senior researcher in information design at pil, for designing table . the article has greatly benefited from the reviewers assigned by in the library with the lead pipe: ian beilin, ikumi crocoll, and jessica kiebler. references  “framework for information literacy for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework. “information literacy competency standards for higher education.” . association of college and research libraries. january . http://www.acrl.org/ ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/standards.pdf. bengani, priyanjana. “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size.” columbia journalism review, august , . https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php. blakeslee, sarah. “the craap test.” loex quarterly , no. ( ). https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / . breakstone, joel, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg. “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course.” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /mr- - . brodsky, jessica e., patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield. “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course.” cognitive research: principles and implications ( ). https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . caulfield, mike. “a short history of craap.” blog. hapgood (blog), september , . https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/. ———. truth is in the network. email, may , . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/. ———. web literacy for student fact-checkers, . https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/. dubé, jacob. “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists.” ryerson review of journalism, no. spring (may , ). https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/. fister, barbara. “the information literacy standards/framework debate.” inside higher ed, library babel fish, january , . https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate. foster, nancy fried. “the librarian-student-faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?” library assessment conference, . https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= . freire, paulo. “the banking model of education.” in critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, – . sage, . haider, jutta, and olof sundin. “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt.” information, communication and society, . https://doi.org/ . / x. . . head, alison j., barbara fister, and margy macmillan. “information literacy in the age of algorithms.” project information literacy research institute, january , . https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study. head, alison j., john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen. “how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians.” project information literacy research institute, october , . https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf. maass, dave, aaron mackey, and camille fischer. “the follies .” electronic frontier foundation, march , . https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- . meola, marc. “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation.” libraries and the academy , no. ( ): – . https://doi.org/ . /pla. . . reich, justin. tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education. december . https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/. seeber, kevin. “wiretaps and craap.” blog. kevin seeber (blog), march , . http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/. 	the craap test (currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) is a reliability heuristic designed by sarah blakeslee and her librarian colleagues at chico state university. see: sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” loex quarterly no. ( ): https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	kevin seeber, “wiretaps and craap,” kevin seeber [blog], (march , ): http://kevinseeber.com/blog/wiretaps-and-craap/ [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december , )https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/truth-is-in-the-network/ [↩] 	barbara fister, “the information literacy standards/framework debate,” library babel fish column, inside higher education, (january , ): https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/information-literacy-standardsframework-debate [↩] 	sarah blakeslee, “the craap test,” op. cit. https://commons.emich.edu/loexquarterly/vol /iss / [↩] 	association of college and research libraries, information literacy competency standards for higher education, ( ), https://alair.ala.org/handle/ /   note: these standards were rescinded in . [↩] 	mike caulfield, “a short history of craap,” hapgood, (june , ): https://hapgood.us/ / / /a-short-history-of-craap/ [↩] 	kevin seeber (march , ), “wiretaps and craap,” op. cit. [↩] 	mike caulfield, “the truth is in the network,” op. cit. caulfield developed sift from earlier version of this heuristic, “four moves and a habit,” described in his oer book web literacy for student fact-checkers, (december , ) https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com [↩] 	jessica e. brodsky, patricia j. brooks, donna scimeca, ralitsa todorova, peter galati, michael batson, robert grosso, michael matthews, victor miller, and michael caulfield , “improving college students’ fact-checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course,” cognitive research: principles and implications, ( ) ( ), - , https://doi.org/ . /s - - - ; joel breakstone, mark smith, priscilla connors, teresa ortega, darby kerr, and sam wineburg, “lateral reading: college students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course,” the harvard kennedy school misinformation review, ( ), ( ) - , https://doi.org/ . /mr- - [↩] 	justin reich, “tinkering toward networked learning: what tech can and can’t do for education” [email interview by barbara fister], project information literacy, smart talk interview, no. , (december ): https://projectinfolit.org/smart-talk-interviews/tinkering-toward-networked-learning-what-tech-can-and-cant-do-for-education/ [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen, how students engage with news: five takeaways for educators, journalists, and librarians, project information literacy research institute, (october , ), pp. - , https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/news-study/pil_news-study_ - - .pdf  [↩] 	nancy fried foster , “the librarian‐student‐faculty triangle: conflicting research strategies?.” library assessment conference,( ): https://urresearch.rochester.edu/researcherfiledownload.action?researcherfileid= [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, information literacy in the age of algorithms, project information literacy research institute, (january , ):https://projectinfolit.org/publications/algorithm-study [↩] 	jutta haider and olof sundin ( ), “information literacy challenges in digital culture: conflicting engagements of trust and doubt,” information, communication and society, ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/ . / x. . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op. cit. [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan, (january , ), op. cit., - . [↩] 	see for example, dave mass, aaron mackey, and camille fischer, “the foilies, ,” electronic frontier foundation,(march , ): https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/ / /foilies- ; jacob dubé, “no escape: the neverending online threats to female journalists,” ryerson review of journalism, (may , ): https://rrj.ca/no-escape-the-neverending-online-threats-to-female-journalists/; priyanjana bengani, “as election looms, a network of mysterious ‘pink slime’ local news outlets nearly triples in size,” columbia journalism review,(august , ): https://www.cjr.org/analysis/as-election-looms-a-network-of-mysterious-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-nearly-triples-in-size.php  [↩] 	paulo freire, “the banking model of education,” in provenzo, eugene f. (ed.). critical issues in education: an anthology of readings, sage, ( ), - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, barbara fister, and margy macmillan (january , ), op.cit., - . [↩] 	alison j. head, john wihbey, p. takis metaxas, margy macmillan, and dan cohen (october , ), op.cit., [↩] 	nancy fried foster ( ), op. cit. [↩] 	barbara fister, “lizard people in the libraries,” pil provocation series, no. , project information literacy research institute,(february , ):  https://projectinfolit.org/pubs/provocation-series/essays/lizard-people-in-the-library.html  [↩] 	marc meola , “chucking the checklist: a contextual approach to teaching undergraduates web-site evaluation,” portal: libraries and the academy , no. ( ): - , https://doi.org/ . /pla. . , p. [↩] 	association of college and research libraries , framework for information literacy for higher education ( ) http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework [↩] 			 						 				information behavior, information evaluation, information literacy, instruction 			 					 	 						 												 						 							service ceiling: the high cost of professional development for academic librarians 														 						 						 												 						 	 		 responses	 		 	 		 		 			 				dora sales 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				highly inspiring, many thanks! 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				stacy 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				this is such a vital conversation, and there’s a lot i like about this model that captures work that’s already happening and some next places to go. i do wish the authors had cited any of dr. nicole cooke’s writings on misinformation here. it feels like a foundational chunk is missing of the discourse this model is trying to engage with and build on. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				elizabeth 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : am						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				thanks for writing this really interesting piece. i love the connection with a students ‘sense-making skills” as this forms part of fosil (framework of skills for inquiry learning)https://fosil.org.uk/ which i am an advocate of. i recently presented at cilip slg scotland on this topic. librarians as teachers of sense-making skills and your article really resonates with me. here is a link to my talk https://fosil.org.uk/forums/topic/slg-scotland- -librarians-as-teachers-of-sense-making-skills/ 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				rowena 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				hi, i think the metaphor you are after is erica mcwilliams “meddler in the middle” referring to a teacher actively engaged in genuine enquiry with students, not the expert, not providing the answers, rather providing a container for the conversation (my interpretation). that aside, i am a health librarian who co-moderates a community facebook group currently infested with antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists. i am planning an online information evaluation session for the group as some days the mods can’t block and mute fast enough. my goal would be to have more people in the group seeing the misinformation for what it is and understanding how easy it is to get trapped in an information bubble. your idea of information having agency will be a powerful and relatable theme for this session. thanks. 							 		 	 	 	 		 		 			 				marybeth gill 				 					 					 						 						 – – at : pm						 					 				 			 				 reply			 					 			 			 			 				i wonder how such information literacy education practices in a higher-ed setting can be applied to k- education. vertical collaboration would allow us to provide better instruction, especially in collaboration with k- curriculum designers, teachers, and media center/school librarians. i appreciate the urgency expressed here with regard to the importance of helping students develop understanding and skill sets to navigate information they encounter outside of academia as well as within it. 							 		 	 	 	 		leave a reply cancel reply save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment. 		 			current ye@r * 			 			 		 		 			leave this field empty 			 		 	 	 		 						 										 				 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 		 				 	 				 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 margy macmillan – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				by 								margy macmillan 							 	 		 		 			 	about margy macmillan 		 			 				 margy is a professor emerita at mount royal university in calgary, canada, and senior researcher for project information literacy (pil). she worked in academic libraries for years, and conducted research in information literacy and the scholarship of teaching and learning (sotl) before joining pil in . working at pil with a phenomenal multidisciplinary team has provided the opportunity to participate in projects that span institutions and explore beyond higher education into societal aspects of information literacy. 											 		 articles by margy macmillan 	 			dismantling the evaluation framework – – 		 	 		 			 			 			 		 		 	 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 creating library linked data with wikibase: lessons learned from project passage javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	support & training 	community center 	developer network 	webjunction  covid- | information and resources to help skip to page content. 	 research areas 	 partnership 	 people 	 news & events 	 publications 	 presentations 	 about 		settings 	menu 	search 	 research 	 publications 	 creating library linked data with wikibase: lessons learned from project passage creating library linked data with wikibase: lessons learned from project passage by jean godby, karen smith-yoshimura, bruce washburn, kalan knudson davis, karen detling, christine fernsebner eslao, steven folsom, xiaoli li, marc mcgee, karen miller, honor moody, craig thomas, and holly tomren the oclc research linked data wikibase prototype (“project passage”) provided a sandbox in which librarians from us institutions could experiment with creating linked data to describe resources—without requiring knowledge of the technical machinery of linked data. this report provides an overview of the context in which the prototype was developed, how the wikibase platform was adapted for use by librarians, and eight use cases where pilot participants (co-authors of this report) describe their experience of creating metadata for resources in various formats and languages using the wikibase editing interface. during the ten months of the pilot, the participants gained insight in both the potential of linked data in library cataloging workflows and the gaps that must be addressed before machine-readable semantic data can be fully adopted. among the lessons learned: 	the building blocks of wikibase can be used to create structured data with a precision that exceeds current library standards. 	the wikibase platform enables user-driven ontology design but raises concerns about how to manage and maintain ontologies. 	the wikibase platform, supplemented with oclc’s enhancements and stand-alone utilities, enables librarians to see the results of their effort in a discovery interface without leaving the metadata-creation workflow. 	robust tools are required for local data management. 	to populate knowledge graphs with library metadata, tools that facilitate the import and enhancement of data created elsewhere are recommended. 	the pilot underscored the need for interoperability between data sources, both for ingest and export. 	the traditional distinction between authority and bibliographic data disappears in a wikibase description. after the pilot, the co-authors of this report discussed the long-term issues raised by their project passage experiences and the potential impact of linked data in library resource description workflows. read the report to find out the key issues and findings, reflections, and areas for future research. for a high-level summary of the goals, content, and lessons learned from the pilot project, read the blog post "summarizing project passage experiences in creating library linked data in wikibase" part one and part two by karen smith-yoshimura. download us letter .pdf download a .pdf     project passage help portal as part of the prototype development, the project team built an extensive set of wikidata help pages, which are now hosted on the internet archive. this set of resources includes “guidelines for editing and creating,” which is full of valuable advice for anyone creating or editing descriptions. explore suggested citation: godby, jean, karen smith-yoshimura, bruce washburn, kalan davis, karen detling, christine fernsebner eslao, steven folsom, xiaoli li, marc mcgee, karen miller, honor moody, holly tomren, and craig thomas. . creating library linked data with wikibase: lessons learned from project passage. dublin, oh: oclc research. https://doi.org/ . /faq -ax . related work linked data from oclc research linked data is a major research activity at oclc. explore all the areas of our linked data research, from improving the interoperability of digital materials to gauging the implementation of linked data in libraries, and much more. learn more for more information for more information about this work, please contact oclc research. email oclc research follow oclc research:   © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates this site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. see oclc's cookie notice to learn more. 	privacy statement 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate coral sheldon-hess – tech teacher, data geek, maker, bird nerd 			skip to content 		 			 				 																 							 																	 																 									coral sheldon-hess 									tech teacher, data geek, maker, bird nerd 								 							 							 								open primary menu 								 							 								 							 								 								twitter 															 						 	 							 								 								linkedin 															 						 	 							 								 								rss 															 						 	 							 								 								github 															 						 	 							 								 								ravelry 															 						 							 		about 	blog 	contact 						 																 		sidebar 		posts by category 	librarianship 	leadership 	teaching and learning 	social justice 	alaska 	technology 	travel 	crafts 	geekery 	hiring and employment 	on a personal note 	past projects 	 									 								 					coral sheldon-hess posts 	 		 		slack-like tools in the online classroom 	 		 			 				slack-like tools in the online classroom 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on march , 		 		 			a slack-type tool fills in a really important gap in student-student and student-professor communication. without something slack-like, your choices for communication are the learning management system (lms) discussion boards or email. i think it’s uncontroversial to say we all hate lms discussion boards. … as for email, i’ll go out on a limb and say that i suspect most professors do not enjoy answering multiple versions of the same question over and over, one by one, especially when they have to choose between knowing in their hearts that some students aren’t asking and won’t know, versus making yet another lms announcement to address any given issue. continue readingslack-like tools in the online classroom 					 	 	 		the online unconference of niche interests 	 		 			 				the online unconference of niche interests 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on november , 		 		 			if you’re looking for a fun and educational thing to do this weekend, you might consider attending the second quarterly(??) online unconference of niche interests (“ouni” for short), scheduled to run from pm until a bit after pm eastern standard time, this sunday, november . we have a set of volunteer presenters who will each talk for up to minutes about a niche topic they’re into. continue readingthe online unconference of niche interests 					 	 	 		what i’m telling family about covid- 	 		 			 				what i’m telling family about covid- 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on june , 		 		 			a family member asked me to tell them about covid- . it was a general question, which i chose to interpret as “how does transmission work, and what is the real risk?” this is what i said. as i told them, i’m not a biologist of any sort, and i will accept corrections (both from people who are biologists and from those who can cite sources), of course. both this person and i have autoimmune issues, so i take that as a given in this post. continue readingwhat i’m telling family about covid- 					 	 	 		what i’ve been up to during all this 	 		 			 				what i’ve been up to during all this 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on april , 		 		 			how my household is doing perhaps the best place to start writing about what i’ve been up to is to be really clear: i’m ok, and, at least for now, so are my loved ones. my spouse and i are both incredibly lucky to have jobs that can be done… continue readingwhat i’ve been up to during all this 					 	 	 		get that bread 	 		 			 				get that bread 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on february , 		 		 			i want to tell you about my take on the new artisan bread in five minutes a day recipe. the things i have to add to the discussion: ) a couple of hacks for people who, like me, do not have a kitchen fan that vents outdoors (i promise i’ll explain why this matters) and who like at least a little bit of whole grain in their bread, plus ) photos of some of the steps they don’t show as clearly in the book. i’m still experimenting (always!), but i have a base recipe/approach that i like and that i think is good enough to share. continue readingget that bread 					 	 	 		 year-end post 	 		 			 				 year-end post 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on december , 		 		 			we’re rapidly approaching the time for the traditional year-end post, which i’ve been known to skip in recent years—i had a run of several really rough years, there. while wasn’t without personal challenges and setbacks (and a whole lot of frightening developments in the us and abroad), it brought… continue reading year-end post 					 	 	 		belated update 	 		 			 				belated update 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on october , 		 		 			right now i should be grading or preparing for classes, but honestly i’m three blog posts behind where i wanted to be by now (i haven’t forgotten my wiscon promise to make a post about tabletop roleplaying games) and fighting a pretty nasty headache. so what if i take a… continue readingbelated update 					 	 	 		doing data things 	 		 			 				doing data things 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on december , 		 		 			tldr: i took two classes this semester, and i’m going to teach at least one, probably . , classes next semester. i’m super psyched about it. i’ll still work for the library where i’m an adjunct, too, but fewer hours per week. i’m still available for full-time hire, if you have data for me to work with. continue readingdoing data things 					 	 	 		 	 		 			 				 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on december , 		 		 			i usually do a year-end post. that’s not happening in . this year took so much from me, and from people i care about, that i refuse to write about it. but i’d like to write about . not “resolutions” so much as “plans and goals”—and maybe not even those… continue reading 					 	 	 		a librarian again 	 		 			 				a librarian again 			 			 		published by coral sheldon-hess on october , 		 		 			over the past few years, i’ve come to dread the “what do you do?” question, because what people generally mean is “where do you work?” and it’s awkward when you can’t have that conversation the way they expect. continue readinga librarian again 					 	 	 	 	 		posts navigation 		 … next 	 author wordpress theme by compete themes nocodb | turns your sql database into a nocode platform. free & open source. nocodb discord docs demos book a demo open source airtable alternative nocodb is an open source #nocode platform that turns any database into a smart spreadsheet.   github free -click deploy on heroku supported databases don't trust our word, trust theirs! " nocodb will be the single most important tool in the #nocode industry. despite being a non developer, i was able to build a business workflow within an hour by connecting to an existing mysql database (aws rds). nocodb is so flexible that it can be integrated with many business verticals." vasyl rakivnenko founder/ceo servired create endless solutions 	it is free & self-hostable. let your imagination be thy limit 	create grid view, gallery view, kanban view and calendar view on top your data 	search, sort, filter columns and rows with ultra ease collaborate just like spreadsheet 	invite your team with fine grained access control 	share views publicly and also with password protection automate business workflows 	build automations with you favourite apps : microsoft teams slack, discord, whatsapp, twilio, email & sms headless apis 	provides rest & graphql apis with swagger & graphiql gui join our community xgenecloud is an #opensource company github open issues, prs, request features and vote on them! discord join us on our team chat and ask questions! twitter don't keep us as a secret! spread the #nocode gospel. ftw. subscribe to our newsletter let us stretch your imagination further submit nocodb build business solutions at the speed of thought. menu 	team 	demos 	 faq follow nocodb on — © xgene cloud ltd. all rights reserved. terms of service       policy information flaneur information flaneur a blog about libraries, computer programming, and the impending end of humanity. 	for what we will the only &quot;covid recovery&quot; worth pursuing is one that rejects &quot;jobs&quot; and centres care. 	recursive how do you search stack overflow for tips on fixing your stack overflow? 	 rear vision my year in review with some thoughts on the future 	library map part - why i recently created a map of libraries in australia. here&#x ;s why i did it and why i did it that way. 	library map part - how a technical overview of how i create librarymap.hugh.run 	automation workflows with github actions and webhooks - library map part the third in my library map series 	re-live the excitement of generous and open glam the videos of all the goglam talks 	how to write a static site generator in lines or less when publishing with the gemini protocol, gemscript is so simple you can make a quick and dirty ssg with some basic shell scripting 	a barbaric yawp i made a little tool for tweeting/tooting into the void, inspired by &quot;the unix philosophy&quot; 	top big library ideas in history a pictorial post for glam blog club alaina c. bull – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				by 								alaina c. bull 							 	 		 		 			 	about alaina c. bull 		 			 				 alaina (she/her) is the first year experience librarian at the university of washington tacoma and a research analyst at project information literacy (pil). she has been with pil since , and prior to joining uw tacoma, she was an adjunct librarian at a local community college. in addition to instruction, her favorite part of her job at uw tacoma is being a co-facilitator of two campus book clubs. 											 		 articles by alaina c. bull 	 			dismantling the evaluation framework – – 		 	 		 			 			 			 		 		 	 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 secret chats show how cybergang became a ransomware powerhouse - the new york times sectionssearch skip to contentskip to site index europe today’s paper europe|secret chats show how cybergang became a ransomware powerhouse https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /world/europe/ransomware-russia-darkside.html	 	 	 	 	 	 	 advertisement continue reading the main story supported by continue reading the main story secret chats show how cybergang became a ransomware powerhouse as the ransomware industry exploded, a russian-speaking outfit called darkside offered would-be computer crooks not just the tools, but also customer support. we got an inside look. 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 just weeks before darkside attacked colonial pipeline, disrupting fuel supplies in the eastern united states, the ransomware gang was putting the screws to a family-owned producer of school yearbooks.credit...travis dove for the new york times by andrew e. kramer, michael schwirtz and anton troianovski published may , updated june , leer en español moscow — just weeks before the ransomware gang known as darkside attacked the owner of a major american pipeline, disrupting gasoline and jet fuel deliveries up and down the east coast of the united states, the group was turning the screws on a small, family-owned publisher based in the american midwest. working with a hacker who went by the name of woris, darkside launched a series of attacks meant to shut down the websites of the publisher, which works mainly with clients in primary school education, if it refused to meet a $ . million ransom demand. it even threatened to contact the company’s clients to falsely warn them that it had obtained information the gang said could be used by pedophiles to make fake identification cards that would allow them to enter schools. woris thought this last ploy was a particularly nice touch. “i laughed to the depth of my soul about the leaked ids possibly being used by pedophiles to enter the school,” he said in russian in a secret chat with darkside obtained by the new york times. “i didn’t think it would scare them that much.” darkside’s attack on the pipeline owner, georgia-based colonial pipeline, did not just thrust the gang onto the international stage. it also cast a spotlight on a rapidly expanding criminal industry based primarily in russia that has morphed from a specialty demanding highly sophisticated hacking skills into a conveyor-belt-like process. now, even small-time criminal syndicates and hackers with mediocre computer capabilities can pose a potential national security threat. image motorists lining up for gas at a costco filling station in north carolina amid the panic that followed darkside’s ransom attack on colonial pipeline.credit...travis long/the news & observer, via associated press where once criminals had to play psychological games to trick people into handing over bank passwords and have the technical know-how to siphon money out of secure personal accounts, now virtually anyone can obtain ransomware off the shelf and load it into a compromised computer system using tricks picked up from youtube tutorials or with the help of groups like darkside. “any doofus can be a cybercriminal now,” said sergei a. pavlovich, a former hacker who served years in prison in his native belarus for cybercrimes. “the intellectual barrier to entry has gotten extremely low.” a glimpse into darkside’s secret communications in the months leading up to the colonial pipeline attack reveals a criminal operation on the rise, pulling in millions of dollars in ransom payments each month. darkside offers what is known as “ransomware as a service,” in which a malware developer charges a user fee to so-called affiliates like woris, who may not have the technical skills to actually create ransomware but are still capable of breaking into a victim’s computer systems. darkside’s services include providing technical support for hackers, negotiating with targets like the publishing company, processing payments, and devising tailored pressure campaigns through blackmail and other means, such as secondary hacks to crash websites. darkside’s user fees operated on a sliding scale: percent for any ransoms less than $ , down to percent for ransoms over $ million, according to the computer security firm, fireeye. as a start-up operation, darkside had to contend with growing pains, it appears. in the chat with someone from the group’s customer support, woris complained that the gang’s ransomware platform was difficult to use, costing him time and money as he worked with darkside to extort cash from the american publishing company. “i don’t even understand how to conduct business on your platform,” he complained in an exchange sometime in march. “we’re spending so much time when there are things to do. i understand that you don’t give a crap. if not us, others will bring you payment. it’s quantity not quality.” the times gained access to the internal “dashboard” that darkside customers used to organize and carry out ransom attacks. the login information was provided to the times by a cybercriminal through an intermediary. the times is withholding the name of the company involved in the attack to avoid additional reprisals from the hackers. access to the darkside dashboard offered an extraordinary glimpse into the internal workings of a russian-speaking gang that has become the face of global cybercrime. cast in stark black and white, the dashboard gave users access to darkside’s list of targets as well as a running ticker of profits and a connection to the group’s customer support staff, with whom affiliates could craft strategies for squeezing their victims. image a screenshot of the rules on the website of darkside. the dashboard was still operational as of may , when a times reporter logged in, even though darkside had released a statement a week earlier saying it was shutting down. a customer support employee responded almost immediately to a chat request sent from woris’s account by the times reporter. but when the reporter identified himself as a journalist the account was immediately blocked. even before the attack on colonial pipeline, darkside’s business was booming. according to the cybersecurity firm elliptic, which has studied darkside’s bitcoin wallets, the gang has received about $ . million in bitcoin since october , with another $ million going to affiliates. the serious profits for such a young criminal gang — darkside was established only last august, according to computer security researchers — underscore how the russian-language cybercriminal underground has mushroomed in recent years. that growth has been abetted by the rise of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin that have made the need for old-school money mules, who sometimes had to smuggle cash across borders physically, practically obsolete. in just a couple of years, cybersecurity experts say, ransomware has developed into a tightly organized, highly compartmentalized business. there are certain hackers who break into computer systems and others whose job is to take control of them. there are tech support specialists and experts in money laundering. many criminal gangs even have official spokespeople who do media relations and outreach. in many ways, the organizational structure of the russian ransomware industry mimics franchises, like mcdonald’s or hertz, that lower barriers to entry and allow for easy duplication of proven business practices and techniques. access to darkside’s dashboard was all that was needed to set up shop as an affiliate of darkside and, if desired, download a working version of the ransomware used in the attack on colonial pipeline. image the ransomware industry is growing explosively in russia, in part because the authorities there have made it clear that they will rarely prosecute people for cybercrimes outside russia.credit...sergey ponomarev for the new york times while the times did not acquire that software, the publishing company offered a window into what it was like to be the victim of an attack by darkside ransomware. the first thing the victim sees on the screen is a ransom letter with instructions and gentle threats. “welcome to darkside,” the letter says in english, before explaining that the victim’s computers and servers had been encrypted and any backups deleted. to decrypt the information, victims are directed to a website where they must enter a special pass key. the letter makes clear that they can call on a tech support team if they should run into any problems. “!!! danger !!! do not modify or try to recover any files yourself,” the letter says. “we will not be able to restore them.” the darkside software not only locks victims’ computer systems, it also steals proprietary data, allowing affiliates to demand payment not only for unlocking the systems but also for refraining from releasing sensitive company information publicly. in the chat log viewed by the times, a darkside customer support employee boasted to woris that he had been involved in more than ransom attacks and tried to put him at ease. “we’re just as interested in the proceeds as you are,” the employee said. together, they hatched the plan to put the squeeze on the publishing company, a nearly century-old, family-owned business with only a few hundred employees. in addition to shutting down the company’s computer systems and issuing the pedophile threat, woris and darkside’s technical support drafted a blackmail letter to be sent to school officials and parents who were the company’s clients. “dear school staff and parent,” the letter went, “have nothing personal against you, it is only business.” (a spokesman for the company said that no clients were ever contacted by darkside, but several employees were.) on top of this, using a new service that darkside introduced in april, they planned to shut down the company’s websites with so-called ddos attacks, in which hackers overload a company’s network with fake requests. image president biden said it did not appear that the russian state was involved in the attack on colonial pipeline, but stressed that the kremlin has a responsibility to prosecute cybercrimes committed by groups within its borders. credit...doug mills/the new york times negotiations over the ransom with darkside lasted for days and were carried out over email or on the gang’s blog with a hacker or hackers who spoke only in mangled english, said the company’s spokesman. negotiations broke down sometime in march over the company’s refusal to pay the $ . million ransom. darkside, it seems, was livid and threatened to leak news of the ransomware attack to the news media. “ignoring is very bad strategy for you. you don’t have much time,” darkside wrote in an email. “after two days we will make you blog post public and send this news for all big mass media. and everyone will see you catastrophic data leak.” for all the strong-arm tactics, darkside was not completely without a moral compass. in a list of rules posted to the dashboard, the group said any attacks against educational, medical or government targets were forbidden. in its communications, darkside tried to be polite, and the group expected the same of the hackers using its services. the group, after all, “very much treasures our reputation,” darkside said in one internal communication. “offending or being rude to targets for no reason is prohibited,” darkside said. “we aim to make money through normal and calm dialogue.” another important rule adopted by darkside, along with most other russian-speaking cybercriminal groups, underscores a reality about modern-day cybercrime. anyone living in the commonwealth of independent states, a collection of former soviet republics, is strictly off limits to attacks. cybersecurity experts say the “don’t work in .ru” stricture, a reference to russia’s national domain suffix, has become de rigueur in the russian-speaking hacking community, to avoid entanglements with russian law enforcement. the russian authorities have made it clear they will rarely prosecute cybercriminals for ransomware attacks and other cybercrimes outside russia. as a result, russia has become a global hub for ransomware attacks, experts say. the cybersecurity firm recorded future, based outside boston, tracks about ransomware groups, of which about — including the five biggest — are believed to be based in russia or elsewhere in the former soviet union, said a threat intelligence expert for the firm, dmitry smilyanets. mr. smilyanets is himself a former hacker from russia who spent four years in federal custody for cybercrimes. russia in particular has become a “greenhouse” for cybercriminals, he said. “an atmosphere was created in russia in which cybercriminals felt great and could thrive,” mr. smilyanets said. “when someone is comfortable and confident that he won’t be arrested the next day, he starts to act more freely and more brazenly.” russia’s president, vladimir v. putin, has made the rules perfectly clear. when the american journalist megyn kelly pressed him in a interview on why russia was not arresting hackers believed to have interfered in the american election, he shot back that there was nothing to arrest them for. “if they did not break russian law, there is nothing to prosecute them for in russia,” mr. putin said. “you must finally realize that people in russia live by russian laws, not by american ones.” image when megyn kelly asked president vladimir v. putin of russia why his country was not arresting hackers believed to have interfered in the american election, he said that under russian law there was nothing to prosecute them for.credit...alexei druzhinin/agence france-presse — getty images after the colonial attack, president biden said that intelligence officials had evidence the hackers were from russia, but that they had yet to find any links to the government. “so far there is no evidence based on, from our intelligence people, that russia is involved, though there is evidence that the actors, ransomware, is in russia,” he said, adding that the russian authorities “have some responsibility to deal with this.” this month, darkside’s support staff scrambled to respond to parts of the system being shut down, which the group attributed, without evidence, to pressure from the united states. in a posting on may , the day after the colonial attack became public, the darkside staff appeared to be hoping for some sympathy from their affiliates. “there is now the option to leave a tip for support under ‘payments,’” the posting said. “it’s optional, but support would be happy :).” days after the f.b.i. publicly identified darkside as the culprit, woris, who had yet to extract payment from the publishing company, reached out to customer service, apparently concerned. “hi, how’s it going,” he wrote. “they hit you hard.” it was the last communication woris had with darkside. days later, a message popped up on the dashboard saying the group was not exactly shutting down, as it had said it would, but selling its infrastructure so other hackers could carry on the lucrative ransomware business. “the price is negotiable,” darkside wrote. “by fully launching an analogous partnership program it’s possible to make profits of $ million a month.” oleg matsnev contributed reporting. advertisement continue reading the main story site index site information navigation 	©   the new york times company 	nytco 	contact us 	accessibility 	work with us 	advertise 	t brand studio 	your ad choices 	privacy policy 	terms of service 	terms of sale 	site map 	canada 	international 	help 	subscriptions biden nominates big tech nemesis lina khan as ftc commissioner - vox skip to main content big tech nemesis lina khan has been nominated for top biden antitrust role outgoing ftc commissioner rohit chopra advocated for khan’s nomination. by jason del rey@delrey updated mar , , : pm edt share this story 	 share this on facebook 	 share this on twitter 	 share all sharing options share all sharing options for: big tech nemesis lina khan has been nominated for top biden antitrust role  	 reddit 	 pocket 	 flipboard 	 email lina khan at her new york home in . an rong xu for the washington post this story is part of a group of stories called uncovering and explaining how our digital world is changing — and changing us. lina khan, an antitrust expert, columbia law professor, and thorn in the side of big tech, has been nominated to fill one of the commissioner roles at the federal trade commission under president joe biden, the white house announced on monday. if confirmed by the senate, khan will fill the commissioner seat currently held by rohit chopra, a democrat who biden has tapped to run the consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb). recode first reported in january that chopra was advocating for the nomination of khan, and that one person familiar with deliberations considered her a “frontrunner” for the nomination. khan served as a legal fellow at the ftc in chopra’s office in and at the cfpb as a summer associate while chopra worked there. the capitol forum first reported on khan’s traction. the ftc plays a key role in investigating companies’ business practices to preserve competition by enforcing federal antitrust laws, and to prevent consumer harm. the agency also reviews major company acquisitions and mergers in an attempt to preserve industry competition, and it can sue companies and impose penalties for violating federal laws. for example, the ftc in the last year has separately sued the companies that own the gillette and schick razor brands, respectively, to stop them from acquiring or merging with up-and-coming rivals. the ftc is led by five commissioners, but biden has two roles to fill with chopra leaving and current republican ftc chair joe simons recently announcing his resignation. when those two spots are filled, democrats will have a - majority at the top of the commission and can decide to file lawsuits or agree to settlements with companies alleged to have violated antitrust laws. if khan is confirmed by the senate, it would mark a blow to the big four tech companies — amazon, facebook, google, and apple — that have been trying to avoid having the government rein in their unmatched economic and societal power. khan played a crucial role as legal counsel for the house antitrust subcommittee’s -month investigation into the big tech giants, and in producing the -page house democrat report that alleged that all of the tech giants engage in anti-competitive practices and need to be reined in. khan burst onto the scene in antitrust circles in when she penned a legal paper dubbed “amazon’s antitrust paradox,” which spread widely among proponents and critics alike. it emphasized the need for enhanced antitrust enforcement and argued that current antitrust doctrine is ill-suited to rein in internet giants like amazon. over the last few decades, us antitrust enforcers have for the most part favored business practices that keep consumer prices low; companies like amazon, with its low prices, or google and facebook with their “free” services, have until recently avoided much scrutiny. google is already facing three antitrust lawsuits filed late last year by the department of justice and the attorneys general of dozens of states. and the ftc and other state attorneys general have filed antitrust suits against facebook that call for the company to unwind its instagram and whatsapp acquisitions. recode has previously reported that the federal trade commission also continues to probe various amazon business practices to determine if jeff bezos’s corporation is violating antitrust laws. while one ftc commissioner’s worldview alone won’t directly lead to the commission taking action against the tech giants that it otherwise wouldn’t have, khan’s appointment could signal that the biden administration is ready to take a harder stance against big tech than the obama administration was. biden recently named another critic of big tech, tim wu, to the national economic council as a special assistant to the president for technology and competition policy. progressives in favor of increased regulation of big tech had been concerned by reports that biden is considering two officials — who have previously advised tech giants — for the top antitrust role at the department of justice, which can also bring suits against companies for violating antitrust laws. it remains to be seen whether biden’s antitrust appointments at the doj and ftc will end up being a patchwork of officials with varying views of how big of an issue corporate consolidation is in tech and beyond, or whether they will be aligned in a belief that the power and business practices of these giants are also a threat to the economy and consumers. either way, it’s hard to think of an appointment that worries the tech conglomerates more than khan’s, both because of her expertise in scrutinizing their practices and the huge role her writings and counsel have already played in influencing lawmakers’ view of the threat big tech poses. update, march : this article was originally published on january , , when recode reported that khan was a frontrunner for the nomination. will you support vox’s explanatory journalism? millions turn to vox to understand what’s happening in the news. our mission has never been more vital than it is in this moment: to empower through understanding. financial contributions from our readers are a critical part of supporting our resource-intensive work and help us keep our journalism free for all. please consider making a contribution to vox today from as little as $ . in this stream the transition to a biden-harris administration 	 big tech nemesis lina khan has been nominated for top biden antitrust role  	 doug emhoff, wife guy extraordinaire view all stories next up on recode the latest 	 american motherhood vs. the american work ethic working motherhood is getting harder. let’s fix that. 	 apple would like to clear a few things up the privacy-first company’s invasive approach isn’t going over well with many. 	 the sec greenlights a plan to make company boards more diverse companies promised to make their boards more diverse. here’s how to actually do it. more in the latest the latest on vox apple would like to clear a few things up by sara morrison how ron desantis’s covid response became the model of what not to do by aaron rupar the suicide squad puts its director on a path to become the gen x clint eastwood by emily vanderwerff we have to accept some risk of covid- by german lopez watching brooklyn nine-nine in the “defund the police” era by emily vanderwerff the new aretha franklin movie shows how tricky it is to make a great musician biopic by alissa wilkinson chorus 	terms of use 	privacy notice 	cookie policy 	do not sell my personal info 	licensing faq 	accessibility 	platform status 	contact 	send us a tip 	masthead 	about us 	editorial ethics and guidelines vox media vox media logo. author login advertise with us jobs @ vox media © vox media, llc. all rights reserved none miskatonic university press | william denton miskatonic university press 	about pis and libraries 	 july 	 	libraries 	 	pi 	 a quote from david fechheimer, found in sleuthing in san francisco by diane manuel (stanford magazine, july–august ): “he’s smart, fun, intellectual, well-educated and eccentric,” says david fechheimer, a prominent san francisco sleuth. “i’ve always felt that the people best prepared to be private investigators are former graduate students, who know how to use the library. he also has a balanced family life, which is unusual in the detective business. he’s found that it’s possible to make a good living doing serious work that’s also fun.” former grad students, sure. but librarians know even more. teambuilding in the time of covid- : a zoom play 	 july 	 	conferences 	 	covid. 	 	libraries 	 	theatre 	 	york 	 i mentioned before that i gave a short talk at lacuny institute / . a large group of my colleagues at york university libraries were also part of the program, but they did something much bigger, a really wonderful piece of performance librarianship: teambuilding in the time of covid- : a zoom play. in a strange and scary time, exiled from their place of work, a group of (relative) strangers turn a wellbeing exercise into so much more.  picture this: a threat invisible to the naked eye empties out an entire , -person campus; the library locks its door with an hour’s notice; and the people who like to help are sent home indefinitely.  how are they, the library people, going to survive, thrive and help the faculty and students now dispersed to the four corners of the world?  this short play will tell you how. the pandemic shut down the old ways of communicating, but library services still had to be available. the professional and para-professional staff in the library overcame personal, technical and other challenges to build a new team that would serve its public.  but team building requires communication and trust. how was trust in the new team built in an online environment known for its comical awkwardness? the limitations of zoom were turned into a strength: week by week, turn by turn, everyone got to speak and truly listen to their team members.  the common launching off point was a carefully selected video on skills building, library services, accessibility and diversity.  video by video, varied insights meant that team members were visible to each other as fellow humans and co-workers! a team was born.  learn what each player in this team did to make it come alive. come by and watch:  teambuilding in the time of covid: a play the full script is up, as is the video: your browser does not support the video tag. it’s exactly the kind of thing i like to see, and they did a wonderful job. my congratulations to them all. remember him? well, he died 	 july 	 	vagaries 	 last summer i grabbed a screenshot of this weird advertisement that appeared in some app or other. strange ad “remember him? well, he died.” i never investigated this. i don’t know anything about it. i don’t want to know. remember him? well, he died. media collections librarian job open at york university 	 july 	 	code lib 	 	york 	 york university libraries is looking for a media collections librarian. york university libraries seeks a dynamic and innovative individual with strong leadership potential to advance its portfolio in media collections: film, sound recordings, audiovisual recordings and photography, both digital and analogue. this person will support the teaching, learning and research needs of all our users. this continuing appointment position is open to those with any mix of direct experience or expertise with media content and its development, preservation, licensing and analysis. the department listed as i write is incorrect: it’s not open scholarship, it’s content development and analysis, which is where i work. i’m the chair of the search committee, so i can’t give any off the record advice or insight the way i usually do, but interviewing at york university libraries still generally holds true. i guess there’s a chance that something might happen in person, but it seems more likely to be online, so the course of the day will be different. we’re planning on doing some other things a little differently, to make the process more inclusive, and when it’s over i’ll report back on that. one thing i can say is: if you have a library degree and experience managing a media collection, then please consider applying! we are happy to take anything into consideration about someone’s career path or personal circumstances so far. notice too that the posting requires some experience but in many places talks about “ability” or “promise” to do something, so for example if someone hasn’t had a chance to teach or do research consultations yet that doesn’t count them out. if you’d like to talk to one of my colleagues who’s not on the search committee and can tell you more about the library and the work, email me at work and i’ll pass it on to someone. the position is open because of the retirement of the great rob van der bliek, who will be much missed. if you’re a monk fan, check out the thelonious monk reader, a wonderful collection he edited. some nero wolfe links 	 july 	 	anthony.powell 	 	rex.stout 	 	ross.thomas 	 some good recent nero wolfe things to check out: 	lone wolfe episode : ethan iverson (an episode of the like the wolfe podcast) 	iverson’s comfort food (rex stout, nero wolfe, archie goodwin) (undated, but from ) 	david bordwell’s rex stout: logomachizing (june ) iverson’s in great form on the podcast, and his essay and bordwell’s are both insightful and delightful. see also the wolfe pack, which i joined recently (and note iverson’s differences with them). and iverson’s written about charles willeford, donald e. westlake, ross thomas, eric ambler and anthony powell. second vaccination shot 	 july 	 	covid. 	 	literature 	 i got my second vaccination shot today, this time with the pfizer-biontech. the doctor who gave me the injection asked if i was allergic to peg, which i’d never heard of. it appears i’m not. after all the familiar questions and the brief review about mixing the oxford-astra zeneca with this, she asked if i had any questions. “no,” i said. “i’m just very happy to be here.” “so am i.” in the waiting room i got out virtual light by william gibson. i was up to chapter twenty-nine, which includes this (in tight third person on berry rydell, who fell asleep in the back of an rv): he’d been dreaming about mrs. armbruster’s class, fifth grade at oliver north elementary. they were about to be let out because learningnet said there was too much kansas city flu around to keep the kids in virginia and tennessee in school that week. they were all wearing these molded white paper masks the nurses had left on their seats that morning. mrs. armbruster had just explained the meaning of the word pandemic. poppy markoff, who sat next to him and already had tits out to here, had told mrs. armbruster that her daddy said the kc flu could kill you in the time it took to walk out to the bus. mrs. armbruster, wearing her own mask, the micropore kind from the drugstore, started in about the word panic, tying that in to pandemic because of the root, but that was where rydell woke up. he sat up. he had a headache and the start of a cold. kansas city flu. maybe mokola fever. “don’t panic,” he said, under his breath. virtual light was published in . today in , because i gave up on twitter, i use a free and open source anonymizing browser to route my traffic through a series of encrypting and decrypting servers so i can maintain my anonymity while i check on what william gibson says there as @greatdismal. i can do this on a powerful handheld computer that runs an operating system made by one of the biggest and most privacy-invading corporations in the world, while wearing a mask to protect me from a global pandemic, while the western side of my country is coming out from under a climate change-provoked record-breaking heat wave that shows us what day-to-day life will be like in a few decades. julian opie soundtracking his shows 	 june 	 	art 	 	john.cage 	 	listening.to.art 	 a brush with … julian opie is a good episode of the art newspaper’s “a brush with” podcast. i knew nothing about julian opie before, but enjoyed browsing his web site and hope to see a show one day. there’s some talk about what opie listens to when he’s working. he likes spa music, nature sounds, that sort of thing … ben luke, the interviewer, helpfully mentions ambient music, brian eno and john cage. opie then talks about some music he’s made to be played at his shows: i’ve made some soundtracks, and i played them in a museum show i made in tokyo last year. one was a computer program that my clever assistant came up with that translates the sound of a blackbird into a piano note. i’m not the first person to do such a thing, but what maybe hasn’t generally been done quite so much before is to make an algorithm from that. we took the various tweets of the blackbird, looked at that as a set of algorithms, took the notes, and turned that into piano sounds and ran it as a constant random algorithm that plays throughout the time that you’re in the exhibition. part of my reason for doing that was that i noticed when i went to look at the museum that everyone was going around clicking their camera at the exhibition (not mine, the previous one) and it made this constant sound: kssh kssh, kssh-k-kssh. plus the click of high-heeled shoes, and i thought, that’s kind of interesting, but it’s not very much to do with me. i didn’t control that. i’d rather write my own soundtrack, so i did that with the blackbirds. and i did some more, and i may well be, you’ll see, if you come and see this exhibition at pitzhanger manor in ealing, whether i am thinking of maybe doing something similar here in order to animate the spaces here, and to give a sense of atmosphere, which music can do like nothing else. but it won’t be a piece of music, it’ll be something more like some kind of an algorithm that will play constantly and be evocative. it’s striking that he was aware of and attentive to the sounds people were making in the exhibit (at least, cameras and heels), but thought, “it’s not very much to do with me. i didn’t control that.” so he made his own soundtrack, imposing his own music on the space and the visitors. double-grepping to solve a crossword puzzle 	 june 	 	puzzles 	 	unix 	 puzzlebomb is a monthly puzzle page made by katie steckles and paul taylor. i recently subscribed and am enjoying having the sheet up on my fridge so i can work away at it. there’s a “g _ p w _ r d” puzzle in the current issue: a crossword where some of the letters in the clues are missing, and you learn what they are by filling in the grid. as they put it, “solve the clues to determine letters to write in the grids to fill in the gaps in the clues in order to put the answers in.” it may be hard to understand it all without showing the grids, but here’s how i solved one (two) clues that had me a bit stuck. once i thought about this way of solving i had to try it. the clue is a word with a missing first letter: x i t c h and i know from the grid that the first letter of the clue is the first letter of the answer: x _ a _ n there are just a few options for the first word, but many more for the second. this shell script goes through all the words in /usr/share/dict/words, finds the ones that match the first pattern, picks out their first letters, then finds any words that match the second pattern. #!/bin/bash dict="/usr/share/dict/words" grep -e -i "^..a.n$" $dict | while read -r word do init=${word: : } grep -e -i "^${init}itch$" $dict | while read -r clue do 	echo "does $clue mean $word?" done done with the options to grep, "^..a.n$" means “do a case-insensitive search for any word that is exactly five letters long where the third letter is a and the fifth is n.” does bitch mean brain? does ditch mean deann? does ditch mean diann? does bitch mean brain? does bitch mean brawn? does ditch mean drain? does ditch mean drawn? does pitch mean plain? does pitch mean prawn? there we are: ditch and drain. solved! (i used to do for word in $(grep foo $dict), but shellcop told me to do it with while read, so i’m trying that out.) analyzing the structure of john finnemore's souvenir programme, series 	 june 	 	john.finnemore 	 	r 	 	radio 	 i said before that “john finnemore is doing something incredible with the new series of john finnemore’s souvenir programme.” i don’t know how finnemore’s going to end it, but i’m certain it’s going to be good. i think he’s doing something incredible here, and when it ends it will be not just some of his finest work but a radio series that will last forever. it is. it’s one of the finest things i’ve ever heard on radio. if you haven’t heard it: go listen! structurally, it’s six half-hour episodes about an extended family, focusing on five members: mid-thirties parent russ, his mother deborah, her father jerry, his mother vanessa, and also uncle newt, who’s not really an uncle but has been attached to the family for decades. each episode has scenes that go in reverse chronological order, and the first five episodes move back through the family from russ to newt. the sixth is different. this structure (which really clicks into place with episode three) lets finnemore tell the story of the family in a delightful way, where we hear unusual sayings or odd family customs long before (to us) we learn how they started. a lot of the show is about this familect. the structure (and how finnemore chooses the scenes) also means there is no tragedy, because when we learn someone is dead, we know that in a few scenes they will be alive again. this doesn’t mean there is no sadness—there are some heartbreaking scenes—but we don’t follow someone’s life through to their death and then they’re gone, we see fragments of their lives that show how they are made up (sometimes unknowingly) of previous generations and how they in turn shape future generations. the show doesn’t require repeated listenings, but it does deserve them. it’s not meant to be hard to put the pieces together, and it isn’t—finnemore said on twitter he didn’t mean it to be a puzzle—but there is a great pleasure that comes from realizing in a later episode what a small thing in an earlier episode actually meant. many listeners made their own timelines to better appreciate all this. i did too, and put it all together into a spreadsheet. then i wanted to see it visually, so i made some charts. here’s one: scenes in time listen to the six episodes first, then have a look at analysing the structure of john finnemore’s souvenir programme, series (pdf). it’s twelve pages long and includes a lot of code, but you can just look at the charts. about the show and its structure: 	john finnemore’s souvenir programme might just be a work of radio genius 	well, since you asked me: detailed summaries of each scene, sortable in episode or chronological order 	a final timeline for john finnemore’s souvenir programme series on bleeding cool (lots of ads and trackers; best to avoid) some background on a few things, none of which is necessary to know on first listening: 	“a nightingale sang in berkeley square” has music by manning sherwin and lyrics by eric maschwitz, who during the war was briefly in the special operations executive. (my favourite recording of the song is by frank sinatra on sinatra sings great songs from great britain.) 	poem codes were indeed used by the soe, and leo marks (sons of the owner of the bookstore in charing cross road) was involved. 	the boatwomen’s training scheme, or idle women, which transported material on narrowboats through the grand union canal. 	for more acts like midnight and noone, look up gwen farrar and norah blaney, or hetty king, and read tell me i’m forgiven: the story of forgotten stars gwen farrar & norah blaney by alison child. 	in “woof woof woof,” the borzoi is an allusion to “cousin teresa” by saki, and the name “albert small” comes from the work of marriott edgar (finnemore said on twitter his grandmother had a copy of albert and balbus and samuel small). 	m.r. james begins to tell “the rose garden” at the christmas dinner in . 	for non-uk and irish listeners, a “lilo” is an air mattress or, as i call it, a floaty toy. 	there’s an inside reference with acker bilk’s “stranger on the shore,” which patrick chooses on desert island discs: it was the theme song for that mitchell and webb sound, for which finnemore wrote. there’s also an anachronism: the song came out in , but patrick chose it in . 	some things will bring delight to fans of finnemore’s earlier show cabin pressure: finnemore here doing an australian accent for alex, when back then his character arthur did a dreadful fake australian accent; a fruit that sounds like “duh-duh-duh,” which recalls both memories of a character who was envious of others who had more syllables in their names and also people singing “have a ba-nah-na” and “level five for family manners being like “code red” to tell arthur to stop talking. 	“jawbone” is a wink to cain’s jawbone: see also british comedian solves world’s ‘most difficult literary puzzle’ becoming third winner in years. (updated june with the “jawbone” point.) galleries index on listening to art 	 june 	 	listening.to.art 	 i’ve added a gallery index to listening to art, which makes it easy to listen to all the recordings made at a given gallery. volume nine number two was published today: new york city by piet mondrian, recorded at the musée national d’art moderne, in paris. list of all blog posts 	 	 william denton 	 <wtd@pobox.com> 	 	 	 toronto, 	 ontario 	 	 	 	 	 librarian, artist and licensed private investigator. 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 "legendo autem et scribendo vitam procudito." 	 — marcus terentius varro ( – bce) 	 	search 	 	 	 	 	contents 		list of all blog posts 	blog posts grouped by tags 	burton and gordon 	fictional dentons 	fictional footnotes 	hardboiled and noir 	library science 	publications and talks 	rara-avis 	old stuff 	projects 		 conforguration: configure things (servers and dotfiles) in org. 	 ghg.earth: a sonification of climate change. 	 listening to art: field recordings of visual art. 	 staplr: sounds in time actively performing library reference. 	 theatre science. 	 france audio montage on framework radio: episodes # and # . 	 	see also 		kady macdonald denton, children's book author and illustrator 	the arts and letters club of toronto 	 atmospheric co₂ march : . ppm june : . ppm increase: . ppm change: . % at mauna loa: data, code. 	privacy 	 	 zero logging: as of june , no tracking is done on this web site and no logs are kept. i know absolutely nothing about how the site is used. 	 	© william denton – . cc by: content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license. data & digital scholarship working group - virtual dlf forum - youtube aboutpresscopyrightcontact uscreatorsadvertisedeveloperstermsprivacypolicy & safetyhow youtube workstest new features© google llc none zotero blog log in register upgrade storage 	home 	groups 	people 	documentation 	forums 	get involved move zotero citations between google docs, word, and libreoffice posted july rd, by dan stillman last year, we added google docs integration to zotero, bringing to google docs the same powerful citation functionality — with support for over , citation styles — that zotero offers in word and libreoffice. today we’re adding a feature that lets you move documents between google docs and word or libreoffice while preserving active zotero citations. you can now begin writing a document collaboratively in google docs and move it to word or libreoffice for final editing, or vice versa. when you use this feature, zotero will convert the citations and bibliography to a temporary format that can be transferred safely between word processors. we’ve added instructions for specific word processors, but the basic process is the same: 	choose “switch to a different word processor…” from the plugin’s document preferences window. 	save the converted file. 	open the file in the other word processor. 	click refresh to continue using it. in google docs, you can also choose “switch word processors…” from the zotero menu. while the process should be entirely reversible, we recommend performing the conversion in a copy of the file. while this conversion process is required to move active citations in and out of google docs, you can also use it to move documents between word and libreoffice without some of the problems inherent in bookmarks mode. you can start using this feature today in zotero . . and zotero connector . . . retracted item notifications with retraction watch integration posted june th, by dan stillman zotero can now help you avoid relying on retracted publications in your research by automatically checking your database and documents for works that have been retracted. we’re providing this service in partnership with retraction watch, which maintains the largest database of retractions available, and we’re proud to help sustain their important work. how it works retracted publications are flagged in the items list, and if you click on one you’ll see a warning at the top of the item pane with details on the retraction and links to additional information. if you try to cite a retracted item using the word processor plugin, zotero will warn you and confirm that you still want to cite it. if you’ve already added a citation to a document and it later is retracted, zotero will warn you the next time you update the document’s citations, even if the item no longer exists in your zotero library or was added by a co-author. currently, this feature is limited to items with a doi or pmid (entered in the doi field or in extra as “doi:”, “pmid:”, or “pubmed id:”), which covers about / of retraction watch data, but we’re hoping to support items without identifiers as best as possible in a future update. designed for privacy the full retraction data is stored on zotero servers, but we’ve designed this feature in a way that allows the zotero client to check for retracted items without sharing the contents of your library. you don’t need to use zotero syncing or upload a list of items to benefit from this feature. for each item in your library, zotero calculates a non-unique identifier that could map to hundreds or thousands of publications, and then compares those to a list of similar partial identifiers of retracted publications that it retrieves from zotero servers. for each potential match, it requests the full details of all possible retractions, and then checks for local items matching any of those full identifiers and flags any that it finds. the zotero servers have no way of knowing whether you have the retracted work in your library or one of hundreds or thousands of others. (a similar approach is used by some tools to check for compromised passwords without sharing the passwords they’re checking with the server.) and, as with our other services, we’re not logging the contents of even these anonymized lookups. this feature is available today in zotero . . . scan books into zotero from your iphone or ipad posted november th, by dan stillman zotero makes it easy to collect research materials with a single click as you browse the web, but what do you do when you want to add a real, physical book to your zotero library? if you have an iphone or ipad running ios , you can now save a book to zotero just by scanning its barcode: your browser doesn’t support html video in webm with vp or mp with h. . this feature takes advantage of the new shortcuts functionality in ios , which can chain together series of actions to perform tasks. to get started, you’ll first need to install apple’s shortcuts app, if you don’t yet have it on your iphone or ipad. next, install the scan book to zotero shortcut by tapping on the link below from your iphone or ipad and selecting open in “shortcuts”: download shortcut update, october : in ios , you need to enable “allow untrusted shortcuts” in settings to install shortcuts from outside the shortcuts app gallery. as of ios . . , it may be necessary to first download another shortcut from the gallery before the option appears in settings. after the shortcut opens, tap done to close it, and then tap on the “scan book to zotero” rectangle. the first time you run it, you’ll need to select “run shortcut” and grant the shortcut access to the camera, and you’ll need to log into the zotero website before you can save. (if you haven’t yet set up syncing with zotero on your computer, you’ll want to do that as well so that items you save will sync to zotero on your computer.) whenever you want to scan a book into zotero, you can trigger the shortcut in a number of different ways: 	you can open the shortcuts app and select scan book to zotero. 	you can swipe right from the lock screen or home screen to open the today view and select scan book to zotero in the shortcuts widget. if the shortcuts widget doesn’t appear or doesn’t appear where you want it, you can add or move it via the edit button at the bottom. 	if you have an iphone that supports d touch, you can hard-press on the shortcuts app icon and select scan book to zotero from the widget popup. 	you can say something like “hey siri, add this book to zotero”. (maybe don’t use this one in the library.) to set a phrase for siri, open the shortcuts app, tap the three dots in the scan book to zotero rectangle, tap the settings icon in the top right, and then tap add to siri and assign a phrase. in our testing, we found siri support to still be a bit buggy in the current version of shortcuts, so if siri doesn’t recognize your phrase, try editing the shortcut and re-recording the phrase or wait for an update from apple. happy scanning! p.s. if you don’t use an iphone or ipad, or you can’t upgrade to ios , you can still save a book from your phone when you’re away from your computer by entering the isbn manually. simply bookmark this page and load it whenever you need to add a physical book. zotero comes to google docs posted october th, by dan stillman we’re excited to announce the availability of zotero integration with google docs, joining zotero’s existing support for microsoft word and libreoffice. the same powerful functionality that zotero has long offered for traditional word processors is now available for google docs. you can quickly search for items in your zotero library, add page numbers and other details, and insert citations. when you’re done, a single click inserts a formatted bibliography based on the citations in your document. zotero supports complex style requirements such as ibid. and name disambiguation, and it keeps your citations and bibliography updated as you make changes to items in your library. if you need to switch citation styles, you can easily reformat your entire document in any of the over , citation styles that zotero supports. google docs support is part of the zotero connector for chrome and firefox, which adds a new zotero menu to the google docs interface: it also adds a toolbar button for one-click citing: when you start using zotero in a document, you’ll first need to authenticate it with your google account. you can then begin inserting citations from the zotero libraries on your computer, just as you can with word and libreoffice. once you’ve finished your document and are ready to submit it, use file → “make a copy…” and, in the new document, use zotero → “unlink citations” to convert the citations and bibliography to plain text. you can then download that second document as a pdf or other type of file, while keeping active citations in the original document in case you need to make further changes. zotero will prompt you to create a copy if you try to download your original document. built for collaboration zotero and google docs are a perfect combination for people writing together. zotero groups are a great way to collect and manage materials for a shared project, and google docs integration allows you and your coauthors to insert and edit citations in a shared document. groups are free and can contain an unlimited number of members, so you can collaborate with as many people as you like. while citing from the same library allows everyone to make changes to items in zotero and have them reflected in the document, if you don’t want to work from a group, that’s fine too: zotero can generate correct citations and bibliography entries even for items people add from their own libraries. get started ready to try it out? open a document in google docs and look for the zotero menu. if you don’t see it, make sure you have zotero connector . . for chrome or firefox. see our documentation to learn more about using zotero with google docs. if you run into any trouble, let us know in the zotero forums. « previous entries archives 	july 	june 	november 	october 	may 	march 	november 	july 	april 	march 	september 	june 	may 	april 	october 	may 	april 	november 	september 	april 	january 	september 	august 	july 	june 	april 	march 	february 	january 	october 	september 	august 	may 	april 	march 	january 	december 	october 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october 	september 	august 	july 	june 	may 	april 	march 	february 	january 	december 	november 	october categories 	community spotlight 	contest 	csl 	features 	jobs 	news 	translators 	workshops meta 	log in 	powered by wordpress 	blog 	forums 	developers 	support 	privacy 	get involved 	jobs 	about zotero is a project of the corporation for digital scholarship, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the development of software and services for researchers and cultural heritage institutions, and is developed by a global community. <extent> extent | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<extent> extent 				 				 					<extent> is a subelement of <physdesc> used to encode information about the quantity of materials described or an expression of the physical space they occupy. it can include cubic or linear feet, counts of special formats (photographs, letters, etc.), volume of a data file, etc. it may be repeated with the unit or type attributes being used to specify the difference between element instances. note, this does not replace the <dimensions> element, which is used to specify the size of the actual materials. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. 	label – not required. this can be used when a meaningful display label for an element can’t be derived by the stylesheet from its name. it is available in all <did> subelements. 	type – not required. any information which can clarify the type of extent measurement being given. 	unit – not required. any unit of measurement, used to clarify which unit is being used to describe the materials’ extent–feet, meters, cubic meters, etc.. subelements <extent> will likely contain pcdata. it may include itself in a nested form. it may also include the following generic elements:<abbr>, <archref>, <bibref>, <emph>, <expan>, <extptr>, <extref>, <lb />, <linkgrp>, <ptr>, <ref>, and <title>. dacs see dacs section . , extent. (dacs , pp. - ) our ead file so far i’ve used the type attribute to distinguish three different kinds of <extent> in the file. these could be specified in a repository’s guidelines. 	<ead> 	<eadheader> 		<eadid countrycode="us" mainagencycode="dgwl" url="http://www.eadiva.com/sample/">rkt- </eadid> 		<filedesc> 			<titlestmt> 				<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 				<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 				<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 				<sponsor>encoding thanks to eadiva's donation of her spare time.</sponsor> 			</titlestmt> 			<editionstmt><edition> st ed.</edition> 			<p>didn't need to specify since it's first edition, but wanted to use the fields.</p> 			</editionstmt> 			<publicationstmt> 				<date> </date> 				<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 				<address> 					<addressline> pennsylvania ave</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</publicationstmt> 			<seriesstmt><p>bell family papers</p> 			</seriesstmt> 			<notestmt> 				<note> 					<p>the materials in this finding aid are based on an actual collection of sarah j. bell kitchin's letters.</p> 				</note> 				<note> 					<p>this finding aid was created as a project for the eadiva.com website.</p> 				</note> 			</notestmt> 		</filedesc> 		<profiledesc> 			<creation>this finding aid was encoded by ruth k. tillman, on <date normal=" ">november th, </date>, using notepad++. material was generated off the top of her head.</creation> 			<langusage>this finding aid is written in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langusage> 			<descrules>this finding aid was prepared using ruth's understanding of ead and her use of the loc ead official website.</descrules> 		</profiledesc> 		<revisiondesc> 			<change> 				<date normal=" ">december , </date> 				<item>this finding aid was edited by ruth tillman in order to clarify contents in eadheader.</item> 			</change> 		</revisiondesc> 	</eadheader> 	<frontmatter> 		<div><head>preface</head> 		<p>this inventory was prepared as part of the eadiva website to demonstrate ead encoding of finding aids. it encodes information about the collection of the papers of sarah bell kitchin as well as made-up information used to make the finding aid use more example elements. like this one.</p></div> 		<titlepage> 			<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 			<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 			<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 			<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 		</titlepage> 	</frontmatter> 	<archdesc level="collection"> 		<did><head>overview</head> 			<abstract label="abstract">sarah j. bell kitchin, a peace corps volunteer and professor of linguistics at the university of british columbia. her letters home from the philippines ( - ) and russia. letters from members of the bell family ( - ). 			</abstract> 			<langmaterial label="language">correspondence in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langmaterial> 			<physdesc label="extent"><extent type="shelf" unit="feet"> . linear feet</extent> 			<extent type="box">( oversize box)</extent>; 			<extent type="contents"> letters<extent> written on oversized <dimensions type="width" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> x <dimensions type="width" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> paper.</physdesc> 		</did> 	</archdesc> </ead> <ead> 	<eadheader> 		<eadid countrycode="us" mainagencycode="dgwl" url="http://www.eadiva.com/sample/">rkt- </eadid> 		<filedesc> 			<titlestmt> 				<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 				<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 				<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 				<sponsor>encoding thanks to eadiva's donation of her spare time.</sponsor> 			</titlestmt> 			<editionstmt><edition> st ed.</edition> 			<p>didn't need to specify since it's first edition, but wanted to use the fields.</p> 			</editionstmt> 			<publicationstmt> 				<date> </date> 				<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 				<address> 					<addressline> pennsylvania ave</addressline> 					<addressline>washington, dc, </addressline> 					<addressline>phone: - - </addressline> 				</address> 			</publicationstmt> 			<seriesstmt><p>bell family papers</p> 			</seriesstmt> 			<notestmt> 				<note> 					<p>the materials in this finding aid are based on an actual collection of sarah j. bell kitchin's letters.</p> 				</note> 				<note> 					<p>this finding aid was created as a project for the eadiva.com website.</p> 				</note> 			</notestmt> 		</filedesc> 		<profiledesc> 			<creation>this finding aid was encoded by ruth k. tillman, on <date normal=" ">november th, </date>, using notepad++. material was generated off the top of her head.</creation> 			<langusage>this finding aid is written in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langusage> 			<descrules>this finding aid was prepared using ruth's understanding of ead and her use of the loc ead official website.</descrules> 		</profiledesc> 		<revisiondesc> 			<change> 				<date normal=" ">december , </date> 				<item>this finding aid was edited by ruth tillman in order to clarify contents in eadheader.</item> 			</change> 		</revisiondesc> 	</eadheader> 	<frontmatter> 		<div><head>preface</head> 		<p>this inventory was prepared as part of the eadiva website to demonstrate ead encoding of finding aids. it encodes information about the collection of the papers of sarah bell kitchin as well as made-up information used to make the finding aid use more example elements. like this one.</p></div> 		<titlepage> 			<titleproper>inventory of something useful for learning ead <date> - </date></titleproper> 			<subtitle>a totally awesome finding aid with a subtitle too</subtitle> 			<author>ruth k. tillman, the eadiva</author> 			<publisher>eadiva.com</publisher> 		</titlepage> 	</frontmatter> 	<archdesc level="collection"> 		<did><head>overview</head> 			<abstract label="abstract">sarah j. bell kitchin, a peace corps volunteer and professor of linguistics at the university of british columbia. her letters home from the philippines ( - ) and russia. letters from members of the bell family ( - ). 			</abstract> 			<langmaterial label="language">correspondence in <language langcode="eng">english</language>. 			</langmaterial> 			<physdesc label="extent"><extent type="shelf" unit="feet"> . linear feet</extent> 			<extent type="box">( oversize box)</extent>; 			<extent type="contents"> letters<extent> written on oversized <dimensions type="width" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> x <dimensions type="width" unit="inches"> in.</dimensions> paper.</physdesc> 		</did> 	</archdesc> </ead> ead tag library entry for <extent>. 				 			 						 			 				 				 				this is the ead version of this element. this element was deprecated in ead . information on which elements to use in its place can be found on its the current eadiva.com element page. 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 this new cryptocurrency could potentially cause an ssd or hard drive shortage | techradar skip to main content techradar pro it insights for business search subscribe rss asia india singapore middle east africa south africa europe danmark suomi norge sverige uk italia nederland belgië (nederlands) france deutschland españa north america us (english) canada us (español) australasia australia new zealand please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer 	 	 news 	 reviews 	 security 	 vpn 	 insights 	 resources 	 more techradar 	 web hosting 	 cloud storage 	 website builders 	 mobile 	 pos systems 	 security systems techradar is supported by its audience. when you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. learn more 	home 	news 	computing this new cryptocurrency could potentially cause an ssd or hard drive shortage by darren allan april could chia seeds grow into a threat to ssd or hdd stock? 	 	 	 	 	 	 (image credit: pixabay) crypto-miners have exacerbated graphics card shortages in recent times, adding to the problems faced by frustrated gamers looking to buy a new gpu, and a fresh cryptocurrency on the scene might just eventually impact a different set of pc components – namely drives. chia, which is still yet to be made available to buy, is designed to be an eco-friendly cryptocurrency, so instead of relying on power-hungry gpus (or asic devices), it leverages the power of drives: ssds or hard disks which use way less power. 	how cryptomining bitcoin is making it harder to find graphics cards 	here's our list of the best mining rigs 	and check out the best mining gpus however, assuming that chia successfully establishes itself as a green-friendly alternative in the cryptocurrency sphere, the problem is that solid-state drives or hard drives could be bought up by miners (or rather, ‘farmers’ – we’ll come back to that later). indeed, as hong kong-based tech site hkepc reports (as spotted by tom’s hardware), this is already happening over in asia – indeed there is talk of ‘panic buying’. the hong kong market has seen a spike in sales of hard drives of tb to tb capacities, so much so that the prediction is that due to demand, hard drive and ssd prices could go up in hong kong by $ hkd to $ hkd (which is about $ to $ or so; around £ to £ , or au$ to au$ ). which is a worrying development on top of the existing supply chain problems caused by the pandemic, and recent reports of a lack of key components and a power outage which is expected to push ssd prices up a chunk. the better news is that the ssds being sought out are enterprise models with high endurance, because chia pushes drives with constant reading and writing – but consumer ssds might be used in a pinch. tom’s further notes that one of the major manufacturers in china, jiahe jinwei, has told mydrivers that it has sold out of some high-end tb and tb nvme ssds already – and the firm says it will be implementing restrictions to stop miners from hoovering up consumer models. indeed, apparently jiahe jinwei is planning to market an ssd specifically for cryptocurrency use, in much the same way that there are dedicated gpus for miners. proof of space and time how exactly does chia work, you might be wondering? rather than the traditional cryptocurrency ‘proof of work’ model, chia – which is the brainchild of bram cohen, the inventor of bittorrent – runs on a ‘proof of space and time’ basis; proof of space referring to storage capacity, with time added as an additional factor. as the chia faq explains: “proof of space is a cryptographic technique where provers show that they allocate unused hard drive space for storage space. in order to be used as a consensus method, proof of space must be tied to proof of time. pot ensures that block times have consistency in the time between them and increases the overall security of the blockchain.” the gist of it is that rather than having huge electricity-sapping mining efforts, chia can be ‘farmed’, with those farmers allocating sections (plots) of their drives dedicated to the cryptocurrency. the makers observe: “farming remains decentralized because anyone that has installed our software and has plots can win the next block … [farming] relies on empty hard disk space and anyone with a mobile phone, laptop, or corporate network tends to have extra space not currently being used. “unlike mining, once you’re done farming your storage you can repurpose it to, for example, store your family photos.” as mentioned, chia is yet to launch as a digital commodity you can buy, but it is currently in a pre-farming phase, as the faq explains. techradar is supported by its audience. techradar does not endorse any specific cryptocurrencies or blockchain-based services and readers should not interpret techradar content as investment advice. our reporters hold only small quantities of cryptocurrency (under $ in value), as is necessary to perform wallet and exchange reviews, and do not hold shares in any publicly listed cryptocurrency companies. 	here's how you can mine bitcoins darren allan darren is a freelancer writing news and features for techradar (and occasionally t ) across a broad range of computing topics including cpus, gpus, various other hardware, vpns, antivirus and more. he has written about tech for the best part of three decades, and writes books in his spare time (his debut novel - 'i know what you did last supper' - was published by hachette uk in ). see more storage news techradar newsletter sign up to get breaking news, reviews, opinion, analysis and more, plus the hottest tech deals! contact me with news and offers from other future brands receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors thank you for signing up to techradar. you will receive a verification email shortly. there was a problem. please refresh the page and try again. by submitting your information you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy policy and are aged or over. find a product 	 laptop 	 tv 	 headphones 	 bluetooth speakers 	 smartphones 	 camera 	 webcam 	 vpn most popular most popularmost shared 	 hbo max's day-and-date release model isn't working and warner bros. knows it 	 halo infinite’s huge file size isn’t a surprise, but it’s a growing problem on xbox series x 	 eve spectrum k hz (es d ) monitor review 	 dexter: new blood: release date, cast, trailer and everything we know 	 with nvidia rtx -series gpu prices finally falling, is it time to build a gaming pc? 	 new ps system update finally makes the sony pulse d wireless headset a must-buy 	 dexter: new blood: release date, cast, trailer and everything we know 	 bmw est certain de proposer sous peu la voiture électrique parfaite - voici pourquoi 	 halo infinite’s huge file size isn’t a surprise, but it’s a growing problem on xbox series x 	 the mortal kombat movie was a way bigger hbo max hit than you thought it was techradar is part of future us inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. visit our corporate site. 	about us 	terms and conditions 	privacy policy 	cookies policy 	advertise with us 	web notifications 	accessibility statement © future us, inc. west nd street, th floor, new york, ny . chia cryptocurrency, started by bittorrent creator bram cohen, engaging in obnoxiously bogus trademark bullying | techdirt 	sign in 	register 	preferences techdirt 	techdirt 	greenhouse 	tech & covid 	free speech 	  	deals 	jobs 	support techdirt stanford federalist society tries to 'cancel' law student for satirical email about josh hawley daily deal: the complete all-in-one adobe creative cloud suite course bundle chia cryptocurrency, started by bittorrent creator bram cohen, engaging in obnoxiously bogus trademark bullying trademark from the not-how-it's-done dept thu, jun rd : am — mike masnick it seems these days you can't mention anything to do with cryptocurrency without someone jumping in and insisting that cryptocurrency is a disaster for the environment. there are differing opinions on all of this, but a few years ago, bittorrent creator bram cohen set out to build a more "eco friendly" cryptocurrency called chia. the basic idea was that, rather than using a proof-of-work system -- which involves using up a ridiculous amount of computing power, it would use a proof-of-space system, looking at how much hard drive space you're allocating. after many years of development, chiacoin finally launched a few weeks ago. and, to pretty much prove the old axiom that there's no such thing as a free lunch, while it may not be directly wasting cpu cycles, it's impacted the world differently: by destroying the global hard disc supply chain, driving prices for hard disks through the roof -- leading people to point out that even if it's not wasting electricity like bitcoin, it may be wasting hard drives. some may challenge the question of whether or not this is wasteful (those hard drives are doing something...) but there are multiple reports of running chia on ssds is wearing them out in ridiculously short periods of time -- even to the point that some ssd makers are saying that using their hard drives for chia will void the warranty. yikes! all that said, this post is not so much about chia's setup or its impact on the global supply chain for hard drives. it's about trademark bullying. you'd think that a company started by bram cohen -- someone all too frequently falsely accused of being responsible for music and video piracy from his bittorrent days -- would be extra sensitive to coming across as an "ip bully" of any sort. and this is true of some of the other folks who work on chia -- some of whom i know are techdirt regulars. but, for whatever reason, chia networks has decided to be an obnoxious trademark bully. chris dupres, another techdirt regular, started a blog to cover news about chia networks and chiacoin called the chia plot. it's got a bunch of interesting articles about what's been happening on the chia front. and apparently the folks at chia decided to threaten him with legal action. last week, "the head of ip for the chia network," belle borovik (who appears to be a recent law school grad), sent chia a legal nastygram, insisting that the site violated chia's trademark. admittedly, the letter was at least somewhat friendlier that your typical cease and desist or threat letter. it thanked chris for educating the public about chia, and asked him to get a license to use the chia name, which it offered up on a "royalty free" basis. chris, i write to you on behalf of the chia network inc. first and foremost, allow me to thank you for your efforts in educating and expanding the chia community through your blog and discussions. we support open discourse and free exchange of information. still, it is important to chia network to protect its trademarks. unauthorized use of chia network’s registered chia mark, or iits logos exposes community members to potential scammers, misleading and confusing them. therefore, it is essential that all users of the chia marks, logos, or the chia network name obtain a royalty free permission to use the chia marks. simply put, you may not continue using the chia mark in your domain name, or anywhere, without securing a written permission from chia network. we must ask you to contact us immediately, and no later than may , by replying to this email, so that we may resolve this matter amicably, and you are able to continue to strengthen the community we all care about. except, that's not how any of this works. there is a very, very, very long line of cases, going back years, that say that websites about a trademarked brand, do not infringe on the trademark if they use the trademark in their urls. chris basically told them to pound sand, but did say he would clarify in his site's tagline that it was "an unofficial site." he also posted the legal threat and his response to his site. and then, the chia folks took away the "nicer" part of their threats, and... incredibly... became even more obnoxiously threatening and censorial. beyond insisting that his changes were not enough and continuing to add to the false claims of trademark infringement, it also accused him of violating the gdpr by posting belle borovik's name in association with the letter that belle borovik sent to chris. i only wish i were joking. dear mr. dupres, it has come to our attention that your eu-registered website has recently engaged in a series of privacy violations under the general data protection regulation act (the “gdpr”) involving a chia network employee. to date, you have revealed our employee’s personal data, including their name and location, and aided in doxing behaviors of others directed toward this individual through your blog. despite this unbecoming behavior, you have reached out to us with the following inquiry regarding permissions to use the chia marks on your website: i have added “unofficial” to the tag line of my blog to ensure that there is no confusion. can you please confirm that this acceptable and that we are able to move on from here? unfortunately, adding the word “unofficial” is not enough to obviate the likelihood of confusion. moreover, chia network cannot support violations of privacy laws, and cannot condone behaviors that target or endanger any member of the chia community. this is precisely the reason for chia network’s vigilance in enforcing its trademark rights; the chia network guidelines make it easy for the community to remain connected, while maintaining a respectful and professional relationship with each other. that said, chia network stands by its mission to support the chia community, and is still willing to consider a relationship with your blog. understandably, this can only happen if you remove all protected personal information (“ppi”), including the doxing comments or references to any chia network employee, whether made by you or by others via your platform. once you have removed the doxing and ppi content from your platform, we can “move on from” there, with you obtaining a free license from chia network. sincerely, the chia network legal team that's uh, not how any of this works again. chris again responded, pointing out how crazy this was, noting correctly that publishing the name of an employee who sends a threat letter is not a privacy violation (and noting that the site is registered in canada anyway, and not the eu). out of unnecessary courtesy, he still removed borovik's name. the latest is that public citizen litigation group's paul levy has stepped up to provide an official response from chris to chia networks. and, if you're a long time reader of techdirt, by now you should know that you basically never want to be on the receiving end of a paul levy letter. the letter is, in typical levy fashion, worth reading. i was going to post just a snippet, but the whole thing is too good not to share: dear ms. borovik: i write in response to your demands to chris dupres, contending that he has violated the trademark laws by using "the chia plot" as the name of his new web site about your company and by registering the domain name www.thechiaplot.net to be used as the internet address for the site. you contend that he needs your permission to use these names, that he needs to apply to you for a royalty-free license, and that, if he wants to resolve this situation on an amicable basis, he needs to submit his request to you immediately. dupres is not going to comply with your demand. your company has no right to give (or withhold) approval for any and all uses of its unregistered trademark on web sites that discuss your company. what's more it is unreasonable for you to expect a journalist to ask for permission to use the company's name to talk about the company. your attempt to condition his use of the name on his agreement to delete certain information from the site shows why no self-respecting journalist would give in to such a demand. see wcvb-tv v. boston athletic associaton, f. d ( st cir. ). your assumption that chia network has a right to forbid use fits mark to denominate a web site as being about the company, or to demand the right to give or withhold such permission, is belied by longstanding precedent, set by series of cases decided by the federal courts more than ten year ago. given the fact that your company is located in san francisco, the decisions in bosley medical v. kremer, f. d ( th cir ), and nissan motor co v. nissan computer co., f. d ( th ), are the most teling: both cases squarely preclude the use of trademark law to stop dupres's use of a web site posted at a domain name that uses your trademark as a site for non-commercial commentary about your company. several cases in other circuits protect the right to use a domain name in the form www.trademark.com for a web site about the trademark holder against a variety of trademark claims. utah lighthouse ministry v. foundation for apologetic information and research, f. d ( cir. ); lamparello v. falwell, f. d ( th cir. ); tmi v. maxwell, f. d , - ( th cir. ); lucas nursery and landscaping inc. v. grosse, f. d ( th cir. ); taubman v. webfeats f d ( th cir. ). trademark law aside, the first amendment protects dupres's right to use your company‘s name to denominate, accurately, the subject of this web site. any effort that your company made to invoke trademark law as a reason to shut down his site, or to alter its name, would be an invocation of government power that would be subject to first amendment scrutiny and would violate the first amendment. you suggest that you believe that some of your customers might be confused by the name or domain name of the web site into believing that the site is sponsored by your clients. just how gullible do you expect your potential customers to be? i daresay that even the proverbial moron in a hurry would recognize, immediately upon visiting the chia plot, that it is a web site devoted to journalism about your company rather than being sponsored by your company. dupres's site expressly states that it is not affiliated with your company, indeed, it proclaims its independence. moreover, dupres has helpfully provided viewers of his site with a prominent hyperlink to your site just as, for example, did the shops at willow bend site at issue in taubman, the web site attacking bosley medical group at issue in kremer, and the site condemning jerry falwell's homophobia at issue in lamparello. as a result even if internet users mistakenly looking for your company, rather than looking for information about your company, wandered onto the chia plot by name-guessing, they would be quickly disabused of any notion that the site belongs to or has the approval of your company. as this very letter is propagated around the internet, readers will gain further information dissociating dupres's news site from your own commercial site. finally, i note that one of your demand emails included the preposterous contention that dupres violated european privacy rules by identifying you as the person who sent the demand email. although dupres took your name off his site as a friendly gesture, you have persisted in pursuing trademark claims that have no legal bass. accordingly, your name will likely appear in stories written about your claims. i am giving you until june to retract your demand that dupres stop using the word "chia" in the domain name for his web site and in the title of the site. dupres is not willing to keep operating his web site subject to the threat of a claim for trademark damages. consequently, failing a prompt retraction, a request for waiver of service could well be the next communication you receive on this topic whatever you might think of chia as a cryptocurrency, it's silly legal threats -- both about trademark and (even more ridiculously) about the gdpr -- seem to raise questions about what the hell is going on over there... thank you for reading this techdirt post. with so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. we work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community. techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. we do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis. while other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept techdirt open and available to anyone. but in order to continue doing so, we need your support. we offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. thank you. –the techdirt team filed under: belle borovik, bram cohen, chia, chris dupres, cryptocurrency, gdpr, hard drives, paul levy, trademark, trademark bullying companies: chia networks comments | leave a comment if you liked this post, you may also be interested in... 	manchester united becomes manchester ufc in 'football manager ' over dumb trademark spat 	you can't be tough on big tech while killing off alternatives to it 	oatly loses trademark suit against glebe farm foods' pureoaty product 	biden's infrastructure bill shouldn't undermine cryptocurrency infrastructure in the process 	israel, ice cream, trademarks: this year's dumbest controversy results in trademark skullduggery reader comments subscribe: rss view by: time | thread 	 blaktron (profile), jun @ : am this is not how i wanted to get my name in your blog again maybe next time i can just do another "best of the week" post? [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 kavin (profile), aug @ : am re: this is not how i wanted to get my name in your blog again you need to check the qitchain [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 ryunosuke (profile), jun @ : am paul levy made belle borovik into a chia pet. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 anonymous coward, jun @ : am re: i was wondering about chia pet and whether they had an existing trademark or copyright..."the first chia pet was created on september , .[ ][ ] a trademark registration was filed on monday, october , .[ ]" [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 spacelifeform, jun @ : am clap clap i await joseph enterprises, inc filing an amicus. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 anonymous coward, jun @ : pm re: re: worth pointing out, that trademark explicitly states: without waiving its common law rights and for registration purposes only, applicant disclaims the word "chia" apart from the mark as shown. after all, that would be kind of like the rose parade trying to put out a trademark on the word "rose". now, with chia cryptocurrency, it's probably different. there's no actual use of chia seeds involved -- (at least, i sure hope not, please don't fill your laptops with grass) -- so it's not a purely descriptive term anymore. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 much anonymous very coward, jun @ : am if i was starting a tech project, i would not choose a lawyer fresh out of law school to be my head of ip, even if she she was on the usf ip law journal. also it's odd that borovik doesn't show up as an attorney on the california state bar website... [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 anonymous coward, jun @ : am re: why a cryptocurrency would even need a head of ip is beyond me. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 anonymous coward, jun @ : am between a private equity firm buying up a fossil fuel power plant to mine crypto, people stealing electricity from their neighbors’ houses to mine crypto, people removing classic internet videos from youtube like “charlie bit my finger” to turn them into nfts, the sheer fucking havoc that crypto has wreaked on markets for computer parts as a whole, and now this, it seems to me like cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency-adjacent blockchain tech just bring out the worst in people, and have caused way more harm than any good that its advocates have claimed for years that it would eventually do. cryptocurrencies and cryptoart/nfts are a fucking joke that’s causing real harm to the environment, economy, and more, and it’s high time we tossed that shit out. https://everestpipkin.medium.com/but-the-environmental-issues-with-cryptoart- ef e a [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 bloof (profile), jun @ : pm re: yeah, if i see another crypto being sold as 'one of the good ones' or 'environmentally responsible' i'll scream. this still produces e-waste, still burns power as part of an inefficient database that exists to produce nothing but gambling tokens they may someday be able to exchange for money they can use in the real world, though they're more likely to be exit scammed. people can make all the claims of greenness they want, but these tokens still feed into an ecosystem that is most decidedly not green, not by any stretch of the imagination. it's just human greed finding new ways to make the world worse for others, while claiming it's all about the tech. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 mightymetricbatman, jun @ : pm re: worse still, there are a bunch of ordinary people getting into "investing" in cryptocurrency that have no idea what they're getting into. many because they are convinced crypto is not rigged unlike the stock market (that's what they claim, the truth is far more nuanced). the stock market often appears rigged because so much has gone into understanding it by the big finance corporations combined with automated trading that humans cannot compete with in knowledge and analysis usually. the fail to realize that because crypto is even more unregulated that the market is eve more vulnerable to all sorts of shenanigans prior to stock market regulation that have been cracked down on such as dodgy exchanges, pump-and-dump schemes, and other kinds of market manipulation. the number of stories of 'i lost all the money' is getting to be all too common. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 anonymous coward, jun @ : pm re: congraulations, bram, i hope that gratifying your disgustingly bloated ego and satiating your equally disgusting greed was worth being a bully and a thug. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 mvario (profile), jun @ : am no love for chia i finally got some money together to replace a dying external hdd. i go online shopping to find that ) they've almost doubled in price and ) they are pretty much out of stock everywhere. so, yeah, i have no love for the chia. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 ryuugami, jun @ : pm re: no love for chia i should have some money to replace an old internal hdd in a month or two. no, wait, i was supposed to have the money to do that. fuck chia. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 jojo (profile), jun @ : am i’m sorry every time i hear [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 jojo (profile), jun @ : am re: i’m sorry every time i hear ignore this. lol. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 tfg, jun @ : am re: re: i’m sorry every time i hear i have decided not to. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 toom (profile), jun @ : pm sending censorious threat letters like other famous scammers is totally a good way to convince people your operation isn't a scam. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 anonymous coward, jun @ : pm re: absolutely! surely, they won't eat my face! [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 eca (profile), jun @ : pm i was wondering about how many countries it would take ( ) to make concerns over internet laws/regs worth worrying about. i still stand by the thought, of making the internet an independent country. [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 paul, jun @ : am gpdr the chia attorney needs an education. the gdpr only protects the pii of european citizens and its obligations are imposed only against europeans or those who satisfy the jurisdictional requirements set forth in the regulation. she does not appear to be a protected person under the gdpr and neither the website nor the owner of the website would appear to satisfy the jurisdictional requirements of the regulation. i find it interesting that she did not cite to the california privacy law (which is more stringent in ways than the gdpr). [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] 	 rexul , jun @ : am great article! crypto isn’t just for billionaires anymore … every day people are jumping on board. everyone can get involved. https://warriorplus.com/o /a/ks q/ [ reply to this | link to this | view in chronology ] add your comment have a techdirt account? sign in now. want one? register here subscribe to the techdirt daily newsletter this is for spambots, do not use this comment options: 	 use markdown. use plain text. 	make this the first word or last word. no thanks. (get credits or sign in to see balance)     	 remember name/email/url (set a cookie) close add a reply have a techdirt account? sign in now. want one? register here subscribe to the techdirt daily newsletter this is for spambots, do not use this comment options: 	 use markdown. use plain text. 	make this the first word or last word. no thanks. (get credits or sign in to see balance)     	 remember name/email/url (set a cookie) stanford federalist society tries to 'cancel' law student for satirical email about josh hawley daily deal: the complete all-in-one adobe creative cloud suite course bundle follow techdirt techdirt daily newsletter insider shop - show your support! essential reading the techdirt greenhouse read the latest posts: 	that's a wrap: techdirt greenhouse, broadband in the covid era 	could the digital divide unite us? 	how smart software and ai helped networks thrive for consumers during the pandemic read all » techdirt deals report this ad  |  hide techdirt ads techdirt insider chat   join the insider chat recent stories 	friday 	 : 	rockstar begins a war on modders for 'gta' games for totally unclear reasons ( ) 	 : 	new hampshire pd's recruitment pitch lists qualified immunity as a job perk ( ) 	 : 	texas legislature has another ridiculous and unconstitutional content moderation bill; say goodbye to email filters ( ) 	 : 	apple's new scanning tools raising more concerns, even inside apple ( ) 	 : 	why companies keep folding to copyright pressure, even if they shouldn't ( ) 	 : 	daily deal: the all-access comptia a+ and network certification prep bundle ( ) 	 : 	now it's harvard business review getting section very, very wrong ( ) 	 : 	u.s. chamber of commerce paying people $ , to pretend binding arbitration is good ( ) 	thursday 	 : 	doj announces investigation of phoenix pd's use of excessive force and abuse of homeless people ( ) 	 : 	content moderation case study: twitter temporarily locks account of indian technology minister for copyright violations ( ) ( ) more  tools & services twitter facebook rss podcast research & reports company about us advertising policies privacy contact help & feedback media kit sponsor/advertise submit a story more copia institute insider shop support techdirt brought to you by floor this site, like most other sites on the web, uses cookies. for more information, see our privacy policy. got it close email this this feature is only available to registered users. register or sign in to use it. <famname> family name | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<famname> family name 				 				 					<famname> encodes the proper noun designated by a group of persons closely related by blood or forming a household. this could be a single family unit, or an extended family. not all family names in the finding aid need to be tagged, but this element may be used to encode any for which more than keyword searching access should be available. it may be used within <bibref>, <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <origination>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, <repository>, and <unittitle>. families with major representation in the materials should be listed within <controlaccess> even if they are indicated elsewhere. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc fields , , . 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the name is being used informally within narrative text, etc. 	role – not required. may be used to designate the role which the family played in the collection, e.g. “compiler,” “creator,” “subject,” etc. 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the name. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary, e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <famname> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. examples 	<controlaccess> 	<head>subjects</head> 	<persname source="local">kitchin, sarah j. bell</persname> 	<famname source="local">bell family.</famname> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> </controlaccess> <controlaccess> 	<head>subjects</head> 	<persname source="local">kitchin, sarah j. bell</persname> 	<famname source="local">bell family.</famname> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> </controlaccess> 	<bioghist> ... 	<p>following the death of <persname normal="bell, arthur">arthur bell</persname>, the <famname normal="bell family">family</famname> moved to hillsboro, ohio. ...</p> </bioghist> <bioghist> ... 	<p>following the death of <persname normal="bell, arthur">arthur bell</persname>, the <famname normal="bell family">family</famname> moved to hillsboro, ohio. ...</p> </bioghist> ead tag library entry for <famname>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 rust programming language 	install 	learn 	playground 	tools 	governance 	community 	blog language english (en-us) español (es) français (fr) italiano (it) 日本語 (ja) português (pt-br) Русский (ru) türkçe (tr) 简体中文 (zh-cn) 正體中文 (zh-tw) rust a language empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software. get started version . . why rust? performance rust is blazingly fast and memory-efficient: with no runtime or garbage collector, it can power performance-critical services, run on embedded devices, and easily integrate with other languages. reliability rust’s rich type system and ownership model guarantee memory-safety and thread-safety — enabling you to eliminate many classes of bugs at compile-time. productivity rust has great documentation, a friendly compiler with useful error messages, and top-notch tooling — an integrated package manager and build tool, smart multi-editor support with auto-completion and type inspections, an auto-formatter, and more. build it in rust in , the rust community decided to improve programming experience for a few distinct domains (see the roadmap). for these, you can find many high-quality crates and some awesome guides on how to get started. command line whip up a cli tool quickly with rust’s robust ecosystem. rust helps you maintain your app with confidence and distribute it with ease. building tools webassembly use rust to supercharge your javascript, one module at a time. publish to npm, bundle with webpack, and you’re off to the races. writing web apps networking predictable performance. tiny resource footprint. rock-solid reliability. rust is great for network services. working on servers embedded targeting low-resource devices? need low-level control without giving up high-level conveniences? rust has you covered. starting with embedded rust in production hundreds of companies around the world are using rust in production today for fast, low-resource, cross-platform solutions. software you know and love, like firefox, dropbox, and cloudflare, uses rust. from startups to large corporations, from embedded devices to scalable web services, rust is a great fit. my biggest compliment to rust is that it's boring, and this is an amazing compliment. – chris dickinson, engineer at npm, inc all the documentation, the tooling, the community is great - you have all the tools to succeed in writing rust code. – antonio verardi, infrastructure engineer learn more get involved read rust we love documentation! take a look at the books available online, as well as key blog posts and user guides. read the book watch rust the rust community has a dedicated youtube channel collecting a huge range of presentations and tutorials. watch the videos contribute code rust is truly a community effort, and we welcome contribution from hobbyists and production users, from newcomers and seasoned professionals. come help us make the rust experience even better! read contribution guide thanks rust would not exist without the generous contributions of time, work, and resources from individuals and companies. we are very grateful for the support! individuals rust is a community project and is very thankful for the many community contributions it receives. see individual contributors corporate sponsors the rust project receives support from companies through the donation of infrastructure. see sponsors get help! 	documentation 	rust forge (contributor documentation) 	ask a question on the users forum 	check website status language english (en-us) español (es) français (fr) italiano (it) 日本語 (ja) português (pt-br) Русский (ru) türkçe (tr) 简体中文 (zh-cn) 正體中文 (zh-tw) terms and policies 	code of conduct 	licenses 	logo policy and media guide 	security disclosures 	privacy policy 	all policies social maintained by the rust team. see a bug? file an issue! looking for the previous website? alison head – in the library with the lead pipe 		 		 				 			 				 					 						skip to main content 						 					 				 				 					 											 				 				 			 		 		 		 		 			 				 				 					 											 					open menu	home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 				 				 					home 	about 	awards & good words 	contact 	editorial board 		denisse solis 	ian beilin 	ikumi crocoll 	jaena rae cabrera 	kellee warren 	nicole cooke 	ryan randall 	emeritus 	announcements 	authors 	archives 	conduct 	submission guidelines 	lead pipe publication process 	style guide 	search 	 		 				 			 		 		 	 	 	 			 			 			 				by 								alison head 							 	 		 		 			 	about alison head 		 			 				 alison j. head, ph.d. is the director of project information literacy (pil), a national research institute that has studied more than , college students and produced oa groundbreaking research studies since . she is the editor of the pil provocation series, and a senior researcher at the metalab (at) harvard. 											 		 articles by alison head 	 			dismantling the evaluation framework – – 		 	 		 			 			 			 		 		 	 		 	 		 	 				 										 									 										 									 										 									 										 									 									 		 				 				 			 				 					 this work is licensed under a cc attribution . license. issn - .				 				 					about this journal | archives | submissions | conduct 				 				 			 		 			 	 none the oncoming ransomware storm stephen diehl 	index 	blog 	tech blog 	writings 	contact me 	pgp key 	github 	rss 	twitter   the oncoming ransomware storm let me paint a picture of a bleak future, that seems to be racing towards us much faster than the public may know about. it’s a future in which ransomware and mass data theft are so ubiquitous they’ve worked their way into our daily lives. ransomware, for those that don’t know, is the automated exploitation of computer networks that aims to extract cash from the owner of that network. these attacks are usually done by foreign actors and they use cryptocurrency as the medium of exchange for extortion between them and their victims. now this is not a new phenomenon by any means. but what is new is that the level of these attacks has gone parabolic in the last few years because of one simple fact. with the addition of bitcoin to the problem it’s insanely profitable, low-risk, and almost the perfect crime. it’s also a very real economic tool that nation states can use to disrupt each other’s infrastructure. the singular reason why these attacks are even possible is due entirely to rise of cryptocurrency. consider the same situation on top of the existing international banking system. go to your local bank branch and try to wire transfer $ , to an anonymous stranger in russia and see how that works out. modern ransomware could not exist without bitcoin, it has poured gasoline on a fire we may not be able to put out. when you create a loophole channel (however flawed) for parties to engage in illicit financing of anonymous entities beyond the control of law enforcement, it turns out a lot of shady businesses models that are otherwise prevented move from being impractical and risky to perversely incentivized. ransomware is now very lucrative to the point where there is a whole secondary market of vendors selling ransomware as a service picks and shovels to the criminals. and the scale of the net that can be cast across the world is vast. in the last week we’ve seen a large chunk of the east coast energy grid infrastructure disabled due to an attack. across the pond we’ve seen the entire nhs hospital service shutdown because hackers will indiscriminately target the weakest and most vulnerable it targets regardless of the human cost. hospitals, schools, charities … everyone is an indiscriminate target in this brave new world. the scary part, is there is almost nothing that can be done from an information security standpoint. software is not going to magically become more secure any faster, even the most capitalised companies in the united states aren’t able to stave off the new generation of software exploits that are dropping every other day. there are too many exploits in the wild and there’s no stopping a massive increase in discovery, especially when billions of dollars are stake for their immediate use in ransomware. our entire field is bad at what we do and if you rely on us to fix this, we’re doomed. this battle cannot and will not be won on the technology side alone. the tech industry can’t solve this. it requires legislation and intervention in the financial system at only the level nation states can act. cryptocurrency exchanges are the channel by which all the illicit funds in this epidemic flow. and it is the one channel that the us government has complete power to rein in and regulate. the free flow of money from us banks to cryptocurrency exchanges is the root cause of this pandemic and needs to halt. through sanctions, control of the swift network, and our allies in nato the federal government has all the tools to put a stop to these illicit flows. nothing of value would be lost by shutting off the spigot of dark money and darknet trade. cryptocurrencies are almost entirely used for illicit activity, gambling and investment frauds, and on the whole have no upside for society at large while also having unbounded downside and massive negative externalities. i fear we are at a critical point where there is not much time left before this new cyberpandemic reaches critical mass. and indeed, that looks like a very scary future if it comes to pass. some very dark things will become part of public life. imagine a hundred new stuxnet-level exploits every day, for every piece of a equipment in public works and health care. where every day your check your phone for the level of ransomware in the wild just like you do the weather. entire cities randomly have their metro systems, water, power grids and internet shut off and on like a sudden onset of bad cybersecurity “weather”. or a time in business in which every company simply just allocates a portion of its earnings upfront every quarter and pre-pays off large ransomware groups in advance. it’s just a universal cost of doing business and one that is fully sanctioned by the government because we’ve all just given up trying to prevent it and it’s more efficient just to pay the protection racket. imagine a world in which every other month you’re forced to bid for your personal data back from hackers who continuously rob you. and a world where all of this is is so commonplace there are automated darknet marketplaces where others can bid on your data, and every detail of your personal life is up for sale to the highest bidder. every private text, photo, email, and password is just a digital commodity to be traded on the market. because that’s what the market demands and that’s what capitalism left unchecked will provide. i don’t want to live in that world. do you? u.s. sec chair gensler calls on congress to help rein in crypto 'wild west' | reuters welcome to the reuters.com beta. read our editor's note on how we're helping professionals make smart decisions. read more skip to main content 	world 	business 	legal 	markets 	more sign in menu august , : pm utclast updated agotechnology u.s. sec chair gensler calls on congress to help rein in crypto 'wild west' by katanga johnson 	 	 	 	 	 minute read washington, aug (reuters) - the chair of the u.s. securities and exchange commission (sec) on tuesday called on congress to give the agency more authority to better police cryptocurrency trading, lending and platforms, a "wild west" he said is riddled with fraud and investor risk. gary gensler said the crypto market involves many tokens which may be unregistered securities and leaves prices open to manipulation and millions of investors vulnerable to risks. "this asset class is rife with fraud, scams and abuse in certain applications," gensler told a global conference. "we need additional congressional authorities to prevent transactions, products and platforms from falling between regulatory cracks." cryptocurrencies reached a record capitalization of $ trillion in april as more investors stocked their portfolios with digital tokens, but oversight of the market remains patchy. the industry has been waiting with bated breath to see how gensler, a democratic appointee who took the sec helm in april, will approach oversight of the market, which he has previously said should be brought within traditional financial regulation. on tuesday, gensler provided more insight on his thinking, saying he would like congress to give the sec the power to oversee cryptocurrency exchanges, which are not currently within the sec's remit. he also called on lawmakers to give the sec more power to oversee crypto lending, and platforms like peer-to-peer decentralized finance (defi) sites that allow lenders and borrowers to transact in cryptocurrencies without traditional banks. / reuters/andrew kelly read more "if we don't address these issues, i worry a lot of people will be hurt," gensler said. democratic senator elizabeth warren has been pressing regulators to get a grip on the market, which she described in a july letter to gensler as "highly opaque and volatile." read more gensler responded by asking congress to consider granting him more autonomy to regulate the sector. on tuesday, he also underscored that "stock tokens, a stable value token backed by securities, or any other virtual product that provides synthetic exposure to underlying securities ... are subject to the securities laws." kristin smith, who runs the washington-based blockchain association said that while the crypto industry is eager to help find "workable solutions" to the sec's concerns, it does currently comply with oversight by state authorities and other federal regulatory bodies. "the industry shares many of chair gensler's goals, including smart, appropriate regulation of the crypto industry, encouraging legal certainty, robust market integrity, and investor/customer protection," smith said in a statement. "where we differ with chair gensler is his characterization of the growing crypto economy as the 'wild west,' smith said. "the crypto industry is far from unregulated." reporting by katanga johnson in washington; editing by michelle price, chris reese and jonathan oatis our standards: the thomson reuters trust principles. more from reuters sign up for our newslettersubscribe for our daily curated newsletter to receive the latest exclusive reuters coverage delivered to your inbox. sign up technology technology · august , · : pm utcafter criticism, apple to only seek abuse images flagged in multiple nations after a week of criticism over a its planned new system for detecting images of child sex abuse, apple inc (aapl.o) said on friday that it will hunt only for pictures that have been flagged by clearinghouses in multiple countries. technologytesla says elon musk's compensation was nil august , technologyu.s. trade judge finds google infringed five sonos patents august , technologychina should root out online games that distort history - china national radio : am utc technologyjury awards optis $ million in second patent trial against apple : am utc browse 	world 	business 	legal 	markets 	breakingviews 	technology 	investigations 	lifestyle about reuters 	about reuters 	careers 	reuters news agency 	brand attribution guidelines 	reuters leadership 	reuters fact check 	reuters diversity report stay informed 	download the app 	newsletters information you can trust reuters, the news and media division of thomson reuters, is the world’s largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. reuters provides business, financial, national and international news to professionals via desktop terminals, the world's media organizations, industry events and directly to consumers. follow us 	 	 	 	 	 thomson reuters products 	westlawbuild the strongest argument relying on authoritative content, attorney-editor expertise, and industry defining technology. 	onesourcethe most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs. 	checkpointthe industry leader for online information for tax, accounting and finance professionals. refinitiv products 	eikoninformation, analytics and exclusive news on financial markets - delivered in an intuitive desktop and mobile interface. 	refinitiv data platformaccess to real-time, reference, and non-real time data in the cloud to power your enterprise. 	world-checkscreen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. 	advertise with us 	advertising guidelines 	cookies 	terms of use 	privacy 	corrections 	site feedback all quotes delayed a minimum of minutes. see here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. © reuters. all rights reserved ransomware: this new ransom tracker reveals how much bitcoin gangs have been paid | zdnet 	 						 				 			 			 	 edition: 	 asia 	 australia 	 europe 	 india 	 united kingdom 	 united states 	zdnet around the globe: 	 zdnet france 	 zdnet germany 	 zdnet korea 	 zdnet japan 	 	 	 	 		 	 		 	 	 	 search what are you looking for? go 	 videos 	 windows 	 g 	 best vpns 	 cloud 	 security 	 ai 	more	 working from home 	 innovation 	 best web hosting 	 zdnet recommends 	 tonya hall show 	 executive guides 	 zdnet academy 	 see all topics 	 downloads 	 reviews 	 galleries 	 videos 	newsletters 	all writers 		preferences 	community 	newsletters 	log out 	 	 	 	 	 		 	 		 	 	 	 	 	 what are you looking for? go 	 menu 	 videos 	 windows 	 g 	 best vpns 	 cloud 	 security 	 ai 	 working from home 	 innovation 	 best web hosting 	 zdnet recommends 	 tonya hall show 	 executive guides 	 zdnet academy 	 see all topics 	 downloads 	 reviews 	 galleries 	 videos 	 	 	 	preferences 	community 	newsletters 	log out 	 us 	 asia 	 australia 	 europe 	 india 	 united kingdom 	 united states 	zdnet around the globe: 	 zdnet france 	 zdnet germany 	 zdnet korea 	 zdnet japan 		 	 		 	 ransomware: this new ransom tracker reveals how much bitcoin gangs have been paid 							the new ransomwhere site crowdsources bitcoin payments to wallets associated with ransomware gangs. 		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 by liam tung | july , -- : gmt ( : pdt) | topic: security 	 how ransomware victims who pay the ransom just encourage more cyber attacks watch now 	 a security expert has launched a site to keep a publicly trackable record of bitcoin payments to key ransomware gangs, such as revil.  the ransomwhe.re site has been created by jack cable, a security researcher who works with the krebs stamos group cyber consultancy and the us defense digital service.  	 		zdnet recommends 	 the best cyber insurance the cyber insurance industry is likely to go mainstream and is a simple cost of doing business. here are a few options to consider. read more the ransomwhere site is an open, crowdsourced ransomware payment tracker, offering a breakdown of victim payments in bitcoin to wallets linked to a dozen major ransomware variants. the payment figures can be broken down by 'all time', this year, this month, and this week.  see: network security policy (techrepublic premium) ransomware attacks are on the rise and now the subject of debate between world leaders after attacks on colonial pipeline, meat processor jbs, and last week's attack against enterprise software management firm kaseya, which saw revil ransomware spread to dozens of managed service providers and over , of their customers.   across all time, the mailto/netwalker ransomware leads the ransomware pack, but – isolating payments to this year – the revil/sadinokibi – which was behind the jbs and kaseya attacks – is the leader with $ . million payments received.  revil's total for could rise significantly if it receives the $ million it demanded last week in the kaseya attack.  	 cable joined the us cybersecurity and infrastructure security agency under then cisa director chris krebs to help secure election systems ahead of the us presidential elections. cable explained his motives for building the site in a thread on twitter, noting the data about victim payments can change the response to ransomware.  "today, there's no comprehensive public data on the total number of ransomware payments. without such data, we can't know the full impact of ransomware, and whether taking certain actions changes the picture," he wrote.   "ransomwhere aims to fill that gap by tracking bitcoin transactions associated with ransomware groups. it's public, so anyone can view and download the data. and it's crowdsourced, so anyone can submit reports of ransomware they've been infected with or otherwise observed." see: ransomware: paying up won't stop you from getting hit again, says cybersecurity chief according to an faq on ransomwhe.re, the bitcoin's transparency in payments makes it easy to track payments and receipt addresses.  the site calculates the us dollar value of bitcoin payments based on the exchange rate of the day a payment was made, so it's an estimate of how much victims paid, but not how much ransomware gangs sold it for.  				 			 			 	 		security 	 	 kaseya ransomware attack: what you need to know 	 surfshark vpn review: it's cheap, but is it good? 	 the best browsers for privacy 	 cyber security : protect your privacy 	 the best antivirus software and apps 	 the best vpns for business and home use 	 the best security keys for fa 	 how victims who pay the ransom encourage more attacks (zdnet youtube) 	 related topics: security tv data management cxo data centers 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 by liam tung | july , -- : gmt ( : pdt) | topic: security show comments log in to comment 	my profile 	log out | community guidelines join discussion add your comment add your comment 	 		more from liam tung 	 	 security poly network hacker has now returned almost all the $ m in crypto taken 	 productivity microsoft teams: this new feature makes it easier to swap content with the gallery view during meetings 	 security this 'unique' phishing attack uses morse code to hide its approach 	 security windows : microsoft just revealed another print spooler bug please review our terms of service to complete your newsletter subscription. by registering, you agree to the terms of use and acknowledge the data practices outlined in the privacy policy. you will also receive a complimentary subscription to the zdnet's tech update today and zdnet announcement newsletters. you may unsubscribe from these newsletters at any time. you agree to receive updates, alerts, and promotions from the cbs family of companies - including zdnet’s tech update today and zdnet announcement newsletters. you may unsubscribe at any time. by signing up, you agree to receive the selected newsletter(s) which you may unsubscribe from at any time. you also agree to the terms of use and acknowledge the data collection and usage practices outlined in our privacy policy. continue newsletters see all see all 					 					 			 	 	 			 	 	 			 		related stories 	 		 				 									 				of 				 					 									 			 					 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									nordvpn deal: grab a year's subscription for just $ 								 								 									 																			now you can rest easy for an entire year, knowing that you are protected online no matter where you are or what device you're using. 																	 							 						 	 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									synack ransomware group releases decryption keys as they rebrand to el_cometa 								 								 									 																			emsisoft is creating its own decryption utility based on the decryption keys released by the synack ransomware group. 																	 							 						 	 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									the multifaceted ebpf linux program gets its own foundation 								 								 									 																																																														the 																																																								ebpf 																																																								program 																																																								started 																																																								as 																																																								just 																																																								a 																																																								network 																																																								filter, 																																																								but 																																																								it's 																																																								become 																																																								linux's 																																																								swiss-army 																																																								knife 																																																								tool 																																																								and 																																																								now 																																																								its 																																																								future 																																																								will 																																																								be 																																																								in 																																																								the 																																																								hands 																																																								of 																																																								the 																																																								ebpf 																																																								foundation. 																																											... 																	 							 						 							 							 									 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									researchers find vulnerabilities in wodify gym management web application used with crossfit 								 								 									 																																																														the 																																																								tool, 																																																								used 																																																								widely 																																																								among 																																																								crossfit 																																																								boxes, 																																																								is 																																																								vulnerable 																																																								to 																																																								attacks 																																																								that 																																																								would 																																																								let 																																																								hackers 																																																								see 																																																								and 																																																								change 																																																								workout 																																																								data 																																																								as 																																																								well 																																																								as 																																																								financial 																																																								information. 																																											... 																	 							 						 	 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									 % of orgs don't have a chief data officer: survey 								 								 									 																			a wide-ranging survey from s&p global market intelligence, immuta and research found data management practices are changing rapidly. 																	 							 						 	 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									poly network hacker has now returned almost all the $ m in crypto taken 								 								 									 																			a hacker who took over half a billion dollars has returned most of it. 																	 							 						 							 							 									 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									ransomware: now attackers are exploiting windows printnightmare vulnerabilities 								 								 									 																																																														cyber-criminal 																																																								groups 																																																								including 																																																								vice 																																																								society 																																																								and 																																																								magniber 																																																								have 																																																								been 																																																								spotted 																																																								using 																																																								vulnerabilities 																																																								in 																																																								windows 																																																								print 																																																								spooler 																																																								to 																																																								infect 																																																								victims 																																																								with 																																																								ransomware. 																																											... 																	 							 						 	 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									researchers discover new adload malware campaigns targeting macs and apple products 								 								 									 																			a new study from sentinellabs found new samples of the adware that they claim "remain undetected by apple's on-device malware scanner." 																	 							 						 	 							 								 									 								 							 							 								 									philips study finds hospitals struggling to manage thousands of iot devices 								 								 									 																			more than % of hospitals had no inventory and no way of knowing how many medical devices were deployed. 																	 							 						 			 		 	 	 	 	 																		 		 		 	 	 zdnet connect with us © zdnet, a red ventures company. all rights reserved. privacy policy | cookie settings | advertise | terms of use 	topics 	galleries 	videos 	sponsored narratives 	do not sell my information 	about zdnet 	meet the team 	all authors 	rss feeds 	site map 	reprint policy 	 manage | log out 	 join | log in 	 membership 	newsletters 	site assistance 	zdnet academy oclc developers network news oclc developers network news latest developments, technical briefs, and activities at developer network 	planned maintenance for the classify application, august oclc will be performing maintenance on the experimental classify api on august. 	planned maintenance for the classify application, may & may oclc will be performing quarterly maintenance on the experimental classify api on may and may .&nbsp; 	apis are the first built using new strategy and infrastructure new versions of the worldcat search and metadata apis were the first developed using oclc's new api strategy and cloud-based infrastructure. 	wms acquisitions api release, march the next release of the wms acquisitions api is scheduled for march .&nbsp; 	call for proposals: devconnect oclc invites you to contribute your insights and projects to devconnect . 	planned maintenance: classify user interface, february oclc will be performing maintenance on the classify user interface on february at : am eastern us (utc - ).&nbsp; 	search api . ‘heldinstate’ parameter change on february we are installing a new version of worldcat search api . so the ‘heldinstate’ parameter aligns with iso standards and better supports global holdings. 	planned maintenance: classify user interface, february oclc will be performing maintenance on the classify user interface on february at : am eastern us (utc - ).&nbsp; 	planned maintenance: classify api oclc will be performing quarterly maintenance on the experimental classify api on february from : am – : am eastern us (utc - ).&nbsp; 	upcoming wms circulation api changes oclc is making update to our circulation apis to support staff hold notes. rluk | rluk's digital scholarship network (dsn) - youtube aboutpresscopyrightcontact uscreatorsadvertisedeveloperstermsprivacypolicy & safetyhow youtube workstest new features© google llc responsible operations: data science, machine learning, and ai in libraries javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	support & training 	community center 	developer network 	webjunction  covid- | information and resources to help skip to page content. 	 research areas 	 partnership 	 people 	 news & events 	 publications 	 presentations 	 about 		settings 	menu 	search 	 research 	 publications 	 responsible operations: data science, machine learning, and ai in libraries responsible operations: data science, machine learning, and ai in libraries by thomas padilla responsible operations is intended to help chart library community engagement with data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (ai) and was developed in partnership with an advisory group and a landscape group comprised of more than librarians and professionals from universities, libraries, museums, archives, and other organizations. this research agenda presents an interdependent set of technical, organizational, and social challenges to be addressed en route to library operationalization of data science, machine learning, and ai. challenges are organized across seven areas of investigation: 	committing to responsible operations 	description and discovery 	shared methods and data 	machine-actionable collections 	workforce development 	data science services 	sustaining interprofessional and interdisciplinary collaboration organizations can use responsible operations to make a case for addressing challenges, and the recommendations provide an excellent starting place for discussion and action. download us letter .pdf download a .pdf     suggested citation: padilla, thomas. . responsible operations: data science, machine learning, and ai in libraries. dublin, oh: oclc research. https://doi.org/ . /xk z- g . short url: responsibleoperations for more information for more information about this work, please contact oclc research. email oclc research follow oclc research:   © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates this site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. see oclc's cookie notice to learn more. 	privacy statement 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate nvidia nv (virtua figher remix for nv ) - youtube aboutpresscopyrightcontact uscreatorsadvertisedeveloperstermsprivacypolicy & safetyhow youtube workstest new features© google llc <subject> subject | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<subject> subject 				 				 					<subject> encodes a topic associated with or covered by the described materials. when the subject is a person, corporation, or geographic region, <persname>, <corpname>, and <geogname> should be used, with their role attribute set to “subject.” not all subjects in the finding aid need to be tagged, but this element may be used to encode any for which more than keyword searching access should be available. it may be used within <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, and <unittitle>. subjects with major representation in the materials should be listed within <controlaccess> even if the names are encoded elsewhere. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc fields and x. 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the subject is being used informally within narrative text, etc. 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the subject. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary, e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <subject> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. examples 	<controlaccess> 	<head>subjects</head> 	<persname source="local" role="subject">kitchin, sarah j. bell</persname> 	<famname source="local" role="subject">bell family.</famname> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> </controlaccess> <controlaccess> 	<head>subjects</head> 	<persname source="local" role="subject">kitchin, sarah j. bell</persname> 	<famname source="local" role="subject">bell family.</famname> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)</subject> 	<subject source="lcnaf">peace corps (u.s.)--philippines</subject> </controlaccess> ead tag library entry for <subject>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 policy assessments for the carbon emission flows and sustainability of bitcoin blockchain operation in china article policy assessments for the carbon emission flows and sustainability of bitcoin blockchain operation in china shangrong jiang , , yuze li , , , quanying lu , yongmiao hong , , dabo guan ✉, yu xiong & shouyang wang , , ✉ the growing energy consumption and associated carbon emission of bitcoin mining could potentially undermine global sustainable efforts. by investigating carbon emission flows of bitcoin blockchain operation in china with a simulation-based bitcoin blockchain carbon emission model, we find that without any policy interventions, the annual energy con- sumption of the bitcoin blockchain in china is expected to peak in at . twh and generate . million metric tons of carbon emission correspondingly. internationally, this emission output would exceed the total annualized greenhouse gas emission output of the czech republic and qatar. domestically, it ranks in the top among cities and industrial sectors in china. in this work, we show that moving away from the current punitive carbon tax policy to a site regulation policy which induces changes in the energy consumption structure of the mining activities is more effective in limiting carbon emission of bitcoin blockchain operation. https://doi.org/ . /s - - - open school of economics and management, university of chinese academy of sciences, beijing, china. academy of mathematics and systems science, chinese academy of sciences, beijing, china. department of economics and department of statistical science, cornell university, ithaca, ny, usa. department of earth system science, tsinghua university, beijing, china. surrey business school, university of surrey, guildford, uk. center for forecasting science, chinese academy of sciences, beijing, china. these authors contributed equally: shangrong jiang, yuze li. ✉email: guandabo@tsinghua.edu.cn; sywang@amss.ac.cn nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications () :,; http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi= . /s - - - &domain=pdf http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi= . /s - - - &domain=pdf http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi= . /s - - - &domain=pdf http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi= . /s - - - &domain=pdf http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - http://orcid.org/ - - - x http://orcid.org/ - - - x http://orcid.org/ - - - x http://orcid.org/ - - - x http://orcid.org/ - - - x mailto:guandabo@tsinghua.edu.cn mailto:sywang@amss.ac.cn www.nature.com/naturecommunications www.nature.com/naturecommunications a s bitcoin attracted considerable amount of attention in recent years, its underlying core mechanism, namely blockchain technology, has also quickly gained popularity. due to its key characteristics such as decentralization, audit- ability, and anonymity, blockchain is widely regarded as one of the most promising and attractive technologies for a variety of industries, such as supply chain finance, production operations management, logistics management, and the internet of things (iot) – . despite its promises and attractiveness, its first appli- cation in the actual operation of the bitcoin network indicates that there exists a non-negligible energy and carbon emission drawback with the current consensus algorithm. therefore, there is an urgent need to address this issue. in this paper, we quantify the current and future carbon emission patterns of bitcoin blockchain operation in china under different carbon policies. in recent years, the system dynamics (sd) based model is widely introduced for carbon emission flow estimation of a specific area or industry , . in comparison to its counterparts, sd modeling has two main advantages in carbon emission flow assessment: first, by combining the feedback loops of stock and flow para- meters, sd is able to capture and reproduce the endogenous dynamics of complex system elements, which enables the simu- lation and estimation of specific industry operations – . in addition, since the sd-based model is focused on disequilibrium dynamics of the complex system , , intended policies can be adjusted for scenario policy effectiveness evaluation. conse- quently, based on system dynamics modeling, we develop the bitcoin blockchain carbon emission model (bbce) to assess the carbon emission flows of the bitcoin network operation in china under different scenarios. this paper uses the theory of carbon footprint to create a theoretical model for bitcoin blockchain carbon emission assessment and policy evaluation , . first, we establish the system boundary and feedback loops for the bitcoin blockchain carbon emission system, which serve as the theoretical framework to investigate the carbon emission mechanism of the bitcoin blockchain. the bbce model consists of three interacting sub- systems: bitcoin blockchain mining and transaction subsystem, bitcoin blockchain energy consumption subsystem, and bitcoin blockchain carbon emission subsystem. specifically, transactions packaged in the block are confirmed when the block is formally broadcasted to the bitcoin blockchain. to increase the probability of mining a new block and getting rewarded, mining hardware will be updated continuously and invested by network partici- pants for a higher hash rate, which would cause the overall hash rate of the whole network to rise. the network mining power is determined by two factors: first, the network hash rate (hashes computed per second) positively accounts for the mining power increase in the bitcoin blockchain when high hash rate miners are mining; second, power usage efficiency (pue) is introduced to illustrate the energy consumption efficiency of bitcoin blockchain as suggested by stoll . the network energy cost of the bitcoin mining process is determined by the network energy consump- tion and average electricity price, which further influences the dynamic behavior of bitcoin miners. the bbce model collects the carbon footprint of bitcoin miners in both coal-based energy and hydro-based energy regions to formulate the overall carbon emission flows of the whole bitcoin industry in china. the level variable gdp consists of bitcoin miner’s profit rate and total cost, which reflects the accumulated productivity of the bitcoin blockchain. it also serves as an auxiliary factor to generate the carbon emission per gdp in our model, which provides guidance for policy makers in implementing the punitive carbon taxation on the bitcoin mining industry. bitcoin blockchain reward halving occurs every four years, which means that the reward of broadcasting a new block in bitcoin blockchain will be zero in . as a result, the bitcoin market price increases periodically due to the halving mechanism of bitcoin blockchain. finally, by combining both carbon cost and energy cost, the total cost of the bitcoin mining process provides a negative feedback for miner’s profit rate and their investment strategies. miners will gradually stop mining in china or relocate to elsewhere when the mining profit turns negative in our bbce simulation. the comprehensive theoretical relationship of bbce parameters is demonstrated in supplementary fig. . we find that the annualized energy consumption of the bitcoin industry in china will peak in at . twh based on the benchmark simulation of bbce modeling. this exceeds the total energy consumption level of italy and saudi arabia and ranks th among all countries in . correspondingly, the carbon emission flows of the bitcoin operation would peak at . million metric tons per year in . internationally, this emis- sion output surpasses the total greenhouse gas emission output of the czech republic and qatar in reported by cia.gov under the benchmark scenario without any policy intervention. domestically, the emission output of the bitcoin mining industry would rank in the top among prefecture-level cities and major industrial sectors in china, accounting for approximately . % of the emissions of the electricity generation in china according to the china emission accounts & datasets (www. ceads.net). in addition, the maximized carbon emission per gdp of the bitcoin industry would reach . kg/usd based on bbce modeling. through scenario analysis, we find that some com- monly implemented carbon emission policies, such as carbon taxation, are relatively ineffective for the bitcoin industry. on the contrary, site regulation policies for bitcoin miners which induce changes in the energy consumption structure of the mining activities are able to provide effective negative feedbacks for the carbon emission of bitcoin blockchain operation. results the energy and carbon emission problem of bitcoin mining in china. although the proof-of-work (pow) consensus algorithm has enabled bitcoin blockchain to operate in a relatively stable manner, several unexpected behaviors of the bitcoin blockchain have been detected: first, the attractive financial incentive of bitcoin mining has caused an arms race in dedicated mining hardware . the mining hardware has evolved through several generations. initially, miners used the basic central processing unit (cpu) on general-purpose computers. then, a shift was made to the graphic processing unit (gpu) that offered more power and higher hash rates than the cpu. finally, the application-specific integrated circuits (asics) that are optimized to perform hashing calcula- tions were introduced. nevertheless, the rapid hardware develop- ment and fierce competition have significantly increased the capital expenditure for bitcoin mining ; second, the bitcoin mining activity and the constant-running mining hardware has led to large energy consumption volume. previous literature has estimated that the bitcoin blockchain could consume as much energy per year as a small to medium-sized country such as denmark, ireland, or bangladesh ; finally, the large energy consumption of the bitcoin blockchain has created considerable carbon emissions (see sup- plementary fig. for details). it is estimated that between the period of january st, and june th, , up to million metric tons of co emissions can be attributed to the bitcoin blockchain . although the estimate ranges vary considerably, they have indicated that energy consumption of network and its corresponding environmental impacts have become a non-negligible issue. the growing energy consumption and the environmental impacts of the bitcoin blockchain have posed problems for many article nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications http://www.ceads.net http://www.ceads.net www.nature.com/naturecommunications countries, especially for china. due to the proximity to manufacturers of specialized hardware and access to cheap electricity, majority of the mining process has been conducted in china as miners in the country account for more than % of the bitcoin network’s hashing power, as shown in fig. . as one of the largest energy consuming countries on the planet, china is a key signatory of the paris agreement – . however, without appropriate interventions and feasible policies, the intensive bitcoin blockchain operation in china can quickly grow as a threat that could potentially undermine the emission reduction effort taken place in the country . suggested by the previous work and the subsystems of our proposed bbce model, we consider three main bitcoin policies conducted at different stages of the bitcoin mining industry, which then formulates the four scenario assessments for bitcoin blockchain carbon emission flows (in table ). in detail, benchmark (bm) scenario is a baseline and current scenario of each policy factor, which suggests that the bitcoin industry continues to operate under minimal policy intervention. in the benchmark scenario, market access is assumed to be %, which indicates that profitable bitcoin miners of all efficiencies are allowed to operate in china. as suggested by the actual regional statistics of bitcoin miners, we assume % of miners are located in the coal-based area in the benchmark scenario. moreover, the punitive carbon tax will be imposed if the carbon emission per gdp of the bitcoin industry is greater than . in the other three scenarios, policies on different bitcoin mining procedures are adjusted due to energy saving and emission reduction concerns. specifically, in the bitcoin mining and transaction subsystem, market access standard for efficiency is doubled, i.e., profitable miners with low efficiency are forbidden to enter the chinese bitcoin market in the market access (ma) scenario, and policy makers are forced to maintain the network stability of bitcoin blockchain in an efficient manner. in the site regulation (sr) scenario, bitcoin miners in the coal-based area are persuaded and suggested to relocate to the hydro-rich area to take advantage of the relatively lower cost of surplus energy availability in the area due to factors such as rain season, which results in only % of fig. mining pool distributions of bitcoin blockchain. as of april , china accounts for more than % of bitcoin blockchain operation around the world. some rural areas in china are considered as the ideal destination for bitcoin mining mainly due to the cheaper electricity price and large undeveloped land for pool construction. the mining pool statistics is obtained from https://btc.com/stats. table scenario parameter settings. scenarios measures market access (%) miner site selection (%) carbon tax benchmark (bm) baseline policy intervention market access (ma) raise the market access standards for bitcoin miner efficiency site regulation (sr) strict regulation on bitcoin industry in the coal-based energy region carbon tax (ct) extra punitive carbon tax on bitcoin mining note: exogenous auxiliary parameters are introduced to assess the carbon emission flows under different bitcoin policy measures. in terms of variable settings, three main parameters are chosen as the scenario factors in the proposed bbce model, including market access (ma), miner site regulation (sr), and carbon tax (ct). nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - article nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications https://btc.com/stats www.nature.com/naturecommunications www.nature.com/naturecommunications miners remaining in the coal-based area in the scenario. in the carbon tax (ct) scenario, carbon tax is increased to two-times the initial value to enforce more strict punishment for high carbon emission behaviors of bitcoin blockchain. utilizing the above scenarios, carbon emission flows and energy consumptions of bitcoin blockchain are assessed, the carbon and energy reduction effectiveness of different policies are evaluated in bbce simulations from the period of – . carbon emission flows of bitcoin blockchain operation. without any policy interventions, the carbon emission pattern of the bitcoin blockchain will become a non-negligible barrier against the sustainability efforts of china. the peak annual energy consumption and carbon emission of the bitcoin blockchain in china are expected to exceed those of some developed countries such as italy, the netherlands, spain, and czech republic. fig- ure reports the estimated annualized energy consumption and carbon emission flows of bitcoin blockchain in china. as the baseline assessment under minimal policy intervention, the benchmark scenario simulates the natural operation results of the bitcoin blockchain. in the bm scenario, the annual energy con- sumption of bitcoin blockchain in china will gradually grow and eventually peak in , at . twh per year. this suggests that bitcoin industry operation would follow an energy intensive pattern. in fact, energy consumed by chinese bitcoin blockchain in will exceed the energy consumption level of italy and saudi arabia in , ranking it th among all the countries. regarding the carbon tax scenario, the highest energy demand of the bitcoin industry slightly decreases due to carbon emission fig. estimated annualized scenario simulation results. estimated annualized energy consumption (a) and carbon emission flows (b) of bitcoin operation in china are generated through monthly simulation results of bbce modeling from to . the blue, red, yellow, and green bars in a and b indicate the annual energy consumption and carbon emission flows of chinese bitcoin industry in benchmark, site regulation, market access, and carbon tax scenario, respectively. each data is presented as mean values ± sem based on % confidence intervals calculated by two-tailed t-tests (p < : ). n = emission observations. article nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications www.nature.com/naturecommunications penalties, at . twh. however, the results of the market access and site regulation scenarios indicate that the total energy consumption of the bitcoin industry will reach . twh and . twh, respectively, in and . it is clear that the carbon emission behavior of the bitcoin industry is consistent with the bitcoin blockchain energy consumption intensity. in the bm scenario, annual carbon emission of the bitcoin industry is expected to reach its maximum in , at . million metric tons. in essence, the carbon emission pattern of the bitcoin industry would become an increasing threat to china’s greenhouse emission reduction target. at the international level, the estimated bitcoin carbon emission in china exceeds the total greenhouse emission of the czech republic and qatar in , ranking it th worldwide. at the domestic level, the emission output of the bitcoin mining industry would rank in the top among chinese prefecture- level cities and major industrial sectors. in comparison, the carbon emissions generated by bitcoin blockchain experienced a significant reduction in sr and ct scenarios, which illustrate the positive impact of these carbon-related policies. on the contrary, the ma scenario witnesses a considerable increase of bitcoin carbon emission to . million metric tons in . based on the scenario results of the bbce model, the benchmark scenario indicates that the energy consumed and the carbon emissions generated by bitcoin industry operation are simulated to grow continuously as long as mining bitcoin maintains its profitability in china. this is mainly due to the positive feedback loop of the pow competitive mechanism, which requires advanced and high energy-consuming mining hardware for bitcoin miners in order to increase the probability of earning block rewards. in addition, the flows and long-term trend of carbon emission simulated by the proposed system dynamics model are consistent with several previous estimations , , which are devoted to precisely estimate the carbon footprint of bitcoin blockchain. the paris agreement is a worldwide agreement committed to limit the increase of global average temperature , . under the paris agreement, china is devoted to cut down % of the carbon emission per gdp by based on that of . however, according to the simulation results of the bbce model, we find that the carbon emission pattern of bitcoin blockchain will become a potential barrier against the emission reduction target of china. as shown in fig. , the peak annualized emission output of the bitcoin mining industry would make it the th largest emitting sector out of a total of major chinese industrial sectors. in particular, it would account for approximately . % of the emissions of the electricity generation in china according to the china emission accounts & datasets (www.ceads.net). the peak carbon emission per gdp of bitcoin industry is expected to sit at . kg per usd. in addition, in the current national economy and carbon emission accounting of china, the operation of the bitcoin blockchain is not listed as an independent department for carbon emissions and productivity calculation. this adds difficulty for policy makers to monitor the actual behaviors of the bitcoin industry and design well-directed policies. in fact, the energy consumption per transaction of bitcoin network is larger than numerous mainstream financial transaction channels . to address this issue, we suggest policy makers to set up separated accounts for the bitcoin industry in order to better manage and control its carbon emission behaviors in china. carbon policy effectiveness evaluation. policies that induce changes in the energy consumption structure of the mining activities may be more effective than intuitive punitive measures in limiting the total amount of energy consumption and carbon emission in the bitcoin blockchain operation. figure presents the values of key parameters simulated by bbce model. the carbon emission per gdp of the bm scenario in china is larger than that of all other scenarios throughout the whole simulation period, reaching a maximum of . kg per usd in june . however, we find that the policy effectiveness under the ma and ct scenario is rather limited on carbon emission intensity reduction, i.e., the policy effectiveness of market access is expected to reduce in august and that of carbon tax is expected to be effective until july . among all the intended policies, site regulation shows the best effectiveness, reducing the peak carbon emission per gdp of the bitcoin industry to kg per usd. overall, the carbon emission per gdp of the bitcoin industry far exceeds the average industrial carbon intensity of china, which indicates that bitcoin blockchain operation is a highly carbon-intense industry. in the bm scenario, bitcoin miners’ profit rate are expected to drop to zero in april , which suggests that the bitcoin miners will gradually stop mining in china and relocate their operation elsewhere. however, it is important to note that the entire relocation process does not occur immediately. miners with higher sunk costs tend to stay in operation longer than those with lower sunk costs, hoping to eventually make a profit again. consequently, the overall energy consumption associated with bitcoin mining remains positive until the end of , at which time almost all miners would have relocated elsewhere. correspondingly, the network hash rate is computed to reach eh per second in the bm scenario and the miner total cost to reach a maximum of million dollars. comparing the scenario results for the three policies, the profitability of mining bitcoin in china is expected to deteriorate more quickly in the ct scenario. on the other hand, bitcoin blockchain can maintain profitability for a longer period in ma and sr scenarios. some attractive conclusions can be drawn based on the results of bbce simulation: although the ma scenario enhances the market access standard to increase bitcoin miners’ efficiencies, it actually raises, rather than reduces, the emission output based on the simulation outcome. in the ma scenario, we observe the phenomenon of incentive effects proposed by previous works, which is identified in other fields of industrial policies, such as monetary policies, transportation regulations, and firm investment strategies – . in essence, the purpose of the market access policy is to limit the mining operations of low-efficiency bitcoin miners in china. however, the surviving miners are all devoted to squeezing more proportion of the network hash rate, which enables them to stay profitable for a longer period. in addition, the bitcoin industry in china generates more co emissions under the ma scenario, which can be mainly attributed to the proof-of-work (pow) algorithm and profit-pursuit behaviors of bitcoin miners. the results of the ma scenario indicate that market-related policy is likely to be less effective in dealing with high carbon emission behaviors of the bitcoin blockchain operation. the carbon taxation policy is widely acknowledged as the most effective and most commonly implemented policy on carbon emission reduction . however, the simulation results of the ct scenario indicate that carbon tax only provides limited effective- ness for the bitcoin industry. the carbon emission patterns of the ct scenario are consistent with the bm scenario until bitcoin miners are aware that their mining profits are affected by the punitive carbon tax on bitcoin mining. on the contrary, the evidence from the sr scenario shows that it is able to provide a negative feedback for the carbon emissions of bitcoin blockchain operation. in our simulation, the maximized carbon emission per gdp of the bitcoin industry is halved in the sr scenario in comparison to that in the bm scenario. it is interesting to note that although the peak annualized energy consumption cost of the bitcoin mining industry in the sr scenario is higher than that in the bm scenario, a significantly higher proportion of miners have nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - article nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications http://www.ceads.net www.nature.com/naturecommunications www.nature.com/naturecommunications fig. bbce scenario assessment comparisons. a–i monthly network energy consumption (a), carbon emission per gdp (b), carbon emission flows (c), network hash rate (d), miner cumulative profits (e), block hash difficulty (f), energy consumption cost (g), miner profit rate (h), and carbon emission cost (i) under each intended policy are simulated and calculated by bbce framework. based on the regressed parameters of the bbce model, the whole sample timesteps of network carbon emission assessment cover the period from january to january . fig. bitcoin industry energy consumption and carbon emission comparisons. in fig. , the peak energy consumption and carbon emission of bitcoin industry are compared to national level emissions of other countries as well as to the emissions of domestic cities and industrial sectors in china. annual energy consumption and ranking by countries a are obtained from cia.gov (www.cia.gov), carbon emission and ranking by countries b are collected from global carbonatlas (www.globalcarbonatlas.org). the carbon emission by chinese cities (c) and industrial sectors (d) are obtained from china emission accounts and datasets (www.ceads.net). due to the unreleased or missing data in some database, the above energy consumption and carbon emission data are obtained for level. article nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications http://www.cia.gov http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org http://www.ceads.net www.nature.com/naturecommunications relocated to conduct bitcoin mining operation in the hydro-rich area in the sr scenario. consequently, this naturally lowers the associated carbon emission cost in comparison to the bm scenario. in general, the carbon emission intensity of the bitcoin blockchain still far exceeds the average industrial emission intensity of china under different policy interventions, including limiting bitcoin mining access, altering the miner energy consumption structure and implementing carbon emissions tax. this result indicates the stable high carbon emission property of bitcoin blockchain operations. nevertheless, it is rather surprising to arrive at the conclusion that the newly introduced cryptocurrency based on disruptive blockchain technology is expected to become an energy and carbon-intensive industry in the near future. discussion the current proof-of-work consensus algorithm used in the bitcoin blockchain can potentially undermine the wide imple- mentation and the operational sustainability of the disruptive blockchain technology. overall, bitcoin is a typical and pioneer- ing implementation of blockchain technology. its decentralized transaction characteristics and consensus algorithm provide a novel solution for trust mechanism construction, which can be beneficial and innovative for a variety of industrial development and remote transactions. in recent years, blockchain technology has been introduced and adopted by abundant traditional industries which seek to optimize their operation process in the real world , such as supply chain finance , smart contract , international business and trade , as well as manufacturing operations . in addition, a national digital currency based on blockchain technology, namely digital currency electronic pay- ment (dcep), is scheduled and designed by the people’s bank of china, which is expected to replace the current paper-currency- based m supply in china. however, the current consensus algorithm of bitcoin, namely proof-of-work, gives rise to the hash rate competitions among bitcoin miners for its potential block reward, which attracts an increasing number of miners to engage in an arms race and raise the energy consumption volumes of the whole bitcoin blockchain. as a result, although pow is designed to decentralize bitcoin transactions and prevent inflation, we find that it would become an energy and carbon-intensive protocol, which eventually leads to the high carbon emission patterns of bitcoin blockchain operation in china. the evidence of bitcoin blockchain operation suggests that with the broaden usages and applications of blockchain technology, new protocols should be designed and scheduled in an environmentally friendly manner. this change is necessary to ensure the sustainability of the network—after all, no one wants to witness a disruptive and promising technique to become a carbon-intensive technology that hinders the carbon emission reduction efforts around the world. the auditable and decentralized transaction properties of blockchain provide a novel solution for trust mechanism construction, which can be bene- ficial and innovative for a variety of industrial development and remote transactions. however, the high ghg emission behavior of bitcoin blockchain may pose a barrier to the worldwide effort on ghg emission management in the near future. as a result, the above tradeoff is worthy of future exploration and investigation. different from traditional industries, the carbon emission flows of emerging industries such as bitcoin blockchain operation are unaccounted for in the current gdp and carbon emissions cal- culations. without proper accounting and regulation, it is rather challenging to assess the carbon emission flows of these new industries using traditional tools such as input–output analysis. through system dynamics modeling, our analysis constructs the emission feedback loops as well as captures the carbon emission patterns. furthermore, we are able to conduct emission assess- ment and evaluate the effectiveness of various potential imple- mentable policies. through scenario analysis, we show that moving away from the current punitive carbon tax policy con- sensus to a site regulation (sr) policy which induces changes in the energy consumption structure of the mining activities is more effective in limiting the total amount of carbon emission of bit- coin blockchain operation. overall, our results have demonstrated that system dynamics modeling is a promising approach to investigate the carbon flow mechanisms in emerging industries. at the same time, we acknowledge there exists some limitations to our study and outline future directions for research. first, to reflect the true designed fundamental value of bitcoin as intended by nakamoto, our model assumes that the long-term bitcoin price is primarily influenced by halving mechanism of bitcoin mining rewards and is subjected to a linear increase every time a reward halving occurs. while the historical average bitcoin price between each reward halving occurrence has generally followed this pattern since , it is extremely volatile in real market operation and is subjected to the influence of other factors such as investor expectations. therefore, a degree of uncertainty remains as to whether the linearity price assumption would hold, parti- cularly as the bitcoin market continues to grow into the future. furthermore, our site regulation (sr) scenario assumes no cost on miners from relocating to clean-energy-based regions. in reality, there may be certain costs associated with this action, such as transportation. therefore, although our results suggest that a site regulation (sr) policy may be more effective that the current punitive carbon tax policy consensus in limiting the total amount of carbon emission of bitcoin blockchain operations, it is important to note that these are simulations arising from system dynamics modeling and are limited by the assumptions above. second, the projected carbon emissions of bitcoin blockchain operation related to electricity production depends on the source which is used for its generation. in all of except for the site reg- ulation (sr) scenario, we do not consider the potential changes of the chinese energy sector in the future, which implies that miners would predominantly operate in the coal-based area. while this is certainly true as the current electricity mix in china is heavily dominated by coal, a series of efforts to incentivise electricity production on the basis of renewable energy sources (www.iea.org) and policies to increase the price for electricity generated on the basis of coal have been implemented. consequently, these renew- able energy-related efforts and policies can potentially affect the electricity consumption and subsequently, the amount of related carbon emission generated from bitcoin blockchain operation. third, it is important to note that although our results suggest that with the broaden usage and application, blockchain tech- nology could become a carbon-intensive technology that hinders the carbon emission reduction efforts around the world, as with any prediction model, many unforeseeable uncertainties could happen in the future that could cause the reality to deviate from the prediction. while it is true the blockchain technology, and bitcoin as one of its applications, is, and increasingly will play a significant role in the economy, ultimately, the choice of adopting and using this technology lies in the hands of humans. conse- quently, we should carefully evaluate the trade-offs before applying this promising technology to a variety of industries. methods this paper constructs a bbce model to investigate the feedback loops of bitcoin blockchain and simulates the carbon emission flows of its operations in china. in view of the complexity of bitcoin blockchain operation and carbon emission process, the bbce modeling for bitcoin carbon emission assessment is mainly based on the following assumptions: ( ) the electricity consumption of the bitcoin mining process mainly consists of two types of energy: coal-based energy and hydro-based energy. ( ) bitcoin price is extremely volatile in real market nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - article nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications http://www.iea.org www.nature.com/naturecommunications www.nature.com/naturecommunications operations, which is inappropriate for long-term assessment in the bbce model. referring to the historical bitcoin price data, we assume that the long-term bitcoin price is mainly affected by the halving mechanism of bitcoin mining rewards. ( ) miners gradually stop or choose other destinations for mining if the bitcoin mining process is no longer profitable in china. ( ) bitcoin policies are consistent with the overall carbon emission flows in china. in other words, policies such as market access of bitcoin miners and carbon tax of the bitcoin blockchain operations can be rejiggered for different emission intensity levels. ( ) miners maintain full invest- ment intensity while in operation, as any reduction in individual investment intensity would put miners in disadvantage and jeopardize their chances of mining new blocks and receiving the reward. by investigating the inner feedback loops and causalities of the systems, bbce modeling is able to capture the corresponding dynamic behaviors of system vari- ables based on proposed scenarios , . supplementary fig. shows the complete structure of bbce modeling. the whole quantitative relationships of bbce para- meters are demonstrated in supplementary methods. utilizing the flow diagram of bbce systems illustrated in supplementary fig. , detailed feedback loops and flows of bitcoin blockchain subsystems are discussed and clarified. the types, definitions, units, and related references of each variable in supplementary fig. are reported in supplementary table . bitcoin mining and transaction subsystem. the bitcoin blockchain utilizes proof-of-work (pow) consensus algorithm for generating new blocks and vali- dating transactions. bitcoin miners earn a reward if the hash value of target blocks computed by their hardware is validated by all network participants. on the other hand, transactions packaged in the block are confirmed when the block is formally broadcasted to the bitcoin blockchain. to increase the probability of mining a new block and getting rewarded, the mining hardware will be updated continuously and invested by network participants for higher hash rate, which would cause the hash rate of the whole network to rise. in order to maintain the constant -minute per new block generation process, the difficulty of generating a new block is adjusted based on the current hash rate of the whole bitcoin network. the halving mechanism of block reward is designed to control the total bitcoin circulation (maximum of million bitcoins) and prevent inflation. reward halving occurs every four years, which means that the reward of broadcasting a new block in bitcoin blockchain will be zero in . as a result, the bitcoin market price increases periodically due to the halving mechanism of bitcoin blockchain. with the growing popularity and broadened transaction scope of bitcoin, the total transactions and transaction fee per block may steadily grow, which drive the other source of bitcoin miner’s profit rate. overall, the profit of bitcoin mining can be calculated by subtracting the total cost of energy consumption and carbon emissions from block reward and transaction fees. miners will stop investing and updating mining hardware in china when the total cost exceeds the profit rate. consequently, the whole network hash rate receives a negative feedback due to the investment intensity reductions. bitcoin energy consumption subsystem. the network mining power is deter- mined by two factors: first, the network hash rate (hashes computed per second) positively accounts for the mining power increase in bitcoin network when high hash rate miners are invested. however, the updated bitcoin miners also attempt to reduce the energy consumption per hash, i.e., improve the efficiency of bitcoin mining process, which helps to reduce the network mining power consumption. in addition, policy makers may raise the market access standard and create barriers for the low- efficiency miners to participate in bitcoin mining activities in china. in terms of the energy consumption of the whole network, the power usage effectiveness is intro- duced to illustrate the energy consumption efficiency of bitcoin blockchain as sug- gested by stoll . finally, the network energy cost of bitcoin mining process is determined by the network energy consumption and average electricity price, which further influences the dynamics behaviors of bitcoin miner’s investment. bitcoin carbon emission subsystem. the site selection strategies directly deter- mine the energy types consumed by miners. although the electricity cost of dis- tinctive energies is more or less the same, their carbon emission patterns may vary significantly according to their respective carbon intensity index. in comparison to miners located in hydro-rich regions, miners located in coal-based regions generate more carbon emission flows under the similar mining techniques and energy usage efficiency due to the higher carbon intensity of coal-based energy . the proposed bbce model collects the carbon footprint of bitcoin miners in both coal-based and hydro-based energy regions to formulate the overall carbon emission flows of the whole bitcoin blockchain in china. the level variable gdp consists of bitcoin miner’s profit rate and total cost, which suggests the productivity of the bitcoin blockchain. it also serves as an auxiliary factor to generate the carbon emission per gdp in our model, which provides guidance for policy makers to implement punitive carbon taxation on bitcoin industry. finally, by combining both carbon cost and energy cost, the total cost of bitcoin mining process provides a negative feedback for miner’s profit rate and their investment strategies. bbce model parameterizations and quantitative settings. our bbce model has been constructed in vensim software (ple version . . ). the time-related bitcoin blockchain time-series data are obtained from www.btc.com, including network hash rate, block size, transaction fee, and difficulty. in addition, the auxiliary parameters and macroenvironment variables for network carbon emission flows assessment are set and considered through various guidelines. for example, the carbon intensities of different energies are suggested by cheng et al. . the average energy cost in china and carbon taxation are collected from the world bank. the site proportion of bitcoin miners in china are set based on the regional statistics of bitcoin mining pools in www.btc.com. moreover, the monthly historical data of bitcoin blockchain are utilized for time-related parameter regression and simulation from the period of january to january through stata software (version . ). based on the regressed parameters, the whole sample timesteps of network carbon emission assessment cover the period from january to january in this study, which is available for scenario investigations under different bitcoin policies. the initial value of static parameters in bbce model are shown in supplementary table , the actual values of the parameterizations adopted are reported in supplementary methods, and the key quantitative settings of each subsystem are, respectively, run as follows: according to the guidance of the cambridge bitcoin electricity consumption index (https://www.cbeci.org) and küfeoğlu and Özkuran , bitcoin mining equipment is required to update and invest for remaining profitability. it is clear that mining hardware in the bitcoin network consists of various equipments and their specifications. as a result, the investment intensity in bitcoin blockchain is computed by the average price of a profitable mining hardware portfolio. the quantitative relationship between investment intensity and time can be expressed as the following form: investment intensity ¼ α ´ time ´ proportion of chinese miners ð Þ in eq. ( ), the parameter α serves as the investment intensity function coefficient on time and the proportion of chinese miners, which is estimated and formulated by the historical data of bitcoin blockchain operation from the period of january –january . then the bitcoin miner profits are accumulated by profit rate and investment intensity flows, which can be obtained as follows: miner cumulative profitst ¼ z t miner profit rate � investment intensityð Þdt ð Þ as discussed above, the aim of bitcoin mining hardware investment is to improve the miner’s hash rate and the probability of broadcasting a new block. utilizing the statistics of bitcoin blockchain, the hash rate of the bitcoin network is regressed, and the equation is: mining hash rate ¼ eβ þα investment intensity ð Þ where β and α represent the network hash rate constant function coefficient and coefficient on investment intensity, respectively. similarly, the average block size of bitcoin is consistent with time due to the growing popularity of bitcoin transactions and investment. the block size is estimated by time and is illustrated as below: block size ¼ eβ þα time ð Þ where β and α indicate the block size function constant coefficient and coefficient on time, respectively. the proportion of chinese miners in the bitcoin mining process will gradually decrease if mining bitcoin in china is not profitable. so, the proportion parameter in the bbce model is set as follows: proportion of chinese miners ¼if then elseðminer cumulative profits < ; : � : ´ time; : Þ ð Þ suggested by the mining pool statistics obtained from btc.com, china accounts for approximately % of bitcoin blockchain operation around the world. as a result, we set the initial proportion of chinese bitcoin miners as %. in addition, the proportion of chinese bitcoin miners will gradually decrease if the bitcoin mining process is no longer profitable in china. the energy consumed per hash will reduce, i.e., the mining efficiency of the bitcoin blockchain will improve, when updated bitcoin hardware is invested and introduced. moreover, the market access standard for efficiency proposed by policy makers also affects network efficiency. consequently, the mining efficiency can be calculated as follows: mining efficiency ¼ eβ þα ´ investment intensity ´ market assess standard for efficiency ð Þ where β and α act as the mining efficiency function constant coefficient and coefficient on investment intensity and market access standard for efficiency, respectively. the above function coefficients of bbce parameters are regressed and formulated based on the actual bitcoin blockchain operation data from the period of january to january , and the specific value of each parameter is reported in supplementary methods. the mining power of the bitcoin blockchain can be obtained by network hash rate and mining efficiency. the equation of mining power is shown as follows: mining power ¼ mining hash rate ´ mining efficiency ð Þ article nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications http://www.btc.com http://www.btc.com https://www.cbeci.org www.nature.com/naturecommunications finally, the energy consumed by the whole bitcoin blockchain can be expressed by mining power and power usage effectiveness: network energy consumption ¼ mining power ´ power usage effectiveness ð Þ employing the regional data of bitcoin mining pools, coal-based and hydro-based energy is proportionally consumed by distinctive bitcoin pools. the total carbon flows in bitcoin blockchain are measured by the sum of both monthly coal-based and hydro-based energy carbon emission growth. the integration of total carbon emission is: total carbon emissiont ¼ z t carbon emission flow dt ð Þ in addition, carbon emissions per gdp are introduced to investigate the overall carbon intensity of the bitcoin mining process in china, which is formulated by the following equation: carbon emission per gdp ¼ carbon emission=gdp ð Þ suggested by the world bank database, we introduce the average taxation percentage for industrial carbon emission ( %) as the initial carbon tax parameter in bbce modeling. in addition, the punitive carbon taxation on the bitcoin blockchain will be conducted by policy makers, i.e, the carbon taxation on the bitcoin blockchain will be doubled, if the carbon emission per gdp of the bitcoin blockchain is larger than average industrial carbon emission per gdp in china ( kg/gdp). as a result, the carbon tax of bitcoin blockchain is set as: carbon tax ¼ : ´ if then elseðcarbon emission per gdp> ; ; Þ ð Þ validation and robustness tests. in order to test the suitability and robustness of bbce modeling system structures and behaviors, three model validation experi- ments are introduced and conducted in our study, i.e., the structural suitability tests (see supplementary fig. ), reality and statistical tests (see supplementary fig. ), and sensitivity analysis (see supplementary fig. ). the validation results of the three tests are reported in supplementary discussion. overall, the model validation results indicate that the proposed bbce model can effectively simulate the causal relationship and feedback loops of carbon emission system in bitcoin industry, and the parameters in bbce model have significant consistencies with actual bitcoin operating time-series data. in addition, the sensitivity analysis of bbce model also shows that a slight variation of the bbce parameters does not lead to the remarkable changes in the model behaviors or the ranking of the intended carbon reduction policies, thus indicating that the proposed bbce model has excellent behavioral robustness and stability. reporting summary. further information on experimental design is available in the nature research reporting summary linked to this paper. data availability all original datasets used and the generated data from the results of the study are available at ceads database (https://www.ceads.net/user/download-anonymous.php? id= ). all data are also available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. received: august ; accepted: march ; references . nakamoto, s. bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. bitcoin.org ( ). . zheng, z., xie, s., dai, h. n., chen, x. & wang, h. blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. int. j. web grid serv. , – ( ). . li, l., liu, j., chang, x., liu, t. & liu, j. toward conditionally anonymous bitcoin transactions: a lightweight-script approach. inf. sci. , – ( ). . gallagher, k. s., zhang, f., orvis, r., rissman, j. & liu, q. assessing the policy gaps for achieving china’s climate targets in the paris agreement. nat. commun. , – ( ). . jokar, z. & mokhtar, a. policy making in the cement industry for co mitigation on the pathway of sustainable development-a system dynamics approach. j. clean. prod. , – ( ). . beckage, b. et al. linking models of human behaviour and climate alters projected climate change. nat. clim. chang. , – ( ). . wang, d., nie, r., long, r., shi, r. & zhao, y. scenario prediction of china’s coal production capacity based on system dynamics model. resour. conserv. recycl. , – ( ). . hepburn, c. et al. the technological and economic prospects for co utilization and removal. nature , – ( ). . stave, k. a. a system dynamics model to facilitate public understanding of water management options in las vegas, nevada. j. environ. manag. , – ( ). . wu, s., liu, l., gao, j. & wang, w. integrate risk from climate change in china under global warming of . and . °c. earth’s futur. , – ( ). . magnani, f. et al. the human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests. nature , – ( ). . lenzen, m. et al. the carbon footprint of global tourism. nat. clim. chang. , – ( ). . stoll, c., klaaßen, l. & gallersdörfer, u. the carbon footprint of bitcoin. joule , – ( ). . cheng, y., du, d., & han, q. a hashing power allocation game in cryptocurrencies. lect. notes comput. sci. , – ( ). . vranken, h. sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains. curr. opin. environ. sustain. , – ( ). . küfeoğlu, s. & Özkuran, m. bitcoin mining: a global review of energy and power demand.energy res. soc. sci. , ( ). . krause, m. j. & tolaymat, t. quantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrencies. nat. sustain. , – ( ). . liu, z. et al. reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in china. nature , – ( ). . aldy, j. et al. economic tools to promote transparency and comparability in the paris agreement. nat. clim. chang. , – ( ). . du pont, y. r. et al. equitable mitigation to achieve the paris agreement goals. nat. clim. chang. , – ( ). . tang, l., wu, j., yu, l. & bao, q. carbon emissions trading scheme exploration in china: a multi-agent-based model. energy policy , – ( ). . schleussner, c. f. et al. science and policy characteristics of the paris agreement temperature goal. nat. clim. chang. , – ( ). . rogelj, j. et al. paris agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below c. nature , – ( ). . holt, c. a. & laury, s. k. risk aversion and incentive effects: new data without order effects. am. econ. rev. , – ( ). . newell, r. g., jaffe, a. b. & stavins, r. n. the effects of economic and policy incentives on carbon mitigation technologies. energy econ. , – ( ). . ioannou, i., li, s. x. & serafeim, g. the effect of target difficulty on target completion: the case of reducing carbon emissions. account. rev. , – ( ). . hagmann, d., ho, e. h. & loewenstein, g. nudging out support for a carbon tax. nat. clim. chang. , – ( ). . van der waal, m. b. et al. blockchain-facilitated sharing to advance outbreak r&d. science , – ( ). . saberi, s., kouhizadeh, m., sarkis, j. & shen, l. blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. int. j. prod. res. , – ( ). . karamitsos, i., papadaki, m. & al barghuthi, n. b. design of the blockchain smart contract: a use case for real estate. j. inf. secur. , – ( ). . jessel, b. & dicaprio, a. can blockchain make trade finance more inclusive? j. financ. transform. , – ( ). . leng, j. et al. makerchain: a blockchain with chemical signature for self- organizing process in social manufacturing. j. clean. prod. , – ( ). . lane, d. c. diagramming conventions in system dynamics. j. oper. res. soc. , – ( ). . richardson, g. p. reflections on the foundations of system dynamics. syst. dyn. rev. , – ( ). . cheng, z., li, l. & liu, j. industrial structure, technical progress and carbon intensity in china’s provinces. renew. sust. energ. rev. , – ( ). acknowledgements this work was supported by grants from the national natural science foundation of china ( and ). author contributions s.j. and y.l. contributed to conceptualizing and designing the work, acquiring the data, conducting the analysis, interpreting the data, writing, and revising of the paper. q.l. interpreted the data. y.h. revised the paper. d.g. revised the paper and supervised the work. y.x. revised the paper. s.w. conceptualized the work, revised the paper, and supervised the work. competing interests the authors declare no competing interests. nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - article nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications https://www.ceads.net/user/download-anonymous.php?id= https://www.ceads.net/user/download-anonymous.php?id= www.nature.com/naturecommunications www.nature.com/naturecommunications additional information supplementary information the online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/ . /s - - - . correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to d.g. or s.w. peer review information nature communications thanks hector f. calvo-pardo, lea diestelmeier and other anonymous, reviewers for their contributions to the peer review of this work. peer review reports are available. reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints publisher’s note springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. open access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution . international license, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license, and indicate if changes were made. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s creative commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. if material is not included in the article’s creative commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. to view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/ . /. © the author(s) article nature communications | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - nature communications | ( ) : | https://doi.org/ . /s - - - | www.nature.com/naturecommunications https://doi.org/ . /s - - - http://www.nature.com/reprints http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ . / http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ . / www.nature.com/naturecommunications 	policy assessments for the carbon emission flows and sustainability of bitcoin blockchain operation in china 	results 	the energy and carbon emission problem of bitcoin mining in china 	carbon emission flows of bitcoin blockchain operation 	carbon policy effectiveness evaluation 	discussion 	methods 	bitcoin mining and transaction subsystem 	bitcoin energy consumption subsystem 	bitcoin carbon emission subsystem 	bbce model parameterizations and quantitative settings 	validation and robustness tests 	reporting summary 	data availability 	references 	acknowledgements 	author contributions 	competing interests 	additional information transitioning to the next generation of metadata javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	support & training 	community center 	developer network 	webjunction  covid- | information and resources to help skip to page content. 	 research areas 	 partnership 	 people 	 news & events 	 publications 	 presentations 	 about 		settings 	menu 	search 	 research 	 publications 	 transitioning to the next generation of metadata transitioning to the next generation of metadata by karen smith-yoshimura this report synthesizes six years ( - ) of oclc research library partners metadata managers focus group discussions to trace how metadata services are transitioning into the “next generation of metadata” and the impact on future metadata services and staffing requirements. 	 report 	 supplemental transitioning to the next generation of metadata synthesizes six years ( - ) of oclc research library partners metadata managers focus group discussions and what they may foretell for the “next generation of metadata.” the firm belief that metadata underlies all discovery regardless of format, now and in the future, permeates all focus group discussions.  yet metadata is changing. innovations in librarianship are exerting pressure on metadata management practices to evolve as librarians are required to provide metadata for far more resources of various types and to collaborate on institutional or multi-institutional projects with fewer staff.  this report considers: 	why is metadata changing?  	how is the creation process changing? 	how is the metadata itself changing?  	what impact will these changes have on future staffing requirements, and how can libraries prepare? this report proposes that transitioning to the next generation of metadata is an evolving process, intertwined with changing standards, infrastructures, and tools. together, focus group members came to a common understanding of the challenges, shared possible approaches to address them, and inoculated these ideas into other communities that they interact with.  download us letter .pdf download a .pdf la versión en español de este informe ha sido gentilmente proporcionada por la biblioteca nacional de españa: descargar en español .pdf     suggested citation: smith-yoshimura, karen. . transitioning to the next generation of metadata. dublin, oh: oclc research. https://doi.org/ . /rqgd-b .  short url: oc.lc/nextgen-metadata-report follow oclc research:   © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates this site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. see oclc's cookie notice to learn more. 	privacy statement 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate <unitdate> date of a unit | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<unitdate> date of a unit 				 				 					<unitdate> is used to encode the creation year, month, or day of the described materials. it may in the form of text or numbers and either a simple date or range. it is found within <did> and its subelements and is only used to encode creation or relevant dates of described materials. other types of dates should be encoded within <date>. it is comparable to isad(g) element . . , and marc fields subfield f for inclusive dates, subfield g for bulk dates, or subfield c. <unitdate> may be used within <archref>, <did>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <item>, <label>, <p>, <ref>, <refloc>, <unittitle>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	calendar – not required. default value is “gregorian.” 	certainty – not required. may be used to indicate degree of precision used in dating—”circa,” “approximately,” “after,” etc. 	datechar – not required. may be used to characterize the nature of the dates, such as “creation” or “modification.” 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to a particular element in another schema. 	era – not required. may be used to indicate the era in which the date falls. default values is “ce” for “common” or “christian” era. 	label – not required. this can be used when a meaningful display label for an element can’t be derived by the stylesheet from its name. it is available in all <did> subelements. 	normal – not required. a standard numeric form of the date used for machine reading and comparison, i.e. yyyymmdd, yyyy/yyyy, etc. should particularly be used if the text within the element is not written out as yyymmdd. 	type – not required. may be used to specify whether the date is “bulk” or “inclusive.” subelements <unitdate> may contain pcdata, <abbr>, <archref> <bibref>, <emph>, <extptr>, <extref>, <lb />, <linkgrp>, <ptr>, <ref>, and <title>. dacs use dacs section . , date. required. (dacs , pp. - ) examples 	<did> 	<head>overview</head> 	... 	<unittitle label="title">letters of sarah j. bell kitchin <unitdate normal=" / "> to </unitdate></unittitle> </did> <did> 	<head>overview</head> 	... 	<unittitle label="title">letters of sarah j. bell kitchin <unitdate normal=" / "> to </unitdate></unittitle> </did> 	<c level="series"> 	<did> 		<unitid>sjb </unitid> 		<unittitle>correspondence</unittitle> 		<unitdate normal=" / " datechar="creation" type="inclusive"> to </unitdate> 	</did> <c level="series"> 	<did> 		<unitid>sjb </unitid> 		<unittitle>correspondence</unittitle> 		<unitdate normal=" / " datechar="creation" type="inclusive"> to </unitdate> 	</did> ead tag library entry for <unitdate>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 superresolution microscopy | science | aaas skip to main content sciencemag.org search x advanced search 	 contents 	 news 	 careers 	 journals read our covid- research and news. share image: l. dong et al., science , ( ). technology feature superresolution microscopy by jeffrey m. perkel may. , , : pm this special feature is brought to you by the science/aaas custom publishing office from van leeuwenhoek to the new millennium, microscopy was governed by one seemingly unbreakable principle: the ability to resolve two objects is constrained by the wavelength of the light used to view them. but in , researchers showed this so-called diffraction limit could be broken, unveiling over the next decade an alphabet soup of superresolution techniques from gsdim and palm to sim, sted, and storm. the resulting images are both beautiful and revealing, documenting biological phenomena and structures that researchers never even knew they were missing. no, there hasn’t been a breakdown in copy editing, this sentence really does end with two periods.. your brain caught that apparent mistake because the lenses in your eyes have sufficient resolving power to distinguish objects spaced that close together. microscopes, of course, can resolve much finer details, but not infinitely fine. the so-called abbe (or diffraction) limit constrains the microscope’s power, and at some point, two objects will appear as one. in , xiaowei zhuang’s team at harvard university first described the superresolution technique known as stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (storm), a single-molecule localization method whose -nm lateral (xy) resolution beats the diffraction limit by a full order of magnitude. over the following decade, zhuang’s team steadily refined the technique to make it multicolor, higher resolution, and d. “almost all biological structures are three-dimensional,” says zhuang, a howard hughes medical institute investigator and the david b. arnold jr. professor of science at harvard. “so if you break your diffraction limit in only [the] xy [plane] and not in z, you’re quite limited.” to overcome that limitation, zhuang’s team inserted a cylindrical lens in the microscope’s optical path. in that configuration, light arising from a single molecule produces not a circle but an ellipse, which indicates the molecule’s axial position with -nm resolution. later, the lab boosted resolution still further by positioning objectives above and below the sample, which when combined with the cylindrical lens yielded axial positions with better than -nm resolution. when her team applied that technique to fixed rat hippocampal neurons, they discovered something completely unexpected, zhuang says. under conventional fluorescence microscopy, actin in the axons of these neurons appears as a uniform, featureless green. but when they used storm to zoom in, just beneath the plasma membrane of the axonal shaft they discovered a literal cytoskeleton: periodic rings of green actin nm apart, separated by magenta spectrin spacers (see page ). “it’s a beautiful structure,” zhuang says, providing both mechanical flexibility and organizational scaffolding. with it, the cell can precisely position key membrane proteins, such as ion channels, to ensure the efficient propagation of neural impulses. “having these very important signaling molecules being anchored on the structure gives you the possibility that this is the case,” she says, adding, “it was really one of those storm images that i’m most proud of.” published in , zhuang’s study is “a seminal contribution,” agrees joerg bewersdorf, associate professor of cell biology and biomedical engineering at the yale university school of medicine, who builds superresolution microscopes (including one now commercialized by bruker) in his lab. “nobody had seen these actin rings before, even though people had looked with the electron microscope for years to understand the actin organization in axons.” superresolution explained according to professor stefan hell of the max planck institute for biophysical chemistry, who was the first to break the diffraction barrier in , all superresolution methods rely on the same fundamental principle. “if you have freely propagating light, that light will always be diffracted. you can’t focus it more sharply than to an area that is about half the wavelength of light across. full stop,” hell explains. as a result, objects that are closer together than about nm will be illuminated simultaneously and fluoresce in concert. long story short: multiple objects bleed together into a single, indistinguishable blur. “the solution to that problem was to make sure that not all objects that are flooded with excitation light are in the end capable of emitting fluorescence.” storm, photoactivated localization microscopy (palm), and ground state depletion microscopy with individual molecule return (gsdim)—commercialized by nikon, zeiss, and leica, respectively—are stochastic, localization-based methods, using photoactivatable or photoswitchable fluorescent proteins or dyes to switch on a few fluorophores at random while the majority remain dark. under those conditions, researchers can be relatively certain that each fluorescent point corresponds to only a single active molecule, thus making it possible to assign their positions with nanometer precision. those fluorophores then turn off, another handful turns on, and the cycle repeats until a complete dataset has been collected. “basically we take advantage of what i typically call the ‘fourth dimension,’” explains zhuang. if multiple, otherwise indistinguishable objects are closely positioned in space, she says, “we don’t allow them to overlap in time.” stimulated emission depletion (sted), reversible saturable optical fluorescence transitions (resolft), and structured illumination microscopy (sim), conversely, use “patterns of light … that determine where the molecules are active and where the molecules are off,” says hell, who developed both sted and resolft and cofounded a company called abberior to commercialize fluorophores for those and other superresolution methods. sted, for instance, is usually implemented as a point-scanning approach that uses a “donut” of light, superimposed on the excitation beam, to force fluorophores at the periphery of the illumination volume to stay dark via a process called “stimulated emission,” thereby shrinking the emitting region to the donut’s center. (resolft uses photoswitchable fluorophores to achieve the same effect.) according to jochen sieber, sted and gsdim microscopy product manager at leica microsystems, localization systems typically offer sharper resolution than sted or resolft, but take far longer as they require the acquisition and merging of thousands of frames to build a single image. (indeed, national institutes of health distinguished investigator jennifer lippincott-schwartz, in whose lab palm was invented, notes that those first images took hours to collect; today the typical frame rate is about minutes.) sim—commercialized by nikon, ge healthcare life sciences, and zeiss—is generally regarded as the fastest approach available and also the easiest, as it requires no special sample preparation. but at nm, it also yields the poorest resolution. recently, janelia research campus investigator eric betzig, who with hell and william e. moerner of stanford university won the nobel prize in chemistry for his work on superresolution, demonstrated that even that limit is not insurmountable. in late , betzig and his team documented two strategies, including “nonlinear sim with patterned activation,” to increase the method’s resolution to about nm. “my personal feeling is that sim is the superresolution method that is likely to answer the most biological questions in the next decade,” betzig says, laughing. “and yet it’s the one that wasn’t involved in the nobel prize.” raman das, medical research council (mrc) career development fellow at the university of manchester, united kingdom, answered one such question in when he used sim (among other methods) to document a new form of cell subdivision called “apical abscission.” das was interested in how progenitor cells in the embryonic spinal cord differentiate into neurons and exit the tissue. by using time-lapse diffraction-limited fluorescence microscopy and sim, das’s team discovered that the cells actually prune off the cellular “tip,” removing those proteins in one shot—a process that das likens to closing a draw-string purse. “this results in an acute loss of cell polarity in these cells,” he explains, leading to the formation of functional neuronal architecture. perhaps the simplest, and certainly least expensive, superresolution option is expansion microscopy. developed by ed boyden of the massachusetts institute of technology, the technique improves imaging resolution by encasing samples in a “swellable polymer” gel that causes the sample to grow isotropically about fivefold larger. functionally, that’s the same as increasing resolution from nm down to nm. “it’s kind of like an optical zoom,” explains silvio rizzoli, a professor at the university of göttingen, germany, who uses this technique (as well as sted and storm) in his neural synapse research. fluorophore on, fluorophore off stefan jakobs, head of the mitochondrial structure and dynamics research group at the max planck institute for biophysical chemistry, uses superresolution methodologies to study the role mitochondria play in cell death or apoptosis. one protein, called bax, was known to induce mitochondrial membrane disruption in response to apoptotic signals. what wasn’t clear was how the protein does that. using fixed-cell sted, jakobs’s team showed that multiple bax molecules assemble into rings in the mitochondrial outer membrane, like diaphanous green halos crowning the red membrane. that structure explains how bax translocation during apoptosis can cause the mitochondrial contents to spill, jakobs says. “it appears that these rings represent pores,” he explains.  yet they were impossible to discern via conventional microscopy, in which the rings appear as “a smear.” to see those rings, jakobs used anti-bax antibodies labeled with a fluorescent dye. yet good fluorescent probes for superresolution microscopy can be hard to come by. “you want to have fast image acquisition and high resolution; you want to have many colors and low phototoxicity. none of the techniques is currently at the point where all of these parameters are entirely fulfilled,” he says. jakobs has developed reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (rsfps)—variants of green fluorescent proteins (gfps), such as rsegfp —that can be pushed repeatedly from a fluorescent to nonfluorescent state and back again using specific wavelengths of light. such proteins are amenable to resolft and sted live-cell applications, he notes, as they require no external antibody for labeling. but it is critical not to overexpress these proteins, he says, as that can lead to artifacts. so, jakobs’s team has used the gene-editing system known as crispr/cas to couple rsegfp to protein-coding genes in order to ensure endogenous expression levels. such work is “challenging,” he admits, “but i think it is very important for the field that we do that.” another genetic labeling option involves tagging genes with self-labeling protein tags, such as the snap-tag and clip-tag (available from new england biolabs) or promega’s halotag, which allow researchers to specifically label proteins of interest in live cells by adding cell-permeable dyes linked to the appropriate substrate. the trick, of course, is that such dyes must be both bright and cell-permeable, and few current fluorophores meet that standard, says kai johnsson, professor at the institute of chemical sciences and engineering at École polytechnique fédérale de lausanne in switzerland. janelia research campus researcher luke lavis recently reported a collection of cell-permeable, high-quantum-efficiency rhodamine variants, which are compatible with halotag chemistry. johnsson has likewise developed rhodamine variants that he calls “sir dyes” (carboxylated silicon-rhodamine) that are commercialized by spirochrome. by coupling these dyes to targeting ligands such as the dna fluorescent stain hoechst or the cancer drug taxol, johnsson created probes capable of specifically lighting up genetic material and microtubules respectively, in live-cell sted and sim (but not palm or storm). in living color because of the extended time required to compile images in localization superresolution microscopy, the method can be largely incompatible with live cells. one solution is replacing traditional charge-coupled devices (ccds) with high-speed scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (scmos) cameras, which can capture thousands of frames per second. in , bewersdorf and colleagues demonstrated noise-handling algorithms that allowed an scmos camera to record superresolved images at up to frames per second, for instance. today, leica’s gsdim instrument includes an scmos camera that reduces data acquisition times to “well below a minute,” says product manager peter laskey, thus putting live-cell applications “within reach.” so too does nikon’s new n-storm . , which also boasts a brighter laser to “get the blinking on-off rates extremely high,” according to general manager stephen ross. researchers also have devised alternative strategies to circumvent the speed problem. melike lakadamyali, a group leader at the institute of photonic sciences in barcelona, spain, for instance, studies microtubule vesicle trafficking, specifically how the motor proteins transporting these vesicles can “evade roadblocks and traffic jams in the crowded environment of a living cell.” to answer that question, lakadamyali plays to her system’s strengths. by recording a live-cell movie of the vesicles at high temporal (but low spatial) resolution, her team can track vesicle motion, overlaying those trajectories on a storm image of microtubule positions. the researchers found that vesicles tend to pause at microtubule intersections; the pausing “correlates with tight intersections in which the separation of the two microtubules is small,” says lakadamyali. but they also found that motors can eventually navigate through the intersection. the group is now using d particle tracking to focus on microtubule-associated protofilaments that may provide a kind of highway shoulder for skirting roadblocks. susan cox, royal society university research fellow at king’s college london, is similarly interested in live-cell localization microscopy. working with lippincott-schwartz, cox has developed an algorithm, called “bayesian analysis of blinking and bleaching ( b),” that allows researchers to image more fluorophores simultaneously, even some that are actually spatially overlapping, thereby reducing the number of images required per experiment by about an order of magnitude. “we’ve looked at systems like cardiac myocytes, [and] been able to image them between the ‘beats’ of the cells,” cox says. still, for all that high resolution can teach, microscopy is about trade-offs. in talks, betzig says he typically displays a tetrahedron whose axes represent different goals: resolution, speed, low phototoxicity, and imaging depth. “you can’t have it all,” he tells the audience. for betzig, speed is paramount, and he focuses his efforts on squeezing every last photon from his samples. that’s why he has edged away from pure superresolution toward ultrahigh-speed imaging with a new (albeit superresolution-compatible) design called “lattice light-sheet microscopy,” soon to be commercialized by zeiss and  i.  others may interpret the tetrahedron differently, of course. but the bottom line is this: when it comes to microscopy, the future has never looked brighter—or sharper. featured participants 	abberior 	 i—intelligent imaging innovations 	bruker 	École polytechnique fédérale de lausanne 	ge healthcare life sciences 	harvard university 	institute of photonic sciences, barcelona 	janelia research campus 	king’s college london 	leica 	massachusetts institute of technology 	max planck institute for biophysical chemistry 	new england biolabs 	national institutes of health 	nikon 	promega 	spirochrome 	university of göttingen 	university of manchester 	yale university school of medicine 	zeiss new products in superresolution microscopy 	 featured product scanning optical microscope the mad city labs near-field scanning optical microscope (mcl-nsom) leverages mcl expertise with high-resolution scanning probe microscopy instrumentation and closed-loop nanopositioning systems to design an nsom that meets the performance criteria and versatility demanded by leading researchers. the mcl-nsom is an aperture nsom built on a mad city labs rm inverted optical microscope, which allows users to convert to apertureless nsom, atomic force microscopy (afm), and fluorescence optical microscopy. the mcl-nsom includes xyz closed-loop nanopositioning for sample and fiber scanning, providing subnanometer precision and exceptional low-noise performance. six axes of automated positioning are provided, including independent automation for fiber alignment to the optical axis, and are controlled with labview-based software. the mcl-nsom includes a fiber launch with excitation source, alignment camera, and detection avalanche photodiode (apd), but can also easily accommodate user ancillary excitation and detection optics, further enhancing the versatility of this microscope. - - mad city labs 	 smartproof the new smartproof widefield confocal microscope is designed for a wide range of industrial applications in quality assurance and quality control departments, production environments, and r&d labs. the smartproof system provides d reconstructions and roughness measurements for a wide range of workpiece surfaces. users benefit from an integrated design, repeatable results, and high throughput. the smartproof ’s integrated, robust design offers the option of installing and running it in different working environments without additional antivibration equipment. the optics, electronics, and camera are all embedded in the microscope, and the number of cables is minimized to eliminate clutter. the smartproof software provides the user with easy-to-operate workflow routines. in addition to geometrical measurements, the user can carry out roughness analyses in d (profile) and d (area)—both based on international organization for standardization (iso) standards. the workflows can be saved, ready to perform the same d analysis again. confocal microscope + -( )- - - zeiss 	 zdeck quick adjust platform the zdeck quick adjust platform range is a high-quality, height-adjustable platform designed specifically for upright microscopes. the zdeck is compatible with most commercially available vibration isolation tables and offers an exceptionally stable platform, ensuring that your experimental area is as smooth and vibration-free as possible. the zdeck’s large top plate provides an extensive surface area, enabling users to undertake a comprehensive range of tasks and allowing enough space to set up even the most complex experiments, which may involve environmentally controlled chambers, micromanipulators, and other instruments. the zdeck’s top surface breadboard design ( -mm holes on -mm centers) is ideal for quickly and accurately mounting equipment. offering the ability to switch between imaging heights within seconds, the zdeck is well suited for observation of both thin-sample and whole-animal imaging. in applications where electrical noise might be an issue, the power to the zdeck’s motors can be switched off after movement. adjustable microscope platform - - prior scientific 	 eikonix the new slide scanner from eikonix brings high-quality slide scanning to a much wider market. this compact device utilizes a host of the latest automated imaging technologies along with a proven scanning engine to create an effective, reliable tool for the rapid acquisition of whole-slide images from standard glass microscope slides. the easy-to-use system can be operated by anyone and requires no specialist training. the intuitive software effortlessly guides the user through each step to produce images of exceptional quality. designed to scan up to two standard slides or one double-sized slide, the system can produce high-resolution images in just a few minutes. automatic tissue detection and focusing eliminate complicated setup procedures and guarantee outstanding results for every scan. the integrated computer ensures that the system is ready to go right out of the box, and the preloaded control software requires minimal setup to begin scanning. histology slide scanning + -( )- - eikonix 	 dxr and the dxr xi the dxr line of raman microscopes is ideal for scientists working in advanced materials research, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and the developing life science research market. they provide improved workflows that are designed to deliver unparalleled ease of use and accessibility for nonexperts without compromising robustness or reliable performance. scientists can benefit from rapid, easy setup and a design that facilitates obtaining visually informative, submicron-resolution images. the new dxr line, which includes the dxr and the dxr xi, provides both spectrographic and spatial imaging for regulated environments. new polarization techniques provide continuously variable angle polarization analysis, and software automation, coupled with equivalent optical performance, provides a more complete understanding yet is still easy to use. kinetic imaging allows for real-time studies of dynamic processes such as battery cycling or biological activities in cells. the new dxr xi raman imaging microscope is image-centric and works much like the scanning microscopes already used by many scientists. raman microscopes - - thermo fisher scientific submit your new product press release/description or product literature information to new_products@aaas.org. visit science new products for more information. newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of interest to researchers in all disciplines in academic, industrial, and governmental organizations are featured in this space. emphasis is given to purpose, chief characteristics, and availability of products and materials. endorsement by science or aaas of any products or materials mentioned is not implied. additional information may be obtained from the manufacturer or supplier. jeffrey m. perkel jeffrey m. perkel is a freelance science writer based in pocatello, idaho. 	 twitter search jobs enter keywords, locations or job types to start searching for your new science career. search search 	register 	advanced search 	article tools 	 print edition pdf 	 chinese translation 	 new products pdf read the latest issue of science august vol , issue table of contents 	 medicine/diseases failure to protect? 	 asia/pacific news genetics papers from china face ethical scrutiny 	 science and policy ‘mini–manhattan projects’ for energy innovation wind down 	 scientific community science lost and lessons learned: a lab plots its comeback 	 ecology streams that flow only part of the year are getting even drier 	 ecology time grows short to curb warming, report warns 	about us	journals 	news from science 	leadership 	team members 	work at aaas 	for advertisers	advertising kits 	awards and prizes 	custom publishing 	webinars 	for authors	submit 	information for authors 	editorial policies 	for librarians	manage your institutional subscription 	information for librarians 	request a quote 	faqs 	related sites	aaas.org 	eurekalert! 	science in the classroom 	science magazine japanese 	help	access and subscriptions 	order a single issue 	reprints and permissions 	contact us 	accessibility 	stay connected 	 	 	 	 	 	 ©  american association for the advancement of science. all rights reserved. aaas is a partner of hinari, agora, oare, chorus, clockss, crossref and counter. 	terms of service 	privacy policy 	contact aaas <genreform> genre/physical characteristic | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<genreform> genre/physical characteristic 				 				 					<genreform> is a term used to identify the types of materials being described based on their intellectual content, order of information, or object function. examples may be anything from account books to videotapes. not all genres/forms need to be tagged, but those for which greater retrieval should be provided may be tagged. the element may be used to tag any function during a paragraph, with the normal attribute supplying the proper form of the term. genres/forms which make up large amounts of the material should be listed within <controlaccess> even if they are indicated elsewhere. <genreform> may be used in <physdesc> or <physfacet> along with more detailed characteristics. <genreform> may be used within <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, and <unittitle>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc field or (when used with <extent>. 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the word is being used informally within narrative text>, <etc. 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the term. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary>, <e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <genreform> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. dacs see dacs section . , extent. (dacs , pp. - ) examples 	<scopecontent> 	<head>scope and content of the collection</head> 	<p>the collection primarily consists of <genreform>letters</genreform> but also contains a -year <genreform normal="diaries">diary</genreform>, which was kept from <date normal=" / "> to </date>.</p> </scopecontent> <scopecontent> 	<head>scope and content of the collection</head> 	<p>the collection primarily consists of <genreform>letters</genreform> but also contains a -year <genreform normal="diaries">diary</genreform>, which was kept from <date normal=" / "> to </date>.</p> </scopecontent> ead tag library entry for <genreform>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 crypto nomads: surfing the world for risk and profit - the new york times sectionssearch skip to contentskip to site index politics today’s paper politics|crypto nomads: surfing the world for risk and profit https://www.nytimes.com/ / / /us/politics/crypto-billionaires.html	 	 	 	 	 	 	 advertisement continue reading the main story supported by continue reading the main story crypto nomads: surfing the world for risk and profit a new generation of industry leaders has set up offshore trading exchanges largely beyond the reach of american regulators. 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 sam bankman-fried’s cryptocurrency exchange, ftx, now has one million users and handles as much as $ billion a day in transactions.credit...lam yik fei for the new york times by eric lipton and ephrat livni published july , updated aug. , it is just after midnight in hong kong, and sam bankman-fried stares at the trading data on his six monitors, watching a global cryptocurrency crash happening in real time. mr. bankman-fried, a -year-old from california, often works around the clock, as he was on that may evening. he naps on a beanbag set up near his computer. a folded up blanket sits on the floor. he’s worth at least $ billion, on paper. that is even after the downturn that started in the spring, where total global losses in the value of all cryptocurrency eventually topped $ . trillion. and as mr. bankman-fried saw it play out, he knew his business played a role in the collapse. cryptocurrency — digital money not backed by any nation — is famous for its wild and frequent gyrations. but ftx, the cryptocurrency trading platform that mr. bankman-fried runs, specializes in a kind of trade that was accelerating the global crash. most of his customers are betting on future cryptocurrency price fluctuations rather than buying and selling bitcoin, and they are borrowing to make those bets even bigger. it is a risky approach. but it can generate big wins. now, bitcoin’s value was dropping — way down — crushing the highly leveraged bets of bullish traders on ftx and other exchanges, and forcing sales of their positions in wave after wave of account liquidations. these forced sales were helping undermine cryptocurrency prices. betting on future prices much of the money being invested in cryptocurrency globally comes through bets, known as perpetual swaps, on future price changes. three-day moving average of the value of open bitcoin perpetual swaps, for top cryptocurrency exchanges source: coin metrics by the new york times “in terms of price movements, the biggest part of it is liquidations,” he wrote to the new york times on may from hong kong. this is precisely the type of situation that united states regulators have tried to avoid by prohibiting cryptocurrency exchanges like ftx from selling high-risk futures to nonprofessional investors in the united states. and it is why mr. bankman-fried moved to hong kong — as he wanted to offer these products, called derivatives. mr. bankman-fried is a crypto nomad: one of a group of industry leaders who once lived in the united states or canada and have since set up companies with bases of operation where they are to some degree beyond the reach of american regulators. others include changpeng zhao, , the chinese-canadian founder of binance, who now lives in singapore, and arthur hayes, , a buffalo-born trader who helped create bitmex, which is based in the seychelles islands. image “the word risk means different things to different people,” said changpeng zhao, the chief executive of binance. “some people say risk. some people say opportunity.”credit...ore huiying for the new york times it’s a tribe that never turns off — trading takes place hours a day, days a year. (mr. bankman-fried said he sleeps when he has no meetings and works “the hours when this counterparty is awake and the hours when that counterparty is awake.”) these crypto nomads have built a global playground, inspired by multiplayer online games, with “leader boards” for customers who go by aliases like dark crypto lord and can win prize giveaways of teslas or iphones. the highly leveraged form of trading these platforms offer has become so popular that the overall value of daily purchases and sales of these derivatives far surpasses the daily volume of actual cryptocurrency transactions, industry data analyzed by researchers at carnegie mellon university shows. futures vs. spot purchases the largest volume of daily trades on cryptocurrency is for so-called derivatives — bets on future prices, not purchases on the so-called spot market at current prices. seven-day moving average of global bitcoin trading volumes by market source: kyle soska, carnegie mellon university cylab by the new york times it’s all supposed to be off limits to u.s. investors, but it’s not. trading data provided to the times also shows that billions of dollars’ worth of investments from customers with ties to the united states have moved to at least one of these global sites, despite the ban. “i am not saying this is going to cause the next financial crisis,” said timothy massad, a former chairman of the commodity futures trading commission, the federal agency that regulates derivatives trading. “but could this be something like the butterfly that flaps its wings in brazil that sets off a tornado in texas?” mr. zhao, the founder of binance, conceded, in an interview, that “volatility is amplified by the leverage. so that is for sure.” but he and other industry advocates argue that highly leveraged futures trading is widespread on wall street and foreign currency exchanges. some also say they had to relocate because u.s. regulators haven’t adequately embraced these creative investment opportunities. “this is not going away,” said mark cuban, the billionaire entrepreneur, television personality and cryptocurrency enthusiast who is also a backer in a fund that is helping ftx raise capital. “but we’re losing a lot of jobs and a lot of financial depth by pushing it overseas.” in fact, ftx just this past week raised $ million in capital to help it expand its global operations, and it was valued at $ billion. that transaction could push mr. bankman-fried’s wealth to $ billion, forbes estimated, making him the “wealthiest known crypto billionaire,” given that he owns nearly percent of the company’s shares. betting on the future mr. bankman-fried was four years out of massachusetts institute of technology when he entered the cryptocurrency industry. he was still living in california — where both of his parents are law professors at stanford — and he noticed that bitcoin and other tokens were at times selling for different prices in different nations. it was an open invitation for a creative player to make money, with a classic arbitrage maneuver: buy it at the lower price in the united states and sell it at the higher price in japan. that ended up being complicated. as he tried to quickly transfer large sums of money, financial institutions moved to shut down his accounts. he also needed japanese nationals to complete transactions in local banks. but he ended up making tens of millions of dollars on these early moves. a three-day crypto conference he attended in china in led to two weeks of meetings and his effectively settling in hong kong. “i guess there’s a point at which i canceled my lease back in the bay,” he recalled. he decided instead to create a new company, ftx, which specializes in derivatives. image mr. bankman-fried, , in his office in hong kong in january. he is worth an estimated $ billion on paper.credit...victor llorente in traditional markets, derivatives are used to help farmers or other businesses hedge against price changes in commodities like oil or grain. there is some trading of cryptocurrency derivatives in the united states, on platforms like the chicago mercantile exchange, which has long offered commodities options and futures in things as diverse as agriculture, energy and metals. but the cme is a classic exchange that has greater restrictions — and federal government oversight — with lower leverage caps available only to professional traders. cryptocurrency innovators like arthur hayes, one of the founders of bitmex — short for the bitcoin mercantile exchange — took this classic approach and turned it into a much more lucrative idea, at least for the platforms. bitmex began what mr. hayes called the perpetual swap — a bet on a future price change that does not expire — and eventually offered times leverage. that meant a $ , investment could be instantly translated into a $ , bet on the future price of bitcoin. from inception, bitmex was explicitly intended to attract not only professional traders but also retail investors with a taste for gambling and gamers inclined to risky play, as mr. hayes explained in an industry talk in . “there are people who offer similar types of products but are focusing on degenerate gamblers, a.k.a. retail traders in bitcoin,” he said. “so why don’t we do the same?” the exchange targeted social media advertising to potential customers based in the united states and boasted that to “sign up takes less than seconds.” at least initially, there was minimal effort on the part of some exchanges like bitmex to screen investors to determine their true identities, as banks and other trading companies in the united states are required to do, or to confirm their actual locations, despite the ban on u.s. participants. many of the platforms, including bitmex and binance, have recently tightened enforcement to try to curb trades by u.s. investors. this came after the justice department filed charges against mr. hayes late last year, with the government asserting that he and other bitmex executives were illegally operating a cryptocurrency exchange that handled about $ billion in transactions involving at least , user accounts with ties to the united states. he has since left the company. but the business model he helped create has only grown in scale. image arthur hayes’s company, bitmex, was explicitly intended to attract not only professional traders but also retail investors with a taste for gambling and gamers inclined to risky play.credit...eugene gologursky/getty images ftx and binance are among more than a dozen global cryptocurrency platforms — most of them based in asia — that now offer perpetual swaps. ftx alone has one million users across the world and handles as much as $ billion a day in transactions, most of them derivatives trades. like their customers, the platforms compete. mr. bankman-fried from ftx, looking to out promote bitmex, moved to offer up to times leverage on derivatives trades. mr. zhao from binance then bested them both by taking it to . losses for traders can translate into big gains for exchanges. the platforms earn a transaction fee based on the forced sales caused when the price of the underlying cryptocurrency moves against the trader. the crash in may was started by regulatory rumblings in china and a cryptocurrency move by elon musk. but liquidations then helped propel it. some executives, like mr. bankman-fried, also own related companies that do algorithmic trading to instantly cash in on market distortions that occur during these sell-offs. mr. bankman-fried said that he sees no conflict in his businesses playing the two roles, as these moves help keep the markets liquid during major declines. ftx, binance and bitmex’s founders have each argued that only a small share of their customers actually use high leverage. but even for those making smaller bets, problems can crop up quickly if cryptocurrency prices start to fall. on may alone, there were a total of $ . billion worth of liquidations on bitmex, binance and ftx, according to bybt, a crypto derivatives data firm. collectively, there were $ billion in forced liquidations in mid-may. “if you play poker, let’s say for futures trading, if you go all in on maximum leverage every single time, the markets are going to move at one time against you and you’re going to be wiped out,” said mr. zhao. “the professional futures traders, they manage risk.” but michael green, a crypto critic and the chief strategist at simplify asset management, said the derivatives market is inherently stacked against novice traders. “the math of highly volatile instruments is that the house almost always has to win,” mr. green said, adding that from his perspective, “these are unregistered casinos.” from shanghai to malta mr. zhao is so focused on the branding of binance that he has the company logo — two diagonal squares representing bids and asks in trading — tattooed on what he now calls his “crypto arm.” he and his fellow crypto nomads have become global celebrities with millions of followers on twitter, podcasts and even livestreams on youtube of their poker games. they are the diplomats of a renegade industry, attached to no particular state. binance set up its offices in shanghai in july . but two months later, when the chinese government announced a crackdown on crypto exchanges, the company moved to tokyo. japan then announced new crypto exchange rules. “so we said, well, that doesn’t fit,” mr. zhao explained. “so we had to move again.” the next stop was malta, the tiny island nation in the central mediterranean. now mr. zhao does not identify any location as the company’s headquarters. image mr. zhao at a conference in malta in . he says living in many countries has given him “a broader worldview,” which informs his business and its borderless mentality.credit...darrin zammit lupi/reuters binance’s shifting home base, in a way, reflects his own life story. born in china to academics, he moved to canada when he was , interned in japan while studying computer science at mcgill university and went on to jobs developing trading products in tokyo, new york, singapore, hong kong and shanghai. “i’ve been moving around quite a bit in my life,” mr. zhao said. this international exposure gives him “a broader worldview” that informs his business and its borderless mentality. other companies have also moved. the dutch cryptocurrency exchange deribit announced last year that it would be operated by a subsidiary company called drb panama, and several of its executives moved to central america, company officials said. palm trees and tropical vistas now feature in the executives’ social media posts. btse, another exchange that specializes in derivatives, moved its headquarters from dubai to the british virgin islands. but in some cases, the claimed offshore base of operations is little more than a ruse. bitmex listed its headquarters as in the seychelles, an island republic in the western indian ocean, yet federal investigators found that most of its employees worked in new york, hong kong and san francisco. mr. hayes, the founder, claimed it cost just “a coconut” to bribe seychellois authorities — less than buying favors from regulators in the united states and elsewhere, federal prosecutors said when they charged him in late . mr. hayes pleaded not guilty in april and his case is pending. he now lives in singapore. “arthur hayes and his co-defendants in this case are innocent and they look forward to defending themselves in court,” nate johnson, a spokesman for mr. hayes, said. until recently, hong kong was a gathering place for cryptocurrency gurus, who at least before the pandemic frequently met up at industry conferences held there or at local bars and cafes. mr. zhao said the community was what sold him on cryptocurrency. what he found at conferences around the world, he said, “was a very geeky, honest community.” these personal associations sometimes lead to financial ties. mr. zhao’s company was an early investor in mr. bankman-fried’s exchange, while mr. bankman-fried’s trading company is a client of mr. zhao’s platform. they talk to each other regularly. “i think i met him in taiwan, hong kong, singapore and maybe even europe,” mr. zhao said of his fellow crypto nomad. “but mostly in asia.” mr. bankman-fried and mr. zhao said in separate interviews that they are committed to honoring united states regulations, even if their global exchanges are based abroad. but globally, the cryptocurrency derivatives market continues to surge — and there are clear signs that major united states players are still pouring money into the game. more than a dozen major private trading firms with u.s. roots have set up offices in the cayman islands and other offshore locations, creating new corporate entities to push money through binance’s and ftx’s overseas derivatives platforms on a huge scale, traders involved told the new york times. “i’m not a u.s. person,” said one trader who has moved to the cayman islands on behalf of a major fund, and initially left his family behind in the midwest to set up the operation. “but i’m still a u.s. citizen.” the trader asked not to be named as he did not have authority to discuss the arrangement publicly. image a cryptocurrency exchange in hong kong in may. until recently, hong kong was something of a gathering place for cryptocurrency gurus.credit...lam yik fei for the new york times this stateless approach to running these cryptocurrency exchanges — mixed with the constant introduction of new unregulated and often highly risky products — is now facing perhaps its most important test. just since june, binance has been targeted by financial regulators with warnings or other enforcement actions in britain, the cayman islands, hong kong, lithuania, italy, poland and thailand, many of them eying its high-leverage derivatives offerings or a new product line introduced this spring that allows customers to buy cryptocurrency-linked versions of stocks like tesla and apple. facing a backlash, binance announced in mid-july that it was abandoning the new stock token products. “the crypto industry is a very nascent industry and the landscape, including the way that cryptoexchanges are regulated, continues to evolve,” the company said in a statement to the times. it attributed the recent scrutiny in part to mainstream embrace of crypto over the last year and said “it’s right” for regulators to examine the industry. mr. bankman-fried, toward the end of a three-hour series of interviews with the times, said it may be time for the industry to pull back on its most extreme offerings, like leverage on derivatives trades as high as times. “it would just be easier to get rid of it than to keep having to talk about it,” he said, proposing a cap of perhaps times, mostly, he added, to fight the perception that the industry is encouraging risky bets, a view he thinks is unfair. binance and ftx are also looking to secure a sanctioned space in the united states market. they have, within the last two years, opened united states-based platforms that do not offer derivatives but instead focus on the buying and selling of actual cryptocurrencies. ftx also recently bought the naming rights to the miami heat arena and put its corporate logo on a patch worn by major league baseball umpires, as it works to build name recognition here. mr. bankman-fried, via $ . million in donations, was also one of the biggest givers last year to help president biden’s election effort — although he said in an interview that it was unrelated to his corporate endeavors. for now, these operations in the united states generate little profit, compared to their overseas counterparts. they do follow u.s. rules, though. that does make a difference. “it’s a much less exciting product,” mr. bankman-fried said. advertisement continue reading the main story site index site information navigation 	©   the new york times company 	nytco 	contact us 	accessibility 	work with us 	advertise 	t brand studio 	your ad choices 	privacy policy 	terms of service 	terms of sale 	site map 	canada 	international 	help 	subscriptions the day the good internet died - the ringer skip to main content the ringer homepage 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 follow the ringer online: 	 	 	 site search search the ringer main menu 	 nba 	 nick week 	 nfl 	 podcasts 	 features 	 mcu 	 movies 	 tv 	 video 	 mlb 	 shop 	 music 	 more 	 nba 	 nick week 	 nfl 	 podcasts 	 bill simmons podcast 	 questions with kyle brandt 	 songs that explain the ’ s 	 bachelor party 	 the bakari sellers podcast 	 baseball bbq 	 the big picture 	 binge mode 	 black girl songbook 	 book of basketball . 	 boom/bust: hq trivia 	 the cam chronicles 	 the dave chang show 	 every single album: taylor swift 	 fairway rollin’ 	 fantasy football show 	 gamblers 	 gene and roger 	 higher learning 	 jam session 	 larry wilmore: black on the air 	 masked man show 	 the mismatch 	 mlb show 	 music show 	 new york, new york 	 nba show 	 nfl show 	 no skips with jinx and shea 	 the press box 	 r c 	 recipe club 	 the rewatchables 	 ringer dish 	 ringer fc 	 the ringer guide to the summer games 	 the ringer-verse 	 the rugby pod 	 the ryen russillo podcast 	 sonic boom 	 sound only 	 sports cards nonsense 	 tea time 	 tv concierge 	 the watch 	 what if? the len bias story 	 winging it 	 the wire: way down in the hole 	 latest episodes 	 all podcasts 	 features 	 mcu 	 movies 	 tv 	 video 	 mlb 	 shop 	 music ✕ filed under: 	 tech 	 pop culture the day the good internet died for a small slice of time, being online was a thrilling mix of discovery, collaboration, creativity, and chaotic potential. then google reader disappeared. by katie baker jul , , : pm edt share this story 	 share this on facebook 	 share this on twitter 	 share all sharing options share all sharing options for: the day the good internet died 	 flipboard 	 email rob dobi over the next week at the ringer, in honor of the release of woodstock : peace, love, and rage, we will explore events that changed the world as we knew it—specifically ones that marked the ends of established eras and triggered the beginnings of then-unknown futures. some will be overt and well established. others will be less trodden and perhaps more speculative. but all will entertain an immovable idea that when things die, there is someone or something that pulled the trigger. welcome to this is the end week. from my desk in a high-rise office building at the southern end of manhattan, i click and scroll and scroll and click. sometimes idly, with one eye on the clock; sometimes desperately, in lieu of the work i know i ought to be doing. i skim the sweaty getty images on the celebrity fashion blog go fug yourself and peruse the latest tidy musings from felix salmon, an arch reuters blogger who covers high and low finance alike. i read everything published on the awl (tagline: “be less stupid”) and most things published on consumerist. (emboldened by that site’s recurring pieces of advice, i decide to push back one day, out there in the real world, against one of those little “$ card minimum” signs at a grocer in soho. it does not go well and i will never attempt it again.) it’s the year , and i can’t get enough of the internet. i stare at the big picture’s gripping photos of deadly catastrophes around the globe. i parse cryptic, confusingly formatted bursts of internecine drama between tiny yet mighty tumblr accounts helmed by people whose various blog iterations i have parasocially followed since i was in college. i read posts about conlaw and santacon. i mostly keep a poker face, but when i do slip up and accidentally snicker or whisper “huh!” out loud, i play it off as though i’m reacting to something jim cramer or maria bartiromo just said on cnbc. with a critical eye i scan my own sub-rosa tumblr as if it belongs to another, trying to imagine how my squirrely curio of online fascinations—jason kottke reblogs; slideshows of martha stewart getting stitches; links to my own unhinged and unpaid rants about concepts like “preemptive irritation”—must come across in the eyes of another person. all of this is facilitated by google reader, a slim workhorse of a site launched in that uses pre-existing rss feed protocols to turn the chaos of the web into a pleasant lazy river of content. google reader is not the world’s first rss newsreader, nor will it be the last, and over the years plenty of internet power-users will sniff that it’s not even the best. but it’s the one that caught on. and using it requires little effort to yield satisfying, orderly rewards, kind of like tossing spare coins and crumpled bills into an old ceramic piggy bank and finding out, in return, that you have been granted access to a sleek, organized, and free swiss bank account. related steve wynn’s mirage transformed las vegas and the very idea of luxury the death of the all-powerful director google reader never judges, nor does it showboat. it swans under the radar, with a url that isn’t blocked by my office computer system the way louder social networks like twitter and facebook are. it has a look that is intentionally left blank. there are ads here and there, but way fewer. even its black box functionality, introduced in , is labeled with wry charm: a user can sift through feeds in chronological order or can choose to, in google’s words, “sort by magic.” i decide to see what happens if i sort my life by magic, too, and i leave that career for a totally new one. none of my loved ones are surprised, even if they can’t completely relate: the majority of them use the internet almost exclusively for work emails, online shopping, fantasy football, and/or keeping tabs on exes. they say well-meaning things to me like, “ah, you and your blogs!” in my new job, google reader becomes less of a diversion and more of a vital resource. i add a sub-category just for hockey blogs; i use the search function almost daily to resurface things i know i’ve read somewhere and want to quote in my work; i comment on the links shared by my colleagues. i can’t possibly know it yet, but life online is about as good as it will ever be. it’s the year , and i can’t get enough of the internet. this is an admission of defeat. it’s an acknowledgment of my worst tic, the one where i lie in bed until or a.m. and pull-to-refresh, pull-to-refresh, pull-to-refresh, until facebook or twitter or instagram or my email—or, in my lowest moments, nextdoor—brings me something, anything new. sometimes it’s that blasted “oh hello, are you doomscrolling?” twitter bot getting retweeted into my feed, or a growth-hacking prompt asking for a time you were so totally you back in the day. sometimes it’s a blurry photo of a former coworker’s third kid with the caption “tfw you’re the third kid…” or a comment thread in which a friendly neighbor unironically and repeatedly calls the california governor “gavin newsuck.” often it’s sponsored content, and i can never tell which service’s offerings leave me more unsettled: twitter’s bizarre ads and sponsored posts tend to feature either days-old, extremely specific midgame nba score updates or the wacky photobombs you have to see to believe!, whereas on instagram, the dtc marketing strikes are so hyper-targeted, so surgically precise, that they’re able to routinely home in on exactly the lamp made out of d-printed corn that i’ve always wanted in my life. such is the duality of the internet these days: it is both worse and better than ever, growing tackier as it strives for bespoke, hosting information so limitless that you can’t find any of it anymore. logging on feels like participating in the setup to a yogi berra . “terrible food, and such small portions!”–style joke—except that the punch line is about, like, public health statistics instead of prime rib. in the past week alone, the president of the united states and facebook, each citing the tech company’s handling of pandemic info, have bickered publicly about, oh, just facebook’s ratio of murderousness to societal benefit. (in other news, there’s a new space jam movie out with a villain who is an evil computer named “al-g rhythm.”) online is no longer primarily a furtive escape or a cherished outlet. it’s just where everyone always is: my parents, my job, my frenemies, joe biden, my kids’ preschool teachers, this one fuckin’ guy who once sat down next to me in a press box, introduced himself, and immediately asked why i’d unfollowed him. pull-to-refresh. pull-to-refresh. pull-to-refresh!!! the internet lasts forever, the internet never forgets. and yet it is also a place in which i feel confronted with an almost unbearable volume of daily reminders of its decay: broken links, abandoned blogs, apps gone by, deleted tweets (miss you always, ah-well-nevertheless!), too-cutesy messages, vanished vines, videos whose copyright holders have requested removal, lost material that the wayback machine never crawled, things i know i’ve read somewhere and want to quote in my work but just can’t seem to resurface the same way i used to be able to. some of these losses are silly and tiny, but others over the years have felt more monumental and telling. and when google reader disappeared in , it wasn’t just a tale of dwindling user numbers or of what one engineer later described as a rotted codebase. it was a sign of the crumbling of the very foundation upon which it had been built: the era of the good internet. “i don’t know about you, but i think google reader is among the best and most important pieces of technology in my life,” a health care blogger whom i followed via google reader wrote in october . “i’d give up my microwave way before my reader.” the offering certainly was, over the course of its to existence, an ideal showcase for some of the web’s prevailing strengths at the time—one of which was the emergence of the blogosphere, that backbone of what the good internet could be. thanks to platforms like blogger and wordpress, blogs—sorry, web logs—became simple for people to set up and maintain and explore. and those people were creative and fucked-up; brilliant and totally full of it. music tastemakers uploaded new mp s at the same, much-anticipated time every day. econ and politics and baseball wonks—having already studied the blade in message boards and forums—seamlessly transitioned to their new digs, engaging in endless, pedantic, blockquote-heavy arguments and harboring grudges among one another for years on end. (i say this with respect: i loved that shit.) stoners mined youtube for gold and blessed us with “highdeas” involving, variously, glue, al gore, and the concept of “breakup camp.” young mormon mothers wrote photo-heavy dispatches about their faith and their families and then went on to launch empires. the web seemed stubbornly decentralized yet also collaborative. even the antagonistic dudes out there (especially the antagonistic dudes!) were generous with their credit and links. writers began teaming up like irreverent voltrons at smart and scrappy group blogs, which drew lively and weird bunches of disparate commenters, many of whom started getting together at irl meetups. people even began to go pro, getting paid to blog. imagine that: paid to blog! google had purchased blogger back in , and in an interview with playboy in , founder sergey brin outlined a vision for his company that felt extremely bloggy: “we want to get you out of google and to the right place as fast as possible,” he said. but nothing gold can stay, and as smartphones and tablets and apps and social networks began to supplement and then supplant the simple-text-on-a-desktop experience near the start of the s, google’s corporate frame of mind shifted ever-inward. in late , the company announced that it would be phasing out things like those handy google reader commenting features to make way for a more shoehorned-in integration with the company’s newest soon-to-be-failed ambition, google+. the decision to tinker with google reader riled up online factions ranging from iranian protestors to inquisitive grad students, one of whom started a petition that garnered a hundred thousand signatures and media attention but ultimately led nowhere, at the same time that other tech companies were suddenly everywhere. a few months later, in early , facebook leveled up, buying instagram and holding a $ billion ipo, a big step in its march toward domestic and geopolitical domination. by late twitter went public, too, formalizing the rise of another social media service whose link- (and take-!) sharing capabilities had slowly encroached upon google reader’s turf for years. by that point, though, google reader didn’t really have turf left. it wasn’t just the program’s sharing features that had been disabled by corporate mandate. it was the whole thing, shuttered in its entirety in july by its mothership. i do hope that guy kept his microwave. that i continue to dwell on this so many years later makes me a total cliché, an online version of the person who insists that all the best music, greatest sports dynasties, and funniest episodes of saturday night live were the ones that just so happened to come out or take place when they were in high school. “you don’t miss google reader,” wrote tom fish on his substack last fall, after reports that the hip email-newsletter service was going to test out a centralized feed-style hub drew numerous nostalgic comparisons to the late website, “you miss college.” buddy, i had already graduated, thankyouverymuch! my friends: you need to let it go and move on with your life me: pic.twitter.com/ esxxn ttp — matt haughey (@mathowie) august , he does make a good point, though, one that dovetails with an email to me from brett keller, that once-upon-a-time grad student who started the save google reader petition. the end of google reader “looks more like a symptom than a cause of the decline,” keller says. “there was definitely this slow shift away from blogging on open platforms and linking back and forth.” services like digg reader were hastily fast-tracked in the post–google reader vacuum, and other rss programs had existed for years. but they didn’t achieve the same sort of mainstream attention, in part because a great deal of the content that they were designed to handle best had already started to change. in reality, those traditional blogs had been going dormant for years, and the medium continued to lose people and places—to the lucre of youtube or instagram, or to the litigious tag-team of hulk hogan and peter thiel, or to the micro-ease of twitter or tumblr. (the trajectory of tumblr was ultimately a canary in the coal mine all its own: the once-trendy microblogging platform was purchased for more than a billion bucks by yahoo! in , in a deal that involved ceo marissa mayer promising, “we will not screw this up” and lots of arguments over porn. in , the remnants of tumblr were purchased by wordpress operator automattic for less than $ million, reportedly.) it makes sense to create content in the same place you consume it. why futz around with a separate blog when you can just post stuff on facebook and snapchat? did a good internet ever even exist, or am i just nostalgic for my youth? if you were to ask me to name the world’s greatest living blogger, i would immediately name alex balk, whose grumpy, self-referential blog the minor fall, the major lift is widely acknowledged good internet canon alongside the awl, the website he cofounded with choire sicha. and no less an authority than balk has, over the years, gone on record with several incontrovertible internet laws. one of them is that “everything you hate about the internet is actually everything you hate about people.” another is that the worst thing about the internet is “knowing what everyone thinks about everything.” the last is the one that, in light of everything we’ve been through since he wrote it in , is almost scary to contemplate. “if you think the internet is terrible now,” he wrote on the awl, in the tone of an er nurse who has truly seen it all, “just wait a while. the moment you were just in was as good as it got. the stuff you shake your head about now will seem like fucking shakespeare in .” dave winer, one of the early creators of rss, has also pushed back on the idea that the end of google reader doomed the good internet. in early , responding to a piece on the subject in the new republic, he tweeted that if there really were a good internet—and if it were indeed dead—then it would logically follow that “the billion people using facebook are possessed by demons and nothing is happening there beyond pure evil.” on the one hand: he admit it! on the other hand, it helps to view the idea of the good internet less as a literal value judgment and more like a moniker for, say, an architectural style: recognizable, influential, a marriage of structure and aesthetics, sometimes fresh and sometimes passé. which means it is always up for critique—a lot of those old blogs were, objectively, corny as hell!—as well as revival. in , deposed gawker blogfather nick denton predicted at south by southwest that “the good internet will rise up again.” and in some places it already has: matt levine’s bloomberg newsletters are the platonic ideal of the form. podcasts—another technology buoyed early on by rss—have that mix of collegiality and conflict that once made blogs so readable. slack and discord conversations carry the dna of both ’ s irc chat rooms and ’ s comment sections. you want unedited independent voices? hello, substack! you’re looking for zany collaboration? we live in a golden age of diy ratatouille musicals!!! it’s easy to gaze back over the smoldering ruins of websites past, or to get overwhelmed by where we find ourselves in the über-corporate and volatile digital present. but there are also a lot of people—a lot of skilled, diverse, outrageous people—for whom the online experience is one of plowing forward. perhaps some of these talented teens on tiktok have a lot of good internet in them to share yet. it’s the year , and i can’t get enough of the internet. ever since my family got our first modem in the mid-’ s, i have poured all my energies into exploring this strange new cyberspace, operating with the giddy abandon of a kid running through each room in a new house but also the lurking stealth of a shark nosing around, searching for cracks and vulnerabilities in its enclosure. prodigy and aol and eworld discs? installed ’em all! my dad’s credit card number? memorized, baby! it has come to a point where a great deal of my human existence has revolved around my strange, and occasionally secretive, online life. i have been employed by a dot-com chat room startup, and pictured in businessweek, and have traveled to the macworld expo multiple times and in multiple cities, basically following steve jobs around as if he were the frontman of a band. i have earned stock options that rocketed before expiring totally worthless; i have abided by child labor laws governing the number of hours i could be paid to be a mod. i have acquired jam band concert bootlegs via usenet and won auctions for nhl light switch covers on ebay. i have lied about my age and my circumstances—though not my name—on message boards and in chat rooms; i have gone so far as to meet men from the internet under these false pretenses. i have lied, mostly by omission, to my irl best friends about all of this. i am going on years old, a senior in high school. sign up for the the ringer newsletter thanks for signing up! check your inbox for a welcome email. email (required) by signing up, you agree to our privacy notice and european users agree to the data transfer policy. subscribe as a joint graduation/birthday present i receive my first cellphone, a baby-blue nokia. all the dorms at college are equipped with the latest in ethernet port technology. wikipedia is brand spanking new. facebook and youtube don’t exist, though by the time i graduate, both will. in , during the summer financial analyst internship that will turn into my first job, i will watch as cnbc covers the news of google going public for just shy of $ billion. for several years i will use my company’s mail trays to send back my red netflix dvd envelopes and feel a small sense of wonder, a little jolt of this is the future, every time the system works. my roommate will sit down to use my computer to look up some crush or another on facebook one night and then tease me when my internet browser, upon launch, automatically populates about a dozen tabs’ worth of all my favorite sports and political and entertainment websites. ah, me and my blogs! looking for a better system, i will find google reader. over the years—some of them the most formative of my life—i will use it, clicking and scrolling, scrolling and clicking. i will grow overwhelmed by how much there always is that i haven’t yet read, the same way i feel when i enter a bookstore or eye the new yorkers stacked up at home. i will scroll until i’m certain that i’ve reached the very end of the internet itself, like jim carrey at the end of the truman show, bumping up against the outer edge of my world. at some point over the years, google reader will start asking me whether i want to sort by magic. i do, and i will click yes. years later, i’ll still chase that magic, even as i wonder whether it ever existed at all. next up in tech 	 the rise of the $ million disc golf celebrity 	 more nba playoff reactions, the nft market, and sgc vs. psa grading 	 luka! plus: the bucks and big tech craziness with ben thompson. plus: three decades of counting crows with adam duritz. 	 how soundscan changed everything we knew about popular music 	 cryptocurrency, the black wealth gap, and corporate diversity with john rogers 	 newsletters and social media are already one and the same most read 	 kawhi leonard’s contract extension sets the clippers’ title window leonard could have taken a two-year deal or waited to bank in on a larger, five-year extension. instead, his new four-year agreement splits the difference and gives him—and los angeles—a more clear timeline for a championship push. 	 the best nickelodeon character bracket final: spongebob vs. tommy at last, it all comes down to this: an original nicktoon against the contemporary face of the network. who will prevail? 	 metta sandiford-artest on his journey after the malice at the palace seerat is joined by the nba champion to talk about learning his family’s history, growing up in queensbridge, and listening to nas 	 our hopes and predictions for the ‘avatar: the last airbender’ movie with the formation of avatar studios, a new animated theatrical movie will start production this year. we place our bets on what to expect from the film and the beloved nick franchise at large. 	 ‘the bad batch’ finds a small home in the ‘star wars’ universe the animated series, which wrapped its first season on friday, isn’t as flashy as ‘the mandalorian,’ but finds ways to reward the people most invested in its story sign up for the the ringer newsletter thanks for signing up! check your inbox for a welcome email. email (required) by signing up, you agree to our privacy notice and european users agree to the data transfer policy. subscribe the latest metta sandiford-artest on his journey after the malice at the palace seerat is joined by the nba champion to talk about learning his family’s history, growing up in queensbridge, and listening to nas by seerat sohi a conclusive list of celebrities who shower, plus a bennifer update and ‘dear john’ plus, the ‘tea time’ crew discusses lily rose depp’s new boyfriend and try to figure out who gave john stamos a ‘people’ cover by liz kelly, kate halliwell, and more the field of dreams game went better than even mlb could’ve hoped. plus: the mets and red sox are in free fall. plus, baumann, ben and zach discuss the two-man al mvp race between shohei ohtani and vlad guerrero jr by michael baumann, ben lindbergh, and more mirin fader on her new giannis antetokounmpo biography plus, verno and koc dive into all of their summer league observations by chris vernon, kevin o'connor, and more kawhi leonard’s contract extension sets the clippers’ title window leonard could have taken a two-year deal or waited to bank in on a larger, five-year extension. instead, his new four-year agreement splits the difference and gives him—and los angeles—a more clear timeline for a championship push. by dan devine ‘the bad batch’ finds a small home in the ‘star wars’ universe the animated series, which wrapped its first season on friday, isn’t as flashy as ‘the mandalorian,’ but finds ways to reward the people most invested in its story by ben lindbergh 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 chorus 	terms of service 	privacy notice 	cookie policy 	do not sell my info 	communications preferences 	accessibility 	platform status 	adjust cookie preferences 	contact 	send us a tip 	masthead an sb nation affiliate site advertise with us jobs @ the ringer content © the ringer all rights reserved 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 	 	 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 		 	 share this story 	 twitter 	 facebook <geogname> geographic name | eadiva toggle navigation about blog me 	contact 	list of elements 	alphabetical list of elements 	sample ead files 	 submit 	 	a plain-talking ead tag library 	 		home 	about 	list of elements 	alphabetical element list 	sample ead files 	blog 	me 	contact 	 	 		 			 				<geogname> geographic name 				 				 					<geogname> is the proper noun designation for a place, natural feature, or political jurisdiction. not all places need to be tagged, but those for which greater retrieval should be provided may be tagged. the element may be used to tag any function during a paragraph, with the normal attribute supplying the proper form of the term. geographic names which feature significantly in the material should be listed within <controlaccess> even if they are indicated elsewhere. <geogname> may be used within <controlaccess>, <entry>, <event>, <extref>, <extrefloc>, <indexentry>, <item>, <label>, <namegrp>, <p>, <physdesc>, <physfacet>, <ref>, <refloc>, and <unittitle>. attributes 	altrender – not required. use if the content of the element should be displayed or printed differently than the rendering established in a style sheet for other occurrences of the element. 	audience – not required. use to set whether the element’s contents will be visible to external users or to internal ones. possible values are: “internal” and “external.” 	id – not required. creates an id for element. can be used for linking. 	authfilenumber – not required. a number that identifies the authority file record for an access term drawn from that authority file (the source for this number/the access term should be in source). 	encodinganalog – not required. may contain information to map this tag to marc fields or . 	normal – not required. can be used to provide the authority form if the name is being used informally within narrative text, etc. 	role – not required. may be used to designate the role which the name played in the collection, e.g. “subject.” 	rules – not required. may be used to specify the descriptive rules followed when forming the name. 	source – not required. the source of the controlled vocabulary, e.g. “lcsh” for library of congress subject headings. subelements <geogname> may contain pcdata, <emph>, <extptr>, <lb />, and <ptr>. examples 	<bioghist> ... <p>... during this period, she lived in several locations in <geogname normal="mindanao island (philippines)" source="lcsh">mindanao</geogname> and taught at the <corpname source="lcsh">central mindanao university</corpname>.</p> <bioghist> <bioghist> ... <p>... during this period, she lived in several locations in <geogname normal="mindanao island (philippines)" source="lcsh">mindanao</geogname> and taught at the <corpname source="lcsh">central mindanao university</corpname>.</p> <bioghist> 	<controlaccess> 	<head>subjects:</head> 	<corpname source="lcsh">central mindanao university</corpname> 	<geogname source="lcsh">mindanao island (philippines)</geogname> 	<corpname source="lcsh">peace corps (u.s.)</corpname> </controlaccess> <controlaccess> 	<head>subjects:</head> 	<corpname source="lcsh">central mindanao university</corpname> 	<geogname source="lcsh">mindanao island (philippines)</geogname> 	<corpname source="lcsh">peace corps (u.s.)</corpname> </controlaccess> ead tag library entry for <geogname>. 				 			 						 			 				this is the ead version of this element. if you are looking for the ead element page, please visit the current eadiva.com element page. 				 				 	 search 	using the site 	official library of congress ead links 	ead official site 	introduction to attributes 	general attributes 	tabular attributes 	linking attributes 	ead crosswalks 	ead examples 	resources 	describing archives: a content standard, second edition 	eac-cpf tag library 	ead best practices (loc) 	ohiolink ead taskforce pages 	us institution codes 	list of langcode values 	software 	archivists’ toolkit 	installing archivists’ toolkit on your computer 	archon 	archivesspace the eadiva ead tag library was created by ruth kitchin tillman. the ead tag library is copyright © the society of american archivists, . used with permission of the society of american archivists. original design by red. site recoded and redesigned by ruth tillman. 	 behind the controversy at basecamp - the verge skip to main content filed under: 	 policy breaking camp basecamp announced it would ban “societal and political discussions” at work. but the hardest conversations at work were about the company itself. by casey newton@caseynewton apr , , : pm edt illustration by alex castro share this story 	 share this on facebook 	 share this on twitter 	 share all sharing options share all sharing options for: breaking camp 	 linkedin 	 reddit 	 pocket 	 flipboard 	 email i. the controversy that embroiled enterprise software maker basecamp this week began more than a decade ago, with a simple list of customers. around , basecamp customer service representatives began keeping a list of names that they found funny. more than a decade later, current employees were so mortified by the practice that none of them would give me a single example of a name on the list. one invoked the sorts of names bart simpson used to use when prank calling moe the bartender: amanda hugginkiss, seymour butz, mike rotch. many of the names were of american or european origin. but others were asian, or african, and eventually the list — titled “best names ever” — began to make people uncomfortable. what once had felt like an innocent way to blow off steam, amid the ongoing cultural reckoning over speech and corporate responsibility, increasingly looked inappropriate, and often racist. several employees, though, are already making their exit plans discussion about the list and how the company ought to hold itself accountable for creating it led directly to ceo jason fried announcing tuesday that basecamp would ban employees from holding “societal and political discussions” on the company’s internal chat forums. the move, which has sparked widespread discussion in silicon valley, follows a similar move from cryptocurrency company coinbase last year. fried’s memo was revised and updated several times; co-founder david heinemeier hansson followed with one of his own. together, they are two of the most outspoken leaders in the entire tech industry on issues related to company culture, remote work, and collaboration. the company has published five books on work culture, one of which was a new york times bestseller. but both of their posts avoided discussing the actual series of events that had led up to the policies, which were related directly to the workplace. in fact, the events all took place on basecamp’s own software, which it sells to other companies on the promise of improving cohesion and reducing stress in the workplace. employees say the founders’ memos unfairly depicted their workplace as being riven by partisan politics, when in fact the main source of the discussion had always been basecamp itself. “at least in my experience, it has always been centered on what is happening at basecamp,” said one employee — who, like most of those i spoke with today, requested anonymity so as to freely discuss internal deliberations. “what is being done at basecamp? what is being said at basecamp? and how it is affecting individuals? it has never been big political discussions, like ‘the postal service should be disbanded,’ or ‘i don’t like amy klobuchar.’” “a lot of people are gonna have a tough time living with that” interviews with a half-dozen basecamp employees over the past day paint a portrait of a company where workers sought to advance basecamp’s commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion by having sensitive discussions about the company’s own failures. after months of fraught conversations, fried and his co-founder, david heinemeier hansson moved to shut those conversations down. ”in the end, we feel like this is the long-term healthy way forward for basecamp as a whole — the company and our products,” fried wrote in his blog post. several employees, though, are already making their exit plans. basecamp, which makes workplace collaboration tools and launched the email service hey last year, has long been recognized for producing “opinionated software.” “we’ve hired opinionated people, we’ve created opinionated software, and now basically the company has said, ‘well, your opinions don’t really matter — unless it’s directly related to business,’” one told me. “a lot of people are gonna have a tough time living with that.” ii. in december, a new hire at basecamp volunteered to help the company work on diversity issues. posting on a long-dormant thread in the basecamp software, which resembles a message board, the employee sought other volunteers to begin working on de&i issues. there was reason to believe that the co-founders would be receptive. in , after basecamp had been around for years, fried wrote an essay in inc. about the company’s weak record on diversity issues. “i believe a company is at its best when it reflects those it serves,” fried wrote. “if you fill a room with random employees and random customers, an outside observer should have trouble telling them apart.” last year, in the wake of the racial justice protest that swept the country, hansson had encouraged employees to read between the world and me, a memoir by ta-nehisi coates, and the new jim crow, michelle alexander’s exploration of the racist nature of mass incarceration. both founders are also active — and occasionally hyperactive — on twitter, where they regularly advocate for mainstream liberal and progressive views on social issues. “just a gross violation of the trust” while basecamp does not publish diversity statistics, it is still, like most tech companies, majority white and male, employees said. but the idea of worker-led efforts on diversity issues got a frosty reception from the founders last year, employees told me. they were allowed to work on the project, but did not feel as if the founders were particularly invested in the outcome. nonetheless, the de&i council attracted significant support. more than a third of the company — out of roughly employees — volunteered to help. they began examining basecamp’s hiring processes, which vendors the company works with, how basecamp employees socialize, and what speakers they might invite to one of the all-remote company’s twice-yearly in-person gatherings. in the aftermath of these discussions, employees began to discuss the list of customer names. on april , two employees posted an apology on the internal basecamp for having contributed to the list in the past. the employee responsible for initially creating it had left the company. but while previous versions of the list had been deleted, copies had resurfaced. the employees noted that there had never been an internal reckoning over the list, and said it was important to discuss why making fun of customers’ names had been wrong. the apology included an image of “the pyramid of hate,” an illustration created by the anti-defamation league to show how the most extreme acts of extremist violence are enabled by a foundation of biased attitudes and acts of bias. a day later, hansson responded with a post of his own. he had conducted a forensic analysis of who created the document and how it had spread around the company. he called it a systemic failure on the company’s part. in a conversation with me today, he acknowledged that he and fried had known about the list for years. “there was some awareness at the time within the company that that list had existed and it wasn’t acted upon. that is squarely on jason’s and my record.” the list, he said, “in itself is just a gross violation of the trust … it’s just wrong in all sorts of fundamental ways.” employees responded mostly positively to the first part of this note. but hansson went further, taking exception to the use of the pyramid of hate in a workplace discussion. he told me today that attempting to link the list of customer names to potential genocide represented a case of “catastrophizing” — one that made it impossible for any good-faith discussions to follow. presumably, any employees who are found contributing to genocidal attitudes should be fired on the spot — and yet nobody involved seemed to think that contributing to or viewing the list was a fireable offense. if that’s the case, hansson said, then the pyramid of hate had no place in the discussion. to him, it escalated employees’ emotions past the point of being productive. for a small company, basecamp has taken an outsized number of political stances hansson wanted to acknowledge the situation as a failure and move on. but when employees who had been involved in the list wanted to continue talking about it, he grew exasperated. “you are the person you are complaining about,” he thought. employees took a different view. in a response to hansson’s post, one employee noted that the way we treat names — especially foreign names — is deeply connected to social and racial hierarchies. just a few weeks earlier, eight people had been killed in a shooting spree in atlanta. six of the victims were women of asian descent, and their names had sometimes been mangled in press reports. (the asian american journalists association responded by issuing a pronunciation guide.) the point was that dehumanizing behavior begins with very small actions, and it did not seem like too much to ask basecamp’s founders to acknowledge that. hansson’s response to this employee took aback many of the workers i spoke with. he dug through old chat logs to find a time when the employee in question participated in a discussion about a customer with a funny-sounding name. hansson posted the message — visible to the entire company — and dismissed the substance of the employee’s complaint. two other employees were sufficiently concerned by the public dressing-down of a colleague that they filed complaints with basecamp’s human resources officer. (hr declined to take action against the company co-founder.) less than two weeks later, fried announced the new company policies. iii. when coinbase announced its ban on internal political discussions last year, some managers i spoke with praised the move for the clarity it brought to the workplace. by making workplace chat a politics-free zone, coinbase was freeing employees to do the work they were hired to, rather than wage partisan warfare on the job. it’s no surprise, then, that coinbase ceo brian armstrong was among those who praised basecamp’s moves this week: “another mission focused company,” he tweeted, followed by the emoji for applause. “it takes courage in these times.” what that view misses, i think, is how confusing rules like these are to employees. one basecamp worker i spoke with today, who requested anonymity, wondered the extent to which parenting issues could be raised at work. “how do you talk about raising kids without talking about society?” the employee said. “as soon as i bring up public schools, then it’s already political.” the move was received more as a shift to willful ignorance jane yang, a data analyst at the company, told me that restricting internal conversations would negatively affect diversity and inclusion efforts. for example, she said, the company’s profit-sharing plan gave more profits to people who have longer tenure — a group that is majority white and male. making that discussion off-limits internally could ensure that inequality in profit sharing becomes a structural feature of the company. (yang also wrote an open letter to the founders about her experiences at the company.) that confusion is compounded by the fact that, for a small company, basecamp has taken an outsized number of political stances — all of which employees are encouraged to discuss. most prominently, the company and its founders have been vocal critics of apple’s percent tax on in-app purchases. but it has also involved itself in politics at a much lower level: in basecamp let a candidate for chicago mayor use its office in the west loop as a campaign headquarters. basecamp employees are encouraged to discuss the company’s own political positions — or, perhaps more accurately, the founders’ political positions — as much as they like. keeping track of which issues of the moment are up for discussion thus becomes one more chunk of mental overhead for employees who are already struggling. “they are not interested in seeing things in their work timeline that make them uncomfortable” hansson told me that the rules are not draconian — no one is going to be bounced out the door for occasionally straying out of bounds. the founders’ goal is to reset the culture and focus on making products, he said, not to purge political partisans from the workforce. but to employees, the move was received more as a shift to willful ignorance — about the world around them, and about the lived experiences of the employees who occupied it. “there’s always been this kind of unwritten rule at basecamp that the company basically exists for david and jason’s enjoyment,” one employee told me. “at the end of the day, they are not interested in seeing things in their work timeline that make them uncomfortable, or distracts them from what they’re interested in. and this is the culmination of that.” this column was co-published with platformer, a daily newsletter about big tech and democracy. in this stream the story of basecamp’s disastrous policy 	 basecamp ceo apologizes to staff in new post: ‘we have a lot to learn’  	 behind the controversy at basecamp view all stories google a judge has ruled that google infringed on sonos’ patents policy twitter pauses its verification program rollout after giving fake accounts blue checks policy facebook shut down german research on instagram algorithm, researchers say view all stories in policy chorus 	terms of use 	privacy notice 	cookie policy 	do not sell my personal info 	licensing faq 	accessibility 	platform status 	contact 	tip us 	community guidelines 	about 	ethics statement vox media vox media logo. advertise with us jobs @ vox media © vox media, llc. all rights reserved share this story 	 twitter 	 facebook none cryptocurrency debate slows infrastructure bill - the washington post skip to main contentsearch input sections sections democracy dies in darknesssign in sign in democracy dies in darkness business how cryptocurrency became a powerful force in washington the infrastructure bill is in part stalled as negotiations proceed on how closely to regulate the crypto industry attendees take part in the bitcoin convention, a cryptocurrency conference held in june in miami, which drew an estimated , people. as the infrastructure bill moves forward and lawmakers and regulators seek to rein in the industry, cryptocurrency companies are increasing their presence on capitol hill. (joe raedle/photographer: joe raedle/getty i) by todd c. frankel ,  jeff stein ,  jacqueline alemany and  hamza shaban   august , at : p.m. edt by todd c. frankel ,  jeff stein ,  jacqueline alemany and  hamza shaban   august , at : p.m. edt at : p.m. wednesday, the message went out on twitter: “crypto red alert!” the message, from a left-leaning tech advocacy group called fight for the future, urged people to call u.s. senators to object to one provision of new rules for cryptocurrencies in the massive federal infrastructure bill. senate offices were swamped with phone calls. opposition to the provision came from the likes of jack dorsey, the head of twitter and square, and brian brooks, a top banking regulator during the trump administration who had become a key crypto executive. support our journalism. subscribe today. and after years of debate over how to improve america’s infrastructure, and months of sensitive negotiations between the white house and lawmakers, the $ trillion bipartisan infrastructure proposal suddenly stalled in part because of concerns about how government would regulate an industry best known for wild financial speculation, memes — and its role in ransomware attacks. advertisement story continues below advertisement on saturday, the senate took a procedural step toward passing the infrastructure bill — expected to occur over the next few days — but remained divided over how heavy a hand government should take in overseeing the industry. the senate voted to advance a $ trillion infrastructure package on aug. , an important procedural step forward after months of negotiations. (reuters) sen. rob portman (r-ohio) and the biden administration had agreed on a proposal that would give federal regulators authority to impose new tax reporting obligations on cryptocurrency brokers, which enable traders to buy and sell cryptocurrency. the crypto provisions emerged as lawmakers struggled to find ways to pay for the bill, with nonpartisan estimates suggesting the tax changes — which would codify work the internal revenue service was beginning to undertake — would increase federal revenue by about $ billion over years. but an odd-couple coalition of liberals concerned about government overreach into tech and conservatives skeptical of financial regulation have pushed back strongly against the plan, which, they argue, would harm innovation. advertisement story continues below advertisement the disagreement has led to a days-long stalemate — continuing saturday — in which negotiators fiercely contested details over which parts of the complicated cryptocurrency sector would be subject to the new requirements. regardless of the measure’s ultimate fate, the fact that crypto regulation has become one of the biggest stumbling blocks to passage of the bill underscored how the industry has become a political force in washington — and previewed a series of looming battles over a financial technology attracting billions of dollars of interest from wall street, silicon valley and financial players around the world, but that few still understand. “what i think you’re seeing is the maturing of the industry — you see the crypto folks now understanding how washington can influence their world and washington learning a little bit about the technology,” said mick mulvaney, former chief of staff under president donald trump, one of several former officials to be recruited to the crypto industry in recent years. advertisement story continues below advertisement “one of the challenges that legislators face is they are still learning the language of crypto,” said mulvaney, who joined the advisory board at the blockchain trade group chamber of digital commerce in september. cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange that allows people to transfer value to others without needing a government overseeing it or a financial institution acting as a middleman. cryptocurrencies have ballooned into a $ . trillion industry from nothing in a little over a decade. there are bitcoin, ethereum, xrp and many others. all are digital currencies with transactions recorded in a decentralized system. once an obscure fascination of the tech set, cryptocurrencies today are close to mainstream acceptance, with growing interest from institutional investors — as well as lawmakers and financial regulators who see the potential for misconduct. senate infrastructure bill would add hundreds of billions of dollars to the deficit, cbo says the companies also have beefed up lobbying efforts, attracting a bipartisan set of former officials. advertisement story continues below advertisement max baucus (d), the former montana senator, landed a job earlier this year advising cryptocurrency exchange binance. in may, rosa rios, u.s. treasurer during president obama’s administration, joined the board of blockchain start-up ripple. cryptocurrency firms today have nearly registered lobbyists. five years ago, they had one, according to the center for responsive politics. they are also on track to spend more than $ million on lobbying this year, twice the total from just last year. “they see the writing on the wall and they want to get ahead of regulations,” said casey burgat, director of george washington university’s legislative affairs program. “i’m just surprised it took them this long to ‘lobby up.’” bitcoin faq: a detailed guide to cryptocurrency and why senators are fighting about how to tax it in the infrastructure bill but suspicion of this new kind of money runs high. cryptocurrency — celebrated for being largely untraceable — faces criticism for its potential role in drug-dealing, money laundering and online ransomware attacks. some enthusiastic supporters also draw quizzical looks for claims that the technology has the potential to create beneficial societal changes and total freedom from central banking powers. the technology has also generated concerns about its potential to worsen climate change by demanding huge amounts of energy to produce the coins. chuck robbins said the groups perpetrating ransomware attacks have established something like a business model, asking reasonable ransoms that can be paid and establishing credibility by being ”honest brokers.” “what these actors are doing, they’re actually quite smart about it. they’re placing reasonable requests, they understand what you’re able to afford, and so they’re putting amounts in play that they know you can pay. you know, they’re not asking you to put $ million or a billion dollars in bitcoin. they’re asking for reasonable amounts. and the other thing is they’re honest brokers, they actually do what they say they’re going to do so they have credibility when they go to the next one… it’s almost a business model they’ve established.” (washington post live) attempts to craft regulations are unusually difficult because cryptocurrency and its digital recording system known as blockchain are notoriously complex topics. that leaves plenty of room for lobbying members of congress who are unlikely to have a deep understanding, some officials say. advertisement story continues below advertisement senators on saturday were searching for a path of compromise between two different approaches. one, favored by the crypto industry and advanced by sens. patrick j. toomey (r-pa.), ron wyden (d-ore.) and cynthia m. lummis (r-wyo.), would specifically exempt cryptocurrency miners and software developers from new tax reporting obligations that they say would prove impossible technically to meet. cryptocurrencies depend on “miners,” individuals and firms who through complex computing processes produce digital coins, such as bitcoin. the biden administration has maintained it has no intention to impose the reporting requirements on miners, but expressed concern that including broad exemptions could provide a loophole exploited by the industry to avoid tax compliance. in an effort to find a middle ground, the administration and sens. rob and mark r. warner (d-va.) proposed exempting only one category of cryptocurrency miners, but under intense industry blowback agreed on saturday to broaden their proposal to include another substantial category of mining. but those concessions did not, as of saturday afternoon, appear likely to satisfy wyden, lummis and toomey, who want much broader exemptions. advertisement story continues below advertisement the various political coalitions that have emerged around the issue do not fall neatly along partisan lines. toomey, an advocate of laissez faire economic policies, has praised the innovative technology. he’s one of the few lawmakers on capitol hill who has in recent months, as the top republican on the senate banking committee, made it his mission to understand and embrace blockchain technology, hiring a crypto expert for his staff and becoming a go-to for the industry. wyden has been drawn to the issue as one of the senate’s biggest privacy hawks. lummis, meanwhile, has billed herself as the first bitcoin owner to be elected to the senate and represents a state that has become a hub for cryptocurrency innovation. portman and warner, who have been working closely with treasury officials to craft legislative text that provides regulators more power, have close ties to wall street and the banking industry — the systems some say cryptocurrency has the potential to upend. advertisement story continues below advertisement meanwhile, liberals like sens. elizabeth warren (d-mass.) and sherrod brown (d-ohio), who have pressed regulators to ramp up oversight of what they’ve described as an unstable and volatile market that poses a risk to consumers, could ultimately align with conservative national security hawks who view crypto as a growing opportunity for terrorists, money launderers and other criminals. after years of hoping to avoid government oversight, many in the cryptocurrency world have shifted gears. they see regulation as inevitable. in their eyes, it is better to try to have a role in writing the new rules. it’s a realization familiar to other industries, such as gambling or marijuana, which once sought to avoid the glare of the federal government. but they all want the blessing to operate nationwide, said george washington’s burgat. he pointed to the decision by former house speaker john a. boehner (r-ohio) to join the board of the public cannabis company acreage holdings in . advertisement story continues below advertisement “we do need a legal framework that supports this ecosystem,” said perianne boring, head of the chamber of digital commerce. “that does require engagement with regulators and policymakers.” cryptocurrency brawl bogs down infrastructure bill, as yellen, white house fight changes after the initial bipartisan infrastructure legislation containing cryptocurrency provisions was unveiled, the sector’s nascent lobbying force sprang into action. the blockchain association, a washington-based trade group whose membership has more than quadrupled since , immediately began to team up with other crypto groups and businesses, such as coin center and digital currency group. they coordinated lobbying efforts over google meet video calls and encrypted messages on signal. they used google sheets to track congressional office contacts. “this is a whole new level of coordination and effectiveness that the cryptocurrency industry has been able to have in washington,” said kristin smith, executive director of the blockchain association. “this week has to me felt like a completely different experience than anything else we have taken on as a group before,” smith said. cryptocurrency’s cause has drawn support from silicon valley figures including venture capitalists marc andreessen and ben horowitz as well as big-name investors including dallas mavericks owner mark cuban. crypto’s most vocal proponents believe the hostility toward the industry stems from a failure to look past all the speculation over tokens and ignoring the business opportunities that blockchain technology can generate. cuban, who’s backing a host of crypto-related businesses, likened the potential of the budding technology to the rise of the internet. “shutting off this growth engine would be the equivalent of stopping e-commerce in because people were afraid of credit card fraud. or regulating the creation of websites because some people initially thought they were complicated and didn’t understand what they would ever amount to,” he said in an email to the post. amid explosive growth of cryptocurrencies, top regulators hold meeting on stablecoins the parallels between cryptocurrency’s current battle and how “big tech” once approached regulation are notable. just as leaders of san francisco’s tech scene once swore off the “dirty business” of advocacy but later engaged in politics, the cryptocurrency industry increasingly realizes the influence game can work to its advantage, especially as suspicion and scrutiny mount in washington. even as cryptocurrency was fighting to change language in the infrastructure bill, a new potential battle emerged. it started when sec chairman gary gensler said in a speech at the aspen security forum tuesday that he believes most cryptocurrencies should be regulated as securities. “i believe we have a crypto market now where many tokens may be unregistered securities, without required disclosures or market oversight,” gensler said. “this leaves prices open to manipulation. this leaves investors vulnerable.” a day later, brian quintenz, a republican on the commodity futures trading commission, argued that cryptocurrencies were, in fact, commodities rather than securities. “just so we’re all clear here,” quintenz said in a tweet, “the sec has no authority over pure commodities or their trading venues, whether those commodities are wheat, gold, oil … or #crypto assets.” the ongoing disputes over what cryptocurrencies even are signal the depths of the potential problems faced by the industry. “any industry wants to be involved in regulation discussions,” said reid yager, a former lobbyist and current director of communications at blockhaus, a blockchain marketing firm. “but explaining all this to a septuagenarian lawmaker is a huge challenge. comments gift article today's headlines the most important news stories of the day, curated by post editors and delivered every morning. today’s headlinesthe most important news stories of the day, curated by post editors and delivered every morning. email address by signing up you agree to our terms of use and privacy policy about us 	public relations 	careers 	diversity & inclusion 	newspaper in education 	today's paper 	wp creative group 	events 	policies & standards get the post 	home delivery 	digital subscription 	gift subscriptions 	mobile & apps 	newsletters & alerts 	washington post live 	reprints & permissions 	post store 	books & ebooks 	e-replica help 	contact the newsroom 	contact customer care 	reader representative 	advertise 	licensing & syndication 	request a correction 	send a news tip 	report a vulnerability terms of use 	digital products terms of sale 	print products terms of sale 	terms of service 	privacy policy 	submissions & discussion policy 	rss terms of service 	ad choices washingtonpost.com © - the washington post 	washingtonpost.com 	© - the washington post 	contact the newsroom 	contact customer care 	request a correction 	send a news tip 	report a vulnerability 	download the washington post app 	policies & standards 	terms of service 	privacy policy 	print products terms of sale 	digital products terms of sale 	submissions & discussion policy 	rss terms of service 	ad choices building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries - research libraries uk 		skip to content 	 		 		 			 			 				 			 				 					 	 					 			 						 			 			 					 		 			home 	about us	executive 	board of directors 	our members 	our history 	our work	reshaping scholarship: rluk strategy - 			our strategy reflects the commitment of our libraries to transformations in research, innovation in collections, and cultural change in our institutions. 		 	capturing covid- 			capturing covid- is a series of activities undertaken by rluk, which aims to understand the impact of the pandemic on member institutions and the wider higher education sector. 		 	covid- and the digital shift in action report 	rluk – ahrc scoping study 			the role of academic and research libraries as active participants and leaders in the production of scholarly research, 		 	final report on the role of research libraries in the production of scholarly research 	headline findings and recommendations 	digital shift 			information on the work rluk has undertaken in response to the challenges and opportunities posed by the digital shift. 		 	digital shift forum 	digital shift manifesto 	manifesto webinar 	digital shift case studies 	networks and activities 	associate directors network (adn) 	collections strategy network (csn) 	digital scholarship network (dsn) 	new directors network (ndn) 	special collections leadership network 	rluk oapp 	news	rluk bulletin 	rluk newsletters 	reports	. 	the role of academic and research libraries in scholarly research 	covid- and the digital shift in action 	the initial responses of rluk member libraries to covid- 	events	rluk player 	rluk conference 	dcdc conference 	member login	member login 			 			 				 				 					search for: 													 											 				 				 					 										 									 				 			 							 			 		 		 	 							 		 		 		 			 					 				 				 			 							 						 					 				 				 			 			 	 		 			 				 																							building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries 											 					 				 															 							home/building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries 						 									 			 		 	 						 				 			 			previous			next		 	 					 										building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries 			 									 						 				 on april , , fifty colleagues from research libraries uk’s digital scholarship network (dsn) and clir’s digital library federation’s data and digital scholarship (dds) working group came together to explore the possibilities and benefits of creating a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange. those working within research libraries will know that digital scholarship can be complex. as a loosely defined umbrella term, it can include a wide variety of processes, services, and applications from gis and data mapping, to computational analysis, from the application of artificial intelligence to library processes, to research data management. as a result of its multifaceted nature, those working around digital scholarship within research libraries need a wide variety of ever changing skills to reflect the ongoing development of techniques, practices, and tools. these skills not only relate to increasingly complex technical processes, but also include more generic skills such as enabling effective advocacy, developing grant applications, and project management. although formal training programmes and courses are available, on a wide variety of topics relating to digital scholarship, not all of these are applicable to research library environments. they can be expensive and it can sometimes be difficult to translate classroom-based learning into real-world application and practice. as a result of these challenges, a number of bespoke and tailored training and skills development programmes have been created to support digital scholarship within research libraries and cultural institutions, at institutional, regional, or national levels. there is also a wealth of knowledge and expertise contained within the community, both the result of formal training, real-world experience, and self tuition. how might we harness this wealth of collective expertise, knowledge, and experience for the mutual benefit of one another and the research library community?  before answering this, we needed to know more about motivations. the importance of skills development the joint meeting began with an open question: why are we here? why are we interested in developing our skills around digital scholarship processes and tools within research libraries? and how would a transatlantic skills exchange meet our skills needs? through a short mentimeter poll, colleagues immediately identified that skills development was either quite ( % of respondents) or really important to them as individuals ( %).  the motivations for skills development varied, but career development, the necessity of skills development for individual roles, and the individual passions and interest of colleagues in these areas all ranked highly. having established that skills development was important to colleagues, and for a variety of reasons, our final question centred on where colleagues were currently receiving their training from. potentially reflecting the diverse and emerging nature of many digital scholarship processes and projects, colleagues gave a variety of responses from that they relied on self-tuition for their skills development ( %), learnt informally from colleagues ( %), or received training from national consortia or associations ( %). immediately, from this short mentimeter survey, we confirmed that: 	 skills development is important 	 colleagues are interested in developing their skills for both professional and personal reasons 	 a skills exchange would sit alongside self-tuition, informal learning from colleagues, and national programmes as another source of skills development. a transatlantic skills exchange: what might it look like? the session then considered: what might a skills exchange comprise of and are there any models from which we can learn?  colleagues from the dlf dds outlined the success of their consultation model, which previously formed part of the dlf’s eresearch network. the dds consultation model is centred on the mutually beneficial exchange of expertise centred around a specific challenge or problem posted by a colleague. it enables the creation of a community of practice of colleagues working in an area through which questions or challenges can be posed, and responses made by the community. getting to know one another….. the majority of the session was then dedicated to one of the most important elements of a potential skills exchange: bringing colleagues together from different institutions who had a similar interest around skills. through a series of small group breakout rooms (consisting of - people), colleagues came together to share their own experiences and perceptions of digital scholarship within their institutions, the areas where they would like to develop, and the topics around which they might offer their expertise. through a series of slightly larger groups, colleagues then discussed what the potential benefits of establishing a transatlantic skills programme might be, the potential features of any such programme, whether there are good examples from elsewhere from which we might learn, and how it might be sustained. through lively and enthusiastic group discussion, a series of jamboards were quickly filled with ideas and questions. expression of interest: join an international community of practice having established the collective enthusiasm for establishing such a programme, colleagues were asked to complete a short expression of interest if they were interested in participating in its first iteration. so what happens now? next steps? members of the dlf dds and rluk’s dsn were delighted by the positivity and enthusiasm shared on behalf of colleagues during the joint session. colleagues embraced the opportunity of creating a transatlantic skills exchange programme that was community driven, providing a safe and supportive place to share ideas, thoughts, and most importantly, challenges and problems. colleagues commented that it was refreshing to be able to come together with colleagues from different institutions, from another country, and find that they were experiencing the same challenges and issues as they were.  missed the discussion? catch up below! 	watch the session presentations 	register your interest (rluk and dlf colleagues) the colleagues leading this work are: 	jason clark, professor, lead for research informatics, montana state university library, and dlf dds co-convenor. 	sara mannheimer, data librarian and associate professor, montana state university library, and dlf dds co-convenor. 	beth clark, head of digital scholarship, london school of economics, and rluk dsn member. 	susan halfpenny, teaching and learning manager, university of york, and rluk dsn member. 	matt greenhall, deputy executive director, rluk thanks go to gayle schechter (program associate, clir/dlf), louisa m. kwasigroch (director, outreach and engagement at clir and interim dlf senior program officer), kirsty lingstadt (deputy director, university of edinburgh and rluk dsn co-convenor), eleonora gandolfi (head of digital scholarship, university of southampton and rluk dsn co-convenor), and melanie cheung (rluk executive assistant). author spotlight: matt greenhall, deputy executive director matt is the executive lead for the digital shift, digital scholarship, and copyright and licensing strands of rluk’s strategy, reshaping scholarship. having trained as a historian, and having previously worked in the archive and museum sectors, he has an interest in encouraging cross-sector collaboration between the information, cultural, and academic communities. he has a particular interest in supporting communities of practice to come together to explore some of the common challenges facing the research library community. 							 												melanie cheung - - t : : + : may th, |comments off on building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries 													 		share this story, choose your platform! 		facebooktwitterredditlinkedinwhatsapptumblremail 	 													 				 				 					related posts				 			 			 	 	 	 					 		 				 						 							 				 	 	 	 														helping small publishers help themselves, & libraries too – what institutions want to see in transformative oa proposals 			 														 								 													 				 																		 						gallery					 														 		 												 					 						helping small publishers help themselves, & libraries too – what institutions want to see in transformative oa proposals					 				 			 								 		 						 	 													 					 	 						 							 				 	 	 	 														building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward 			 														 								 													 				 																		 						gallery					 														 		 												 					 						building a transatlantic digital scholarship skills exchange for research libraries: moving forward					 				 			 								 		 						 	 													 					 	 						 							 				 	 	 	 														covid- and the digital shift in action report 			 														 								 													 				 																		 						gallery					 														 		 												 					 						covid- and the digital shift in action report					 				 			 								 		 						 	 													 					 	 						 							 				 	 	 	 														a framework for thinking about the ‘new normal’ 			 														 								 													 				 																		 						gallery					 														 		 												 					 						a framework for thinking about the ‘new normal’					 				 			 								 		 						 	 													 					 	 						 							 				 	 	 	 														back to the future: reflecting on the libraries of the future 			 														 								 													 				 																		 						gallery					 														 		 												 					 						back to the future: reflecting on the libraries of the future					 				 			 								 		 						 	 													 					 										 					 					 				 			 		 	 													 													 	 						 					 				 				 				 								 					 		 					 	 		 			 				 																									 							correspondence address 			rluk po box stoke-on-trent st bl tel:   		 																					 																										 							registered address 			rluk room senate house malet street london wc e hu 		 																					 																										 										 		 our work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-sharealike . international license. 																					 																										 													 																											 				 			 		 	 		 		 					 											 												 		 		 		 		 		 		 			 		 		 we use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. by clicking “accept”, you consent to the use of all the cookies. cookie settingsaccept manage consent 	 	 	 			 			close 	 	 	 	 			 	 		 			 				privacy overview 				 					this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. these cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. you also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. but opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 				 							 		 		 												 						 							 								necessary							 							 necessary always enabled 						 						 							 								 									necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 	cookie	duration	description 	cookielawinfo-checbox-analytics	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "analytics". 	cookielawinfo-checbox-functional	 months	the cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "functional". 	cookielawinfo-checbox-functional	 months	the cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "functional". 	cookielawinfo-checbox-others	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "other. 	cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "necessary". 	cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance	 months	this cookie is set by gdpr cookie consent plugin. the cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "performance". 	viewed_cookie_policy	 months	the cookie is set by the gdpr cookie consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. it does not store any personal data. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								functional							 							 functional 						 						 							 								 									functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								performance							 							 performance 						 						 							 								 									performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								analytics							 							 analytics 						 						 							 								 									analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. these cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								advertisement							 							 advertisement 						 						 							 								 									advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 								 							 						 					 																	 						 							 								others							 							 others 						 						 							 								 									other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 								 							 						 					 										 	 	 	 	 	 			 				 					 						 						 															save & accept 													 						 					 				 			 		 	 			 			 			 		 		 					 	 	 				 						 			 		 			go to top 		 	 		 eff sues nsa, director of national intelligence for zero day disclosure process | electronic frontier foundation skip to main content 	about	contact 	press 	people 	opportunities 	issues	free speech 	privacy 	creativity and innovation 	transparency 	international 	security 	our work	deeplinks blog 	press releases 	events 	legal cases 	whitepapers 	take action	action center 	electronic frontier alliance 	volunteer 	tools	privacy badger 	https everywhere 	surveillance self-defense 	certbot 	atlas of surveillance 	cover your tracks 	crocodile hunter 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	membership faq 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	 search form search email updates on news, actions, and events in your area. join eff lists 	copyright (cc by) 	trademark 	privacy policy 	thanks electronic frontier foundation donate electronic frontier foundation 	about	contact 	press 	people 	opportunities 	issues	free speech 	privacy 	creativity and innovation 	transparency 	international 	security 	our work	deeplinks blog 	press releases 	events 	legal cases 	whitepapers 	take action	action center 	electronic frontier alliance 	volunteer 	tools	privacy badger 	https everywhere 	surveillance self-defense 	certbot 	atlas of surveillance 	cover your tracks 	crocodile hunter 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	membership faq 	donate	donate to eff 	shop 	other ways to give 	 search form search eff sues nsa, director of national intelligence for zero day disclosure process government needs to reveal decision-making process for publicizing vulnerabilities press release press release july , eff sues nsa, director of national intelligence for zero day disclosure process share it share on twitter share on facebook copy link san francisco - the electronic frontier foundation (eff) today filed a freedom of information act (foia) lawsuit against the nsa and the office of the director of national intelligence (odni) to gain access to documents showing how intelligence agencies choose whether to disclose software security flaws known as "zero days." a zero day is a previously unknown security vulnerability in software or online services that a researcher has discovered, but the developers have not yet had a chance to patch. a thriving market has emerged for these zero days; in some cases governments—including the united states—will purchase these vulnerabilities, which they can use to gain access to targets' computers. in april , bloomberg news published a story alleging that the nsa had secretly exploited the "heartbleed" bug in the openssl cryptographic library for at least two years before the public learned of the devastating vulnerability. the government strongly denied the report, claiming it had a developed a new "vulnerability equities process" for deciding when to share vulnerabilities with companies and the public. the white house's cybersecurity coordinator further described in a blog post that the government had "established principles to guide agency decision-making" including "a disciplined, rigorous and high-level decision-making process for vulnerability disclosure." but the substance of those principles has not been shared with the public. eff filed a foia request for records related to these processes on may but has not yet received any documents, despite odni agreeing to expedite the request. "this foia suit seeks transparency on one of the least understood elements of the u.s. intelligence community's toolset: security vulnerabilities," eff legal fellow andrew crocker said. "these documents are important to the kind of informed debate that the public and the administration agree needs to happen in our country." over the last year, u.s. intelligence-gathering techniques have come under great public scrutiny. one controversial element has been how agencies such as the nsa have undermined encryption protocols and used zero days. while an intelligence agency may use a zero day it has discovered or purchased to infiltrate targeted computers or devices, disclosing its existence may result in a patch that will help defend the public against other online adversaries, including identity thieves and foreign governments that may also be aware of the zero day. "since these vulnerabilities potentially affect the security of users all over the world, the public has a strong interest in knowing how these agencies are weighing the risks and benefits of using zero days instead of disclosing them to vendors," global policy analyst eva galperin said. for the complaint: https://www.eff.org/document/eff-v-nsa-odni-complaint contacts: andrew crocker    legal fellow    electronic frontier foundation    andrew@eff.org eva galperin    global policy analyst    electronic frontier foundation    eva@eff.org related issues nsa spying related cases eff v. nsa, odni - vulnerabilities foia share it share on twitter share on facebook copy link join eff lists join our newsletter! email updates on news, actions, events in your area, and more. email address postal code (optional) anti-spam question: enter the three-letter abbreviation for electronic frontier foundation: don't fill out this field (required) thanks, you're awesome! please check your email for a confirmation link. oops something is broken right now, please try again later. related updates deeplinks blog by india mckinney, cindy cohn | july , should congress close the fbi’s backdoor for spying on american communications? yes. all of us deserve basic protection against government searches and seizures that the constitution provides, including requiring law enforcement to get a warrant before it can access our communications. but currently, the fbi has a backdoor into our communications, a loophole, that congress can and should close.this week, congress will... deeplinks blog by root user | december , snowden: "we can fix a broken system" below is a message from whistleblower edward snowden. his revelations about secret surveillance programs opened the world’s eyes to a new level of government misconduct, and reinvigorated eff’s continuing work in the courts and with lawmakers to end unlawful mass spying.eff is grateful to ed for his support in... deeplinks blog by rainey reitman | november , podcast episode: the secret court approving secret surveillance episode of eff’s how to fix the internetjulian sanchez joins eff hosts cindy cohn and danny o’brien as they delve into the problems with the foreign intelligence surveillance court, also known as the fisc or the fisa court. sanchez explains how the fisa court signs off on surveillance of... deeplinks blog by aaron jue | july , eff joins hope eff staff members will present some of our latest work at magazine's biennial hackers on planet earth (hope) conference beginning this weekend. hope is a diverse hacker event that has drawn thousands of tinkerers, security researchers, activists, artists, and makers since . in a departure from the infamous... deeplinks blog by danny o'brien | july , eu court again rules that nsa spying makes u.s. companies inadequate for privacy the european union’s highest court today made clear—once again—that the us government’s mass surveillance programs are incompatible with the privacy rights of eu citizens. the judgment was made in the latest case involving austrian privacy advocate and eff pioneer award winner max schrems. it invalidated the “privacy shield,”... deeplinks blog by india mckinney, mark rumold | may , the house is voting on section , again. the bill still needs more reform later this week, the house of representatives is once again voting on whether or not to extend the authorities in section of the patriot act—a surveillance law with a rich history of government overreach and abuse, along with two other patriot act provisions, and possibly, an amendment.congress considered... deeplinks blog by india mckinney, andrew crocker | april , yes, section expired. now what? on march , , section of the patriot act—a surveillance law with a rich history of government overreach and abuse—expired. along with two other patriot act provisions, section lapsed after lawmakers failed to reach an agreement on a broader set of reforms to the foreign intelligence surveillance... deeplinks blog by india mckinney | february , reform or expire earlier today, the house committee on the judiciary was scheduled to mark up the usa freedom reauthorization act of , a bill meant to reform and reauthorize section of the usa patriot act, as well as some other provisions of fisa, before they are due to... deeplinks blog by mark rumold | december , surveillance court to the fbi: you have some explaining to do the foreign intelligence surveillance court, the normally-secretive federal court based in washington, d.c. that oversees much of the nation’s foreign intelligence surveillance programs, took an unusual step yesterday: it issued a public order chastising the fbi for its handling of the applications submitted to conduct surveillance of carter page, a... deeplinks blog by india mckinney | november , house lawmakers extend section into next year even though they had years to stop illegal overcollection of americans’ sensitive data with federal agencies set to run out of money this week, house lawmakers today passed a short-term funding bill that contained a nasty surprise. tucked into the end of this must-pass legislation, in a section titled “other matters,” is language reauthorizing three foreign intelligence surveillance act (fisa) authorities currently... back to top follow eff: 	twitter 	facebook 	instagram 	youtube 	flicker 	rss contact 	general 	legal 	security 	membership 	press about 	calendar 	volunteer 	victories 	history 	internships 	jobs 	staff 	diversity & inclusion issues 	free speech 	privacy 	creativity & innovation 	transparency 	international 	security updates 	blog 	press releases 	events 	legal cases 	whitepapers 	effector newsletter press 	press contact donate 	join or renew membership online 	one-time donation online 	shop 	other ways to give 	copyright (cc by) 	trademark 	privacy policy 	thanks javascript license information binance.us press j to jump to the feed. press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts search within r/binanceusr/binanceus log insign up user account menu binance.us r/binanceus join postssocial twittersupport twitterinstagramblog downloads mobile app support submit a ticketfeesreferralfaqapi documentation markets spot tradingbuy cryptootc hot hotnewtoprising hotnewtop rising cardcardclassiccompact pinned by moderators posted by days ago enter the crypto days of summer sweepstakes! promotion commentsshare save posted by days ago weekly support thread ( / / ) customer support commentsshare save vote posted by hour ago nft listed hello! i have a nft listed on binance. it is currently on the process of bidding and ends in two days. anyone who is interested to stake a bid can click the link below. https://www.binance.com/en/nft/goods/blindbox/detail?productid= &isproduct= &isopen=true looking forward to having a good deal. thank you! vote commentshare save posted by hours ago does binance.us have a minimum eth deposit amount, meaning that if you send less than a certain amount you won’t see it? on kraken if you send less than . eth you won’t see it. commentsshare save posted by hours ago disabled account with my usd in it did a wire on the nd of july got notification on rd for me to open my app it’s showed my account was disabled. here we go today is th of august what type of customer service they got? so unprofessional no one has even said what i’ll need to do,they keep airing my ticket i hate them now fr? like they’ve made things hard for me commentsshare save posted by hours ago hello my acc just being hack i already send a ticket help plz commentsshare save posted by hours ago i’ve sold some cryptos middle of last month but binance.us won’t allow me to transfer to my bank account!!?? i keep on getting “failed” messages when i attempt to transfer. other issue is if i use my laptop it shows a different bank account that doesn’t belong to me but ipad or iphone is ok! commentsshare save about community binance.us is a fast and efficient marketplace providing access and trading across a diverse selection of digital assets. we will continue evaluating coins, tokens and trading pairs to offer on binance.us in accordance with our digital asset risk assessment framework, community feedback, and market demand. . k binance.users online created sep , r/binanceus topics 	binance filter by flair 	promotion 	customer support 	big news! support anyone that claims to be binance customer service and messages you first in a private message is a scammer. if anyone asks you to send money to any address, they are also trying to scam you and should be ignored. please report these users immediately. our moderations of this group can point you to the right resources, but they don't provide technical support. if you are in need of assistance, you can reach out to our support team exclusively via the following methods: ⃣ read the faqs here: https://support.binance.us/hc/en-us/categories/ -faqs. ⃣ you can open a support ticket by clicking here: https://support.binance.us/hc/en-us/requests/new. ⃣ open binance us [app or desktop] - [chat] at the bottom of the right corner. moderators moderator list hidden. learn more helpreddit coinsreddit premiumreddit gifts aboutcareerspressadvertiseblogtermscontent policyprivacy policymod policy reddit inc © . all rights reserved back to top hard drive and ssd shortages could be imminent if new cryptocurrency blooms | tom's hardware skip to main content tom's hardware search rss uk us australia canada 	 	 reviews 	 best picks 	 raspberry pi 	 cpus 	 gpus 	 coupons 	 more 	 laptops 	 ssds 	 motherboards 	 cooling 	 desktops 	 pc builds 	 monitors 	 ram 	 pc cases 	 keyboards 	 headsets 	 mice 	 power supplies 	 vr headsets 	 windows tips forums trending 	 raspberry pi stops porch pirates 	 windows iso 	 ryzen g 	 intel process roadmap tom's hardware is supported by its audience. when you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. learn more 	home 	news hard drive and ssd shortages could be imminent if new cryptocurrency blooms by zhiye liu april here we go again 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 comments ( ) hard drives (image credit: shutterstock) with the emergence of the chia coin cryptocurrency, miners in china are reportedly frantically snatching up every hard drive and ssd they can find. unlike other cryptocurrencies, you don't mine chia with a processor, graphics card or asic miner. instead, you farm chia with storage space, which is where hard drives or ssds come in. chia isn't officially available for trading yet, therefore, it's too early to start hoarding hard drives or ssds. unlike bitcoin, which is based on proof of work, chia utilizes a proof of space and time model. chia reportedly arrives as an eco-friendly cryptocurrency. bram cohen, who's best known as the inventor of bittorrent, created chia to leverage the free space on storage devices. the basis behind chia is that hard drives and ssds use less power, are easier to come by and cheaper to purchase. by comparison, mining ethereum or bitcoin on a mass scale contributes to the electricity waste. according to hkepc's report, miners are mass purchasing hard drives that span from tb to tb in capacity. the panic buying will ultimately lead to a hard drive shortage and price hikes. in hong kong, hard drive and ssd pricing is expected to increase between hkd to $ hkd (~$ to $ ). due to the constant read and write operations, consumer ssds aren't the first choice for farming chia. nothing is safe from miners when a profit is there to be made though. jiahe jinwei, one of the big domestic manufacturers in china, told media outlet mydrivers that the company's gloway and asgard high-performance tb and tb nvme m. ssds are all sold out. the manufacturer plans to put restrictions in place to stop miners from buying enormous amounts of consumer ssds. subsequently, the company will also increase production to meet the demand. apparently, jiahe jinwei is even developing a specialized ssd for mining operations. farming on a consumer ssd is viable, but the more serious miners will likely look to the enterprise side. endurance is just as important as capacity and performance, and enterprise or data center ssds typically meet these three criteria. many cryptocurrencies come and go so it'll be interesting to see how chia pans out. a few years ago, no one took bitcoin seriously, and today it's worth over $ , . topics hard drives storage see all comments ( ) comments comment from the forums 	 phaaze r.o.f.l. reply 	 nemesia lol yikes reply 	 exploding_psu at this rate someone will probably find a way to mine using psus, and my username would rise to fame once again reply 	 helper next up minning coin x with ram capacity and data rates. whats next hmmm? start minning coin y with excess fan rpms and radiator pump speeds... reply 	 sergei tachenov i really hope the next crypto will be mined with rgb because at the moment i see no other use for it. reply 	 excalibur stories like this will catch the eye of the oems. cha-ching!!! raise those prices and blame stories like this. sure, it might be true, but give an inch... reply 	 peachpuff announcing nm coin, use your favourite nm cpu to mine coins, any nm generation will work from to the current ones and future ones. *sponsored by intel reply 	 invaliderror great logic there: avoid a power grid collapse by trading the power footprint of conventional crypto-mining for storage-driven crypto that will have much greater manufacturing carbon and e-waste footprints. let's get back to basics and mine this way while we're at it: eoxgghmwxyview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= eoxgghmwxy reply 	 sstanic this is exactly the opposite of april st jokes reply 	 chung leong if someone would create a cryptocurrency based on picking up trash or housing the homeless... reply 	 view all comments show more comments be in the know get instant access to breaking news, in-depth reviews and helpful tips. contact me with news and offers from other future brands receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors thank you for signing up to tom's hardware. you will receive a verification email shortly. there was a problem. please refresh the page and try again. by submitting your information you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy policy and are aged or over. most popular most shared 	 gigabyte releases statement on exploding psus 	 best ultrabooks and premium laptops 	 best gaming laptops of 	 xbox series s teardown reveals a well-designed interior 	 nvidia's jetson ai board is ready to go to space 	 gigabyte releases statement on exploding psus 	 best ultrabooks and premium laptops 	 best gaming laptops of 	 xbox series s teardown reveals a well-designed interior 	 nvidia's jetson ai board is ready to go to space tom's hardware is part of future us inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. visit our corporate site. 	terms and conditions 	privacy policy 	cookies policy 	accessibility statement 	advertise 	about us 	contact us 	coupons © future us, inc. west nd street, th floor, new york, ny . social interoperability in research support javascript is currently not supported or is disabled by this browser. some features of this site will not be available. please enable javascript for full functionality. oclc.org 	oclc.org home 	support & training 	community center 	developer network 	webjunction  covid- | information and resources to help skip to page content. 	 research areas 	 partnership 	 people 	 news & events 	 publications 	 presentations 	 about 		settings 	menu 	search 	 research 	 publications 	 social interoperability in research support: cross-campus partnerships and the university research enterprise social interoperability in research support: cross-campus partnerships and the university research enterprise by rebecca bryant, annette dortmund, and brian lavoie 	 report 	 supplemental to develop robust research support services across the entire research life cycle, individuals and units from across the university, including the library, must collaborate across internal silos. effective social interoperability—the creation and maintenance of working relationships between individuals and organizational units—in higher education requires a thorough knowledge of campus partners. the oclc research report social interoperability in research support explores the social and structural norms that shape cross-campus collaboration and offers a conceptual model of key university stakeholders in research support. information about their goals, interests, expertise, and crucially, the importance of cross-campus relationships in their work was synthesized from interviews conducted with practitioners from  a wide range of campus stakeholders in research support. the report describes the network of campus units involved in both the provision and consumption of major categories of research support services, and concludes with recommendations for establishing and maintaining successful cross-campus relationships. visit oc.lc/social-interoperability-project for more related project outputs. download us letter .pdf download a .pdf   suggested citation: bryant, rebecca, annette dortmund, and brian lavoie. . social interoperability in research support: cross-campus partnerships and the university research enterprise. dublin, oh: oclc research. https://doi.org/ . /wyrd-n short url: oc.lc/social-interoperability for more information for more information about this work, please contact oclc research. email oclc research follow oclc research:   © oclc domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of oclc, inc. and its affiliates this site uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. see oclc's cookie notice to learn more. 	privacy statement 	accessibility statement 	iso certificate maps, geocoding, and navigation apis & sdks | mapbox live maps for carbon forestry with openforests and silviaterra → ✨ learn how boston children's hospital uses mapbox to create vaccines.gov → skip to content (press enter) home page 	products 	 maps smooth, fast, real-time maps 	 navigation sdk turn-by-turn routing 	 studio design custom maps 	 data build with mapbox data 	 search search points-of-interest, addresses, and places 	 mapbox gl js javascript library for vector maps 	 static maps display your maps anywhere 	 mapbox tiling service transform geo data into vector tiles 	 movement data dataset of population movement 	 dash beautiful maps, live traffic, music and voice for cars 	 boundaries million global boundaries 	 mobile maps sdk the most compelling map experience 	 vision second set of eyes for your car 	 atlas mapbox on-premises 	solutions by industry 	automotive 	logistics 	government 	outdoors 	consumer apps 	business intelligence 	international organizations 	see all industries → by use case 	data visualization 	store locator 	turn-by-turn navigation 	on demand logistics architectures 	store locator template 	data sync 	storerocket store locator 	curbside pickup 	route tuner 	tabatlas 	real-time mapping 	see all architectures → 	developers 	documentation 	webinars 	how-to-videos 	developer network 	support 	company 	about mapbox 	customers 	careers 	community 	education 	impact-tools 	press 	contact 	pricing 	blog log insign up go to account maps and location for developers precise location data and powerful developer tools to change the way we navigate the world. start mapping for free play a video new product announcing mapbox dash learn about mapbox dash → product update navigation sdk v public preview learn about navigation sdk → product update announcing mobile maps sdk v mobile maps sdk v → product update announcing gl js v learn about gl js → new service announcing mapbox tiling service learn about mts → new product understand where and when movement is happening learn about movement data → trusted by the industry leaders view customer stories → maps our apis, sdks, and live updating map data give developers tools to build better mapping, navigation, and search experiences across platforms. learn about maps → mapbox studio mapbox studio is like photoshop, for maps. we give designers control over everything from colors and fonts, to d features and camera angles, to the pitch of the map as a car enters a turn. learn about studio → navigation mapbox provides powerful routing engines, accurate, traffic-powered travel times, and intuitive turn-by-turn directions to help you build engaging navigation experiences. explore navigation → search search and geocoding is tied to everything we build — maps, navigation, ar — and underlies every app that helps humans explore their world. discover search → customer showcase plan and optimize your route at the snap of a photo read customer showcase → vision the mapbox vision sdk describes every curb, lane, street sign, and road hazard it sees as data. developers use the sdk's ai-powered semantic segmentation, object detection, and classification to deliver precise navigation guidance, display driver assistance alerts, and detect and map road incidents. discover vision → data our data is powered by hundreds of data sources, and a distributed global users base of more than half a billion monthly active users. learn about data → atlas with atlas, you can self-host mapbox maps and geocoding apis, streets, satellite, and terrain tilesets, and mapbox studio on your network, behind a firewall, or even air-gapped. use atlas to power on-premises applications using mapbox gl js v and mapbox maps sdks for ios and android. self-host with atlas → ready to get started? create an account or talk to our one of our experts. sign up for freecontact sales see open positions home page products 	maps 	navigation sdk 	studio 	data 	search sdk 	mobile maps sdk 	vision 	atlas 	dash 	 	pricing company 	about mapbox 	customers 	careers 	community 	press 	contact 	 	blog developers 	documentation 	getting started 	tutorials 	troubleshooting 	webinars 	how-to-videos 	developer network 	platform 	status 	 	support © mapbox termsprivacysecurity visit mapbox on github visit mapbox on twitter visit mapbox on linkedin visit mapbox on facebook visit mapbox on instagram by browsing this website you agree to our cookie policy agree